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<button aria-controls="toc-Uses-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Uses subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Uses-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Letter" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Letter"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Letter</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Letter-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Arguments_for_[zd]" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Arguments_for_[zd]"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.1</span> <span>Arguments for <span>[zd]</span></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Arguments_for_[zd]-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Arguments_for_[dz]" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Arguments_for_[dz]"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.2</span> <span>Arguments for [dz]</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Arguments_for_[dz]-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Summary" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Summary"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.3</span> <span>Summary</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Summary-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Numeral" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Numeral"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Numeral</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Numeral-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mathematics_and_science" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mathematics_and_science"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Mathematics and science</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mathematics_and_science-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Unicode" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Unicode"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Unicode</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Unicode-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-General_references" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#General_references"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>General references</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-General_references-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Zeta</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 87 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-87" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">87 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zeta_(letter)" title="Zeta (letter) – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Zeta (letter)" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%96" title="Ζ – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Ζ" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ab mw-list-item"><a href="https://ab.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%96" title="Ζ – Abkhazian" lang="ab" hreflang="ab" data-title="Ζ" data-language-autonym="Аԥсшәа" data-language-local-name="Abkhazian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Аԥсшәа</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B2%D9%8A%D8%AA%D8%A7_(%D8%AD%D8%B1%D9%81)" title="زيتا (حرف) – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="زيتا (حرف)" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zeta_(letra_griega)" title="Zeta (letra griega) – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Zeta (letra griega)" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arc mw-list-item"><a href="https://arc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%96" title="Ζ – Aramaic" lang="arc" hreflang="arc" data-title="Ζ" data-language-autonym="ܐܪܡܝܐ" data-language-local-name="Aramaic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ܐܪܡܝܐ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zeta" title="Zeta – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Zeta" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%9C%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%9F%E0%A6%BE" title="জেটা – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="জেটা" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%96" title="Ζ – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Ζ" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B7%D1%8D%D1%82%D0%B0" title="Дзэта – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Дзэта" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B7%D1%8D%D1%82%D0%B0" title="Дзэта – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Дзэта" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0_(%D0%B1%D1%83%D0%BA%D0%B2%D0%B0)" title="Зета (буква) – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Зета (буква)" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zeta" title="Zeta – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Zeta" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Boarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%9F%E0%BD%BA%E0%BD%A6%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%90%E0%BC%8D" title="ཟེས་ཐ། – Tibetan" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="ཟེས་ཐ།" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="Tibetan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>བོད་ཡིག</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zeta_(lizherenn)" title="Zeta (lizherenn) – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Zeta (lizherenn)" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zeta_(lletra_grega)" title="Zeta (lletra grega) – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Zeta (lletra grega)" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Z%C3%A9ta" title="Zéta – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Zéta" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zeta_(llythyren)" title="Zeta (llythyren) – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Zeta (llythyren)" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zeta_(bogstav)" title="Zeta (bogstav) – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Zeta (bogstav)" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-se mw-list-item"><a href="https://se.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%96" title="Ζ – Northern Sami" lang="se" hreflang="se" data-title="Ζ" data-language-autonym="Davvisámegiella" data-language-local-name="Northern Sami" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Davvisámegiella</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zeta" title="Zeta – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Zeta" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dzeeta" title="Dzeeta – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Dzeeta" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%96%CE%AE%CF%84%CE%B1" title="Ζήτα – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ζήτα" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%96" title="Ζ – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Ζ" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zeto" title="Zeto – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Zeto" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext mw-list-item"><a href="https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zeta" title="Zeta – Extremaduran" lang="ext" hreflang="ext" data-title="Zeta" data-language-autonym="Estremeñu" data-language-local-name="Extremaduran" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Estremeñu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zeta_(hizkia)" title="Zeta (hizkia) – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Zeta (hizkia)" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B2%D8%AA%D8%A7" title="زتا – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="زتا" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zeta" title="Zeta – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Zeta" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Føroyskt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Z%C3%AAta" title="Zêta – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Zêta" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Z%C3%A9ite" title="Zéite – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Zéite" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zeta" title="Zeta – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Zeta" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dseta" title="Dseta – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Dseta" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%96" title="Ζ – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Ζ" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%96" title="Ζ – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="Ζ" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%81%D5%A5%D5%BF%D5%A1_(%D5%BF%D5%A1%D5%BC)" title="Ձետա (տառ) – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ձետա (տառ)" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zeta_(slovo)" title="Zeta (slovo) – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Zeta (slovo)" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zeta" title="Zeta – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Zeta" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zeta" title="Zeta – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Zeta" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zeta_(lettera_greca)" title="Zeta (lettera greca) – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Zeta (lettera greca)" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%96%D7%98%D7%90" title="זטא – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="זטא" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%AB%E1%83%94%E1%83%A2%E1%83%90_(%E1%83%90%E1%83%A1%E1%83%9D)" title="ძეტა (ასო) – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ძეტა (ასო)" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dzeta" title="Dzeta – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Dzeta" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kv mw-list-item"><a href="https://kv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B7%D1%8D%D1%82%D0%B0" title="Дзэта – Komi" lang="kv" hreflang="kv" data-title="Дзэта" data-language-autonym="Коми" data-language-local-name="Komi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Коми</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%96" title="Ζ – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Ζ" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zeta" title="Zeta – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Zeta" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zeta" title="Zeta – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Zeta" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Z%C4%93ta" title="Zēta – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Zēta" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zeta" title="Zeta – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Zeta" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lez mw-list-item"><a href="https://lez.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B7%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0" title="Дзета – Lezghian" lang="lez" hreflang="lez" data-title="Дзета" data-language-autonym="Лезги" data-language-local-name="Lezghian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Лезги</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dzeta_(raid%C4%97)" title="Dzeta (raidė) – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Dzeta (raidė)" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dz%C3%A9ta" title="Dzéta – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Dzéta" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%80%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1" title="സീറ്റ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="സീറ്റ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9D%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%BE" title="झीटा – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="झीटा" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zeta" title="Zeta – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Zeta" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nah mw-list-item"><a href="https://nah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%96" title="Ζ – Nahuatl" lang="nah" hreflang="nah" data-title="Ζ" data-language-autonym="Nāhuatl" data-language-local-name="Nahuatl" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nāhuatl</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Z%C3%A8ta" title="Zèta – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Zèta" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%96" title="Ζ – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="Ζ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zeta" title="Zeta – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Zeta" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zeta" title="Zeta – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Zeta" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Z%C3%A8ta" title="Zèta – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Zèta" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%9C%E0%A8%BC%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%9F%E0%A8%BE" title="ਜ਼ੀਟਾ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਜ਼ੀਟਾ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zeta" title="Zeta – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Zeta" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dzeta" title="Dzeta – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Dzeta" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%96" title="Ζ – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Ζ" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zeta" title="Zeta – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Zeta" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B7%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0" title="Дзета – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Дзета" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zeta" title="Zeta – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Zeta" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Z%C3%A9ta" title="Zéta – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Zéta" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zeta_(%C4%8Drka)" title="Zeta (črka) – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Zeta (črka)" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B2%DB%8C%D8%AA%D8%A7" title="زیتا – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="زیتا" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0_(%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE)" title="Зета (слово) – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Зета (слово)" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zeta_(slovo)" title="Zeta (slovo) – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Zeta (slovo)" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zeeta" title="Zeeta – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Zeeta" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zeta" title="Zeta – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Zeta" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%80%E0%AE%B1%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%B1%E0%AE%BE" title="சீற்றா – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="சீற்றா" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B2" title="ซีตา – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ซีตา" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zita_(harf)" title="Zita (harf) – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Zita (harf)" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B7%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0" title="Дзета – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Дзета" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dzeta" title="Dzeta – Veps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Dzeta" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="Veps" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vepsän kel’</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zeta" title="Zeta – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Zeta" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zeta" title="Zeta – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Zeta" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%96" title="Ζ – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="Ζ" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%96" title="Ζ – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="Ζ" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%96" title="Ζ – Dimli" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Ζ" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Dimli" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zazaki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%96" title="Ζ – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="Ζ" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kge mw-list-item"><a href="https://kge.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%96" title="Ζ – Komering" lang="kge" hreflang="kge" data-title="Ζ" data-language-autonym="Kumoring" data-language-local-name="Komering" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kumoring</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a 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greek-alphabet-sidebar" style="width:20em"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-top-image"><span class="skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Zeta_uc_lc.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Zeta_uc_lc.svg/100px-Zeta_uc_lc.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="67" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Zeta_uc_lc.svg/150px-Zeta_uc_lc.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Zeta_uc_lc.svg/200px-Zeta_uc_lc.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="2000" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title"><a href="/wiki/Greek_alphabet" title="Greek alphabet">Greek alphabet</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none;margin-left:0.7em;text-align:left;"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> Αα</td><td style="padding-right:1.0em;"> <a href="/wiki/Alpha" title="Alpha">Alpha</a></td><td> Νν</td><td style="padding-right:0.6em;"> <a href="/wiki/Nu_(letter)" title="Nu (letter)">Nu</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> Ββ</td><td style="padding-right:1.0em;"> <a href="/wiki/Beta" title="Beta">Beta</a></td><td> Ξξ</td><td style="padding-right:0.6em;"> <a href="/wiki/Xi_(letter)" title="Xi (letter)">Xi</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> Γγ</td><td style="padding-right:1.0em;"> <a href="/wiki/Gamma" title="Gamma">Gamma</a></td><td> Οο</td><td style="padding-right:0.6em;"> <a href="/wiki/Omicron" title="Omicron">Omicron</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> Δδ</td><td style="padding-right:1.0em;"> <a href="/wiki/Delta_(letter)" title="Delta (letter)">Delta</a></td><td> Ππ</td><td style="padding-right:0.6em;"> <a href="/wiki/Pi_(letter)" title="Pi (letter)">Pi</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> Εε</td><td style="padding-right:1.0em;"> <a href="/wiki/Epsilon" title="Epsilon">Epsilon</a></td><td> Ρρ</td><td style="padding-right:0.6em;"> <a href="/wiki/Rho" title="Rho">Rho</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> Ζζ</td><td style="padding-right:1.0em;"> <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Zeta</a></td><td> Σσς</td><td style="padding-right:0.6em;"> <a href="/wiki/Sigma" title="Sigma">Sigma</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> Ηη</td><td style="padding-right:1.0em;"> <a href="/wiki/Eta" title="Eta">Eta</a></td><td> Ττ</td><td style="padding-right:0.6em;"> <a href="/wiki/Tau" title="Tau">Tau</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> Θθ</td><td style="padding-right:1.0em;"> <a href="/wiki/Theta" title="Theta">Theta</a></td><td> Υυ</td><td style="padding-right:0.6em;"> <a href="/wiki/Upsilon" title="Upsilon">Upsilon</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> Ιι</td><td style="padding-right:1.0em;"> <a href="/wiki/Iota" title="Iota">Iota</a></td><td> Φφ</td><td style="padding-right:0.6em;"> <a href="/wiki/Phi" title="Phi">Phi</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> Κκ</td><td style="padding-right:1.0em;"> <a href="/wiki/Kappa" title="Kappa">Kappa</a></td><td> Χχ</td><td style="padding-right:0.6em;"> <a href="/wiki/Chi_(letter)" title="Chi (letter)">Chi</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> Λλ</td><td style="padding-right:1.0em;"> <a href="/wiki/Lambda" title="Lambda">Lambda</a></td><td> Ψψ</td><td style="padding-right:0.6em;"> <a href="/wiki/Psi_(Greek)" title="Psi (Greek)">Psi</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> Μμ</td><td style="padding-right:1.0em;"> <a href="/wiki/Mu_(letter)" title="Mu (letter)">Mu</a></td><td> Ωω</td><td style="padding-right:0.6em;"> <a href="/wiki/Omega" title="Omega">Omega</a></td></tr></tbody></table></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Greek_alphabet" title="History of the Greek alphabet">History</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div style="display:inline-block; padding:0.2em 0.4em; line-height:1.2em; line-height:1.1em;padding-bottom:0.45em;"> <a href="/wiki/Archaic_Greek_alphabets" title="Archaic Greek alphabets"><b>Archaic local variants</b></a></div> <table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none;margin-left:0.7em;text-align:left;"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> Ϝϝ</td><td style="padding-right:1.0em;"> <a href="/wiki/Digamma" title="Digamma">Digamma</a></td><td> Ͱͱ</td><td style="padding-right:0.6em;"> <a href="/wiki/Heta" title="Heta">Heta</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> Ϻϻ</td><td style="padding-right:1.0em;"> <a href="/wiki/San_(letter)" title="San (letter)">San</a></td><td> Ϙϙ</td><td style="padding-right:0.6em;"> <a href="/wiki/Koppa_(letter)" title="Koppa (letter)">Koppa</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> Ͷͷ</td><td style="padding-right:1.0em;"> <div class="hlist inline"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tsan" class="mw-redirect" title="Tsan">Tsan</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Digamma#Pamphylian_digamma" title="Digamma">Digamma</a></li></ul></div></td><td> Ͳͳ</td><td style="padding-right:0.6em;"> <a href="/wiki/Sampi" title="Sampi">Sampi</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td>Ϸϸ</td><td style="padding-right:1.0em;"> <a href="/wiki/Sho_(letter)" title="Sho (letter)">Sho</a></td><td></td><td style="padding-right:0.6em;"></td></tr></tbody></table></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Diacritics and other symbols</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div style="display:inline-block; padding:0.2em 0.4em; line-height:1.2em; padding-top:0.3em;line-height:1.1em;padding-bottom:0;"><a href="/wiki/Greek_diacritics" title="Greek diacritics">Diacritics</a></div> <div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acute_accent" title="Acute accent">ά</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Grave_accent" title="Grave accent">ὰ</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Circumflex" title="Circumflex">ᾶ</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Smooth_breathing" title="Smooth breathing">ἀ</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Rough_breathing" title="Rough breathing">ἁ</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Macron_(diacritic)" title="Macron (diacritic)">ᾱ</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Breve" title="Breve">ᾰ</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Diaeresis_(diacritic)" title="Diaeresis (diacritic)">ϊ</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Iota_subscript" title="Iota subscript">ᾳ</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Caron" title="Caron">σ̌</a></li></ul></div> <div style="display:inline-block; padding:0.2em 0.4em; line-height:1.2em; padding-top:0.3em;line-height:1.1em;padding-bottom:0;"><a href="/wiki/Greek_ligatures" title="Greek ligatures">Ligatures</a></div> <div class="hlist"><ul><li style="font-size:110%;"><a href="/wiki/Ou_(ligature)" title="Ou (ligature)">ȢȢ</a></li><li style="font-size:110%;"><a href="/wiki/Kai_(conjunction)" title="Kai (conjunction)">Ϗϗ</a></li><li style="font-size:110%;"><a href="/wiki/Stigma_(ligature)" title="Stigma (ligature)">Ϛϛ</a></li><li style="font-size:110%;"><a href="/wiki/Staurogram" title="Staurogram">⳨</a></li><li style="font-size:110%;"><a href="/wiki/Chi_Rho" title="Chi Rho">☧</a></li></ul></div> <div style="display:inline-block; padding:0.2em 0.4em; line-height:1.2em; padding-top:0.3em;line-height:1.1em;padding-bottom:0;"> <a href="/wiki/Greek_numerals" title="Greek numerals">Numerals</a> (<a href="/wiki/Attic_numerals" title="Attic numerals">Attic</a>)</div> <div class="hlist"><ul><li style="font-size:110%;"><a href="/wiki/Digamma" title="Digamma">ϛ <span style="font-size:85%;">(6)</span></a></li><li style="font-size:110%;"><a href="/wiki/Koppa_(letter)" title="Koppa (letter)">ϟ <span style="font-size:85%;">(90)</span></a></li><li style="font-size:110%;"><a href="/wiki/Sampi" title="Sampi">ϡ <span style="font-size:85%;">(900)</span></a></li></ul></div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Related topics</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Greek_letters_used_in_mathematics,_science,_and_engineering" title="Greek letters used in mathematics, science, and engineering">Use as scientific symbols</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_orthography" title="Greek orthography">Orthography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Greek" title="Romanization of Greek">Romanization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyrillization_of_Greek" title="Cyrillization of Greek">Cyrillization</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below plainlist"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Greek_letters" title="Category:Greek letters">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Greek_alphabet_sidebar" title="Template:Greek alphabet sidebar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Greek_alphabet_sidebar" title="Template talk:Greek alphabet sidebar"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Greek_alphabet_sidebar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Greek alphabet sidebar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Z" title="Z">Z</a>.</div> <p><b>Zeta</b> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small"><a href="/wiki/British_English" title="British English">UK</a>: </span><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'z' in 'zoom'">z</span><span title="/iː/: 'ee' in 'fleece'">iː</span><span title="'t' in 'tie'">t</span><span title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</span></span>/</a></span></span>, <span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1177148991"><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small"><a href="/wiki/American_English" title="American English">US</a>: </span><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'z' in 'zoom'">z</span><span title="/eɪ/: 'a' in 'face'">eɪ</span><span title="'t' in 'tie'">t</span><span title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</span></span>/</a></span></span>;<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> uppercase <b>Ζ</b>, lowercase <b>ζ</b>; <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Greek language">Ancient Greek</a>: <span lang="grc">ζῆτα</span>, <a href="/wiki/Demotic_Greek" title="Demotic Greek">Demotic Greek</a>: <span lang="el">ζήτα</span>, classical <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="grc-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Greek" title="Help:IPA/Greek">[d͡zɛ̌ːta]</a></span> or <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="grc-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Greek" title="Help:IPA/Greek">[zdɛ̌ːta]</a></span> <i>zē̂ta</i>; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1177148991"><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small"><a href="/wiki/Modern_Greek" title="Modern Greek">Modern Greek</a>:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="el-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Greek" title="Help:IPA/Greek">[ˈzita]</a></span> <i>zíta</i>) is the sixth letter of the <a href="/wiki/Greek_alphabet" title="Greek alphabet">Greek alphabet</a>. In the system of <a href="/wiki/Greek_numerals" title="Greek numerals">Greek numerals</a>, it has a value of 7. It was derived from the <a href="/wiki/Phoenician_alphabet" title="Phoenician alphabet">Phoenician letter</a> <a href="/wiki/Zayin" title="Zayin">zayin</a> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Phoenician_zayin.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Zayin"><img alt="Zayin" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Phoenician_zayin.svg/20px-Phoenician_zayin.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Phoenician_zayin.svg/30px-Phoenician_zayin.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Phoenician_zayin.svg/40px-Phoenician_zayin.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="85" data-file-height="85" /></a></span>. Letters that arose from zeta include the Roman <a href="/wiki/Z" title="Z">Z</a> and Cyrillic <a href="/wiki/Ze_(Cyrillic)" title="Ze (Cyrillic)">З</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Name">Name</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zeta&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Name"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Unlike the other <a href="/wiki/Greek_alphabet" title="Greek alphabet">Greek letters</a>, this letter did not take its name from the <a href="/wiki/Phoenician_alphabet" title="Phoenician alphabet">Phoenician</a> letter from which it was derived; it was given a new name on the pattern of <a href="/wiki/Beta_(letter)" class="mw-redirect" title="Beta (letter)">beta</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eta" title="Eta">eta</a> and <a href="/wiki/Theta" title="Theta">theta</a>. </p><p>The word <i>zeta</i> is the ancestor of <i>zed</i>, the name of the Latin letter <a href="/wiki/Z" title="Z">Z</a> in Commonwealth English. <a href="/wiki/Swedish_language" title="Swedish language">Swedish</a> and many <a href="/wiki/Romance_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Romance language">Romance languages</a> (such as <a href="/wiki/Italian_language" title="Italian language">Italian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Spanish_language" title="Spanish language">Spanish</a>) do not distinguish between the Greek and Roman forms of the letter; "<i>zeta</i>" is used to refer to the Roman letter <b>Z</b> as well as the Greek letter. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Uses">Uses</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zeta&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Uses"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:NAMA_Alphabet_grec.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/NAMA_Alphabet_grec.jpg/220px-NAMA_Alphabet_grec.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="192" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/NAMA_Alphabet_grec.jpg/330px-NAMA_Alphabet_grec.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/NAMA_Alphabet_grec.jpg/440px-NAMA_Alphabet_grec.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1398" /></a><figcaption>The Greek alphabet on a <a href="/wiki/Black_figure" class="mw-redirect" title="Black figure">black figure</a> vessel, with the Phoenician <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886049734">.mw-parser-output .monospaced{font-family:monospace,monospace}</style><span class="monospaced">I</span> shape of the zeta</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Letter">Letter <span class="anchor" id="Pronunciation"></span></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zeta&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Letter"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The letter ζ represents the <a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_fricative" title="Voiced alveolar fricative">voiced alveolar fricative</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1177148991"><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">IPA:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="el-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Greek" title="Help:IPA/Greek">[z]</a></span> in <a href="/wiki/Modern_Greek" title="Modern Greek">Modern Greek</a>. </p><p>The sound represented by zeta in Greek before 400 BC is disputed. See <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_phonology" title="Ancient Greek phonology">Ancient Greek phonology</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pronunciation_of_Ancient_Greek_in_teaching" title="Pronunciation of Ancient Greek in teaching">Pronunciation of Ancient Greek in teaching</a>. </p><p>Most handbooks<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Unsupported_attributions" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch"><span title="The material near this tag possibly uses too-vague attribution or weasel words. (December 2011)">who?</span></a></i>]</sup> agree on attributing to it the pronunciation <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/zd/</span> (like <i>Mazda</i>), but some scholars believe that it was an affricate <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_affricate" title="Voiced alveolar affricate">dz</a>/</span> (like adze). The modern pronunciation was, in all likelihood, established in the Hellenistic age and may have already been a common practice in Classical <a href="/wiki/Attic_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Attic dialect">Attic</a>; for example, it could count as one or two consonants metrically in Attic drama.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Naming_conventions_(geographic_names)" title="Wikipedia:Naming conventions (geographic names)"><span title="The geographic scope near this tag is ambiguous. (April 2013)">where?</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Arguments_for_[zd]"><span id="Arguments_for_.5Bzd.5D"></span>Arguments for <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[zd]</span> <span class="anchor" id="Arguments_in_favor_of_[zd]"></span></h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zeta&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Arguments for [zd]"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ol><li>PIE *<i>zd</i> becomes ζ in Greek (e.g. *<i>sísdō</i> > <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">ἵζω</span></span>). <b>Contra:</b> these words are rare and it is therefore more probable that *<i>zd</i> was absorbed by *<i>dz</i> (< *<i>dj</i>, *<i>gj</i>, *<i>j</i>); further, a change from the cluster /zd/ to the affricate /dz/ is typologically more likely<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2016)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> than the other way around (which would violate the <a href="/wiki/Sonority_hierarchy" title="Sonority hierarchy">sonority hierarchy</a>).</li> <li>Without <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[sd]</span> there would be an empty space between <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[sb]</span> and <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[sɡ]</span> in the Greek sound system (<span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">πρέσβυς, σβέννυμι, φάσγανον</span></span>), and a voiced affricate <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[dz]</span> would not have a voiceless correspondent. <b>Contra:</b> a) words with <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[sb]</span> and <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[sɡ]</span> are rare, and exceptions in phonological and (even more so) phonotactic patterns are in no way uncommon; b) there was <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[sd]</span> in <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">ὅσδε, εἰσδέχται</span></span> etc.; and c) there was in fact a voiceless correspondent in Archaic Greek (<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ts]</span> > Attic, <a href="/wiki/Boeotian_Greek" class="mw-redirect" title="Boeotian Greek">Boeotian</a> <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">ττ</span></span>, <a href="/wiki/Ionic_Greek" title="Ionic Greek">Ionic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Doric_Greek" title="Doric Greek">Doric</a> <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">σσ</span></span>).</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Persian" title="Old Persian">Persian</a> names with <i>zd</i> and <i>z</i> are transcribed with ζ and σ respectively in Classical Greek (e.g. <i>Artavazda</i> = <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">Ἀρτάβαζος/Ἀρτάοζος</span></span> ~ <i>Zara(n)ka-</i> = <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">Σαράγγαι</span></span>. Similarly, the <a href="/wiki/Philistine" class="mw-redirect" title="Philistine">Philistine</a> city <a href="/wiki/Ashdod" title="Ashdod">Ashdod</a> was transcribed as <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">Ἄζωτος</span></span>.</li> <li>Some inscriptions have -ζ- written for a combination -ς + δ- resulting from separate words, e.g. θεοζοτος for θεος δοτος "god-given".</li> <li>Some <a href="/wiki/Attic_Greek" title="Attic Greek">Attic</a> inscriptions have -σζ- for -σδ- or -ζ-, which is thought to parallel -σστ- for -στ- and therefore to imply a <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[zd]</span> pronunciation.</li> <li>ν disappears before ζ like before σ(σ), στ: e.g. *<span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">πλάνζω</span></span> > <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">πλᾰ́ζω</span></span>, *<span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">σύνζυγος</span></span> > <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">σύζυγος</span></span>, *<span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">συνστέλλω</span></span> > <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">σῠστέλλω</span></span>. <b>Contra:</b> ν may have disappeared before /dz/ if one accepts that it had the allophone <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[z]</span> in that position like /ts/ had the allophone <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[s]</span>: cf. <a href="/wiki/Cretan_Greek" title="Cretan Greek">Cretan</a> <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">ἴαττα</span></span> ~ <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">ἀποδίδονσα</span></span> (Hinge).</li> <li>Verbs beginning with ζ have <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">ἐ-</span></span> in the perfect reduplication like the verbs beginning with στ (e.g. <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">ἔζηκα</span></span> = <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">ἔσταλται</span></span>). <b>Contra:</b> a) The most prominent example of a verb beginning with στ has in fact <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">ἑ-</span></span> < *<i>se-</i> in the perfect reduplication (<span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">ἕστηκα</span></span>); b) the words with /ts/ > σ(σ) also have <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">ἐ-</span></span>: <a href="/wiki/Homer" title="Homer">Homer</a> <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">ἔσσυμαι, -ται</span></span>, Ion. <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">ἐσσημένῳ</span></span>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alcman" title="Alcman">Alcman</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sappho" title="Sappho">Sappho</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alcaeus_of_Mytilene" class="mw-redirect" title="Alcaeus of Mytilene">Alcaeus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Theocritus" title="Theocritus">Theocritus</a> have σδ for <a href="/wiki/Attic-Ionic" class="mw-redirect" title="Attic-Ionic">Attic-Ionic</a> ζ. <b>Contra:</b> The tradition would not have invented this special digraph for these poets if <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[zd]</span> was the normal pronunciation in all Greek. Furthermore, this convention is not found in contemporary inscriptions, and the orthography of the manuscripts and papyri is <a href="/wiki/Alexandria" title="Alexandria">Alexandrine</a> rather than historical. Thus, <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">σδ</span></span> indicates only a different pronunciation from Hellenistic Greek <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[z(ː)]</span>, i.e. either <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[zd]</span> or <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[dz]</span>.</li> <li>The grammarians <a href="/wiki/Dionysius_Thrax" title="Dionysius Thrax">Dionysius Thrax</a><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Dionysius_of_Halicarnassus" title="Dionysius of Halicarnassus">Dionysius of Halicarnassus</a> class ζ with the "double" (<span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">διπλᾶ</span></span>) letters ψ, ξ and analyse it as σ + δ. <b>Contra:</b> The Roman grammarian <a href="/wiki/Verrius_Flaccus" title="Verrius Flaccus">Verrius Flaccus</a> believed in the opposite sequence, δ + σ (in <a href="/wiki/Velius_Longus" title="Velius Longus">Velius Longus</a>, <i>De orthogr</i>. 51), and <a href="/wiki/Aristotle" title="Aristotle">Aristotle</a> says that it was a matter of dispute (<i>Metaph</i>. 993a) (though Aristotle might as well be referring to a <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[zː]</span> pronunciation). It is even possible that the letter sometimes and for some speakers varied in pronunciation depending upon word position, i.e., like the letter X in English, which is (usually) pronounced [z] initially but [gz] or [ks] elsewhere (cf. <a href="/wiki/Xerxes_I" title="Xerxes I">Xerxes</a>).</li> <li>Some Attic transcriptions of Asia Minor toponyms (βυζζαντειον, αζζειον, etc.) show a -ζζ- for ζ; assuming that <a href="/wiki/Attic_Greek" title="Attic Greek">Attic</a> value was <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[zd]</span>, it may be an attempt to transcribe a dialectal <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[dz]</span> pronunciation; the reverse cannot be ruled completely, but a -σδ- transcription would have been more likely in this case. This suggests that different dialects had different pronunciations. (For a similar example in the <a href="/wiki/Slavic_languages" title="Slavic languages">Slavic languages</a>, cf. Serbo-Croatian <i>(iz)među</i>, Russian между, Polish <i>między</i>, and Czech <i>mezi</i>, "between".)</li></ol> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Arguments_for_[dz]"><span id="Arguments_for_.5Bdz.5D"></span>Arguments for [dz] <span class="anchor" id="Arguments_in_favour_of_[dz]"></span></h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zeta&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Arguments for [dz]"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ol><li>The Greek inscriptions almost never write ζ in words like <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">ὅσδε, τούσδε</span></span> or <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">εἰσδέχται</span></span>, so there must have been a difference between this sound and the sound of <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">ἵζω, Ἀθήναζε</span></span>. <b>Contra:</b> a few inscriptions do seem to suggest that ζ was pronounced like σδ; furthermore, all words with written σδ are morphologically transparent, and written σδ may simply be echoing the morphology. (Note, for example, that we write "ads" where the morphology is transparent, and "adze" where it is not, even though the pronunciation is the same.)</li> <li>It seems improbable that Greek would invent a special symbol for the bisegmental combination <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[zd]</span>, which could be represented by σδ without any problems. <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ds/</span>, on the other hand, would have the same sequence of plosive and sibilant as the double letters of the Ionic alphabet ψ <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ps/</span> and ξ <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ks/</span>, thereby avoiding a written plosive at the end of a syllable. <b>Contra:</b> the use of a special symbol for <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[zd]</span> is no more or no less improbable than the use of ψ for <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ps]</span> and ξ for <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ks]</span>, or, for that matter, the later invention ϛ (<a href="/wiki/Stigma_(letter)" class="mw-redirect" title="Stigma (letter)">stigma</a>) for <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[st]</span>, which happens to be the voiceless counterpart of <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[zd]</span>. Furthermore, it is not clear that ζ was pronounced <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[zd]</span> when it was originally invented. <a href="/wiki/Mycenean_Greek" class="mw-redirect" title="Mycenean Greek">Mycenean Greek</a> had a special symbol to denote some sort of affricate or palatal consonant; ζ may have been invented for this sound, which later developed into <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[zd]</span>. (For a parallel development, note that original palatal <a href="/wiki/Proto-Slavic_language" title="Proto-Slavic language">Proto-Slavic</a> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/tʲ/</span> developed into <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ʃt/</span> in <a href="/wiki/Old_Church_Slavonic" title="Old Church Slavonic">Old Church Slavonic</a>, with similar developments having led to combinations such as зд and жд being quite common in <a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a>.)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boeotia" title="Boeotia">Boeotian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Elis" title="Ancient Elis">Elean</a>, <a href="/wiki/Laconia" title="Laconia">Laconian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Creta" class="mw-redirect" title="Creta">Cretan</a> <i>δδ</i> are more easily explained as a direct development from *<i>dz</i> than through an intermediary *<i>zd</i>. <b>Contra:</b> a) the sound development <i>dz</i> > <i>dd</i> is improbable (Mendez Dosuna); b) ν has disappeared before ζ > δδ in Laconian <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">πλαδδιῆν</span></span> (Aristoph., <i>Lys</i>. 171, 990) and Boeotian <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">σαλπίδδω</span></span> (Sch. Lond. in Dion. Thrax 493), which suggests that these dialects have had a phase of <a href="/wiki/Metathesis_(linguistics)" title="Metathesis (linguistics)">metathesis</a> (Teodorsson).</li> <li>Greek in South Italy has preserved <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[dz]</span> until modern times. <b>Contra:</b> a) this may be a later development from <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[zd]</span> or <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[z]</span> under the influence of Italian; b) even if it is derived from an ancient <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[dz]</span>, it may be a dialectal pronunciation.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vulgar_Latin" title="Vulgar Latin">Vulgar Latin</a> inscriptions use the Greek letter Z for indigenous affricates (e.g. <i>zeta</i> = <i>diaeta</i>), and the Greek ζ is continued by a Romance affricate in the ending <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">-ίζω</span></span> > Italian. <i>-eggiare</i>, French <i>-oyer</i>. Italian, similarly, has consistently used Z for <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[dz]</span> and <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ts]</span> (Lat. <i>prandium</i> > It. <i>pranzo</i>, "lunch"). <b>Contra:</b> whether the pronunciation of <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">ζ</span></span> was <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[dz]</span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[zd]</span> or <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[zː]</span>, <i>di</i> would probably still have been the closest native Latin sound; furthermore, the inscriptions are centuries later than the time for which <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[zd]</span> is assumed.</li></ol> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Summary">Summary</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zeta&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Summary"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">σδ</span></span> is attested only in the <a href="/wiki/Lyric_poetry" title="Lyric poetry">lyric poetry</a> of the Greek isle of <a href="/wiki/Lesbos_Island" class="mw-redirect" title="Lesbos Island">Lesbos</a> and the <a href="/wiki/City-state" title="City-state">city-state</a> of <a href="/wiki/Sparta" title="Sparta">Sparta</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Archaic_period_in_Greece" class="mw-redirect" title="Archaic period in Greece">Archaic Age</a> and in <a href="/wiki/Bucolic" class="mw-redirect" title="Bucolic">Bucolic</a> poetry from the <a href="/wiki/Hellenistic_civilization" class="mw-redirect" title="Hellenistic civilization">Hellenistic Age</a>. Most scholars would take this as an indication that the <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[zd]</span>-pronunciation existed in the dialects of these authors.</li> <li>The transcriptions from <a href="/wiki/Old_Persian" title="Old Persian">Persian</a> by <a href="/wiki/Xenophon" title="Xenophon">Xenophon</a> and testimony by grammarians support the pronunciation <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[zd]</span> in <a href="/wiki/Classical_Greece" title="Classical Greece">Classical</a> <a href="/wiki/Attic_Greek" title="Attic Greek">Attic</a>.</li> <li><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[z(ː)]</span> is attested from c. 350 BC in <a href="/wiki/Attic_Greek" title="Attic Greek">Attic</a> inscriptions, and was the probable value in <a href="/wiki/Koine_Greek" title="Koine Greek">Koine</a>.</li> <li><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[dʒ]</span> or <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[dz]</span> may have existed in some other dialects in parallel.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Numeral">Numeral</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zeta&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Numeral"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Zeta has the numerical value 7 rather than 6 because the letter <a href="/wiki/Digamma" title="Digamma">digamma</a> (ϝ, also called '<a href="/wiki/Stigma_(letter)" class="mw-redirect" title="Stigma (letter)">stigma</a>' as a <a href="/wiki/Greek_numeral" class="mw-redirect" title="Greek numeral">Greek numeral</a>) was originally in the sixth position in the alphabet. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mathematics_and_science">Mathematics and science <span class="anchor" id="Symbols"></span></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zeta&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Mathematics and science"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The uppercase zeta is not used, because it is normally identical to Latin <a href="/wiki/Z" title="Z">Z</a>. The lower case letter can be used to represent: </p> <ul><li>The <a href="/wiki/Riemann_zeta_function" title="Riemann zeta function">Riemann zeta function</a> in <a href="/wiki/Mathematics" title="Mathematics">mathematics</a><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Hurwitz_zeta_function" title="Hurwitz zeta function">Hurwitz Zeta Function</a> in mathematics<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Weierstrass_functions#Weierstrass_zeta-function" title="Weierstrass functions">Weierstrass zeta-function</a><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Damping_ratio" class="mw-redirect" title="Damping ratio">damping ratio</a> of an oscillating system in engineering and physics<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The rotational quantity of angular <a href="/wiki/Jerk_(physics)" title="Jerk (physics)">jerk</a> in physics<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The effective nuclear charge on an electron in quantum chemistry</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Electrokinetic_potential" class="mw-redirect" title="Electrokinetic potential">electrokinetic potential</a> in <a href="/wiki/Colloid" title="Colloid">colloidal systems</a><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The lag angle in <a href="/wiki/Helicopter" title="Helicopter">helicopter</a> blade dynamics<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Relative <a href="/wiki/Vorticity" title="Vorticity">vorticity</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Atmosphere" title="Atmosphere">atmosphere</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ocean" title="Ocean">ocean</a></li> <li>A number whose discrete values (eigenvalues) are the positive roots of transcendental equations, used in the series solutions for transient one-dimensional conduction equations</li> <li>The heat flux across or through a plane (industrial materials technology)</li> <li>In physical chemistry equilibrium computations (using lower case Zeta (ζ)), the extent of reaction</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Boundary_layer_thickness" title="Boundary layer thickness">height of the surface</a> of a fluid layer</li></ul> <p><a href="/wiki/ZETA_(fusion_reactor)" title="ZETA (fusion reactor)">ZETA (fusion reactor)</a> (all uppercase) was an early fusion experiment. </p><p><br /> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Unicode">Unicode</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zeta&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Unicode"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734"><span class="monospaced">U+0396</span> </span><span style="font-size:125%;line-height:1em">Ζ</span> <span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase; font-feature-settings: 'onum'">GREEK CAPITAL LETTER ZETA</span> (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734"><span class="monospaced">&Zeta;</span>)</li> <li><span class="nowrap"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734"><span class="monospaced">U+03B6</span> </span><span style="font-size:125%;line-height:1em">ζ</span> <span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase; font-feature-settings: 'onum'">GREEK SMALL LETTER ZETA</span> (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734"><span class="monospaced">&zeta;</span>) (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734"><span class="monospaced">\zeta</span> in TeX)</li> <li><span class="nowrap"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734"><span class="monospaced">U+2C8C</span> </span><span style="font-size:125%;line-height:1em">Ⲍ</span> <span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase; font-feature-settings: 'onum'">COPTIC CAPITAL LETTER ZATA</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734"><span class="monospaced">U+2C8D</span> </span><span style="font-size:125%;line-height:1em">ⲍ</span> <span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase; font-feature-settings: 'onum'">COPTIC SMALL LETTER ZATA</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734"><span class="monospaced">U+10357</span> </span><span style="font-size:125%;line-height:1em">𐍗</span> <span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase; font-feature-settings: 'onum'">OLD PERMIC LETTER ZATA</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734"><span class="monospaced">U+10378</span> </span><span style="font-size:125%;line-height:1em">𐍸</span> <span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase; font-feature-settings: 'onum'">COMBINING OLD PERMIC LETTER ZATA</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734"><span class="monospaced">U+1D6AD</span> </span><span style="font-size:125%;line-height:1em">𝚭</span> <span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase; font-feature-settings: 'onum'">MATHEMATICAL BOLD CAPITAL ZETA</span><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734"><span class="monospaced">U+1D6C7</span> </span><span style="font-size:125%;line-height:1em">𝛇</span> <span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase; font-feature-settings: 'onum'">MATHEMATICAL BOLD SMALL ZETA</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734"><span class="monospaced">U+1D6E7</span> </span><span style="font-size:125%;line-height:1em">𝛧</span> <span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase; font-feature-settings: 'onum'">MATHEMATICAL ITALIC CAPITAL ZETA</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734"><span class="monospaced">U+1D701</span> </span><span style="font-size:125%;line-height:1em">𝜁</span> <span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase; font-feature-settings: 'onum'">MATHEMATICAL ITALIC SMALL ZETA</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734"><span class="monospaced">U+1D721</span> </span><span style="font-size:125%;line-height:1em">𝜡</span> <span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase; font-feature-settings: 'onum'">MATHEMATICAL BOLD ITALIC CAPITAL ZETA</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734"><span class="monospaced">U+1D73B</span> </span><span style="font-size:125%;line-height:1em">𝜻</span> <span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase; font-feature-settings: 'onum'">MATHEMATICAL BOLD ITALIC SMALL ZETA</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734"><span class="monospaced">U+1D75B</span> </span><span style="font-size:125%;line-height:1em">𝝛</span> <span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase; font-feature-settings: 'onum'">MATHEMATICAL SANS-SERIF BOLD CAPITAL ZETA</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734"><span class="monospaced">U+1D775</span> </span><span style="font-size:125%;line-height:1em">𝝵</span> <span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase; font-feature-settings: 'onum'">MATHEMATICAL SANS-SERIF BOLD SMALL ZETA</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734"><span class="monospaced">U+1D795</span> </span><span style="font-size:125%;line-height:1em">𝞕</span> <span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase; font-feature-settings: 'onum'">MATHEMATICAL SANS-SERIF BOLD ITALIC CAPITAL ZETA</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734"><span class="monospaced">U+1D7AF</span> </span><span style="font-size:125%;line-height:1em">𝞯</span> <span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase; font-feature-settings: 'onum'">MATHEMATICAL SANS-SERIF BOLD ITALIC SMALL ZETA</span></li></ul> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The <span class="smallcaps"><span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase;">MATHEMATICAL</span></span> symbols are only used in math. Stylized Greek text should be encoded using the normal Greek letters, with markup and formatting to indicate text style.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zeta&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/40px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/60px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/80px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Look up <i><b><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/zeta" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:zeta">zeta</a></b></i> or <i><b><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%CE%B6" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:ζ">ζ</a></b></i> in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Z" title="Z">Z, z - Latin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ze_(Cyrillic)" title="Ze (Cyrillic)">З, з - Ze (Cyrillic)</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zeta&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFReference-OED-zeta" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oed.com/search/dictionary/?q=zeta">"zeta"</a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Oxford_English_Dictionary" title="Oxford English Dictionary">Oxford English Dictionary</a></i> (Online ed.). <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=zeta&rft.btitle=Oxford+English+Dictionary&rft.edition=Online&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.oed.com%2Fsearch%2Fdictionary%2F%3Fq%3Dzeta&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZeta" class="Z3988"></span> <span style="font-size:0.95em; font-size:95%; color: var( --color-subtle, #555 )">(Subscription or <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oed.com/public/login/loggingin#withyourlibrary">participating institution membership</a> required.)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p><span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">Ἔτι δὲ τῶν συμφώνων διπλᾶ μέν ἐστι τρία· <b>ζ</b> ξ ψ. διπλᾶ δὲ εἴρηται, ὅτι ἓν ἕκαστον αὐτῶν ἐκ δύο συμφώνων σύγκειται, <b>τὸ μὲν ζ ἐκ τοῦ σ καὶ δ</b>, τὸ δὲ ξ ἐκ τοῦ κ καὶ σ, τὸ δὲ ψ ἐκ τοῦ π καὶ σ.</span></span> </p><p>Of the consonants, three are double: <b>ζ</b> ξ ψ. They are called double because each one of them is composed of two consonants, <b>ζ of σ and δ</b>; ξ of κ and σ, ψ of π and σ. </p> <div class="templatequotecite">— <cite><a href="/wiki/Dionysius_Thrax" title="Dionysius Thrax">Dionysius Thrax</a>, Περὶ στοιχείου, <i><a class="external text" href="https://el.wikisource.org/wiki/%CE%A4%CE%AD%CF%87%CE%BD%CE%B7_%CE%93%CF%81%CE%B1%CE%BC%CE%BC%CE%B1%CF%84%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AE">Τέχνη Γραμματική</a></i> (~100 BCE).</cite></div></blockquote>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWeisstein" class="citation web cs1">Weisstein, Eric W. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mathworld.wolfram.com/RiemannZetaFunction.html">"Riemann Zeta Function"</a>. <i>mathworld.wolfram.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2025-01-22</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=mathworld.wolfram.com&rft.atitle=Riemann+Zeta+Function&rft.aulast=Weisstein&rft.aufirst=Eric+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmathworld.wolfram.com%2FRiemannZetaFunction.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZeta" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dlmf.nist.gov/25">"DLMF: Chapter 25 Zeta and Related Functions"</a>. <i>dlmf.nist.gov</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2025-01-31</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=dlmf.nist.gov&rft.atitle=DLMF%3A+Chapter+25+Zeta+and+Related+Functions&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdlmf.nist.gov%2F25&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZeta" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWeisstein" class="citation web cs1">Weisstein, Eric W. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mathworld.wolfram.com/WeierstrassZetaFunction.html">"Weierstrass Zeta Function"</a>. <i>mathworld.wolfram.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2025-01-22</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=mathworld.wolfram.com&rft.atitle=Weierstrass+Zeta+Function&rft.aulast=Weisstein&rft.aufirst=Eric+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmathworld.wolfram.com%2FWeierstrassZetaFunction.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZeta" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilkieJohnsonKatebi2002" class="citation book cs1">Wilkie, Jacqueline; Johnson, Michael; Katebi, Reza (2002). <i>Control engineering: an introductory course</i>. Basingstoke: Palgrave. p. 179. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-333-77129-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-333-77129-7"><bdi>978-0-333-77129-7</bdi></a>. <q>We shall refer to ζ as the damping ratio throughout this text.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Control+engineering%3A+an+introductory+course&rft.place=Basingstoke&rft.pages=179&rft.pub=Palgrave&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-333-77129-7&rft.aulast=Wilkie&rft.aufirst=Jacqueline&rft.au=Johnson%2C+Michael&rft.au=Katebi%2C+Reza&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZeta" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGallardo-AlvaradoGallardo-Razo2022" class="citation book cs1">Gallardo-Alvarado, Jaime; Gallardo-Razo, José (2022). <i>Mechanisms: kinematic analysis and applications in robotics</i>. Emerging methodologies and applications in modelling, identification and control. London: Academic Press, an imprint of Elsevier. p. 328. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-323-95348-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-323-95348-1"><bdi>978-0-323-95348-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mechanisms%3A+kinematic+analysis+and+applications+in+robotics&rft.place=London&rft.series=Emerging+methodologies+and+applications+in+modelling%2C+identification+and+control&rft.pages=328&rft.pub=Academic+Press%2C+an+imprint+of+Elsevier&rft.date=2022&rft.isbn=978-0-323-95348-1&rft.aulast=Gallardo-Alvarado&rft.aufirst=Jaime&rft.au=Gallardo-Razo%2C+Jos%C3%A9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZeta" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHunter1988" class="citation book cs1">Hunter, Robert J. (1988). <i>Zeta potential in colloid science: principles and applications</i>. Colloid science (New paperback ed.). London San Diego: Academic Press. p. 6. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-12-361961-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-12-361961-7"><bdi>978-0-12-361961-7</bdi></a>. <q>It is also possible to correlate the ζ-potential with the sedimentation behaviour of colloidal systems and with the flotation behaviour of mineral ores.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Zeta+potential+in+colloid+science%3A+principles+and+applications&rft.place=London+San+Diego&rft.series=Colloid+science&rft.pages=6&rft.edition=New+paperback&rft.pub=Academic+Press&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=978-0-12-361961-7&rft.aulast=Hunter&rft.aufirst=Robert+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZeta" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPadfield2007" class="citation book cs1">Padfield, Gareth D. (2007). <i>Helicopter flight dynamics: the theory and application of flying qualities and simulation modeling</i>. AIAA education series (2nd ed.). Reston, Va: American Inst. of Aeronautics and Astronautics. pp. xxxi. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-56347-920-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-56347-920-5"><bdi>978-1-56347-920-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Helicopter+flight+dynamics%3A+the+theory+and+application+of+flying+qualities+and+simulation+modeling&rft.place=Reston%2C+Va&rft.series=AIAA+education+series&rft.pages=xxxi&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=American+Inst.+of+Aeronautics+and+Astronautics&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-1-56347-920-5&rft.aulast=Padfield&rft.aufirst=Gareth+D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZeta" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="General_references">General references</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zeta&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: General references"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAllen1987" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/W._Sidney_Allen" title="W. Sidney Allen">Allen, W. Sidney</a> (1987). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=yws4Zey-ZnYC"><i>Vox Graeca: The Pronunciation of Classical Greek</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. pp. <span class="nowrap">56–</span>59. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-33555-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-33555-3"><bdi>978-0-521-33555-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Vox+Graeca%3A+The+Pronunciation+of+Classical+Greek&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E56-%3C%2Fspan%3E59&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1987&rft.isbn=978-0-521-33555-3&rft.aulast=Allen&rft.aufirst=W.+Sidney&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dyws4Zey-ZnYC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZeta" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Hinge, George. “Die Aussprache des griechischen Zeta”, in <i>Die Sprache Alkmans: Textgeschichte und Sprachgeschichte</i>. PhD dissertation. Aarhus: Aarhus University Press, 2001, pp. 212–234 = <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://alkman.georgehinge.com/zeta.html">[1]</a></li> <li>Méndez Dosuna, Julián. “On <Ζ> for <Δ> in Greek dialectal inscriptions”, <i>Die Sprache</i> 35 (1993): 82–114.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerhard_Rohlfs" title="Gerhard Rohlfs">Rohlfs, Gerhard</a>. 1962. “Die Aussprache des z (ζ) im Altgriechischen”, <i>Das Altertum</i> 8 (1962): 3–8.</li> <li>Sheets, George A. “<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://continuum.fas.harvard.edu/the-pronunciation-of-classical-greek-zeta/">The Pronunciation of Classical Attic Zeta</a>” <i>Classical Continuum</i> 2023.07.25.</li> <li>Teodorsson, Sven-Tage. “On the pronunciation of ancient greek zeta”, <i>Lingua</i> 47, no. 4 (April 1979): 323–32.</li> <li>Teodorsson, Sven-Tage. “The pronunciation of zeta in different Greek dialects”, in <i>Dialectologia Graeca: Actas del II Coloquio internacional de dialectología griega</i>, eds. E. Crespo et al. Madrid: Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 1993, pp. 305–321.</li></ul>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Zeta&oldid=1275880550">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Zeta&oldid=1275880550</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Category</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Greek_letters" title="Category:Greek letters">Greek letters</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Ancient_Greek_(to_1453)-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text">Articles containing Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description is different from Wikidata">Short description is different from Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_lacking_in-text_citations_from_December_2011" title="Category:Articles lacking in-text citations from December 2011">Articles lacking in-text citations from December 2011</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_lacking_in-text_citations" title="Category:All articles lacking in-text citations">All articles lacking in-text citations</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Greek-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Greek-language text">Articles containing Greek-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_with_Ancient_Greek_(to_1453)_IPA" title="Category:Pages with Ancient Greek (to 1453) IPA">Pages with Ancient Greek (to 1453) IPA</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_with_Greek_IPA" title="Category:Pages with Greek IPA">Pages with Greek IPA</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_specifically_marked_weasel-worded_phrases" title="Category:All articles with specifically marked weasel-worded phrases">All articles with specifically marked weasel-worded phrases</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_specifically_marked_weasel-worded_phrases_from_December_2011" title="Category:Articles with specifically marked weasel-worded phrases from December 2011">Articles with specifically marked weasel-worded phrases from December 2011</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_with_plain_IPA" title="Category:Pages with plain IPA">Pages with plain IPA</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Vague_or_ambiguous_geographic_scope_from_April_2013" title="Category:Vague or ambiguous geographic scope from April 2013">Vague or ambiguous geographic scope from April 2013</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_unsourced_statements" title="Category:All articles with unsourced statements">All articles with unsourced statements</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_July_2016" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from July 2016">Articles with unsourced statements from July 2016</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 15 February 2025, at 16:48<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. 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