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<li id="toc-Organic_compounds" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Organic_compounds"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Organic compounds</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Organic_compounds-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Inorganic_contaminants" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Inorganic_contaminants"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Inorganic contaminants</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Inorganic_contaminants-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pharmaceutical_pollutants" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pharmaceutical_pollutants"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Pharmaceutical pollutants</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pharmaceutical_pollutants-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Solid_waste_and_plastics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Solid_waste_and_plastics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>Solid waste and plastics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Solid_waste_and_plastics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Types_of_surface_water_pollution" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Types_of_surface_water_pollution"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Types of surface water pollution</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Types_of_surface_water_pollution-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Types of surface water pollution subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Types_of_surface_water_pollution-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Marine_pollution" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Marine_pollution"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Marine pollution</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Marine_pollution-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Nutrient_pollution" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nutrient_pollution"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Nutrient pollution</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nutrient_pollution-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Thermal_pollution" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Thermal_pollution"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Thermal pollution</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Thermal_pollution-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Biological_pollution" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Biological_pollution"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Biological pollution</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Biological_pollution-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Groundwater_pollution" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Groundwater_pollution"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Groundwater pollution</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Groundwater_pollution-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pollution_from_point_sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pollution_from_point_sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Pollution from point sources</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Pollution_from_point_sources-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Pollution from point sources subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Pollution_from_point_sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Sewage" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sewage"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Sewage</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sewage-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Industrial_wastewater" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Industrial_wastewater"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Industrial wastewater</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Industrial_wastewater-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Oil_spills" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Oil_spills"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Oil spills</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Oil_spills-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pollution_from_nonpoint_sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pollution_from_nonpoint_sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Pollution from nonpoint sources</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Pollution_from_nonpoint_sources-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Pollution from nonpoint sources subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Pollution_from_nonpoint_sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Agriculture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Agriculture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Agriculture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Agriculture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Atmospheric_contributions_(air_pollution)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Atmospheric_contributions_(air_pollution)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Atmospheric contributions (air pollution)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Atmospheric_contributions_(air_pollution)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sampling,_measurements,_analysis" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sampling,_measurements,_analysis"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Sampling, measurements, analysis</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sampling,_measurements,_analysis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Impacts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Impacts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Impacts</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Impacts-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Impacts subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Impacts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Ecosystems" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ecosystems"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1</span> <span>Ecosystems</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ecosystems-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Public_health_and_waterborne_diseases" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Public_health_and_waterborne_diseases"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.2</span> <span>Public health and waterborne diseases</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Public_health_and_waterborne_diseases-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Eutrophication_from_nitrogen_pollution" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Eutrophication_from_nitrogen_pollution"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.3</span> <span>Eutrophication from nitrogen pollution</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Eutrophication_from_nitrogen_pollution-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ocean_acidification" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ocean_acidification"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.4</span> <span>Ocean acidification</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ocean_acidification-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Prevalence" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Prevalence"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Prevalence</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Prevalence-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Prevalence subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Prevalence-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-By_country" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#By_country"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.1</span> <span>By country</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-By_country-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Control_and_reduction" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Control_and_reduction"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Control and reduction</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Control_and_reduction-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Control and reduction subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Control_and_reduction-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Pollution_control_philosophy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pollution_control_philosophy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.1</span> <span>Pollution control philosophy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pollution_control_philosophy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sanitation_and_sewage_treatment" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sanitation_and_sewage_treatment"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.2</span> <span>Sanitation and sewage treatment</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sanitation_and_sewage_treatment-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Industrial_wastewater_treatment" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Industrial_wastewater_treatment"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.3</span> <span>Industrial wastewater treatment</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Industrial_wastewater_treatment-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Agricultural_wastewater_treatment" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Agricultural_wastewater_treatment"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.4</span> <span>Agricultural wastewater treatment</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Agricultural_wastewater_treatment-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Management_of_erosion_and_sediment_control" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Management_of_erosion_and_sediment_control"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.5</span> <span>Management of erosion and sediment control</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Management_of_erosion_and_sediment_control-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Control_of_urban_runoff_(storm_water)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Control_of_urban_runoff_(storm_water)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.6</span> <span>Control of urban runoff (storm water)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Control_of_urban_runoff_(storm_water)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legislation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legislation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.7</span> <span>Legislation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Legislation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Philippines" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Philippines"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.7.1</span> <span>Philippines</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Philippines-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-United_Kingdom" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_Kingdom"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.7.2</span> <span>United Kingdom</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-United_Kingdom-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-United_States" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_States"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.7.3</span> <span>United States</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-United_States-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Water pollution</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 72 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-72" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">72 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waterbesoedeling" title="Waterbesoedeling – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Waterbesoedeling" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D9%84%D9%88%D8%AB_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%A7%D9%87" title="تلوث المياه – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="تلوث المياه" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%B2_%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%8D%E0%A7%B0%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%82%E0%A6%B7%E0%A6%A3" title="জল প্ৰদূষণ – Assamese" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="জল প্ৰদূষণ" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>অসমীয়া</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contaminaci%C3%B3n_h%C3%ADdrica" title="Contaminación hídrica – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Contaminación hídrica" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BF_%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%82%E0%A6%B7%E0%A6%A3" title="পানি দূষণ – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="পানি দূষণ" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%A3" title="पानी प्रदूषण – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="पानी प्रदूषण" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>भोजपुरी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polusyon_sa_tubig" title="Polusyon sa tubig – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Polusyon sa tubig" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B0%D0%BC%D1%8A%D1%80%D1%81%D1%8F%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B5_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5" title="Замърсяване на водите – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Замърсяване на водите" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contaminaci%C3%B3_de_l%27aigua" title="Contaminació de l'aigua – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Contaminació de l'aigua" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%C4%83%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81%C4%83%D1%80_%D1%88%D1%8B%D0%B2_%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B8" title="Тăварсăр шыв вараланни – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Тăварсăр шыв вараланни" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zne%C4%8Di%C5%A1t%C4%9Bn%C3%AD_vody" title="Znečištění vody – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Znečištění vody" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Llygredd_d%C5%B5r" title="Llygredd dŵr – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Llygredd dŵr" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dag mw-list-item"><a href="https://dag.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_pollution" title="Water pollution – Dagbani" lang="dag" hreflang="dag" data-title="Water pollution" data-language-autonym="Dagbanli" data-language-local-name="Dagbani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dagbanli</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vandforurening" title="Vandforurening – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Vandforurening" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gew%C3%A4sserverschmutzung" title="Gewässerverschmutzung – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Gewässerverschmutzung" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veereostus" title="Veereostus – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Veereostus" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A1%CF%8D%CF%80%CE%B1%CE%BD%CF%83%CE%B7_%CF%84%CF%89%CE%BD_%CF%85%CE%B4%CE%AC%CF%84%CF%89%CE%BD" title="Ρύπανση των υδάτων – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ρύπανση των υδάτων" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contaminaci%C3%B3n_h%C3%ADdrica" title="Contaminación hídrica – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Contaminación hídrica" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akvopoluado" title="Akvopoluado – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Akvopoluado" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uraren_kutsadura" title="Uraren kutsadura – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Uraren kutsadura" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D9%84%D9%88%D8%AF%DA%AF%DB%8C_%D8%A2%D8%A8" title="آلودگی آب – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="آلودگی آب" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pollution_de_l%27eau" title="Pollution de l'eau – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Pollution de l'eau" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Truailli%C3%BA_uisce" title="Truailliú uisce – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Truailliú uisce" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contaminaci%C3%B3n_do_medio_h%C3%ADdrico" title="Contaminación do medio hídrico – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Contaminación do medio hídrico" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%AA%E0%AA%BE%E0%AA%A3%E0%AB%80%E0%AA%A8%E0%AB%81%E0%AA%82_%E0%AA%AA%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%B0%E0%AA%A6%E0%AB%82%E0%AA%B7%E0%AA%A3" title="પાણીનું પ્રદૂષણ – Gujarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="પાણીનું પ્રદૂષણ" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="Gujarati" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ગુજરાતી</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%88%98%EC%A7%88_%EC%98%A4%EC%97%BC" title="수질 오염 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="수질 오염" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8B%D6%80%D5%AB_%D5%A1%D5%B2%D5%BF%D5%B8%D5%BF%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B4" title="Ջրի աղտոտում – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ջրի աղտոտում" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%B2_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%A3" title="जल प्रदूषण – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="जल प्रदूषण" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pencemaran_air" title="Pencemaran air – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Pencemaran air" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inquinamento_idrico" title="Inquinamento idrico – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Inquinamento idrico" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%96%D7%99%D7%94%D7%95%D7%9D_%D7%9E%D7%99%D7%9D" title="זיהום מים – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="זיהום מים" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%9C%E0%B2%B2_%E0%B2%AE%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%B2%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%A8%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%AF" title="ಜಲ ಮಾಲಿನ್ಯ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಜಲ ಮಾಲಿನ್ಯ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%83_%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%B4%D1%8B%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%BD_%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%83" title="Су айдынын ластау – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Су айдынын ластау" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%AAdens_pies%C4%81r%C5%86ojums" title="Ūdens piesārņojums – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Ūdens piesārņojums" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C3%ADzszennyez%C3%A9s" title="Vízszennyezés – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Vízszennyezés" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%83%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%9A%D0%B5_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0" title="Загадување на водата – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Загадување на водата" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%9C%E0%B4%B2%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%B2%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%80%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%A3%E0%B4%82" title="ജലമലിനീകരണം – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ജലമലിനീകരണം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%A3" title="जलप्रदूषण – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="जलप्रदूषण" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pencemaran_air" title="Pencemaran air – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Pencemaran air" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mni mw-list-item"><a href="https://mni.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%AF%8F%EA%AF%81%EA%AF%A4%EA%AF%A1_%EA%AF%83%EA%AF%A3%EA%AF%A0%EA%AF%81%EA%AF%A4%EA%AF%9C%EA%AF%8D%EA%AF%9F%EA%AF%95" title="ꯏꯁꯤꯡ ꯃꯣꯠꯁꯤꯜꯍꯟꯕ – Manipuri" lang="mni" hreflang="mni" data-title="ꯏꯁꯤꯡ ꯃꯣꯠꯁꯤꯜꯍꯟꯕ" data-language-autonym="ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ" data-language-local-name="Manipuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Watervervuiling" title="Watervervuiling – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Watervervuiling" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B0%B4%E8%B3%AA%E6%B1%9A%E6%9F%93" title="水質汚染 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="水質汚染" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vannforurensning" title="Vannforurensning – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Vannforurensning" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%9C%E0%AC%B3_%E0%AC%AA%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%B0%E0%AC%A6%E0%AD%82%E0%AC%B7%E0%AC%A3" title="ଜଳ ପ୍ରଦୂଷଣ – Odia" lang="or" hreflang="or" data-title="ଜଳ ପ୍ରଦୂଷଣ" data-language-autonym="ଓଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-local-name="Odia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ଓଡ଼ିଆ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF_%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%A8%D9%88_%DA%A9%DA%A9%DA%93%D8%AA%D9%8A%D8%A7" title="د اوبو ککړتيا – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="د اوبو ککړتيا" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zanieczyszczenia_wody" title="Zanieczyszczenia wody – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Zanieczyszczenia wody" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polui%C3%A7%C3%A3o_da_%C3%A1gua" title="Poluição da água – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Poluição da água" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poluarea_apei" title="Poluarea apei – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Poluarea apei" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B0%D0%B3%D1%80%D1%8F%D0%B7%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BD%D1%8B%D1%85_%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B4" title="Загрязнение пресных вод – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Загрязнение пресных вод" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D" title="जलमालिन्यम् – Sanskrit" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="जलमालिन्यम्" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="Sanskrit" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>संस्कृतम्</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ndotja_e_ujit" title="Ndotja e ujit – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Ndotja e ujit" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%A2%E0%B6%BD_%E0%B6%AF%E0%B7%96%E0%B7%82%E0%B6%AB%E0%B6%BA" title="ජල දූෂණය – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="ජල දූෂණය" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_pollution" title="Water pollution – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Water pollution" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D8%A8%D9%8A_%DA%AF%D8%AF%D9%84%D8%A7%DA%BB" title="آبي گدلاڻ – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="آبي گدلاڻ" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zne%C4%8Distenie_vody" title="Znečistenie vody – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Znečistenie vody" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Onesna%C5%BEenje_vode" title="Onesnaženje vode – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Onesnaženje vode" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%DB%8C%D8%B3%D8%A8%D9%88%D9%88%D9%86%DB%8C_%D8%A6%D8%A7%D9%88" title="پیسبوونی ئاو – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="پیسبوونی ئاو" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%92%D0%B5%D1%9A%D0%B5_%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B5" title="Загађење воде – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Загађење воде" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zaga%C4%91enje_vode" title="Zagađenje vode – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Zagađenje vode" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vesien_saastuminen" title="Vesien saastuminen – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Vesien saastuminen" data-language-autonym="Suomi" 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.hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"DWEL" redirects here. For the radio station in Ilocos Norte, Philippines, see <a href="/wiki/DWEL-FM" class="mw-redirect" title="DWEL-FM">DWEL-FM</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Clean water" redirects here. For water that is safe to drink, see <a href="/wiki/Drinking_water" title="Drinking water">Drinking water</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nrborderborderentrythreecolorsmay05-1-.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Nrborderborderentrythreecolorsmay05-1-.JPG/300px-Nrborderborderentrythreecolorsmay05-1-.JPG" decoding="async" width="300" height="225" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Nrborderborderentrythreecolorsmay05-1-.JPG/450px-Nrborderborderentrythreecolorsmay05-1-.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Nrborderborderentrythreecolorsmay05-1-.JPG/600px-Nrborderborderentrythreecolorsmay05-1-.JPG 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="480" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Raw_sewage" class="mw-redirect" title="Raw sewage">Raw sewage</a> and <a 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a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks hlist"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of a <a href="/wiki/Category:Pollution" title="Category:Pollution">series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="padding-bottom:0; background:#fadcc5; color:#fadcc5"><a href="/wiki/Pollution" title="Pollution">Pollution</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Air_pollution3.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Air_pollution3.jpg/220px-Air_pollution3.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Air_pollution3.jpg/330px-Air_pollution3.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Air_pollution3.jpg/440px-Air_pollution3.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="2250" /></a></span><div class="sidebar-caption">Air pollution from a factory</div></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0.1em;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#fadcc5;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Air_pollution" title="Air pollution">Air</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acid_rain" title="Acid rain">Acid rain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Air_quality_index" title="Air quality index">Air quality index</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atmospheric_dispersion_modeling" title="Atmospheric dispersion modeling">Atmospheric dispersion modeling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chlorofluorocarbon" title="Chlorofluorocarbon">Chlorofluorocarbon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Combustion" title="Combustion">Combustion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exhaust_gas" title="Exhaust gas">Exhaust gas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haze" title="Haze">Haze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_dimming" title="Global dimming">Global dimming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_distillation" title="Global distillation">Global distillation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indoor_air_quality" title="Indoor air quality">Indoor air quality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-exhaust_emissions" title="Non-exhaust emissions">Non-exhaust emissions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ozone_depletion" title="Ozone depletion">Ozone depletion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Particulates" title="Particulates">Particulates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persistent_organic_pollutant" title="Persistent organic pollutant">Persistent organic pollutant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smog" title="Smog">Smog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soot" title="Soot">Soot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volatile_organic_compound" title="Volatile organic compound">Volatile organic compound</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0.1em;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#fadcc5;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Biological_pollution" title="Biological pollution">Biological</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biological_hazard" title="Biological hazard">Biological hazard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genetic_pollution" title="Genetic pollution">Genetic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_logging" title="Illegal logging">Illegal logging</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Introduced_species" title="Introduced species">Introduced species</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Invasive_species" title="Invasive species">Invasive species</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0.1em;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#fadcc5;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Digital</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Information_pollution" title="Information pollution">Information</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0.1em;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#fadcc5;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Electromagnetic_radiation_and_health" title="Electromagnetic radiation and health">Electromagnetic</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Light_pollution" title="Light pollution">Light</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ecological_light_pollution" title="Ecological light pollution">Ecological</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overillumination" class="mw-redirect" title="Overillumination">Overillumination</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radio_spectrum_pollution" title="Radio spectrum pollution">Radio spectrum</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0.1em;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#fadcc5;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Natural</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ozone" title="Ozone">Ozone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radium_and_radon_in_the_environment" title="Radium and radon in the environment">Radium and radon in the environment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volcanic_ash" title="Volcanic ash">Volcanic ash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wildfire" title="Wildfire">Wildfire</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0.1em;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#fadcc5;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Noise_pollution" title="Noise pollution">Noise</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_effects_of_transport" class="mw-redirect" title="Environmental effects of transport">Transportation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_effects_from_noise" title="Health effects from noise">Health effects from noise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marine_mammals_and_sonar" title="Marine mammals and sonar">Marine mammals and sonar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noise_barrier" title="Noise barrier">Noise barrier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noise_control" title="Noise control">Noise control</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soundproofing" title="Soundproofing">Soundproofing</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0.1em;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#fadcc5;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Radioactive_contamination" title="Radioactive contamination">Radiation</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Actinides_in_the_environment" title="Actinides in the environment">Actinides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bioremediation_of_radioactive_waste" title="Bioremediation of radioactive waste">Bioremediation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Depleted_uranium" title="Depleted uranium">Depleted uranium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_fission_product" title="Nuclear fission product">Nuclear fission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_fallout" title="Nuclear fallout">Nuclear fallout</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plutonium_in_the_environment" title="Plutonium in the environment">Plutonium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acute_radiation_syndrome" title="Acute radiation syndrome">Poisoning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_radioactivity" title="Environmental radioactivity">Radioactivity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uranium_in_the_environment" title="Uranium in the environment">Uranium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radioactive_waste" title="Radioactive waste">Radioactive waste</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0.1em;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#fadcc5;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Soil_contamination" title="Soil contamination">Soil</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agricultural_pollution" title="Agricultural pollution">Agricultural</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Land_degradation" title="Land degradation">Land degradation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bioremediation" title="Bioremediation">Bioremediation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_defecation" title="Open defecation">Defecation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electrical_resistance_heating" title="Electrical resistance heating">Electrical resistance heating</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_mining" title="Illegal mining">Illegal mining</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soil_guideline_value" title="Soil guideline value">Soil guideline values</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phytoremediation" title="Phytoremediation">Phytoremediation</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0.1em;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#fadcc5;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Solid waste</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Advertising_mail" title="Advertising mail">Advertising mail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biodegradable_waste" title="Biodegradable waste">Biodegradable waste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brown_waste" title="Brown waste">Brown waste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electronic_waste" title="Electronic waste">Electronic waste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foam_food_container" title="Foam food container">Foam food container</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Food_loss_and_waste" title="Food loss and waste">Food waste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_waste" title="Green waste">Green waste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hazardous_waste" title="Hazardous waste">Hazardous waste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Industrial_waste" title="Industrial waste">Industrial waste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Litter" title="Litter">Litter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_effects_of_mining" class="mw-redirect" title="Environmental effects of mining">Mining</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Municipal_solid_waste" title="Municipal solid waste">Municipal solid waste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pollution_from_nanomaterials" title="Pollution from nanomaterials">Nanomaterials</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plastic_pollution" title="Plastic pollution">Plastic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Packaging_waste" title="Packaging waste">Packaging waste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-consumer_waste" title="Post-consumer waste">Post-consumer waste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waste_management" title="Waste management">Waste management</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0.1em;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#fadcc5;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Space</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Space_debris" title="Space debris">Space debris</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0.1em;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#fadcc5;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Thermal_pollution" title="Thermal pollution">Thermal</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Urban_heat_island" title="Urban heat island">Urban heat island</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0.1em;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#fadcc5;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Visual_pollution" title="Visual pollution">Visual</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Air_travel" title="Air travel">Air travel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clutter_(advertising)" title="Clutter (advertising)">Advertising clutter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overhead_power_line" title="Overhead power line">Overhead power lines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traffic_sign" title="Traffic sign">Traffic signs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_blight" class="mw-redirect" title="Urban blight">Urban blight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vandalism" title="Vandalism">Vandalism</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0.1em;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#fadcc5;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Environmental_impact_of_war" title="Environmental impact of war">War</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chemical_warfare" title="Chemical warfare">Chemical warfare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbicidal_warfare" title="Herbicidal warfare">Herbicidal warfare</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agent_Orange" title="Agent Orange">Agent Orange</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_holocaust" title="Nuclear holocaust">Nuclear holocaust</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_fallout" title="Nuclear fallout">Nuclear fallout</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_famine" title="Nuclear famine">Nuclear famine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_winter" title="Nuclear winter">Nuclear winter</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scorched_earth" title="Scorched earth">Scorched earth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unexploded_ordnance" title="Unexploded ordnance">Unexploded ordnance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_and_environmental_law" title="War and environmental law">War and environmental law</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0.1em;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#fadcc5;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Water</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agricultural_wastewater_treatment" title="Agricultural wastewater treatment">Agricultural wastewater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biosolids" title="Biosolids">Biosolids</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waterborne_diseases" class="mw-redirect" title="Waterborne diseases">Diseases</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eutrophication" title="Eutrophication">Eutrophication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Firewater_(fire_fighting)" title="Firewater (fire fighting)">Firewater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freshwater_environmental_quality_parameters" title="Freshwater environmental quality parameters">Freshwater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Groundwater_pollution" title="Groundwater pollution">Groundwater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypoxia_(environmental)" title="Hypoxia (environmental)">Hypoxia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Industrial_wastewater_treatment" title="Industrial wastewater treatment">Industrial wastewater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marine_pollution" title="Marine pollution">Marine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_monitoring" title="Environmental monitoring">Monitoring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nonpoint_source_pollution" title="Nonpoint source pollution">Nonpoint source</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nutrient_pollution" title="Nutrient pollution">Nutrient</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ocean_acidification" title="Ocean acidification">Ocean acidification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oil_spill" title="Oil spill">Oil spill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_impact_of_pharmaceuticals_and_personal_care_products" title="Environmental impact of pharmaceuticals and personal care products">Pharmaceuticals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freshwater_salinization" title="Freshwater salinization">Freshwater salinization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Septic_tank" title="Septic tank">Septic tanks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sewage" title="Sewage">Sewage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_effects_of_shipping" class="mw-redirect" title="Environmental effects of shipping">Shipping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sludge" title="Sludge">Sludge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_stagnation" title="Water stagnation">Stagnation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sulfur_water" title="Sulfur water">Sulfur water</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surface_runoff" title="Surface runoff">Surface runoff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turbidity" title="Turbidity">Turbidity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_runoff" title="Urban runoff">Urban runoff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_quality" title="Water quality">Water quality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wastewater" title="Wastewater">Wastewater</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0.1em;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#fadcc5;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Topics</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_environmental_pollution" title="History of environmental pollution">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pollutant" title="Pollutant">Pollutants</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Heavy_metals" title="Heavy metals">Heavy metals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paint" title="Paint">Paint</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content-with-subgroup" style="padding-top:0.1em;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#fadcc5;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Misc</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Area_source_pollution" title="Area source pollution">Area source</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brain_health_and_pollution" title="Brain health and pollution">Brain health and pollution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Debris" title="Debris">Debris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dust" title="Dust">Dust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garbology" title="Garbology">Garbology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legacy_pollution" title="Legacy pollution">Legacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Midden" title="Midden">Midden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Point_source_pollution" title="Point source pollution">Point source</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waste" title="Waste">Waste</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Toxic_waste" title="Toxic waste">Toxic</a></li></ul></li></ul> <table class="sidebar-subgroup"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Lists</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_pollution-related_diseases" title="List of pollution-related diseases">Diseases</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_environmental_laws_by_country" title="List of environmental laws by country">Law by country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_most-polluted_cities_by_particulate_matter_concentration" title="List of most-polluted cities by particulate matter concentration">Most polluted cities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_least_polluted_cities_by_particulate_matter_concentration" class="mw-redirect" title="List of least polluted cities by particulate matter concentration">Least polluted cities by PM2.5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_international_environmental_agreements" title="List of international environmental agreements">Treaties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_most-polluted_rivers" title="List of most-polluted rivers">Most polluted rivers</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Categories</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pollution_by_country" title="Category:Pollution by country">By country</a></li></ul></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Aegopodium_podagraria1_ies.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Aegopodium_podagraria1_ies.jpg/16px-Aegopodium_podagraria1_ies.jpg" decoding="async" width="16" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Aegopodium_podagraria1_ies.jpg/24px-Aegopodium_podagraria1_ies.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Aegopodium_podagraria1_ies.jpg/32px-Aegopodium_podagraria1_ies.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="700" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Environment" title="Portal:Environment">Environment portal</a></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Earth_Day_Flag.png/16px-Earth_Day_Flag.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Earth_Day_Flag.png/24px-Earth_Day_Flag.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Earth_Day_Flag.png/32px-Earth_Day_Flag.png 2x" data-file-width="6000" data-file-height="4000" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Ecology" title="Portal:Ecology">Ecology portal</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Pollution_sidebar" title="Template:Pollution sidebar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Pollution_sidebar" title="Template talk:Pollution sidebar"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Pollution_sidebar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Pollution sidebar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Water pollution</b> (or <b>aquatic pollution</b>) is the contamination of <a href="/wiki/Body_of_water" title="Body of water">water bodies</a>, with a negative impact on their uses.<sup id="cite_ref-Von_Sperling_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Von_Sperling-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 6">: 6 </span></sup> It is usually a result of human activities. Water bodies include <a href="/wiki/Lake" title="Lake">lakes</a>, <a href="/wiki/River" title="River">rivers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ocean" title="Ocean">oceans</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aquifer" title="Aquifer">aquifers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Reservoir" title="Reservoir">reservoirs</a> and <a href="/wiki/Groundwater" title="Groundwater">groundwater</a>. Water <a href="/wiki/Pollution" title="Pollution">pollution</a> results when <a href="/wiki/Contaminant" class="mw-redirect" title="Contaminant">contaminants</a> mix with these water bodies. Contaminants can come from one of four main sources. These are <a href="/wiki/Sewage" title="Sewage">sewage</a> discharges, industrial activities, agricultural activities, and urban runoff including <a href="/wiki/Stormwater" title="Stormwater">stormwater</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Eckenfelder_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Eckenfelder-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Water pollution may affect either <a href="/wiki/Surface_water" title="Surface water">surface water</a> or <a href="/wiki/Groundwater_pollution" title="Groundwater pollution">groundwater</a>. This form of pollution can lead to many problems. One is the <a href="/wiki/Environmental_degradation" title="Environmental degradation">degradation</a> of <a href="/wiki/Aquatic_ecosystems" class="mw-redirect" title="Aquatic ecosystems">aquatic ecosystems</a>. Another is spreading <a href="/wiki/Waterborne_diseases" class="mw-redirect" title="Waterborne diseases">water-borne diseases</a> when people use polluted water for drinking or <a href="/wiki/Irrigation" title="Irrigation">irrigation</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Water pollution also reduces the <a href="/wiki/Ecosystem_service" title="Ecosystem service">ecosystem services</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Drinking_water" title="Drinking water">drinking water</a> provided by the <a href="/wiki/Water_resources" title="Water resources">water resource</a>. </p><p>Sources of water pollution are either <a href="/wiki/Point_source" title="Point source">point sources</a> or <a href="/wiki/Non-point_source" class="mw-redirect" title="Non-point source">non-point sources</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Point sources have one identifiable cause, such as a <a href="/wiki/Storm_drain" title="Storm drain">storm drain</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Wastewater_treatment_plant" class="mw-redirect" title="Wastewater treatment plant">wastewater treatment plant</a>, or an <a href="/wiki/Oil_spill" title="Oil spill">oil spill</a>. Non-point sources are more diffuse. An example is <a href="/wiki/Surface_runoff" title="Surface runoff">agricultural runoff</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Moss2008_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Moss2008-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pollution is the result of the cumulative effect over time. Pollution may take many forms. One would is toxic substances such as oil, metals, plastics, <a href="/wiki/Pesticide" title="Pesticide">pesticides</a>, <a href="/wiki/Persistent_organic_pollutant" title="Persistent organic pollutant">persistent organic pollutants</a>, and industrial waste products. Another is stressful conditions such as changes of <a href="/wiki/PH" title="PH">pH</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hypoxia_(environmental)" title="Hypoxia (environmental)">hypoxia</a> or anoxia, increased temperatures, excessive <a href="/wiki/Turbidity" title="Turbidity">turbidity</a>, or changes of <a href="/wiki/Salinity" title="Salinity">salinity</a>). The introduction of <a href="/wiki/Pathogen" title="Pathogen">pathogenic organisms</a> is another. Contaminants may include <a href="/wiki/Organic_compound" title="Organic compound">organic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Inorganic" class="mw-redirect" title="Inorganic">inorganic</a> substances. A common cause of <a href="/wiki/Thermal_pollution" title="Thermal pollution">thermal pollution</a> is the use of water as a <a href="/wiki/Coolant" title="Coolant">coolant</a> by <a href="/wiki/Power_plants" class="mw-redirect" title="Power plants">power plants</a> and industrial manufacturers. </p><p>Control of water pollution requires appropriate <a href="/wiki/Infrastructure" title="Infrastructure">infrastructure</a> and management plans as well as legislation. <a href="/wiki/Technology" title="Technology">Technology</a> solutions can include improving <a href="/wiki/Sanitation" title="Sanitation">sanitation</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sewage_treatment" title="Sewage treatment">sewage treatment</a>, <a href="/wiki/Industrial_wastewater_treatment" title="Industrial wastewater treatment">industrial wastewater treatment</a>, agricultural <a href="/wiki/Wastewater_treatment" title="Wastewater treatment">wastewater treatment</a>, <a href="/wiki/Erosion_control" title="Erosion control">erosion control</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sediment_control" title="Sediment control">sediment control</a> and control of <a href="/wiki/Urban_runoff" title="Urban runoff">urban runoff</a> (including stormwater management). </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886046785">.mw-parser-output .toclimit-2 .toclevel-1 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-3 .toclevel-2 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-4 .toclevel-3 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-5 .toclevel-4 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-6 .toclevel-5 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-7 .toclevel-6 ul{display:none}</style><div class="toclimit-3"><meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Definition">Definition</h2></div> <p>A practical definition of water pollution is: "Water pollution is the addition of substances or energy forms that directly or indirectly alter the nature of the water body in such a manner that negatively affects its legitimate uses."<sup id="cite_ref-Von_Sperling_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Von_Sperling-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 6">: 6 </span></sup> Water is typically referred to as polluted when it is impaired by <a href="/wiki/Human_impact_on_the_environment" title="Human impact on the environment">anthropogenic</a> contaminants. Due to these contaminants, it either no longer supports a certain human use, such as <a href="/wiki/Drinking_water" title="Drinking water">drinking water</a>, or undergoes a marked shift in its ability to support its biotic communities, such as fish. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Contaminants">Contaminants</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Contaminants_with_an_origin_in_sewage">Contaminants with an origin in sewage</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Waterborne_diseases#Diseases_by_type_of_pathogen" class="mw-redirect" title="Waterborne diseases">Waterborne diseases § Diseases by type of pathogen</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Sewage#Pathogens" title="Sewage">Sewage § Pathogens</a></div> <p>The following compounds can all reach water bodies via raw sewage or even treated sewage discharges: </p> <ul><li>Various chemical compounds found in personal <a href="/wiki/Hygiene" title="Hygiene">hygiene</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cosmetics" title="Cosmetics">cosmetic</a> products.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disinfection_by-product" title="Disinfection by-product">Disinfection by-products</a> found in chemically <a href="/wiki/Disinfection" class="mw-redirect" title="Disinfection">disinfected</a> <a href="/wiki/Drinking_water" title="Drinking water">drinking water</a> (whilst these chemicals can be a pollutant in the <a href="/wiki/Water_distribution_system" title="Water distribution system">water distribution network</a>, they are fairly volatile and therefore not usually found in environmental waters).<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hormone" title="Hormone">Hormones</a> (from <a href="/wiki/Animal_husbandry" title="Animal husbandry">animal husbandry</a> and residue from human <a href="/wiki/Hormonal_contraception" title="Hormonal contraception">hormonal contraception</a> methods) and synthetic materials such as <a href="/wiki/Phthalate" class="mw-redirect" title="Phthalate">phthalates</a> that mimic hormones in their action. These can have adverse impacts even at very low concentrations on the natural biota and potentially on humans if the water is treated and utilized for drinking water.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insecticide" title="Insecticide">Insecticides</a> and <a href="/wiki/Herbicide" title="Herbicide">herbicides</a>, often from agricultural runoff.</li> <li>Pathogens like <i><a href="/wiki/Hepatovirus_A" class="mw-redirect" title="Hepatovirus A">Hepatovirus A</a></i> (HAV may be present in treated wastewater outflows and receiving water bodies but is largely removed during further treatment of drinking water<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>)</li></ul> <p>Inadequately treated wastewater can convey nutrients, pathogens, heterogenous suspended solids and organic fecal matter.<sup id="cite_ref-Von_Sperling_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Von_Sperling-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 6">: 6 </span></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:South_Asia_Poster_03.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/South_Asia_Poster_03.jpg/220px-South_Asia_Poster_03.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="285" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/South_Asia_Poster_03.jpg/330px-South_Asia_Poster_03.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/South_Asia_Poster_03.jpg/440px-South_Asia_Poster_03.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1530" data-file-height="1980" /></a><figcaption>Poster to teach people in South Asia about human activities leading to the pollution of water sources</figcaption></figure> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Pollutants and their effects* </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Pollutant </th> <th>Main representative parameter </th> <th>Possible effect of the pollutant </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Suspended_solids" title="Suspended solids">Suspended solids</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Total_suspended_solids" title="Total suspended solids">Total suspended solids</a> </td> <td> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aesthetics" title="Aesthetics">Aesthetic</a> problems</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sludge" title="Sludge">Sludge</a> deposits</li> <li>Pollutants <a href="/wiki/Adsorption" title="Adsorption">adsorption</a></li> <li>Protection of pathogens</li></ul> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Biodegradable organic matter </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Biochemical_oxygen_demand" title="Biochemical oxygen demand">Biological oxygen demand</a> (BOD) </td> <td> <ul><li>Oxygen consumption</li> <li>Death of fish</li> <li>Septic conditions</li></ul> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Nutrient" title="Nutrient">Nutrients</a> </td> <td> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nitrogen" title="Nitrogen">Nitrogen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phosphorus" title="Phosphorus">Phosphorus</a></li></ul> </td> <td> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Harmful_algal_bloom" title="Harmful algal bloom">Excessive algae growth</a></li> <li>Toxicity to fish (<a href="/wiki/Ammonia" title="Ammonia">ammonia</a>)</li> <li>Illnesses in new-born infants (<a href="/wiki/Blue_baby_syndrome" title="Blue baby syndrome">blue baby syndrome</a> from <a href="/wiki/Nitrate" title="Nitrate">nitrate</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Groundwater_pollution" title="Groundwater pollution">Pollution of groundwater</a></li></ul> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Pathogens </td> <td> <ul><li>Coliforms, such as <i><a href="/wiki/Escherichia_coli" title="Escherichia coli">E. coli</a></i>, may not be pathogenic in and of themselves, but are used as <a href="/wiki/Indicator_bacteria" title="Indicator bacteria">an indicator</a> of co-occurring pathogens that should take slightly less time to die or degrade<sup id="cite_ref-Von_Sperling_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Von_Sperling-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 51">: 51 </span></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helminth_eggs" class="mw-redirect" title="Helminth eggs">Helminth eggs</a><sup id="cite_ref-Von_Sperling_1-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Von_Sperling-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 55">: 55 </span></sup><sup id="cite_ref-World_Health_Organization_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-World_Health_Organization-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> </td> <td>Waterborne diseases </td></tr> <tr> <td>Non-biodegradable organic matter </td> <td> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pesticide" title="Pesticide">Pesticides</a></li> <li>Some detergents</li> <li>Others</li></ul> </td> <td> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Toxicity" title="Toxicity">Toxicity</a> (various)</li> <li>Foam (<a href="/wiki/Detergent" title="Detergent">detergents</a>)</li> <li>Reduction of oxygen transfer (detergents)</li> <li>Non-<a href="/wiki/Biodegradation" title="Biodegradation">biodegradability</a></li> <li>Bad <a href="/wiki/Odor" title="Odor">odors</a> (e.g.: <a href="/wiki/Phenols" title="Phenols">phenols</a>)</li></ul> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Inorganic dissolved solids </td> <td> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Total_dissolved_solids" title="Total dissolved solids">Total dissolved solids</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conductivity_(electrolytic)" title="Conductivity (electrolytic)">Conductivity</a></li></ul> </td> <td> <ul><li>Excessive <a href="/wiki/Salinity" title="Salinity">salinity</a> – harm to plantations (<a href="/wiki/Irrigation" title="Irrigation">irrigation</a>)</li> <li>Toxicity to plants (some ions)</li> <li>Problems with <a href="/wiki/Permeability_(Earth_sciences)" class="mw-redirect" title="Permeability (Earth sciences)">soil permeability</a> (<a href="/wiki/Sodium" title="Sodium">sodium</a>)</li></ul> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="3" style="text-align: left;">* Sources of these pollutants are household and industrial wastewater, urban runoff and stormwater drainage from agricultural areas<sup id="cite_ref-Von_Sperling_1-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Von_Sperling-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 7">: 7 </span></sup> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Pathogens">Pathogens</h4></div> <p>Bacteria, viruses, <a href="/wiki/Protozoan" class="mw-redirect" title="Protozoan">protozoans</a> and <a href="/wiki/Parasitic_worm" title="Parasitic worm">parasitic worms</a> are examples of pathogens that can be found in wastewater.<sup id="cite_ref-Von_Sperling_1-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Von_Sperling-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 47">: 47 </span></sup> In practice, <a href="/wiki/Indicator_organism" title="Indicator organism">indicator organisms</a> are used to investigate pathogenic pollution of water because the detection of pathogenic organisms in water sample is difficult and costly, because of their low concentrations. The indicators (<a href="/wiki/Indicator_bacteria" title="Indicator bacteria">bacterial indicator</a>) of fecal contamination of water samples most commonly used are total coliforms (TC) or fecal coliforms (FC), the latter also referred to as thermotolerant coliforms, such as <i><a href="/wiki/Escherichia_coli" title="Escherichia coli">Escherichia coli</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Von_Sperling_1-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Von_Sperling-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 52–53">: 52–53 </span></sup> </p><p>Pathogens can produce waterborne diseases in either human or animal hosts.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some microorganisms sometimes found in contaminated surface waters that have caused human health problems include <i><a href="/wiki/Burkholderia_pseudomallei" title="Burkholderia pseudomallei">Burkholderia pseudomallei</a>,</i> <i><a href="/wiki/Cryptosporidium_parvum" title="Cryptosporidium parvum">Cryptosporidium parvum</a>,</i> <i><a href="/wiki/Giardia_lamblia" class="mw-redirect" title="Giardia lamblia">Giardia lamblia</a>,</i> <i><a href="/wiki/Salmonella" title="Salmonella">Salmonella</a>,</i> <a href="/wiki/Norovirus" title="Norovirus">norovirus</a> and other viruses, and parasitic worms including the <i><a href="/wiki/Schistosoma" title="Schistosoma">Schistosoma</a></i> type.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The source of high levels of pathogens in water bodies can be from <a href="/wiki/Human_feces" title="Human feces">human feces</a> (due to <a href="/wiki/Open_defecation" title="Open defecation">open defecation</a>), sewage, <a href="/wiki/Blackwater_(waste)" title="Blackwater (waste)">blackwater</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Manure" title="Manure">manure</a> that has found its way into the water body. The cause for this can be lack of sanitation procedures or poorly functioning on-site <a href="/wiki/Sanitation" title="Sanitation">sanitation</a> systems (<a href="/wiki/Septic_tank" title="Septic tank">septic tanks</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pit_latrine" title="Pit latrine">pit latrines</a>), <a href="/wiki/Sewage_treatment" title="Sewage treatment">sewage treatment plants</a> without disinfection steps, <a href="/wiki/Sanitary_sewer_overflow" title="Sanitary sewer overflow">sanitary sewer overflows</a> and <a href="/wiki/Combined_sewer_overflow" class="mw-redirect" title="Combined sewer overflow">combined sewer overflows</a> (CSOs)<sup id="cite_ref-EPARTC_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EPARTC-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> during storm events and <a href="/wiki/Intensive_farming" title="Intensive farming">intensive agriculture</a> (poorly managed livestock operations). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Organic_compounds">Organic compounds</h3></div> <p>Organic substances that enter water bodies are often <a href="/wiki/Toxic" class="mw-redirect" title="Toxic">toxic</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Laws-aquatic_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Laws-aquatic-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 229">: 229 </span></sup> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Petroleum" title="Petroleum">Petroleum</a> hydrocarbons, including fuels (<a href="/wiki/Gasoline" title="Gasoline">gasoline</a>, <a href="/wiki/Diesel_fuel" title="Diesel fuel">diesel fuel</a>, jet fuels, and <a href="/wiki/Fuel_oil" title="Fuel oil">fuel oil</a>) and lubricants (motor oil), and fuel <a href="/wiki/Combustion" title="Combustion">combustion</a> byproducts, from <a href="/wiki/Oil_spill" title="Oil spill">oil spills</a> or <a href="/wiki/Stormwater" title="Stormwater">storm water</a> runoff<sup id="cite_ref-Burton_&_Pitt_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Burton_&_Pitt-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volatile_organic_compounds" class="mw-redirect" title="Volatile organic compounds">Volatile organic compounds</a>, such as improperly stored industrial <a href="/wiki/Solvent" title="Solvent">solvents</a>. Problematic species are <a href="/wiki/Organochloride" class="mw-redirect" title="Organochloride">organochlorides</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Polychlorinated_biphenyl" title="Polychlorinated biphenyl">polychlorinated biphenyl</a> (PCBs) and <a href="/wiki/Trichloroethylene" title="Trichloroethylene">trichloroethylene</a>, a common solvent.</li></ul> <p><a href="/wiki/Per-_and_polyfluoroalkyl_substances" title="Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances">Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances</a> (PFAS) are <a href="/wiki/Persistent_organic_pollutant" title="Persistent organic pollutant">persistent organic pollutants</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-linkinghub.elsevier.com_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-linkinghub.elsevier.com-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Inorganic_contaminants">Inorganic contaminants</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:B%C3%BCtzflethermoor_Rotschlammdeponie_Luftaufnahmen_2012-05-by-RaBoe-478-1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/B%C3%BCtzflethermoor_Rotschlammdeponie_Luftaufnahmen_2012-05-by-RaBoe-478-1.jpg/220px-B%C3%BCtzflethermoor_Rotschlammdeponie_Luftaufnahmen_2012-05-by-RaBoe-478-1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="127" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/B%C3%BCtzflethermoor_Rotschlammdeponie_Luftaufnahmen_2012-05-by-RaBoe-478-1.jpg/330px-B%C3%BCtzflethermoor_Rotschlammdeponie_Luftaufnahmen_2012-05-by-RaBoe-478-1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/B%C3%BCtzflethermoor_Rotschlammdeponie_Luftaufnahmen_2012-05-by-RaBoe-478-1.jpg/440px-B%C3%BCtzflethermoor_Rotschlammdeponie_Luftaufnahmen_2012-05-by-RaBoe-478-1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="989" data-file-height="570" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Red_mud" title="Red mud">Bauxite residue</a> is an <a href="/wiki/Industrial_waste" title="Industrial waste">industrial waste</a> that is dangerously alkaline and can lead to water pollution if not managed appropriately (photo from <a href="/wiki/Stade" title="Stade">Stade</a>, Germany).</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Muddy_USGS.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Muddy_USGS.jpg/220px-Muddy_USGS.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Muddy_USGS.jpg/330px-Muddy_USGS.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Muddy_USGS.jpg/440px-Muddy_USGS.jpg 2x" data-file-width="732" data-file-height="488" /></a><figcaption>Muddy river polluted by sediment</figcaption></figure> <p>Inorganic water pollutants include: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ammonia" title="Ammonia">Ammonia</a> from food processing waste</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heavy_metals" title="Heavy metals">Heavy metals</a> from <a href="/wiki/Motor_vehicle" title="Motor vehicle">motor vehicles</a> (via <a href="/wiki/Urban_runoff" title="Urban runoff">urban storm water runoff</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-Burton_&_Pitt_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Burton_&_Pitt-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Acid_mine_drainage" title="Acid mine drainage">acid mine drainage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nitrates" class="mw-redirect" title="Nitrates">Nitrates</a> and <a href="/wiki/Phosphate" title="Phosphate">phosphates</a>, from sewage and agriculture (<i>see</i> <a href="/wiki/Nutrient_pollution" title="Nutrient pollution">nutrient pollution</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silt" title="Silt">Silt</a> (<a href="/wiki/Sediment" title="Sediment">sediment</a>) in runoff from construction sites or sewage, logging, <a href="/wiki/Slash_and_burn" class="mw-redirect" title="Slash and burn">slash and burn</a> practices land clearing sites</li> <li>Salt: <a href="/wiki/Freshwater_salinization" title="Freshwater salinization">Freshwater salinization</a> is the process of salty runoff contaminating <a href="/wiki/Freshwater_ecosystem" title="Freshwater ecosystem">freshwater ecosystems</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Kaushal_et_al_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kaushal_et_al-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Human-induced salinization is termed as secondary salinization, with the use of <a href="/wiki/De-icing" class="mw-redirect" title="De-icing">de-icing</a> road salts as the most common form of runoff.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Cañedo-Argüelles_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cañedo-Argüelles-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pharmaceutical_pollutants">Pharmaceutical pollutants</h3></div> <div class="excerpt-block"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1066933788">.mw-parser-output .excerpt-hat .mw-editsection-like{font-style:normal}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable dablink excerpt-hat selfref">This section is an excerpt from <a href="/wiki/Environmental_impact_of_pharmaceuticals_and_personal_care_products" title="Environmental impact of pharmaceuticals and personal care products">Environmental impact of pharmaceuticals and personal care products</a>.<span class="mw-editsection-like plainlinks"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Environmental_impact_of_pharmaceuticals_and_personal_care_products&action=edit">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div><div class="excerpt"> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Environmental_impact_of_pharmaceuticals_and_personal_care_products" title="Environmental impact of pharmaceuticals and personal care products">environmental effect of pharmaceuticals and personal care products</a> (PPCPs) is being investigated since at least the 1990s. PPCPs include substances used by individuals for personal health or <a href="/wiki/Cosmetics" title="Cosmetics">cosmetic</a> reasons and the products used by <a href="/wiki/Agribusiness" title="Agribusiness">agribusiness</a> to boost growth or health of livestock. More than twenty million tons of PPCPs are produced every year.<sup id="cite_ref-Environmental_impact_of_pharmaceuticals_and_personal_care_products_:0_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Environmental_impact_of_pharmaceuticals_and_personal_care_products_:0-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a> has declared <a href="/wiki/Medication" title="Medication">pharmaceutical</a> residues with the potential of contamination of water and soil to be "priority substances".<a href="/wiki/Environmental_impact_of_pharmaceuticals_and_personal_care_products#cite_note-WFD2013-2" title="Environmental impact of pharmaceuticals and personal care products"><sup>[3]</sup></a> </p><p>PPCPs have been detected in water bodies throughout the world. More research is needed to evaluate the risks of <a href="/wiki/Toxicity" title="Toxicity">toxicity</a>, persistence, and <a href="/wiki/Bioaccumulation" title="Bioaccumulation">bioaccumulation</a>, but the current state of research shows that personal care products impact the environment and other species, such as coral reefs<sup id="cite_ref-Environmental_impact_of_pharmaceuticals_and_personal_care_products_shinn_2019_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Environmental_impact_of_pharmaceuticals_and_personal_care_products_shinn_2019-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and fish.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> PPCPs encompass <a href="/wiki/Environmental_persistent_pharmaceutical_pollutant" title="Environmental persistent pharmaceutical pollutant">environmental persistent pharmaceutical pollutants</a> (EPPPs) and are one type of <a href="/wiki/Persistent_organic_pollutant" title="Persistent organic pollutant">persistent organic pollutants</a>. They are not removed in conventional <a href="/wiki/Sewage_treatment" title="Sewage treatment">sewage treatment plants</a> but require a <a href="/wiki/Fourth_treatment_stage" class="mw-redirect" title="Fourth treatment stage">fourth treatment stage</a> which not many plants have.<sup id="cite_ref-Environmental_impact_of_pharmaceuticals_and_personal_care_products_:0_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Environmental_impact_of_pharmaceuticals_and_personal_care_products_:0-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> In 2022, the most comprehensive study of pharmaceutical pollution of the world's rivers found that <a href="/wiki/List_of_environmental_issues" title="List of environmental issues">it threatens</a> "environmental and/or human health in more than a quarter of the studied locations". It investigated 1,052 sampling sites along 258 rivers in 104 countries, representing the river pollution of 470 million people. It found that "the most contaminated sites were in low- to middle-income countries and were associated with areas with poor wastewater and waste management infrastructure and <a href="/wiki/Pharmaceutical_manufacturing" title="Pharmaceutical manufacturing">pharmaceutical manufacturing</a>" and lists the most frequently detected and concentrated pharmaceuticals.<sup id="cite_ref-Environmental_impact_of_pharmaceuticals_and_personal_care_products_:4_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Environmental_impact_of_pharmaceuticals_and_personal_care_products_:4-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Environmental_impact_of_pharmaceuticals_and_personal_care_products_:7_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Environmental_impact_of_pharmaceuticals_and_personal_care_products_:7-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_persistent_pharmaceutical_pollutant" title="Environmental persistent pharmaceutical pollutant">Environmental persistent pharmaceutical pollutants</a>, which can include various <a href="/wiki/Pharmaceutical_drug" class="mw-redirect" title="Pharmaceutical drug">pharmaceutical drugs</a> and their <a href="/wiki/Metabolite" title="Metabolite">metabolites</a> (<i>see also</i> <a href="/wiki/Drug_pollution" title="Drug pollution">drug pollution</a>), such as <a href="/wiki/Antidepressant" title="Antidepressant">antidepressant</a> drugs, <a href="/wiki/Antibiotic" title="Antibiotic">antibiotics</a> or the <a href="/wiki/Oral_contraceptive_pill" title="Oral contraceptive pill">contraceptive pill</a>.</li> <li>Metabolites of <a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade" title="Illegal drug trade">illicit drugs</a> (see also <a href="/wiki/Wastewater-based_epidemiology" title="Wastewater-based epidemiology">wastewater epidemiology</a>), for example <a href="/wiki/Methamphetamine" title="Methamphetamine">methamphetamine</a> and <a href="/wiki/MDMA" title="MDMA">ecstasy.</a><sup id="cite_ref-journals.biologists.com_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-journals.biologists.com-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-De_Lorenzo_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-De_Lorenzo-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Solid_waste_and_plastics">Solid waste and plastics</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Canal-pollution.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Canal-pollution.jpg/220px-Canal-pollution.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Canal-pollution.jpg/330px-Canal-pollution.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Canal-pollution.jpg/440px-Canal-pollution.jpg 2x" data-file-width="450" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>Solid waste and plastics in the <a href="/wiki/Lachine_Canal" title="Lachine Canal">Lachine Canal</a>, Canada</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Sewage#Solid_waste" title="Sewage">Sewage § Solid waste</a>, <a href="/wiki/Plastic_pollution" title="Plastic pollution">Plastic pollution</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Marine_plastic_pollution" title="Marine plastic pollution">Marine plastic pollution</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Municipal_solid_waste" title="Municipal solid waste">Solid waste</a> can enter water bodies through untreated sewage, combined sewer overflows, urban runoff, people discarding <a href="/wiki/Garbage" title="Garbage">garbage</a> into the environment, wind carrying municipal solid waste from <a href="/wiki/Landfill" title="Landfill">landfills</a> and so forth. This results in <a href="/wiki/Macroscopic_scale" title="Macroscopic scale">macroscopic</a> pollution– large visible items polluting the water– but also <a href="/wiki/Microplastics" title="Microplastics">microplastics</a> pollution that is not directly visible. The terms <a href="/wiki/Marine_debris" title="Marine debris">marine debris</a> and <a href="/wiki/Marine_plastic_pollution" title="Marine plastic pollution">marine plastic pollution</a> are used in the context of pollution of oceans. </p><p>Microplastics persist in the environment at high levels, particularly in <a href="/wiki/Aquatic_ecosystem" title="Aquatic ecosystem">aquatic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Marine_ecosystem" title="Marine ecosystem">marine ecosystems</a>, where they cause water pollution.<sup id="cite_ref-:9_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:9-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 35% of all ocean microplastics come from textiles/clothing, primarily due to the erosion of polyester, acrylic, or nylon-based clothing, often during the washing process.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Stormwater, untreated sewage and wind are the primary conduits for microplastics from land to sea. Synthetic fabrics, tyres, and city dust are the most common sources of microplastics. These three sources account for more than 80% of all microplastic contamination.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Types_of_surface_water_pollution">Types of surface water pollution</h2></div> <p>Surface water pollution includes pollution of rivers, lakes and oceans. A subset of surface water pollution is <a href="/wiki/Marine_pollution" title="Marine pollution">marine pollution</a> which affects the oceans. <a href="/wiki/Nutrient_pollution" title="Nutrient pollution">Nutrient pollution</a> refers to contamination by excessive inputs of <a href="/wiki/Nutrients" class="mw-redirect" title="Nutrients">nutrients</a>. </p><p>Globally, about 4.5 billion people do not have <a href="/wiki/Improved_sanitation" title="Improved sanitation">safely managed sanitation</a> as of 2017, according to an estimate by the <a href="/wiki/Joint_Monitoring_Programme_for_Water_Supply_and_Sanitation" title="Joint Monitoring Programme for Water Supply and Sanitation">Joint Monitoring Programme for Water Supply and Sanitation</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-JMP2017_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JMP2017-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Lack of access to sanitation is concerning and often leads to water pollution, e.g. via the practice of <a href="/wiki/Open_defecation" title="Open defecation">open defecation</a>: during rain events or floods, the <a href="/wiki/Human_feces" title="Human feces">human feces</a> are moved from the ground where they were deposited into surface waters. Simple <a href="/wiki/Pit_latrines" class="mw-redirect" title="Pit latrines">pit latrines</a> may also get flooded during rain events. </p><p>As of 2022, <a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">Europe</a> and <a href="/wiki/Central_Asia" title="Central Asia">Central Asia</a> account for around 16% of global <a href="/wiki/Microplastic" class="mw-redirect" title="Microplastic">microplastics</a> discharge into the seas,<sup id="cite_ref-:0_35-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and although management of plastic waste and <a href="/wiki/Plastic_recycling" title="Plastic recycling">its recycling</a> is improving globally, the absolute amount of plastic pollution continues to increase unabated due to the large amount of plastic that is being produced and disposed of.<sup id="cite_ref-ritchie2023_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ritchie2023-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Even if sea plastic pollution were to stop entirely, microplastic contamination of the surface ocean would be projected to continue to increase.<sup id="cite_ref-ritchie2023_39-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ritchie2023-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Marine_pollution">Marine pollution</h3></div> <div class="excerpt-block"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable dablink excerpt-hat selfref">This section is an excerpt from <a href="/wiki/Marine_pollution" title="Marine pollution">Marine pollution</a>.<span class="mw-editsection-like plainlinks"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Marine_pollution&action=edit">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div><div class="excerpt"> <a href="/wiki/Marine_pollution" title="Marine pollution">Marine pollution</a> occurs when substances used or spread by humans, such as <a href="/wiki/Industrial_waste" title="Industrial waste">industrial</a>, <a href="/wiki/Agricultural_pollution" title="Agricultural pollution">agricultural</a> and <a href="/wiki/Municipal_solid_waste" title="Municipal solid waste">residential</a> <a href="/wiki/Waste" title="Waste">waste</a>, <a href="/wiki/Particle_(ecology)" title="Particle (ecology)">particles</a>, <a href="/wiki/Noise" title="Noise">noise</a>, excess <a href="/wiki/Carbon_dioxide" title="Carbon dioxide">carbon dioxide</a> or <a href="/wiki/Invasive_organism" class="mw-redirect" title="Invasive organism">invasive organisms</a> enter the <a href="/wiki/Ocean" title="Ocean">ocean</a> and cause harmful effects there. The majority of this waste (80%) comes from land-based activity, although <a href="/wiki/Marine_Transportation" class="mw-redirect" title="Marine Transportation">marine transportation</a> significantly contributes as well.<sup id="cite_ref-Marine_pollution_:03_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Marine_pollution_:03-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is a combination of chemicals and trash, most of which comes from land sources and is washed or blown into the ocean. This pollution results in damage to the environment, to the health of all organisms, and to economic structures worldwide.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Since most inputs come from land, either via the <a href="/wiki/River" title="River">rivers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sewage" title="Sewage">sewage</a> or the atmosphere, it means that <a href="/wiki/Continental_shelf" title="Continental shelf">continental shelves</a> are more vulnerable to pollution. <a href="/wiki/Air_pollution" title="Air pollution">Air pollution</a> is also a contributing factor by carrying off iron, carbonic acid, <a href="/wiki/Nitrogen" title="Nitrogen">nitrogen</a>, silicon, sulfur, <a href="/wiki/Pesticides" class="mw-redirect" title="Pesticides">pesticides</a> or dust particles into the ocean.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The pollution often comes from <a href="/wiki/Nonpoint_source_pollution" title="Nonpoint source pollution">nonpoint sources</a> such as agricultural <a href="/wiki/Surface_runoff" title="Surface runoff">runoff</a>, wind-blown <a href="/wiki/Debris" title="Debris">debris</a>, and dust. These nonpoint sources are largely due to runoff that enters the ocean through rivers, but wind-blown debris and dust can also play a role, as these pollutants can settle into waterways and oceans.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pathways of pollution include direct discharge, land runoff, <a href="/wiki/Environmental_effects_of_shipping" class="mw-redirect" title="Environmental effects of shipping">ship pollution</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bilge_pollution" title="Bilge pollution">bilge pollution</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dredging" title="Dredging">dredging</a> (which can create <a href="/wiki/Dredge_plume" title="Dredge plume">dredge plumes</a>), atmospheric pollution and, potentially, <a href="/wiki/Deep_sea_mining" title="Deep sea mining">deep sea mining</a>.</div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Nutrient_pollution">Nutrient pollution</h3></div> <div class="excerpt-block"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable dablink excerpt-hat selfref">This section is an excerpt from <a href="/wiki/Nutrient_pollution" title="Nutrient pollution">Nutrient pollution</a>.<span class="mw-editsection-like plainlinks"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nutrient_pollution&action=edit">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div><div class="excerpt"> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Runoff_of_soil_%26_fertilizer.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Runoff_of_soil_%26_fertilizer.jpg/220px-Runoff_of_soil_%26_fertilizer.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="157" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Runoff_of_soil_%26_fertilizer.jpg/330px-Runoff_of_soil_%26_fertilizer.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Runoff_of_soil_%26_fertilizer.jpg/440px-Runoff_of_soil_%26_fertilizer.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2100" data-file-height="1500" /></a><figcaption>Nutrient pollution caused by <a href="/wiki/Surface_runoff" title="Surface runoff">Surface runoff</a> of soil and <a href="/wiki/Fertilizer" title="Fertilizer">fertilizer</a> during a rain storm</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Nutrient_pollution" title="Nutrient pollution">Nutrient pollution,</a> a form of water pollution, refers to contamination by excessive inputs of <a href="/wiki/Nutrients" class="mw-redirect" title="Nutrients">nutrients</a>. It is a primary cause of <a href="/wiki/Eutrophication" title="Eutrophication">eutrophication</a> of <a href="/wiki/Surface_water" title="Surface water">surface waters</a> (lakes, rivers and <a href="/wiki/Coast" title="Coast">coastal waters</a>), in which excess nutrients, usually <a href="/wiki/Nitrogen" title="Nitrogen">nitrogen</a> or <a href="/wiki/Phosphorus" title="Phosphorus">phosphorus</a>, stimulate <a href="/wiki/Algae" title="Algae">algal</a> growth.<sup id="cite_ref-Nutrient_pollution_Walters-Nutrient_Pollution_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nutrient_pollution_Walters-Nutrient_Pollution-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sources of nutrient pollution include <a href="/wiki/Surface_runoff" title="Surface runoff">surface runoff</a> from farm fields and pastures, discharges from <a href="/wiki/Septic_tank" title="Septic tank">septic tanks</a> and <a href="/wiki/Feedlot" title="Feedlot">feedlots</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Air_pollution" title="Air pollution">emissions</a> from combustion. Raw <a href="/wiki/Sewage" title="Sewage">sewage</a> is a large contributor to cultural eutrophication since sewage is high in nutrients. Releasing raw sewage into a large water body is referred to as sewage dumping, and still occurs all over the world. Excess <a href="/wiki/Reactive_nitrogen" title="Reactive nitrogen">reactive nitrogen</a> compounds in the environment are associated with many large-scale environmental concerns. These include <a href="/wiki/Eutrophication" title="Eutrophication">eutrophication</a> of <a href="/wiki/Surface_water" title="Surface water">surface waters</a>, <a href="/wiki/Harmful_algal_bloom" title="Harmful algal bloom">harmful algal blooms</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hypoxia_(environmental)" title="Hypoxia (environmental)">hypoxia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Acid_rain" title="Acid rain">acid rain</a>, nitrogen saturation in forests, and <a href="/wiki/Climate_change" title="Climate change">climate change</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Thermal_pollution">Thermal pollution</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Brayton_Point_Power_Station.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Brayton_Point_Power_Station.JPG/220px-Brayton_Point_Power_Station.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Brayton_Point_Power_Station.JPG/330px-Brayton_Point_Power_Station.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Brayton_Point_Power_Station.JPG/440px-Brayton_Point_Power_Station.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1920" data-file-height="1080" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Brayton_Point_Power_Station" title="Brayton Point Power Station">Brayton Point Power Station</a> in Massachusetts discharged heated water to <a href="/wiki/Mount_Hope_Bay" title="Mount Hope Bay">Mount Hope Bay</a> until 2011.</figcaption></figure> <div class="excerpt-block"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable dablink excerpt-hat selfref">This section is an excerpt from <a href="/wiki/Thermal_pollution" title="Thermal pollution">Thermal pollution</a>.<span class="mw-editsection-like plainlinks"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Thermal_pollution&action=edit">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div><div class="excerpt"> <a href="/wiki/Thermal_pollution" title="Thermal pollution">Thermal pollution</a>, sometimes called "thermal enrichment", is the degradation of <a href="/wiki/Water_quality" title="Water quality">water quality</a> by any process that changes ambient water <a href="/wiki/Temperature" title="Temperature">temperature</a>. Thermal pollution is the rise or drop in the temperature of a natural <a href="/wiki/Body_of_water" title="Body of water">body of water</a> caused by <a href="/wiki/Human_impact_on_the_environment" title="Human impact on the environment">human influence</a>. Thermal pollution, unlike chemical pollution, results in a change in the physical <a href="/wiki/Properties_of_water" title="Properties of water">properties of water</a>. A common cause of thermal pollution is the use of water as a <a href="/wiki/Coolant" title="Coolant">coolant</a> by <a href="/wiki/Power_plant" class="mw-redirect" title="Power plant">power plants</a> and industrial manufacturers.<sup id="cite_ref-Thermal_pollution_Brayton_Point_permit_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Thermal_pollution_Brayton_Point_permit-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Urban_runoff" title="Urban runoff">Urban runoff</a>—<a href="/wiki/Stormwater" title="Stormwater">stormwater</a> discharged to surface waters from rooftops, roads, and parking lots—and <a href="/wiki/Reservoir" title="Reservoir">reservoirs</a> can also be a source of thermal pollution.<sup id="cite_ref-Thermal_pollution_EPA-Urban_runoff-2003_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Thermal_pollution_EPA-Urban_runoff-2003-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Thermal pollution can also be caused by the release of very cold water from the base of reservoirs into warmer rivers.</div></div> <p>Elevated water temperatures decrease <a href="/wiki/Oxygen" title="Oxygen">oxygen</a> levels (due to lower levels of <a href="/wiki/Dissolved_oxygen" class="mw-redirect" title="Dissolved oxygen">dissolved oxygen</a>, as gases are less soluble in warmer liquids), which can kill fish (which may then rot) and alter <a href="/wiki/Food_chain" title="Food chain">food chain</a> composition, reduce species <a href="/wiki/Biodiversity" title="Biodiversity">biodiversity</a>, and foster invasion by new <a href="/wiki/Thermophilic" class="mw-redirect" title="Thermophilic">thermophilic</a> species.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 179">: 179 </span></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Laws-aquatic_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Laws-aquatic-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 375">: 375 </span></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Biological_pollution">Biological pollution</h3></div> <p>The introduction of aquatic <a href="/wiki/Invasive_species" title="Invasive species">invasive organisms</a> is a form of water pollution as well. It causes <a href="/wiki/Biological_pollution" title="Biological pollution">biological pollution</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Groundwater_pollution">Groundwater pollution</h2></div> <div class="excerpt-block"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable dablink excerpt-hat selfref">This section is an excerpt from <a href="/wiki/Groundwater_pollution" title="Groundwater pollution">Groundwater pollution</a>.<span class="mw-editsection-like plainlinks"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Groundwater_pollution&action=edit">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div><div class="excerpt"> <a href="/wiki/Groundwater_pollution" title="Groundwater pollution">Groundwater pollution</a> (also called groundwater contamination) occurs when <a href="/wiki/Pollutant" title="Pollutant">pollutants</a> are released to the ground and make their way into <a href="/wiki/Groundwater" title="Groundwater">groundwater</a>. This type of water pollution can also occur naturally due to the presence of a minor and unwanted constituent, contaminant, or impurity in the groundwater, in which case it is more likely referred to as <a href="/wiki/Contamination" title="Contamination">contamination</a> rather than <a href="/wiki/Pollution" title="Pollution">pollution</a>. Groundwater pollution can occur from on-site <a href="/wiki/Sanitation" title="Sanitation">sanitation</a> systems, <a href="/wiki/Landfill" title="Landfill">landfill</a> leachate, effluent from <a href="/wiki/Wastewater_treatment_plants" class="mw-redirect" title="Wastewater treatment plants">wastewater treatment plants</a>, leaking sewers, petrol <a href="/wiki/Filling_station" title="Filling station">filling stations</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hydraulic_fracturing" class="mw-redirect" title="Hydraulic fracturing">hydraulic fracturing</a> (fracking) or from over application of <a href="/wiki/Fertilizer" title="Fertilizer">fertilizers</a> in <a href="/wiki/Agriculture" title="Agriculture">agriculture</a>. Pollution (or contamination) can also occur from naturally occurring contaminants, such as <a href="/wiki/Arsenic_contamination_of_groundwater" title="Arsenic contamination of groundwater">arsenic</a> or <a href="/wiki/Fluoride" title="Fluoride">fluoride</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Using polluted groundwater causes hazards to <a href="/wiki/Public_health" title="Public health">public health</a> through poisoning or the spread of disease (<a href="/wiki/Waterborne_diseases" class="mw-redirect" title="Waterborne diseases">water-borne diseases</a>).</div></div><p>In many areas of the world, groundwater pollution poses a hazard to the wellbeing of people and ecosystems. One-quarter of the world's population depends on groundwater for drinking, yet concentrated recharging is known to carry short-lived contaminants into carbonate aquifers and jeopardize the purity of those waters.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Pollution_from_point_sources">Pollution from point sources</h2></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Point_source_water_pollution" class="mw-redirect" title="Point source water pollution">Point source water pollution</a> refers to contaminants that enter a waterway from a single, identifiable source, such as a <a href="/wiki/Water_pipe" class="mw-redirect" title="Water pipe">pipe</a> or <a href="/wiki/Ditch" title="Ditch">ditch</a>. Examples of sources in this category include discharges from a sewage treatment plant, a factory, or a city <a href="/wiki/Storm_drain" title="Storm drain">storm drain</a>. </p><p>The U.S. <a href="/wiki/Clean_Water_Act" title="Clean Water Act">Clean Water Act</a> (CWA) defines point source for regulatory enforcement purposes (<i>see</i> <a href="/wiki/United_States_regulation_of_point_source_water_pollution" title="United States regulation of point source water pollution">United States regulation of point source water pollution</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The CWA definition of point source was amended in 1987 to include municipal storm sewer systems, as well as industrial storm water, such as from construction sites.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sewage">Sewage</h3></div><p> Sewage typically consists of 99.9% water and 0.1% solids.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sewage contributes many classes of nutrients that lead to <a href="/wiki/Eutrophication" title="Eutrophication">Eutrophication</a>. It is a major source of phosphate for example.<sup id="cite_ref-WPC2_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WPC2-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sewage is often contaminated with diverse compounds found in personal <a href="/wiki/Hygiene" title="Hygiene">hygiene</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cosmetics" title="Cosmetics">cosmetics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pharmaceutical_drug" class="mw-redirect" title="Pharmaceutical drug">pharmaceutical drugs</a> (see also <a href="/wiki/Drug_pollution" title="Drug pollution">drug pollution</a>), and their metabolites<sup id="cite_ref-journals.biologists.com_31-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-journals.biologists.com-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-De_Lorenzo_32-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-De_Lorenzo-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Water pollution due to environmental persistent pharmaceutical pollutants can have wide-ranging consequences. When sewers overflow during storm events this can lead to water pollution from untreated sewage. Such events are called <a href="/wiki/Sanitary_sewer_overflow" title="Sanitary sewer overflow">sanitary sewer overflows</a> or <a href="/wiki/Combined_sewer" title="Combined sewer">combined sewer overflows</a>.</p><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:AngleseyCopperStream.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/AngleseyCopperStream.jpg/170px-AngleseyCopperStream.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/AngleseyCopperStream.jpg/255px-AngleseyCopperStream.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/AngleseyCopperStream.jpg/340px-AngleseyCopperStream.jpg 2x" data-file-width="492" data-file-height="656" /></a><figcaption>A polluted river draining an abandoned <a href="/wiki/Copper_mine" class="mw-redirect" title="Copper mine">copper mine</a> on <a href="/wiki/Anglesey" title="Anglesey">Anglesey</a></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Industrial_wastewater">Industrial wastewater</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Perfluorooctanesulfonic_acid.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Perfluorooctanesulfonic_acid.svg/220px-Perfluorooctanesulfonic_acid.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="66" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Perfluorooctanesulfonic_acid.svg/330px-Perfluorooctanesulfonic_acid.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Perfluorooctanesulfonic_acid.svg/440px-Perfluorooctanesulfonic_acid.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="480" data-file-height="145" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Perfluorooctanesulfonic_acid" title="Perfluorooctanesulfonic acid">Perfluorooctanesulfonic acid</a> (PFOS) is a global <a href="/wiki/Pollutant" title="Pollutant">pollutant</a> that has been found in drinking water. It appears not to biodegrade.<sup id="cite_ref-PR09May_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PR09May-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Industrial_wastewater_treatment" title="Industrial wastewater treatment">Industrial wastewater treatment</a></div> <p>Industrial processes that use water also produce wastewater. This is called <a href="/wiki/Industrial_wastewater_treatment" title="Industrial wastewater treatment">industrial wastewater</a>. Using the US as an example, the main industrial consumers of water (using over 60% of the total consumption) are power plants, petroleum refineries, iron and steel mills, pulp and paper mills, and food processing industries.<sup id="cite_ref-Eckenfelder_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Eckenfelder-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some industries discharge chemical wastes, including solvents and heavy metals (which are toxic) and other harmful pollutants. </p><p>Industrial wastewater could add the following pollutants to receiving water bodies if the wastewater is not treated and managed properly: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Toxic_heavy_metal" title="Toxic heavy metal">Heavy metals</a>, including <a href="/wiki/Mercury_(element)" title="Mercury (element)">mercury</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lead" title="Lead">lead</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Chromium" title="Chromium">chromium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organic_material" class="mw-redirect" title="Organic material">Organic</a> matter and nutrients such as <a href="/wiki/Food_waste" class="mw-redirect" title="Food waste">food waste</a>: Certain industries (e.g. <a href="/wiki/Food_processing" title="Food processing">food processing</a>, <a href="/wiki/Slaughterhouse" title="Slaughterhouse">slaughterhouse</a> waste, paper fibers, plant material, etc.) discharge high concentrations of BOD, ammonia nitrogen and oil and grease.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 180">: 180 </span></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Laws-aquatic_15-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Laws-aquatic-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inorganic" class="mw-redirect" title="Inorganic">Inorganic</a> particles such as <a href="/wiki/Sand" title="Sand">sand</a>, grit, metal particles, rubber residues from tires, <a href="/wiki/Ceramic" title="Ceramic">ceramics</a>, etc.;</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toxins" class="mw-redirect" title="Toxins">Toxins</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Pesticide" title="Pesticide">pesticides</a>, <a href="/wiki/Poison" title="Poison">poisons</a>, <a href="/wiki/Herbicide" title="Herbicide">herbicides</a>, etc.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pharmaceuticals" class="mw-redirect" title="Pharmaceuticals">Pharmaceuticals</a>, endocrine disrupting compounds, hormones, perfluorinated compounds, siloxanes, drugs of abuse and other hazardous substances<sup id="cite_ref-pmid25889547_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid25889547-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-pmid23320453_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid23320453-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-pmid27236142_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid27236142-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microplastics" title="Microplastics">Microplastics</a> such as polyethylene and polypropylene beads, polyester and polyamide<sup id="cite_ref-pmid30620926_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid30620926-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thermal_pollution" title="Thermal pollution">Thermal pollution</a> from <a href="/wiki/Power_station" title="Power station">power stations</a> and industrial manufacturers</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radionuclide" title="Radionuclide">Radionuclides</a> from <a href="/wiki/Uranium_mining" title="Uranium mining">uranium mining</a>, processing <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_fuel" title="Nuclear fuel">nuclear fuel</a>, operating <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_reactor" title="Nuclear reactor">nuclear reactors</a>, or disposal of <a href="/wiki/Radioactive_waste" title="Radioactive waste">radioactive waste</a>.</li> <li>Some industrial discharges include <a href="/wiki/Persistent_organic_pollutant" title="Persistent organic pollutant">persistent organic pollutants</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Per-_and_polyfluoroalkyl_substances" title="Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances">per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances</a> (PFAS).<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-linkinghub.elsevier.com_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-linkinghub.elsevier.com-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Oil_spills">Oil spills</h3></div> <div class="excerpt-block"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable dablink excerpt-hat selfref">This section is an excerpt from <a href="/wiki/Oil_spill" title="Oil spill">Oil spill</a>.<span class="mw-editsection-like plainlinks"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Oil_spill&action=edit">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div><div class="excerpt"> An <a href="/wiki/Oil_spill" title="Oil spill">oil spill</a> is the release of a liquid <a href="/wiki/Petroleum" title="Petroleum">petroleum</a> <a href="/wiki/Hydrocarbon" title="Hydrocarbon">hydrocarbon</a> into the environment, especially the <a href="/wiki/Marine_ecosystem" title="Marine ecosystem">marine ecosystem</a>, due to human activity, and is a form of <a href="/wiki/Pollution" title="Pollution">pollution</a>. The term is usually given to marine oil spills, where oil is released into the ocean or <a href="/wiki/Coastal_waters" class="mw-redirect" title="Coastal waters">coastal waters</a>, but spills may also occur on land. Oil spills can result from the release of <a href="/wiki/Crude_oil" class="mw-redirect" title="Crude oil">crude oil</a> from <a href="/wiki/Oil_tanker" title="Oil tanker">tankers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oil_platform" title="Oil platform">offshore platforms</a>, <a href="/wiki/Drilling_rig" title="Drilling rig">drilling rigs</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Oil_well" title="Oil well">wells</a>. They may also involve spills of <a href="/wiki/Oil_refinery" title="Oil refinery">refined petroleum products</a>, such as <a href="/wiki/Gasoline" title="Gasoline">gasoline</a> and <a href="/wiki/Diesel_fuel" title="Diesel fuel">diesel fuel</a>, as well as their by-products. Additionally, heavier fuels used by large ships, such as <a href="/wiki/Bunker_fuel" class="mw-redirect" title="Bunker fuel">bunker fuel</a>, or spills of any oily refuse or <a href="/wiki/Waste_oil" title="Waste oil">waste oil</a>, contribute to such incidents. These spills can have severe environmental and economic consequences.</div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Pollution_from_nonpoint_sources">Pollution from nonpoint sources</h2></div> <div class="excerpt-block"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable dablink excerpt-hat selfref">This section is an excerpt from <a href="/wiki/Nonpoint_source_pollution" title="Nonpoint source pollution">Nonpoint source pollution</a>.<span class="mw-editsection-like plainlinks"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nonpoint_source_pollution&action=edit">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div><div class="excerpt"> <a href="/wiki/Nonpoint_source_pollution" title="Nonpoint source pollution">Nonpoint source</a> (NPS) pollution refers to diffuse <a href="/wiki/Contamination" title="Contamination">contamination</a> (or <a href="/wiki/Pollution" title="Pollution">pollution</a>) of water or air that does not originate from a single discrete source. This type of pollution is often the cumulative effect of small amounts of contaminants gathered from a large area. It is in contrast to <a href="/wiki/Point_source_pollution" title="Point source pollution">point source pollution</a> which results from a single source. Nonpoint source pollution generally results from <a href="/wiki/Surface_runoff" title="Surface runoff">land runoff</a>, precipitation, <a href="/wiki/Deposition_(aerosol_physics)" title="Deposition (aerosol physics)">atmospheric deposition</a>, <a href="/wiki/Drainage" title="Drainage">drainage</a>, <a href="/wiki/Soil_mechanics#Seepage:_steady_state_flow_of_water" title="Soil mechanics">seepage</a>, or hydrological modification (rainfall and snowmelt) where tracing pollution back to a single source is difficult.<sup id="cite_ref-Nonpoint_source_pollution_epa-nps-overview_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nonpoint_source_pollution_epa-nps-overview-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nonpoint source water pollution affects a water body from sources such as polluted runoff from <a href="/wiki/Agricultural" class="mw-redirect" title="Agricultural">agricultural</a> areas draining into a river, or wind-borne <a href="/wiki/Debris" title="Debris">debris</a> blowing out to sea. Nonpoint source <a href="/wiki/Air_pollution" title="Air pollution">air pollution</a> affects air quality, from sources such as <a href="/wiki/Smokestack" class="mw-redirect" title="Smokestack">smokestacks</a> or car <a href="/wiki/Tailpipe" class="mw-redirect" title="Tailpipe">tailpipes</a>. Although these <a href="/wiki/Pollutant" title="Pollutant">pollutants</a> have originated from a point source, the long-range transport ability and multiple sources of the pollutant make it a nonpoint source of pollution; if the discharges were to occur to a body of water or into the atmosphere at a single location, the pollution would be single-point.</div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Agriculture">Agriculture</h3></div> <p>Agriculture is a major contributor to water pollution from nonpoint sources. The use of fertilizers as well as <a href="/wiki/Surface_runoff" title="Surface runoff">surface runoff</a> from farm fields, pastures and <a href="/wiki/Feedlot" title="Feedlot">feedlots</a> leads to nutrient pollution.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In addition to plant-focused agriculture, fish-farming is also a source of pollution. Additionally, agricultural runoff often contains high levels of pesticides.<sup id="cite_ref-Eckenfelder_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Eckenfelder-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Atmospheric_contributions_(air_pollution)"><span id="Atmospheric_contributions_.28air_pollution.29"></span>Atmospheric contributions (air pollution)</h3></div> <p>Air deposition is a process whereby air pollutants from industrial or natural sources settle into water bodies. The deposition may lead to polluted water near the source, or at distances up to a few thousand miles away. The most frequently observed water pollutants resulting from industrial air deposition are sulfur compounds, nitrogen compounds, mercury compounds, other heavy metals, and some pesticides and industrial by-products. Natural sources of air deposition include forest fires and microbial activity.<sup id="cite_ref-EPA_air_deposition_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EPA_air_deposition-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Acid_rain" title="Acid rain">Acid rain</a> is caused by emissions of <a href="/wiki/Sulfur_dioxide" title="Sulfur dioxide">sulfur dioxide</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nitrogen_oxide" title="Nitrogen oxide">nitrogen oxide</a>, which react with the <a href="/wiki/Properties_of_water" title="Properties of water">water molecules</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Atmosphere" title="Atmosphere">atmosphere</a> to produce acids.<sup id="cite_ref-:5_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some governments have made efforts since the 1970s to reduce the release of sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxide into the atmosphere. The main source of sulfur and nitrogen compounds that result in acid rain are <a href="/wiki/Anthropogenic_hazard" class="mw-redirect" title="Anthropogenic hazard">anthropogenic</a>, but nitrogen oxides can also be produced naturally by <a href="/wiki/Lightning" title="Lightning">lightning</a> strikes and sulphur dioxide is produced by <a href="/wiki/Types_of_volcanic_eruptions" title="Types of volcanic eruptions">volcanic eruptions</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Acid rain can have harmful effects on plants, aquatic ecosystems and infrastructure.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:6_68-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Carbon_dioxide_in_Earth%27s_atmosphere" title="Carbon dioxide in Earth's atmosphere">Carbon dioxide concentrations in the atmosphere</a> have increased since the 1850s due anthropogenic influences (<a href="/wiki/Greenhouse_gas_emissions" title="Greenhouse gas emissions">emissions of greenhouse gases</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-cald03_69-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cald03-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This leads to <a href="/wiki/Ocean_acidification" title="Ocean acidification">ocean acidification</a> and is another form of water pollution from atmospheric contributions.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sampling,_measurements,_analysis"><span id="Sampling.2C_measurements.2C_analysis"></span>Sampling, measurements, analysis</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Research-_water_sampling_equipment.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Research-_water_sampling_equipment.jpg/220px-Research-_water_sampling_equipment.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Research-_water_sampling_equipment.jpg/330px-Research-_water_sampling_equipment.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Research-_water_sampling_equipment.jpg/440px-Research-_water_sampling_equipment.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Environmental_science" title="Environmental science">Environmental scientists</a> preparing water autosamplers</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Water_quality#Sampling_and_measurement" title="Water quality">Water quality § Sampling and measurement</a>, <a href="/wiki/Environmental_monitoring" title="Environmental monitoring">Environmental monitoring</a>, <a href="/wiki/Analysis_of_water_chemistry" title="Analysis of water chemistry">Analysis of water chemistry</a>, <a href="/wiki/Water_sampling_station" title="Water sampling station">Water sampling station</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Regulation_and_monitoring_of_pollution#Water_pollution" title="Regulation and monitoring of pollution">Regulation and monitoring of pollution § Water pollution</a></div> <p>Water pollution may be analyzed through several broad categories of methods: physical, chemical and biological. Some methods may be conducted <i><a href="/wiki/In_situ" title="In situ">in situ</a></i>, without sampling, such as temperature. Others involve collection of samples, followed by specialized analytical tests in the laboratory. Standardized, validated analytical test methods, for water and wastewater samples have been published.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Common physical tests of water include temperature, Specific conductance or <a href="/wiki/Electrical_conductance" class="mw-redirect" title="Electrical conductance">electrical conductance</a> (EC) or conductivity, solids concentrations (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Total_suspended_solids" title="Total suspended solids">total suspended solids</a> (TSS)) and <a href="/wiki/Turbidity" title="Turbidity">turbidity</a>. Water samples may be examined using <a href="/wiki/Analytical_chemistry" title="Analytical chemistry">analytical chemistry</a> methods. Many published test methods are available for both organic and inorganic compounds. Frequently used parameters that are quantified are <a href="/wiki/PH" title="PH">pH</a>, BOD,<sup id="cite_ref-Newton_72-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Newton-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 102">: 102 </span></sup> <a href="/wiki/Chemical_oxygen_demand" title="Chemical oxygen demand">chemical oxygen demand</a> (COD),<sup id="cite_ref-Newton_72-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Newton-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 104">: 104 </span></sup> <a href="/wiki/Dissolved_oxygen" class="mw-redirect" title="Dissolved oxygen">dissolved oxygen</a> (DO), <a href="/wiki/Hard_water" title="Hard water">total hardness</a>, nutrients (<a href="/wiki/Nitrogen" title="Nitrogen">nitrogen</a> and <a href="/wiki/Phosphorus" title="Phosphorus">phosphorus</a> compounds, e.g. <a href="/wiki/Nitrate" title="Nitrate">nitrate</a> and <a href="/wiki/Orthophosphate" class="mw-redirect" title="Orthophosphate">orthophosphates</a>), metals (including copper, <a href="/wiki/Zinc" title="Zinc">zinc</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cadmium" title="Cadmium">cadmium</a>, lead and <a href="/wiki/Mercury_(element)" title="Mercury (element)">mercury</a>), oil and grease, total <a href="/wiki/Petroleum" title="Petroleum">petroleum</a> hydrocarbons (TPH), <a href="/wiki/Surfactant" title="Surfactant">surfactants</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pesticide" title="Pesticide">pesticides</a>. </p><p>The use of a biomonitor or <a href="/wiki/Bioindicator" title="Bioindicator">bioindicator</a> is described as <a href="/wiki/Biomonitoring" title="Biomonitoring">biological monitoring</a>. This refers to the measurement of specific properties of an organism to obtain information on the surrounding physical and chemical environment.<sup id="cite_ref-:22_73-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:22-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Biological testing involves the use of plant, animal or microbial indicators to monitor the health of an <a href="/wiki/Aquatic_ecosystem" title="Aquatic ecosystem">aquatic ecosystem</a>. They are any biological species or group of species whose function, population, or status can reveal what degree of ecosystem or environmental integrity is present.<sup id="cite_ref-Karr_74-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Karr-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One example of a group of bio-indicators are the <a href="/wiki/Copepod" title="Copepod">copepods</a> and other small water <a href="/wiki/Crustacean" title="Crustacean">crustaceans</a> that are present in many water bodies. Such organisms can be monitored for changes (biochemical, physiological, or behavioral) that may indicate a problem within their ecosystem. </p> <div class="excerpt-block"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable dablink excerpt-hat selfref">This section is an excerpt from <a href="/wiki/Water_quality#Sample_collection" title="Water quality">Water quality § Sample collection</a>.<span class="mw-editsection-like plainlinks"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_quality&action=edit#Sample_collection">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div><div class="excerpt"> The complexity of water quality as a subject is reflected in the many types of measurements of water quality indicators. Some measurements of water quality are most accurately made on-site, because water exists in <a href="/wiki/Thermodynamic_equilibrium" title="Thermodynamic equilibrium">equilibrium</a> with its <a href="/wiki/Environment_(systems)" class="mw-redirect" title="Environment (systems)">surroundings</a>. Measurements commonly made on-site and in direct contact with the water source in question include <a href="/wiki/Temperature" title="Temperature">temperature</a>, <a href="/wiki/PH" title="PH">pH</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dissolved_oxygen" class="mw-redirect" title="Dissolved oxygen">dissolved oxygen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Conductivity_(electrolytic)" title="Conductivity (electrolytic)">conductivity</a>, <a href="/wiki/Reduction_potential" title="Reduction potential">oxygen reduction potential (ORP)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Turbidity" title="Turbidity">turbidity</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Secchi_disk" title="Secchi disk">Secchi disk</a> depth.</div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Impacts">Impacts</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Fish_kill_pollution.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Fish_kill_pollution.jpg/220px-Fish_kill_pollution.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="145" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Fish_kill_pollution.jpg/330px-Fish_kill_pollution.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Fish_kill_pollution.jpg/440px-Fish_kill_pollution.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="1973" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Oxygen_depletion" class="mw-redirect" title="Oxygen depletion">Oxygen depletion</a>, resulting from <a href="/wiki/Nitrogen_pollution" class="mw-redirect" title="Nitrogen pollution">nitrogen pollution</a> and <a href="/wiki/Eutrophication" title="Eutrophication">eutrophication</a>, is a common cause of fish kills.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ecosystems">Ecosystems</h3></div><p> Water pollution is a major global <a href="/wiki/Environmental_problem" class="mw-redirect" title="Environmental problem">environmental problem</a> because it can result in the degradation of all <a href="/wiki/Aquatic_ecosystem" title="Aquatic ecosystem">aquatic ecosystems</a> – fresh, coastal, and ocean waters.<sup id="cite_ref-HäderHelblingVillafañe2021_75-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HäderHelblingVillafañe2021-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The specific contaminants leading to pollution in water include a wide spectrum of <a href="/wiki/Chemical" class="mw-redirect" title="Chemical">chemicals</a>, pathogens, and physical changes such as elevated temperature. While many of the chemicals and substances that are regulated may be naturally occurring (<a href="/wiki/Calcium" title="Calcium">calcium</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sodium" title="Sodium">sodium</a>, iron, <a href="/wiki/Manganese" title="Manganese">manganese</a>, etc.) the <a href="/wiki/Concentration" title="Concentration">concentration</a> usually determines what is a natural component of water and what is a contaminant. High concentrations of naturally occurring substances can have negative impacts on aquatic flora and fauna. Oxygen-depleting substances may be natural materials such as plant matter (e.g. leaves and grass) as well as human-made chemicals. Other natural and anthropogenic substances may cause turbidity (cloudiness) which blocks light and disrupts plant growth, and clogs the <a href="/wiki/Gill" title="Gill">gills</a> of some fish species.<sup id="cite_ref-Davies-ColleySmith2001_76-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Davies-ColleySmith2001-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dumping_of_faecal_sludge_into_the_river.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Dumping_of_faecal_sludge_into_the_river.jpg/220px-Dumping_of_faecal_sludge_into_the_river.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Dumping_of_faecal_sludge_into_the_river.jpg/330px-Dumping_of_faecal_sludge_into_the_river.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Dumping_of_faecal_sludge_into_the_river.jpg/440px-Dumping_of_faecal_sludge_into_the_river.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4320" data-file-height="3240" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Septage" class="mw-redirect" title="Septage">Fecal sludge</a> collected from pit latrines is dumped into a river at the Korogocho slum in <a href="/wiki/Nairobi,_Kenya" class="mw-redirect" title="Nairobi, Kenya">Nairobi, Kenya</a>.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Public_health_and_waterborne_diseases">Public health and waterborne diseases</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/WASH#Health_aspects" title="WASH">WASH § Health aspects</a></div> <p>A study published in 2017 stated that "polluted water spread <a href="/wiki/Gastrointestinal_disease" title="Gastrointestinal disease">gastrointestinal diseases</a> and <a href="/wiki/Parasitic_disease" title="Parasitic disease">parasitic infections</a> and killed 1.8 million people" (these are also referred to as waterborne diseases).<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Persistent exposure to pollutants through water are <a href="/wiki/Environmental_health" title="Environmental health">environmental health</a> hazards, which can increase the likelihood for one to develop cancer or other diseases.<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Eutrophication_from_nitrogen_pollution">Eutrophication from nitrogen pollution</h3></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Nitrogen_pollution" class="mw-redirect" title="Nitrogen pollution">Nitrogen pollution</a> can cause eutrophication, especially in lakes. Eutrophication is an increase in the concentration of chemical nutrients in an <a href="/wiki/Ecosystem" title="Ecosystem">ecosystem</a> to an extent that increases the <a href="/wiki/Primary_production" title="Primary production">primary productivity</a> of the ecosystem. Subsequent negative environmental effects such as <a href="/wiki/Anoxic_waters" title="Anoxic waters">anoxia</a> (oxygen depletion) and severe reductions in water quality may occur.<sup id="cite_ref-Von_Sperling_1-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Von_Sperling-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 131">: 131 </span></sup> This can harm fish and other animal populations. </p> <div class="excerpt-block"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable dablink excerpt-hat selfref">This section is an excerpt from <a href="/wiki/Eutrophication" title="Eutrophication">Eutrophication</a>.<span class="mw-editsection-like plainlinks"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Eutrophication&action=edit">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div><div class="excerpt"> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <a href="/wiki/Eutrophication" title="Eutrophication">Eutrophication</a> is a general term describing a process in which <a href="/wiki/Nutrient" title="Nutrient">nutrients</a> accumulate in a body of water, resulting in an increased growth of <a href="/wiki/Microorganism" title="Microorganism">microorganisms</a> that may deplete the <a href="/wiki/Oxygen" title="Oxygen">oxygen</a> in the water.<sup id="cite_ref-Eutrophication_usgs.gov_79-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Eutrophication_usgs.gov-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Eutrophication may occur naturally or as a result of human actions. Manmade, or cultural, eutrophication occurs when <a href="/wiki/Sewage" title="Sewage">sewage</a>, <a href="/wiki/Industrial_wastewater_treatment" title="Industrial wastewater treatment">industrial wastewater</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fertilizer_runoff" class="mw-redirect" title="Fertilizer runoff">fertilizer runoff</a>, and other nutrient sources are released into the environment.<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Such <a href="/wiki/Nutrient_pollution" title="Nutrient pollution">nutrient pollution</a> usually causes <a href="/wiki/Algal_bloom" title="Algal bloom">algal blooms</a> and bacterial growth, resulting in the depletion of <a href="/wiki/Dissolved_oxygen" class="mw-redirect" title="Dissolved oxygen">dissolved oxygen</a> in water and causing substantial <a href="/wiki/Environmental_degradation" title="Environmental degradation">environmental degradation</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ocean_acidification">Ocean acidification</h3></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Ocean_acidification" title="Ocean acidification">Ocean acidification</a> is another impact of water pollution. Ocean acidification is the ongoing decrease in the pH value of the Earth's oceans, caused by the uptake of <a href="/wiki/Carbon_dioxide" title="Carbon dioxide">carbon dioxide</a> (CO<sub style="font-size: 80%;vertical-align: -0.35em">2</sub>) from the atmosphere.<sup id="cite_ref-cald03_69-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cald03-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Prevalence">Prevalence</h2></div> <p>Water pollution is a problem in <a href="/wiki/Developing_country" title="Developing country">developing countries</a> as well as in <a href="/wiki/Developed_countries" class="mw-redirect" title="Developed countries">developed countries</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="By_country">By country</h3></div><p> For example, <a href="/wiki/Water_pollution_in_India" title="Water pollution in India">water pollution in India</a> and <a href="/wiki/Water_resources_of_China" title="Water resources of China">China</a> is widespread. About 90 percent of the water in the cities of China is polluted.<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p><div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Water_pollution_by_country" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible expand navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:World_topic" title="Template:World topic"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:World_topic" title="Template talk:World topic"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:World_topic" title="Special:EditPage/Template:World topic"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Water_pollution_by_country" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Water pollution by country</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><li><a href="/wiki/Water_pollution_in_Afghanistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Water pollution in Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Water_pollution_in_Albania" class="mw-redirect" title="Water pollution in Albania">Albania</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Water_pollution_in_Algeria" class="mw-redirect" title="Water pollution in Algeria">Algeria</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Water_pollution_in_Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="Water pollution in Australia">Australia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Water_pollution_in_Bangladesh" class="mw-redirect" title="Water pollution in Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Water_pollution_in_Belgium" class="mw-redirect" title="Water pollution in Belgium">Belgium</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Water_pollution_in_Brazil" class="mw-redirect" title="Water pollution in Brazil">Brazil</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Water_pollution_in_Canada" title="Water pollution in Canada">Canada</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Water_pollution_in_Chile" class="mw-redirect" title="Water pollution in Chile">Chile</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Water_pollution_in_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Water pollution in China">China</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Water_pollution_in_Colombia" class="mw-redirect" title="Water pollution in Colombia">Colombia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Water_pollution_in_Croatia" class="mw-redirect" title="Water pollution in Croatia">Croatia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Water_pollution_in_Denmark" class="mw-redirect" title="Water pollution in Denmark">Denmark</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Water_pollution_in_the_Dominican_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="Water pollution in the Dominican Republic">Dominican Republic</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Water_pollution_in_Egypt" class="mw-redirect" title="Water pollution in Egypt">Egypt</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Water_pollution_in_El_Salvador" class="mw-redirect" title="Water pollution in El Salvador">El Salvador</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Water_pollution_in_Georgia" class="mw-redirect" title="Water pollution in Georgia">Georgia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Water_pollution_in_Ghana" class="mw-redirect" title="Water pollution in Ghana">Ghana</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Water_pollution_in_Guatemala" class="mw-redirect" title="Water pollution in Guatemala">Guatemala</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Water_pollution_in_Haiti" title="Water pollution in Haiti">Haiti</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Water_pollution_in_Honduras" class="mw-redirect" title="Water pollution in Honduras">Honduras</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Water_pollution_in_India" title="Water pollution in India">India</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Water_pollution_in_Indonesia" class="mw-redirect" title="Water pollution in Indonesia">Indonesia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Water_pollution_in_Iran" class="mw-redirect" title="Water pollution in Iran">Iran</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Water_pollution_in_Japan" class="mw-redirect" title="Water pollution in Japan">Japan</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Water_pollution_in_Kazakhstan" class="mw-redirect" title="Water pollution in Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Water_pollution_in_Kenya" class="mw-redirect" title="Water pollution in Kenya">Kenya</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Water_pollution_in_Kuwait" class="mw-redirect" title="Water pollution in Kuwait">Kuwait</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Water_pollution_in_Lebanon" class="mw-redirect" title="Water pollution in Lebanon">Lebanon</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Water_pollution_in_Liberia" class="mw-redirect" title="Water pollution in Liberia">Liberia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Water_pollution_in_Libya" class="mw-redirect" title="Water pollution in Libya">Libya</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Water_pollution_in_Mexico" class="mw-redirect" title="Water pollution in Mexico">Mexico</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Water_pollution_in_Mongolia" class="mw-redirect" title="Water pollution in Mongolia">Mongolia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Water_pollution_in_Nepal" class="mw-redirect" title="Water pollution in Nepal">Nepal</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Water_pollution_in_New_Zealand" title="Water pollution in New Zealand">New Zealand</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Water_pollution_in_Nicaragua" class="mw-redirect" title="Water pollution in Nicaragua">Nicaragua</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Water_pollution_in_Pakistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Water pollution in Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Water_pollution_in_Paraguay" class="mw-redirect" title="Water pollution in Paraguay">Paraguay</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Water_pollution_in_Peru" class="mw-redirect" title="Water pollution in Peru">Peru</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Water_pollution_in_the_Philippines" class="mw-redirect" title="Water pollution in the Philippines">Philippines</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Water_pollution_in_Poland" class="mw-redirect" title="Water pollution in Poland">Poland</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Water_pollution_in_Russia" class="mw-redirect" title="Water pollution in Russia">Russia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Water_pollution_in_Serbia" class="mw-redirect" title="Water pollution in Serbia">Serbia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Water_pollution_in_Singapore" class="mw-redirect" title="Water pollution in Singapore">Singapore</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Water_pollution_in_Sri_Lanka" class="mw-redirect" title="Water pollution in Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Water_pollution_in_Syria" class="mw-redirect" title="Water pollution in Syria">Syria</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Water_pollution_in_Taiwan" class="mw-redirect" title="Water pollution in Taiwan">Taiwan</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Water_pollution_in_Thailand" class="mw-redirect" title="Water pollution in Thailand">Thailand</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Water_pollution_in_Turkey" class="mw-redirect" title="Water pollution in Turkey">Turkey</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Water_pollution_in_Uganda" class="mw-redirect" title="Water pollution in Uganda">Uganda</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Water_pollution_in_the_United_States" title="Water pollution in the United States">United States</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Water_pollution_in_Uruguay" class="mw-redirect" title="Water pollution in Uruguay">Uruguay</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Water_pollution_in_Uzbekistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Water pollution in Uzbekistan">Uzbekistan</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Water_pollution_in_Venezuela" class="mw-redirect" title="Water pollution in Venezuela">Venezuela</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Water_pollution_in_Vietnam" class="mw-redirect" title="Water pollution in Vietnam">Vietnam</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Water_pollution_in_Zimbabwe" class="mw-redirect" title="Water pollution in Zimbabwe">Zimbabwe</a></li></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Control_and_reduction">Control and reduction</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Secondary_treatment_reactors_-_Blue_Plains_WWTP_-_2016b.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Secondary_treatment_reactors_-_Blue_Plains_WWTP_-_2016b.jpg/220px-Secondary_treatment_reactors_-_Blue_Plains_WWTP_-_2016b.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Secondary_treatment_reactors_-_Blue_Plains_WWTP_-_2016b.jpg/330px-Secondary_treatment_reactors_-_Blue_Plains_WWTP_-_2016b.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Secondary_treatment_reactors_-_Blue_Plains_WWTP_-_2016b.jpg/440px-Secondary_treatment_reactors_-_Blue_Plains_WWTP_-_2016b.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4608" data-file-height="3456" /></a><figcaption>View of secondary treatment reactors (activated sludge process) at the <a href="/wiki/Blue_Plains_Advanced_Wastewater_Treatment_Plant" title="Blue Plains Advanced Wastewater Treatment Plant">Blue Plains Advanced Wastewater Treatment Plant</a>, Washington, D.C., United States. Seen in the distance are the sludge digester building and thermal hydrolysis reactors.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pollution_control_philosophy">Pollution control philosophy</h3></div> <p>One aspect of environmental protection is mandatory regulations, which are only part of the solution. Other important tools in pollution control include environmental education, economic instruments, market forces, and stricter enforcement. Standards can be "precise" (for a defined quantifiable minimum or maximum value for a pollutant), or "imprecise" which would require the use of <a href="/wiki/Best_available_technology" title="Best available technology">Best available technology</a> (BAT) or <a href="/wiki/Best_practicable_environmental_option" title="Best practicable environmental option">Best practicable environmental option</a> (BPEO). Market-based economic instruments for pollution control can include charges, subsidies, deposit or refund schemes, the creation of a market in pollution credits, and enforcement incentives.<sup id="cite_ref-Jones_OA_et_al_84-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jones_OA_et_al-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Moving towards a holistic approach in chemical pollution control combines the following approaches: Integrated control measures, trans-boundary considerations, complementary and supplementary control measures, <a href="/wiki/Life-cycle_assessment" title="Life-cycle assessment">life-cycle considerations</a>, the impacts of chemical mixtures.<sup id="cite_ref-Jones_OA_et_al_84-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jones_OA_et_al-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Control of water pollution requires appropriate <a href="/wiki/Infrastructure" title="Infrastructure">infrastructure</a> and management plans. The infrastructure may include <a href="/wiki/Wastewater_treatment_plants" class="mw-redirect" title="Wastewater treatment plants">wastewater treatment plants</a>, for example sewage treatment plants and <a href="/wiki/Industrial_wastewater_treatment" title="Industrial wastewater treatment">industrial wastewater</a> treatment plants. <a href="/wiki/Agricultural_wastewater_treatment" title="Agricultural wastewater treatment">Agricultural wastewater treatment</a> for farms, and <a href="/wiki/Erosion_control" title="Erosion control">erosion control</a> at construction sites can also help prevent water pollution. Effective control of urban runoff includes reducing speed and quantity of flow. </p><p>Water pollution requires ongoing evaluation and revision of <a href="/wiki/Water_resource_policy" title="Water resource policy">water resource policy</a> at all levels (international down to individual aquifers and wells). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sanitation_and_sewage_treatment">Sanitation and sewage treatment</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Sanitation" title="Sanitation">Sanitation</a>, <a href="/wiki/WASH" title="WASH">WASH</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Water_issues_in_developing_countries" title="Water issues in developing countries">Water issues in developing countries</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Drainage_in_Ghana_4.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Drainage_in_Ghana_4.jpg/220px-Drainage_in_Ghana_4.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Drainage_in_Ghana_4.jpg/330px-Drainage_in_Ghana_4.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Drainage_in_Ghana_4.jpg/440px-Drainage_in_Ghana_4.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5184" data-file-height="3456" /></a><figcaption>Plastic waste on the big drainage, and air pollution in the far end of the drainage in Ghana</figcaption></figure> <p>Municipal wastewater can be treated by centralized sewage treatment plants, <a href="/wiki/Decentralized_wastewater_system" title="Decentralized wastewater system">decentralized wastewater systems</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nature-based_solutions" title="Nature-based solutions">nature-based solutions</a><sup id="cite_ref-:2_85-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or in <a href="/wiki/Onsite_sewage_facility" title="Onsite sewage facility">onsite sewage facilities</a> and septic tanks. For example, <a href="/wiki/Waste_stabilization_pond" title="Waste stabilization pond">waste stabilization ponds</a> can be a low cost treatment option for sewage.<sup id="cite_ref-Von_Sperling_1-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Von_Sperling-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 182">: 182 </span></sup> UV light (sunlight) can be used to degrade some pollutants in waste stabilization ponds (sewage lagoons).<sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The use of <a href="/wiki/Safely_managed_sanitation_service" class="mw-redirect" title="Safely managed sanitation service">safely managed sanitation services</a> would prevent water pollution caused by lack of access to sanitation.<sup id="cite_ref-JMP2017_37-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JMP2017-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Well-designed and operated systems (i.e., with secondary treatment stages or more advanced tertiary treatment) can remove 90 percent or more of the <a href="/wiki/Measures_of_pollutant_concentration" title="Measures of pollutant concentration">pollutant load</a> in sewage.<sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some plants have additional systems to remove <a href="/wiki/Nutrient" title="Nutrient">nutrients</a> and pathogens. While such advanced treatment techniques will undoubtedly reduce the discharges of <a href="/wiki/Micropollutant" title="Micropollutant">micropollutants</a>, they can also result in large financial costs, as well as environmentally undesirable increases in energy consumption and <a href="/wiki/Greenhouse_gas_emissions" title="Greenhouse gas emissions">greenhouse gas emissions</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Sanitary_sewer_overflow" title="Sanitary sewer overflow">Sewer overflows</a> during storm events can be addressed by timely maintenance and upgrades of the <a href="/wiki/Sewerage" title="Sewerage">sewerage system</a>. In the US, cities with large combined systems have not pursued system-wide separation projects due to the high cost,<sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but have implemented partial separation projects and <a href="/wiki/Green_infrastructure" title="Green infrastructure">green infrastructure</a> approaches.<sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In some cases municipalities have installed additional CSO storage facilities<sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or expanded sewage treatment capacity.<sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Industrial_wastewater_treatment">Industrial wastewater treatment</h3></div> <div class="excerpt-block"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable dablink excerpt-hat selfref">This section is an excerpt from <a href="/wiki/Industrial_wastewater_treatment" title="Industrial wastewater treatment">Industrial wastewater treatment</a>.<span class="mw-editsection-like plainlinks"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Industrial_wastewater_treatment&action=edit">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div><div class="excerpt"> <a href="/wiki/Industrial_wastewater_treatment" title="Industrial wastewater treatment">Industrial wastewater treatment</a> describes the processes used for <a href="/wiki/Wastewater_treatment" title="Wastewater treatment">treating wastewater</a> that is produced by industries as an undesirable by-product. After treatment, the treated industrial wastewater (or effluent) may be reused or released to a <a href="/wiki/Sanitary_sewer" title="Sanitary sewer">sanitary sewer</a> or to a <a href="/wiki/Surface_water" title="Surface water">surface water</a> in the environment. Some industrial facilities generate wastewater that can be treated in <a href="/wiki/Sewage_treatment" title="Sewage treatment">sewage treatment plants</a>. Most industrial processes, such as <a href="/wiki/Petroleum_refineries" class="mw-redirect" title="Petroleum refineries">petroleum refineries</a>, chemical and <a href="/wiki/Petrochemical" title="Petrochemical">petrochemical</a> plants have their own specialized facilities to treat their wastewaters so that the pollutant concentrations in the treated wastewater comply with the regulations regarding disposal of wastewaters into <a href="/wiki/Sewerage" title="Sewerage">sewers</a> or into rivers, lakes or <a href="/wiki/Ocean" title="Ocean">oceans</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Industrial_wastewater_treatment_Metcalf_93-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Industrial_wastewater_treatment_Metcalf-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 1412">: 1412 </span></sup> This applies to industries that generate wastewater with high concentrations of organic matter (e.g. oil and grease), toxic pollutants (e.g. heavy metals, <a href="/wiki/Volatile_organic_compounds" class="mw-redirect" title="Volatile organic compounds">volatile organic compounds</a>) or nutrients such as <a href="/wiki/Ammonia" title="Ammonia">ammonia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 180">: 180 </span></sup> Some industries install a pre-treatment system to remove some pollutants (e.g., toxic compounds), and then discharge the partially treated wastewater to the municipal sewer system.<sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 60">: 60 </span></sup></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Agricultural_wastewater_treatment">Agricultural wastewater treatment<span class="anchor" id="Agricultural_wastewater"></span></h3></div> <div class="excerpt-block"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable dablink excerpt-hat selfref">This section is an excerpt from <a href="/wiki/Agricultural_wastewater_treatment" title="Agricultural wastewater treatment">Agricultural wastewater treatment</a>.<span class="mw-editsection-like plainlinks"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Agricultural_wastewater_treatment&action=edit">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div><div class="excerpt"> <a href="/wiki/Agricultural_wastewater_treatment" title="Agricultural wastewater treatment">Agricultural wastewater treatment</a> is a <a href="/wiki/Farm_management" class="mw-redirect" title="Farm management">farm management</a> agenda for controlling pollution from <a href="/wiki/Intensive_animal_farming" title="Intensive animal farming">confined animal</a> operations and from <a href="/wiki/Agricultural_pollution" title="Agricultural pollution">surface runoff</a> that may be contaminated by chemicals in <a href="/wiki/Fertiliser" class="mw-redirect" title="Fertiliser">fertilizer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pesticides" class="mw-redirect" title="Pesticides">pesticides</a>, <a href="/wiki/Manure" title="Manure">animal slurry</a>, <a href="/wiki/Crop_residues" class="mw-redirect" title="Crop residues">crop residues</a> or <a href="/wiki/Irrigation" title="Irrigation">irrigation</a> water. Agricultural wastewater treatment is required for continuous confined animal operations like milk and egg production. It may be performed in plants using mechanized treatment units similar to those used for <a href="/wiki/Industrial_wastewater_treatment" title="Industrial wastewater treatment">industrial wastewater</a>. Where land is available for ponds, <a href="/wiki/Settling_basin" title="Settling basin">settling basins</a> and <a href="/wiki/Facultative_lagoon" title="Facultative lagoon">facultative lagoons</a> may have lower operational costs for seasonal use conditions from breeding or harvest cycles.<sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 6–8">: 6–8 </span></sup> Animal <a href="/wiki/Slurry" title="Slurry">slurries</a> are usually treated by containment in <a href="/wiki/Anaerobic_lagoon" title="Anaerobic lagoon">anaerobic lagoons</a> before disposal by spray or trickle application to grassland. <a href="/wiki/Constructed_wetland" title="Constructed wetland">Constructed wetlands</a> are sometimes used to facilitate treatment of animal wastes.</div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Management_of_erosion_and_sediment_control">Management of erosion and sediment control</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Silt_fence_EPA.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Silt_fence_EPA.jpg/220px-Silt_fence_EPA.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Silt_fence_EPA.jpg/330px-Silt_fence_EPA.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Silt_fence_EPA.jpg/440px-Silt_fence_EPA.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2448" data-file-height="1632" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Silt_fence" title="Silt fence">Silt fence</a> installed on a construction site</figcaption></figure> <p>Sediment from construction sites can be managed by installation of <a href="/wiki/Erosion_control" title="Erosion control">erosion controls</a>, such as <a href="/wiki/Mulch" title="Mulch">mulching</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hydroseeding" title="Hydroseeding">hydroseeding</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Sediment_control" title="Sediment control">sediment controls</a>, such as <a href="/wiki/Sediment_basin" title="Sediment basin">sediment basins</a> and <a href="/wiki/Silt_fence" title="Silt fence">silt fences</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-97" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Discharge of toxic chemicals such as motor fuels and concrete washout can be prevented by use of spill prevention and control plans, and specially designed containers (e.g. for concrete washout) and structures such as overflow controls and diversion berms.<sup id="cite_ref-98" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Erosion caused by <a href="/wiki/Deforestation" title="Deforestation">deforestation</a> and changes in <a href="/wiki/Hydrology" title="Hydrology">hydrology</a> (soil loss due to water runoff) also results in loss of sediment and, potentially, water pollution.<sup id="cite_ref-99" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-100" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Control_of_urban_runoff_(storm_water)"><span id="Control_of_urban_runoff_.28storm_water.29"></span>Control of urban runoff (storm water)</h3></div> <div class="excerpt-block"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable dablink excerpt-hat selfref">This section is an excerpt from <a href="/wiki/Urban_runoff#Prevention_and_mitigation" title="Urban runoff">Urban runoff § Prevention and mitigation</a>.<span class="mw-editsection-like plainlinks"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Urban_runoff&action=edit#Prevention_and_mitigation">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div><div class="excerpt"> <p>Effective control of urban runoff involves reducing the velocity and flow of stormwater, as well as reducing pollutant discharges. Local governments use a variety of stormwater management techniques to reduce the effects of urban runoff. These techniques, called <a href="/wiki/Best_management_practice_for_water_pollution" title="Best management practice for water pollution">best management practices for water pollution</a> (BMPs) in some countries, may focus on water quantity control, while others focus on improving water quality, and some perform both functions.<sup id="cite_ref-Urban_runoff_EPA-PDS_101-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Urban_runoff_EPA-PDS-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> Pollution prevention practices include <a href="/wiki/Low-impact_development_(Canada/US)" class="mw-redirect" title="Low-impact development (Canada/US)">low impact development (LID)</a> or <a href="/wiki/Green_infrastructure" title="Green infrastructure">green infrastructure</a> techniques - known as <a href="/wiki/Sustainable_drainage_system" title="Sustainable drainage system">Sustainable Drainage Systems (SuDS)</a> in the UK, and <a href="/wiki/Water-sensitive_urban_design" title="Water-sensitive urban design">Water-Sensitive Urban Design (WSUD)</a> in Australia and the Middle East - such as the installation of <a href="/wiki/Green_roof" title="Green roof">green roofs</a> and improved chemical handling (e.g. management of motor fuels & oil, fertilizers, pesticides and <a href="/wiki/De-icing#Roadways" class="mw-redirect" title="De-icing">roadway deicers</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-Urban_runoff_EPA2_102-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Urban_runoff_EPA2-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-103" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Runoff mitigation systems include <a href="/wiki/Infiltration_basin" title="Infiltration basin">infiltration basins</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bioretention" title="Bioretention">bioretention</a> systems, <a href="/wiki/Constructed_wetland" title="Constructed wetland">constructed wetlands</a>, <a href="/wiki/Retention_basin" title="Retention basin">retention basins</a>, and similar devices.<sup id="cite_ref-104" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-105" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></div> <div style="clear:right;" class=""></div><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Water-bodies-good-water-quality.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Water-bodies-good-water-quality.svg/220px-Water-bodies-good-water-quality.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="155" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Water-bodies-good-water-quality.svg/330px-Water-bodies-good-water-quality.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Water-bodies-good-water-quality.svg/440px-Water-bodies-good-water-quality.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="850" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>Share of water bodies with good <a href="/wiki/Water_quality" title="Water quality">water quality</a> in 2020. A water body is classified as "good" quality if at least 80% of monitoring values meet target quality levels, see also <a href="/wiki/SDG_6" class="mw-redirect" title="SDG 6">SDG 6</a>, Indicator 6.3.2.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Legislation">Legislation</h3></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Philippines">Philippines</h4></div> <p>In the Philippines, Republic Act 9275, otherwise known as the Philippine Clean Water Act of 2004,<sup id="cite_ref-LawPhil2004_106-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LawPhil2004-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is the governing law on wastewater management. It states that it is the country's policy to protect, preserve and revive the quality of its fresh, brackish and marine waters, for which wastewater management plays a particular role.<sup id="cite_ref-LawPhil2004_106-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LawPhil2004-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="United_Kingdom">United Kingdom</h4></div> <p>In 2024, The <a href="/wiki/Royal_Academy_of_Engineering" title="Royal Academy of Engineering">Royal Academy of Engineering</a> released a study into the effects wastewater on public health in the United Kingdom.<sup id="cite_ref-107" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The study gained media attention, with comments from the UKs leading health professionals, including Sir <a href="/wiki/Chris_Whitty" title="Chris Whitty">Chris Whitty</a>. Outlining 15 recommendations for various UK bodies to dramatically reduce public health risks by increasing the water quality in its <a href="/wiki/Waterway" title="Waterway">waterways</a>, such as rivers and lakes. </p><p>After the release of the report, <a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a> newspaper interviewed Whitty, who stated that improving water quality and sewage treatment should be a high level of importance and a "public health priority". He compared it to eradicating <a href="/wiki/Cholera" title="Cholera">cholera</a> in the 19th century in the country following improvements to the <a href="/wiki/Sewage_treatment" title="Sewage treatment">sewage treatment</a> network.<sup id="cite_ref-108" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The study also identified that low water flows in rivers saw high concentration levels of <a href="/wiki/Sewage" title="Sewage">sewage</a>, as well as times of flooding or heavy rainfall. While heavy rainfall had always been associated with sewage overflows into streams and rivers, the British media went as far to warn parents of the dangers of <a href="/wiki/Paddling" title="Paddling">paddling</a> in shallow rivers during warm weather.<sup id="cite_ref-109" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Whitty's comments came after the study revealed that the UK was experiencing a growth in the number of people that were using coastal and inland waters recreationally. This could be connected to a growing interest in activities such as <a href="/wiki/Open_water_swimming" title="Open water swimming">open water swimming</a> or other <a href="/wiki/Water_sport" class="mw-redirect" title="Water sport">water sports</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-110" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Despite this growth in recreation, poor water quality meant some were becoming unwell during events.<sup id="cite_ref-111" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Most notably, the <a href="/wiki/2024_Paris_Olympics" class="mw-redirect" title="2024 Paris Olympics">2024 Paris Olympics</a> had to delay numerous swimming-focused events like the triathlon due to high levels of sewage in the <a href="/wiki/River_Seine" class="mw-redirect" title="River Seine">River Seine</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-112" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="United_States">United States</h4></div> <div class="excerpt-block"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable dablink excerpt-hat selfref">This section is an excerpt from <a href="/wiki/Water_pollution_in_the_United_States#Current_regulations" title="Water pollution in the United States">Water pollution in the United States § Current regulations</a>.<span class="mw-editsection-like plainlinks"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_pollution_in_the_United_States&action=edit#Current_regulations">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div><div class="excerpt"> The <a href="/wiki/Clean_Water_Act" title="Clean Water Act">Clean Water Act</a> is the primary federal law in the United States governing water pollution in surface waters.<sup id="cite_ref-113" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The 1972 CWA amendments established a broad regulatory framework for improving water quality. The law defines procedures for pollution control and developing criteria and standards for pollutants in surface water.<sup id="cite_ref-Water_pollution_in_the_United_States_EPA-summary_114-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Water_pollution_in_the_United_States_EPA-summary-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The law authorizes the Environmental Protection Agency to regulate surface water pollution in the United States, in partnership with state agencies. Prior to 1972 it was legal to discharge wastewater to surface waters without testing for or removing water pollutants. The CWA was amended in 1981 and 1987 to adjust the federal proportion of construction grant funding for local governments, regulate municipal storm sewer discharges and to later establish the <a href="/wiki/Clean_Water_State_Revolving_Fund" title="Clean Water State Revolving Fund">Clean Water State Revolving Fund</a>. The fund provides low-interest loans to improve municipal sewage treatment systems and finance other water quality improvements.<sup id="cite_ref-Water_pollution_in_the_United_States_EPA-CWA_History_115-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Water_pollution_in_the_United_States_EPA-CWA_History-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1266661725">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Drinking_water.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Drinking_water.jpg/18px-Drinking_water.jpg" decoding="async" width="18" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Drinking_water.jpg/28px-Drinking_water.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Drinking_water.jpg/37px-Drinking_water.jpg 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="450" /></a></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Water" title="Portal:Water">Water portal</a></span></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Aegopodium_podagraria1_ies.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Aegopodium_podagraria1_ies.jpg/32px-Aegopodium_podagraria1_ies.jpg" decoding="async" width="32" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Aegopodium_podagraria1_ies.jpg/48px-Aegopodium_podagraria1_ies.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Aegopodium_podagraria1_ies.jpg/64px-Aegopodium_podagraria1_ies.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="700" /></a></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Environment" title="Portal:Environment">Environment portal</a></span></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aquatic_toxicology" title="Aquatic toxicology">Aquatic toxicology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_impact_of_pesticides#Water" title="Environmental impact of pesticides">Environmental impact of pesticides § Water</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_impacts_on_the_environment" class="mw-redirect" title="Human impacts on the environment">Human impacts on the environment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phytoremediation" title="Phytoremediation">Phytoremediation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pollution" title="Pollution">Pollution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trophic_state_index" title="Trophic state index">Trophic state index</a> (water quality indicator for lakes)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/VOC_contamination_of_groundwater" title="VOC contamination of groundwater">VOC contamination of groundwater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_resource_management" class="mw-redirect" title="Water resource management">Water resources management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_security" title="Water security">Water security</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Von_Sperling-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Von_Sperling_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Von_Sperling_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Von_Sperling_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Von_Sperling_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Von_Sperling_1-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Von_Sperling_1-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Von_Sperling_1-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Von_Sperling_1-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Von_Sperling_1-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Von_Sperling_1-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFVon_Sperling2007" class="citation journal cs1">Von Sperling, Marcos (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2166%2F9781780402086">"Wastewater Characteristics, Treatment and Disposal"</a>. <i>Water Intelligence Online</i>. Biological Wastewater Treatment. <b>6</b>. IWA Publishing. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2166%2F9781780402086">10.2166/9781780402086</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-78040-208-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-78040-208-6"><bdi>978-1-78040-208-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Water+Intelligence+Online&rft.atitle=Wastewater+Characteristics%2C+Treatment+and+Disposal&rft.volume=6&rft.date=2007&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2166%2F9781780402086&rft.isbn=978-1-78040-208-6&rft.aulast=Von+Sperling&rft.aufirst=Marcos&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.2166%252F9781780402086&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWater+pollution" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Eckenfelder-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Eckenfelder_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Eckenfelder_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Eckenfelder_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEckenfelder_Jr2000" class="citation book cs1">Eckenfelder Jr WW (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/book/10.1002/0471238961"><i>Kirk-Othmer Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/John_Wiley_%26_Sons" class="mw-redirect" title="John Wiley & Sons">John Wiley & Sons</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2F0471238961.1615121205031105.a01">10.1002/0471238961.1615121205031105.a01</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-471-48494-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-471-48494-3"><bdi>978-0-471-48494-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Kirk-Othmer+Encyclopedia+of+Chemical+Technology&rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons&rft.date=2000&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2F0471238961.1615121205031105.a01&rft.isbn=978-0-471-48494-3&rft.aulast=Eckenfelder+Jr&rft.aufirst=WW&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fonlinelibrary.wiley.com%2Fdoi%2Fbook%2F10.1002%2F0471238961&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWater+pollution" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hsph.harvard.edu/ehep/82-2/">"Water Pollution"</a>. <i>Environmental Health Education Program</i>. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://yosemite.epa.gov/sab/sabproduct.nsf/67057225CC780623852578F10059533D/$File/EPA-SAB-11-013-unsigned.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on February 19, 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Reactive+Nitrogen+in+the+United+States%3A+An+Analysis+of+Inputs%2C+Flows%2C+Consequences%2C+and+Management+Options%2C+A+Report+of+the+Science+Advisory+Board&rft.place=Washington%2C+DC&rft.pub=US+Environmental+Protection+Agency+%28EPA%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fyosemite.epa.gov%2Fsab%2Fsabproduct.nsf%2F67057225CC780623852578F10059533D%2F%24File%2FEPA-SAB-11-013-unsigned.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWater+pollution" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Thermal_pollution_Brayton_Point_permit-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Thermal_pollution_Brayton_Point_permit_46-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://epa.gov/npdes-permits/brayton-point-station-power-plant-somerset-ma-final-npdes-permit">"Brayton Point Station Power Plant, Somerset, MA: Final NPDES Permit"</a>. 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May 21, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Brayton+Point+Station+Power+Plant%2C+Somerset%2C+MA%3A+Final+NPDES+Permit&rft.place=Boston%2C+MA&rft.pub=United+States+Environmental+Protection+Agency+%28EPA%29&rft.date=2021-05-21&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fepa.gov%2Fnpdes-permits%2Fbrayton-point-station-power-plant-somerset-ma-final-npdes-permit&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWater+pollution" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Thermal_pollution_EPA-Urban_runoff-2003-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Thermal_pollution_EPA-Urban_runoff-2003_47-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://epa.gov/nps/urban-runoff-additional-resources">"Protecting Water Quality from Urban Runoff"</a>. 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New Delhi: New Age International. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/81-224-1839-2" title="Special:BookSources/81-224-1839-2"><bdi>81-224-1839-2</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/85857626">85857626</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Water+pollution%3A+causes%2C+effects+and+control&rft.place=New+Delhi&rft.edition=Rev.+2nd&rft.pub=New+Age+International&rft.date=2006&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F85857626&rft.isbn=81-224-1839-2&rft.aulast=Goel&rft.aufirst=PK&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F85857626&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWater+pollution" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOleninMinchinDaunys2007" class="citation journal cs1">Olenin S, Minchin D, Daunys D (2007). "Assessment of biopollution in aquatic ecosystems". <i><a href="/wiki/Marine_Pollution_Bulletin" class="mw-redirect" title="Marine Pollution Bulletin">Marine Pollution Bulletin</a></i>. <b>55</b> (<span class="nowrap">7–</span>9): <span class="nowrap">379–</span>394. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2007MarPB..55..379O">2007MarPB..55..379O</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.marpolbul.2007.01.010">10.1016/j.marpolbul.2007.01.010</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17335857">17335857</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Marine+Pollution+Bulletin&rft.atitle=Assessment+of+biopollution+in+aquatic+ecosystems&rft.volume=55&rft.issue=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E7%E2%80%93%3C%2Fspan%3E9&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E379-%3C%2Fspan%3E394&rft.date=2007&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F17335857&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.marpolbul.2007.01.010&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2007MarPB..55..379O&rft.aulast=Olenin&rft.aufirst=S&rft.au=Minchin%2C+D&rft.au=Daunys%2C+D&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWater+pollution" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAdelana2014" class="citation book cs1">Adelana, Segun Michael (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://worldcat.org/oclc/915416488"><i>Groundwater: Hydrogeochemistry, Environmental Impacts and Management Practices</i></a>. Nova Science Publishers, Inc. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-63321-791-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-63321-791-1"><bdi>978-1-63321-791-1</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/915416488">915416488</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Groundwater%3A+Hydrogeochemistry%2C+Environmental+Impacts+and+Management+Practices.&rft.pub=Nova+Science+Publishers%2C+Inc&rft.date=2014&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F915416488&rft.isbn=978-1-63321-791-1&rft.aulast=Adelana&rft.aufirst=Segun+Michael&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fworldcat.org%2Foclc%2F915416488&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWater+pollution" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHartmannJasechkoGleesonWada2021" class="citation journal cs1">Hartmann, Andreas; Jasechko, Scott; Gleeson, Tom; Wada, Yoshihide; Andreo, Bartolomé; Barberá, Juan Antonio; Brielmann, Heike; Bouchaou, Lhoussaine; Charlier, Jean-Baptiste; Darling, W. George; Filippini, Maria (May 18, 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8158018">"Risk of groundwater contamination widely underestimated because of fast flow into aquifers"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Proceedings_of_the_National_Academy_of_Sciences" class="mw-redirect" title="Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences">Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences</a></i>. <b>118</b> (20): e2024492118. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2021PNAS..11824492H">2021PNAS..11824492H</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1073%2Fpnas.2024492118">10.1073/pnas.2024492118</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0027-8424">0027-8424</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8158018">8158018</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33972438">33972438</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+the+National+Academy+of+Sciences&rft.atitle=Risk+of+groundwater+contamination+widely+underestimated+because+of+fast+flow+into+aquifers&rft.volume=118&rft.issue=20&rft.pages=e2024492118&rft.date=2021-05-18&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC8158018%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2021PNAS..11824492H&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F33972438&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1073%2Fpnas.2024492118&rft.issn=0027-8424&rft.aulast=Hartmann&rft.aufirst=Andreas&rft.au=Jasechko%2C+Scott&rft.au=Gleeson%2C+Tom&rft.au=Wada%2C+Yoshihide&rft.au=Andreo%2C+Bartolom%C3%A9&rft.au=Barber%C3%A1%2C+Juan+Antonio&rft.au=Brielmann%2C+Heike&rft.au=Bouchaou%2C+Lhoussaine&rft.au=Charlier%2C+Jean-Baptiste&rft.au=Darling%2C+W.+George&rft.au=Filippini%2C+Maria&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC8158018&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWater+pollution" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">United States. Clean Water Act (CWA), section 502(14), <a href="/wiki/Title_33_of_the_United_States_Code" title="Title 33 of the United States Code">33 U.S.C.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/33/1362">§ 1362</a> (14).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">U.S. CWA section 402(p), <a href="/wiki/Title_33_of_the_United_States_Code" title="Title 33 of the United States Code">33 U.S.C.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/33/1342(p)">§ 1342(p)</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFScholz2016" class="citation book cs1">Scholz M (2016). "Sewage Treatment". <i>Wetlands for Water Pollution Control</i>. pp. <span class="nowrap">13–</span>15. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2FB978-0-444-63607-2.00003-4">10.1016/B978-0-444-63607-2.00003-4</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-444-63607-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-444-63607-2"><bdi>978-0-444-63607-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Sewage+Treatment&rft.btitle=Wetlands+for+Water+Pollution+Control&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E13-%3C%2Fspan%3E15&rft.date=2016&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2FB978-0-444-63607-2.00003-4&rft.isbn=978-0-444-63607-2&rft.aulast=Scholz&rft.aufirst=M&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWater+pollution" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-WPC2-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-WPC2_55-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNesaratnam2014" class="citation book cs1">Nesaratnam ST, ed. (2014). <i>Water Pollution Control</i>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2F9781118863831">10.1002/9781118863831</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-118-86383-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-118-86383-1"><bdi>978-1-118-86383-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Water+Pollution+Control&rft.date=2014&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2F9781118863831&rft.isbn=978-1-118-86383-1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWater+pollution" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-PR09May-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-PR09May_56-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://chm.pops.int/Convention/Pressrelease/COP4Geneva8May2009/tabid/542/language/en-US/Default.aspx">"Governments unite to step-up reduction on global DDT reliance and add nine new chemicals under international treaty"</a>. Geneva: Stockholm Convention Secretariat. May 8, 2009. Press release.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Governments+unite+to+step-up+reduction+on+global+DDT+reliance+and+add+nine+new+chemicals+under+international+treaty&rft.place=Geneva&rft.pub=Stockholm+Convention+Secretariat&rft.date=2009-05-08&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fchm.pops.int%2FConvention%2FPressrelease%2FCOP4Geneva8May2009%2Ftabid%2F542%2Flanguage%2Fen-US%2FDefault.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWater+pollution" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTchobanoglousBurtonStensel2003" class="citation book cs1">Tchobanoglous G, Burton FL, Stensel HD (2003). 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World Bank. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8213-6179-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8213-6179-5"><bdi>978-0-8213-6179-5</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21250344">21250344</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200807014923/https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK11769/">Archived</a> from the original on August 7, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Air+and+Water+Pollution%3A+Burden+and+Strategies+for+Control&rft.btitle=Disease+Control+Priorities+in+Developing+Countries&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=World+Bank&rft.date=2006&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F21250344&rft.isbn=978-0-8213-6179-5&rft.aulast=Kjellstrom&rft.aufirst=T&rft.au=Lodh%2C+M&rft.au=McMichael%2C+T&rft.au=Ranmuthugala%2C+G&rft.au=Shrestha%2C+R&rft.au=Kingsland%2C+S&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fbooks%2FNBK11769%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWater+pollution" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-cald03-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-cald03_69-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-cald03_69-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCaldeiraWickett2003" class="citation journal cs1">Caldeira K, Wickett ME (September 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://zenodo.org/record/1233227">"Oceanography: anthropogenic carbon and ocean pH"</a>. <i>Nature</i>. <b>425</b> (6956): 365. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2001AGUFMOS11C0385C">2001AGUFMOS11C0385C</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2F425365a">10.1038/425365a</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/14508477">14508477</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:4417880">4417880</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature&rft.atitle=Oceanography%3A+anthropogenic+carbon+and+ocean+pH&rft.volume=425&rft.issue=6956&rft.pages=365&rft.date=2003-09&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2F425365a&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A4417880%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F14508477&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2001AGUFMOS11C0385C&rft.aulast=Caldeira&rft.aufirst=K&rft.au=Wickett%2C+ME&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fzenodo.org%2Frecord%2F1233227&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWater+pollution" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDoneyFabryFeelyKleypas2009" class="citation journal cs1">Doney SC, Fabry VJ, Feely RA, Kleypas JA (January 1, 2009). "Ocean acidification: the other CO2 problem". <i><a href="/wiki/Annual_Review_of_Marine_Science" title="Annual Review of Marine Science">Annual Review of Marine Science</a></i>. <b>1</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">169–</span>192. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2009ARMS....1..169D">2009ARMS....1..169D</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1146%2Fannurev.marine.010908.163834">10.1146/annurev.marine.010908.163834</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21141034">21141034</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:402398">402398</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Annual+Review+of+Marine+Science&rft.atitle=Ocean+acidification%3A+the+other+CO2+problem&rft.volume=1&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E169-%3C%2Fspan%3E192&rft.date=2009-01-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1146%2Fannurev.marine.010908.163834&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A402398%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F21141034&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2009ARMS....1..169D&rft.aulast=Doney&rft.aufirst=SC&rft.au=Fabry%2C+VJ&rft.au=Feely%2C+RA&rft.au=Kleypas%2C+JA&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWater+pollution" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">For example, see <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEatonGreenbergRiceClesceri2005" class="citation book cs1">Eaton, Andrew D.; Greenberg, Arnold E.; Rice, Eugene W.; Clesceri, Lenore S.; Franson, Mary Ann H., eds. (2005). <i>Standard Methods For the Examination of Water and Wastewater</i> (21 ed.). American Public Health Association. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87553-047-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-87553-047-5"><bdi>978-0-87553-047-5</bdi></a>. Also available on CD-ROM and <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.standardmethods.org/">online</a> by subscription.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Standard+Methods+For+the+Examination+of+Water+and+Wastewater&rft.edition=21&rft.pub=American+Public+Health+Association&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-87553-047-5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWater+pollution" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Newton-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Newton_72-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Newton_72-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNewton2008" class="citation book cs1">Newton D (2008). <i>Chemistry of the Environment</i>. Checkmark Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8160-7747-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8160-7747-2"><bdi>978-0-8160-7747-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Chemistry+of+the+Environment&rft.pub=Checkmark+Books&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-8160-7747-2&rft.aulast=Newton&rft.aufirst=D&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWater+pollution" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:22-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:22_73-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation report cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.epa.gov/sites/production/files/2016-03/documents/nrsa_0809_march_2_final.pdf">National Rivers and Streams Assessment 2008–2009: A Collaborative Study</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (Report). EPA. March 2016. EPA 841/R-16/007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=report&rft.btitle=National+Rivers+and+Streams+Assessment+2008%E2%80%932009%3A+A+Collaborative+Study&rft.pub=EPA&rft.date=2016-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.epa.gov%2Fsites%2Fproduction%2Ffiles%2F2016-03%2Fdocuments%2Fnrsa_0809_march_2_final.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWater+pollution" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Karr-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Karr_74-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKarr1981" class="citation journal cs1">Karr JR (1981). "Assessment of biotic integrity using fish communities". <i>Fisheries</i>. <b>6</b> (6): <span class="nowrap">21–</span>27. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1981Fish....6f..21K">1981Fish....6f..21K</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1577%2F1548-8446%281981%29006%3C0021%3AAOBIUF%3E2.0.CO%3B2">10.1577/1548-8446(1981)006<0021:AOBIUF>2.0.CO;2</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1548-8446">1548-8446</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Fisheries&rft.atitle=Assessment+of+biotic+integrity+using+fish+communities&rft.volume=6&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E21-%3C%2Fspan%3E27&rft.date=1981&rft.issn=1548-8446&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1577%2F1548-8446%281981%29006%3C0021%3AAOBIUF%3E2.0.CO%3B2&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1981Fish....6f..21K&rft.aulast=Karr&rft.aufirst=JR&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWater+pollution" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-HäderHelblingVillafañe2021-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-HäderHelblingVillafañe2021_75-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDonat-P._HäderE._Walter_HelblingVirginia_E._Villafañe2021" class="citation book cs1">Donat-P. Häder; E. Walter Helbling; Virginia E. Villafañe (September 30, 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ZtxFEAAAQBAJ"><i>Anthropogenic Pollution of Aquatic Ecosystems</i></a>. Springer Nature. p. 1. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-030-75602-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-030-75602-4"><bdi>978-3-030-75602-4</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 9,</span> 2022</span>. <q>Pollution is a major stress factor affecting all aquatic ecosystems including fresh, coastal and open ocean waters.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Anthropogenic+Pollution+of+Aquatic+Ecosystems&rft.pages=1&rft.pub=Springer+Nature&rft.date=2021-09-30&rft.isbn=978-3-030-75602-4&rft.au=Donat-P.+H%C3%A4der&rft.au=E.+Walter+Helbling&rft.au=Virginia+E.+Villafa%C3%B1e&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DZtxFEAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWater+pollution" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Davies-ColleySmith2001-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Davies-ColleySmith2001_76-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavies-ColleySmith2001" class="citation journal cs1">Davies-Colley, R. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 9,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+American+Water+Resources+Association&rft.atitle=Turbidity%2C+Suspended+Sediment+and+Water+Clarity%3A+A+Review&rft.volume=37&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1085-%3C%2Fspan%3E1101&rft.date=2001-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A129093839%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.eissn=1752-1688&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2001JAWRA..37.1085D&rft.issn=1093-474X&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1752-1688.2001.tb03624.x&rft.aulast=Davies-Colley&rft.aufirst=R.+J.&rft.au=Smith%2C+D.+G.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fonlinelibrary.wiley.com%2Fdoi%2Fabs%2F10.1111%2Fj.1752-1688.2001.tb03624.x&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWater+pollution" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKelland2017" class="citation news cs1">Kelland K (October 19, 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reuters.com/article/us-health-pollution/study-links-pollution-to-millions-of-deaths-worldwide-idUSKBN1CO39B">"Study links pollution to millions of deaths worldwide"</a>. 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The Guardian.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Reducing+sewage+in+rivers+and+seas+is+public+health+priority%2C+says+Chris+Whitty&rft.pub=The+Guardian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fsociety%2Farticle%2F2024%2Fmay%2F21%2Freducing-sewage-rivers-seas-public-health-priority-chris-whitty&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWater+pollution" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-109"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-109">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBlakely" class="citation web cs1">Blakely, Rhys. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thetimes.com/uk/environment/article/paddling-in-rivers-this-summer-could-make-children-ill-warns-whitty">"Paddling in rivers this summer could make children ill, warns Whitty"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Times" title="The Times">The Times</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Paddling+in+rivers+this+summer+could+make+children+ill%2C+warns+Whitty&rft.pub=The+Times&rft.aulast=Blakely&rft.aufirst=Rhys&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thetimes.com%2Fuk%2Fenvironment%2Farticle%2Fpaddling-in-rivers-this-summer-could-make-children-ill-warns-whitty&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWater+pollution" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-110"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-110">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSpeare-Cole" class="citation web cs1">Speare-Cole, Rebecca. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.independent.co.uk/climate-change/news/chris-whitty-people-devon-government-university-of-leeds-b2548414.html">"Minimising sewage in UK waters is a 'public health priority' – Chris Whitty"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Independent" title="The Independent">The Independent</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Minimising+sewage+in+UK+waters+is+a+%E2%80%98public+health+priority%E2%80%99+%E2%80%93+Chris+Whitty&rft.pub=The+Independent&rft.aulast=Speare-Cole&rft.aufirst=Rebecca&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.independent.co.uk%2Fclimate-change%2Fnews%2Fchris-whitty-people-devon-government-university-of-leeds-b2548414.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWater+pollution" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-111"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-111">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/home-news/thames-water-pollution-river-thames-triathlon-b2561829.html">"Dozens of triathletes left severely ill after swimming in River Thames"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Independent" title="The Independent">The Independent</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Dozens+of+triathletes+left+severely+ill+after+swimming+in+River+Thames&rft.pub=The+Independent&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.independent.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fuk%2Fhome-news%2Fthames-water-pollution-river-thames-triathlon-b2561829.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWater+pollution" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-112"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-112">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/articles/cn05d4k0l2qo#:~:text=It%20should%20be%20a%20stunning,be%20postponed%20for%20a%20day.">"What's the problem with swimming in the Seine?"</a>. <a href="/wiki/BBC" title="BBC">BBC</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=What%27s+the+problem+with+swimming+in+the+Seine%3F&rft.pub=BBC&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fnews%2Farticles%2Fcn05d4k0l2qo%23%3A~%3Atext%3DIt%2520should%2520be%2520a%2520stunning%2Cbe%2520postponed%2520for%2520a%2520day.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWater+pollution" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-113"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-113">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">United States. Clean Water Act. <a href="/wiki/Title_33_of_the_United_States_Code" title="Title 33 of the United States Code">33 U.S.C.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/33/1251">§ 1251</a> <i>et seq.</i> <a href="/wiki/Act_of_Congress#Public_law,_private_law,_designation" title="Act of Congress"><abbr title="Public Law">Pub. L.</abbr></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://uslaw.link/citation/us-law/public/92/500">92–500</a>. Approved October 18, 1972.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Water_pollution_in_the_United_States_EPA-summary-114"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Water_pollution_in_the_United_States_EPA-summary_114-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.epa.gov/laws-regulations/summary-clean-water-act">"Summary of the Clean Water Act"</a>. <i>Laws & Regulations</i>. EPA. June 12, 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Laws+%26+Regulations&rft.atitle=Summary+of+the+Clean+Water+Act&rft.date=2024-06-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.epa.gov%2Flaws-regulations%2Fsummary-clean-water-act&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWater+pollution" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Water_pollution_in_the_United_States_EPA-CWA_History-115"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Water_pollution_in_the_United_States_EPA-CWA_History_115-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.epa.gov/laws-regulations/history-clean-water-act">"History of the Clean Water Act"</a>. <i>Laws & Regulations</i>. EPA. June 12, 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Laws+%26+Regulations&rft.atitle=History+of+the+Clean+Water+Act&rft.date=2024-06-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.epa.gov%2Flaws-regulations%2Fhistory-clean-water-act&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWater+pollution" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 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quality index</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Air_pollution_measurement" title="Air pollution measurement">Air pollution measurement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atmospheric_dispersion_modeling" title="Atmospheric dispersion modeling">Atmospheric dispersion modeling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chlorofluorocarbon" title="Chlorofluorocarbon">Chlorofluorocarbon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Combustion" title="Combustion">Combustion</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biofuel" title="Biofuel">Biofuel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biomass" title="Biomass">Biomass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joss_paper" title="Joss paper">Joss paper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_burning_of_waste" title="Open burning of waste">Open burning of waste</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Construction" title="Construction">Construction</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Renovation" title="Renovation">Renovation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demolition" title="Demolition">Demolition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exhaust_gas" title="Exhaust gas">Exhaust gas</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Diesel_exhaust" title="Diesel exhaust">Diesel exhaust</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haze" title="Haze">Haze</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Smoke" title="Smoke">Smoke</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indoor_air_quality" title="Indoor air quality">Indoor air quality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internal_combustion_engine" title="Internal combustion engine">Internal combustion engine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_dimming" title="Global dimming">Global dimming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_distillation" title="Global distillation">Global distillation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mining" title="Mining">Mining</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ozone_depletion" title="Ozone depletion">Ozone depletion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Particulates" title="Particulates">Particulates</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asbestos" title="Asbestos">Asbestos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metal_working" class="mw-redirect" title="Metal working">Metal working</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oil_refining" class="mw-redirect" title="Oil refining">Oil refining</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wood_dust" class="mw-redirect" title="Wood dust">Wood dust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welding" title="Welding">Welding</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persistent_organic_pollutant" title="Persistent organic pollutant">Persistent organic pollutant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smelting" title="Smelting">Smelting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smog" title="Smog">Smog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soot" title="Soot">Soot</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_carbon" title="Black carbon">Black carbon</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volatile_organic_compound" title="Volatile organic compound">Volatile organic compound</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waste" title="Waste">Waste</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#fadcc5;width:1%;line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Biological_pollution" title="Biological pollution">Biological</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biological_hazard" title="Biological hazard">Biological hazard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genetic_pollution" title="Genetic pollution">Genetic pollution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Introduced_species" title="Introduced species">Introduced species</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Invasive_species" title="Invasive species">Invasive species</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#fadcc5;width:1%;line-height:1.3em;">Digital</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Information_pollution" title="Information pollution">Information pollution</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#fadcc5;width:1%;line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Electromagnetic_radiation_and_health" title="Electromagnetic radiation and health">Electromagnetic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Light_pollution" title="Light pollution">Light</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ecological_light_pollution" title="Ecological light pollution">Ecological light pollution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overillumination" class="mw-redirect" title="Overillumination">Overillumination</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radio_spectrum_pollution" title="Radio spectrum pollution">Radio spectrum pollution</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#fadcc5;width:1%;line-height:1.3em;">Natural</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ozone" title="Ozone">Ozone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radium_and_radon_in_the_environment" title="Radium and radon in the environment">Radium and radon in the environment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volcanic_ash" title="Volcanic ash">Volcanic ash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wildfire" title="Wildfire">Wildfire</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#fadcc5;width:1%;line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Noise_pollution" title="Noise pollution">Noise</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_effects_of_transport" class="mw-redirect" title="Environmental effects of transport">Transportation</a> <ul><li>Land</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_effects_of_shipping" class="mw-redirect" title="Environmental effects of shipping">Water</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_effects_of_aviation" class="mw-redirect" title="Environmental effects of aviation">Air</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rail_transport" title="Rail transport">Rail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_transport" title="Sustainable transport">Sustainable transport</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urbanization" title="Urbanization">Urban</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sonar" title="Sonar">Sonar</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Marine_mammals_and_sonar" title="Marine mammals and sonar">Marine mammals and sonar</a></li></ul></li> <li>Industrial</li> <li>Military</li> <li>Abstract</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noise_control" title="Noise control">Noise control</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#fadcc5;width:1%;line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Radioactive_contamination" title="Radioactive contamination">Radiation</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Actinides_in_the_environment" title="Actinides in the environment">Actinides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bioremediation_of_radioactive_waste" title="Bioremediation of radioactive waste">Bioremediation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_fission_product" title="Nuclear fission product">Nuclear fission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_fallout" title="Nuclear fallout">Nuclear fallout</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plutonium_in_the_environment" title="Plutonium in the environment">Plutonium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acute_radiation_syndrome" title="Acute radiation syndrome">Poisoning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_radioactivity" title="Environmental radioactivity">Radioactivity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uranium_in_the_environment" title="Uranium in the environment">Uranium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electromagnetic_radiation_and_health" title="Electromagnetic radiation and health">Electromagnetic radiation and health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radioactive_waste" title="Radioactive waste">Radioactive waste</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#fadcc5;width:1%;line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Soil_contamination" title="Soil contamination">Soil</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agricultural_pollution" title="Agricultural pollution">Agricultural pollution</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Herbicide" title="Herbicide">Herbicides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manure_management" title="Manure management">Manure waste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pesticide" title="Pesticide">Pesticides</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Land_degradation" title="Land degradation">Land degradation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bioremediation" title="Bioremediation">Bioremediation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_defecation" title="Open defecation">Open defecation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electrical_resistance_heating" title="Electrical resistance heating">Electrical resistance heating</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soil_guideline_value" title="Soil guideline value">Soil guideline values</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phytoremediation" title="Phytoremediation">Phytoremediation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#fadcc5;width:1%;line-height:1.3em;">Solid waste</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Advertising_mail" title="Advertising mail">Advertising mail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biodegradable_waste" title="Biodegradable waste">Biodegradable waste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brown_waste" title="Brown waste">Brown waste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electronic_waste" title="Electronic waste">Electronic waste</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battery_recycling" title="Battery recycling">Battery recycling</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foam_food_container" title="Foam food container">Foam food container</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Food_loss_and_waste" title="Food loss and waste">Food waste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_waste" title="Green waste">Green waste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hazardous_waste" title="Hazardous waste">Hazardous waste</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biomedical_waste" title="Biomedical waste">Biomedical waste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chemical_waste" title="Chemical waste">Chemical waste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Construction_waste" title="Construction waste">Construction waste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lead_poisoning" title="Lead poisoning">Lead poisoning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mercury_poisoning" title="Mercury poisoning">Mercury poisoning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toxic_waste" title="Toxic waste">Toxic waste</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Industrial_waste" title="Industrial waste">Industrial waste</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lead_smelting" title="Lead smelting">Lead smelting</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Litter" title="Litter">Litter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_effects_of_mining" class="mw-redirect" title="Environmental effects of mining">Mining</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coal_mining" title="Coal mining">Coal mining</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gold_mining" title="Gold mining">Gold mining</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surface_mining" title="Surface mining">Surface mining</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deep_sea_mining" title="Deep sea mining">Deep sea mining</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tailings" title="Tailings">Mining waste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uranium_mining" title="Uranium mining">Uranium mining</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Municipal_solid_waste" title="Municipal solid waste">Municipal solid waste</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Garbage" title="Garbage">Garbage</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pollution_from_nanomaterials" title="Pollution from nanomaterials">Nanomaterials</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plastic_pollution" title="Plastic pollution">Plastic pollution</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Microplastics" title="Microplastics">Microplastics</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Packaging_waste" title="Packaging waste">Packaging waste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-consumer_waste" title="Post-consumer waste">Post-consumer waste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waste_management" title="Waste management">Waste management</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Landfill" title="Landfill">Landfill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thermal_treatment" title="Thermal treatment">Thermal treatment</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#fadcc5;width:1%;line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Space_debris" title="Space debris"> Space</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Satellite" title="Satellite">Satellite</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#fadcc5;width:1%;line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Visual_pollution" title="Visual pollution">Visual</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Air_travel" title="Air travel">Air travel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clutter_(advertising)" title="Clutter (advertising)">Clutter (advertising)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traffic_sign" title="Traffic sign">Traffic signs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overhead_power_line" title="Overhead power line">Overhead power lines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vandalism" title="Vandalism">Vandalism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#fadcc5;width:1%;line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Environmental_impact_of_war" title="Environmental impact of war">War</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chemical_warfare" title="Chemical warfare">Chemical warfare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbicidal_warfare" title="Herbicidal warfare">Herbicidal warfare</a> (<a href="/wiki/Agent_Orange" title="Agent Orange">Agent Orange</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_holocaust" title="Nuclear holocaust">Nuclear holocaust</a> (<a href="/wiki/Nuclear_fallout" title="Nuclear fallout">Nuclear fallout</a> - <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_famine" title="Nuclear famine">nuclear famine</a> - <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_winter" title="Nuclear winter">nuclear winter</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scorched_earth" title="Scorched earth">Scorched earth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unexploded_ordnance" title="Unexploded ordnance">Unexploded ordnance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_and_environmental_law" title="War and environmental law">War and environmental law</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#fadcc5;width:1%;line-height:1.3em;"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Water</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agricultural_wastewater_treatment" title="Agricultural wastewater treatment">Agricultural wastewater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biological_pollution" title="Biological pollution">Biological pollution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waterborne_diseases" class="mw-redirect" title="Waterborne diseases">Diseases</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eutrophication" title="Eutrophication">Eutrophication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Firewater_(fire_fighting)" title="Firewater (fire fighting)">Firewater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freshwater_environmental_quality_parameters" title="Freshwater environmental quality parameters">Freshwater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Groundwater_pollution" title="Groundwater pollution">Groundwater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypoxia_(environmental)" title="Hypoxia (environmental)">Hypoxia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Industrial_wastewater_treatment" title="Industrial wastewater treatment">Industrial wastewater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marine_pollution" title="Marine pollution">Marine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Marine_debris" title="Marine debris">debris</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_monitoring" title="Environmental monitoring">Monitoring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nonpoint_source_pollution" title="Nonpoint source pollution">Nonpoint source pollution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nutrient_pollution" title="Nutrient pollution">Nutrient pollution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ocean_acidification" title="Ocean acidification">Ocean acidification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oil_exploitation" class="mw-redirect" title="Oil exploitation">Oil exploitation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oil_exploration" class="mw-redirect" title="Oil exploration">Oil exploration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oil_spill" title="Oil spill">Oil spill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_impact_of_pharmaceuticals_and_personal_care_products" title="Environmental impact of pharmaceuticals and personal care products">Pharmaceuticals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sewage" title="Sewage">Sewage</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Septic_tank" title="Septic tank">Septic tanks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pit_latrine" title="Pit latrine">Pit latrine</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_effects_of_shipping" class="mw-redirect" title="Environmental effects of shipping">Shipping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_stagnation" title="Water stagnation">Stagnation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sulfur_water" title="Sulfur water">Sulfur water</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surface_runoff" title="Surface runoff">Surface runoff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thermal_pollution" title="Thermal pollution">Thermal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turbidity" title="Turbidity">Turbidity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_runoff" title="Urban runoff">Urban runoff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_quality" title="Water quality">Water quality</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#fadcc5;width:1%;line-height:1.3em;">Topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pollutant" title="Pollutant">Pollutants</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Heavy_metals" title="Heavy metals">Heavy metals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paint" title="Paint">Paint</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brain_health_and_pollution" title="Brain health and pollution">Brain health and pollution</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#fadcc5;width:1%;line-height:1.3em;">Misc</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Area_source_pollution" title="Area source pollution">Area source</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Debris" title="Debris">Debris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dust" title="Dust">Dust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garbology" title="Garbology">Garbology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legacy_pollution" title="Legacy pollution">Legacy pollution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Midden" title="Midden">Midden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Point_source_pollution" title="Point source pollution">Point source</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waste" title="Waste">Waste</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#fadcc5;width:1%;line-height:1.3em;">Responses</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cleaner_production" title="Cleaner production">Cleaner production</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Industrial_ecology" title="Industrial ecology">Industrial ecology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pollution_haven_hypothesis" title="Pollution haven hypothesis">Pollution haven hypothesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pollutant_release_and_transfer_register" title="Pollutant release and transfer register">Pollutant release and transfer register</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polluter_pays_principle" title="Polluter pays principle">Polluter pays principle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pollution_control" class="mw-redirect" title="Pollution control">Pollution control</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waste_minimisation" title="Waste minimisation">Waste minimisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zero_waste" title="Zero waste">Zero waste</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#fadcc5;width:1%;line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Category:Pollution-related_lists" title="Category:Pollution-related lists">Lists</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_pollution-related_diseases" title="List of pollution-related diseases">Diseases</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_environmental_laws_by_country" title="List of environmental laws by country">Law by country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_most-polluted_cities_by_particulate_matter_concentration" title="List of most-polluted cities by particulate matter concentration">Most polluted cities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_least_polluted_cities_by_particulate_matter_concentration" class="mw-redirect" title="List of least polluted cities by particulate matter concentration">Least polluted cities by PM<sub>2.5</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_air_pollution" title="List of countries by air pollution">Most polluted countries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_most-polluted_rivers" title="List of most-polluted rivers">Most polluted rivers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_international_environmental_agreements" title="List of international environmental agreements">Treaties</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background:#fadcc5"><div><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Pollution" title="Category:Pollution">Categories</a> (<a href="/wiki/Category:Pollution_by_country" title="Category:Pollution by country">by country</a>) <span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Commons page"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:pollution" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:pollution">Commons</a> <span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="WikiProject"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/16px-People_icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/24px-People_icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/32px-People_icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="100" data-file-height="100" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Environment" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Environment">WikiProject Environment</a> <span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="WikiProject"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/16px-People_icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/24px-People_icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/32px-People_icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="100" data-file-height="100" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Ecology" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Ecology">WikiProject Ecology</a> <span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Aegopodium_podagraria1_ies.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Aegopodium_podagraria1_ies.jpg/32px-Aegopodium_podagraria1_ies.jpg" decoding="async" width="32" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Aegopodium_podagraria1_ies.jpg/48px-Aegopodium_podagraria1_ies.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Aegopodium_podagraria1_ies.jpg/64px-Aegopodium_podagraria1_ies.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="700" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Environment" title="Portal:Environment">Environment portal</a> <span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Earth_Day_Flag.png/32px-Earth_Day_Flag.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="21" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Earth_Day_Flag.png/48px-Earth_Day_Flag.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Earth_Day_Flag.png/64px-Earth_Day_Flag.png 2x" data-file-width="6000" data-file-height="4000" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Ecology" title="Portal:Ecology">Ecology portal</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Marine_pollution" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Marine_pollution" title="Template:Marine pollution"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Marine_pollution" title="Template talk:Marine pollution"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Marine_pollution" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Marine pollution"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Marine_pollution" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Marine_pollution" title="Marine pollution">Marine pollution</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Algal_bloom" title="Algal bloom">Algal bloom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anoxic_event" title="Anoxic event">Anoxic event</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anoxic_waters" title="Anoxic waters">Anoxic waters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aquatic_toxicology" title="Aquatic toxicology">Aquatic toxicology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_eutrophication" class="mw-redirect" title="Cultural eutrophication">Cultural eutrophication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyanotoxin" title="Cyanotoxin">Cyanotoxin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dead_zone_(ecology)" title="Dead zone (ecology)">Dead zone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_impact_of_shipping" title="Environmental impact of shipping">Environmental impact of shipping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eutrophication" title="Eutrophication">Eutrophication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fish_diseases_and_parasites" title="Fish diseases and parasites">Fish diseases and parasites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fish_kill" title="Fish kill">Fish kill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friendly_Floatees" class="mw-redirect" title="Friendly Floatees">Friendly Floatees</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garbage_patch" title="Garbage patch">Garbage patch</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Great_Pacific_Garbage_Patch" title="Great Pacific Garbage Patch">Great Pacific</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Ocean_garbage_patch" title="Indian Ocean garbage patch">Indian Ocean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Atlantic_garbage_patch" title="North Atlantic garbage patch">North Atlantic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Pacific_garbage_patch" title="South Pacific garbage patch">South Pacific</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Atlantic_Sargassum_Belt" title="Great Atlantic Sargassum Belt">GASB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypoxia_(environmental)" title="Hypoxia (environmental)">Hypoxia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Invasive_species" title="Invasive species">Invasive species</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marine_debris" title="Marine debris">Marine debris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mercury_in_fish" title="Mercury in fish">Mercury in fish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microbead" title="Microbead">Microbead</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nonpoint_source_pollution" title="Nonpoint source pollution">Nonpoint source pollution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nutrient_pollution" title="Nutrient pollution">Nutrient pollution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ocean_acidification" title="Ocean acidification">Ocean acidification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ocean_deoxygenation" title="Ocean deoxygenation">Ocean deoxygenation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oil_spill" title="Oil spill">Oil spill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Particle_(ecology)" title="Particle (ecology)">Particle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phase-out_of_lightweight_plastic_bags" class="mw-redirect" title="Phase-out of lightweight plastic bags">Plastic bags</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plastic_pellet_pollution" title="Plastic pellet pollution">Plastic pellet pollution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Point_source_pollution" title="Point source pollution">Point source pollution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shutdown_of_thermohaline_circulation" class="mw-redirect" title="Shutdown of thermohaline circulation">Shutdown of thermohaline circulation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_impact_of_silver_nanoparticles" title="Environmental impact of silver nanoparticles">Silver nanoparticles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stormwater" title="Stormwater">Stormwater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surface_runoff" title="Surface runoff">Surface runoff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upwelling" title="Upwelling">Upwelling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_runoff" title="Urban runoff">Urban runoff</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Water pollution</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Water" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Water" title="Template:Water"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Water" title="Template talk:Water"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Water" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Water"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Water" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Water" title="Water">Water</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Overviews</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_water" title="Outline of water">Outline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_(data_page)" title="Water (data page)">Data</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_model" title="Water model">Model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Properties_of_water" title="Properties of water">Properties</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="6" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Water_drop_001.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Water droplet"><img alt="Water droplet" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Water_drop_001.jpg/70px-Water_drop_001.jpg" decoding="async" width="70" height="47" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Water_drop_001.jpg/105px-Water_drop_001.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Water_drop_001.jpg/140px-Water_drop_001.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3714" data-file-height="2475" /></a><figcaption>Water droplet</figcaption></figure></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/State_of_matter" title="State of matter">States</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Water" title="Water">Liquid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ice" title="Ice">Ice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_vapor" title="Water vapor">Vapor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steam" title="Steam">Steam</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Superheated_steam" title="Superheated steam">superheated</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Forms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Deuterium-depleted_water" title="Deuterium-depleted water">Deuterium-depleted</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semiheavy_water" title="Semiheavy water">Semiheavy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heavy_water" title="Heavy water">Heavy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tritiated_water" title="Tritiated water">Tritiated</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doubly_labeled_water" title="Doubly labeled water">Doubly labeled water</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydronium" title="Hydronium">Hydronium</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">On <a href="/wiki/Earth" title="Earth">Earth</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Water_cycle" title="Water cycle">Cycle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_distribution_on_Earth" title="Water distribution on Earth">Distribution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydrosphere" title="Hydrosphere">Hydrosphere</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hydrology" title="Hydrology">Hydrology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydrobiology" title="Hydrobiology">Hydrobiology</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Origin_of_water_on_Earth" title="Origin of water on Earth">Origin</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Pollution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_resources" title="Water resources">Resources</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Water_resource_management" class="mw-redirect" title="Water resource management">management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_resource_policy" title="Water resource policy">policy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_supply" title="Water supply">Supply</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Extraterrestrial</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Extraterrestrial_liquid_water" title="Extraterrestrial liquid water">Extraterrestrial liquid water</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asteroidal_water" title="Asteroidal water">Asteroidal water</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Planetary_oceanography" title="Planetary oceanography">Planetary oceanography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ocean_world" title="Ocean world">Ocean world</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hycean_planet" title="Hycean planet">Hycean planet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_extrasolar_candidates_for_liquid_water" title="List of extrasolar candidates for liquid water">List of Candidates</a></li></ul></li> <li>Specific <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Europa_(moon)#Subsurface_ocean" title="Europa (moon)">Europa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_on_Mars" title="Water on Mars">Mars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lunar_water" title="Lunar water">Moon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enceladus#Subsurface_water_ocean" title="Enceladus">Enceladus</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Physical parameters</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stratification_(water)" title="Stratification (water)">Stratification</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ocean_stratification" title="Ocean stratification">Ocean stratification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lake_stratification" title="Lake stratification">Lake stratification</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ocean_temperature" title="Ocean temperature">Ocean temperature</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3" style="font-weight: bold;"><div> <ul><li> <span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Water" title="Portal:Water">Portal</a></li> <li> <span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Water" title="Category:Water">Category</a></li> <li> <span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Commons page"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Water" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Water">Commons</a></li> <li> <span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiktionary-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Wiktionary page"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Wiktionary-logo.svg/16px-Wiktionary-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Wiktionary-logo.svg/24px-Wiktionary-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Wiktionary-logo.svg/32px-Wiktionary-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="370" data-file-height="350" /></a></span> <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/water" class="extiw" title="wikt:water">Wiktionary</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Natural_resources" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Natural_resources" title="Template:Natural resources"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Natural_resources" title="Template talk:Natural resources"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Natural_resources" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Natural resources"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Natural_resources" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Natural_resource" title="Natural resource">Natural resources</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Atmosphere_of_Earth" title="Atmosphere of Earth">Air</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.0em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Air_pollution" title="Air pollution">Pollution / quality</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Ambient_Air_Quality_Standards" title="National Ambient Air Quality Standards">Ambient standards <span style="font-size:85%;">(US)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Air_quality_index" title="Air quality index">Index</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indoor_air_quality" title="Indoor air quality">Indoor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Air_quality_law" title="Air quality law">Law</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Clean_Air_Act_(United_States)" title="Clean Air Act (United States)">Clean Air Act <span style="font-size:85%;">(US)</span></a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ozone_depletion" title="Ozone depletion">Ozone depletion</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.0em;font-weight:normal;">Emissions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Airshed" title="Airshed">Airshed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emissions_trading" title="Emissions trading">Trading</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reducing_emissions_from_deforestation_and_forest_degradation" class="mw-redirect" title="Reducing emissions from deforestation and forest degradation">Deforestation (REDD)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Energy" title="Energy">Energy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bioenergy" title="Bioenergy">Bio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_law" title="Energy law">Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_resources" class="mw-redirect" title="Energy resources">Resources</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fossil_fuel" title="Fossil fuel">Fossil fuels</a> (<a href="/wiki/Fuel_gas" title="Fuel gas">gas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Peak_coal" title="Peak coal">peak coal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Peak_gas" title="Peak gas">peak gas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Peak_oil" title="Peak oil">peak oil</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geothermal_energy" title="Geothermal energy">Geothermal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydropower" title="Hydropower">Hydro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_power" title="Nuclear power">Nuclear</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_energy" title="Solar energy">Solar</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sunlight" title="Sunlight">sunlight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shade_(shadow)" title="Shade (shadow)">shade</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wind_power" title="Wind power">Wind</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Land" title="Land">Land</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agricultural_land" title="Agricultural land">Agricultural</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arable_land" title="Arable land">arable</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Peak_farmland" title="Peak farmland">peak farmland</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Land_degradation" title="Land degradation">Degradation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Field_(agriculture)" title="Field (agriculture)">Field</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Landscape" title="Landscape">Landscape</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cityscape" title="Cityscape">cityscape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seascape" title="Seascape">seascape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soundscape" title="Soundscape">soundscape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viewshed" title="Viewshed">viewshed</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Land_law" title="Land law">Law</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Property_law" title="Property law">property</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Land_management" title="Land management">Management</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Habitat_conservation" title="Habitat conservation">habitat conservation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mineral" title="Mineral">Minerals</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gemstone" title="Gemstone">gemstone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Industrial_mineral" title="Industrial mineral">industrial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ore" title="Ore">ore</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Metal" title="Metal">metal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mining" title="Mining">mining</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mining_law" title="Mining law">law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sand_mining" title="Sand mining">sand</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peak_minerals" title="Peak minerals">peak</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Peak_copper" class="mw-redirect" title="Peak copper">copper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peak_phosphorus" class="mw-redirect" title="Peak phosphorus">phosphorus</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mineral_rights" title="Mineral rights">rights</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soil" title="Soil">Soil</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Soil_conservation" title="Soil conservation">conservation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soil_fertility" title="Soil fertility">fertility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soil_health" title="Soil health">health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soil_resilience" title="Soil resilience">resilience</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Land_use" title="Land use">Use</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Land-use_planning" title="Land-use planning">planning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_space_reserve" title="Open space reserve">reserve</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Life" title="Life">Life</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biodiversity" title="Biodiversity">Biodiversity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bioprospecting" title="Bioprospecting">Bioprospecting</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biopiracy" title="Biopiracy">biopiracy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biosphere" title="Biosphere">Biosphere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bushfood" class="mw-redirect" title="Bushfood">Bushfood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bushmeat" title="Bushmeat">Bushmeat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fishery" title="Fishery">Fisheries</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_and_fisheries" title="Climate change and fisheries">climate change</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fisheries_law" title="Fisheries law">law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fisheries_management" title="Fisheries management">management</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forest" title="Forest">Forests</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Forest_genetic_resources" title="Forest genetic resources">genetic resources</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forestry_law" title="Forestry law">law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forest_management" title="Forest management">management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-timber_forest_product" title="Non-timber forest product">non-timber products</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Game_(food)" class="mw-redirect" title="Game (food)">Game</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Game_law" title="Game law">law</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marine_conservation" title="Marine conservation">Marine conservation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meadow" title="Meadow">Meadow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pasture" title="Pasture">Pasture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plant" title="Plant">Plants</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Plant_Treaty" class="mw-redirect" title="Plant Treaty">FAO Plant Treaty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Food" title="Food">food</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plant_genetic_resources" title="Plant genetic resources">genetic resources</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gene_bank" title="Gene bank">gene banks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_plants_used_in_herbalism" title="List of plants used in herbalism">herbal medicines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UPOV" class="mw-redirect" title="UPOV">UPOV Convention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wood" title="Wood">wood</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rangeland" title="Rangeland">Rangeland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seed_bank" title="Seed bank">Seed bank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wildlife" title="Wildlife">Wildlife</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wildlife_conservation" title="Wildlife conservation">conservation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wildlife_management" title="Wildlife management">management</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Water" title="Water">Water</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.0em;font-weight:normal;">Types / location</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aquifer" title="Aquifer">Aquifer</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aquifer_storage_and_recovery" title="Aquifer storage and recovery">storage and recovery</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drinking_water" title="Drinking water">Drinking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fresh_water" title="Fresh water">Fresh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Groundwater" title="Groundwater">Groundwater</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Groundwater_pollution" title="Groundwater pollution">pollution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Groundwater_recharge" title="Groundwater recharge">recharge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Groundwater_remediation" title="Groundwater remediation">remediation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydrosphere" title="Hydrosphere">Hydrosphere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ice" title="Ice">Ice</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Iceberg" title="Iceberg">bergs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glacier" title="Glacier">glacial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polar_ice_cap" title="Polar ice cap">polar</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irrigation" title="Irrigation">Irrigation</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Huerta" title="Huerta">huerta</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marine_resources" title="Marine resources">Marine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rain" title="Rain">Rain</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rainwater_harvesting" title="Rainwater harvesting">harvesting</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stormwater" title="Stormwater">Stormwater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surface_water" title="Surface water">Surface water</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sewage" title="Sewage">Sewage</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Reclaimed_water" title="Reclaimed water">reclaimed water</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drainage_basin" title="Drainage basin">Watershed</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.0em;font-weight:normal;">Aspects</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Desalination" title="Desalination">Desalination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flood" title="Flood">Floods</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_law" class="mw-redirect" title="Water law">Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leaching_(agriculture)" title="Leaching (agriculture)">Leaching</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanitation" title="Sanitation">Sanitation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Improved_sanitation" title="Improved sanitation">improved</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_scarcity" title="Water scarcity">Scarcity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_security" title="Water security">Security</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_supply" title="Water supply">Supply</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_efficiency" title="Water efficiency">Efficiency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_conflict" title="Water conflict">Conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_conservation" title="Water conservation">Conservation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peak_water" title="Peak water">Peak water</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Pollution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_privatization" title="Water privatization">Privatization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_quality" title="Water quality">Quality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_right" title="Water right">Right</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_resources" title="Water resources">Resources</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Improved_water_source" title="Improved water source">improved</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_resource_policy" title="Water resource policy">policy</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Commons" title="Commons">Commons</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Enclosure" title="Enclosure">enclosure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_commons" title="Global commons">global</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Common_land" title="Common land">land</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tragedy_of_the_commons" title="Tragedy of the commons">tragedy of</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_resource_economics" title="Natural resource economics">Economics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ecological_economics" title="Ecological economics">ecological</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Land_(economics)" title="Land (economics)">land</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecosystem_services" class="mw-redirect" title="Ecosystem services">Ecosystem services</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exploitation_of_natural_resources" title="Exploitation of natural resources">Exploitation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Overexploitation" title="Overexploitation">overexploitation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earth_Overshoot_Day" title="Earth Overshoot Day">Earth Overshoot Day</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_resource_management" title="Natural resource management">Management</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adaptive_management" title="Adaptive management">adaptive</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_capital" title="Natural capital">Natural capital</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Natural_capital_accounting" title="Natural capital accounting">accounting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_good" title="Environmental good">good</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_heritage" title="Natural heritage">Natural heritage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nature_reserve" title="Nature reserve">Nature reserve</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Remnant_natural_area" title="Remnant natural area">remnant natural area</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Systems_ecology" title="Systems ecology">Systems ecology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_ecology" title="Urban ecology">Urban ecology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilderness" title="Wilderness">Wilderness</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.0em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Resource" title="Resource">Resource</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Common-pool_resource" title="Common-pool resource">Common-pool</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conflict_resource" class="mw-redirect" title="Conflict resource">Conflict <span style="font-size:85%;">(perpetuation)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resource_curse" title="Resource curse">Curse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resource_depletion" title="Resource depletion">Depletion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resource_extraction" class="mw-redirect" title="Resource extraction">Extraction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resource_nationalism" title="Resource nationalism">Nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_resource" title="Renewable resource">Renewable</a> / <a href="/wiki/Non-renewable_resource" title="Non-renewable resource">Non-renewable</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.0em;font-weight:normal;">Politics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Oil_war" title="Oil war">Oil war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petrostate" title="Petrostate">Petrostate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resource_war" title="Resource war">Resource war</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Natural_resources" title="Category:Natural resources">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Environmental_science" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Environmental_science" title="Template:Environmental science"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Environmental_science" title="Template talk:Environmental science"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Environmental_science" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Environmental science"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Environmental_science" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Environmental_science" title="Environmental science">Environmental science</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Main fields</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atmospheric_science" title="Atmospheric science">Atmospheric science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biogeochemistry" title="Biogeochemistry">Biogeochemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecology" title="Ecology">Ecology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_chemistry" title="Environmental chemistry">Environmental chemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earth_science" title="Earth science">Geosciences</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydrology" title="Hydrology">Hydrology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Limnology" title="Limnology">Limnology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oceanography" title="Oceanography">Oceanography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_soil_science" title="Environmental soil science">Soil science</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="5" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg/100px-The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg/150px-The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg/200px-The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="3002" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related fields</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biology" title="Biology">Biology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chemistry" title="Chemistry">Chemistry</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Green_chemistry" title="Green chemistry">green</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecological_economics" title="Ecological economics">Ecological economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_design" title="Environmental design">Environmental design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_economics" title="Environmental economics">Environmental economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_engineering" title="Environmental engineering">Environmental engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_health" title="Environmental health">Environmental health</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_epidemiology" title="Environmental epidemiology">epidemiology</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_studies" title="Environmental studies">Environmental studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_humanities" title="Environmental humanities">Environmental humanities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_statistics" title="Environmental statistics">Environmental statistics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_toxicology" title="Environmental toxicology">Environmental toxicology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geodesy" title="Geodesy">Geodesy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Physics" title="Physics">Physics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radioecology" title="Radioecology">Radioecology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainability_science" title="Sustainability science">Sustainability science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Systems_ecology" title="Systems ecology">Systems ecology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_ecology" title="Urban ecology">Urban ecology</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Applications</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Energy_conservation" title="Energy conservation">Energy conservation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_technology" title="Environmental technology">Environmental technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_resource_management" title="Natural resource management">Natural resource management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pollution_control" class="mw-redirect" title="Pollution control">Pollution control</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_transport" title="Public transport">Public transport encouragement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recycling" title="Recycling">Recycling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_remediation" title="Environmental remediation">Remediation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy" title="Renewable energy">Renewable energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Road_ecology" title="Road ecology">Road ecology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sewage_treatment" title="Sewage treatment">Sewage treatment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_metabolism" title="Urban metabolism">Urban metabolism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_purification" title="Water purification">Water purification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waste_management" title="Waste management">Waste management</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_environmental_degrees" title="List of environmental degrees">Degrees</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_environmental_journals#Environmental_sciences" title="List of environmental journals">Journals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_environmental_research_institutes" title="List of environmental research institutes">Research institutes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_environmental_science" title="Glossary of environmental science">Glossary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_years_in_the_environment" title="List of years in the environment">Environment by year</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Human_impact_on_the_environment" title="Human impact on the environment">Human impact on the environment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainability" title="Sustainability">Sustainability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technogaianism" title="Technogaianism">Technogaianism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Category:Environmental_science" title="Category:Environmental science">Category</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Environmental_scientists" title="Category:Environmental scientists">scientists</a></li></ul></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Commons page"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span> <b><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Environmental_sciences" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Environmental sciences">Commons</a></b></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Portal:Environment" title="Portal:Environment">Environment portal</a></b></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="WikiProject"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/16px-People_icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/24px-People_icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/32px-People_icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="100" data-file-height="100" /></span></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Environment" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Environment">WikiProject</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Public_health" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Public_health" title="Template:Public health"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Public_health" title="Template talk:Public health"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Public_health" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Public health"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Public_health" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Public_health" title="Public health">Public health</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Auxology" title="Auxology">Auxology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biological_hazard" title="Biological hazard">Biological hazard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chief_Medical_Officer" class="mw-redirect" title="Chief Medical Officer">Chief Medical Officer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_competence_in_health_care" class="mw-redirect" title="Cultural competence in health care">Cultural competence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deviance_(sociology)" title="Deviance (sociology)">Deviance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_health" title="Environmental health">Environmental health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eugenics" title="Eugenics">Eugenics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_eugenics" title="History of eugenics">History of</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_eugenics" title="New eugenics">Liberal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euthenics" title="Euthenics">Euthenics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_health_genomics" title="Public health genomics">Genomics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Globalization_and_disease" title="Globalization and disease">Globalization and disease</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harm_reduction" title="Harm reduction">Harm reduction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_economics" title="Health economics">Health economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_literacy" title="Health literacy">Health literacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_policy" title="Health policy">Health policy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Health_system" title="Health system">Health system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_care_reform" title="Health care reform">Health care reform</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Housing_First" title="Housing First">Housing First</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_right_to_water_and_sanitation" title="Human right to water and sanitation">Human right to water and sanitation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Management_of_depression" title="Management of depression">Management of depression</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Public_health_law" title="Public health law">Public health law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_public_health_institutes" class="mw-redirect" title="National public health institutes">National public health institute</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_politics" title="Health politics">Health politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labor_rights" title="Labor rights">Labor rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maternal_health" title="Maternal health">Maternal health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medical_anthropology" title="Medical anthropology">Medical anthropology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medical_sociology" title="Medical sociology">Medical sociology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mental_health" title="Mental health">Mental health</a> (<a href="/wiki/Minister_of_Mental_Health" title="Minister of Mental Health">Ministers</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occupational_safety_and_health" title="Occupational safety and health">Occupational safety and health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pharmaceutical_policy" title="Pharmaceutical policy">Pharmaceutical policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pollution" title="Pollution">Pollution</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Air_pollution" title="Air pollution">Air</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Water</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soil_pollution" class="mw-redirect" title="Soil pollution">Soil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radioactive_contamination" title="Radioactive contamination">Radiation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Light_pollution" title="Light pollution">Light</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prisoners%27_rights" title="Prisoners' rights">Prisoners' rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_health_intervention" title="Public health intervention">Public health intervention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_health_laboratory" title="Public health laboratory">Public health laboratory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_food" title="Right to food">Right to food</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_health" title="Right to health">Right to health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_housing" title="Right to housing">Right to housing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_rest_and_leisure" title="Right to rest and leisure">Right to rest and leisure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_sit" title="Right to sit">Right to sit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Security_of_person" title="Security of person">Security of person</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_and_reproductive_health" title="Sexual and reproductive health">Sexual and reproductive health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_psychology" title="Social psychology">Social psychology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociology_of_health_and_illness" title="Sociology of health and illness">Sociology of health and illness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unisex_changing_rooms" title="Unisex changing rooms">Unisex changing rooms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unisex_public_toilets" class="mw-redirect" title="Unisex public toilets">Unisex public toilets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Workers%27_right_to_access_the_toilet" title="Workers' right to access the toilet">Workers' right to access the toilet</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Preventive_healthcare" title="Preventive healthcare">Preventive healthcare</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Behavior_change_(public_health)" title="Behavior change (public health)">Behavior change</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Behavioural_change_theories" title="Behavioural change theories">Theories</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Family_planning" title="Family planning">Family planning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_promotion" title="Health promotion">Health promotion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_nutrition" title="Human nutrition">Human nutrition</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Healthy_diet" title="Healthy diet">Healthy diet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Preventive_nutrition" title="Preventive nutrition">Preventive nutrition</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hygiene" title="Hygiene">Hygiene</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Food_safety" title="Food safety">Food safety</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hand_washing" title="Hand washing">Hand washing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infection_control" class="mw-redirect" title="Infection control">Infection control</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oral_hygiene" title="Oral hygiene">Oral hygiene</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occupational_safety_and_health" title="Occupational safety and health">Occupational safety and health</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Human_factors_and_ergonomics" class="mw-redirect" title="Human factors and ergonomics">Human factors and ergonomics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occupational_hygiene" title="Occupational hygiene">Hygiene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drug_policy" title="Drug policy">Controlled Drugs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Injury_prevention" title="Injury prevention">Injury prevention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occupational_medicine" title="Occupational medicine">Medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occupational_health_nursing" title="Occupational health nursing">Nursing</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patient_safety" title="Patient safety">Patient safety</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Patient_safety_organization" title="Patient safety organization">Organization</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pharmacovigilance" title="Pharmacovigilance">Pharmacovigilance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Safe_sex" title="Safe sex">Safe sex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanitation" title="Sanitation">Sanitation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Emergency_sanitation" title="Emergency sanitation">Emergency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fecal%E2%80%93oral_route" title="Fecal–oral route">Fecal–oral transmission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_defecation" title="Open defecation">Open defecation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanitary_sewer" title="Sanitary sewer">Sanitary sewer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waterborne_diseases" class="mw-redirect" title="Waterborne diseases">Waterborne diseases</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanitation_worker" title="Sanitation worker">Worker</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/School_hygiene" title="School hygiene">School hygiene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smoking_cessation" title="Smoking cessation">Smoking cessation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaccination" title="Vaccination">Vaccination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vector_control" title="Vector control">Vector control</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Population_health" title="Population health">Population health</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biostatistics" title="Biostatistics">Biostatistics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Child_mortality" title="Child mortality">Child mortality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Community_health" title="Community health">Community health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epidemiology" title="Epidemiology">Epidemiology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_health" title="Global health">Global health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_impact_assessment" title="Health impact assessment">Health impact assessment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_system" title="Health system">Health system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infant_mortality" title="Infant mortality">Infant mortality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_open-source_health_software" title="List of open-source health software">Open-source healthcare software</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multimorbidity" title="Multimorbidity">Multimorbidity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_health_informatics" title="Public health informatics">Public health informatics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_determinants_of_health" title="Social determinants of health">Social determinants of health</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Commercial_determinants_of_health" title="Commercial determinants of health">Commercial determinants of health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_equity" title="Health equity">Health equity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Race_and_health" title="Race and health">Race and health</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_medicine" title="Social medicine">Social medicine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Biological and<br />epidemiological statistics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Case%E2%80%93control_study" title="Case–control study">Case–control study</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Randomized_controlled_trial" title="Randomized controlled trial">Randomized controlled trial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Relative_risk" title="Relative risk">Relative risk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statistical_hypothesis_testing" class="mw-redirect" title="Statistical hypothesis testing">Statistical hypothesis testing</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Analysis_of_variance" title="Analysis of variance">Analysis of variance (ANOVA)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regression_analysis" title="Regression analysis">Regression analysis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ROC_curve" class="mw-redirect" title="ROC curve">ROC curve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Student%27s_t-test" title="Student's t-test">Student's <i>t</i>-test</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Z-test" title="Z-test"><i>Z</i>-test</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_statistical_packages" class="mw-redirect" title="List of statistical packages">Statistical software</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Infectious and epidemic<br />disease prevention</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asymptomatic_carrier" title="Asymptomatic carrier">Asymptomatic carrier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epidemic" title="Epidemic">Epidemics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_epidemics_and_pandemics" title="List of epidemics and pandemics">List</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Notifiable_disease" title="Notifiable disease">Notifiable diseases</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_notifiable_diseases" title="List of notifiable diseases">List</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_health_surveillance" title="Public health surveillance">Public health surveillance</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Disease_surveillance" title="Disease surveillance">Disease surveillance</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quarantine" title="Quarantine">Quarantine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexually_transmitted_infection" title="Sexually transmitted infection">Sexually transmitted infection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_distancing" title="Social distancing">Social distancing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tropical_disease" title="Tropical disease">Tropical disease</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaccine_trial" title="Vaccine trial">Vaccine trial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WASH" title="WASH">WASH</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Food hygiene and<br />safety management</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Food <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Food_additive" title="Food additive">Additive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Food_chemistry" title="Food chemistry">Chemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Food_engineering" title="Food engineering">Engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Food_microbiology" title="Food microbiology">Microbiology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Food_processing" title="Food processing">Processing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Food_safety" title="Food safety">Safety</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Food_safety_scandals" title="Category:Food safety scandals">Safety scandals</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Good_agricultural_practice" title="Good agricultural practice">Good agricultural practice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Good_manufacturing_practice" title="Good manufacturing practice">Good manufacturing practice</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/HACCP" class="mw-redirect" title="HACCP">HACCP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_22000" title="ISO 22000">ISO 22000</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Health behavioral<br />sciences</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Diffusion_of_innovations" title="Diffusion of innovations">Diffusion of innovations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_belief_model" title="Health belief model">Health belief model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_communication" title="Health communication">Health communication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_psychology" title="Health psychology">Health psychology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Positive_deviance" title="Positive deviance">Positive deviance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PRECEDE%E2%80%93PROCEED_model" title="PRECEDE–PROCEED model">PRECEDE–PROCEED model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_cognitive_theory" title="Social cognitive theory">Social cognitive theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_norms_approach" title="Social norms approach">Social norms approach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theory_of_planned_behavior" title="Theory of planned behavior">Theory of planned behavior</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transtheoretical_model" title="Transtheoretical model">Transtheoretical model</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organizations,<br />education<br />and history</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Caribbean <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Caribbean_Public_Health_Agency" title="Caribbean Public Health Agency">Caribbean Public Health Agency</a></li></ul></li> <li>China <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Center_for_Disease_Control_and_Prevention" title="Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention">Center for Disease Control and Prevention</a></li></ul></li> <li>Europe <ul><li><a href="/wiki/European_Centre_for_Disease_Prevention_and_Control" title="European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control">Centre for Disease Prevention and Control</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Parliament_Committee_on_the_Environment,_Public_Health_and_Food_Safety" title="European Parliament Committee on the Environment, Public Health and Food Safety">Committee on the Environment, Public Health and Food Safety</a></li></ul></li> <li>India <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Health_and_Family_Welfare" title="Ministry of Health and Family Welfare">Ministry of Health and Family Welfare</a></li></ul></li> <li>Canada <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Health_Canada" title="Health Canada">Health Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_Health_Agency_of_Canada" title="Public Health Agency of Canada">Public Health Agency</a></li></ul></li> <li>U.S. <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Centers_for_Disease_Control_and_Prevention" title="Centers for Disease Control and Prevention">Centers for Disease Control and Prevention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_departments_in_the_United_States" title="Health departments in the United States">Health departments in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_on_Education_for_Public_Health" title="Council on Education for Public Health">Council on Education for Public Health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Public_Health_Service" title="United States Public Health Service">Public Health Service</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Health_Organization" title="World Health Organization">World Health Organization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Toilet_Organization" title="World Toilet Organization">World Toilet Organization</a></li> <li>(<a href="/wiki/List_of_national_public_health_agencies" title="List of national public health agencies">Full list</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Education</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Health_education" title="Health education">Health education</a></li> <li>Higher education <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bachelor_of_Science_in_Public_Health" title="Bachelor of Science in Public Health">Bachelor of Science in Public Health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doctor_of_Public_Health" title="Doctor of Public Health">Doctor of Public Health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Professional_degrees_of_public_health" title="Professional degrees of public health">Professional degrees of public health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Schools_of_public_health" title="Category:Schools of public health">Schools of public health</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">History</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sara_Josephine_Baker" title="Sara Josephine Baker">Sara Josephine Baker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Jay_Crumbine" title="Samuel Jay Crumbine">Samuel Jay Crumbine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Rogers_Darnall" title="Carl Rogers Darnall">Carl Rogers Darnall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Lister" title="Joseph Lister">Joseph Lister</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margaret_Sanger" title="Margaret Sanger">Margaret Sanger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Snow_(physician)" class="mw-redirect" title="John Snow (physician)">John Snow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Mallon" title="Mary Mallon">Typhoid Mary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radium_Girls" title="Radium Girls">Radium Girls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germ_theory_of_disease" title="Germ theory of disease">Germ theory of disease</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_hygiene_movement" title="Social hygiene movement">Social hygiene movement</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Category:Public_health" title="Category:Public health">Category</a></b></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Commons page"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, 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