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class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Origins_of_the_Qarmatians_of_Bahrayn" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Origins_of_the_Qarmatians_of_Bahrayn"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Origins of the Qarmatians of Bahrayn</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Origins_of_the_Qarmatians_of_Bahrayn-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Abu_Tahir_and_the_war_with_the_Abbasids" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Abu_Tahir_and_the_war_with_the_Abbasids"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Abu Tahir and the war with the Abbasids</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Abu_Tahir_and_the_war_with_the_Abbasids-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Qarmatian_invasion_of_Iraq_and_the_discovery_of_the_mahdi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Qarmatian_invasion_of_Iraq_and_the_discovery_of_the_mahdi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Qarmatian invasion of Iraq and the discovery of the <span><i>mahdi</i></span></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Qarmatian_invasion_of_Iraq_and_the_discovery_of_the_mahdi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Massacre_of_the_pilgrims_and_plundering_of_the_city" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Massacre_of_the_pilgrims_and_plundering_of_the_city"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Massacre of the pilgrims and plundering of the city</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Massacre_of_the_pilgrims_and_plundering_of_the_city-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Motives_for_the_attack" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Motives_for_the_attack"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Motives for the attack</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Motives_for_the_attack-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Aftermath" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Aftermath"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Aftermath</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Aftermath-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" 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Click here for more information."><img alt="This is a good article. Click here for more information." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/19px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/29px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/39px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Qarmatian attack on the Abbasids</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r963460841">@media all and (min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .desktop-float-right{box-sizing:border-box;float:right;clear:right}}.mw-parser-output .infobox.vevent .status>p:first-child{margin:0}</style><table class="infobox vevent" style="width:25.5em;border-spacing:2px;"><tbody><tr><th class="summary" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Sack of Mecca</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Part of the wars between the <a href="/wiki/Qarmatians" title="Qarmatians">Qarmatians</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Abbasid_Caliphate" title="Abbasid Caliphate">Abbasid Caliphate</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;line-height:1.5em;"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Qarmatian_Republic.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Qarmatian_Republic.png/220px-Qarmatian_Republic.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="192" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Qarmatian_Republic.png/330px-Qarmatian_Republic.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Qarmatian_Republic.png/440px-Qarmatian_Republic.png 2x" data-file-width="876" data-file-height="765" /></a></span><br />Map of Arabia in 930. Qarmatian territory in orange</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"><table style="width:100%;margin:0;padding:0;border:0;display:inline-table"><tbody><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Date</th><td>11 January 930</td></tr><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Location</th><td><div class="location"><a href="/wiki/Mecca" title="Mecca">Mecca</a>, <a href="/wiki/Abbasid_Caliphate" title="Abbasid Caliphate">Abbasid Caliphate</a></div></td></tr><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Result</th><td class="status"> <a href="/wiki/Qarmatian" class="mw-redirect" title="Qarmatian">Qarmatian</a> victory<div><ul><li>Desecration of the <a href="/wiki/Kaaba" title="Kaaba">Kaaba</a> and massacre of Muslim pilgrims</li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Belligerents</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> <a href="/wiki/Qarmatians" title="Qarmatians">Qarmatians</a> of <a href="/wiki/Bahrayn_(historical_region)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bahrayn (historical region)">Bahrayn</a></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> <a href="/wiki/Abbasid_Caliphate" title="Abbasid Caliphate">Abbasid Caliphate</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Commanders and leaders</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> <a href="/wiki/Abu_Tahir_al-Jannabi" title="Abu Tahir al-Jannabi">Abu Tahir al-Jannabi</a></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> Muhammad ibn Isma'il <a href="/wiki/Killed_in_action" title="Killed in action"><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Old English Text MT',serif"><b>†</b></span></a></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>Sack of Mecca</b> occurred on 11 January 930, when the <a href="/wiki/Qarmatians" title="Qarmatians">Qarmatians</a> of <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Arabia" title="Eastern Arabia">Bahrayn</a> sacked the Muslim holy city amidst the rituals of the <a href="/wiki/Hajj" title="Hajj">Hajj</a> pilgrimage. </p><p>The Qarmatians, a radical <a href="/wiki/Isma%27ili" class="mw-redirect" title="Isma'ili">Isma'ili</a> sect established in Bahrayn since the turn of the 9th century, had <a href="/wiki/924_Hajj_caravan_raid" title="924 Hajj caravan raid">previously attacked</a> the caravans of <a href="/wiki/Hajj" title="Hajj">Hajj</a> pilgrims and even <a href="/wiki/Qarmatian_invasion_of_Iraq" title="Qarmatian invasion of Iraq">invaded and raided Iraq</a>, the heartland of the <a href="/wiki/Abbasid_Caliphate" title="Abbasid Caliphate">Abbasid Caliphate</a>, in 927–928. In 928, the Qarmatian leader <a href="/wiki/Abu_Tahir_al-Jannabi" title="Abu Tahir al-Jannabi">Abu Tahir al-Jannabi</a> became convinced that the long-awaited <span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Mahdi" title="Mahdi">mahdi</a></i></span>, the messiah who would usher in the <a href="/wiki/End_times" class="mw-redirect" title="End times">end times</a> and nullify existing religious law, had arrived in the person of a young Persian man, <a href="/wiki/Abu%27l-Fadl_al-Isfahani" title="Abu'l-Fadl al-Isfahani">Abu'l-Fadl al-Isfahani</a>. As a result, al-Jannabi led his men against Mecca in the Hajj season of winter 929–930. </p><p>The Qarmatians gained entry into the city ostensibly to perform their pilgrimage, but immediately turned to attacking the pilgrims. The city was plundered for eight to eleven days, many of the pilgrims were killed and left unburied, while even the <a href="/wiki/Kaaba" title="Kaaba">Kaaba</a>, the holiest site of Islam, was ransacked and all its decorations and relics were taken away to Bahrayn, including the <a href="/wiki/Black_Stone" title="Black Stone">Black Stone</a>. This act was tantamount to a complete break between the Qarmatians and the Islamic world, and was followed in 931 by the revelation of al-Isfahani as God manifest before the Qarmatian faithful. However, it soon became apparent that the <span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">mahdi</i></span> was nothing of the sort, and he was murdered. Islamic law was restored in Bahrayn, and the Qarmatians entered into negotiations with the Abbasid government, which resulted in the conclusion of a peace treaty in 939, and eventually the return of the Black Stone to Mecca in 951. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Background">Background</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sack_of_Mecca&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Background"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Origins_of_the_Qarmatians_of_Bahrayn">Origins of the Qarmatians of Bahrayn</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sack_of_Mecca&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Origins of the Qarmatians of Bahrayn"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the 880s and 890s, the <a href="/wiki/Isma%27ili" class="mw-redirect" title="Isma'ili">Isma'ili</a> <a href="/wiki/Shi%27a" class="mw-redirect" title="Shi'a">Shi'a</a> missionary <a href="/wiki/Abu_Sa%27id_al-Jannabi" title="Abu Sa'id al-Jannabi">Abu Sa'id al-Jannabi</a> had established a strong following among the <a href="/wiki/Bedouin" title="Bedouin">Bedouin</a> tribes of <a href="/wiki/Bahrayn_(historical_region)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bahrayn (historical region)">Bahrayn</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHalm199137–38_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHalm199137–38-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 899, the Isma'ili movement split between a branch that followed the leadership of the future <a href="/wiki/Fatimid_caliph" class="mw-redirect" title="Fatimid caliph">Fatimid caliph</a>, <a href="/wiki/Abdallah_al-Mahdi" class="mw-redirect" title="Abdallah al-Mahdi">Abdallah al-Mahdi</a>, and those who rejected his claims to the <a href="/wiki/Imamate_in_Ismaili_doctrine" title="Imamate in Ismaili doctrine">imamate</a>, known as the "<a href="/wiki/Qarmatians" title="Qarmatians">Qarmatians</a>". Whether out of genuine conviction or political expediency, Abu Sa'id sided with the latter faction.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDaftary2007116–117,_121_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDaftary2007116–117,_121-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMadelung199624–29_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMadelung199624–29-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Allied with the local <a href="/wiki/Bedouin" title="Bedouin">Bedouin</a> tribes of the <a href="/wiki/Banu_Kilab" title="Banu Kilab">Banu Kilab</a> and <a href="/wiki/Banu_Uqayl" title="Banu Uqayl">Banu Uqayl</a>, as well as with the <a href="/wiki/Persian_Gulf" title="Persian Gulf">Persian Gulf</a> merchants, Abu Sa'id was able to capture the region's capital, and in 900 cemented its independence by defeating an <a href="/wiki/Abbasid" class="mw-redirect" title="Abbasid">Abbasid</a> army sent to recover control of Bahrayn.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKennedy2023271–272_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKennedy2023271–272-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Under Abu Sa'id's rule, the Qarmatians of Bahrayn remained uninvolved in the unsuccessful Isma'ili uprisings of the 900s against the <a href="/wiki/Sunni" class="mw-redirect" title="Sunni">Sunni</a> Abbasid Caliphate in <a href="/wiki/Bilad_al-Sham" title="Bilad al-Sham">Syria</a> and <a href="/wiki/Iraq_(region)" class="mw-redirect" title="Iraq (region)">Iraq</a>, or in the establishment of the Fatimid Caliphate in <a href="/wiki/Ifriqiya" title="Ifriqiya">Ifriqiya</a>. Apart from a raid against <a href="/wiki/Basra" title="Basra">Basra</a> in 912, they also retained peace with the Abbasids, secured through donations of money and weapons sent by the Abbasid <a href="/wiki/Vizier_(Abbasid_Caliphate)" title="Vizier (Abbasid Caliphate)">vizier</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ali_ibn_Isa_ibn_al-Jarrah" title="Ali ibn Isa ibn al-Jarrah">Ali ibn Isa ibn al-Jarrah</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHalm1991176,_225–226_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHalm1991176,_225–226-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Abu Sa'id was assassinated in 913/4, and succeeded, at least nominally, by all of his sons collectively.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHalm1991176,_225_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHalm1991176,_225-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The oldest, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Abu%27l-Qasim_Sa%27id_al-Jannabi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Abu'l-Qasim Sa'id al-Jannabi (page does not exist)">Abu'l-Qasim Sa'id al-Jannabi</a>, was at first the pre-eminent, but his reign was brief; he was replaced by the more ambitious and warlike youngest son, <a href="/wiki/Abu_Tahir_al-Jannabi" title="Abu Tahir al-Jannabi">Abu Tahir al-Jannabi</a>, in 923.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKennedy2023272_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKennedy2023272-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHalm1991226_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHalm1991226-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDaftary2007121,_147–148_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDaftary2007121,_147–148-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Abu_Tahir_and_the_war_with_the_Abbasids">Abu Tahir and the war with the Abbasids</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sack_of_Mecca&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Abu Tahir and the war with the Abbasids"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Under the leadership of the 16-year-old Abu Tahir, the Qarmatians began raids against the Abbasid Caliphate with a <a href="/wiki/Sack_of_Basra_(923)" title="Sack of Basra (923)">surprise attack on Basra</a> in August 923. The city was plundered for 17 days, until the Qarmatians left, unmolested, and with an enormous train of booty and slaves.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHalm1991226_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHalm1991226-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDaftary2007148_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDaftary2007148-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In March 924, the Qarmatians <a href="/wiki/924_Hajj_caravan_raid" title="924 Hajj caravan raid">destroyed</a> the <a href="/wiki/Hajj" title="Hajj">Hajj</a> caravan making its way back from <a href="/wiki/Mecca" title="Mecca">Mecca</a> to <a href="/wiki/Baghdad" title="Baghdad">Baghdad</a>, taking many notables of the Abbasid court captive.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDaftary2007148_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDaftary2007148-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHalm1991226–227_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHalm1991226–227-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Abbasid government's response to the Qarmatian attacks was ineffectual: the Qarmatian raiding parties were small, but highly mobile, ensuring that any Abbasid military response arrived too late. At the same time, the Qarmatian base in Bahrayn was safe from Abbasid retaliation.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKennedy201335–36_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKennedy201335–36-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Factional rivalries in the Abbasid court, most notably between the <a href="/wiki/Vizier_(Abbasid_Caliphate)" title="Vizier (Abbasid Caliphate)">vizier</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ibn_al-Furat" title="Ibn al-Furat">Ibn al-Furat</a>, and the commander-in-chief, <a href="/wiki/Mu%27nis_al-Muzaffar" title="Mu'nis al-Muzaffar">Mu'nis al-Muzaffar</a>, further hampered an effective response.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHalm1991227_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHalm1991227-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKennedy201333–34_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKennedy201333–34-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Hajj caravan of 925 was attacked on its way to Mecca, and despite an escort of 6,000 men had to turn back to <a href="/wiki/Kufa" title="Kufa">Kufa</a> pursued by the Qarmatians, taking heavy losses.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHalm1991227_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHalm1991227-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKennedy2023174_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKennedy2023174-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Qarmatians demanded the surrender of Basra and of <a href="/wiki/Khuzistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Khuzistan">Khuzistan</a>, and when they were refused, they entered Kufa and pillaged it for seven days. The plunder was on such a level that even the city's iron gates were dismantled and taken back to Bahrayn.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHalm1991227_13-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHalm1991227-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDaftary2007149_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDaftary2007149-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Iraq_Ninth_Century.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Geophysical map with regions and major cities" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Iraq_Ninth_Century.png/280px-Iraq_Ninth_Century.png" decoding="async" width="280" height="204" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Iraq_Ninth_Century.png/420px-Iraq_Ninth_Century.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/72/Iraq_Ninth_Century.png 2x" data-file-width="550" data-file-height="400" /></a><figcaption>Map of Iraq in the 9th–10th centuries</figcaption></figure> <p>In the next Hajj season, in January 926, a strong military escort ensured the safety of the pilgrims, but the authorities paid a hefty sum to the Qarmatians to be allowed through. During the following Hajj, the caravan had to be called off entirely as the Abbasid government lacked the funds to provide the escort, and panic spread in Mecca as its inhabitants deserted the city in anticipation of a Qarmatian attack that never came.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHalm1991227_13-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHalm1991227-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Qarmatian_invasion_of_Iraq_and_the_discovery_of_the_mahdi">Qarmatian invasion of Iraq and the discovery of the <span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">mahdi</i></span></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sack_of_Mecca&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Qarmatian invasion of Iraq and the discovery of the mahdi"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Instead, in October/November 927 the Qarmatians under Abu Tahir invaded Iraq: Kufa was captured and local Shi'a sympathizers declared the end of the Abbasid dynasty and the imminent arrival of the Islamic messiah, the <span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Mahdi" title="Mahdi">mahdi</a></i></span>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHalm1991228_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHalm1991228-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDaftary2007149_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDaftary2007149-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKennedy201337–38_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKennedy201337–38-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Qarmatians at the time expected the arrival of the <span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">mahdi</i></span>, and the start of the final age of the world, in 928, when the planets <a href="/wiki/Saturn" title="Saturn">Saturn</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jupiter" title="Jupiter">Jupiter</a> would be in <a href="/wiki/Conjunction_(astronomy)" title="Conjunction (astronomy)">conjunction</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDaftary2007149_16-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDaftary2007149-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Qarmatian march on Baghdad was stopped when the Abbasids breached the canals, flooding the fields, and tearing down the bridges leading to the Abbasid capital.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKennedy201338–39_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKennedy201338–39-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHalm1991227–228_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHalm1991227–228-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Qarmatians withdrew back across the Euphrates, but continued north along the river into <a href="/wiki/Upper_Mesopotamia" title="Upper Mesopotamia">Upper Mesopotamia</a>, raiding as they went and extracting ransoms from the local cities.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKennedy201339_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKennedy201339-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHalm1991228–229_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHalm1991228–229-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Finally, in the summer of 928, the Qarmatians retreated to their homes in Bahrayn, with Abu Tahir leaving behind a poem in which he promised to return, and describing himself as the herald of the <span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">mahdi</i></span>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHalm1991229_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHalm1991229-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The preparations for the return of the <span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">mahdi</i></span> gathered pace: a fortified <span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Dar_al-hijra" title="Dar al-hijra">dar al-hijra</a></i></span> was built at the <a href="/wiki/Al-Ahsa_Oasis" title="Al-Ahsa Oasis">Al-Ahsa Oasis</a>, and many Shi'a sympathizers joined the Qarmatians on their return, eager to be present at the <span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">mahdi</i></span>'s arrival.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDaftary2007149_16-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDaftary2007149-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMadelung199649_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMadelung199649-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Among the captives taken in the invasion was a young Persian named <a href="/wiki/Abu%27l-Fadl_al-Isfahani" title="Abu'l-Fadl al-Isfahani">Abu'l-Fadl al-Isfahani</a>, taken at <a href="/wiki/Qasr_Ibn_Hubayra" title="Qasr Ibn Hubayra">Qasr Ibn Hubayra</a>; this boy, about twenty years old and of haughty demeanor, was recognized by Abu Tahir as the awaited <span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">mahdi</i></span>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHalm1991230–231_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHalm1991230–231-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDaftary2007150_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDaftary2007150-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Massacre_of_the_pilgrims_and_plundering_of_the_city">Massacre of the pilgrims and plundering of the city</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sack_of_Mecca&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Massacre of the pilgrims and plundering of the city"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kabaa_(January_2003).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Kabaa_%28January_2003%29.jpg/280px-Kabaa_%28January_2003%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="280" height="224" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Kabaa_%28January_2003%29.jpg/420px-Kabaa_%28January_2003%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Kabaa_%28January_2003%29.jpg/560px-Kabaa_%28January_2003%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="725" data-file-height="580" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Kaaba" title="Kaaba">Kaaba</a> (pictured here during the Hajj in 2003)</figcaption></figure> <p>In 929, after several years of interruption, the Hajj caravans were resumed under military escort, arriving in Mecca in December 929.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHalm1991229_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHalm1991229-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERezazadeh_Langaroodi2015_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERezazadeh_Langaroodi2015-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 11 January, the day when the Hajj rites were to begin, a Qarmatian army under Abu Tahir appeared before the city. The local garrison initially tried to stop them, but Abu Tahir claimed his right of entry as a Muslim and gave a pledge of safety for the city and everyone in it.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHalm1991229_23-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHalm1991229-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Once Abu Tahir and his men were in the city, however, they began killing the pilgrims assembled for the ritual circling of the <a href="/wiki/Kaaba" title="Kaaba">Kaaba</a>, while their leaders mockingly exclaimed <a href="/wiki/Quran" title="Quran">Quranic</a> verses promising divine protection through the Kaaba (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A2002.02.0006%3Asura%3D3%3Averse%3D97">3:97</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A2002.02.0006%3Asura%3D106%3Averse%3D3">106:3–4</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHalm1991229_23-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHalm1991229-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The corpses were left untended and unburied, while some were thrown into the sacred <a href="/wiki/Zamzam_Well" title="Zamzam Well">Zamzam Well</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHalm1991229_23-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHalm1991229-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The governor of Mecca, Muhammad ibn Isma'il, known as Ibn Muharib, was among those killed.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERezazadeh_Langaroodi2015_27-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERezazadeh_Langaroodi2015-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Qarmatians plundered the Kaaba, emptying it of its relics and stripping it of its precious objects and decorations; even the doors were taken away, and only <a href="/wiki/Mizab_al-Rahma" title="Mizab al-Rahma">the gold waterspout on the roof</a> was left in place.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHalm1991229–230_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHalm1991229–230-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Finally, the <a href="/wiki/Black_Stone" title="Black Stone">Black Stone</a> was dislodged and carried off.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERezazadeh_Langaroodi2015_27-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERezazadeh_Langaroodi2015-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHalm1991230_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHalm1991230-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Abu Tahir is said to have composed a poem proclaiming that "This house [the Kaaba] does not belong to God, for God never chooses a house for Himself".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERezazadeh_Langaroodi2015_27-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERezazadeh_Langaroodi2015-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>One report, considered exaggerated by modern scholars, suggests that the plunder from the Kaaba alone was so enormous that it required fifty camels to be transported back to Bahrayn.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERezazadeh_Langaroodi2015_27-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERezazadeh_Langaroodi2015-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Of the relics kept in Mecca, only the <a href="/wiki/Maqam_Ibrahim" title="Maqam Ibrahim">Maqam Ibrahim</a> was rescued, being smuggled out of the city.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERezazadeh_Langaroodi2015_27-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERezazadeh_Langaroodi2015-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to at least one account, some of the city's inhabitants joined in the massacre, attacking pilgrims.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERezazadeh_Langaroodi2015_27-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERezazadeh_Langaroodi2015-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Qarmatians continued their killing and plundering for eight to eleven days, retiring to their camp outside the city each night, and returning the next day.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERezazadeh_Langaroodi2015_27-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERezazadeh_Langaroodi2015-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On their return journey, the Qarmatians were ambushed by the <a href="/wiki/Banu_Hudhayl" title="Banu Hudhayl">Banu Hudhayl</a> tribe as part of the <a href="/wiki/Qarmatian-Hudhayl_Conflicts" title="Qarmatian-Hudhayl Conflicts">a larger conflict between both parties</a>, the latter was able to liberate many of the prisoners and recovered much of the loot before the Qarmatians managed to escape.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERezazadeh_Langaroodi2015_27-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERezazadeh_Langaroodi2015-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Motives_for_the_attack">Motives for the attack</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sack_of_Mecca&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Motives for the attack"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The motivation of the Qarmatians for this attack, and for the stealing of the Black Stone, remains somewhat unclear.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKennedy2023272_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKennedy2023272-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to the historian <a href="/wiki/Hugh_N._Kennedy" title="Hugh N. Kennedy">Hugh N. Kennedy</a>, "They must certainly have hoped for concessions from the government in exchange for [the Black Stone's] return and may even have hoped to divert the Hajj, with the trading opportunities it presented, to their own capital at [al-Ahsa]".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKennedy202327_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKennedy202327-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, the supposition that the Qarmatians intended to divert the Hajj to al-Ahsa has been challenged by several historians, including one of the first modern scholars of Isma'ilism, <a href="/wiki/Michael_Jan_de_Goeje" title="Michael Jan de Goeje">Michael Jan de Goeje</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERezazadeh_Langaroodi2015_27-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERezazadeh_Langaroodi2015-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As the historian <a href="/wiki/Heinz_Halm" title="Heinz Halm">Heinz Halm</a> points out, the attack was not a mere raid against 'unbelievers' or the Abbasids, who were considered usurpers by the Qarmatians: the sack of the Kaaba was an act of sacrilege that effectively broke the ties between the Qarmatians and Islam.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHalm1991230_29-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHalm1991230-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Qarmatian doctrine preached that all previous revealed religions—Judaism, Christianity, and Islam itself—and their scriptures were but veils: they imposed outer (<span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Zahir_(Islam)" title="Zahir (Islam)">zahir</a></i></span>) forms and rules that were meant to conceal the inner (<span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Batin_(Islam)" title="Batin (Islam)">batin</a></i></span>), true religion as it had been practiced in Paradise. The coming of the <span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">mahdi</i></span> would not only herald the end times, but would also reveal these esoteric truths (<span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">haqa'iq</i></span>) and release mankind from the outward strictures of religious law (<span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Shari%27a" class="mw-redirect" title="Shari'a">shari'a</a></i></span>).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDaftary200797–98,_129–132_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDaftary200797–98,_129–132-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The mocking recitation of suras is explained by Halm as the apparent desire of the Qarmatians to "prove the Quranic revelation wrong",<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHalm1991229_23-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHalm1991229-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the sack of Mecca is consistent with their belief that with the coming of the <span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">mahdi</i></span> as God manifest on Earth, all previous religions were shown as false, so that they and their symbols had to be abjured.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHalm1991231–233_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHalm1991231–233-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to the historian <a href="/wiki/Farhad_Daftary" title="Farhad Daftary">Farhad Daftary</a>, the transfer of the Black Stone to al-Ahsa was "presumably to symbolize the end of the era of Islam" and the start of the new messianic age.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDaftary2007149_16-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDaftary2007149-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While al-Isfahani was not publicly revealed until 931, Halm argues that the events of 930 are likely linked with the messianic expectations placed in him by Abu Tahir and were meant to set the stage for the emergence of the <span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">mahdi</i></span>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHalm1991230–231,_235_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHalm1991230–231,_235-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Aftermath">Aftermath</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sack_of_Mecca&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Aftermath"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The sack of Mecca and the desecration of the most holy Muslim sites caused immense shock and outrage in the Muslim world,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERezazadeh_Langaroodi2015_27-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERezazadeh_Langaroodi2015-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDaftary2007149_16-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDaftary2007149-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and exposed the weakness of the Abbasid government.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKennedy201342_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKennedy201342-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Both the Abbasids and the Fatimid caliph, Abdallah al-Mahdi, sent letters to Abu Tahir in reproach, and urged the immediate return of the Black Stone.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDaftary2007149_16-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDaftary2007149-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMadelung199637_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMadelung199637-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The letters were disregarded, and Abu Tahir proceeded to expand his power: after conquering <a href="/wiki/Oman" title="Oman">Oman</a>, he seemed poised to repeat his invasion of Iraq, but although his men captured and plundered Kufa for 25 days in 931, he suddenly turned back to Bahrayn.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERezazadeh_Langaroodi2015_27-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERezazadeh_Langaroodi2015-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDaftary2007149–150_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDaftary2007149–150-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The reason was likely the increasingly bizarre and autocratic behaviour of al-Isfahani, who was worshipped as a living god and had several leading Qarmatians executed. This aroused resistance, including from Abu Tahir's own mother; the supposed <span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">mahdi</i></span> was put to the test, revealed to be incapable of performing miracles, and was murdered.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHalm1991231–235_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHalm1991231–235-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMadelung199649_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMadelung199649-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Abu Tahir was able to retain power over Bahrayn, and the Qarmatian leadership denounced the entire episode as an error and reverted to its previous adherence to Islamic law.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDaftary2007151_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDaftary2007151-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHalm1991236_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHalm1991236-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The affair of the false Mahdi damaged the reputation of Abu Tahir and shattered the morale of the Qarmatians, many of whom abandoned Bahrayn to seek service in the armies of various regional warlords.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDaftary2007151_38-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDaftary2007151-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Over the following years, the Qarmatians of Bahrayn entered into negotiations with the Abbasid government, resulting in the conclusion of a peace treaty in 939, and eventually the return of the Black Stone to Mecca in 951. These events marked, in the words of Hugh Kennedy, "the assimilation of the Qarmati state into the Muslim political order".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDaftary2007151_38-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDaftary2007151-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKennedy2023273_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKennedy2023273-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As the dominant power in the eastern and northern Arabian peninsula, the Qarmatians even began offering their services as—well paid—guards of the Hajj caravans;<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHalm200393_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHalm200393-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> when the Bedouin tribe of the <a href="/wiki/Banu_Sulaym" title="Banu Sulaym">Banu Sulaym</a> raided the caravans in 966, the Qarmatians forced them to return their plunder.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHalm200395_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHalm200395-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When the <a href="/wiki/Fatimid_conquest_of_Egypt" title="Fatimid conquest of Egypt">Fatimid conquest of Egypt</a> and the subsequent Fatimid invasion of the Levant threatened to disrupt this profitable enterprise, the Qarmatian leader <a href="/wiki/Al-Hasan_al-A%27sam" title="Al-Hasan al-A'sam">al-Hasan al-A'sam</a> did not hesitate to make common cause with the Abbasids against the rival Isma'ili empire; in the cities taken from the Fatimids, the Qarmatians even had the <a href="/wiki/Friday_sermon" class="mw-redirect" title="Friday sermon">Friday sermon</a> read in the name of the Abbasid caliph <a href="/wiki/Al-Muti" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Muti">al-Muti</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHalm200395–96_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHalm200395–96-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the end, the Fatimids prevailed, and by 975 Qarmatian power in the region was broken for good.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHalm200396–99_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHalm200396–99-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sack_of_Mecca&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHalm199137–38-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHalm199137–38_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHalm1991">Halm 1991</a>, pp. 37–38.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDaftary2007116–117,_121-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDaftary2007116–117,_121_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDaftary2007">Daftary 2007</a>, pp. 116–117, 121.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMadelung199624–29-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMadelung199624–29_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMadelung1996">Madelung 1996</a>, pp. 24–29.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKennedy2023271–272-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKennedy2023271–272_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKennedy2023">Kennedy 2023</a>, pp. 271–272.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHalm1991176,_225–226-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHalm1991176,_225–226_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHalm1991">Halm 1991</a>, pp. 176, 225–226.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHalm1991176,_225-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHalm1991176,_225_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHalm1991">Halm 1991</a>, pp. 176, 225.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKennedy2023272-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKennedy2023272_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKennedy2023272_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKennedy2023">Kennedy 2023</a>, p. 272.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHalm1991226-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHalm1991226_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHalm1991226_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHalm1991">Halm 1991</a>, p. 226.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDaftary2007121,_147–148-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDaftary2007121,_147–148_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDaftary2007">Daftary 2007</a>, pp. 121, 147–148.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDaftary2007148-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDaftary2007148_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDaftary2007148_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDaftary2007">Daftary 2007</a>, p. 148.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHalm1991226–227-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHalm1991226–227_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHalm1991">Halm 1991</a>, pp. 226–227.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKennedy201335–36-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKennedy201335–36_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKennedy2013">Kennedy 2013</a>, pp. 35–36.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHalm1991227-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHalm1991227_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHalm1991227_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHalm1991227_13-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHalm1991227_13-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHalm1991">Halm 1991</a>, p. 227.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKennedy201333–34-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKennedy201333–34_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKennedy2013">Kennedy 2013</a>, pp. 33–34.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKennedy2023174-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKennedy2023174_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKennedy2023">Kennedy 2023</a>, p. 174.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDaftary2007149-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDaftary2007149_16-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDaftary2007149_16-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDaftary2007149_16-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDaftary2007149_16-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDaftary2007149_16-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDaftary2007149_16-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDaftary2007149_16-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDaftary2007">Daftary 2007</a>, p. 149.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHalm1991228-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHalm1991228_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHalm1991">Halm 1991</a>, p. 228.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKennedy201337–38-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKennedy201337–38_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKennedy2013">Kennedy 2013</a>, pp. 37–38.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKennedy201338–39-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKennedy201338–39_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKennedy2013">Kennedy 2013</a>, pp. 38–39.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHalm1991227–228-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHalm1991227–228_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHalm1991">Halm 1991</a>, pp. 227–228.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKennedy201339-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKennedy201339_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKennedy2013">Kennedy 2013</a>, p. 39.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHalm1991228–229-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHalm1991228–229_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHalm1991">Halm 1991</a>, pp. 228–229.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHalm1991229-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHalm1991229_23-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHalm1991229_23-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHalm1991229_23-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHalm1991229_23-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHalm1991229_23-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHalm1991229_23-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHalm1991">Halm 1991</a>, p. 229.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMadelung199649-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMadelung199649_24-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMadelung199649_24-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMadelung1996">Madelung 1996</a>, p. 49.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHalm1991230–231-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHalm1991230–231_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHalm1991">Halm 1991</a>, pp. 230–231.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDaftary2007150-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDaftary2007150_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDaftary2007">Daftary 2007</a>, p. 150.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERezazadeh_Langaroodi2015-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERezazadeh_Langaroodi2015_27-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERezazadeh_Langaroodi2015_27-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERezazadeh_Langaroodi2015_27-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERezazadeh_Langaroodi2015_27-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERezazadeh_Langaroodi2015_27-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERezazadeh_Langaroodi2015_27-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERezazadeh_Langaroodi2015_27-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERezazadeh_Langaroodi2015_27-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERezazadeh_Langaroodi2015_27-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERezazadeh_Langaroodi2015_27-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERezazadeh_Langaroodi2015_27-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERezazadeh_Langaroodi2015_27-11"><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRezazadeh_Langaroodi2015">Rezazadeh Langaroodi 2015</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHalm1991229–230-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHalm1991229–230_28-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHalm1991">Halm 1991</a>, pp. 229–230.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHalm1991230-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHalm1991230_29-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHalm1991230_29-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHalm1991">Halm 1991</a>, p. 230.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKennedy202327-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKennedy202327_30-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKennedy2023">Kennedy 2023</a>, p. 27.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDaftary200797–98,_129–132-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDaftary200797–98,_129–132_31-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDaftary2007">Daftary 2007</a>, pp. 97–98, 129–132.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHalm1991231–233-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHalm1991231–233_32-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHalm1991">Halm 1991</a>, pp. 231–233.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHalm1991230–231,_235-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHalm1991230–231,_235_33-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHalm1991">Halm 1991</a>, pp. 230–231, 235.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKennedy201342-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKennedy201342_34-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKennedy2013">Kennedy 2013</a>, p. 42.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMadelung199637-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMadelung199637_35-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMadelung1996">Madelung 1996</a>, p. 37.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDaftary2007149–150-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDaftary2007149–150_36-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDaftary2007">Daftary 2007</a>, pp. 149–150.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHalm1991231–235-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHalm1991231–235_37-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHalm1991">Halm 1991</a>, pp. 231–235.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDaftary2007151-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDaftary2007151_38-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDaftary2007151_38-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDaftary2007151_38-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDaftary2007">Daftary 2007</a>, p. 151.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHalm1991236-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHalm1991236_39-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHalm1991">Halm 1991</a>, p. 236.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKennedy2023273-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKennedy2023273_40-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKennedy2023">Kennedy 2023</a>, p. 273.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHalm200393-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHalm200393_41-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHalm2003">Halm 2003</a>, p. 93.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHalm200395-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHalm200395_42-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHalm2003">Halm 2003</a>, p. 95.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHalm200395–96-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHalm200395–96_43-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHalm2003">Halm 2003</a>, pp. 95–96.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHalm200396–99-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHalm200396–99_44-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHalm2003">Halm 2003</a>, pp. 96–99.</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sack_of_Mecca&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFDaftary2007" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Farhad_Daftary" title="Farhad Daftary">Daftary, Farhad</a> (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=cSO9zh61AGEC"><i>The Ismāʿı̄lı̄s: Their History and Doctrines</i></a> (Second ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-61636-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-61636-2"><bdi>978-0-521-61636-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Ism%C4%81%CA%BF%C4%B1%CC%84l%C4%B1%CC%84s%3A+Their+History+and+Doctrines&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.edition=Second&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-521-61636-2&rft.aulast=Daftary&rft.aufirst=Farhad&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DcSO9zh61AGEC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASack+of+Mecca" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHalm1991" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Heinz_Halm" title="Heinz Halm">Halm, Heinz</a> (1991). <i>Das Reich des Mahdi: Der Aufstieg der Fatimiden</i> [<i>The Empire of the Mahdi: The Rise of the Fatimids</i>] (in German). Munich: C. H. Beck. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-406-35497-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-406-35497-7"><bdi>978-3-406-35497-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Das+Reich+des+Mahdi%3A+Der+Aufstieg+der+Fatimiden&rft.place=Munich&rft.pub=C.+H.+Beck&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=978-3-406-35497-7&rft.aulast=Halm&rft.aufirst=Heinz&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASack+of+Mecca" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHalm2003" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Heinz_Halm" title="Heinz Halm">Halm, Heinz</a> (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Hj2bhVntO3EC"><i>Die Kalifen von Kairo: Die Fatimiden in Ägypten, 973–1074</i></a> [<i>The Caliphs of Cairo: The Fatimids in Egypt, 973–1074</i>] (in German). Munich: C. H. Beck. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-406-48654-1" title="Special:BookSources/3-406-48654-1"><bdi>3-406-48654-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Die+Kalifen+von+Kairo%3A+Die+Fatimiden+in+%C3%84gypten%2C+973%E2%80%931074&rft.place=Munich&rft.pub=C.+H.+Beck&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=3-406-48654-1&rft.aulast=Halm&rft.aufirst=Heinz&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DHj2bhVntO3EC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASack+of+Mecca" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKennedy2013" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Hugh_N._Kennedy" title="Hugh N. Kennedy">Kennedy, Hugh</a> (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=cUodAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA13">"The Reign of al-Muqtadir (295–320/908–32): A History"</a>. <i>Crisis and Continuity at the Abbasid Court: Formal and Informal Politics in the Caliphate of al-Muqtadir (295–320/908–32)</i>. Leiden: Brill. pp. 13–47. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163%2F9789004252707_003">10.1163/9789004252707_003</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-25271-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-25271-4"><bdi>978-90-04-25271-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Reign+of+al-Muqtadir+%28295%E2%80%93320%2F908%E2%80%9332%29%3A+A+History&rft.btitle=Crisis+and+Continuity+at+the+Abbasid+Court%3A+Formal+and+Informal+Politics+in+the+Caliphate+of+al-Muqtadir+%28295%E2%80%93320%2F908%E2%80%9332%29&rft.place=Leiden&rft.pages=13-47&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2013&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1163%2F9789004252707_003&rft.isbn=978-90-04-25271-4&rft.aulast=Kennedy&rft.aufirst=Hugh&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DcUodAAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA13&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASack+of+Mecca" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKennedy2023" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Hugh_N._Kennedy" title="Hugh N. Kennedy">Kennedy, Hugh</a> (2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=dPxwEAAAQBAJ"><i>The Prophet and the Age of the Caliphates: The Islamic Near East from the 6th to the 11th Century</i></a> (4th ed.). Abingdon, Oxon and New York: Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-367-36690-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-367-36690-2"><bdi>978-0-367-36690-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Prophet+and+the+Age+of+the+Caliphates%3A+The+Islamic+Near+East+from+the+6th+to+the+11th+Century&rft.place=Abingdon%2C+Oxon+and+New+York&rft.edition=4th&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2023&rft.isbn=978-0-367-36690-2&rft.aulast=Kennedy&rft.aufirst=Hugh&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DdPxwEAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASack+of+Mecca" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMadelung1996" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Wilferd_Madelung" title="Wilferd Madelung">Madelung, Wilferd</a> (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=8eebGQXgPcQC&pg=PA21">"The Fatimids and the Qarmatīs of Bahrayn"</a>. In <a href="/wiki/Farhad_Daftary" title="Farhad Daftary">Daftary, Farhad</a> (ed.). <i>Mediaeval Isma'ili History and Thought</i>. <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. pp. 21–73. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-00310-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-00310-0"><bdi>978-0-521-00310-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Fatimids+and+the+Qarmat%C4%ABs+of+Bahrayn&rft.btitle=Mediaeval+Isma%27ili+History+and+Thought&rft.pages=21-73&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-0-521-00310-0&rft.aulast=Madelung&rft.aufirst=Wilferd&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D8eebGQXgPcQC%26pg%3DPA21&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASack+of+Mecca" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRezazadeh_Langaroodi2015" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Rezazadeh Langaroodi, Reza (2015). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1163/1875-9831_isla_SIM_0215">"Abū Ṭāhir al-Jannābī"</a></span>. In <a href="/wiki/Wilferd_Madelung" title="Wilferd Madelung">Madelung, Wilferd</a>; <a href="/wiki/Farhad_Daftary" title="Farhad Daftary">Daftary, Farhad</a> (eds.). <i>Encyclopaedia Islamica Online</i>. Translated by Farzin Negahban. Brill Online. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1875-9831">1875-9831</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Ab%C5%AB+%E1%B9%AC%C4%81hir+al-Jann%C4%81b%C4%AB&rft.btitle=Encyclopaedia+Islamica+Online&rft.pub=Brill+Online&rft.date=2015&rft.issn=1875-9831&rft.aulast=Rezazadeh+Langaroodi&rft.aufirst=Reza&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1163%2F1875-9831_isla_SIM_0215&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASack+of+Mecca" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output 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abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Abbasid_Caliphate_topics" title="Template:Abbasid Caliphate topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Abbasid_Caliphate_topics" title="Template talk:Abbasid Caliphate topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Abbasid_Caliphate_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Abbasid Caliphate topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Abbasid_Caliphate_topics_(750–1258)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Abbasid_Caliphate" title="Abbasid Caliphate">Abbasid Caliphate</a> topics <span style="font-size:85%;">(750–1258)</span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="History" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">History</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.75em;text-align:left; font-weight:normal"><div style="float: left;"><b>Background</b></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Umayyad_Caliphate" title="Umayyad Caliphate">Umayyad Caliphate</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Third_Fitna" title="Third Fitna">Third Fitna</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hashimiyya" class="mw-redirect" title="Hashimiyya">Hashimiyya</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.75em;text-align:left; font-weight:normal"><div style="float: left;"><b>Early period</b><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(750–833)</span></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal">Establishment</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abbasid_Revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Abbasid Revolution">Abbasid Revolution</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Muslim" title="Abu Muslim">Abu Muslim</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Saffah" title="Al-Saffah">al-Saffah</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Talas" title="Battle of Talas">Battle of Talas</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Mansur" title="Al-Mansur">al-Mansur</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abbasid_conquest_of_Ifriqiya" title="Abbasid conquest of Ifriqiya">Conquest of Ifriqiya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alid_revolt_of_762%E2%80%93763" title="Alid revolt of 762–763">Revolt of Muhammad the Pure Soul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Round_city_of_Baghdad" title="Round city of Baghdad">Round city of Baghdad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abbasid%E2%80%93Carolingian_alliance" title="Abbasid–Carolingian alliance">Abbasid–Carolingian alliance</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal">Apogee</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Al-Mahdi" title="Al-Mahdi">al-Mahdi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Hadi" title="Al-Hadi">al-Hadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harun_al-Rashid" title="Harun al-Rashid">Harun al-Rashid</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Barmakids" title="Barmakids">Barmakids</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abbasid_invasion_of_Asia_Minor_(806)" title="Abbasid invasion of Asia Minor (806)">Sack of Heraclea</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Amin" title="Al-Amin">al-Amin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourth_Fitna" title="Fourth Fitna">Fourth Fitna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Ma%27mun" title="Al-Ma'mun">al-Ma'mun</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Graeco-Arabic_translation_movement" title="Graeco-Arabic translation movement">Graeco-Arabic translation movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mu%27tazilism" title="Mu'tazilism">Mu'tazilism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mihna" title="Mihna">Mihna</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.75em;text-align:left; font-weight:normal"><div style="float: left;"><b>Fragmentation of<br />the Abbasid empire</b><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(833–946)</span></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal"><a href="/wiki/Abbasid_Samarra" title="Abbasid Samarra">Samarra period</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Al-Mu%27tasim" title="Al-Mu'tasim">al-Mu'tasim</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sack_of_Amorium" title="Sack of Amorium">Sack of Amorium</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Wathiq" title="Al-Wathiq">al-Wathiq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Mutawakkil" title="Al-Mutawakkil">al-Mutawakkil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchy_at_Samarra" title="Anarchy at Samarra">Anarchy at Samarra</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Al-Muntasir" title="Al-Muntasir">al-Muntasir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Musta%27in" title="Al-Musta'in">al-Musta'in</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Mu%27tazz" title="Al-Mu'tazz">al-Mu'tazz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Muhtadi" title="Al-Muhtadi">al-Muhtadi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zanj_Rebellion" title="Zanj Rebellion">Zanj Rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kharijite_Rebellion_(866%E2%80%93896)" title="Kharijite Rebellion (866–896)">Kharijite Rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tahirid_dynasty" title="Tahirid dynasty">Tahirids</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saffarid_dynasty" title="Saffarid dynasty">Saffarids</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tulunids" title="Tulunids">Tulunids</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal">Abbasid revival</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Al-Mu%27tamid" title="Al-Mu'tamid">al-Mu'tamid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Muwaffaq" title="Al-Muwaffaq">al-Muwaffaq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Mu%27tadid" title="Al-Mu'tadid">al-Mu'tadid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Muktafi" title="Al-Muktafi">al-Muktafi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal">Collapse</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Al-Muqtadir" title="Al-Muqtadir">al-Muqtadir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Qahir" title="Al-Qahir">al-Qahir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Radi" title="Al-Radi">al-Radi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Muttaqi" title="Al-Muttaqi">al-Muttaqi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Mustakfi" title="Al-Mustakfi">al-Mustakfi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mu%27nis_al-Muzaffar" title="Mu'nis al-Muzaffar">Mu'nis al-Muzaffar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu%27l-Hasan_Ali_ibn_al-Furat" title="Abu'l-Hasan Ali ibn al-Furat">Abu'l-Hasan Ali ibn al-Furat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ali_ibn_Isa_ibn_al-Jarrah" title="Ali ibn Isa ibn al-Jarrah">Ali ibn Isa ibn al-Jarrah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qarmatian_invasion_of_Iraq" title="Qarmatian invasion of Iraq">Qarmatian invasion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sack_of_Mecca_(930)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sack of Mecca (930)">Sack of Mecca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bajkam" title="Bajkam">Bajkam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Abdallah_al-Baridi" title="Abu Abdallah al-Baridi">Abu Abdallah al-Baridi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nasir_al-Dawla" title="Nasir al-Dawla">Nasir al-Dawla</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.75em;text-align:left; font-weight:normal"><div style="float: left;"><b><a href="/wiki/Buyid" class="mw-redirect" title="Buyid">Buyid</a> period</b><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(946–1055)</span></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal">Caliphs</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Al-Muti" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Muti">al-Muti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Ta%27i" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Ta'i">al-Ta'i</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Qadir" title="Al-Qadir">al-Qadir</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baghdad_Manifesto" title="Baghdad Manifesto">Baghdad Manifesto</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Qa%27im_(Abbasid_caliph_at_Baghdad)" title="Al-Qa'im (Abbasid caliph at Baghdad)">al-Qa'im</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal">Buyid emirs</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mu%27izz_al-Dawla" title="Mu'izz al-Dawla">Mu'izz al-Dawla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Izz_al-Dawla" title="Izz al-Dawla">Izz al-Dawla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%27Adud_al-Dawla" title="'Adud al-Dawla">'Adud al-Dawla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samsam_al-Dawla" title="Samsam al-Dawla">Samsam al-Dawla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sharaf_al-Dawla" title="Sharaf al-Dawla">Sharaf al-Dawla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baha_al-Dawla" title="Baha al-Dawla">Baha al-Dawla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sultan_al-Dawla" title="Sultan al-Dawla">Sultan al-Dawla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Musharrif_al-Dawla" title="Musharrif al-Dawla">Musharrif al-Dawla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jalal_al-Dawla" title="Jalal al-Dawla">Jalal al-Dawla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Kalijar" title="Abu Kalijar">Abu Kalijar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Malik_al-Rahim" title="Al-Malik al-Rahim">al-Malik al-Rahim</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.75em;text-align:left; font-weight:normal"><div style="float: left;"><b><a href="/wiki/Seljuk_Empire" title="Seljuk Empire">Seljuk</a> period</b><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(1055–1157)</span></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal">Caliphs</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Al-Qa%27im_(Abbasid_caliph_at_Baghdad)" title="Al-Qa'im (Abbasid caliph at Baghdad)">al-Qa'im</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Muqtadi" title="Al-Muqtadi">al-Muqtadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Mustazhir" title="Al-Mustazhir">al-Mustazhir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Mustarshid" title="Al-Mustarshid">al-Mustarshid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Rashid_Billah" title="Al-Rashid Billah">al-Rashid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Muqtafi" title="Al-Muqtafi">al-Muqtafi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal">Seljuk sultans</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tughril" class="mw-redirect" title="Tughril">Tughril</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alp_Arslan" title="Alp Arslan">Alp Arslan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malik-Shah_I" title="Malik-Shah I">Malik-Shah I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahmud_I_of_Great_Seljuk" class="mw-redirect" title="Mahmud I of Great Seljuk">Mahmud I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berkyaruq" title="Berkyaruq">Berkyaruq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malik-Shah_II" title="Malik-Shah II">Malik-Shah II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_I_Tapar" title="Muhammad I Tapar">Muhammad I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmad_Sanjar" title="Ahmad Sanjar">Ahmad Sanjar</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.75em;text-align:left; font-weight:normal"><div style="float: left;"><b>Final period</b> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1157–1258)</span></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Caliphs" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal">Caliphs</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Al-Muqtafi" title="Al-Muqtafi">al-Muqtafi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Mustanjid" title="Al-Mustanjid">al-Mustanjid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Mustadi" title="Al-Mustadi">al-Mustadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Nasir" title="Al-Nasir">al-Nasir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Zahir_bi-Amr_Allah" title="Al-Zahir bi-Amr Allah">al-Zahir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Mustansir_(Baghdad)" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Mustansir (Baghdad)">al-Mustansir</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mustansiriya_Madrasah" title="Mustansiriya Madrasah">Mustansiriya Madrasah</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Musta%27sim" title="Al-Musta'sim">al-Musta'sim</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Baghdad" title="Siege of Baghdad">Sack of Baghdad</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.75em;text-align:left; font-weight:normal"><div style="float: left;"><b>Aftermath</b></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abbasid_caliphs_of_Cairo" class="mw-redirect" title="Abbasid caliphs of Cairo">Abbasid caliphs of Cairo</a> under the <a href="/wiki/Mamluk_Sultanate_(Cairo)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mamluk Sultanate (Cairo)">Mamluk Sultanate</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Geography" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Geography</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arminiya" title="Arminiya">Arminiya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Arabia" title="Eastern Arabia">Bahrayn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyrenaica" title="Cyrenaica">Barqa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hejaz" title="Hejaz">Hejaz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ifriqiya" title="Ifriqiya">Ifriqiya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraq_(region)" class="mw-redirect" title="Iraq (region)">Iraq</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sawad" title="Sawad">Sawad</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Jazira_(caliphal_province)" title="Al-Jazira (caliphal province)">Jazira</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jibal" title="Jibal">Jibal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Khorasan" title="Greater Khorasan">Khurasan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Sind" class="mw-redirect" title="Arab Sind">Sindh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bilad_al-Sham" title="Bilad al-Sham">Syria</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Al-Awasim" title="Al-Awasim">Awasim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jund_al-Urdunn" title="Jund al-Urdunn">Jund al-Urdunn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jund_Dimashq" title="Jund Dimashq">Jund Dimashq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jund_Filastin" title="Jund Filastin">Jund Filastin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jund_Hims" title="Jund Hims">Jund Hims</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jund_Qinnasrin" title="Jund Qinnasrin">Jund Qinnasrin</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tabaristan" title="Tabaristan">Tabaristan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yemen" title="Yemen">Yemen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Government_and_military" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Government and military</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal">Palace and central government</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amir_al-umara" title="Amir al-umara">Amir al-umara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barid" title="Barid">Barid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hajib" title="Hajib">Hajib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abbasid_harem" title="Abbasid harem">Harem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mazalim" title="Mazalim">Mazalim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Officials_of_the_Abbasid_Caliphate" title="Category:Officials of the Abbasid Caliphate">Officials</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robe_of_honour" title="Robe of honour">Robe of honour</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tiraz" title="Tiraz">tiraz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shurta" title="Shurta">Shurta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vizier_(Abbasid_Caliphate)" title="Vizier (Abbasid Caliphate)">Vizier</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal">Financial administration</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Divan" title="Divan">Diwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iqta%27" title="Iqta'">Iqta'</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kharaj" title="Kharaj">Kharaj</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal">Military</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abna_al-dawla" title="Abna al-dawla">Abna al-dawla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghilman" title="Ghilman">Ghilman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Battles_involving_the_Abbasid_Caliphate" title="Category:Battles involving the Abbasid Caliphate">Battles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Generals_of_the_Abbasid_Caliphate" title="Category:Generals of the Abbasid Caliphate">Commanders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wars_involving_the_Abbasid_Caliphate" title="Category:Wars involving the Abbasid Caliphate">Wars</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Religion_and_law" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Religion and law</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal"><a href="/wiki/Category:Islam_in_the_Abbasid_Caliphate" title="Category:Islam in the Abbasid Caliphate">Islam</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mu%27tazilism" title="Mu'tazilism">Mu'tazilism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mihna" title="Mihna">Mihna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fiqh" title="Fiqh">Fiqh</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hanafism" class="mw-redirect" title="Hanafism">Hanafism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hanbalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Hanbalism">Hanbalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shafi%27i" class="mw-redirect" title="Shafi'i">Shafi'ism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sunni_Revival" title="Sunni Revival">Sunni Revival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shi%27a_Islam" class="mw-redirect" title="Shi'a Islam">Shi'a Islam</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Twelve_Imams" title="Twelve Imams">Twelve Imams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isma%27ilism" title="Isma'ilism">Isma'ilism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qarmatians" title="Qarmatians">Qarmatians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shi%27a_Century" title="Shi'a Century">Shi'a Century</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dhimmi" title="Dhimmi">Dhimmi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Christianity_in_the_Abbasid_Caliphate" title="Category:Christianity in the Abbasid Caliphate">Christianity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Jews_and_Judaism_in_the_Abbasid_Caliphate" title="Category:Jews and Judaism in the Abbasid Caliphate">Jews and Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khurramites" title="Khurramites">Khurramites</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Culture_and_society" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Culture and society</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Abbasid_architecture" title="Category:Abbasid architecture">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Abbasid_literature" title="Category:Abbasid literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Musicians_from_the_Abbasid_Caliphate" title="Category:Musicians from the Abbasid Caliphate">Musicians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Science_in_the_Abbasid_Caliphate" title="Category:Science in the Abbasid Caliphate">Science and learning</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Graeco-Arabic_translation_movement" title="Graeco-Arabic translation movement">Graeco-Arabic translation movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Wisdom" title="House of Wisdom">House of Wisdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_philosophy" title="Islamic philosophy">Islamic philosophy</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Qarmatian_state_of_Bahrayn_(899–1077)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks plainlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Qarmatians_of_Bahrayn" title="Template:Qarmatians of Bahrayn"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Template_talk:Qarmatians_of_Bahrayn&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Template talk:Qarmatians of Bahrayn (page does not exist)"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Qarmatians_of_Bahrayn" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Qarmatians of Bahrayn"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Qarmatian_state_of_Bahrayn_(899–1077)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Qarmatians" title="Qarmatians">Qarmatian</a> state of <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Arabia" title="Eastern Arabia">Bahrayn</a> (899–1077)</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Background</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Isma%27ilism" title="Isma'ilism">Isma'ilism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamdan_Qarmat" title="Hamdan Qarmat">Hamdan Qarmat</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Sa%27id_al-Jannabi" title="Abu Sa'id al-Jannabi">Abu Sa'id al-Jannabi</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Abu%27l-Qasim_Sa%27id_al-Jannabi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Abu'l-Qasim Sa'id al-Jannabi (page does not exist)">Abu'l-Qasim Sa'id al-Jannabi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Tahir_al-Jannabi" title="Abu Tahir al-Jannabi">Abu Tahir al-Jannabi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Hasan_al-A%27sam" title="Al-Hasan al-A'sam">al-Hasan al-A'sam</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Events</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sack_of_Basra_(923)" title="Sack of Basra (923)">Sack of Basra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/924_Hajj_caravan_raid" title="924 Hajj caravan raid">924 Hajj caravan raid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qarmatian_invasion_of_Iraq" title="Qarmatian invasion of Iraq">Invasion of Iraq</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Sack of Mecca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Qarmatian_invasion_of_Egypt" title="First Qarmatian invasion of Egypt">1st Invasion of Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Qarmatian_invasion_of_Egypt" title="Second Qarmatian invasion of Egypt">2nd Invasion of Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overthrow_of_the_Qarmatians" title="Overthrow of the Qarmatians">Overthrow</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Al-Ahsa_Oasis" title="Al-Ahsa Oasis">Al-Ahsa Oasis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Incidents_related_to_the_Hajj" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Hajj_incidents" title="Template:Hajj incidents"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Hajj_incidents" title="Template talk:Hajj incidents"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Hajj_incidents" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Hajj incidents"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Incidents_related_to_the_Hajj" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Incidents_during_the_Hajj" title="Incidents during the Hajj">Incidents related to the Hajj</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hajj" title="Hajj">Hajj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mecca" title="Mecca">Mecca</a>, <a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabia" title="Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Incidents_during_the_Hajj#Crushes_and_failures_of_crowd_control" title="Incidents during the Hajj">Crushes and crowd-related issues</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1990_Mecca_tunnel_tragedy" title="1990 Mecca tunnel tragedy">1990 Mecca tunnel tragedy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1994_Hajj_stampede" title="1994 Hajj stampede">1994 stampede</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1998_Hajj_stampede" title="1998 Hajj stampede">1998 stampede</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2001_Hajj_stampede" title="2001 Hajj stampede">2001 stampede</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2004_Hajj_stampede" title="2004 Hajj stampede">2004 stampede</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2006_Hajj_stampede" title="2006 Hajj stampede">2006 stampede</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2015_Mina_stampede" title="2015 Mina stampede">2015 stampede</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Incidents_during_the_Hajj#Fires" title="Incidents during the Hajj">Fires</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mecca_fire_of_1997" title="Mecca fire of 1997">1997 fire</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Incidents_during_the_Hajj#Protests_and_violence" title="Incidents during the Hajj">Protests and violence</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Mecca_(692)" title="Siege of Mecca (692)">692 siege</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/924_Hajj_caravan_raid" title="924 Hajj caravan raid">924 caravan raid</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">930 sack of Mecca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1757_Hajj_caravan_raid" title="1757 Hajj caravan raid">1757 caravan raid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Incidents_during_the_Hajj#Protests_and_violence" title="Incidents during the Hajj">1926 mahmal incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1987_Mecca_incident" title="1987 Mecca incident">1987 incident</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Incidents_during_the_Hajj#Airplane_crashes_related_to_the_Hajj" title="Incidents during the Hajj">Airplane crashes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1973_Kano_Nigeria_Airways_Boeing_707_crash" title="1973 Kano Nigeria Airways Boeing 707 crash">Royal Jordanian (1973)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martinair_Flight_138" title="Martinair Flight 138">Martinair Flight 138 (1974)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loftlei%C3%B0ir_Flight_001" title="Loftleiðir Flight 001">Loftleiðir Flight 001 (1978)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistan_International_Airlines_Flight_740" title="Pakistan International Airlines Flight 740">Pakistan International Airlines Flight 740 (1979)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saudia_Flight_163" title="Saudia Flight 163">Saudia Flight 163 (1980)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nigeria_Airways_Flight_2120" title="Nigeria Airways Flight 2120">Nigeria Airways Flight 2120 (1991)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_Airlines_Flight_5904" title="Turkish Airlines Flight 5904">Turkish Airlines Flight 5904 (1999)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ship</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/4th_Portuguese_India_Armada_(Gama,_1502)#Massacre_of_the_pilgrim_ship" title="4th Portuguese India Armada (Gama, 1502)">1502 <i>Miri</i> ship sinking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_the_Grand_Mughal_Fleet" title="Capture of the Grand Mughal Fleet">1695 Capture of the Grand Mughal Fleet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SS_Sardinia_(1888)" title="SS Sardinia (1888)">1908 <i>SS Sardinia</i> fire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fabre_Line" title="Fabre Line">1930 <i>SS Asia</i> fire</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Incidents_during_the_Hajj#Disease" title="Incidents during the Hajj">Disease</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1817%E2%80%931824_cholera_pandemic" title="1817–1824 cholera pandemic">1817–1824 cholera pandemic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1863%E2%80%931875_cholera_pandemic" title="1863–1875 cholera pandemic">1863–1875 cholera pandemic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hajj_cough" title="Hajj cough">Hajj cough</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MERS-related_coronavirus" title="MERS-related coronavirus">MERS-related coronavirus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_Hajj" title="Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on Hajj">Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on Hajj</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Incidents_during_the_Hajj#Construction_failures" title="Incidents during the Hajj">Construction</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2006_Mecca_hostel_collapse" title="2006 Mecca hostel collapse">2006 hostel collapse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mecca_crane_collapse" title="Mecca crane collapse">2015 crane collapse</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Incidents_during_the_Hajj#Extreme_heat" title="Incidents during the Hajj">Heat</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2024_Hajj_disaster" class="mw-redirect" title="2024 Hajj disaster">2024 Hajj disaster</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stoning_of_the_Devil#Incidents" title="Stoning of the Devil">Stoning of the Devil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Incidents_during_the_Hajj#Other_fatal_events" title="Incidents during the Hajj">Other incidents</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MosqueMeToo" title="MosqueMeToo">MosqueMeToo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div 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