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</div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Emperor-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Emperor subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Emperor-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Early_reign" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_reign"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Early reign</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_reign-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Stilicho_and_the_defense_of_Italy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Stilicho_and_the_defense_of_Italy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Stilicho and the defense of Italy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Stilicho_and_the_defense_of_Italy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sack_of_Rome" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sack_of_Rome"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Sack of Rome</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sack_of_Rome-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Constantius_and_the_beginning_of_erosion_of_the_Western_Empire" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Constantius_and_the_beginning_of_erosion_of_the_Western_Empire"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Constantius and the beginning of erosion of the Western Empire</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Constantius_and_the_beginning_of_erosion_of_the_Western_Empire-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Death" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Death"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>Death</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Death-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Assessments" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Assessments"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Assessments</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Assessments-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Sources-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Sources subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Primary_sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Primary_sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Primary sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Primary_sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Secondary_sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Secondary_sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Secondary sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Secondary_sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Honorius (emperor)</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 72 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-72" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">72 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honorius" title="Honorius – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Honorius" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flavius_Honorius" title="Flavius Honorius – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Flavius Honorius" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%87%D9%88%D9%86%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%88%D8%B3" title="هونوريوس – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="هونوريوس" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honorio" title="Honorio – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Honorio" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%87%D9%88%D9%86%D9%88%D8%B1%DB%8C%D9%88%D8%B3" title="هونوریوس – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="هونوریوس" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honorius" title="Honorius – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Honorius" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%B9" title="Ганорый – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Ганорый" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%8B%D1%8E%D1%81" title="Ганорыюс – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Ганорыюс" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B9_(%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80)" title="Хонорий (император) – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Хонорий (император)" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honorije" title="Honorije – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Honorije" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flavius_Honorius" title="Flavius Honorius – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Flavius Honorius" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flavi_Honori" title="Flavi Honori – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Flavi Honori" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honorius_(c%C3%ADsa%C5%99)" title="Honorius (císař) – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Honorius (císař)" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flavius_Augustus_Honorius" title="Flavius Augustus Honorius – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Flavius Augustus Honorius" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flavius_Honorius" title="Flavius Honorius – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Flavius Honorius" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flavius_Honorius" title="Flavius Honorius – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Flavius Honorius" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honorius" title="Honorius – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Honorius" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A6%CE%BB%CE%AC%CE%B2%CE%B9%CE%BF%CF%82_%CE%9F%CE%BD%CF%8E%CF%81%CE%B9%CE%BF%CF%82" title="Φλάβιος Ονώριος – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Φλάβιος Ονώριος" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honorio_(emperador)" title="Honorio (emperador) – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Honorio (emperador)" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flavio_Honorio" title="Flavio Honorio – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Flavio Honorio" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honorio" title="Honorio – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Honorio" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%87%D9%88%D9%86%D9%88%D8%B1%DB%8C%D9%88%D8%B3" title="هونوریوس – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="هونوریوس" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flavius_Honorius" title="Flavius Honorius – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Flavius Honorius" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honoarius" title="Honoarius – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Honoarius" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flavio_Honorio" title="Flavio Honorio – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Flavio Honorio" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%98%B8%EB%85%B8%EB%A6%AC%EC%9A%B0%EC%8A%A4" title="호노리우스 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="호노리우스" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honorije" title="Honorije – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Honorije" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honorius_(kaisar)" title="Honorius (kaisar) – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Honorius (kaisar)" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honorius_(keisari)" title="Honorius (keisari) – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Honorius (keisari)" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Onorio" title="Onorio – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Onorio" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A4%D7%9C%D7%91%D7%99%D7%95%D7%A1_%D7%90%D7%95%D7%92%D7%95%D7%A1%D7%98%D7%95%D7%A1_%D7%94%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%95%D7%A1" title="פלביוס אוגוסטוס הונוריוס – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="פלביוס אוגוסטוס הונוריוס" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%B0%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9C%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A1%E1%83%98" title="ჰონორიუსი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ჰონორიუსი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaizari_Honorius" title="Kaizari Honorius – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Kaizari Honorius" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honorius" title="Honorius – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Honorius" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honorius_(imperator)" title="Honorius (imperator) – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Honorius (imperator)" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honorijs" title="Honorijs – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Honorijs" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honorijus" title="Honorijus – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Honorijus" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flavius_Honorius_r%C3%B3mai_cs%C3%A1sz%C3%A1r" title="Flavius Honorius római császár – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Flavius Honorius római császár" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%98" title="Хонориј – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Хонориј" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AB%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%B8_%E0%A4%91%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%B8" title="फ्लाव्हियस ऑनरियस – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="फ्लाव्हियस ऑनरियस" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%B0%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9C%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A1%E1%83%98" title="ჰონორიუსი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ჰონორიუსი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%87%D9%88%D9%86%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%88%D8%B3" title="هونوريوس – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="هونوريوس" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honorius_(keizer)" title="Honorius (keizer) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Honorius (keizer)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%9B%E3%83%8E%E3%83%AA%E3%82%A6%E3%82%B9" title="ホノリウス – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ホノリウス" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nap mw-list-item"><a href="https://nap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Onorio" title="Onorio – Neapolitan" lang="nap" hreflang="nap" data-title="Onorio" data-language-autonym="Napulitano" data-language-local-name="Neapolitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Napulitano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honorius" title="Honorius – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Honorius" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honorius_av_Vestromarriket" title="Honorius av Vestromarriket – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Honorius av Vestromarriket" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flavius_Honorius" title="Flavius Honorius – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Flavius Honorius" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honoriusz_(cesarz)" title="Honoriusz (cesarz) – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Honoriusz (cesarz)" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hon%C3%B3rio" title="Honório – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Honório" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honorius" title="Honorius – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Honorius" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Гонорий – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Гонорий" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Onoriu" title="Onoriu – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Onoriu" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honorius_(emperor)" title="Honorius (emperor) – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Honorius (emperor)" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honorius" title="Honorius – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Honorius" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honorij_(rimski_cesar)" title="Honorij (rimski cesar) – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Honorij (rimski cesar)" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%BE%DB%86%D9%86%DB%86%D8%B1%DB%8C%D9%88%D9%88%D8%B3_(%D8%A6%DB%8C%D9%85%D9%BE%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AA%DB%86%D8%B1)" title="ھۆنۆریووس (ئیمپراتۆر) – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ھۆنۆریووس (ئیمپراتۆر)" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B5" title="Хонорије – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Хонорије" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honorije" title="Honorije – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Honorije" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honorius" title="Honorius – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Honorius" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honorius_(kejsare)" title="Honorius (kejsare) – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Honorius (kejsare)" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honorius" title="Honorius – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Honorius" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%AE%E0%B8%AD%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%AA" title="จักรพรรดิฮอโนริอุส – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="จักรพรรดิฮอโนริอุส" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honorius" title="Honorius – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Honorius" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%96%D0%B9_(%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BC%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D1%96%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80)" title="Гонорій (римський імператор) – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Гонорій (римський імператор)" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DB%81%D9%88%D9%86%D9%88%D8%B1%DB%8C%D9%88%D8%B3_(%D8%B4%DB%81%D9%86%D8%B4%D8%A7%DB%81)" title="ہونوریوس (شہنشاہ) – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="ہونوریوس (شہنشاہ)" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honorius_(ho%C3%A0ng_%C4%91%E1%BA%BF)" title="Honorius (hoàng đế) – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Honorius (hoàng đế)" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honorius_(emperador)" title="Honorius (emperador) – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Honorius (emperador)" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%BC%97%E6%8B%89%E7%BB%B4%E4%B9%8C%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E5%A5%A5%E5%8F%A4%E6%96%AF%E9%83%BD%C2%B7%E9%9C%8D%E8%AF%BA%E7%95%99" title="弗拉维乌斯·奥古斯都·霍诺留 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="弗拉维乌斯·奥古斯都·霍诺留" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honorius_(emperor)" title="Honorius (emperor) – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Honorius (emperor)" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Yorùbá</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honorius_(imperator)" title="Honorius (imperator) – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Honorius (imperator)" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zazaki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%BC%97%E6%8B%89%E7%B6%AD%E7%83%8F%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E5%A5%A7%E5%8F%A4%E6%96%AF%E9%83%BD%C2%B7%E9%9C%8D%E8%AB%BE%E7%95%99" title="弗拉維烏斯·奧古斯都·霍諾留 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="弗拉維烏斯·奧古斯都·霍諾留" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q159798#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav 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data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above fn" style="background-color: #cbe; color:inherit; font-size: 125%">Honorius</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image photo"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Diptych_of_Honorius_(head)_(2).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Diptych_of_Honorius_%28head%29_%282%29.jpg/220px-Diptych_of_Honorius_%28head%29_%282%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="290" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Diptych_of_Honorius_%28head%29_%282%29.jpg/330px-Diptych_of_Honorius_%28head%29_%282%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/7d/Diptych_of_Honorius_%28head%29_%282%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="398" data-file-height="525" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption" style="line-height:normal;padding-bottom:0.2em;padding-top:0.2em;">Detail of Honorius as depicted on the <a href="/wiki/Consular_diptych" title="Consular diptych">consular diptych</a> of <a href="/wiki/Anicius_Petronius_Probus" title="Anicius Petronius Probus">Probus</a>, AD 406</div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #e4dcf6;color:inherit;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Roman_emperor" title="Roman emperor">Roman emperor</a> <div style="display:inline;font-weight:normal" class="noprint">in the <a href="/wiki/Western_Roman_Empire" title="Western Roman Empire">West</a> </div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><i><a href="/wiki/Augustus_(title)" title="Augustus (title)">Augustus</a></i></th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="nowrap">23 January 393 – 15 August 423</span> <span class="avoidwrap" style="display:inline-block;">(senior from 17 January 395)</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Predecessor</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Theodosius_I" title="Theodosius I">Theodosius I</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Successor</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Joannes" title="Joannes">Joannes</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Co-rulers</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arcadius" title="Arcadius">Arcadius</a> (<a href="/wiki/Eastern_Roman_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Roman Empire">East</a>, 393–408)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Theodosius_II" title="Theodosius II">Theodosius II</a> (East, 408–423)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Priscus_Attalus" title="Priscus Attalus">Attalus</a> (Rome, 409–410)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Constantine_III_(Western_Roman_emperor)" title="Constantine III (Western Roman emperor)">Constantine III</a> (Gaul, 409–411)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Constans_II_(son_of_Constantine_III)" title="Constans II (son of Constantine III)">Constans II</a> (Gaul, 409–411)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Constantius_III" title="Constantius III">Constantius III</a> (West, 421)</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #e4dcf6;color:inherit;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><div style="height: 4px; width:100%;"></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data">9 September 384<br /><a href="/wiki/Constantinople" title="Constantinople">Constantinople</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">15 August 423 (aged 38)<br /><a href="/wiki/Ravenna" title="Ravenna">Ravenna</a>, <a href="/wiki/Roman_Italy" title="Roman Italy">Italy</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Burial</th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display:inline" class="label"><a href="/wiki/Old_St._Peter%27s_Basilica" title="Old St. Peter's Basilica">Old St. Peter's Basilica</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spouse</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maria_(empress)" title="Maria (empress)">Maria</a> (<span style="white-space:nowrap;"><abbr title="married">m.</abbr> 398</span>, <span style="white-space:nowrap;"><abbr title="died">d.</abbr> 407</span>)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Thermantia" title="Thermantia">Thermantia</a> (<span style="white-space:nowrap;"><abbr title="married">m.</abbr> 408</span>, divorced)</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox" style="border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Regnal_name" title="Regnal name">Regnal name</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="text-align:left; padding-left:0.7em;"><a href="/wiki/Imperator" title="Imperator">Imperator</a> <a href="/wiki/Caesar_(title)" title="Caesar (title)">Caesar</a> <a href="/wiki/Flavia_gens#As_an_imperial_title" title="Flavia gens">Flavius</a> Honorius <a href="/wiki/Augustus_(title)" title="Augustus (title)">Augustus</a></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Dynasty" title="Dynasty">Dynasty</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Theodosian_dynasty" title="Theodosian dynasty">Theodosian</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Father</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Theodosius_I" title="Theodosius I">Theodosius I</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Mother</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Aelia_Flaccilla" title="Aelia Flaccilla">Aelia Flaccilla</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Religion</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Nicene_Christianity" title="Nicene Christianity">Nicene Christianity</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Honorius</b> (9 September 384 – 15 August 423) was <a href="/wiki/Roman_emperor" title="Roman emperor">Roman emperor</a> from 393 to 423. He was the younger son of emperor <a href="/wiki/Theodosius_I" title="Theodosius I">Theodosius I</a> and his first wife <a href="/wiki/Aelia_Flaccilla" title="Aelia Flaccilla">Aelia Flaccilla</a>. After the death of Theodosius in 395, Honorius, under the regency of <a href="/wiki/Stilicho" title="Stilicho">Stilicho</a>, ruled the western half of the empire while his brother <a href="/wiki/Arcadius" title="Arcadius">Arcadius</a> ruled the eastern half. His reign over the <a href="/wiki/Western_Roman_Empire" title="Western Roman Empire">Western Roman Empire</a> was notably precarious and chaotic. In 410, <a href="/wiki/Sack_of_Rome_(410)" title="Sack of Rome (410)">Rome was sacked</a> for the first time since the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Allia" title="Battle of the Allia">Battle of the Allia</a> almost 800 years prior. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Family">Family</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Honorius_(emperor)&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Family"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Honorius was born to Emperor <a href="/wiki/Theodosius_I" title="Theodosius I">Theodosius I</a> and Empress <a href="/wiki/Aelia_Flaccilla" title="Aelia Flaccilla">Aelia Flaccilla</a> on 9 September 384 in <a href="/wiki/Constantinople" title="Constantinople">Constantinople</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcEvoy2013137_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcEvoy2013137-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was the brother of <a href="/wiki/Arcadius" title="Arcadius">Arcadius</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pulcheria_(daughter_of_Theodosius_I)" title="Pulcheria (daughter of Theodosius I)">Pulcheria</a>. In 386, his mother died, and in 387, Theodosius married <a href="/wiki/Galla_(wife_of_Theodosius_I)" title="Galla (wife of Theodosius I)">Galla</a> who had taken a temporary refuge in <a href="/wiki/Thessaloniki" title="Thessaloniki">Thessaloniki</a> with her family, including her brother <a href="/wiki/Valentinian_II" title="Valentinian II">Valentinian II</a> and mother <a href="/wiki/Justina_(empress)" title="Justina (empress)">Justina</a>, away from usurper <a href="/wiki/Magnus_Maximus" title="Magnus Maximus">Magnus Maximus</a>. Theodosius and Galla had a daughter, Honorius's half-sister <a href="/wiki/Galla_Placidia" title="Galla Placidia">Galla Placidia</a>. Honorius, Arcadius, and Galla Placidia were the only children of Theodosius to survive into adulthood. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Emperor">Emperor</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Honorius_(emperor)&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Emperor"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Head_of_Honorius_as_a_Child.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A Miniature portrait head of a young boy with a full face and short, straight hair. He wears a pearl-edged diadem, which identifies this head as portrait of an Emperor. The head greatly resembles depictions of the Theodosian princes. This marks the identification of the head to be either Honorius, Arcadius, or Valentinian II." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Head_of_Honorius_as_a_Child.jpg/220px-Head_of_Honorius_as_a_Child.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="248" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Head_of_Honorius_as_a_Child.jpg/330px-Head_of_Honorius_as_a_Child.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Head_of_Honorius_as_a_Child.jpg/440px-Head_of_Honorius_as_a_Child.jpg 2x" data-file-width="907" data-file-height="1024" /></a><figcaption>Marble bust of Honorius.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_reign">Early reign</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Honorius_(emperor)&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Early reign"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>After holding the <a href="/wiki/Roman_consul" title="Roman consul">consulate</a> at the age of two in 386, Honorius was declared <i><a href="/wiki/Augustus_(title)" title="Augustus (title)">augustus</a></i> by his father <a href="/wiki/Theodosius_I" title="Theodosius I">Theodosius I</a>, and thus co-ruler, on 23 January 393, after the death of <a href="/wiki/Valentinian_II" title="Valentinian II">Valentinian II</a> and the usurpation of <a href="/wiki/Eugenius" title="Eugenius">Eugenius</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When Theodosius died in January 395, Honorius and Arcadius divided the Empire. Honorius became Western Roman emperor at the age of ten.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlockley2003113_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlockley2003113-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the early part of his reign, Honorius depended on the military leadership of the general <a href="/wiki/Stilicho" title="Stilicho">Stilicho</a>, who had been appointed by Theodosius<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcEvoy2013188_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcEvoy2013188-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and was of mixed <a href="/wiki/Vandal" class="mw-redirect" title="Vandal">Vandal</a> and Roman ancestry.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> To strengthen his bonds with the young emperor and to make his grandchild an imperial heir, Stilicho married his daughter <a href="/wiki/Maria,_daughter_of_Stilicho" class="mw-redirect" title="Maria, daughter of Stilicho">Maria</a> to Honorius.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcEvoy2013141_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcEvoy2013141-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Epithalamion" class="mw-redirect" title="Epithalamion">epithalamion</a> written for the occasion by Stilicho's court poet <a href="/wiki/Claudian" title="Claudian">Claudian</a> survives.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBury188977_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBury188977-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Honorius was also influenced by the <a href="/wiki/Pope" title="Pope">Popes</a> of <a href="/wiki/Rome" title="Rome">Rome</a>. So it was that <a href="/wiki/Pope_Innocent_I" title="Pope Innocent I">Pope Innocent I</a> and Western bishops may have been successful in persuading Honorius to write to his brother, arguing for convening a synod in Thessalonica.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBury1889105_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBury1889105-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Honoriuscng00432obverse.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Honoriuscng00432obverse.jpg/220px-Honoriuscng00432obverse.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="208" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Honoriuscng00432obverse.jpg/330px-Honoriuscng00432obverse.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Honoriuscng00432obverse.jpg/440px-Honoriuscng00432obverse.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1794" data-file-height="1696" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Aureus" title="Aureus">Aureus</a> of Honorius</figcaption></figure> <p>At first Honorius based his capital in <a href="/wiki/Mediolanum" title="Mediolanum">Milan</a>, but when the <a href="/wiki/Visigoths" title="Visigoths">Visigoths</a> under King <a href="/wiki/Alaric_I" title="Alaric I">Alaric I</a> entered Italy in 401 he moved his capital to the coastal city of <a href="/wiki/Ravenna" title="Ravenna">Ravenna</a>, which was protected by a ring of marshes and strong fortifications.<sup id="cite_ref-Bury,_pg._110_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bury,_pg._110-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While the new capital was easier to defend, it was poorly situated to allow Roman forces to protect <a href="/wiki/Central_Italy" title="Central Italy">Central Italy</a> from the increasingly regular threat of barbarian incursions. It was significant that the Emperor's residence remained in Ravenna until the overthrow of <a href="/wiki/Romulus_Augustulus" title="Romulus Augustulus">Romulus Augustulus</a> in 476. That was probably the reason why Ravenna was chosen not only as the capital of the <a href="/wiki/Ostrogothic_Kingdom" title="Ostrogothic Kingdom">Ostrogothic Kingdom</a> in Italy, but also for the seat of the <a href="/wiki/Exarchate_of_Ravenna" title="Exarchate of Ravenna">Byzantine exarchs</a> as well.<sup id="cite_ref-Bury,_pg._110_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bury,_pg._110-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Stilicho_and_the_defense_of_Italy">Stilicho and the defense of Italy</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Honorius_(emperor)&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Stilicho and the defense of Italy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div><p> Honorius's reign experienced continued barbarian incursions into <a href="/wiki/Gaul" title="Gaul">Gaul</a>, Italy and <a href="/wiki/Hispania" title="Hispania">Hispania</a>. At the same time, a host of usurpers rose up. </p><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Diptych_of_Honorius_(body).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Illustration of Honorius" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Diptych_of_Honorius_%28body%29.jpg/220px-Diptych_of_Honorius_%28body%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="482" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Diptych_of_Honorius_%28body%29.jpg/330px-Diptych_of_Honorius_%28body%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Diptych_of_Honorius_%28body%29.jpg/440px-Diptych_of_Honorius_%28body%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1495" data-file-height="3275" /></a><figcaption>Honorius on the <a href="/wiki/Consular_diptych" title="Consular diptych">consular diptych</a> of <a href="/wiki/Anicius_Petronius_Probus" title="Anicius Petronius Probus">Anicius Petronius Probus</a> (406)</figcaption></figure> <p>First <a href="/wiki/Gildo" title="Gildo">Gildo</a>, the <i><a href="/wiki/Comes" title="Comes">comes</a> <a href="/wiki/Africa_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Africa Province">of Africa</a></i> and <i>magister utriusque militiae per Africam</i> in Northern Africa, led a <a href="/wiki/Gildonic_revolt" class="mw-redirect" title="Gildonic revolt">revolt</a> which lasted for two years (397–398).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBury188976_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBury188976-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Stilicho eventually subdued it through the local command of <a href="/wiki/Mascezel" title="Mascezel">Mascezel</a>, Gildo's brother.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcEvoy2013157_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcEvoy2013157-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The next crisis was the Visigothic invasion of Italy in 402 under the command of their king, Alaric. <a href="/wiki/Stilicho" title="Stilicho">Stilicho</a> was absent in <a href="/wiki/Raetia" title="Raetia">Raetia</a> in the latter months of 401, when Alaric, who was also the Eastern Empire's <a href="/wiki/Magister_militum" title="Magister militum">magister militum</a> in <a href="/wiki/Praetorian_prefecture_of_Illyricum" title="Praetorian prefecture of Illyricum">Illyricum</a>, suddenly marched with a large army through the <a href="/wiki/Julian_Alps" title="Julian Alps">Julian Alps</a> and entered Italy.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBury1889108_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBury1889108-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Stilicho hurried back to protect Honorius and the legions of Gaul and Britain were summoned to defend Italy. Honorius, at Milan, was besieged by Alaric, who marched into <a href="/wiki/Liguria" title="Liguria">Liguria</a>. Stilicho narrowly defeated Alaric at <a href="/wiki/Pollentia" title="Pollentia">Pollentia</a>, on the river Tanarus on Easter Day (6 April 402). Alaric retreated to <a href="/wiki/Verona" title="Verona">Verona</a>, where Stilicho attacked him again yet the battle was not entirely conclusive. The Visigoths were allowed to retreat back to Illyricum.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBury1889109_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBury1889109-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 405 Stilicho met an invasion of Italy led across the Danube by <a href="/wiki/Radagaisus" title="Radagaisus">Radagaisus</a>. They brought devastation to the heart of the Empire, until Stilicho defeated them in 406 and recruited most of them into his forces.<sup id="cite_ref-Bury,_pg._110_10-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bury,_pg._110-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Then, in 405 or 406, a number of tribes, according to some sources allegedly including <a href="/wiki/Vandals" title="Vandals">Vandals</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alans" title="Alans">Alans</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Suebi" title="Suebi">Suebi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Crossing_of_the_Rhine" title="Crossing of the Rhine">crossed the Rhine</a> and invaded <a href="/wiki/Gaul" title="Gaul">Gaul</a>. </p><p>The situation in <a href="/wiki/Roman_Britain" title="Roman Britain">Britain</a> was even more difficult. The British provinces were isolated, lacking support from the Empire, and the soldiers supported the revolts of <a href="/wiki/Marcus_(usurper)" title="Marcus (usurper)">Marcus</a> (406–407), <a href="/wiki/Gratian_(usurper)" title="Gratian (usurper)">Gratian</a> (407), and <a href="/wiki/Constantine_III_(usurper)" class="mw-redirect" title="Constantine III (usurper)">Constantine III</a>. Constantine invaded Gaul in 407, occupying <a href="/wiki/Arles" title="Arles">Arles</a>, and while Constantine was in Gaul, his son <a href="/wiki/Constans_II_(usurper)" class="mw-redirect" title="Constans II (usurper)">Constans</a> ruled over Britain.<sup id="cite_ref-Bury,_pg._111_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bury,_pg._111-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/End_of_Roman_rule_in_Britain" title="End of Roman rule in Britain">By 410, Britain may have been told to look after its own affairs and expect no aid from Rome</a>, although it has been argued that the order was sent to the people of <a href="/wiki/Bruttium" class="mw-redirect" title="Bruttium">Bruttium</a> in Italy, not Britain.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBirley2005461–463_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBirley2005461–463-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The western empire was effectively overstretched due to the massive invasion of <a href="/wiki/Alans" title="Alans">Alans</a>, <a href="/wiki/Suebi" title="Suebi">Suebi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Vandals" title="Vandals">Vandals</a> who, although they had been repulsed from Italy in 406, moved into Gaul on 31 December 406,<sup id="cite_ref-Bury,_pg._111_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bury,_pg._111-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and arrived in <a href="/wiki/Hispania" title="Hispania">Hispania</a> in 409. In early 408, Stilicho attempted to strengthen his position at court by marrying his second daughter, <a href="/wiki/Thermantia" title="Thermantia">Thermantia</a>, to Honorius after the death of the Empress Maria in 407.<sup id="cite_ref-Jones,_pg._442_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jones,_pg._442-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another invasion by Alaric was prevented in 408 by Stilicho when he forced the Roman Senate to pay 4,000 pounds of gold to persuade the <a href="/wiki/Goths" title="Goths">Goths</a> to leave Italy.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Honorius_and_Maria_Cameo.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Honorius_and_Maria_Cameo.png/220px-Honorius_and_Maria_Cameo.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="218" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Honorius_and_Maria_Cameo.png/330px-Honorius_and_Maria_Cameo.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Honorius_and_Maria_Cameo.png/440px-Honorius_and_Maria_Cameo.png 2x" data-file-width="650" data-file-height="643" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Cameo_(carving)" title="Cameo (carving)">Cameo</a> of Honorius and his wife <a href="/wiki/Maria_(empress)" title="Maria (empress)">Maria</a>, probably recarved from an old cameo of <a href="/wiki/Claudius" title="Claudius">Claudius</a> and <a href="/wiki/Agrippina_the_Younger" title="Agrippina the Younger">Agrippina</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>Honorius, in the meantime, was at <a href="/wiki/Bologna" title="Bologna">Bononia</a>, on his way from Ravenna to <a href="/wiki/Ticinum" title="Ticinum">Ticinum</a>, when the news reached him of his brother's death in May 408. He at first was planning to go to Constantinople to help set up the court during the transition from <a href="/wiki/Arcadius" title="Arcadius">Arcadius</a> to <a href="/wiki/Theodosius_II" title="Theodosius II">Theodosius II</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBury1889112_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBury1889112-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Summoned from Ravenna for advice, Stilicho advised Honorius not to go, and proceeded to go himself. In Stilicho's absence, a minister named <a href="/wiki/Olympius" title="Olympius">Olympius</a> gained the confidence of Honorius. He convinced the emperor that his father-in-law was conspiring with the barbarians to overthrow him.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBury1889113_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBury1889113-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On his return to Ravenna, Honorius ordered the arrest and execution of Stilicho. With Stilicho's fall, Honorius moved against all of his former father-in-law's allies, killing and torturing key individuals and ordering the confiscation of the property of anyone who had borne any office while Stilicho was in command. Honorius's wife <a href="/wiki/Thermantia" title="Thermantia">Thermantia</a> was taken from the imperial throne and given over to her mother; Eucherius, the son of Stilicho, was put to death.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcEvoy2013184_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcEvoy2013184-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The purge also massacred the families of Stilicho's <a href="/wiki/Foederati" title="Foederati">foederati troops</a>, and they defected en masse to Alaric.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcEvoy2013184_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcEvoy2013184-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In October 408, Alaric returned to Italy to claim more gold and land to settle in, as feudatory vassals of the Empire, which Stilicho had promised him.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEElton2018178_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEElton2018178-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The city bought him off with 5,000 lbs of gold and 30,000 lbs of silver after a short siege with Rome on the verge of famine.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEElton2018178_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEElton2018178-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A palace revolution in Honorius's court led meanwhile to a change of ministers, and those hostile to the Goths were replaced by officers favorable to Alaric, who began peace negotiations. While the embassy was absent, a new change occurred at Ravenna, and Honorius disclaimed the peace which was on the verge of being concluded.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEElton2018179_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEElton2018179-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The enraged Alaric returned to Rome in late 409 and forced the Senate to elect <a href="/wiki/Priscus_Attalus" title="Priscus Attalus">Priscus Attalus</a> as emperor, who ratified Alaric's former treaty with Stilicho.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEElton2018179_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEElton2018179-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sack_of_Rome">Sack of Rome</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Honorius_(emperor)&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Sack of Rome"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Sack_of_Rome_(410)" title="Sack of Rome (410)">Sack of Rome (410)</a></div> <p>Rome had been under Visigothic siege since shortly after Stilicho's deposition and execution in the summer of 408.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBury1889174–175_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBury1889174–175-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 410, the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Roman_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Roman Empire">Eastern Roman Empire</a> sent six <a href="/wiki/Roman_legion" title="Roman legion">legions</a> (6,000 men; due to changes in tactics, legions of this period were about 1,000 soldiers, down from the 6,000-soldier legions of the Republic era and Empire period up to late 4th century)<sup id="cite_ref-Nor2_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nor2-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> from Ravenna to aid Honorius, but Alaric ambushed the legions on the way, and only a handful of them reached Rome.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Lacking a strong general to control the by-now mostly Germanic <a href="/wiki/Late_Roman_army" title="Late Roman army">Roman army</a>, Honorius could do little to attack <a href="/wiki/Alaric_I" title="Alaric I">Alaric's</a> forces directly, and apparently adopted the only strategy he could in the situation: wait passively for the Visigoths to grow weary and spend the time marshalling what forces he could. This course of action appeared to be the product of Honorius's indecisive character and he suffered much criticism for it both from contemporaries and later historians. </p><p>To counter Attalus, Honorius tried to negotiate with Alaric in addition to restricting grain shipments to Rome from North Africa. Attalus dispatched an army to conquer Africa and restore the <a href="/wiki/Grain_supply_to_Rome" class="mw-redirect" title="Grain supply to Rome">grain supply to Rome</a>, but the governor, Heraclian, who was loyal to Honorius, wiped out this force as soon as it landed on the coast.<sup id="cite_ref-Gibbon,_p._1,118_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gibbon,_p._1,118-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As Rome was dependent on North African grain for sustenance, the populace was faced with the prospect of famine, and they blamed Attalus for the impending calamity. Growing desperate, Attalus searched for means of pacifying the people, but found himself, in consequence of conciliatory expenditures, incapable of satisfying his debt to Alaric, and thus alienated both Romans and Goths. In turn he came out to be exploited in political terms. Confronted with the increasing unpopularity and truculence of Attalus, Alaric dethroned him in 410 and proposed to renew negotiations with Honorius.<sup id="cite_ref-Gibbon,_p._1,118_28-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gibbon,_p._1,118-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Honorius, overconfident at Attalus's fall and the victory of his general Heraclian over Attalus's African expeditionary force, refused negotiation, and declared Alaric the eternal enemy of the Republic.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Stricken by starvation, somebody opened Rome's defenses to Alaric and the Visigoths poured in. The city had not been under the control of a foreign force since an invasion of Gauls some eight centuries before. The sack itself was notably mild as sacks go. For example, churches and religious statuary went unharmed.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBury1889183–184_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBury1889183–184-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The psychological blow to the contemporary Roman world was considerably more painful. The shock of this event reverberated from Britain to Jerusalem, and inspired <a href="/wiki/Augustine_of_Hippo" title="Augustine of Hippo">Augustine</a> to write his <a href="/wiki/Magnum_opus" class="mw-redirect" title="Magnum opus">magnum opus</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/The_City_of_God" title="The City of God">The City of God</a></i>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Constantius_and_the_beginning_of_erosion_of_the_Western_Empire">Constantius and the beginning of erosion of the Western Empire</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Honorius_(emperor)&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Constantius and the beginning of erosion of the Western Empire"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:ChristianPendantMaria398-407.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/ChristianPendantMaria398-407.JPG/180px-ChristianPendantMaria398-407.JPG" decoding="async" width="180" height="363" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/ChristianPendantMaria398-407.JPG/270px-ChristianPendantMaria398-407.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/ChristianPendantMaria398-407.JPG/360px-ChristianPendantMaria398-407.JPG 2x" data-file-width="635" data-file-height="1281" /></a><figcaption>Christian pendant of Empress <a href="/wiki/Maria_(empress)" title="Maria (empress)">Maria</a>, daughter of <a href="/wiki/Stilicho" title="Stilicho">Stilicho</a>, and wife of Honorius. The pendant reads, around a central cross (clockwise):<br /> HONORI<br /> <a href="/wiki/Maria_(empress)" title="Maria (empress)">MARIA</a><br /> <a href="/wiki/Serena_(wife_of_Stilicho)" title="Serena (wife of Stilicho)">SERHNA</a><br /> VIVATIS<br /> <a href="/wiki/Stilicho" title="Stilicho">STELICHO</a>.<br /> Latin and Greek characters were intermingled in this one. The letters form a <a href="/wiki/Christogram" title="Christogram">Christogram</a>.<br /> <a href="/wiki/Louvre" title="Louvre">Louvre</a>, Paris.</figcaption></figure> <p>The revolt of <a href="/wiki/Constantine_III_(Western_Roman_emperor)" title="Constantine III (Western Roman emperor)">Constantine III</a> in the west continued through this period. In 409, <a href="/wiki/Gerontius_(magister_militum)" title="Gerontius (magister militum)">Gerontius</a>, Constantine III's general in Hispania, rebelled against him, proclaimed <a href="/wiki/Maximus_of_Hispania" title="Maximus of Hispania">Maximus</a> Emperor, and besieged Constantine at Arles.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBury1889142_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBury1889142-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Honorius now found himself an able commander, <a href="/wiki/Constantius_III" title="Constantius III">Constantius</a>, who defeated Maximus and <a href="/wiki/Gerontius_(magister_militum)" title="Gerontius (magister militum)">Gerontius</a>, and then Constantine, in 411. </p><p>Gaul was again a source of troubles for Honorius: just after Constantius's troops had returned to Italy, <a href="/wiki/Jovinus" title="Jovinus">Jovinus</a> revolted in northern Gaul, with the support of Alans, Burgundians, and the nobility of Gallic descent.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBury1889145_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBury1889145-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Jovinus tried to negotiate with the invading <a href="/wiki/Goths" title="Goths">Goths</a> of <a href="/wiki/Ataulf" class="mw-redirect" title="Ataulf">Ataulf</a> (412), but his proclamation of his brother <a href="/wiki/Sebastianus" title="Sebastianus">Sebastianus</a> as <a href="/wiki/Augustus_(title)" title="Augustus (title)">Augustus</a> made Ataulf seek alliance with Honorius. Honorius had Ataulf defeat and execute Jovinus in 413.<sup id="cite_ref-Bury,_pg._146_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bury,_pg._146-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At the same time, <a href="/wiki/Heraclianus" title="Heraclianus">Heraclianus</a> raised the standard of revolt in North Africa, but failed during an invasion of Italy. Defeated, he fled back to <a href="/wiki/Carthage" title="Carthage">Carthage</a> and was killed.<sup id="cite_ref-Bury,_pg._146_33-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bury,_pg._146-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 414, Constantius attacked Ataulf, who proclaimed Priscus Attalus emperor again. Constantius drove Ataulf into Hispania, and Attalus, having again lost Visigoth support, was captured and deposed once again. In the eleventh consulship of Honorius and the second of Constantius, the Emperor entered Rome in triumph, with Attalus at the wheels of his chariot. Honorius punished Attalus by cutting off his right finger and thumb, inflicting the same fate with which Attalus had threatened Honorius. Remembering how Attalus had suggested that Honorius should retire to some small island, he returned the favor by banishing Attalus to the island of <a href="/wiki/Lipara" class="mw-redirect" title="Lipara">Lipara</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Bury,_pg._150_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bury,_pg._150-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Northeastern Gaul became subject to even greater <a href="/wiki/Franks" title="Franks">Frankish</a> influence, while a treaty signed in 418 granted to the <a href="/wiki/Visigoths" title="Visigoths">Visigoths</a> southwestern Gaul, the former <a href="/wiki/Gallia_Aquitania" title="Gallia Aquitania">Gallia Aquitania</a>. Under the influence of Constantius, Honorius issued the Edict of 418, which was designed to enable the Empire to retain a hold on the lands which were to be surrendered to the Goths.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBury1889153_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBury1889153-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This edict relaxed the administrative bonds that connected all the <a href="/wiki/Septem_Provinciae" title="Septem Provinciae">Seven Provinces</a> (The Maritime Alps, <a href="/wiki/Narbonensis_Prima" class="mw-redirect" title="Narbonensis Prima">Narbonensis Prima</a>, <a href="/wiki/Narbonensis_Secunda" class="mw-redirect" title="Narbonensis Secunda">Narbonensis Secunda</a>, <a href="/wiki/Novempopulania" title="Novempopulania">Novempopulania</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aquitania_Prima" class="mw-redirect" title="Aquitania Prima">Aquitania Prima</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aquitania_Secunda" class="mw-redirect" title="Aquitania Secunda">Aquitania Secunda</a> and <a href="/wiki/Viennensis" title="Viennensis">Viennensis</a>) with the central government. It removed the imperial governors and allowed the inhabitants, as a dependent federation, to conduct their own affairs, for which purpose representatives of all the towns were to meet every year in <a href="/wiki/Arles" title="Arles">Arles</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBury1889154_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBury1889154-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 417, Constantius married Honorius's sister, <a href="/wiki/Galla_Placidia" title="Galla Placidia">Galla Placidia</a>, much against her will.<sup id="cite_ref-Bury,_pg._150_34-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bury,_pg._150-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 421, Honorius recognized him as co-emperor Constantius III;<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBury1889151_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBury1889151-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> however, when the announcement of his elevation was sent to Constantinople, Theodosius refused to recognise him. Constantius, enraged, began preparations for a military conflict with the eastern empire but before he could commence it, he died in September 421.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBury1889155_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBury1889155-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 420–422, another Maximus (or perhaps the same) gained and lost power in Hispania. By the time of Honorius's death in 423, Britain, Spain and Gaul had been ravaged by barbarians.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBury1889211_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBury1889211-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In his final years, Honorius fell out with his sister after his soldiers clashed with hers. Galla Placidia and her children, the future emperor <a href="/wiki/Valentinian_III" title="Valentinian III">Valentinian III</a> and his sister, <a href="/wiki/Honoria" class="mw-redirect" title="Honoria">Honoria</a>, were forced to flee to Constantinople.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBury1889156_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBury1889156-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Death">Death</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Honorius_(emperor)&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Death"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Honorius died of <a href="/wiki/Edema" title="Edema">edema</a> on 15 August 423, leaving no heir.<sup id="cite_ref-Jones,_pg._442_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jones,_pg._442-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the subsequent interregnum <a href="/wiki/Joannes" title="Joannes">Joannes</a> was nominated Emperor. The following year, however, the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Roman_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Roman Empire">Eastern</a> Emperor <a href="/wiki/Theodosius_II" title="Theodosius II">Theodosius II</a> installed his cousin <a href="/wiki/Valentinian_III" title="Valentinian III">Valentinian III</a>, son of <a href="/wiki/Galla_Placidia" title="Galla Placidia">Galla Placidia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Constantius_III" title="Constantius III">Constantius III</a>, as Emperor. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Vatican_-_basilique_-_Vue_d%E2%80%99ensemble_de_l%27antique_basilique_vaticane_basilica.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Vatican_-_basilique_-_Vue_d%E2%80%99ensemble_de_l%27antique_basilique_vaticane_basilica.jpg/310px-Vatican_-_basilique_-_Vue_d%E2%80%99ensemble_de_l%27antique_basilique_vaticane_basilica.jpg" decoding="async" width="310" height="210" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Vatican_-_basilique_-_Vue_d%E2%80%99ensemble_de_l%27antique_basilique_vaticane_basilica.jpg/465px-Vatican_-_basilique_-_Vue_d%E2%80%99ensemble_de_l%27antique_basilique_vaticane_basilica.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Vatican_-_basilique_-_Vue_d%E2%80%99ensemble_de_l%27antique_basilique_vaticane_basilica.jpg/620px-Vatican_-_basilique_-_Vue_d%E2%80%99ensemble_de_l%27antique_basilique_vaticane_basilica.jpg 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="609" /></a><figcaption>Reconstruction of <a href="/wiki/Old_St._Peter%27s_Basilica" title="Old St. Peter's Basilica">Old St. Peter's Basilica</a> in Rome. The Mausoleum of Honorius is the domed structure at the extreme top left, behind the rotunda Sant'Andrea and the <a href="/wiki/Vatican_obelisk" title="Vatican obelisk">Vatican obelisk</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Mausoleum_of_Honorius" title="Mausoleum of Honorius">Mausoleum of Honorius</a> was located on the <a href="/wiki/Vatican_Hill" title="Vatican Hill">Vatican Hill</a>, accessed from the transept of the <a href="/wiki/Old_Saint_Peter%27s_Basilica" class="mw-redirect" title="Old Saint Peter's Basilica">Old Saint Peter's Basilica</a>. It was first used for Maria. Probably Thermantia and Honorius's sister Galla Placidia, and perhaps other imperial family members, were later buried there. In the 8th century it was transformed into a church, the <a href="/wiki/Saint_Petronilla#The_Chapel_of_St._Petronilla" title="Saint Petronilla">Chapel of St Petronilla</a>, which held the relics of <a href="/wiki/Saint_Petronilla" title="Saint Petronilla">the saint</a> and was demolished when the <a href="/wiki/St._Peter%27s_Basilica" title="St. Peter's Basilica">New St Peter's</a> was erected.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Pearce_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pearce-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The year 410 also saw Honorius reply to a <a href="/wiki/Romano-British" class="mw-redirect" title="Romano-British">British</a> plea for assistance against local barbarian incursions, called the <i>Rescript of Honorius</i>. Preoccupied with the <a href="/wiki/Visigoths" title="Visigoths">Visigoths</a>, Honorius lacked any military capability to assist the distant province. According to the sixth century <a href="/wiki/Byzantine" class="mw-redirect" title="Byzantine">Byzantine</a> scholar <a href="/wiki/Zosimus_(historian)" title="Zosimus (historian)">Zosimus</a>, "Honorius wrote letters to the cities in Britain, bidding them to guard themselves."<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This sentence is located randomly in the middle of a discussion of <a href="/wiki/Southern_Italy" title="Southern Italy">southern Italy</a>; no further mention of Britain is made, which has led some modern academics to suggest that the rescript does not apply to Britain, but to <a href="/wiki/Bruttium" class="mw-redirect" title="Bruttium">Bruttium</a> in <a href="/wiki/Roman_Italy" title="Roman Italy">Italy</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBirley2005461–463_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBirley2005461–463-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Assessments">Assessments</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Honorius_(emperor)&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Assessments"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:John_Williams_Waterhouse_-_The_Favourites_of_the_Emperor_Honorius_(1883).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/John_Williams_Waterhouse_-_The_Favourites_of_the_Emperor_Honorius_%281883%29.jpg/300px-John_Williams_Waterhouse_-_The_Favourites_of_the_Emperor_Honorius_%281883%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="174" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/John_Williams_Waterhouse_-_The_Favourites_of_the_Emperor_Honorius_%281883%29.jpg/450px-John_Williams_Waterhouse_-_The_Favourites_of_the_Emperor_Honorius_%281883%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/John_Williams_Waterhouse_-_The_Favourites_of_the_Emperor_Honorius_%281883%29.jpg/600px-John_Williams_Waterhouse_-_The_Favourites_of_the_Emperor_Honorius_%281883%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3293" data-file-height="1913" /></a><figcaption><i><a href="/wiki/The_Favourites_of_the_Emperor_Honorius" title="The Favourites of the Emperor Honorius">The Favourites of the Emperor Honorius</a></i>, by <a href="/wiki/John_William_Waterhouse" title="John William Waterhouse">John William Waterhouse</a>, 1883</figcaption></figure> <p>In his <i>History of the Wars</i>, <a href="/wiki/Procopius" title="Procopius">Procopius</a> mentions a likely apocryphal story where, on hearing the news that Rome had "perished", Honorius was initially shocked, thinking the news was in reference to a favourite <a href="/wiki/Chicken" title="Chicken">chicken</a> he had named "Roma". </p> <blockquote><p>At that time they say that the Emperor Honorius in Ravenna received the message from one of the eunuchs, evidently a keeper of the poultry, that Rome had perished. And he cried out and said, 'And yet it has just eaten from my hands!' For he had a very large cock, Rome by name; and the eunuch comprehending his words said that it was the city of Rome which had perished at the hands of Alaric, and the emperor with a sigh of relief answered quickly: 'But I thought that my fowl Rome had perished.' So great, they say, was the folly with which this emperor was possessed.<br /> —Procopius, <i>The Vandalic War</i> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sourcebooks.fordham.edu/ancient/410alaric.asp">III.2.25–26</a>)</p></blockquote><p>While the tale is discounted as a rumour by more recent historians like <a href="/wiki/Edward_Gibbon" title="Edward Gibbon">Edward Gibbon</a>, it is useful in understanding Roman public opinion towards Honorius.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Honorius was negatively assessed by some 19th and 20th century historians, including <a href="/wiki/J.B._Bury" class="mw-redirect" title="J.B. Bury">J.B. Bury</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-BuryChicago_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BuryChicago-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Honorius issued a decree during his reign, prohibiting men from wearing <a href="/wiki/Trousers" title="Trousers">trousers</a> in Rome.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The last known <a href="/wiki/Gladiator" title="Gladiator">gladiatorial</a> games took place during the reign of Honorius,<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> who banned the practice in 399 and again in 404, reportedly due to the martyrdom of a Christian monk named <a href="/wiki/Saint_Telemachus" title="Saint Telemachus">Telemachus</a> while he was protesting a gladiator fight. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Honorius_(emperor)&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Solidus_Honorius_(obverse).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Solidus_Honorius_%28obverse%29.jpg/220px-Solidus_Honorius_%28obverse%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="214" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Solidus_Honorius_%28obverse%29.jpg/330px-Solidus_Honorius_%28obverse%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Solidus_Honorius_%28obverse%29.jpg/440px-Solidus_Honorius_%28obverse%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1290" data-file-height="1257" /></a><figcaption>Solidus of Honorius</figcaption></figure> <ul><li>Usurpers during Honorius reign: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Priscus_Attalus" title="Priscus Attalus">Priscus Attalus</a> in Rome (two times);</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maximus_of_Hispania" title="Maximus of Hispania">Maximus</a> in Hispania;</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcus_(usurper)" title="Marcus (usurper)">Marcus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gratian_(usurper)" title="Gratian (usurper)">Gratian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Constantine_III_(usurper)" class="mw-redirect" title="Constantine III (usurper)">Constantine "III"</a> and <a href="/wiki/Constans_II_(usurper)" class="mw-redirect" title="Constans II (usurper)">Constans "II"</a> in Gaul and Britain;</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jovinus" title="Jovinus">Jovinus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sebastianus" title="Sebastianus">Sebastianus</a> (joint puppets of <a href="/wiki/Gundahar" class="mw-redirect" title="Gundahar">Gundahar</a> and <a href="/wiki/Goar" title="Goar">Goar</a>).</li></ul></li> <li>Co-emperors with Honorius: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constantius_III" title="Constantius III">Constantius III</a>.</li></ul></li> <li>Succession to Honorius: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Joannes" title="Joannes">Joannes</a> and <a href="/wiki/Valentinian_III" title="Valentinian III">Valentinian III</a>.</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Rome:_The_Rise_and_Fall_of_an_Empire#Episode_six:_The_Fall_of_Rome" title="Ancient Rome: The Rise and Fall of an Empire"><i>Ancient Rome: The Rise and Fall of an Empire</i></a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Honorius_(emperor)&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcEvoy2013137-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcEvoy2013137_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMcEvoy2013">McEvoy 2013</a>, p. 137.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFWeitzmann1977" class="citation book cs1">Weitzmann, Kurt (1977). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=efLuB7QPDm8C&pg=PA28"><i>Age of Spirituality: Late Antique and Early Christian Ar</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_Museum_of_Art" title="Metropolitan Museum of Art">Metropolitan Museum of Art</a>. pp. 27–28. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780870991790" title="Special:BookSources/9780870991790"><bdi>9780870991790</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Age+of+Spirituality%3A+Late+Antique+and+Early+Christian+Ar&rft.pages=27-28&rft.pub=Metropolitan+Museum+of+Art&rft.date=1977&rft.isbn=9780870991790&rft.aulast=Weitzmann&rft.aufirst=Kurt&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DefLuB7QPDm8C%26pg%3DPA28&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHonorius+%28emperor%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Williams, Stephen and Gerard Friell. <i>Theodosius: The Empire at Bay</i>. Yale University Press, 1994, p. 129</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlockley2003113-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlockley2003113_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBlockley2003">Blockley 2003</a>, p. 113.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcEvoy2013188-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcEvoy2013188_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMcEvoy2013">McEvoy 2013</a>, p. 188.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Frasetto, Michael (2003). <i>Encyclopedia of Barbarian Europe: Society in Transformation</i>. Santa Barbara: ABC-CLIO. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1576072630" title="Special:BookSources/1576072630">1576072630</a>, p. 320. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=yW-GfElbafQC&dq=stilicho+vandal+father&pg=PA320">Google Books</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcEvoy2013141-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcEvoy2013141_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMcEvoy2013">McEvoy 2013</a>, p. 141.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBury188977-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBury188977_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBury1889">Bury 1889</a>, p. 77.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBury1889105-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBury1889105_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBury1889">Bury 1889</a>, p. 105.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bury,_pg._110-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Bury,_pg._110_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bury,_pg._110_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bury,_pg._110_10-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBury1889">Bury 1889</a>, p. 110</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBury188976-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBury188976_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBury1889">Bury 1889</a>, p. 76.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcEvoy2013157-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcEvoy2013157_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMcEvoy2013">McEvoy 2013</a>, p. 157.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBury1889108-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBury1889108_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBury1889">Bury 1889</a>, p. 108.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBury1889109-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBury1889109_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBury1889">Bury 1889</a>, p. 109.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bury,_pg._111-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Bury,_pg._111_15-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bury,_pg._111_15-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBury1889">Bury 1889</a>, p. 111</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBirley2005461–463-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBirley2005461–463_16-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBirley2005461–463_16-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBirley2005">Birley 2005</a>, pp. 461–463.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Jones,_pg._442-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Jones,_pg._442_17-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Jones,_pg._442_17-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Jones, p. 442</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHussey1957" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Joan_M._Hussey" title="Joan M. Hussey">Hussey, Joan M.</a> (1957). <i>The Cambridge Medieval History</i>. Cambridge University Press. p. 268.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+Medieval+History&rft.pages=268&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1957&rft.aulast=Hussey&rft.aufirst=Joan+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHonorius+%28emperor%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFleischer,_Jens;_Hannestad,_Niels;_Lund,_John;_Nielsen,_Marjatta2001" class="citation book cs1">Fleischer, Jens; Hannestad, Niels; Lund, John; Nielsen, Marjatta (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=1uc0DHSHUSYC&pg=PA148"><i>Late Antiquity: Art in Context</i></a>. Museum Tusculanum Press. pp. 146–150. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788772896397" title="Special:BookSources/9788772896397"><bdi>9788772896397</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Late+Antiquity%3A+Art+in+Context&rft.pages=146-150&rft.pub=Museum+Tusculanum+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=9788772896397&rft.au=Fleischer%2C+Jens%3B+Hannestad%2C+Niels%3B+Lund%2C+John%3B+Nielsen%2C+Marjatta&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D1uc0DHSHUSYC%26pg%3DPA148&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHonorius+%28emperor%29" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBury1889112-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBury1889112_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBury1889">Bury 1889</a>, p. 112.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBury1889113-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBury1889113_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBury1889">Bury 1889</a>, p. 113.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcEvoy2013184-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcEvoy2013184_22-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcEvoy2013184_22-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMcEvoy2013">McEvoy 2013</a>, p. 184.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEElton2018178-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEElton2018178_23-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEElton2018178_23-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFElton2018">Elton 2018</a>, p. 178.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEElton2018179-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEElton2018179_24-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEElton2018179_24-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFElton2018">Elton 2018</a>, p. 179.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBury1889174–175-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBury1889174–175_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBury1889">Bury 1889</a>, pp. 174–175.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Nor2-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Nor2_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">J. Norwich, <i>Byzantium: The Early Centuries</i>, 136<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#What_information_to_include" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="A complete citation is needed. (August 2022)">full citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Adrian_Goldsworthy" title="Adrian Goldsworthy">Adrian Goldsworthy</a>, <i>The Fall of the West: The Slow Death of the Roman Superpower,</i> paperback edition published in 2010 by Phoenix, an imprint of Orion Books Ltd, London, p. 310</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gibbon,_p._1,118-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Gibbon,_p._1,118_28-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gibbon,_p._1,118_28-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Gibbon, p. 1118<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#What_information_to_include" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="A complete citation is needed. (August 2022)">full citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gibbon, p. 1119</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBury1889183–184-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBury1889183–184_30-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBury1889">Bury 1889</a>, pp. 183–184.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBury1889142-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBury1889142_31-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBury1889">Bury 1889</a>, p. 142.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBury1889145-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBury1889145_32-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBury1889">Bury 1889</a>, p. 145.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bury,_pg._146-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Bury,_pg._146_33-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bury,_pg._146_33-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBury1889">Bury 1889</a>, p. 146</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bury,_pg._150-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Bury,_pg._150_34-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bury,_pg._150_34-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBury1889">Bury 1889</a>, p. 150</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBury1889153-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBury1889153_35-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBury1889">Bury 1889</a>, p. 153.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBury1889154-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBury1889154_36-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBury1889">Bury 1889</a>, p. 154.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBury1889151-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBury1889151_37-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBury1889">Bury 1889</a>, p. 151.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBury1889155-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBury1889155_38-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBury1889">Bury 1889</a>, p. 155.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBury1889211-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBury1889211_39-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBury1889">Bury 1889</a>, p. 211.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBury1889156-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBury1889156_40-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBury1889">Bury 1889</a>, p. 156.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cambridge.org/us/catalogue/catalogue.asp?isbn=9780521513715&ss=toc">"The Roman Imperial Mausoleum in Late Antiquity"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Roman+Imperial+Mausoleum+in+Late+Antiquity&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cambridge.org%2Fus%2Fcatalogue%2Fcatalogue.asp%3Fisbn%3D9780521513715%26ss%3Dtoc&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHonorius+%28emperor%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Pearce-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Pearce_42-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoger_Pearse2014" class="citation web cs1">Roger Pearse (16 May 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.roger-pearse.com/weblog/2014/05/16/old-st-peters-the-circus-of-caligula-and-the-phrygianum">"Old St Peters, the Circus of Caligula and the Phrygianum"</a>. <i>Roger Pearse's blog</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 December</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Roger+Pearse%27s+blog&rft.atitle=Old+St+Peters%2C+the+Circus+of+Caligula+and+the+Phrygianum&rft.date=2014-05-16&rft.au=Roger+Pearse&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.roger-pearse.com%2Fweblog%2F2014%2F05%2F16%2Fold-st-peters-the-circus-of-caligula-and-the-phrygianum&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHonorius+%28emperor%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Zosimus, vi.10.2</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Halsall, Guy <i>Barbarian migrations and the Roman West, 376–568</i> Cambridge University Press; illustrated edition (2007) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-43491-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-43491-1">978-0-521-43491-1</a> pp. 217–218</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Discussion in <a href="/wiki/Martin_Millett" title="Martin Millett">Martin Millett</a>, <i>The Romanization of Britain</i>, (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1990) and in Philip Bartholomew 'Fifth-Century Facts' <i>Britannia</i> vol. 13, 1982 p. 260</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Edward Gibbon, <i>The History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire</i> Volume 3 (Harrison and Sons, 1854), p. 460.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-BuryChicago-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-BuryChicago_47-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Summarising Procopius's account of Honorius's reign, wrote: "His name would be forgotten among the obscurest occupants of the Imperial throne were it not that his reign coincided with the fatal period in which it was decided that western Europe was to pass from the Roman to the Teuton." After listing the disasters of those 28 years, Bury concluded: "[Honorius] himself did nothing of note against the enemies who infested his realm, but personally he was extraordinarily fortunate in occupying the throne till he died a natural death and witnessing the destruction of the multitude of tyrants who rose up against him."<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/secondary/BURLAT/6*.html#5">John Bagnall Bury, <i>History of the Later Roman Empire</i>, 1923</a> (New York: Dover, 1958), p. 213</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Codex Theodosianus 14.10.2–3, tr. C. Pharr, "The Theodosian Code," p. 415.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tribunesandtriumphs.org/roman-emperors/honorius.htm">"The Reign of Honorius – Telemachus and the End of the Gladiators"</a> by Linda Alchin, "Honorius", 5 March 2015, retrieved 12 October 2016</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Honorius_(emperor)&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Primary_sources">Primary sources</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Honorius_(emperor)&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Primary sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aurelius_Victor" title="Aurelius Victor">Aurelius Victor</a>,<i> "Epitome de Caesaribus"</i>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.roman-emperors.org/epitome.htm">English version of Epitome de Caesaribus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zosimus_(historian)" title="Zosimus (historian)">Zosimus</a>, <i>"Historia Nova"</i>, Books 4–6 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tertullian.org/fathers/zosimus05_book5.htm">Historia Nova</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Secondary_sources">Secondary sources</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Honorius_(emperor)&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Secondary sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBirley2005" class="citation book cs1">Birley, Anthony Richard (2005). <i>The Roman Government of Britain</i>. Oxford University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Roman+Government+of+Britain&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.aulast=Birley&rft.aufirst=Anthony+Richard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHonorius+%28emperor%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBlockley2003" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Blockley, R.C. (2003). "The dynasty of Theodosius". In Garnsey, Peter; Cameron, Averil (eds.). <i>The Cambridge Ancient History</i>. Vol. XIII: The Late Empire, A.D. 337-425. Cambridge University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+dynasty+of+Theodosius&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+Ancient+History&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.aulast=Blockley&rft.aufirst=R.C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHonorius+%28emperor%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Doyle, Chris. <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.routledge.com/Honorius-The-Fight-for-the-Roman-West-AD-395-423/Doyle/p/book/9781138190887">Honorius: The Fight for the Roman West AD 395-423</a></i>. Roman Imperial Biographies. Routledge. (2018)</li> <li>Doyle, Christopher. <i>The Endgame of Treason</i>: <i>Suppressing Rebellion and Usurpation in the Late Roman Empire AD 397‑411</i>. (2014) National University of Ireland Galway. Unpublished doctoral thesis. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://aran.library.nuigalway.ie/handle/10379/4631">https://aran.library.nuigalway.ie/handle/10379/4631</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFElton2018" class="citation book cs1">Elton, Hugh (2018). <i>The Roman Empire in Late Antiquity: A Political and Military History</i>. Cambridge University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Roman+Empire+in+Late+Antiquity%3A+A+Political+and+Military+History&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2018&rft.aulast=Elton&rft.aufirst=Hugh&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHonorius+%28emperor%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Kovács, Tamás. “<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://digilib.phil.muni.cz/bitstream/handle/11222.digilib/143320/1_GraecoLatinaBrunensia_25-2020-2_12.pdf?sequence=1">410: Honorius, His Rooster, and the Eunuch (Procop. Vand. 1.2.25–26).</a>” <i>Graeco-Latina Brunensia</i> 25, no. 2 (2020): 131–48. https://doi.org/10.5817/GLB2020-2-10.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJones1964" class="citation book cs1">Jones, A.H.M. (1964). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/laterromanempire0000jone"><i>The Later Roman Empire, 284–602: A Social, Economic, and Administrative Survey [Paperback, vol. 1]</i></a>. Basil Blackwell Ltd. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8018-3353-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-8018-3353-1"><bdi>0-8018-3353-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Later+Roman+Empire%2C+284%E2%80%93602%3A+A+Social%2C+Economic%2C+and+Administrative+Survey+%5BPaperback%2C+vol.+1%5D&rft.pub=Basil+Blackwell+Ltd&rft.date=1964&rft.isbn=0-8018-3353-1&rft.aulast=Jones&rft.aufirst=A.H.M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Flaterromanempire0000jone&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHonorius+%28emperor%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.roman-emperors.org/honorius.htm">Mathisen, Ralph, "Honorius (395–423 A.D.)", <i>De Imperatoribus Romanis</i></a></li> <li>McEvoy, Meaghan A. (2010). <a href="//doi.org/10.1017/S0068246200000854" class="extiw" title="doi:10.1017/S0068246200000854">'Rome and the transformation of the imperial office in the late fourth - mid-fifth centuries A.D.'</a>, <i>Papers of the British School at Rome</i> 78: 151–192.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcEvoy2013" class="citation book cs1">McEvoy, Meaghan A. (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://global.oup.com/academic/product/child-emperor-rule-in-the-late-roman-west-ad-367-455-9780199664818?cc=de&lang=en&"><i>Child Emperor Rule in the Late Roman West, A.D. 367-455</i></a>. Oxford Classical Monographs. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-966481-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-966481-8"><bdi>978-0-19-966481-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Child+Emperor+Rule+in+the+Late+Roman+West%2C+A.D.+367-455&rft.series=Oxford+Classical+Monographs&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-0-19-966481-8&rft.aulast=McEvoy&rft.aufirst=Meaghan+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fglobal.oup.com%2Facademic%2Fproduct%2Fchild-emperor-rule-in-the-late-roman-west-ad-367-455-9780199664818%3Fcc%3Dde%26lang%3Den%26&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHonorius+%28emperor%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>McEvoy, Meaghan A. (2013). 'The mausoleum of Honorius: late Roman imperial Christianity and the city of Rome in the fifth century', in <a href="/wiki/Rosamond_McKitterick" title="Rosamond McKitterick">Rosamond McKitterick</a>, John Osbourne, Carol M. Richards, Joanna Story (eds.), <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cambridge.org/gb/academic/subjects/history/european-history-450-1000/old-saint-peters-rome?format=PB">Old St Peter's, Rome</a></i>, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press: 119–136.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJones_et_al1980" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol"><a href="/wiki/A._H._M._Jones" title="A. H. M. Jones">Jones, Arnold Hugh Martin</a>; <a href="/wiki/John_Robert_Martindale" title="John Robert Martindale">Martindale, J. R.</a>; <a href="/wiki/John_Morris_(historian)" title="John Morris (historian)">Morris, John</a>, eds. (1971). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/prosopography-later-roman-empire/PLRE-I/page/442/mode/1up">"Fl. Honorius 3"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Prosopography_of_the_Later_Roman_Empire" title="Prosopography of the Later Roman Empire">Prosopography of the Later Roman Empire</a></i>. Vol. I, AD 260–395. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780521072335" title="Special:BookSources/9780521072335"><bdi>9780521072335</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Fl.+Honorius+3&rft.btitle=Prosopography+of+the+Later+Roman+Empire&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1971&rft.isbn=9780521072335&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fprosopography-later-roman-empire%2FPLRE-I%2Fpage%2F442%2Fmode%2F1up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHonorius+%28emperor%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBury1889" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/J._B._Bury" title="J. B. Bury">Bury, John Bagnell</a> (1889). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=nyZLAQAAMAAJ"><i>A History of the Later Roman Empire from Arcadius to Irene (395 A.D. to 800 A.D.)</i></a>. Macmillan Publishers.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+the+Later+Roman+Empire+from+Arcadius+to+Irene+%28395+A.D.+to+800+A.D.%29&rft.pub=Macmillan+Publishers&rft.date=1889&rft.aulast=Bury&rft.aufirst=John+Bagnell&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DnyZLAQAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHonorius+%28emperor%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Gibbon. Edward <i>Decline & Fall of the Roman Empire</i> (1888)<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#What_information_to_include" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="A complete citation is needed. (August 2022)">full citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Honorius_(emperor)&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Honorius" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Honorius">Honorius</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:Encyclopædia Britannica, Ninth Edition/Flavius Augustus Honorius"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica,_Ninth_Edition/Flavius_Augustus_Honorius">"Flavius Augustus Honorius" </a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica" title="Encyclopædia Britannica">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. Vol. XII (9th ed.). 1881. p. 143.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Flavius+Augustus+Honorius&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=143&rft.edition=9th&rft.date=1881&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHonorius+%28emperor%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Honorius, Flavius"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Honorius,_Flavius">"Honorius, Flavius" </a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. Vol. 13 (11th ed.). 1911. pp. 661–662.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Honorius%2C+Flavius&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=661-662&rft.edition=11th&rft.date=1911&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHonorius+%28emperor%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>This <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081025063840/http://www.fourthcentury.com/index.php/imperial-laws-chart-364">list of Roman laws of the fourth century</a> shows laws passed by Honorius relating to Christianity.</li></ul> <table class="wikitable succession-box noprint" style="margin:0.5em auto; font-size:small;clear:both;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #ACE777;">Regnal titles </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Theodosius_I" title="Theodosius I">Theodosius I</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> Western <a href="/wiki/List_of_Roman_emperors" title="List of Roman emperors">Roman emperor</a> </b><br />395–423<br /><i>with <a href="/wiki/Constantius_III" title="Constantius III">Constantius III</a> (421)</i> </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Joannes" title="Joannes">Joannes</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #ccccff;">Political offices </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Arcadius" title="Arcadius">Arcadius</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Bauto" title="Bauto">Bauto</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/List_of_Roman_consuls" title="List of Roman consuls">Roman consul</a> </b><br />386<br /><i>with <a href="/wiki/Euodius" title="Euodius">Euodius</a></i> </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Valentinian_II" title="Valentinian II">Valentinian II</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Eutropius_(historian)" title="Eutropius (historian)">Eutropius</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Theodosius_I" title="Theodosius I">Theodosius I</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Abundantius_(consul)" title="Abundantius (consul)">Abundatius</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/List_of_Roman_consuls" title="List of Roman consuls">Roman consul</a> II </b><br />394<br /><i>with <a href="/wiki/Arcadius" title="Arcadius">Arcadius</a></i> </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Anicius_Hermogenianus_Olybrius" title="Anicius Hermogenianus Olybrius">Anicius Hermogenianus Olybrius</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Anicius_Probinus" title="Anicius Probinus">Anicius Probinus</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Anicius_Hermogenianus_Olybrius" title="Anicius Hermogenianus Olybrius">Anicius Hermogenianus Olybrius</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Anicius_Probinus" title="Anicius Probinus">Anicius Probinus</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/List_of_Roman_consuls" title="List of Roman consuls">Roman consul</a> III </b><br />396<br /><i>with <a href="/wiki/Arcadius" title="Arcadius">Arcadius</a></i> </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Caesarius_(consul)" title="Caesarius (consul)">Caesarius</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Nonius_Atticus" title="Nonius Atticus">Nonius Atticus</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Caesarius_(consul)" title="Caesarius (consul)">Caesarius</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Nonius_Atticus" title="Nonius Atticus">Nonius Atticus</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/List_of_Roman_consuls" title="List of Roman consuls">Roman consul</a> IV </b><br />398<br /><i>with <a href="/wiki/Eutychianus_(consul_398)" title="Eutychianus (consul 398)">Eutychianus</a></i> </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Mallius_Theodorus" class="mw-redirect" title="Mallius Theodorus">Mallius Theodorus</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Eutropius_(consul_399)" title="Eutropius (consul 399)">Eutropius</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vincentius_(praetorian_prefect)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vincentius (praetorian prefect) (page does not exist)">Vincentius</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Fravitta" title="Fravitta">Fravitta</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/List_of_Roman_consuls" title="List of Roman consuls">Roman consul</a> V </b><br />402<br /><i>with <a href="/wiki/Arcadius" title="Arcadius">Arcadius</a></i> </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Theodosius_II" title="Theodosius II">Theodosius II</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Rumoridus" title="Rumoridus">Rumoridus</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Theodosius_II" title="Theodosius II">Theodosius II</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Rumoridus" title="Rumoridus">Rumoridus</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/List_of_Roman_consuls" title="List of Roman consuls">Roman consul</a> VI </b><br />404<br /><i>with <a href="/wiki/Aristaenetus_(consul)" title="Aristaenetus (consul)">Aristaenetus</a></i> </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Stilicho" title="Stilicho">Stilicho</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Anthemius_(praetorian_prefect)" title="Anthemius (praetorian prefect)">Anthemius</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Arcadius" title="Arcadius">Arcadius</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Anicius_Petronius_Probus" title="Anicius Petronius Probus">Anicius Petronius Probus</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/List_of_Roman_consuls" title="List of Roman consuls">Roman consul</a> VII </b><br />407<br /><i>with <a href="/wiki/Theodosius_II" title="Theodosius II">Theodosius II</a></i> </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Anicius_Auchenius_Bassus_(consul_408)" title="Anicius Auchenius Bassus (consul 408)">Anicius Auchenius Bassus</a><br />Philippus</div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Anicius_Auchenius_Bassus_(consul_408)" title="Anicius Auchenius Bassus (consul 408)">Anicius Auchenius Bassus</a><br />Philippus</div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/List_of_Roman_consuls" title="List of Roman consuls">Roman consul</a> VIII </b><br />409<br /><i>with <a href="/wiki/Theodosius_II" title="Theodosius II">Theodosius II</a></i> </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Varanes_(consul_410)" title="Varanes (consul 410)">Varanes</a><br /><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tertullus_(consul_410)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tertullus (consul 410) (page does not exist)">Tertullus</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Theodosius_II" title="Theodosius II">Theodosius II</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/List_of_Roman_consuls" title="List of Roman consuls">Roman consul</a> IX </b><br />412<br /><i>with <a href="/wiki/Theodosius_II" title="Theodosius II">Theodosius II</a></i> </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Heraclianus" title="Heraclianus">Heraclianus</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Lucius_(consul_413)" title="Lucius (consul 413)">Lucius</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Constantius_III" title="Constantius III">Constantius III</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Constans_(consul_414)" title="Constans (consul 414)">Constans</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/List_of_Roman_consuls" title="List of Roman consuls">Roman consul</a> X </b><br />415<br /><i>with <a href="/wiki/Theodosius_II" title="Theodosius II">Theodosius II</a></i> </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Theodosius_II" title="Theodosius II">Theodosius II</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Junius_Quartus_Palladius" title="Junius Quartus Palladius">Junius Quartus Palladius</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Theodosius_II" title="Theodosius II">Theodosius II</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Junius_Quartus_Palladius" title="Junius Quartus Palladius">Junius Quartus Palladius</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/List_of_Roman_consuls" title="List of Roman consuls">Roman consul</a> XI </b><br />417–418<br /><i>with <a href="/wiki/Constantius_III" title="Constantius III">Constantius III</a> and <a href="/wiki/Theodosius_II" title="Theodosius II">Theodosius II</a></i> </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Monaxius" title="Monaxius">Monaxius</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Plinta" title="Plinta">Plinta</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Agricola_(consul_421)" title="Agricola (consul 421)">Agricola</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Eustathius_(consul)" title="Eustathius (consul)">Eustathius</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/List_of_Roman_consuls" title="List of Roman consuls">Roman consul</a> XII </b><br />422<br /><i>with <a href="/wiki/Theodosius_II" title="Theodosius II">Theodosius II</a></i> </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Avitus_Marinianus" title="Avitus Marinianus">Avitus Marinianus</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Asclepiodotus_(consul_423)" title="Asclepiodotus (consul 423)">Asclepiodotus</a></div> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl 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.navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Roman_and_Byzantine_emperors_and_empresses_regnant" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Roman_emperors" title="Template:Roman emperors"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Roman_emperors" title="Template talk:Roman emperors"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Roman_emperors" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Roman emperors"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Roman_and_Byzantine_emperors_and_empresses_regnant" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Roman_emperors" title="List of Roman emperors">Roman</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_Byzantine_emperors" title="List of Byzantine emperors">Byzantine emperors</a> and empresses regnant</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Principate" title="Principate">Principate</a><br />27 BC – AD 235</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Augustus" title="Augustus">Augustus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiberius" title="Tiberius">Tiberius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caligula" title="Caligula">Caligula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claudius" title="Claudius">Claudius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nero" title="Nero">Nero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galba" title="Galba">Galba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otho" title="Otho">Otho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vitellius" title="Vitellius">Vitellius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vespasian" title="Vespasian">Vespasian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Titus" title="Titus">Titus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domitian" title="Domitian">Domitian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nerva" title="Nerva">Nerva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trajan" title="Trajan">Trajan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hadrian" title="Hadrian">Hadrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antoninus_Pius" title="Antoninus Pius">Antoninus Pius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcus_Aurelius" title="Marcus Aurelius">Marcus Aurelius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucius_Verus" title="Lucius Verus">Lucius Verus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commodus" title="Commodus">Commodus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pertinax" title="Pertinax">Pertinax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Didius_Julianus" title="Didius Julianus">Didius Julianus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Septimius_Severus" title="Septimius Severus">Septimius Severus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caracalla" title="Caracalla">Caracalla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geta_(emperor)" title="Geta (emperor)">Geta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macrinus" title="Macrinus">Macrinus</a> (w. <i><a href="/wiki/Diadumenian" title="Diadumenian">Diadumenian</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elagabalus" title="Elagabalus">Elagabalus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Severus_Alexander" title="Severus Alexander">Severus Alexander</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Crisis_of_the_Third_Century" title="Crisis of the Third Century">Crisis</a><br />235–285</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maximinus_Thrax" title="Maximinus Thrax">Maximinus I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gordian_I" title="Gordian I">Gordian I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gordian_II" title="Gordian II">Gordian II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pupienus" title="Pupienus">Pupienus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balbinus" title="Balbinus">Balbinus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gordian_III" title="Gordian III">Gordian III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_the_Arab" title="Philip the Arab">Philip I</a> (w. <i><a href="/wiki/Philip_II_(Roman_emperor)" title="Philip II (Roman emperor)">Philip II</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decius" title="Decius">Decius</a> (w. <i><a href="/wiki/Herennius_Etruscus" title="Herennius Etruscus">Herennius Etruscus</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trebonianus_Gallus" title="Trebonianus Gallus">Trebonianus Gallus</a> (w. <i><a href="/wiki/Hostilian" title="Hostilian">Hostilian</a></i> & <i><a href="/wiki/Volusianus" title="Volusianus">Volusianus</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aemilianus" title="Aemilianus">Aemilianus</a></li> <li><u><a href="/wiki/Silbannacus" title="Silbannacus">Silbannacus</a></u> (?)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valerian_(emperor)" title="Valerian (emperor)">Valerian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gallienus" title="Gallienus">Gallienus</a> (w. <i><a href="/wiki/Saloninus" title="Saloninus">Saloninus</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claudius_Gothicus" title="Claudius Gothicus">Claudius II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quintillus" title="Quintillus">Quintillus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aurelian" title="Aurelian">Aurelian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tacitus_(emperor)" title="Tacitus (emperor)">Tacitus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Florianus" title="Florianus">Florianus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Probus_(emperor)" title="Probus (emperor)">Probus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carus" title="Carus">Carus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carinus" title="Carinus">Carinus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Numerian" title="Numerian">Numerian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Dominate" title="Dominate">Dominate</a><br />284–610</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Diocletian" title="Diocletian">Diocletian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maximian" title="Maximian">Maximian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galerius" title="Galerius">Galerius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constantius_Chlorus" title="Constantius Chlorus">Constantius I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Severus_II" title="Severus II">Severus II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constantine_the_Great" title="Constantine the Great">Constantine I</a></li> <li><u><a href="/wiki/Maxentius" title="Maxentius">Maxentius</a></u></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Licinius" title="Licinius">Licinius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maximinus_Daza" title="Maximinus Daza">Maximinus II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valerius_Valens" title="Valerius Valens">Valerius Valens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martinian_(emperor)" title="Martinian (emperor)">Martinian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constantine_II_(emperor)" title="Constantine II (emperor)">Constantine II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constantius_II" title="Constantius II">Constantius II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constans" title="Constans">Constans I</a></li> <li><u><a href="/wiki/Magnentius" title="Magnentius">Magnentius</a></u></li> <li><u><a href="/wiki/Nepotianus" title="Nepotianus">Nepotianus</a></u></li> <li><u><a href="/wiki/Vetranio" title="Vetranio">Vetranio</a></u></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julian_(emperor)" title="Julian (emperor)">Julian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jovian_(emperor)" title="Jovian (emperor)">Jovian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valentinian_I" title="Valentinian I">Valentinian I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valens" title="Valens">Valens</a></li> <li><u><a href="/wiki/Procopius_(usurper)" title="Procopius (usurper)">Procopius</a></u></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gratian" title="Gratian">Gratian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodosius_I" title="Theodosius I">Theodosius I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valentinian_II" title="Valentinian II">Valentinian II</a></li> <li><u><a href="/wiki/Magnus_Maximus" title="Magnus Maximus">Magnus Maximus</a></u> (w. <i><u><a href="/wiki/Victor_(emperor)" title="Victor (emperor)">Victor</a></u></i>)</li> <li><u><a href="/wiki/Eugenius" title="Eugenius">Eugenius</a></u></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Western_Roman_Empire" title="Western Roman Empire">Western Empire</a><br />395–480</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Honorius</a></li> <li><u><a href="/wiki/Constantine_III_(Western_Roman_emperor)" title="Constantine III (Western Roman emperor)">Constantine III</a></u> (w. <i><u><a href="/wiki/Constans_II_(son_of_Constantine_III)" title="Constans II (son of Constantine III)">Constans II</a></u></i>)</li> <li><u><a href="/wiki/Priscus_Attalus" title="Priscus Attalus">Priscus Attalus</a></u></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constantius_III" title="Constantius III">Constantius III</a></li> <li><u><a href="/wiki/Joannes" title="Joannes">Joannes</a></u></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valentinian_III" title="Valentinian III">Valentinian III</a></li> <li><u><a href="/wiki/Petronius_Maximus" title="Petronius Maximus">Petronius Maximus</a></u></li> <li><u><a href="/wiki/Avitus" title="Avitus">Avitus</a></u></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Majorian" title="Majorian">Majorian</a></li> <li><u><a href="/wiki/Libius_Severus" title="Libius Severus">Severus III</a></u></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthemius" title="Anthemius">Anthemius</a></li> <li><u><a href="/wiki/Olybrius" title="Olybrius">Olybrius</a></u></li> <li><u><a href="/wiki/Glycerius" title="Glycerius">Glycerius</a></u></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julius_Nepos" title="Julius Nepos">Julius Nepos</a></li> <li><u><a href="/wiki/Romulus_Augustulus" title="Romulus Augustulus">Romulus Augustulus</a></u></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Eastern Empire</a><br />395–610</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arcadius" title="Arcadius">Arcadius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodosius_II" title="Theodosius II">Theodosius II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcian" title="Marcian">Marcian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leo_I_(emperor)" title="Leo I (emperor)">Leo I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leo_II_(emperor)" title="Leo II (emperor)">Leo II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zeno_(emperor)" title="Zeno (emperor)">Zeno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basiliscus" title="Basiliscus">Basiliscus</a> (w. <i><a href="/wiki/Marcus_(son_of_Basiliscus)" title="Marcus (son of Basiliscus)">Marcus</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anastasius_I_Dicorus" title="Anastasius I Dicorus">Anastasius I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Justin_I" title="Justin I">Justin I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Justinian_I" title="Justinian I">Justinian I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Justin_II" title="Justin II">Justin II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiberius_II_Constantine" title="Tiberius II Constantine">Tiberius II Constantine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maurice_(emperor)" title="Maurice (emperor)">Maurice</a> (w. <i><a href="/wiki/Theodosius_(son_of_Maurice)" title="Theodosius (son of Maurice)">Theodosius</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phocas" title="Phocas">Phocas</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Eastern/<br />Byzantine Empire</a><br />610–1453</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Heraclius" title="Heraclius">Heraclius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heraclius_Constantine" title="Heraclius Constantine">Constantine III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heraclonas" title="Heraclonas">Heraclonas</a> (w. <i><a href="/wiki/David_(son_of_Heraclius)" title="David (son of Heraclius)">Tiberius</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constans_II" title="Constans II">Constans II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constantine_IV" title="Constantine IV">Constantine IV</a> (w. <i><a href="/wiki/Heraclius_(son_of_Constans_II)" title="Heraclius (son of Constans II)">Heraclius</a></i> & <i><a href="/wiki/Tiberius_(son_of_Constans_II)" title="Tiberius (son of Constans II)">Tiberius</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Justinian_II" title="Justinian II">Justinian II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leontius" title="Leontius">Leontius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiberius_III" title="Tiberius III">Tiberius III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Justinian_II" title="Justinian II">Justinian II</a> (w. <i><a href="/wiki/Tiberius_(son_of_Justinian_II)" title="Tiberius (son of Justinian II)">Tiberius</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippicus" title="Philippicus">Philippicus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anastasius_II_(emperor)" title="Anastasius II (emperor)">Anastasius II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodosius_III" title="Theodosius III">Theodosius III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leo_III_the_Isaurian" title="Leo III the Isaurian">Leo III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constantine_V" title="Constantine V">Constantine V</a></li> <li><u><a href="/wiki/Artabasdos" title="Artabasdos">Artabasdos</a></u> (w. <i><u><a href="/wiki/Nikephoros_(son_of_Artabasdos)" title="Nikephoros (son of Artabasdos)">Nikephoros</a></u></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leo_IV_the_Khazar" title="Leo IV the Khazar">Leo IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constantine_VI" title="Constantine VI">Constantine VI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irene_of_Athens" title="Irene of Athens">Irene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikephoros_I" title="Nikephoros I">Nikephoros I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Staurakios" title="Staurakios">Staurakios</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_I_Rangabe" title="Michael I Rangabe">Michael I Rangabe</a> (w. <i><a href="/wiki/Theophylact_(son_of_Michael_I)" title="Theophylact (son of Michael I)">Theophylact</a></i> & <i><a href="/wiki/Staurakios_(son_of_Michael_I)" class="mw-redirect" title="Staurakios (son of Michael I)">Staurakios</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leo_V_the_Armenian" title="Leo V the Armenian">Leo V</a> (w. <i><a href="/wiki/Constantine_(son_of_Leo_V)" title="Constantine (son of Leo V)">Constantine</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_II" title="Michael II">Michael II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theophilos_(emperor)" title="Theophilos (emperor)">Theophilos</a> (w. <i><a href="/wiki/Constantine_(son_of_Theophilos)" title="Constantine (son of Theophilos)">Constantine</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodora_(wife_of_Theophilos)" title="Theodora (wife of Theophilos)">Theodora (II)</a> (w. <i><a href="/wiki/Thekla_(daughter_of_Theophilos)" title="Thekla (daughter of Theophilos)">Thekla</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_III" title="Michael III">Michael III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basil_I" title="Basil I">Basil I</a> (w. <i><a href="/wiki/Constantine_(son_of_Basil_I)" title="Constantine (son of Basil I)">Constantine</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leo_VI_the_Wise" title="Leo VI the Wise">Leo VI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_(Byzantine_emperor)" title="Alexander (Byzantine emperor)">Alexander</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constantine_VII" title="Constantine VII">Constantine VII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanos_I_Lekapenos" title="Romanos I Lekapenos">Romanos I Lekapenos</a> (w. <i><a href="/wiki/Christopher_Lekapenos" title="Christopher Lekapenos">Christopher</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Lekapenos" title="Stephen Lekapenos">Stephen</a></i> & <i><a href="/wiki/Constantine_Lekapenos" title="Constantine Lekapenos">Constantine Lekapenos</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanos_II" title="Romanos II">Romanos II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikephoros_II_Phokas" title="Nikephoros II Phokas">Nikephoros II Phokas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_I_Tzimiskes" title="John I Tzimiskes">John I Tzimiskes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basil_II" title="Basil II">Basil II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constantine_VIII" title="Constantine VIII">Constantine VIII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zoe_Porphyrogenita" title="Zoe Porphyrogenita">Zoe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanos_III_Argyros" title="Romanos III Argyros">Romanos III Argyros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_IV_the_Paphlagonian" title="Michael IV the Paphlagonian">Michael IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_V_Kalaphates" title="Michael V Kalaphates">Michael V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constantine_IX_Monomachos" title="Constantine IX Monomachos">Constantine IX Monomachos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodora_Porphyrogenita" title="Theodora Porphyrogenita">Theodora (III)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_VI_Bringas" title="Michael VI Bringas">Michael VI Bringas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isaac_I_Komnenos" title="Isaac I Komnenos">Isaac I Komnenos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constantine_X_Doukas" title="Constantine X Doukas">Constantine X Doukas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eudokia_Makrembolitissa" title="Eudokia Makrembolitissa">Eudokia Makrembolitissa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanos_IV_Diogenes" title="Romanos IV Diogenes">Romanos IV Diogenes</a> (w. <i><a href="/wiki/Leo_Diogenes" title="Leo Diogenes">Leo</a></i> & <i><a href="/wiki/Nikephoros_Diogenes" title="Nikephoros Diogenes">Nikephoros</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_VII_Doukas" title="Michael VII Doukas">Michael VII Doukas</a> (w. <i><a href="/wiki/Andronikos_Doukas_(co-emperor)" title="Andronikos Doukas (co-emperor)">Andronikos</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Konstantios_Doukas" title="Konstantios Doukas">Konstantios</a></i> & <i><a href="/wiki/Constantine_Doukas_(co-emperor)" title="Constantine Doukas (co-emperor)">Constantine Doukas</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikephoros_III_Botaneiates" title="Nikephoros III Botaneiates">Nikephoros III Botaneiates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexios_I_Komnenos" title="Alexios I Komnenos">Alexios I Komnenos</a> (w. <i><a href="/wiki/Constantine_Doukas_(co-emperor)" title="Constantine Doukas (co-emperor)">Constantine Doukas</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_II_Komnenos" title="John II Komnenos">John II Komnenos</a> (w. <i><a href="/wiki/Alexios_Komnenos_(co-emperor)" title="Alexios Komnenos (co-emperor)">Alexios</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manuel_I_Komnenos" title="Manuel I Komnenos">Manuel I Komnenos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexios_II_Komnenos" title="Alexios II Komnenos">Alexios II Komnenos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andronikos_I_Komnenos" title="Andronikos I Komnenos">Andronikos I Komnenos</a> (w. <i><a href="/wiki/John_Komnenos_(son_of_Andronikos_I)" title="John Komnenos (son of Andronikos I)">John</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isaac_II_Angelos" title="Isaac II Angelos">Isaac II Angelos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexios_III_Angelos" title="Alexios III Angelos">Alexios III Angelos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexios_IV_Angelos" title="Alexios IV Angelos">Alexios IV Angelos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexios_V_Doukas" title="Alexios V Doukas">Alexios V Doukas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodore_I_Laskaris" title="Theodore I Laskaris">Theodore I Laskaris</a> (w. <i><a href="/wiki/Nicholas_Laskaris_(son_of_Theodore_I)" class="mw-redirect" title="Nicholas Laskaris (son of Theodore I)">Nicholas</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_III_Vatatzes" class="mw-redirect" title="John III Vatatzes">John III Vatatzes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodore_II_Laskaris" title="Theodore II Laskaris">Theodore II Laskaris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_IV_Laskaris" title="John IV Laskaris">John IV Laskaris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_VIII_Palaiologos" title="Michael VIII Palaiologos">Michael VIII Palaiologos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andronikos_II_Palaiologos" title="Andronikos II Palaiologos">Andronikos II Palaiologos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_IX_Palaiologos" title="Michael IX Palaiologos">Michael IX Palaiologos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andronikos_III_Palaiologos" title="Andronikos III Palaiologos">Andronikos III Palaiologos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_V_Palaiologos" title="John V Palaiologos">John V Palaiologos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_VI_Kantakouzenos" title="John VI Kantakouzenos">John VI Kantakouzenos</a> (w. <i><a href="/wiki/Matthew_Kantakouzenos" title="Matthew Kantakouzenos">Matthew</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andronikos_IV_Palaiologos" title="Andronikos IV Palaiologos">Andronikos IV Palaiologos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_VII_Palaiologos" title="John VII Palaiologos">John VII Palaiologos</a> (w. <i><a href="/wiki/Andronikos_V_Palaiologos" title="Andronikos V Palaiologos">Andronikos V</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manuel_II_Palaiologos" title="Manuel II Palaiologos">Manuel II Palaiologos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_VIII_Palaiologos" title="John VIII Palaiologos">John VIII Palaiologos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constantine_XI_Palaiologos" title="Constantine XI Palaiologos">Constantine XI Palaiologos</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gallic_Empire" title="Gallic Empire">Gallic emperors</a> (260–274)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Palmyrene_monarchs" title="List of Palmyrene monarchs">Palmyrene emperors</a> (267–273)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carausian_revolt" title="Carausian revolt">Britannic emperors</a> (286–296)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Trapezuntine_emperors" title="List of Trapezuntine emperors">Trapezuntine emperors</a> (1204–1461)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Thessalonica" title="Empire of Thessalonica">Thessalonian emperors</a> (1224–1242)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Roman_and_Byzantine_empresses" title="List of Roman and Byzantine empresses">Empresses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Augustae" title="List of Augustae">Augustae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_usurper" title="Roman usurper">Usurpers</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Roman_usurpers" title="List of Roman usurpers">Classical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Byzantine_usurpers" title="List of Byzantine usurpers">Eastern</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>Italics indicates a junior co-emperor, underlining indicates an emperor variously regarded as either legitimate or a usurper</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q159798#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q159798#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q159798#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000080229921">ISNI</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/398923">VIAF</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/122277/">FAST</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJwdjqr6xrwWbhpmMbvj4q">WorldCat</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/118706934">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n83227317">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12566387q">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12566387q">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Honorius"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=mzk20221157953&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p070887721">Netherlands</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/90828389">Norway</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810713169005606">Poland</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a class="external text" href="https://wikidata-externalid-url.toolforge.org/?p=8034&url_prefix=https://opac.vatlib.it/auth/detail/&id=495/215886">Vatican</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007457839205171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Artists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.getty.edu/vow/ULANFullDisplay?find=&role=&nation=&subjectid=500355733">ULAN</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/pnd118706934.html?language=en">Deutsche Biographie</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-digitale-bibliothek.de/person/gnd/118706934">DDB</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/034969039">IdRef</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w6794k4f">SNAC</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Honorius_(emperor)&oldid=1259185742">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Honorius_(emperor)&oldid=1259185742</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" 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