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subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Fundamental_principles-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Fluid_mechanics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fluid_mechanics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Fluid mechanics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fluid_mechanics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Behavior_of_real_fluids" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Behavior_of_real_fluids"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Behavior of real fluids</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Behavior_of_real_fluids-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Real_and_Ideal_fluids" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Real_and_Ideal_fluids"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2.1</span> <span>Real and Ideal fluids</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Real_and_Ideal_fluids-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Viscous_flow" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Viscous_flow"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2.2</span> <span>Viscous flow</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Viscous_flow-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Laminar_flow_and_turbulence" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Laminar_flow_and_turbulence"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2.3</span> <span>Laminar flow and turbulence</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Laminar_flow_and_turbulence-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bernoulli's_equation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bernoulli's_equation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2.4</span> <span>Bernoulli's equation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bernoulli's_equation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Applications" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Applications"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Applications</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Applications-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle History subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Antiquity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Antiquity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Antiquity</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Antiquity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Modern_times" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Modern_times"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Modern times</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Modern_times-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Hydraulic engineering</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 35 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-35" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">35 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%87%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%B3%D8%A9_%D9%87%D9%8A%D8%AF%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%83%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="هندسة هيدروليكية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="هندسة هيدروليكية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hidrotexnika" title="Hidrotexnika – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Hidrotexnika" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%B2_%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B9_%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8C%E0%A6%B6%E0%A6%B2" title="তরল প্রবাহ প্রকৌশল – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="তরল প্রবাহ প্রকৌশল" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enginyeria_hidr%C3%A0ulica" title="Enginyeria hidràulica – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Enginyeria hidràulica" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wasserbau" title="Wasserbau – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Wasserbau" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vesiehitus" title="Vesiehitus – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Vesiehitus" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ingenier%C3%ADa_hidr%C3%A1ulica" title="Ingeniería hidráulica – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Ingeniería hidráulica" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ingeniaritza_hidrauliko" title="Ingeniaritza hidrauliko – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Ingeniaritza hidrauliko" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%87%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%B3%DB%8C_%D9%87%DB%8C%D8%AF%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%84%DB%8C%DA%A9" title="مهندسی هیدرولیک – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="مهندسی هیدرولیک" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%80%D5%AB%D5%A4%D6%80%D5%B8%D5%BF%D5%A5%D5%AD%D5%B6%D5%AB%D5%AF%D5%A1" title="Հիդրոտեխնիկա – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Հիդրոտեխնիկա" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%89%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF_%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%80" title="उदकगति अभियांत्रिकी – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="उदकगति अभियांत्रिकी" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vodogradnja" title="Vodogradnja – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Vodogradnja" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teknik_hidrolika" title="Teknik hidrolika – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Teknik hidrolika" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ingegneria_idraulica" title="Ingegneria idraulica – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Ingegneria idraulica" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%A0%D7%93%D7%A1%D7%AA_%D7%9E%D7%99%D7%9D" title="הנדסת מים – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="הנדסת מים" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B8%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%85%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Гидротехника – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Гидротехника" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B8%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%85%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Гидротехника – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Гидротехника" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D1%81%D0%BD%D1%8B_%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%87%D0%BB%D1%8D%D0%BB" title="Усны инженерчлэл – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Усны инженерчлэл" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waterbouwkunde" title="Waterbouwkunde – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Waterbouwkunde" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gidrotexnika" title="Gidrotexnika – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Gidrotexnika" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrotechnika" title="Hydrotechnika – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Hydrotechnika" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Engenharia_hidr%C3%A1ulica" title="Engenharia hidráulica – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Engenharia hidráulica" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hidrotehnic%C4%83" title="Hidrotehnică – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Hidrotehnică" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B8%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%85%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Гидротехника – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Гидротехника" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hidrotehnika" title="Hidrotehnika – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Hidrotehnika" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A6%DB%95%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%B2%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%8C%DB%8C_%D8%A6%D8%A7%D9%88" title="ئەندازیاریی ئاو – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ئەندازیاریی ئاو" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hidrotehnika" title="Hidrotehnika – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Hidrotehnika" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hidrotehnika" title="Hidrotehnika – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Hidrotehnika" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydroteknik" title="Hydroteknik – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Hydroteknik" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%A8%E0%AF%80%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AE_%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8A%E0%AE%B1%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D" title="நீர்ம பொறியியல் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="நீர்ம பொறியியல்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C" title="วิศวกรรมชลศาสตร์ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="วิศวกรรมชลศาสตร์" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hidrolik_m%C3%BChendisli%C4%9Fi" title="Hidrolik mühendisliği – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Hidrolik mühendisliği" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%96%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%85%D0%BD%D1%96%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Гідротехніка – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Гідротехніка" 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class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Sub-discipline of civil engineering</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Hydrologic_engineering" class="mw-redirect" title="Hydrologic engineering">Hydrologic engineering</a>.</div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hydraulic_Flood_Retention_Basin.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Hydraulic_Flood_Retention_Basin.jpg/250px-Hydraulic_Flood_Retention_Basin.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="224" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Hydraulic_Flood_Retention_Basin.jpg/375px-Hydraulic_Flood_Retention_Basin.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Hydraulic_Flood_Retention_Basin.jpg/500px-Hydraulic_Flood_Retention_Basin.jpg 2x" data-file-width="675" data-file-height="604" /></a><figcaption>Hydraulic Flood Retention Basin (HFRB)</figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:4602_-_Bern_-_View_from_Kirchenfeldbr%C3%BCcke.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/4602_-_Bern_-_View_from_Kirchenfeldbr%C3%BCcke.JPG/250px-4602_-_Bern_-_View_from_Kirchenfeldbr%C3%BCcke.JPG" decoding="async" width="250" height="188" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/4602_-_Bern_-_View_from_Kirchenfeldbr%C3%BCcke.JPG/375px-4602_-_Bern_-_View_from_Kirchenfeldbr%C3%BCcke.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/4602_-_Bern_-_View_from_Kirchenfeldbr%C3%BCcke.JPG/500px-4602_-_Bern_-_View_from_Kirchenfeldbr%C3%BCcke.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3648" data-file-height="2736" /></a><figcaption>View from Church Span Bridge, <a href="/wiki/Bern" title="Bern">Bern</a>, <a href="/wiki/Switzerland" title="Switzerland">Switzerland</a></figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Riprap.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Riprap.jpg/250px-Riprap.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="188" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Riprap.jpg/375px-Riprap.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Riprap.jpg/500px-Riprap.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="480" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Riprap" title="Riprap">Riprap</a> lining a lake shore</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Hydraulic engineering</b> as a sub-discipline of <a href="/wiki/Civil_engineering" title="Civil engineering">civil engineering</a> is concerned with the flow and conveyance of <a href="/wiki/Fluid" title="Fluid">fluids</a>, principally <a href="/wiki/Water" title="Water">water</a> and sewage. One feature of these systems is the extensive use of gravity as the motive force to cause the movement of the fluids. This area of civil engineering is intimately related to the design of <a href="/wiki/Bridge" title="Bridge">bridges</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dam" title="Dam">dams</a>, <a href="/wiki/Channel_(geography)" title="Channel (geography)">channels</a>, <a href="/wiki/Canal" title="Canal">canals</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Levee" title="Levee">levees</a>, and to both sanitary and <a href="/wiki/Environmental_engineering" title="Environmental engineering">environmental engineering</a>. </p><p>Hydraulic engineering is the application of the principles of fluid mechanics to problems dealing with the collection, storage, control, transport, regulation, measurement, and use of water.<sup id="cite_ref-Prasuhn,_Alan_L._1987_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Prasuhn,_Alan_L._1987-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Before beginning a hydraulic engineering project, one must figure out how much water is involved. The hydraulic engineer is concerned with the transport of sediment by the river, the interaction of the water with its alluvial boundary, and the occurrence of scour and deposition.<sup id="cite_ref-Prasuhn,_Alan_L._1987_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Prasuhn,_Alan_L._1987-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> "The hydraulic engineer actually develops conceptual designs for the various features which interact with water such as spillways and outlet works for dams, culverts for highways, canals and related structures for irrigation projects, and cooling-water facilities for <a href="/wiki/Thermal_power_plant" class="mw-redirect" title="Thermal power plant">thermal power plants</a>."<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Fundamental_principles">Fundamental principles</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hydraulic_engineering&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Fundamental principles"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A few examples of the fundamental principles of hydraulic engineering include <a href="/wiki/Fluid_mechanics" title="Fluid mechanics">fluid mechanics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fluid" title="Fluid">fluid</a> flow, behavior of real fluids, <a href="/wiki/Hydrology" title="Hydrology">hydrology</a>, pipelines, open channel hydraulics, mechanics of <a href="/wiki/Sediment" title="Sediment">sediment</a> transport, physical modeling, hydraulic machines, and drainage hydraulics. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fluid_mechanics">Fluid mechanics</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hydraulic_engineering&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Fluid mechanics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><i>Fundamentals of Hydraulic Engineering</i> defines hydrostatics as the study of fluids at rest.<sup id="cite_ref-Prasuhn,_Alan_L._1987_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Prasuhn,_Alan_L._1987-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In a fluid at rest, there exists a force, known as pressure, that acts upon the fluid's surroundings. This pressure, measured in N/m<sup>2</sup>, is not constant throughout the body of fluid. Pressure, p, in a given body of fluid, increases with an increase in depth. Where the upward force on a body acts on the base and can be found by the equation: </p> <dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle p=\rho gy}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>p</mi> <mo>=</mo> <mi>ρ</mi> <mi>g</mi> <mi>y</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle p=\rho gy}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/c1574ccba4b7e302ab3e969574b69c3e9ce150de" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; margin-left: -0.089ex; width:7.831ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle p=\rho gy}"></span></dd></dl> <p>where, </p> <dl><dd><i>ρ</i> = density of water</dd> <dd><i>g</i> = specific gravity</dd> <dd><i>y</i> = depth of the body of liquid</dd></dl> <p>Rearranging this equation gives you the <a href="/wiki/Pressure_head" title="Pressure head">pressure head</a> <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\frac {p}{\rho g}}=y}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mi>p</mi> <mrow> <mi>ρ</mi> <mi>g</mi> </mrow> </mfrac> </mrow> <mo>=</mo> <mi>y</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\frac {p}{\rho g}}=y}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/985cc6c65d3d850ff994676d4861d7b6cecd0410" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.338ex; width:7.408ex; height:5.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\frac {p}{\rho g}}=y}"></span>. Four basic devices for <a href="/wiki/Pressure_measurement" title="Pressure measurement">pressure measurement</a> are a <a href="/wiki/Piezometer" class="mw-redirect" title="Piezometer">piezometer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Manometer" class="mw-redirect" title="Manometer">manometer</a>, differential manometer, <a href="/wiki/Bourdon_gauge" class="mw-redirect" title="Bourdon gauge">Bourdon gauge</a>, as well as an inclined manometer.<sup id="cite_ref-Prasuhn,_Alan_L._1987_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Prasuhn,_Alan_L._1987-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As Prasuhn states:<br /> </p> <dl><dd>On undisturbed submerged bodies, pressure acts along all surfaces of a body in a liquid, causing equal perpendicular forces in the body to act against the pressure of the liquid. This reaction is known as equilibrium. More advanced applications of pressure are that on plane surfaces, curved surfaces, dams, and quadrant gates, just to name a few.<sup id="cite_ref-Prasuhn,_Alan_L._1987_1-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Prasuhn,_Alan_L._1987-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Behavior_of_real_fluids">Behavior of real fluids</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hydraulic_engineering&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Behavior of real fluids"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Real_and_Ideal_fluids">Real and Ideal fluids</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hydraulic_engineering&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Real and Ideal fluids"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The main difference between an ideal fluid and a real fluid is that for ideal flow <i>p</i><sub>1</sub> = <i>p</i><sub>2</sub> and for real flow <i>p</i><sub>1</sub> > <i>p</i><sub>2</sub>. Ideal fluid is incompressible and has no viscosity. Real fluid has viscosity. Ideal fluid is only an imaginary fluid as all fluids that exist have some viscosity. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Viscous_flow">Viscous flow</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hydraulic_engineering&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Viscous flow"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A viscous fluid will deform continuously under a shear force by the pascles law, whereas an ideal fluid does not deform. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Laminar_flow_and_turbulence">Laminar flow and turbulence</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hydraulic_engineering&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Laminar flow and turbulence"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The various effects of disturbance on a viscous flow are a stable, transition and unstable. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Bernoulli's_equation"><span id="Bernoulli.27s_equation"></span>Bernoulli's equation</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hydraulic_engineering&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Bernoulli's equation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>For an ideal fluid, <a href="/wiki/Bernoulli%27s_equation" class="mw-redirect" title="Bernoulli's equation">Bernoulli's equation</a> holds along streamlines. </p> <dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\frac {p}{\rho g}}+{\frac {u^{2}}{2g}}={\frac {p_{1}}{\rho g}}+{\frac {u_{1}^{2}}{2g}}={\frac {p_{2}}{\rho g}}+{\frac {u_{2}^{2}}{2g}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mi>p</mi> <mrow> <mi>ρ</mi> <mi>g</mi> </mrow> </mfrac> </mrow> <mo>+</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <msup> <mi>u</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msup> <mrow> <mn>2</mn> <mi>g</mi> </mrow> </mfrac> </mrow> <mo>=</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <msub> <mi>p</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>1</mn> </mrow> </msub> <mrow> <mi>ρ</mi> <mi>g</mi> </mrow> </mfrac> </mrow> <mo>+</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <msubsup> <mi>u</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>1</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msubsup> <mrow> <mn>2</mn> <mi>g</mi> </mrow> </mfrac> </mrow> <mo>=</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <msub> <mi>p</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msub> <mrow> <mi>ρ</mi> <mi>g</mi> </mrow> </mfrac> </mrow> <mo>+</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <msubsup> <mi>u</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msubsup> <mrow> <mn>2</mn> <mi>g</mi> </mrow> </mfrac> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\frac {p}{\rho g}}+{\frac {u^{2}}{2g}}={\frac {p_{1}}{\rho g}}+{\frac {u_{1}^{2}}{2g}}={\frac {p_{2}}{\rho g}}+{\frac {u_{2}^{2}}{2g}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/86905516ff221d481c4a50f3af2e6ba37b7f9ee1" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.338ex; width:33.841ex; height:6.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\frac {p}{\rho g}}+{\frac {u^{2}}{2g}}={\frac {p_{1}}{\rho g}}+{\frac {u_{1}^{2}}{2g}}={\frac {p_{2}}{\rho g}}+{\frac {u_{2}^{2}}{2g}}}"></span></dd></dl> <p>As the flow comes into contact with the plate, the layer of fluid actually "adheres" to a solid surface. There is then a considerable <a href="/wiki/Shearing_(physics)" title="Shearing (physics)">shearing</a> action between the layer of fluid on the plate surface and the second layer of fluid. The second layer is therefore forced to decelerate (though it is not quite brought to rest), creating a shearing action with the third layer of fluid, and so on. As the fluid passes further along with the plate, the zone in which shearing action occurs tends to spread further outwards. This zone is known as the "boundary layer". The flow outside the boundary layer is free of shear and viscous-related forces so it is assumed to act as an ideal fluid. The intermolecular cohesive forces in a fluid are not great enough to hold fluid together. Hence a fluid will flow under the action of the slightest stress and flow will continue as long as the stress is present.<sup id="cite_ref-Finnemore_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Finnemore-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The flow inside the layer can be either vicious or turbulent, depending on Reynolds number.<sup id="cite_ref-Prasuhn,_Alan_L._1987_1-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Prasuhn,_Alan_L._1987-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Applications">Applications</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hydraulic_engineering&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Applications"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Common topics of design for hydraulic engineers include hydraulic structures such as <a href="/wiki/Dams" class="mw-redirect" title="Dams">dams</a>, <a href="/wiki/Levees" class="mw-redirect" title="Levees">levees</a>, water distribution networks including both domestic and fire water supply, distribution and automatic sprinkler systems, water collection networks, sewage collection networks, <a href="/wiki/Storm_water" class="mw-redirect" title="Storm water">storm water</a> management, <a href="/wiki/Sediment_transport" title="Sediment transport">sediment transport</a>, and various other topics related to <a href="/wiki/Transportation_engineering" title="Transportation engineering">transportation engineering</a> and <a href="/wiki/Geotechnical_engineering" title="Geotechnical engineering">geotechnical engineering</a>. Equations developed from the principles of <a href="/wiki/Fluid_dynamics" title="Fluid dynamics">fluid dynamics</a> and fluid mechanics are widely utilized by other engineering disciplines such as mechanical, <a href="/wiki/Aerospace_engineering" title="Aerospace engineering">aeronautical</a> and even traffic engineers. </p><p>Related branches include hydrology and <a href="/wiki/Rheology" title="Rheology">rheology</a> while related applications include hydraulic modeling, flood mapping, catchment flood management plans, shoreline management plans, estuarine strategies, coastal protection, and flood alleviation. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hydraulic_engineering&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Antiquity">Antiquity</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hydraulic_engineering&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Antiquity"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Sanitation_of_the_Indus_Valley_Civilization" class="mw-redirect" title="Sanitation of the Indus Valley Civilization">Sanitation of the Indus Valley Civilization</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_the_Philippines" title="Architecture of the Philippines">Architecture of the Philippines</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cultural_achievements_of_pre-colonial_Philippines" title="Cultural achievements of pre-colonial Philippines">Cultural achievements of pre-colonial Philippines</a></div> <p>Earliest uses of hydraulic engineering were to <a href="/wiki/Irrigation" title="Irrigation">irrigate crops</a> and dates back to <a href="/wiki/Mesopotamia" title="Mesopotamia">the Middle East</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egypt" title="Ancient Egypt">Africa</a>. Controlling the movement and supply of water for growing food has been used for many thousands of years. One of the earliest hydraulic machines, the <a href="/wiki/Water_clock" title="Water clock">water clock</a> was used in the early 2nd millennium BC.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other early examples of using gravity to move water include the <a href="/wiki/Qanat" title="Qanat">Qanat</a> system in ancient Persia and the very similar <a href="/wiki/Turpan_water_system" title="Turpan water system">Turpan water system</a> in ancient China as well as irrigation canals in Peru.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/History_of_China#Ancient_China" title="History of China">ancient China</a>, hydraulic engineering was highly developed, and engineers constructed massive canals with levees and dams to channel the flow of water for irrigation, as well as locks to allow ships to pass through. <a href="/wiki/Sunshu_Ao" title="Sunshu Ao">Sunshu Ao</a> is considered the first Chinese hydraulic engineer. Another important Hydraulic Engineer in China, <a href="/wiki/Ximen_Bao" title="Ximen Bao">Ximen Bao</a> was credited of starting the practice of large scale canal irrigation during the <a href="/wiki/Warring_States_period" title="Warring States period">Warring States period</a> (481 BC–221 BC), even today hydraulic engineers remain a respectable position in China. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Rice_Terraces_Banaue.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Rice_Terraces_Banaue.jpg/220px-Rice_Terraces_Banaue.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Rice_Terraces_Banaue.jpg/330px-Rice_Terraces_Banaue.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Rice_Terraces_Banaue.jpg/440px-Rice_Terraces_Banaue.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1157" data-file-height="791" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Banaue_Rice_Terraces" title="Banaue Rice Terraces">Banaue Rice Terraces</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Cordillera" title="Cordillera">Philippine Cordilleras</a>, ancient sprawling man-made structures which are a UNESCO <a href="/wiki/World_Heritage_Site" title="World Heritage Site">World Heritage Site</a></figcaption></figure> <p>In the <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Philippines_(900-1521)" class="mw-redirect" title="History of the Philippines (900-1521)">Archaic epoch of the Philippines</a>, hydraulic engineering also developed specially in the Island of <a href="/wiki/Luzon" title="Luzon">Luzon</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Ifugaos" class="mw-redirect" title="Ifugaos">Ifugaos</a> of the mountainous region of the <a href="/wiki/Cordillera" title="Cordillera">Cordilleras</a> built irrigations, dams and hydraulic works and the famous <a href="/wiki/Banaue_Rice_Terraces" title="Banaue Rice Terraces">Banaue Rice Terraces</a> as a way for assisting in growing crops around 1000 BC.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These Rice Terraces are 2,000-year-old <a href="/wiki/Terrace_(agriculture)" class="mw-redirect" title="Terrace (agriculture)">terraces</a> that were carved into the mountains of <a href="/wiki/Ifugao" title="Ifugao">Ifugao</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippines</a> by ancestors of the <a href="/wiki/Igorot" class="mw-redirect" title="Igorot">indigenous people</a>. The Rice Terraces are commonly referred to as the "<a href="/wiki/Eighth_Wonder_of_the_World" title="Eighth Wonder of the World">Eighth Wonder of the World</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is commonly thought that the terraces were built with minimal equipment, largely by hand. The terraces are located approximately 1500 metres (5000 ft) above sea level. They are fed by an ancient irrigation system from the rainforests above the terraces. It is said that if the steps were put end to end, it would encircle half the globe.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Eupalinos" title="Eupalinos">Eupalinos</a> of <a href="/wiki/Megara" title="Megara">Megara</a> was an <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek" title="Ancient Greek">ancient Greek</a> <a href="/wiki/Engineer" title="Engineer">engineer</a> who built the <a href="/wiki/Tunnel_of_Eupalinos" title="Tunnel of Eupalinos">Tunnel of Eupalinos</a> on <a href="/wiki/Samos" title="Samos">Samos</a> in the 6th century BC, an important feat of both civil and hydraulic engineering. The civil engineering aspect of this tunnel was that it was dug from both ends which required the diggers to maintain an accurate path so that the two tunnels met and that the entire effort maintained a sufficient slope to allow the water to flow. </p><p>Hydraulic engineering was highly developed in Europe under the aegis of the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman Empire</a> where it was especially applied to the construction and maintenance of <a href="/wiki/Aqueduct_(watercourse)" class="mw-redirect" title="Aqueduct (watercourse)">aqueducts</a> to supply water to and remove sewage from their cities.<sup id="cite_ref-Finnemore_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Finnemore-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In addition to supplying the needs of their citizens they used <a href="/wiki/Hydraulic_mining" title="Hydraulic mining">hydraulic mining</a> methods to prospect and extract alluvial <a href="/wiki/Gold" title="Gold">gold</a> deposits in a technique known as <a href="/wiki/Hushing" title="Hushing">hushing</a>, and applied the methods to other ores such as those of <a href="/wiki/Tin" title="Tin">tin</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lead" title="Lead">lead</a>. </p><p>In the 15th century, the <a href="/wiki/Somali_people" title="Somali people">Somali</a> <a href="/wiki/Ajuran_Sultanate" title="Ajuran Sultanate">Ajuran Empire</a> was the only <a href="/wiki/Hydraulic_empire" title="Hydraulic empire">hydraulic empire</a> in Africa. As a hydraulic empire, the Ajuran State monopolized the <a href="/wiki/Water_resources" title="Water resources">water resources</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Jubba_river" class="mw-redirect" title="Jubba river">Jubba</a> and <a href="/wiki/Shebelle_River" title="Shebelle River">Shebelle Rivers</a>. Through hydraulic engineering, it also constructed many of the <a href="/wiki/Limestone" title="Limestone">limestone</a> <a href="/wiki/Water_well" class="mw-redirect" title="Water well">wells</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cistern" title="Cistern">cisterns</a> of the state that are still operative and in use today. The rulers developed new systems for <a href="/wiki/Agriculture" title="Agriculture">agriculture</a> and <a href="/wiki/Taxation" class="mw-redirect" title="Taxation">taxation</a>, which continued to be used in parts of the <a href="/wiki/Horn_of_Africa" title="Horn of Africa">Horn of Africa</a> as late as the 19th century.<sup id="cite_ref-His_40_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-His_40-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Further advances in hydraulic engineering occurred in the <a href="/wiki/Muslim_world" title="Muslim world">Muslim world</a> between the 8th and 16th centuries, during what is known as the <a href="/wiki/Islamic_Golden_Age" title="Islamic Golden Age">Islamic Golden Age</a>. Of particular importance was the '<a href="/wiki/Water_management_technological_complex" class="mw-redirect" title="Water management technological complex">water management technological complex</a>' which was central to the <a href="/wiki/Muslim_Agricultural_Revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Muslim Agricultural Revolution">Islamic Green Revolution</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Burke-174_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Burke-174-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The various components of this 'toolkit' were developed in different parts of the <a href="/wiki/Afro-Eurasia" title="Afro-Eurasia">Afro-Eurasian</a> landmass, both within and beyond the Islamic world. However, it was in the medieval Islamic lands where the technological complex was assembled and standardized, and subsequently diffused to the rest of the Old World.<sup id="cite_ref-Burke-173_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Burke-173-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Under the rule of a single Islamic <a href="/wiki/Caliphate" title="Caliphate">caliphate</a>, different regional hydraulic technologies were assembled into "an identifiable <a href="/wiki/Water_management" class="mw-redirect" title="Water management">water management</a> technological complex that was to have a global impact." The various components of this complex included <a href="/wiki/Canal" title="Canal">canals</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dam" title="Dam">dams</a>, the <i><a href="/wiki/Qanat" title="Qanat">qanat</a></i> system from Persia, regional water-lifting devices such as the <i><a href="/wiki/Noria" title="Noria">noria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shaduf" class="mw-redirect" title="Shaduf">shaduf</a></i> and <a href="/wiki/Screwpump" class="mw-redirect" title="Screwpump">screwpump</a> from <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Windmill" title="Windmill">windmill</a> from Islamic <a href="/wiki/Afghanistan" title="Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Burke-173_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Burke-173-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other original Islamic developments included the <i><a href="/wiki/Sakia" class="mw-redirect" title="Sakia">saqiya</a></i> with a <a href="/wiki/Flywheel" title="Flywheel">flywheel</a> effect from Islamic Spain,<sup id="cite_ref-Flywheel_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Flywheel-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the <a href="/wiki/Reciprocating_motion" title="Reciprocating motion">reciprocating</a> <a href="/wiki/Suction" title="Suction">suction</a> <a href="/wiki/Pump" title="Pump">pump</a><sup id="cite_ref-Hill2_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hill2-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Suction-Pump_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Suction-Pump-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Hill-1996_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hill-1996-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Crankshaft" title="Crankshaft">crankshaft</a>-<a href="/wiki/Connecting_rod" title="Connecting rod">connecting rod</a> mechanism from <a href="/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq">Iraq</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Ganchy_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ganchy-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Crank_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Crank-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the <a href="/wiki/Gear" title="Gear">geared</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hydropower" title="Hydropower">hydropowered</a> <a href="/wiki/Water_supply_network" title="Water supply network">water supply system</a> from <a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Turner_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Turner-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Modern_times">Modern times</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hydraulic_engineering&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Modern times"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In many respects, the fundamentals of hydraulic engineering have not changed since ancient times. Liquids are still moved for the most part by gravity through systems of canals and aqueducts, though the supply reservoirs may now be filled using pumps. The need for water has steadily increased from ancient times and the role of the hydraulic engineer is a critical one in supplying it. For example, without the efforts of people like <a href="/wiki/William_Mulholland" title="William Mulholland">William Mulholland</a> the Los Angeles area would not have been able to grow as it has because it simply does not have enough local water to support its population. The same is true for many of our world's largest cities. In much the same way, the central valley of California could not have become such an important agricultural region without effective water management and distribution for irrigation. In a somewhat parallel way to what happened in California, the creation of the <a href="/wiki/Tennessee_Valley_Authority" title="Tennessee Valley Authority">Tennessee Valley Authority</a> (TVA) brought work and prosperity to the South by building dams to generate cheap electricity and control flooding in the region, making rivers navigable and generally modernizing life in the region. </p><p>Leonardo da Vinci (1452–1519) performed experiments, investigated and speculated on waves and jets, eddies and streamlining. Isaac Newton (1642–1727) by formulating the laws of motion and his law of viscosity, in addition to developing the calculus, paved the way for many great developments in fluid mechanics. Using Newton's laws of motion, numerous 18th-century mathematicians solved many frictionless (zero-viscosity) flow problems. However, most flows are dominated by viscous effects, so engineers of the 17th and 18th centuries found the inviscid flow solutions unsuitable, and by experimentation they developed empirical equations, thus establishing the science of hydraulics.<sup id="cite_ref-Finnemore_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Finnemore-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Late in the 19th century, the importance of dimensionless numbers and their relationship to turbulence was recognized, and dimensional analysis was born. In 1904 Ludwig Prandtl published a key paper, proposing that the flow fields of low-viscosity fluids be divided into two zones, namely a thin, viscosity-dominated boundary layer near solid surfaces, and an effectively inviscid outer zone away from the boundaries. This concept explained many former paradoxes and enabled subsequent engineers to analyze far more complex flows. However, we still have no complete theory for the nature of turbulence, and so modern fluid mechanics continues to be combination of experimental results and theory.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The modern hydraulic engineer uses the same kinds of <a href="/wiki/Computer-aided_design" title="Computer-aided design">computer-aided design</a> (CAD) tools as many of the other engineering disciplines while also making use of technologies like <a href="/wiki/Computational_fluid_dynamics" title="Computational fluid dynamics">computational fluid dynamics</a> to perform the calculations to accurately predict flow characteristics, <a href="/wiki/Global_positioning_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Global positioning system">GPS</a> mapping to assist in locating the best paths for installing a system and laser-based surveying tools to aid in the actual construction of a system. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hydraulic_engineering&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Civil_engineering" title="Civil engineering">Civil engineering</a> – Engineering discipline focused on physical infrastructure</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_engineering_software" title="Civil engineering software">Civil engineering software</a> – Software used in civil engineering</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eupalinos" title="Eupalinos">Eupalinos</a> – ancient Greek architect<span style="display:none" class="category-wikidata-fallback-annotation">Pages displaying wikidata descriptions as a fallback</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HEC-RAS" title="HEC-RAS">HEC-RAS</a> – Software for simulating water flow within rivers</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henri_Pitot" title="Henri Pitot">Henri Pitot</a> – French hydraulic engineer (1695–1771)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydrology" title="Hydrology">Hydrology</a> – Science of the movement, distribution, and quality of water on Earth</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydrology_(agriculture)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hydrology (agriculture)">Hydrology (agriculture)</a> – Study of agricultural water management, especially irrigation and drainage<span style="display:none" class="category-annotation-with-redirected-description">Pages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydraulic_jack" class="mw-redirect" title="Hydraulic jack">Hydraulic jack</a> – Mechanical lifting device<span style="display:none" class="category-annotation-with-redirected-description">Pages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydraulic_mining" title="Hydraulic mining">Hydraulic mining</a> – Mining technique using high-pressure water jets to carve away minerals</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydraulic_structure" title="Hydraulic structure">Hydraulic structure</a> – artificial structure which disrupts the natural flow of water<span style="display:none" class="category-wikidata-fallback-annotation">Pages displaying wikidata descriptions as a fallback</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Association_for_Hydro-Environment_Engineering_and_Research" title="International Association for Hydro-Environment Engineering and Research">International Association for Hydro-Environment Engineering and Research</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irrigation" title="Irrigation">Irrigation</a> – Agricultural artificial application of water to land</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Floods#Significant_modern_floods" class="mw-redirect" title="Floods">Significant modern floods</a> – Water overflow submerging usually-dry land<span style="display:none" class="category-annotation-with-redirected-description">Pages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naval_architecture" title="Naval architecture">Naval engineering</a> – Engineering discipline of marine vessels</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sunshu_Ao" title="Sunshu Ao">Sunshu Ao</a> – Chinese hydraulic engineer and politician</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ximen_Bao" title="Ximen Bao">Ximen Bao</a> – 4th-century BC Chinese philosopher and engineer</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hydraulic_engineering&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Prasuhn,_Alan_L._1987-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Prasuhn,_Alan_L._1987_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Prasuhn,_Alan_L._1987_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Prasuhn,_Alan_L._1987_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Prasuhn,_Alan_L._1987_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Prasuhn,_Alan_L._1987_1-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Prasuhn,_Alan_L._1987_1-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Prasuhn, Alan L. <i>Fundamentals of Hydraulic Engineering</i>. Holt, Rinehart, and Winston: New York, 1987.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cassidy, John J., Chaudhry, M. Hanif, and Roberson, John A. "Hydraulic Engineering", John Wiley & Sons, 1998</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Finnemore-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Finnemore_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Finnemore_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Finnemore_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">E. John Finnemore, Joseph Franzini "Fluid Mechanics with Engineering Applications", McGraw-Hill, 2002</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/technology/clepsydra">"Clepsydra"</a>. Encyclopedia Britannica.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Clepsydra&rft.pub=Encyclopedia+Britannica&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Ftechnology%2Fclepsydra&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHydraulic+engineering" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Qanats" Water History. From 2001, ongoing. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.waterhistory.org/histories/qanats/">http://www.waterhistory.org/histories/qanats/</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071201054321/http://www.geocities.com/Tokyo/Temple/9845/tech.htm">"Archived copy"</a>. <i>www.geocities.com</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.geocities.com/Tokyo/Temple/9845/tech.htm">the original</a> on 1 December 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 January</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.geocities.com&rft.atitle=Archived+copy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.geocities.com%2FTokyo%2FTemple%2F9845%2Ftech.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHydraulic+engineering" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_archived_copy_as_title" title="Category:CS1 maint: archived copy as title">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Filipinasoul.com.<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.filipinasoul.com/the-best-of-the-philippines-its-natural-wonders/">‘The Best’ of the Philippines – its natural wonders</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141105023206/http://www.filipinasoul.com/the-best-of-the-philippines-its-natural-wonders/">Archived</a> 2014-11-05 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">National Statistical Coordinating Body of the Philippines. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nscb.gov.ph/rucar/fnf_ifugao.htm">Facts & Figures: Ifugao Province</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121113192746/http://www.nscb.gov.ph/rucar/fnf_ifugao.htm">Archived</a> 2012-11-13 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.visitbanaue.com/main.php?cat=1&subcatid1=10&subcatid2=0,">About Banaue > Tourist Attractions</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081214195541/http://www.visitbanaue.com/main.php?cat=1&subcatid1=10&subcatid2=0%2C">Archived</a> 2008-12-14 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tourism.gov.ph/explore_phil/place_details.asp?content=famousefor&province=74">Department of Tourism: Ifugao Province</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090302155750/http://www.tourism.gov.ph/explore_phil/place_details.asp?content=famousefor&province=74">Archived</a> 2009-03-02 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Accessed September 04, 2008.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-His_40-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-His_40_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNjoku2013" class="citation book cs1">Njoku, Raphael Chijioke (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=FlL2vE_qRQ8C"><i>The History of Somalia</i></a>. p. 26. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0313378577" title="Special:BookSources/978-0313378577"><bdi>978-0313378577</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2014-02-14</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+History+of+Somalia&rft.pages=26&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-0313378577&rft.aulast=Njoku&rft.aufirst=Raphael+Chijioke&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DFlL2vE_qRQ8C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHydraulic+engineering" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Burke-174-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Burke-174_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEdmund_Burke2009" class="citation cs2">Edmund Burke (June 2009), "Islam at the Center: Technological Complexes and the Roots of Modernity", <i><a href="/wiki/Journal_of_World_History" title="Journal of World History">Journal of World History</a></i>, <b>20</b> (2), <a href="/wiki/University_of_Hawaii_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Hawaii Press">University of Hawaii Press</a>: 165–186 [174], <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1353%2Fjwh.0.0045">10.1353/jwh.0.0045</a>, <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:143484233">143484233</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+World+History&rft.atitle=Islam+at+the+Center%3A+Technological+Complexes+and+the+Roots+of+Modernity&rft.volume=20&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=165-186+174&rft.date=2009-06&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1353%2Fjwh.0.0045&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A143484233%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.au=Edmund+Burke&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHydraulic+engineering" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Burke-173-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Burke-173_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Burke-173_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEdmund_Burke2009" class="citation cs2">Edmund Burke (June 2009), "Islam at the Center: Technological Complexes and the Roots of Modernity", <i><a href="/wiki/Journal_of_World_History" title="Journal of World History">Journal of World History</a></i>, <b>20</b> (2), <a href="/wiki/University_of_Hawaii_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Hawaii Press">University of Hawaii Press</a>: 165–186 [168 & 173], <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1353%2Fjwh.0.0045">10.1353/jwh.0.0045</a>, <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:143484233">143484233</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+World+History&rft.atitle=Islam+at+the+Center%3A+Technological+Complexes+and+the+Roots+of+Modernity&rft.volume=20&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=165-186+168+%26+173&rft.date=2009-06&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1353%2Fjwh.0.0045&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A143484233%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.au=Edmund+Burke&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHydraulic+engineering" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Flywheel-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Flywheel_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ahmad Y Hassan, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.history-science-technology.com/Notes/Notes%204.htm">Flywheel Effect for a <i>Saqiya</i></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101007124513/http://www.history-science-technology.com/Notes/Notes%204.htm">Archived</a> 2010-10-07 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hill2-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Hill2_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Donald Routledge Hill, "Mechanical Engineering in the Medieval Near East", <i>Scientific American</i>, May 1991, pp. 64–69. (cf. Donald Routledge Hill, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://home.swipnet.se/islam/articles/HistoryofSciences.htm">Mechanical Engineering</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071225091836/http://home.swipnet.se/islam/articles/HistoryofSciences.htm">Archived</a> 2007-12-25 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Suction-Pump-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Suction-Pump_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAhmad_Y_Hassan" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Ahmad_Y_Hassan" class="mw-redirect" title="Ahmad Y Hassan">Ahmad Y Hassan</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080226102543/http://www.history-science-technology.com/Notes/Notes%202.htm">"The Origin of the Suction Pump: Al-Jazari 1206 A.D."</a> Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.history-science-technology.com/Notes/Notes%202.htm">the original</a> on 2008-02-26<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2008-07-16</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Origin+of+the+Suction+Pump%3A+Al-Jazari+1206+A.D.&rft.au=Ahmad+Y+Hassan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.history-science-technology.com%2FNotes%2FNotes%25202.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHydraulic+engineering" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hill-1996-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Hill-1996_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Donald Routledge Hill (1996), <i>A History of Engineering in Classical and Medieval Times</i>, <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>, pp. 143 & 150–152</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ganchy-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Ganchy_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSally_Ganchy2009" class="citation cs2">Sally Ganchy, Sarah Gancher (2009), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/islamsciencemedi0000ganc/page/41"><i>Islam and Science, Medicine, and Technology</i></a>, The Rosen Publishing Group, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/islamsciencemedi0000ganc/page/41">41</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4358-5066-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4358-5066-8"><bdi>978-1-4358-5066-8</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Islam+and+Science%2C+Medicine%2C+and+Technology&rft.pages=41&rft.pub=The+Rosen+Publishing+Group&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-1-4358-5066-8&rft.aulast=Sally+Ganchy&rft.aufirst=Sarah+Gancher&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fislamsciencemedi0000ganc%2Fpage%2F41&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHydraulic+engineering" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Crank-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Crank_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Ahmad_Y_Hassan" class="mw-redirect" title="Ahmad Y Hassan">Ahmad Y Hassan</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.history-science-technology.com/Notes/Notes%203.htm">The Crank-Connecting Rod System in a Continuously Rotating Machine</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130312021929/http://www.history-science-technology.com/Notes/Notes%203.htm">Archived</a> 2013-03-12 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Turner-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Turner_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Howard R. Turner (1997), <i>Science in Medieval Islam: An Illustrated Introduction</i>, p. 181, <a href="/wiki/University_of_Texas_Press" title="University of Texas Press">University of Texas Press</a>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-292-78149-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-292-78149-0">0-292-78149-0</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Fluid Mechanics</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hydraulic_engineering&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Vincent J. Zipparro, Hans Hasen (Eds), <i>Davis' Handbook of Applied Hydraulics</i>, <a href="/wiki/Mcgraw-Hill" class="mw-redirect" title="Mcgraw-Hill">Mcgraw-Hill</a>, 4th Edition (1992), <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0070730024" title="Special:BookSources/0070730024">0070730024</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/Davis-Handbook-Applied-Hydraulics-Zipparro/dp/0070730024">at Amazon.com</a></li> <li>Classification of Organics in Secondary Effluents. M. Rebhun, J. Manka. Environmental Science and Technology, 5, pp. 606–610, (1971). 25.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hydraulic_engineering&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Hydraulic_engineering" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Hydraulic engineering">Hydraulic engineering</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/International_Association_for_Hydro-Environment_Engineering_and_Research" title="International Association for Hydro-Environment Engineering and Research">International Association of Hydraulic Engineering and Research</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.worldhistoryblog.com/2006/10/hydraulic-engineering-in-prehistoric.html">Hydraulic Engineering in Prehistoric Mexico</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150430141205/http://www.worldhistoryblog.com/2006/10/hydraulic-engineering-in-prehistoric.html">Archived</a> 2015-04-30 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hec.usace.army.mil/">Hydrologic Engineering Center</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130308150357/http://www.hec.usace.army.mil/">Archived</a> 2013-03-08 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li>Chanson, H. (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://espace.library.uq.edu.au/view.php?pid=UQ:23708">Hydraulic Engineering in the 21st Century : Where to ?</a>, Journal of Hydraulic Research, IAHR, Vol. 45, No. 3, pp. 291–301 (ISSN 0022-1686).</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul 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.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Hydraulics" style="padding:3px"><table 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abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Hydraulics" title="Template:Hydraulics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Hydraulics" title="Template talk:Hydraulics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Hydraulics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Hydraulics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Hydraulics" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Hydraulics" title="Hydraulics">Hydraulics</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hydraulics" title="Hydraulics">Hydraulics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydraulic_fluid" title="Hydraulic fluid">Hydraulic fluid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fluid_power" title="Fluid power">Fluid power</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Hydraulic engineering</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Modeling</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bernoulli%27s_principle" title="Bernoulli's principle">Bernoulli's principle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Darcy%E2%80%93Weisbach_equation" title="Darcy–Weisbach equation">Darcy–Weisbach equation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Groundwater_flow_equation" title="Groundwater flow equation">Groundwater flow equation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hazen%E2%80%93Williams_equation" title="Hazen–Williams equation">Hazen–Williams equation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydrological_optimization" title="Hydrological optimization">Hydrological optimization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open-channel_flow" title="Open-channel flow">Open-channel flow</a> (<a href="/wiki/Manning_formula" title="Manning formula">Manning formula</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pipe_network_analysis" title="Pipe network analysis">Pipe network analysis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Technologies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hydraulic_machinery" title="Hydraulic machinery">Machinery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydraulic_accumulator" title="Hydraulic accumulator">Accumulator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydraulic_brake" title="Hydraulic brake">Brake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydraulic_circuit" class="mw-redirect" title="Hydraulic circuit">Circuit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydraulic_cylinder" title="Hydraulic cylinder">Cylinder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydraulic_drive_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Hydraulic drive system">Drive system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydraulic_manifold" title="Hydraulic manifold">Manifold</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydraulic_motor" title="Hydraulic motor">Motor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydraulic_power_network" title="Hydraulic power network">Power network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydraulic_press" title="Hydraulic press">Press</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydraulic_pump" title="Hydraulic pump">Pump</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydraulic_ram" title="Hydraulic ram">Ram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydraulic_rescue_tools" class="mw-redirect" title="Hydraulic rescue tools">Rescue tools</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydraulic_seal" title="Hydraulic seal">Seal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Public networks</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Liverpool_Hydraulic_Power_Company" title="Liverpool Hydraulic Power Company">Liverpool</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/London_Hydraulic_Power_Company" title="London Hydraulic Power Company">London</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manchester_Hydraulic_Power" title="Manchester Hydraulic Power">Manchester</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Engineering" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Engineering_fields" title="Template:Engineering fields"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Engineering_fields" title="Template talk:Engineering fields"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Engineering_fields" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Engineering fields"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Engineering" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Engineering" title="Engineering">Engineering</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_engineering" title="History of engineering">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_engineering" title="Outline of engineering">Outline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_engineering_branches" title="List of engineering branches">List of engineering branches</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Specialties<br />and<br /><a href="/wiki/Interdisciplinarity" title="Interdisciplinarity">Interdisciplinarity</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Civil_engineering" title="Civil engineering">Civil</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Architectural_engineering" title="Architectural engineering">Architectural</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coastal_engineering" title="Coastal engineering">Coastal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Construction_engineering" title="Construction engineering">Construction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earthquake_engineering" title="Earthquake engineering">Earthquake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecological_engineering" title="Ecological engineering">Ecological</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_engineering" title="Environmental engineering">Environmental</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sanitary_engineering" title="Sanitary engineering">Sanitary</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geological_engineering" title="Geological engineering">Geological</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geotechnical_engineering" title="Geotechnical engineering">Geotechnical</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Hydraulic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mining_engineering" title="Mining engineering">Mining</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Municipal_or_urban_engineering" title="Municipal or urban engineering">Municipal/Urban</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Offshore_engineering" class="mw-redirect" title="Offshore engineering">Offshore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/River_engineering" title="River engineering">River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Structural_engineering" title="Structural engineering">Structural</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transportation_engineering" title="Transportation engineering">Transportation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Traffic_engineering_(transportation)" title="Traffic engineering (transportation)">Traffic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Railway_engineering" title="Railway engineering">Railway</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mechanical_engineering" title="Mechanical engineering">Mechanical</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acoustical_engineering" title="Acoustical engineering">Acoustic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aerospace_engineering" title="Aerospace engineering">Aerospace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Automotive_engineering" title="Automotive engineering">Automotive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biomechanical_engineering" title="Biomechanical engineering">Biomechanical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_engineering" title="Energy engineering">Energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manufacturing_engineering" title="Manufacturing engineering">Manufacturing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marine_engineering" title="Marine engineering">Marine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naval_architecture" title="Naval architecture">Naval architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Railway_engineering" title="Railway engineering">Railway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sports_engineering" title="Sports engineering">Sports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thermal_engineering" title="Thermal engineering">Thermal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tribology" title="Tribology">Tribology</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Electrical_engineering" title="Electrical engineering">Electrical</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Broadcast_engineering" title="Broadcast engineering">Broadcast</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_computer_engineering" title="Outline of computer engineering">outline</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Control_engineering" title="Control engineering">Control</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electromechanics" title="Electromechanics">Electromechanics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electronic_engineering" title="Electronic engineering">Electronics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microwave_engineering" title="Microwave engineering">Microwaves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Optical_engineering" title="Optical engineering">Optical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Power_engineering" title="Power engineering">Power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radio-frequency_engineering" title="Radio-frequency engineering">Radio frequency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Signal_processing" title="Signal processing">Signal processing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_engineering" title="Telecommunications engineering">Telecommunications</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Chemical_engineering" title="Chemical engineering">Chemical</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biochemical_engineering" title="Biochemical engineering">Biochemical/Bioprocess</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biological_engineering" title="Biological engineering">Biological</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bioresource_engineering" title="Bioresource engineering">Bioresource</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genetic_engineering" title="Genetic engineering">Genetic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tissue_engineering" title="Tissue engineering">Tissue</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chemical_reaction_engineering" title="Chemical reaction engineering">Chemical reaction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electrochemical_engineering" title="Electrochemical engineering">Electrochemical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Food_engineering" title="Food engineering">Food</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molecular_engineering" title="Molecular engineering">Molecular</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paper_engineering" title="Paper engineering">Paper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petroleum_engineering" title="Petroleum engineering">Petroleum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Process_engineering" title="Process engineering">Process</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chemical_reaction_engineering" title="Chemical reaction engineering">Reaction</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Materials_science" title="Materials science">Materials</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biomaterial" title="Biomaterial">Biomaterial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ceramic_engineering" title="Ceramic engineering">Ceramics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corrosion_engineering" title="Corrosion engineering">Corrosion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metallurgy" title="Metallurgy">Metallurgy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molecular_engineering" title="Molecular engineering">Molecular</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nanotechnology" title="Nanotechnology">Nanotechnology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polymer_engineering" title="Polymer engineering">Polymers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semiconductor_device" title="Semiconductor device">Semiconductors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surface_engineering" title="Surface engineering">Surfaces</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Computer_engineering" title="Computer engineering">Computer</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Artificial_intelligence_engineering" title="Artificial intelligence engineering">AI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computer_engineering" title="Computer engineering">Computer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cybersecurity_engineering" title="Cybersecurity engineering">Cybersecurity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Data_engineering" title="Data engineering">Data</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computer_network_engineering" title="Computer network engineering">Networks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robotics_engineering" title="Robotics engineering">Robotics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Software_engineering" title="Software engineering">Software</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="5" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Nuvola_apps_kcmsystem.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Nuvola_apps_kcmsystem.png/50px-Nuvola_apps_kcmsystem.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Nuvola_apps_kcmsystem.png/75px-Nuvola_apps_kcmsystem.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Nuvola_apps_kcmsystem.png/100px-Nuvola_apps_kcmsystem.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Engineering_education" title="Engineering education">Engineering education</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bachelor_of_Engineering" title="Bachelor of Engineering">Bachelor of Engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bachelor_of_Science" title="Bachelor of Science">Bachelor of Science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Master%27s_degree" title="Master's degree">Master's degree</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doctorate" title="Doctorate">Doctorate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graduate_certificate" title="Graduate certificate">Graduate certificate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Engineer%27s_degree" title="Engineer's degree">Engineer's degree</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regulation_and_licensure_in_engineering" title="Regulation and licensure in engineering">Licensed engineer</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Engineer" title="Engineer">Engineer</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Glossary" title="Glossary">Glossaries</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Engineering <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_engineering:_A%E2%80%93L" title="Glossary of engineering: A–L">A–L</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_engineering:_M%E2%80%93Z" title="Glossary of engineering: M–Z">M–Z</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_aerospace_engineering" title="Glossary of aerospace engineering">Aerospace engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_civil_engineering" title="Glossary of civil engineering">Civil engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_electrical_and_electronics_engineering" title="Glossary of electrical and electronics engineering">Electrical and electronics engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_mechanical_engineering" title="Glossary of mechanical engineering">Mechanical engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_structural_engineering" title="Glossary of structural engineering">Structural engineering</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agricultural_engineering" title="Agricultural engineering">Agricultural</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Audio_engineer" title="Audio engineer">Audio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Automation_engineering" title="Automation engineering">Automation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biomedical_engineering" title="Biomedical engineering">Biomedical</a> 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