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id="toc-1958_gubernatorial_campaign-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Governor_of_Alabama" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Governor_of_Alabama"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Governor of Alabama</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Governor_of_Alabama-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Governor of Alabama subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Governor_of_Alabama-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Segregation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Segregation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Segregation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Segregation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Economics_and_education" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Economics_and_education"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Economics and education</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Economics_and_education-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1964_Democratic_presidential_primaries" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1964_Democratic_presidential_primaries"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>1964 Democratic presidential primaries</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1964_Democratic_presidential_primaries-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1964_unpledged_elector_slate" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1964_unpledged_elector_slate"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>1964 unpledged elector slate</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1964_unpledged_elector_slate-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-First_Gentleman_of_Alabama" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#First_Gentleman_of_Alabama"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>First Gentleman of Alabama</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-First_Gentleman_of_Alabama-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1968_third-party_presidential_run" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1968_third-party_presidential_run"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>1968 third-party presidential run</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1968_third-party_presidential_run-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Second_term_as_governor" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Second_term_as_governor"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Second term as governor</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Second_term_as_governor-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1972_Democratic_presidential_primaries_and_attempted_assassination" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1972_Democratic_presidential_primaries_and_attempted_assassination"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>1972 Democratic presidential primaries and attempted assassination</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-1972_Democratic_presidential_primaries_and_attempted_assassination-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle 1972 Democratic presidential primaries and attempted assassination subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-1972_Democratic_presidential_primaries_and_attempted_assassination-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Attempted_assassination" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Attempted_assassination"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.1</span> <span>Attempted assassination</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Attempted_assassination-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rest_of_the_campaign" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rest_of_the_campaign"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.2</span> <span>Rest of the campaign</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rest_of_the_campaign-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1976_Democratic_presidential_primaries" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1976_Democratic_presidential_primaries"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>1976 Democratic presidential primaries</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1976_Democratic_presidential_primaries-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Final_term_as_governor" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Final_term_as_governor"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>Final term as governor</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Final_term_as_governor-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Marriages_and_children" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Marriages_and_children"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>Marriages and children</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Marriages_and_children-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Final_years_and_death" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Final_years_and_death"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14</span> <span>Final years and death</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Final_years_and_death-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legacy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legacy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">15</span> <span>Legacy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Legacy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">16</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Footnotes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Footnotes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">17</span> <span>Footnotes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Footnotes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">18</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">19</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">20</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">21</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">22</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">George Wallace</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 38 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-38" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">38 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%AC_%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B3" title="جورج والاس – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="جورج والاس" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D8%B1%D8%AC_%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B3" title="جرج والاس – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="جرج والاس" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9C_%E0%A6%93%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B8" title="জর্জ ওয়ালেস – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="জর্জ ওয়ালেস" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%B6_%D0%8E%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%81" title="Джордж Ўолас – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Джордж Ўолас" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Wallace" title="George Wallace – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="George Wallace" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Wallace" title="George Wallace – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="George Wallace" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Wallace" title="George Wallace – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="George Wallace" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Wallace" title="George Wallace – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="George Wallace" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Wallace" title="George Wallace – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="George Wallace" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Wallace" title="George Wallace – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="George Wallace" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D8%B1%D8%AC_%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B3" title="جرج والاس – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="جرج والاس" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Wallace" title="George Wallace – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="George Wallace" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Wallace_(polaiteoir)" title="George Wallace (polaiteoir) – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="George Wallace (polaiteoir)" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%A1%B0%EC%A7%80_%EC%9B%94%EB%A6%AC%EC%8A%A4" title="조지 월리스 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="조지 월리스" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Wallace" title="George Wallace – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="George Wallace" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Wallace" title="George Wallace – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="George Wallace" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Wallace" title="George Wallace – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="George Wallace" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%92%27%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%92%27_%D7%95%D7%95%D7%9C%D7%90%D7%A1" title="ג'ורג' וולאס – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="ג'ורג' וולאס" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Wallace" title="George Wallace – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="George Wallace" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgius_Wallace" title="Georgius Wallace – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Georgius Wallace" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Wallace" title="George Wallace – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="George Wallace" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%AC_%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B3" title="جورج والاس – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="جورج والاس" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Wallace" title="George Wallace – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="George Wallace" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Wallace" title="George Wallace – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="George Wallace" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B8%E3%83%A7%E3%83%BC%E3%82%B8%E3%83%BB%E3%82%A6%E3%82%A9%E3%83%AC%E3%82%B9" title="ジョージ・ウォレス – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ジョージ・ウォレス" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Wallace" title="George Wallace – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="George Wallace" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Wallace" title="George Wallace – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="George Wallace" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Wallace" title="George Wallace – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="George Wallace" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Wallace_(politician_american)" title="George Wallace (politician american) – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="George Wallace (politician american)" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%81,_%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%B6" title="Уоллес, Джордж – Russian" 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.hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the governor of Alabama. For other people named George Wallace, see <a href="/wiki/George_Wallace_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="George Wallace (disambiguation)">George Wallace (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 100%;"><div class="fn" style="font-size:125%;">George Wallace</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:George_Wallace_(3x4_cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Official portrait of Wallace, wearing a light blue suit jacket, white shirt, and dark blue necktie." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/George_Wallace_%283x4_cropped%29.jpg/220px-George_Wallace_%283x4_cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="294" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/George_Wallace_%283x4_cropped%29.jpg/330px-George_Wallace_%283x4_cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/George_Wallace_%283x4_cropped%29.jpg/440px-George_Wallace_%283x4_cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1239" data-file-height="1653" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption" style="line-height:normal;padding-top:0.2em;">Official portrait, 1962</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">45th <a href="/wiki/Governor_of_Alabama" class="mw-redirect" title="Governor of Alabama">Governor of Alabama</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />January 17, 1983 – January 19, 1987</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Lieutenant_Governor_of_Alabama" title="Lieutenant Governor of Alabama">Lieutenant</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Bill_Baxley" title="Bill Baxley">Bill Baxley</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Fob_James" title="Fob James">Fob James</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/H._Guy_Hunt" title="H. Guy Hunt">H. Guy Hunt</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />January 18, 1971 – January 15, 1979<sup id="cite_ref-Term_interruption_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Term_interruption-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Lieutenant</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Jere_Beasley" title="Jere Beasley">Jere Beasley</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Albert_Brewer" title="Albert Brewer">Albert Brewer</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data">Fob James</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />January 14, 1963 – January 16, 1967</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Lieutenant</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/James_Allen_(Alabama_politician)" title="James Allen (Alabama politician)">James Allen</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/John_M._Patterson" title="John M. Patterson">John Patterson</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Lurleen_Wallace" title="Lurleen Wallace">Lurleen Wallace</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">First Gentleman of <a href="/wiki/Alabama" title="Alabama">Alabama</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In role</b></span><br />January 16, 1967 – May 7, 1968</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Governor</th><td class="infobox-data">Lurleen Wallace</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data">Lurleen Wallace<br />(as First Lady)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Martha_Farmer_Brewer" title="Martha Farmer Brewer">Martha Farmer Brewer</a><br />(as First Lady)</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">Member of the <span style="display: inline-block;"><a href="/wiki/Alabama_House_of_Representatives" title="Alabama House of Representatives">Alabama House of Representatives</a></span> <br />from <a href="/wiki/Barbour_County,_Alabama" title="Barbour County, Alabama">Barbour County</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />January 3, 1946 – January 3, 1955</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender">Personal details</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display:inline" class="nickname">George Corley Wallace Jr.</div><br /><span style="display:none">(<span class="bday">1919-08-25</span>)</span>August 25, 1919<br /><a href="/wiki/Clio,_Alabama" title="Clio, Alabama">Clio, Alabama</a>, U.S.</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="nowrap">September 13, 1998<span style="display:none">(1998-09-13)</span> (aged 79)</span><br /><a href="/wiki/Montgomery,_Alabama" title="Montgomery, Alabama">Montgomery, Alabama</a>, U.S.</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Resting place</th><td class="infobox-data label"><a href="/wiki/Greenwood_Cemetery_(Montgomery,_Alabama)" title="Greenwood Cemetery (Montgomery, Alabama)">Greenwood Cemetery</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Political party</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democratic</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Other political<br />affiliations</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/American_Independent_Party" title="American Independent Party">American Independent</a> (1968)<br /></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spouses</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1151524712">.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin2px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-2px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin3px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-3px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-display-ws{display:inline;white-space:nowrap}</style> <div class="marriage-display-ws"><div style="display:inline-block;line-height:normal;margin-top:1px;white-space:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Lurleen_Wallace" title="Lurleen Wallace">Lurleen Burns</a></div> <div class="marriage-line-margin2px"></div> <div style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:1px;"></div>(<abbr title="married">m.</abbr> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip" title="May 22, 1943">1943</span>; died <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip" title="May 7, 1968">1968</span>)<wbr /></div></li><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1151524712"> <div class="marriage-display-ws"><div style="display:inline-block;line-height:normal;margin-top:1px;white-space:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Cornelia_Wallace" title="Cornelia Wallace">Cornelia Ellis Snively</a></div> <div class="marriage-line-margin2px"></div> <div style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:1px;"></div>(<abbr title="married">m.</abbr> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip" title="January 4, 1971">1971</span>; <abbr title="divorced">div.</abbr> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip" title="January 4, 1978">1978</span>)<wbr /></div></li><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1151524712"> <div class="marriage-display-ws"><div style="display:inline-block;line-height:normal;margin-top:1px;white-space:normal;">Lisa Taylor</div> <div class="marriage-line-margin2px"></div> <div style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:1px;"></div>(<abbr title="married">m.</abbr> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip" title="September 9, 1981">1981</span>; <abbr title="divorced">div.</abbr> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip" title="February 2, 1987">1987</span>)<wbr /></div></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Children</th><td class="infobox-data">4</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Education</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/University_of_Alabama" title="University of Alabama">University of Alabama</a> (<a href="/wiki/Bachelor_of_Laws" title="Bachelor of Laws">LLB</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Signature</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:George_Wallace_Signature.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="George Wallace's signature"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/George_Wallace_Signature.svg/128px-George_Wallace_Signature.svg.png" decoding="async" width="128" height="30" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/George_Wallace_Signature.svg/192px-George_Wallace_Signature.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/George_Wallace_Signature.svg/256px-George_Wallace_Signature.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="286" data-file-height="66" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender">Military service</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Branch/service</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Army" title="United States Army">United States Army</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Years of service</th><td class="infobox-data">1942–1945</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Rank</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Staff_sergeant_(U.S._Army)" class="mw-redirect" title="Staff sergeant (U.S. Army)">Staff sergeant</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Unit</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Army_Air_Forces" title="United States Army Air Forces">United States Army Air Forces</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Battles/wars</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below" style="border-top: 1px solid right;"><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>George Corley Wallace Jr.</b> (August 25, 1919 – September 13, 1998) was the 45th <a href="/wiki/Governor_of_Alabama" class="mw-redirect" title="Governor of Alabama">governor of Alabama</a>, serving from 1963 to 1967, again from 1971 to 1979, and finally from 1983 to 1987. He is remembered for his staunch <a href="/wiki/Segregationist" class="mw-redirect" title="Segregationist">segregationist</a> and <a href="/wiki/Populist" class="mw-redirect" title="Populist">populist</a> views.<sup id="cite_ref-Britannica2_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Britannica2-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-newfield197107192_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-newfield197107192-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:02_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:02-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During Wallace's tenure as governor of Alabama, he promoted "industrial development, low taxes, and <a href="/wiki/Trade_school" class="mw-redirect" title="Trade school">trade schools</a>."<sup id="cite_ref-Eskew_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Eskew-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Wallace unsuccessfully sought the United States presidency as a <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democratic Party</a> candidate three times, and once as an <a href="/wiki/American_Independent_Party" title="American Independent Party">American Independent Party</a> candidate, carrying five states in the <a href="/wiki/1968_United_States_presidential_election" title="1968 United States presidential election">1968 election</a>. Wallace opposed <a href="/wiki/Desegregation_in_the_United_States" title="Desegregation in the United States">desegregation</a> and supported the policies of "<a href="/wiki/Jim_Crow_laws#Origins" title="Jim Crow laws">Jim Crow</a>" during the <a href="/wiki/Civil_Rights_Movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Civil Rights Movement">Civil Rights Movement</a>, declaring in his very controversial <a href="/wiki/George_Wallace%27s_1963_Inaugural_Address" title="George Wallace's 1963 Inaugural Address">1963 inaugural address</a> that he stood for "segregation now, segregation tomorrow, segregation forever".<sup id="cite_ref-segsymbol_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-segsymbol-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Born in <a href="/wiki/Clio,_Alabama" title="Clio, Alabama">Clio, Alabama</a>, Wallace attended the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Alabama_School_of_Law" title="University of Alabama School of Law">University of Alabama School of Law</a>, and served in the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Army_Air_Force" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Army Air Force">United States Army Air Force</a> during <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>. After the war, he won election to the <a href="/wiki/Alabama_House_of_Representatives" title="Alabama House of Representatives">Alabama House of Representatives</a>, and served as a state judge. Wallace first sought the Democratic nomination in the <a href="/wiki/1958_Alabama_gubernatorial_election" title="1958 Alabama gubernatorial election">1958 Alabama gubernatorial election</a>. Initially a moderate on racial issues, Wallace adopted a hard-line <a href="/wiki/Racial_segregation_in_the_United_States" title="Racial segregation in the United States">segregationist</a> stance after losing the 1958 nomination. Wallace ran for governor again in <a href="/wiki/1962_Alabama_gubernatorial_election" title="1962 Alabama gubernatorial election">1962</a>, and won the race. Seeking to stop the racial integration of the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Alabama" title="University of Alabama">University of Alabama</a>, Wallace earned national notoriety by <a href="/wiki/Stand_in_the_Schoolhouse_Door" title="Stand in the Schoolhouse Door">standing in front of the entrance</a> of the University of Alabama, blocking the path of black students.<sup id="cite_ref-segsymbol_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-segsymbol-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Wallace left office when his first term expired in 1967 due to term limits. His wife, <a href="/wiki/Lurleen_Wallace" title="Lurleen Wallace">Lurleen</a>, won the next election and succeeded him, with him as the de facto governor.<sup id="cite_ref-Eskew_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Eskew-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Lurleen died of cancer in May 1968, ending Wallace's period of influence; her doctor had informed him of the cancer's diagnosis in 1961, but Wallace had not told his wife. </p><p>Wallace challenged sitting president <a href="/wiki/Lyndon_B._Johnson" title="Lyndon B. Johnson">Lyndon B. Johnson</a> in the <a href="/wiki/1964_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1964 Democratic Party presidential primaries">1964 Democratic presidential primaries</a>, but Johnson prevailed in the race. In the <a href="/wiki/1968_United_States_presidential_election" title="1968 United States presidential election">1968 presidential election</a>, Wallace ran a <a href="/wiki/George_Wallace_1968_presidential_campaign" title="George Wallace 1968 presidential campaign">third-party campaign</a> in an attempt to force a <a href="/wiki/Contingent_election" title="Contingent election">contingent election</a> in the <a href="/wiki/United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="United States House of Representatives">United States House of Representatives</a>, thereby enhancing the political clout of segregationist Southern leaders. Wallace won five Southern states but failed to force a contingent election. As of the <a href="/wiki/2024_United_States_presidential_election" title="2024 United States presidential election">2024 election</a>,<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=George_Wallace&action=edit">[update]</a></sup> he remains the most recent third-party candidate to receive pledged electoral college votes from any state. </p><p>Wallace won election to the governorship again in <a href="/wiki/1970_Alabama_gubernatorial_election" title="1970 Alabama gubernatorial election">1970</a>, and ran in the <a href="/wiki/1972_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1972 Democratic Party presidential primaries">1972 Democratic presidential primaries</a>, having moderated his stance on segregation. His campaign effectively ended when he was shot in <a href="/wiki/Maryland" title="Maryland">Maryland</a> by <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Bremer" title="Arthur Bremer">Arthur Bremer</a>, and Wallace remained paralyzed below the waist for the rest of his life. Wallace won <a href="/wiki/1974_Alabama_gubernatorial_election" title="1974 Alabama gubernatorial election">re-election</a> as governor in 1974, and he once again unsuccessfully sought the Democratic presidential nomination in the <a href="/wiki/1976_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1976 Democratic Party presidential primaries">1976 Democratic presidential primaries</a>. In the late 1970s, Wallace announced that he became a <a href="/wiki/Born-again_Christian" class="mw-redirect" title="Born-again Christian">born-again Christian</a>, and moderated his views on race, renouncing his past support for segregation. Wallace left office in 1979, but re-entered politics and won <a href="/wiki/1982_Alabama_gubernatorial_election" title="1982 Alabama gubernatorial election">election</a> to a fourth, and final, term as governor in 1982. Wallace is the third<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/List_of_longest-serving_governors_of_U.S._states" title="List of longest-serving governors of U.S. states">longest-serving governor in U.S. history</a>, having served 5,848 days in office.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_life">Early life</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=George_Wallace&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Early life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Clio,_Alabama.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Clio%2C_Alabama.JPG/220px-Clio%2C_Alabama.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Clio%2C_Alabama.JPG/330px-Clio%2C_Alabama.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Clio%2C_Alabama.JPG/440px-Clio%2C_Alabama.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2444" data-file-height="1837" /></a><figcaption>Wallace was born in <a href="/wiki/Clio,_Alabama" title="Clio, Alabama">Clio, Alabama</a> (seen here in 2011).</figcaption></figure> <p>George Corley Wallace Jr. was born in <a href="/wiki/Clio,_Alabama" title="Clio, Alabama">Clio, Alabama</a>, to George Corley Wallace Sr. and Mozelle Smith. Since his parents disliked the designation "Junior", he was called "George C.", to distinguish him from his father, George Corley Sr., and paternal grandfather, the physician George Oscar Wallace, who was called "Doc Wallace". He had two younger brothers, Gerald and Jack, and a younger sister named Marianne.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a>, Wallace's father left college to pursue a life of farming when <a href="/wiki/Food_prices" title="Food prices">food prices</a> were high. When his father died in 1937, his mother had to sell their farmland to pay existing <a href="/wiki/Mortgage_loan" class="mw-redirect" title="Mortgage loan">mortgages</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Wallace was raised as a <a href="/wiki/Methodist" class="mw-redirect" title="Methodist">Methodist</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>From age ten, Wallace was fascinated with politics. In 1935, he won a contest to serve as a page in the <a href="/wiki/Alabama_Senate" title="Alabama Senate">Alabama Senate</a>, and confidently predicted that he would one day be governor.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Wallace became a regionally successful boxer in high school, then went directly to law school in 1937 at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Alabama_School_of_Law" title="University of Alabama School of Law">University of Alabama School of Law</a> in <a href="/wiki/Tuscaloosa,_Alabama" title="Tuscaloosa, Alabama">Tuscaloosa</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was a member of the <a href="/wiki/Delta_Chi" title="Delta Chi">Delta Chi</a> fraternity. It was at the University of Alabama that he crossed paths with future political adversary <a href="/wiki/Frank_Minis_Johnson" title="Frank Minis Johnson">Frank Minis Johnson Jr.</a>, who would go on to become a prominent liberal federal judge.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Wallace also knew <a href="/wiki/Chauncey_Sparks" title="Chauncey Sparks">Chauncey Sparks</a>, who became a conservative governor. These men had an effect on his personal politics reflecting the ideologies of both leaders later during his time in office.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2019)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> He received a <a href="/wiki/Bachelor_of_Laws" title="Bachelor of Laws">Bachelor of Laws</a> degree in 1942.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Early in 1943, Wallace was accepted for pilot training by the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Army_Air_Forces" title="United States Army Air Forces">United States Army Air Forces</a> (USAAF).<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Soon afterwards Wallace contracted life-threatening <a href="/wiki/Spinal_meningitis" class="mw-redirect" title="Spinal meningitis">spinal meningitis</a>, but prompt medical attention with <a href="/wiki/Sulfa_drugs" class="mw-redirect" title="Sulfa drugs">sulfa drugs</a> saved his life. Left with partial hearing loss and permanent nerve damage, he was instead trained as a <a href="/wiki/Flight_engineer" title="Flight engineer">flight engineer</a>. During 1945, as a member of a <a href="/wiki/B-29" class="mw-redirect" title="B-29">B-29</a> crew with <a href="/wiki/468th_Bombardment_Group" title="468th Bombardment Group">468th Bombardment Group</a>, stationed in the <a href="/wiki/Mariana_Islands" title="Mariana Islands">Mariana Islands</a> as part of the <a href="/wiki/Twentieth_Air_Force" title="Twentieth Air Force">Twentieth Air Force</a>, Wallace took part in <a href="/wiki/Air_raids_on_Japan" title="Air raids on Japan">air raids on Japan</a> and reached the rank of <a href="/wiki/Staff_sergeant" title="Staff sergeant">staff sergeant</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In mid-1945, Wallace received an early discharge on medical grounds, due to "severe anxiety", and a 10% disability pension for "psychoneurosis".<sup id="cite_ref-Frederick,_2007,_p._12_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Frederick,_2007,_p._12-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (The Twentieth Air Force was commanded by General <a href="/wiki/Curtis_LeMay" title="Curtis LeMay">Curtis LeMay</a>, who was his running mate in the <a href="/wiki/1968_United_States_presidential_election" title="1968 United States presidential election">1968 presidential race</a>.) </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Racial_attitude">Racial attitude</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=George_Wallace&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Racial attitude"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>While some may argue that Wallace did not espouse racist views, most sources support the conclusion that he was motivated by racist ideology. </p><p>For instance, one source on Wallace's career as a judge reports: "every black attorney who argued a case in Wallace's ... courtroom was struck by his fairness .... But no one who knew Wallace well ever took seriously his earnest profession – uttered a thousand times after 1963 – that he was a segregationist, not a racist."<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A reporter covering state politics in 1961 observed that, while other Alabama politicians conversed primarily about women and Alabama football, for Wallace "it was race – race, race, race – and every time that I was closeted alone with him, that's all we talked about."<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Wallace's preoccupation with race was based on his belief that black Americans comprised a separate and inferior race. In a 1963 letter to a social studies teacher, Wallace stated they were inclined to criminality – especially "atrocious acts ... such as rape, assault and murder" – because of a high incidence of venereal disease. Desegregation, he wrote, would lead to "intermarriage ... and eventually our race will be deteriated [sic] to that of the mongrel complexity."<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_career">Early career</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=George_Wallace&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Early career"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1938, at age 19, Wallace contributed to his grandfather's successful campaign for probate judge. Late in 1945, he was appointed as one of the assistant attorneys general of Alabama, and, in May 1946, he won his first election as a member to the <a href="/wiki/Alabama_House_of_Representatives" title="Alabama House of Representatives">Alabama House of Representatives</a>. At the time, he was considered a moderate on racial issues. As a delegate to the <a href="/wiki/1948_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1948 Democratic National Convention">1948 Democratic National Convention</a>, he did not join the <a href="/wiki/Dixiecrat" title="Dixiecrat">Dixiecrat</a> walkout at the convention, despite his opposition to <a href="/wiki/U.S._President" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. President">U.S. President</a> <a href="/wiki/Harry_S._Truman" title="Harry S. Truman">Harry S. Truman</a>'s proposed <a href="/wiki/Civil_rights" class="mw-redirect" title="Civil rights">civil rights</a> program. Wallace considered it an infringement on <a href="/wiki/States%27_rights" title="States' rights">states' rights</a>. The Dixiecrats carried Alabama in the 1948 general election, having rallied behind Governor <a href="/wiki/Strom_Thurmond" title="Strom Thurmond">Strom Thurmond</a> of South Carolina. In his 1963 inaugural speech as governor, Wallace excused his failure to walk out of the 1948 convention on political grounds. </p><p>In 1952, he became the Circuit Judge of the <a href="/wiki/Courts_of_Alabama" title="Courts of Alabama">Third Judicial Circuit</a> in Alabama. Here he became known as "the fighting little judge", a nod to his past boxing association.<sup id="cite_ref-Woods_On_Fire_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Woods_On_Fire-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He gained a reputation for fairness regardless of the race of the plaintiff. It was common practice at the time for judges in the area to refer to black lawyers by their first names, while their white colleagues were addressed formally as "Mister"; black lawyer <a href="/wiki/J._L._Chestnut" class="mw-redirect" title="J. L. Chestnut">J. L. Chestnut</a> later said that "Judge George Wallace was the most liberal judge that I had ever practiced law in front of. He was the first judge in Alabama to call me 'Mister' in a courtroom."<sup id="cite_ref-Woods_On_Fire_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Woods_On_Fire-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On the other hand, Wallace issued injunctions to prevent the removal of segregation signs in rail terminals, becoming the first Southern judge to do so.<sup id="cite_ref-htFradyA8_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-htFradyA8-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Similarly, during efforts by civil rights organizations to expand voter registration of blacks, Wallace blocked federal efforts to review Barbour County voting lists. He was cited for criminal contempt of court in 1959.<sup id="cite_ref-htFradyA8_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-htFradyA8-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As judge, Wallace granted probation to some blacks, which may have cost him the 1958 gubernatorial election.<sup id="cite_ref-htWallaceA8_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-htWallaceA8-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1958_gubernatorial_campaign">1958 gubernatorial campaign</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=George_Wallace&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: 1958 gubernatorial campaign"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1958, Wallace ran in the Democratic <a href="/wiki/Partisan_primary" class="mw-redirect" title="Partisan primary">primary</a> for governor. Since the 1901 constitution's effective <a href="/wiki/Disfranchisement_after_Reconstruction_era" class="mw-redirect" title="Disfranchisement after Reconstruction era">disfranchisement</a> of Black Alabamians, the Democratic Party had been virtually the only party in Alabama. For all intents and purposes, the Democratic primary, which was a political crossroads for Wallace, was the only real contest at the state level. State Representative <a href="/wiki/George_C._Hawkins" title="George C. Hawkins">George C. Hawkins</a> of <a href="/wiki/Gadsden,_Alabama" title="Gadsden, Alabama">Gadsden</a> ran, but Wallace's main opponent was <a href="/wiki/Attorney_General_of_Alabama" title="Attorney General of Alabama">Attorney General of Alabama</a> <a href="/wiki/John_M._Patterson" title="John M. Patterson">John M. Patterson</a>, who ran with the support of the <a href="/wiki/Ku_Klux_Klan" title="Ku Klux Klan">Ku Klux Klan</a>, an organization Wallace had spoken out against. Despite being endorsed by the <a href="/wiki/NAACP" title="NAACP">NAACP</a>, Wallace lost the nomination by over 34,400 votes.<sup id="cite_ref-Woods_On_Fire_22-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Woods_On_Fire-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After the election, aide Seymore Trammell recalled Wallace saying, "Seymore, you know why I lost that governor's race? ... I was outniggered by John Patterson. And I'll tell you here and now, I will never be outniggered again."<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the wake of his defeat, Wallace adopted a hard-line <a href="/wiki/Segregationist" class="mw-redirect" title="Segregationist">segregationist</a> stance and used this stance to court the white vote in the next gubernatorial election in 1962. When a supporter asked why he started using racist messages, Wallace replied, "You know, I tried to talk about good roads and good schools and all these things that have been part of my career, and nobody listened. And then I began talking about niggers, and they stomped the floor."<sup id="cite_ref-Woods_On_Fire_quotes_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Woods_On_Fire_quotes-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Governor_of_Alabama">Governor of Alabama</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=George_Wallace&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Governor of Alabama"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Segregation">Segregation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=George_Wallace&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Segregation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Wallacenasa.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Wallacenasa.gif/220px-Wallacenasa.gif" decoding="async" width="220" height="167" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Wallacenasa.gif/330px-Wallacenasa.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Wallacenasa.gif/440px-Wallacenasa.gif 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="2271" /></a><figcaption>From left to right: Governor Wallace, <a href="/wiki/NASA" title="NASA">NASA</a> administrator <a href="/wiki/James_E._Webb" title="James E. Webb">James E. Webb</a> and scientist <a href="/wiki/Wernher_von_Braun" title="Wernher von Braun">Wernher von Braun</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Marshall_Space_Flight_Center" title="Marshall Space Flight Center">Marshall Space Flight Center</a> in 1965</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Wallace_at_University_of_Alabama_edit2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Wallace_at_University_of_Alabama_edit2.jpg/220px-Wallace_at_University_of_Alabama_edit2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="158" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Wallace_at_University_of_Alabama_edit2.jpg/330px-Wallace_at_University_of_Alabama_edit2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Wallace_at_University_of_Alabama_edit2.jpg/440px-Wallace_at_University_of_Alabama_edit2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4046" data-file-height="2897" /></a><figcaption>Wallace standing against desegregation while being confronted by U.S. Deputy Attorney General <a href="/wiki/Nicholas_Katzenbach" title="Nicholas Katzenbach">Nicholas Katzenbach</a> at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Alabama" title="University of Alabama">University of Alabama</a> in 1963</figcaption></figure> <p>In the 1962 Democratic primary, Wallace finished first, ahead of State Senator <a href="/wiki/Ryan_DeGraffenried_Sr." class="mw-redirect" title="Ryan DeGraffenried Sr.">Ryan DeGraffenried Sr.</a>, and taking 35 percent of the vote. In the runoff, Wallace won the nomination with 55 percent of the vote. As no Republican filed to run, this all but assured Wallace of becoming the next governor. He won a crushing victory in the <a href="/wiki/1962_Alabama_gubernatorial_election" title="1962 Alabama gubernatorial election">November general election</a>, taking 96 percent of the vote. As noted above, Democratic dominance had been achieved by disenfranchising most blacks and many poor whites in the state for decades, which lasted until years after federal civil rights legislation was passed in 1964 and 1965.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="Please clarify the preceding statement or statements with a good explanation from a reliable source. (May 2020)">how?</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Wallace took the oath of office on January 14, 1963, standing on the gold star marking the spot where, nearly 102 years earlier, <a href="/wiki/Jefferson_Davis" title="Jefferson Davis">Jefferson Davis</a> was sworn in as provisional president of the <a href="/wiki/Confederate_States_of_America" title="Confederate States of America">Confederate States of America</a>. In his <a href="/wiki/George_Wallace%27s_1963_Inaugural_Address" title="George Wallace's 1963 Inaugural Address">inaugural speech</a>, Wallace said:<sup id="cite_ref-Woods_On_Fire_quotes_26-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Woods_On_Fire_quotes-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Klarman_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Klarman-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>In the name of the greatest people that have ever trod this Earth, I draw the line in the dust and toss the gauntlet before the feet of tyranny, and I say segregation now, segregation tomorrow, segregation forever.</p></blockquote> <p>This sentence had been written by Wallace's new speechwriter, <a href="/wiki/Ku_Klux_Klan" title="Ku Klux Klan">Ku Klux Klan</a> leader <a href="/wiki/Asa_Earl_Carter" title="Asa Earl Carter">Asa Earl Carter</a>. </p><p>In 1963, President <a href="/wiki/John_F._Kennedy" title="John F. Kennedy">John F. Kennedy</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_John_F._Kennedy" title="Presidency of John F. Kennedy">administration</a> ordered the U.S. Army's 2nd Infantry Division from Fort Benning, Georgia to be prepared to enforce the <a href="/wiki/Racial_integration" title="Racial integration">racial integration</a> of the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Alabama" title="University of Alabama">University of Alabama</a> in Tuscaloosa. In a vain attempt to halt the enrollment of black students <a href="/wiki/Vivian_Malone" class="mw-redirect" title="Vivian Malone">Vivian Malone</a> and <a href="/wiki/James_Hood" title="James Hood">James Hood</a>, Governor Wallace stood in front of <a href="/wiki/Foster_Auditorium" title="Foster Auditorium">Foster Auditorium</a> at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Alabama" title="University of Alabama">University of Alabama</a> on June 11, 1963. This became known as the "<a href="/wiki/Stand_in_the_Schoolhouse_Door" title="Stand in the Schoolhouse Door">Stand in the Schoolhouse Door</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In September 1963, Wallace attempted to stop four black students from enrolling in four separate elementary schools in <a href="/wiki/Huntsville,_Alabama" title="Huntsville, Alabama">Huntsville</a>. After intervention by a federal court in <a href="/wiki/Birmingham,_Alabama" title="Birmingham, Alabama">Birmingham</a>, the four children were allowed to enter on September 9, becoming the first to integrate a primary or secondary school in Alabama.<sup id="cite_ref-Hereford_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hereford-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Wallace desperately wanted to preserve segregation. In his own words: "The President [John F. Kennedy] wants us to surrender this state to <a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther_King" class="mw-redirect" title="Martin Luther King">Martin Luther King</a> and his group of pro-Communists who have instituted these demonstrations."<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Wallace predicted, during a <a href="/wiki/Milwaukee,_Wisconsin" class="mw-redirect" title="Milwaukee, Wisconsin">Milwaukee, Wisconsin</a> speech on September 17, 1964, that the office-holding supporters of a civil rights bill would politically "<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/bite_the_dust" class="extiw" title="wikt:bite the dust">bite the dust</a>" by 1966 and 1968.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox" style="clear: right; float:right;margin:0 0 1.5em 1.5em"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:115%">External videos</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="text-align: left"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="video icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg/16px-Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg/24px-Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg/32px-Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></span></span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://americanarchive.org/catalog/cpb-aacip_151-pr7mp4wh8k">"Interview with George Wallace"</a> conducted in 1986 for the <a href="/wiki/Eyes_on_the_Prize" title="Eyes on the Prize">Eyes on the Prize</a> documentary in which he discusses integration of the University of Alabama, the Birmingham movement, and the Selma voting rights campaign.</td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica" title="Encyclopædia Britannica">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i> characterized him not so much as a segregationist but more as a "populist" who pandered to the white majority of Alabama voters.<sup id="cite_ref-Britannica_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Britannica-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It notes that his failed attempt at presidential politics created lessons that later influenced the populist candidacies of <a href="/wiki/Jimmy_Carter" title="Jimmy Carter">Jimmy Carter</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ronald_Reagan" title="Ronald Reagan">Ronald Reagan</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Britannica_33-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Britannica-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Jack_Newfield" title="Jack Newfield">Jack Newfield</a> wrote in 1971 that Wallace "recently has been sounding like <a href="/wiki/William_Jennings_Bryan" title="William Jennings Bryan">William Jennings Bryan</a> as he attacked concentrated wealth in his speeches".<sup id="cite_ref-newfield19710719_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-newfield19710719-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Economics_and_education">Economics and education</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=George_Wallace&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Economics and education"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/George_Wallace" title="Special:EditPage/George Wallace">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">October 2010</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The principal achievement of Wallace's first term was an innovation in Alabama industrial development that several other states later copied: he was the first Southern governor to travel to corporate headquarters in northern states to offer tax abatements and other incentives to companies willing to locate plants in Alabama. </p><p>He also initiated a <a href="/wiki/Community_college" title="Community college">community college</a> system that has now spread throughout the state,<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> preparing many students to complete four-year degrees at <a href="/wiki/Auburn_University" title="Auburn University">Auburn University</a>, <a href="/wiki/University_of_Alabama_at_Birmingham" title="University of Alabama at Birmingham">University of Alabama at Birmingham</a>, or the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Alabama" title="University of Alabama">University of Alabama</a>. <a href="/wiki/Wallace_Community_College" title="Wallace Community College">Wallace Community College</a> (<a href="/wiki/Dothan,_Alabama" title="Dothan, Alabama">Dothan</a>), is named for his father. <a href="/wiki/Wallace_Community_College_Selma" title="Wallace Community College Selma">Wallace Community College Selma</a> (<a href="/wiki/Selma,_Alabama" title="Selma, Alabama">Selma</a>), and <a href="/wiki/Wallace_State_Community_College" title="Wallace State Community College">Wallace State Community College</a> (<a href="/wiki/Hanceville,_Alabama" title="Hanceville, Alabama">Hanceville</a>) are named for him. <a href="/wiki/Lurleen_B._Wallace_Community_College" title="Lurleen B. Wallace Community College">Lurleen B. Wallace Community College</a> in <a href="/wiki/Andalusia,_Alabama" title="Andalusia, Alabama">Andalusia</a> is named for Wallace's first wife, <a href="/wiki/Lurleen_Burns_Wallace" class="mw-redirect" title="Lurleen Burns Wallace">Lurleen Burns Wallace</a>. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/University_of_South_Alabama" title="University of South Alabama">University of South Alabama</a>, a new state university in Mobile, was chartered in 1963 during Wallace's first year in office as governor. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="1964_Democratic_presidential_primaries">1964 Democratic presidential primaries</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=George_Wallace&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: 1964 Democratic presidential primaries"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/1964_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1964 Democratic Party presidential primaries">1964 Democratic Party presidential primaries</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:George_Wallace_standing_at_the_podium_addressing_an_audience_at_the_Democratic_National_Convention_in_Atlantic_City,_New_Jersey,_August_1964.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/George_Wallace_standing_at_the_podium_addressing_an_audience_at_the_Democratic_National_Convention_in_Atlantic_City%2C_New_Jersey%2C_August_1964.jpg/220px-George_Wallace_standing_at_the_podium_addressing_an_audience_at_the_Democratic_National_Convention_in_Atlantic_City%2C_New_Jersey%2C_August_1964.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="325" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/George_Wallace_standing_at_the_podium_addressing_an_audience_at_the_Democratic_National_Convention_in_Atlantic_City%2C_New_Jersey%2C_August_1964.jpg/330px-George_Wallace_standing_at_the_podium_addressing_an_audience_at_the_Democratic_National_Convention_in_Atlantic_City%2C_New_Jersey%2C_August_1964.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/George_Wallace_standing_at_the_podium_addressing_an_audience_at_the_Democratic_National_Convention_in_Atlantic_City%2C_New_Jersey%2C_August_1964.jpg/440px-George_Wallace_standing_at_the_podium_addressing_an_audience_at_the_Democratic_National_Convention_in_Atlantic_City%2C_New_Jersey%2C_August_1964.jpg 2x" data-file-width="693" data-file-height="1024" /></a><figcaption>Wallace addressing an audience at the <a href="/wiki/1964_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1964 Democratic National Convention">1964 Democratic National Convention</a> in <a href="/wiki/Atlantic_City" class="mw-redirect" title="Atlantic City">Atlantic City</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_Jersey" title="New Jersey">New Jersey</a></figcaption></figure> <p>On November 15–20, 1963, in <a href="/wiki/Dallas" title="Dallas">Dallas</a>, Wallace announced his intention to oppose the incumbent president, John F. Kennedy, for the 1964 Democratic presidential nomination. Days later, also in Dallas, Kennedy was <a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_John_F._Kennedy" title="Assassination of John F. Kennedy">assassinated</a>, and Vice President <a href="/wiki/Lyndon_B._Johnson" title="Lyndon B. Johnson">Lyndon B. Johnson</a> succeeded him as president. </p><p>Building upon his notoriety after the University of Alabama controversy, Wallace entered the <a href="/wiki/1964_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1964 Democratic Party presidential primaries">Democratic primaries in 1964</a> on the advice of a public relations expert from Wisconsin.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Wallace campaigned strongly by expressing his opposition to integration and a tough approach on crime. In Democratic <a href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_primary" title="United States presidential primary">primaries</a> in Wisconsin, Indiana, and Maryland, Wallace garnered at least a third of the vote running against three Johnson-designated surrogates.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Wallace was known for stirring crowds with his oratory. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Huntsville_Times" title="The Huntsville Times">The Huntsville Times</a></i> interviewed Bill Jones, Wallace's first press secretary, who recounted "a particularly fiery speech in Cincinnati, Ohio in 1964 that scared even Wallace, [where he] angrily shouted to a crowd of 1,000 people that 'little Pinkos' were 'running around outside' protesting his visit, and continued, after thunderous applause, saying, 'When you and I start marching and demonstrating and carrying signs, we will close every highway in the country.' The audience leaped to its feet and headed for the exit", Jones said, "It shook Wallace. He quickly moved to calm them down."<sup id="cite_ref-htWallaceA8_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-htWallaceA8-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>At graduation exercises in the spring of 1964 at <a href="/wiki/Bob_Jones_University" title="Bob Jones University">Bob Jones University</a> in <a href="/wiki/Greenville,_South_Carolina" title="Greenville, South Carolina">Greenville, South Carolina</a>, Wallace received an honorary doctorate.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At the commencement, <a href="/wiki/Bob_Jones_Jr." title="Bob Jones Jr.">Bob Jones Jr.</a>, read the following citation as a tribute to Wallace:<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Men who have fought for truth and righteousness have always been slandered, maligned, and misrepresented. The American press in its attacks upon Governor Wallace has demonstrated that it is no longer free, American, or honest. But you, Mr. Governor, have demonstrated not only by the overwhelming victories in the recent elections in your own state of Alabama, but also in the showing which you have made in states long dominated by cheap demagogues and selfish radicals that there is still in America love for freedom, hard common sense, and at least some hope for the preservation of our constitutional liberties.</p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="1964_unpledged_elector_slate">1964 unpledged elector slate</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=George_Wallace&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: 1964 unpledged elector slate"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1964, Alabama Republicans stood to benefit from the unintended consequences of two developments: (1) Governor Wallace vacating the race for the Democratic presidential nomination against President Johnson, and (2) the designation of unpledged Democratic electors in Alabama, in effect removing President Johnson from the general election ballot. Prior to the <a href="/wiki/1964_Republican_National_Convention" title="1964 Republican National Convention">1964 Republican National Convention</a> in <a href="/wiki/San_Francisco,_California" class="mw-redirect" title="San Francisco, California">San Francisco</a>, Wallace and his aides Bill Jones and Seymore Trammell met in the <a href="/wiki/Jefferson_Davis_Hotel" title="Jefferson Davis Hotel">Jefferson Davis Hotel</a> in Montgomery with Alabama Republican leader <a href="/wiki/James_D._Martin" title="James D. Martin">James D. Martin</a>, who had narrowly lost the U.S. Senate election in 1962 to <a href="/wiki/J._Lister_Hill" title="J. Lister Hill">J. Lister Hill</a>. Wallace and his aides sought to determine if <a href="/wiki/Barry_M._Goldwater" class="mw-redirect" title="Barry M. Goldwater">Barry M. Goldwater</a>, the forthcoming Republican presidential nominee who as a senator from <a href="/wiki/Arizona" title="Arizona">Arizona</a> had voted against the <a href="/wiki/Civil_Rights_Act_of_1964" title="Civil Rights Act of 1964">Civil Rights Act of 1964</a> on libertarian and constitutional grounds, would advocate repeal of the law, particularly the public accommodations and equal employment sections. Bill Jones indicated that Wallace agreed with Goldwater's anti-communist stance but opposed the Republican's proposal to make <a href="/wiki/Social_Security_(United_States)" title="Social Security (United States)">Social Security</a> a voluntary program. Jones stressed that Wallace had sacrificed his own presidential aspirations that year to allow a direct Republican challenge to President Johnson. It was later disclosed that Wallace proposed at the meeting with Martin to switch parties if he could be named as Goldwater's running-mate, a designation later given to <a href="/wiki/U.S._Representative" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Representative">U.S. Representative</a> <a href="/wiki/William_E._Miller" title="William E. Miller">William E. Miller</a> of <a href="/wiki/New_York_(state)" title="New York (state)">New York</a>. Goldwater reportedly rejected the overture because he considered Wallace to be a racist.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The unpledged electors in Alabama included the future U.S. senator, <a href="/wiki/James_Allen_(U.S._Senator)" class="mw-redirect" title="James Allen (U.S. Senator)">James Allen</a>, then the <a href="/wiki/Lieutenant_Governor_of_Alabama" title="Lieutenant Governor of Alabama">lieutenant governor</a>, and the subsequent Governor <a href="/wiki/Albert_Brewer" title="Albert Brewer">Albert Brewer</a>, then the state House Speaker. National Democrats balked over Johnson's exclusion from the ballot, but most supported the unpledged slate, which competed directly with the Republican electors. As <i><a href="/wiki/The_Tuscaloosa_News" title="The Tuscaloosa News">The Tuscaloosa News</a></i> explained, loyalist electors would have offered a clearer choice to voters than did the unpledged slate.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The 1964 Republican electors were the first since <a href="/wiki/Reconstruction_era_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Reconstruction era in the United States">Reconstruction</a> to prevail in Alabama. The Goldwater-Miller slate received 479,085 votes (69.5 percent) to the unpledged electors' 209,848 (30.5 percent). The Republican tide also brought to victory five Republican members of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="United States House of Representatives">United States House of Representatives</a>, including <a href="/wiki/William_Louis_Dickinson" class="mw-redirect" title="William Louis Dickinson">William Louis Dickinson</a>, who held the Montgomery-based district seat until 1993, and James D. Martin, the <a href="/wiki/Gadsden,_Alabama" title="Gadsden, Alabama">Gadsden</a> oil products dealer who defeated then State Senator George C. Hawkins for the U.S. House seat formerly held by <a href="/wiki/Carl_Elliott" title="Carl Elliott">Carl Elliott</a>. Hardly yet sworn into the U.S. House, Martin already had his eyes on Wallace's own position as governor.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="First_Gentleman_of_Alabama">First Gentleman of Alabama</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=George_Wallace&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: First Gentleman of Alabama"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Term_limit" title="Term limit">Term limits</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Alabama" title="Constitution of Alabama">Alabama Constitution</a> prevented Wallace from seeking a second term in 1966. Therefore, Wallace offered his wife, <a href="/wiki/Lurleen_Wallace" title="Lurleen Wallace">Lurleen Wallace</a>, as a <a href="/wiki/Power_behind_the_throne" title="Power behind the throne">surrogate candidate</a> for governor. In the Democratic primary, she defeated two former governors, <a href="/wiki/Jim_Folsom" title="Jim Folsom">Jim Folsom</a> and <a href="/wiki/John_Malcolm_Patterson" class="mw-redirect" title="John Malcolm Patterson">John M. Patterson</a>, <a href="/wiki/Attorney_General_of_Alabama" title="Attorney General of Alabama">Attorney General</a> <a href="/wiki/Richmond_Flowers_Sr." title="Richmond Flowers Sr.">Richmond Flowers Sr.</a>, and former U.S. Representative <a href="/wiki/Carl_Elliott" title="Carl Elliott">Carl Elliott</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Largely through the work of Wallace's supporters, the Alabama restriction on gubernatorial succession was later modified to allow two consecutive terms.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Wallace defended his wife's proxy candidacy. He felt somewhat vindicated when Republicans in <a href="/wiki/Idaho" title="Idaho">Idaho</a> denied renomination in 1966 to <a href="/wiki/Governor_of_Idaho" class="mw-redirect" title="Governor of Idaho">Governor</a> <a href="/wiki/Robert_E._Smylie" title="Robert E. Smylie">Robert E. Smylie</a>, author of the article entitled "Why I Feel Sorry for Lurleen Wallace". In his memoirs, Wallace recounts his wife's ability to "charm crowds" and cast-off invective: "I was immensely proud of her, and it didn't hurt a bit to take a back seat to her in vote-getting ability." Wallace rebuffed critics<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Unsupported_attributions" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch"><span title="The material near this tag possibly uses too-vague attribution or weasel words. (May 2020)">who?</span></a></i>]</sup> who claimed that he had "dragooned" his wife into the race. "She loved every minute of being governor the same way ... that <a href="/wiki/Margaret_Chase_Smith" title="Margaret Chase Smith">Mrs. (Margaret) Smith</a> loves being senator."<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the 1966 campaign, George Wallace signed state legislation to nullify desegregation guidelines between Alabama cities and counties and the former <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Health,_Education,_and_Welfare" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Department of Health, Education, and Welfare">United States Department of Health, Education, and Welfare</a>. Wallace claimed that the law would thwart the national government from intervening in schools. Critics denounced Wallace's "political trickery" and expressed alarm at the potential forfeiture of federal funds. Republican gubernatorial candidate <a href="/wiki/James_D._Martin" title="James D. Martin">James D. Martin</a> accused the Democrats of "playing politics with your children" and "neglecting academic excellence".<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Martin also opposed the desegregation guidelines and had sponsored a U.S. House amendment to forbid the placement of students and teachers on the basis of racial quotas. He predicted that Wallace's legislation would propel the issuance of a court order compelling immediate and total desegregation in all public schools. He also compared the new Alabama law to "another two-and-a-half-minute stand in the schoolhouse door".<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Lurleen Wallace defeated Martin in the <a href="/wiki/1966_Alabama_gubernatorial_election" title="1966 Alabama gubernatorial election">general election on November 8, 1966</a>. She was inaugurated in January 1967, but on May 7, 1968, she died in office of cancer at the age of 41, amid her husband's ongoing second presidential campaign.<sup id="cite_ref-Carter_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Carter-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On her death, she was succeeded by Lieutenant Governor <a href="/wiki/Albert_Brewer" title="Albert Brewer">Albert Brewer</a>, who had run without Republican opposition amid the Wallace–Martin races. George Wallace's influence in state government thus subsided until his next bid for election in his own right in 1970. He was "first gentleman" for less than a year and a half. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="1968_third-party_presidential_run">1968 third-party presidential run</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=George_Wallace&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: 1968 third-party presidential run"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/George_Wallace_1968_presidential_campaign" title="George Wallace 1968 presidential campaign">George Wallace 1968 presidential campaign</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Southern_strategy" title="Southern strategy">Southern strategy</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:George_C_Wallace.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/George_C_Wallace.jpg/170px-George_C_Wallace.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="250" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/George_C_Wallace.jpg/255px-George_C_Wallace.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/George_C_Wallace.jpg/340px-George_C_Wallace.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1373" data-file-height="2018" /></a><figcaption>Wallace announcing his Presidential run in 1968</figcaption></figure><p> Planning for Wallace's 1968 presidential campaign began with a strategy session on the evening of the March 1967 inauguration of Lurleen Wallace. The meeting featured prominent white supremacists and anti-Semites, including: Asa Carter; William Simmons of the <a href="/wiki/Citizens%27_Councils" title="Citizens' Councils">White Citizens' Council</a>; Dallas County Sheriff <a href="/wiki/Jim_Clark_(sheriff)" title="Jim Clark (sheriff)">Jim Clark</a>; former Mississippi governor <a href="/wiki/Ross_Barnett" title="Ross Barnett">Ross Barnett</a>; <a href="/wiki/Leander_Perez" title="Leander Perez">Leander Perez</a>, a fervent Louisiana segregationist and anti-Semite; Kent Courtney, a John Bircher; and "a representative sent by <a href="/wiki/Willis_Carto" title="Willis Carto">Willis Carto</a>, head of the <a href="/wiki/Liberty_Lobby" title="Liberty Lobby">Liberty Lobby</a> and publisher of the anti-Semitic magazine <i><a href="/wiki/American_Mercury" class="mw-redirect" title="American Mercury">American Mercury</a>.</i>"<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:ElectoralCollege1968.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/ElectoralCollege1968.svg/220px-ElectoralCollege1968.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="128" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/ElectoralCollege1968.svg/330px-ElectoralCollege1968.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/ElectoralCollege1968.svg/440px-ElectoralCollege1968.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1020" data-file-height="593" /></a><figcaption>Results of the 1968 presidential election (Wallace won the states in orange).</figcaption></figure> <p>Wallace ran for president in the <a href="/wiki/1968_United_States_presidential_election" title="1968 United States presidential election">1968 election</a> as the <a href="/wiki/American_Independent_Party" title="American Independent Party">American Independent Party</a> candidate, with <a href="/wiki/Curtis_LeMay" title="Curtis LeMay">Curtis LeMay</a> as his candidate for vice president. Wallace hoped to force the <a href="/wiki/United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="United States House of Representatives">House of Representatives</a> to decide the election with one vote per state if he could obtain sufficient <a href="/wiki/U.S._Electoral_College" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Electoral College">electoral votes</a> to make him a power broker. Wallace hoped that Southern states could use their clout to end <a href="/wiki/Federal_government_of_the_United_States" title="Federal government of the United States">federal</a> efforts at <a href="/wiki/Desegregation_in_the_United_States" title="Desegregation in the United States">desegregation</a>. His platform contained generous increases for beneficiaries of <a href="/wiki/Social_Security_(United_States)" title="Social Security (United States)">Social Security</a> and <a href="/wiki/Medicare_(United_States)" title="Medicare (United States)">Medicare</a>. Wallace's foreign policy positions set him apart from the other candidates in the field. "If the <a href="/wiki/Vietnam_War" title="Vietnam War">Vietnam War</a> was not winnable within 90 days of his taking office, Wallace pledged an immediate withdrawal of U.S. troops ... Wallace described foreign aid as money 'poured down a rat hole' and demanded that European and Asian allies pay more for their defense."<sup id="cite_ref-Kauffman_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kauffman-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Richard_Nixon" title="Richard Nixon">Richard Nixon</a> feared that Wallace might split the conservative vote and allow the Democratic nominee, Vice President <a href="/wiki/Hubert_H._Humphrey" class="mw-redirect" title="Hubert H. Humphrey">Hubert H. Humphrey</a>, to prevail. He mostly attracted the <a href="/wiki/Southern_Democrats" title="Southern Democrats">Southern Democrats</a> who were dissatisfied with the <a href="/wiki/1964_Civil_Rights_Act" class="mw-redirect" title="1964 Civil Rights Act">1964 Civil Rights Act</a> and the <a href="/wiki/1965_Voting_Rights_Act" class="mw-redirect" title="1965 Voting Rights Act">1965 Voting Rights Act</a> that were signed earlier in the decade by President <a href="/wiki/Lyndon_B._Johnson" title="Lyndon B. Johnson">Lyndon B. Johnson</a>. However, some Democrats feared Wallace's appeal to <a href="/wiki/Organized_labor" class="mw-redirect" title="Organized labor">organized</a> blue-collar workers would damage Humphrey in Northern states such as Ohio, New Jersey and Michigan. Wallace ran a "<a href="/wiki/Law_and_order_(politics)" title="Law and order (politics)">law and order</a>" campaign similar to Nixon's, further worrying Republicans.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrands2010165_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrands2010165-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In Wallace's 1998 obituary, <i>The Huntsville Times</i> political editor John Anderson summarized the impact from the 1968 campaign: "His startling appeal to millions of alienated white voters was not lost on Richard Nixon and other Republican strategists. First Nixon, then <a href="/wiki/Ronald_Reagan" title="Ronald Reagan">Ronald Reagan</a>, and finally <a href="/wiki/George_Herbert_Walker_Bush" class="mw-redirect" title="George Herbert Walker Bush">George Herbert Walker Bush</a> successfully adopted toned-down versions of Wallace's anti-busing, anti-federal government platform to pry low- and middle-income whites from the Democratic <a href="/wiki/New_Deal" title="New Deal">New Deal</a> coalition."<sup id="cite_ref-htWallaceA8_24-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-htWallaceA8-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Dan Carter, a professor of history at <a href="/wiki/Emory_University" title="Emory University">Emory University</a> in <a href="/wiki/Atlanta,_Georgia" class="mw-redirect" title="Atlanta, Georgia">Atlanta</a>, added: "George Wallace laid the foundation for the dominance of the Republican Party in American society through the manipulation of racial and social issues in the 1960s and 1970s. He was the master teacher, and Richard Nixon and the Republican leadership that followed were his students."<sup id="cite_ref-htCarter_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-htCarter-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Wallace considered <a href="/wiki/Happy_Chandler" title="Happy Chandler">Happy Chandler</a>, the former <a href="/wiki/Baseball_commissioner" class="mw-redirect" title="Baseball commissioner">baseball commissioner</a>, two-term former <a href="/wiki/Governor_of_Kentucky" title="Governor of Kentucky">governor of Kentucky</a> and former <a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Senators_from_Kentucky" class="mw-redirect" title="List of United States Senators from Kentucky">Senator from Kentucky</a>, as his running mate in his 1968 campaign as a third-party candidate; as one of Wallace's aides put it, "We have all the nuts in the country; we could get some decent people–-you working one side of the street and he working the other side." Wallace invited Chandler, but when the press published the prospect, Wallace's supporters objected; Chandler had supported the hiring of <a href="/wiki/Jackie_Robinson" title="Jackie Robinson">Jackie Robinson</a> by the <a href="/wiki/Brooklyn_Dodgers" title="Brooklyn Dodgers">Brooklyn Dodgers</a>. </p><p>Wallace retracted the invitation, and (after considering <a href="/wiki/Kentucky_Fried_Chicken" class="mw-redirect" title="Kentucky Fried Chicken">Kentucky Fried Chicken</a> founder <a href="/wiki/Colonel_Sanders" title="Colonel Sanders">Colonel Harland Sanders</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-Kauffman_50-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kauffman-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> chose former <a href="/wiki/United_States_Air_Force" title="United States Air Force">Air Force</a> General <a href="/wiki/Curtis_LeMay" title="Curtis LeMay">Curtis LeMay</a> of <a href="/wiki/California" title="California">California</a>. LeMay was considered instrumental in the establishment in 1947 of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Air_Force" title="United States Air Force">United States Air Force</a> and an expert in military affairs. His four-star military rank, experience at <a href="/wiki/Strategic_Air_Command" title="Strategic Air Command">Strategic Air Command</a> and presence advising President Kennedy during the <a href="/wiki/Cuban_Missile_Crisis" title="Cuban Missile Crisis">Cuban Missile Crisis</a> were considered foreign-policy assets to the Wallace campaign. By 1968, LeMay had retired and was serving as chairman of the board of an electronics company, but the company threatened to dismiss him if he took a leave of absence to run for vice president. To keep LeMay on the ticket, Wallace backer and Texas oil tycoon <a href="/wiki/H._L._Hunt" title="H. L. Hunt">H. L. Hunt</a> set up a million-dollar fund to reimburse LeMay for any income lost in the campaign.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Campaign aides tried to persuade LeMay to avoid questions relating to nuclear weapons, but when asked if he thought their use was necessary to win the Vietnam War, he first said that America could win in Vietnam without them. However, he alarmed the audience by further commenting, "we [Americans] have a phobia about nuclear weapons. I think there may be times when it would be most efficient to use nuclear weapons." The "politically tone-deaf" LeMay became a drag on Wallace's candidacy for the remainder of the campaign.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1968, Wallace pledged that "If some anarchist lies down in front of my automobile, it will be the last automobile he will ever lie down in front of" and asserted that the only <a href="/wiki/Four-letter_word" title="Four-letter word">four letter words</a> that <a href="/wiki/Hippies" class="mw-redirect" title="Hippies">hippies</a> did not know were "w-o-r-k" and "s-o-a-p." Responding to criticism of the former comment, Wallace later elaborated that he meant such a protester would be punished under the law, not run over. This type of rhetoric became famous. He accused Humphrey and Nixon of wanting to radically desegregate the South. Wallace said, "There's not a dime's worth of difference between the Republicans and Democrats", a campaign slogan that he had first perfected when Lurleen Wallace defeated James D. Martin. </p><p>Major <a href="/wiki/News_media" title="News media">media outlets</a> observed the support Wallace received from extremist groups such as <a href="/wiki/Citizens%27_Councils" title="Citizens' Councils">White Citizens' Councils</a>. It has been noted that members of such groups had permeated the Wallace campaign by 1968 and, while Wallace did not openly seek their support, he also never refused it.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Indeed, at least one case has been documented of the pro-Nazi<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and white supremacist<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Liberty_Lobby" title="Liberty Lobby">Liberty Lobby</a> distributing a pro-Wallace pamphlet entitled "Stand up for America" despite the campaign's denial of such a connection.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Unlike <a href="/wiki/Strom_Thurmond" title="Strom Thurmond">Strom Thurmond</a> in <a href="/wiki/1948_United_States_presidential_election" title="1948 United States presidential election">1948</a>, Wallace generally avoided race-related discussions. He mostly criticized hippies and "pointy-headed intellectuals". He denied he was racist, saying once, "I've never made a racist speech in my life."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrands2010165_51-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrands2010165-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>While Wallace carried five Southern states, won almost ten million popular votes and 46 electoral votes, Nixon received 301 electoral votes, more than required to win the election. Wallace remains the last non-Democratic, non-Republican candidate to win any pledged electoral votes. Wallace also received the vote of one <a href="/wiki/North_Carolina" title="North Carolina">North Carolina</a> elector who had been pledged to Nixon. </p><p>Many found Wallace an entertaining campaigner.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> To "<a href="/wiki/Hippie" title="Hippie">hippies</a>" who called him a fascist, he replied, "I was killing fascists when you punks were in diapers." Another notable quip: "They're building a bridge over the <a href="/wiki/Potomac_River" title="Potomac River">Potomac</a> for all the white liberals fleeing to <a href="/wiki/Virginia_(U.S._state)" class="mw-redirect" title="Virginia (U.S. state)">Virginia</a>." </p><p>Wallace decried the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Supreme_Court" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Supreme Court">United States Supreme Court</a>'s binding opinion in <i><a href="/wiki/Alexander_v._Holmes_County_Board_of_Education" title="Alexander v. Holmes County Board of Education">Alexander v. Holmes County Board of Education</a></i>, which ordered immediate desegregation of Southern schools – he said the new <a href="/wiki/Warren_Burger" class="mw-redirect" title="Warren Burger">Burger</a> court was "no better than the <a href="/wiki/Earl_Warren" title="Earl Warren">Warren</a> court" and called the justices "limousine hypocrites".<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Second_term_as_governor">Second term as governor</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=George_Wallace&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Second term as governor"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:George_Wallace_official_portrait.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/George_Wallace_official_portrait.jpg/190px-George_Wallace_official_portrait.jpg" decoding="async" width="190" height="283" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/George_Wallace_official_portrait.jpg/285px-George_Wallace_official_portrait.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/George_Wallace_official_portrait.jpg/380px-George_Wallace_official_portrait.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1922" data-file-height="2867" /></a><figcaption>Official portrait, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1970</span></figcaption></figure> <p>In <a href="/wiki/1970_Alabama_gubernatorial_election" title="1970 Alabama gubernatorial election">1970</a>, Wallace sought the Democratic nomination against incumbent governor <a href="/wiki/Albert_Brewer" title="Albert Brewer">Albert Brewer</a>, who was the first gubernatorial candidate since Reconstruction to seek African American voter support.<sup id="cite_ref-William_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-William-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although in the 1966 gubernatorial election then state Attorney General Richmond Flowers championed civil rights for all and, with the support of most of Alabama's black voters, finished second in the Democratic primary. Brewer unveiled a progressive platform and worked to build an alliance between blacks and the white working class. Of Wallace's out-of-state trips, Brewer said, "Alabama needs a full-time governor!"<sup id="cite_ref-flowers_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-flowers-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the primary, Brewer received the most votes but failed to win a majority, which triggered a runoff election.<sup id="cite_ref-Carter_IRS_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Carter_IRS-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In what later U.S. President <a href="/wiki/Jimmy_Carter" title="Jimmy Carter">Jimmy Carter</a> called "one of the most racist campaigns in modern southern political history",<sup id="cite_ref-Carter_IRS_62-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Carter_IRS-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Wallace aired television advertising with slogans such as "Do you want the black bloc electing your governor?" and circulated an ad showing a white girl surrounded by seven black boys, with the slogan "Wake Up Alabama! Blacks vow to take over Alabama."<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Wallace slurred Brewer, whom he called "<a href="/wiki/Sissy" title="Sissy">Sissy</a> Britches",<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and his family.<sup id="cite_ref-Rogers,_576_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rogers,_576-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the runoff, Wallace narrowly won the Democratic nomination<sup id="cite_ref-Rogers,_576_65-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rogers,_576-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and won the general election in a landslide. </p><p>Though Wallace had promised not to run for president a third time,<sup id="cite_ref-flowers_61-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-flowers-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Carter_IRS_62-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Carter_IRS-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the day after the election, he flew to Wisconsin to campaign for the upcoming <a href="/wiki/1972_United_States_presidential_election" title="1972 United States presidential election">1972 United States presidential election</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-flowers_61-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-flowers-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Wallace, whose presidential ambitions would have been destroyed by a defeat for governor, has been said to have run "one of the nastiest campaigns in state history", using racist rhetoric while proposing few new ideas.<sup id="cite_ref-William_60-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-William-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="1972_Democratic_presidential_primaries_and_attempted_assassination">1972 Democratic presidential primaries and attempted assassination</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=George_Wallace&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: 1972 Democratic presidential primaries and attempted assassination"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:United_States_Democratic_presidential_primaries,_1972_by_state.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/United_States_Democratic_presidential_primaries%2C_1972_by_state.svg/220px-United_States_Democratic_presidential_primaries%2C_1972_by_state.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="136" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/United_States_Democratic_presidential_primaries%2C_1972_by_state.svg/330px-United_States_Democratic_presidential_primaries%2C_1972_by_state.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/United_States_Democratic_presidential_primaries%2C_1972_by_state.svg/440px-United_States_Democratic_presidential_primaries%2C_1972_by_state.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="959" data-file-height="593" /></a><figcaption>Green states went to George Wallace in the 1972 Democratic primaries.</figcaption></figure><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Wallace_1972_campaign_logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Wallace_1972_campaign_logo.svg/220px-Wallace_1972_campaign_logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="47" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Wallace_1972_campaign_logo.svg/330px-Wallace_1972_campaign_logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Wallace_1972_campaign_logo.svg/440px-Wallace_1972_campaign_logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="688" data-file-height="146" /></a><figcaption> George Wallace 1972 presidential campaign logo</figcaption></figure> <p>On January 13, 1972, Wallace <a href="/wiki/1972_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1972 Democratic Party presidential primaries">declared himself a Democratic candidate</a>. The field included Senator <a href="/wiki/George_McGovern" title="George McGovern">George McGovern</a>, 1968 nominee and former U.S. vice president <a href="/wiki/Hubert_Humphrey" title="Hubert Humphrey">Hubert Humphrey</a>, and nine other Democratic opponents. </p><p>Wallace announced that he no longer supported segregation and had always been a "moderate" on racial matters.<sup id="cite_ref-Woods_On_Fire_22-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Woods_On_Fire-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This position has been compared to that of Nixon, who in 1969 had instituted the first <a href="/wiki/Affirmative_Action" class="mw-redirect" title="Affirmative Action">affirmative action</a> program, the <a href="/wiki/Philadelphia_Plan" class="mw-redirect" title="Philadelphia Plan">Philadelphia Plan</a> that established goals and timetables. However, Wallace (similarly to Nixon)<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEParmet595–597,_603_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEParmet595–597,_603-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> expressed continued opposition to <a href="/wiki/Desegregation_busing_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Desegregation busing in the United States">desegregation busing</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For the next four months, Wallace's campaign proceeded well. In <a href="/wiki/Florida" title="Florida">Florida</a>'s primary, Wallace carried every county to win 42% of the vote. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Attempted_assassination">Attempted assassination</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=George_Wallace&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Attempted assassination"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:George_Wallace_assassination_attempt.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/05/George_Wallace_assassination_attempt.jpg/220px-George_Wallace_assassination_attempt.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/0/05/George_Wallace_assassination_attempt.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="315" data-file-height="236" /></a><figcaption>Wallace lies wounded on the ground immediately after the assassination attempt, as his wife, Cornelia, embraces him.</figcaption></figure> <p>On May 15, 1972, Wallace was shot four times by <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Bremer" title="Arthur Bremer">Arthur Bremer</a> while campaigning at the <a href="/wiki/Laurel_Shopping_Center" title="Laurel Shopping Center">Laurel Shopping Center</a> in <a href="/wiki/Laurel,_Maryland" title="Laurel, Maryland">Laurel, Maryland</a>, at a time when he was receiving high ratings in national opinion polls.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bremer was seen at a Wallace rally in <a href="/wiki/Wheaton,_Maryland" title="Wheaton, Maryland">Wheaton, Maryland</a>, earlier that day and two days earlier at a rally in <a href="/wiki/Kalamazoo,_Michigan" title="Kalamazoo, Michigan">Kalamazoo, Michigan</a>. Wallace was hit in the abdomen and chest, and one of the bullets lodged in Wallace's <a href="/wiki/Spinal_cord" title="Spinal cord">spinal column</a>, leaving him <a href="/wiki/Paralysis" title="Paralysis">paralyzed</a> from the waist down for the rest of his life. A five-hour operation was needed that evening, and Wallace had to receive several units of blood to survive. Three others who were wounded in the shooting also survived. The shooting and Wallace's subsequent injuries put an effective end to his bid for the Democratic presidential nomination.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The assassination attempt was caught on film.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Bremer's diary, <i><a href="/wiki/An_Assassin%27s_Diary" title="An Assassin's Diary">An Assassin's Diary</a></i>, published after his arrest, shows he was motivated in the assassination attempt by a desire for fame, not by political ideology.<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He had considered President Nixon an earlier target.<sup id="cite_ref-bigart_71-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bigart-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was convicted at trial. On August 4, 1972, Bremer was sentenced to 63 years in prison,<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> later reduced to 53 years.<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bremer served 35 years and was released on parole on November 9, 2007.<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/CBS_News" title="CBS News">CBS News</a> correspondent David Dick won an <a href="/wiki/Emmy_Award" class="mw-redirect" title="Emmy Award">Emmy Award</a> for his coverage of the attempt on Wallace's life.<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Rest_of_the_campaign">Rest of the campaign</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=George_Wallace&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Rest of the campaign"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Wallace1972brochure.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/21/Wallace1972brochure.gif" decoding="async" width="87" height="200" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="87" data-file-height="200" /></a><figcaption>A campaign brochure</figcaption></figure> <p>Following the assassination attempt, Wallace was visited at the hospital by Democratic Representative and presidential primary rival <a href="/wiki/Shirley_Chisholm" title="Shirley Chisholm">Shirley Chisholm</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a representative from <a href="/wiki/Bedford%E2%80%93Stuyvesant,_Brooklyn" title="Bedford–Stuyvesant, Brooklyn">Bedford–Stuyvesant, Brooklyn</a>. At the time, she was the nation's only African-American female member of Congress. Despite their ideological differences and the opposition of Chisholm's constituents, Chisholm felt visiting Wallace was the humane thing to do. Other people to visit Wallace in hospital were President Nixon, Vice President <a href="/wiki/Spiro_Agnew" title="Spiro Agnew">Spiro Agnew</a>, and presidential primary rivals Hubert Humphrey, George McGovern, and <a href="/wiki/Ted_Kennedy" title="Ted Kennedy">Ted Kennedy</a>. He also received telegrams from former President Lyndon Johnson, California governor <a href="/wiki/Ronald_Reagan" title="Ronald Reagan">Ronald Reagan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pope_Paul_VI" title="Pope Paul VI">Pope Paul VI</a>. </p><p>After the shooting, Wallace won primaries in Maryland and Michigan, but his near assassination effectively ended his campaign. From his wheelchair, Wallace spoke on July 11, 1972, at the Democratic National Convention in <a href="/wiki/Miami_Beach,_Florida" title="Miami Beach, Florida">Miami Beach, Florida</a>. </p><p>Since Wallace was out of Alabama for more than 20 days while he was recovering in Holy Cross Hospital in <a href="/wiki/Silver_Spring,_Maryland" title="Silver Spring, Maryland">Silver Spring</a>, Maryland, the <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Alabama" title="Constitution of Alabama">state constitution</a> required Lieutenant Governor <a href="/wiki/Jere_Beasley" title="Jere Beasley">Jere Beasley</a> to serve as <a href="/wiki/Acting_governor" title="Acting governor">acting governor</a> from June 5 until Wallace's return to <a href="/wiki/Alabama" title="Alabama">Alabama</a> on July 7. Wallace resumed his gubernatorial duties and easily won the 1974 primary and general election, when he defeated Republican State Senator Elvin McCary, a real estate developer from <a href="/wiki/Anniston,_Alabama" title="Anniston, Alabama">Anniston</a>, who received less than 15% of the ballots cast.<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1992, when asked to comment on the 20th anniversary of his attempted assassination, Wallace replied, "I've had 20 years of pain."<sup id="cite_ref-htObitOwnWords_81-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-htObitOwnWords-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="1976_Democratic_presidential_primaries">1976 Democratic presidential primaries</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=George_Wallace&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: 1976 Democratic presidential primaries"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries_results,_1976.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries_results%2C_1976.svg/220px-Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries_results%2C_1976.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="139" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries_results%2C_1976.svg/330px-Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries_results%2C_1976.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries_results%2C_1976.svg/440px-Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries_results%2C_1976.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="990" data-file-height="627" /></a><figcaption>States in green went to Wallace in the 1976 Democratic primaries.</figcaption></figure><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:George_Wallace_presidential_campaign,_1976.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/George_Wallace_presidential_campaign%2C_1976.png/220px-George_Wallace_presidential_campaign%2C_1976.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="128" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/George_Wallace_presidential_campaign%2C_1976.png/330px-George_Wallace_presidential_campaign%2C_1976.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/George_Wallace_presidential_campaign%2C_1976.png/440px-George_Wallace_presidential_campaign%2C_1976.png 2x" data-file-width="811" data-file-height="473" /></a><figcaption>George Wallace 1976 presidential campaign logo</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Alabama_highway_safety_conference.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Alabama_highway_safety_conference.png/220px-Alabama_highway_safety_conference.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="185" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Alabama_highway_safety_conference.png/330px-Alabama_highway_safety_conference.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Alabama_highway_safety_conference.png/440px-Alabama_highway_safety_conference.png 2x" data-file-width="546" data-file-height="459" /></a><figcaption>Wallace (right, seated) hosting a highway safety conference in 1975</figcaption></figure> <p>In November 1975, Wallace announced his fourth bid for the presidency, again participating in the <a href="/wiki/1976_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1976 Democratic Party presidential primaries">Democratic presidential primaries</a>. Wallace's campaign was plagued by voter concern about his health<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as well as the media use of images that portrayed him as nearly helpless.<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His supporters complained that such coverage was motivated by bias, citing the discretion used in coverage of <a href="/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Franklin D. Roosevelt">Franklin D. Roosevelt</a>'s paralysis, before television became commercially available. In the Southern primaries and caucuses, Wallace carried only Mississippi, South Carolina and his home state of Alabama. If the popular vote in all primaries and caucuses were combined, Wallace would have placed third behind former Georgia governor <a href="/wiki/Jimmy_Carter" title="Jimmy Carter">Jimmy Carter</a> and California governor <a href="/wiki/Jerry_Brown" title="Jerry Brown">Jerry Brown</a>. After the primaries were completed, and he had lost several Southern primaries to Carter, Wallace left the race in June 1976. He eventually endorsed Carter, who defeated Republican incumbent <a href="/wiki/Gerald_Ford" title="Gerald Ford">Gerald Ford</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Final_term_as_governor">Final term as governor</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=George_Wallace&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Final term as governor"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Governor_George_Wallace_(205360242).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Governor_George_Wallace_%28205360242%29.jpg/170px-Governor_George_Wallace_%28205360242%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="254" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Governor_George_Wallace_%28205360242%29.jpg/255px-Governor_George_Wallace_%28205360242%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Governor_George_Wallace_%28205360242%29.jpg/340px-Governor_George_Wallace_%28205360242%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1230" data-file-height="1841" /></a><figcaption>Wallace in 1982 at the Elmore Airshow in <a href="/wiki/Elmore,_Alabama" title="Elmore, Alabama">Elmore, Alabama</a></figcaption></figure> <p>In the late 1970s, Wallace announced that he was a <a href="/wiki/Born_again" title="Born again">born-again Christian</a> and apologized to black civil rights leaders for his past actions as a segregationist. He said that while he had once sought power and glory, he realized he needed to seek love and forgiveness.<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1979, Wallace said of his stand in the schoolhouse door: "I was wrong. Those days are over, and they ought to be over."<sup id="cite_ref-over_85-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-over-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He publicly asked for forgiveness from black Americans.<sup id="cite_ref-over_85-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-over-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Elliott_86-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Elliott-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the 1982 Alabama gubernatorial Democratic primary, Wallace's main opponents were Lieutenant Governor <a href="/wiki/George_McMillan_(politician)" title="George McMillan (politician)">George McMillan</a> and Alabama House Speaker <a href="/wiki/Joe_McCorquodale" title="Joe McCorquodale">Joe McCorquodale</a>. In the primary, McCorquodale was eliminated, and the vote went to a runoff, with Wallace holding a slight edge over McMillan. Wallace won the Democratic nomination by a margin of 51 to 49 percent. In the <a href="/wiki/1982_Alabama_gubernatorial_election" title="1982 Alabama gubernatorial election">general election</a>, his opponent was Montgomery Republican Mayor <a href="/wiki/Emory_Folmar" title="Emory Folmar">Emory Folmar</a>. Polling experts at first thought the 1982 election was the best chance since Reconstruction for a Republican to be elected as governor of Alabama.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2011)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Ultimately, though, it was Wallace, not Folmar, who claimed victory. </p><p>During Wallace's final term as governor (1983–1987) he appointed a record number of black Americans to state positions,<sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> including, for the first time, two as members in the cabinet. </p><p>On April 2, 1986, Wallace announced at a press conference in Montgomery that he would not run for a fifth term as Governor of Alabama, and would retire from public life after leaving the governor's mansion in January 1987.<sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Wallace achieved four gubernatorial terms across three decades, totaling 16 years in office. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Marriages_and_children">Marriages and children</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=George_Wallace&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Marriages and children"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Wallace married <a href="/wiki/Lurleen_Wallace" title="Lurleen Wallace">Lurleen Brigham Burns</a> on May 22, 1943.<sup id="cite_ref-Frederick,_2007,_p._12_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Frederick,_2007,_p._12-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The couple had four children together: Bobbi Jo (1944) Parsons, Peggy Sue (1950) Kennedy, <a href="/wiki/George_Wallace_Jr." title="George Wallace Jr.">George III</a>, known as George Junior (1951), and Janie Lee (1961), who was named after <a href="/wiki/Robert_E._Lee" title="Robert E. Lee">Robert E. Lee</a>. Lurleen Wallace was the first woman to be elected governor of Alabama, which she did as a stand-in for her husband, who was <a href="/wiki/Term_limit" title="Term limit">barred</a> from serving another term. In 1961, in keeping with the practice of many at the time to shield patients from discussion of cancer, which was greatly feared, Wallace had withheld information from her that a uterine biopsy had found possibly precancerous cells.<sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After Lurleen's death in 1968, the couple's younger children, aged 18, 16, and 6, were sent to live with family members and friends for care (their eldest daughter had already married and left home).<sup id="cite_ref-Carter_48-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Carter-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Their son, commonly called <a href="/wiki/George_Wallace_Jr." title="George Wallace Jr.">George Wallace Jr.</a>, is a Democrat-turned-Republican formerly active in Alabama politics. He was twice elected state treasurer as a Democrat, and twice elected to the <a href="/wiki/Alabama_Public_Service_Commission" title="Alabama Public Service Commission">Alabama Public Service Commission</a>. He lost a race in 2006 for the Republican nomination for lieutenant governor. In 2010, Wallace Jr. failed by a wide margin to win the Republican nod to regain his former position as state treasurer.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>On January 4, 1971, Wallace wed the former <a href="/wiki/Cornelia_Wallace" title="Cornelia Wallace">Cornelia Ellis Snively</a> (1939–2009), a niece of former Alabama governor <a href="/wiki/Jim_Folsom" title="Jim Folsom">Jim Folsom</a>, known as "Big Jim". "C'nelia" had been a performer and was nicknamed "the <a href="/wiki/Jacqueline_Kennedy" class="mw-redirect" title="Jacqueline Kennedy">Jackie Kennedy</a> of the rednecks." The couple had a bitter divorce in 1978. A few months after that divorce, Cornelia told <a href="/wiki/Parade_(magazine)" title="Parade (magazine)"><i>Parade</i></a> magazine, "I don't believe George needs a family. He just needs an audience. The family as audience wasn't enough for his ego."<sup id="cite_ref-htWallaceA8_24-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-htWallaceA8-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Snively died at the age of 69 on January 8, 2009.<sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On September 9, 1981, Wallace married Lisa Taylor, a <a href="/wiki/Country_music" title="Country music">country music</a> singer; they divorced on February 2, 1987, weeks after Wallace had left office for the fourth and final time.<sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Peggy was 12 years old when her father ran successfully for governor. She has shared that she was not treated nicely out in public due to her father's segregationist views. Some people would not shake her hand because of her last name. She would go to school wanting to befriend the black students, but she assumed that they would not like her because of what her father had done.<sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Final_years_and_death">Final years and death</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=George_Wallace&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Final years and death"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div><p> In a 1995 interview, Wallace said that he planned to vote for Republican <a href="/wiki/Bob_Dole" title="Bob Dole">Bob Dole</a> in the <a href="/wiki/1996_United_States_presidential_election" title="1996 United States presidential election">1996 presidential election</a>, commenting, </p><blockquote><p>He's a good man. <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Dole" title="Elizabeth Dole">His wife</a> is a <a href="/wiki/Born-again_Christian" class="mw-redirect" title="Born-again Christian">born-again Christian</a> woman and I believe he is, too.</p></blockquote><p>He also revealed that he had voted for <a href="/wiki/George_H._W._Bush" title="George H. W. Bush">George H. W. Bush</a>, another Republican, in <a href="/wiki/1992_United_States_presidential_election" title="1992 United States presidential election">1992</a>. His son, George Wallace Jr., officially switched from Democrat to Republican that same year. Wallace himself declined to identify as either a Republican or a Democrat. But he added, "The state is slowly going Republican because of <a href="/wiki/Bill_Clinton" title="Bill Clinton">Clinton</a> being so <a href="/wiki/Modern_liberalism_in_the_United_States" title="Modern liberalism in the United States">liberal</a>."<sup id="cite_ref-Gadsden_Times_96-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gadsden_Times-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In his later years, Wallace grew deaf and developed <a href="/wiki/Parkinson%27s_disease" title="Parkinson's disease">Parkinson's disease</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Gadsden_Times_96-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gadsden_Times-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>At a restaurant a few blocks from the State Capitol, Wallace became something of a fixture. In constant pain, he was surrounded by an entourage of old friends and visiting well-wishers and continued this ritual until a few weeks before his death. Wallace died of <a href="/wiki/Septic_shock" title="Septic shock">septic shock</a> from a bacterial infection in Jackson Hospital in Montgomery on September 13, 1998.<sup id="cite_ref-indy_97-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-indy-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He had respiratory problems in addition to complications from his gunshot spinal injury. His grave is located at <a href="/wiki/Greenwood_Cemetery_(Montgomery,_Alabama)" title="Greenwood Cemetery (Montgomery, Alabama)">Greenwood Cemetery</a>, in Montgomery. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legacy">Legacy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=George_Wallace&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Legacy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox" style="clear: left; float:left;margin:0 1.5em 1.5em 0;"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:115%">External videos</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="text-align: left"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="video icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg/16px-Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg/24px-Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg/32px-Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></span></span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.c-span.org/video/?54899-1/george-wallace-american-populist"><i>Booknotes</i> interview with Stephen Lesher on <i>George Wallace: American Populist</i>, February 27, 1994</a>, <a href="/wiki/C-SPAN" title="C-SPAN">C-SPAN</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="text-align: left"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="video icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg/16px-Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg/24px-Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg/32px-Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></span></span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.c-span.org/video/?164890-4/influence-governor-george-wallace"><i>Washington Journal</i> interview with Dan T. Carter on the influence of George Wallace, June 23, 2001</a>, <a href="/wiki/C-SPAN" title="C-SPAN">C-SPAN</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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.sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239334494">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks" style="border: 4px double #B0161E; border-spacing:0.2em 0;color: var(--color-base, #000);"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">This article is part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Conservatism_in_the_United_States" title="Category:Conservatism in the United States">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="background:#B0161E; padding-top:0.25em; font-size:160%; font-weight:normal; color:white; line-height:1em"><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_the_United_States" title="Conservatism in the United States"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:#FFF">Conservatism<br />in the United States</span></a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Greater_coat_of_arms_of_the_United_States.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Greater_coat_of_arms_of_the_United_States.svg/90px-Greater_coat_of_arms_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="90" height="95" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Greater_coat_of_arms_of_the_United_States.svg/135px-Greater_coat_of_arms_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Greater_coat_of_arms_of_the_United_States.svg/180px-Greater_coat_of_arms_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="451" data-file-height="476" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #B0161E; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Schools</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Compassionate_conservatism" title="Compassionate conservatism">Compassionate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fiscal_conservatism" title="Fiscal conservatism">Fiscal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fusionism" title="Fusionism">Fusion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_conservatism#Relation_to_American_conservatism" title="Liberal conservatism">Liberal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_conservatism" title="Libertarian conservatism">Libertarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moderate_conservatism" title="Moderate conservatism">Moderate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Movement_conservatism" title="Movement conservatism">Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neoconservatism" title="Neoconservatism">Neo-</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paleoconservatism" title="Paleoconservatism">Paleo-</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postliberalism" title="Postliberalism">Postliberal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right-wing_populism#United_States" title="Right-wing populism">Populist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressive_conservatism" title="Progressive conservatism">Progressive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_conservatism_in_the_United_States" title="Social conservatism in the United States">Social</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Straussianism" class="mw-redirect" title="Straussianism">Straussian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditionalist_conservatism_in_the_United_States" title="Traditionalist conservatism in the United States">Traditionalist</a></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #B0161E; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Principles</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_exceptionalism" title="American exceptionalism">American exceptionalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_nationalism" title="American nationalism">American nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-communism#United_States" title="Anti-communism">Anti-communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_nationalism#United_States" title="Christian nationalism">Christian nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_civil_religion" title="American civil religion">Civil religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classical_liberalism#United_States" title="Classical liberalism">Classical liberalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communitarianism" title="Communitarianism">Communitarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitutionalism_in_the_United_States" title="Constitutionalism in the United States">Constitutionalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_life" title="Culture of life">Culture of life</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_anti-abortion_movement" title="United States anti-abortion movement">Pro-life</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Familialism#United_States" title="Familialism">Familialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Family_values" title="Family values">Family values</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federalism_in_the_United_States" title="Federalism in the United States">Federalism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/States%27_rights" title="States' rights">States' rights</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_essentialism" title="Gender essentialism">Gender essentialism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Complementarianism" title="Complementarianism">Complementarianism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Christian_ethics" title="Judeo-Christian ethics">Judeo-Christian values</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Individualism" title="Individualism">Individualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_and_order_(politics)" title="Law and order (politics)">Law and order</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Limited_government" title="Limited government">Limited government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meritocracy" title="Meritocracy">Meritocracy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Natural_aristocracy" title="Natural aristocracy">Natural aristocracy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_militarism" title="United States militarism">Militarism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Peace_through_strength" title="Peace through strength">Peace through strength</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moral_absolutism" title="Moral absolutism">Moral absolutism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_law" title="Natural law">Natural law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ordered_liberty" title="Ordered liberty">Ordered liberty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Americanism_(ideology)" title="Americanism (ideology)">Patriotism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_property" title="Right to property">Property rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republicanism_in_the_United_States" title="Republicanism in the United States">Republicanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_keep_and_bear_arms_in_the_United_States" title="Right to keep and bear arms in the United States">Right to bear arms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rule_of_law" title="Rule of law">Rule of law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supply-side_economics" title="Supply-side economics">Supply-side economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tradition" title="Tradition">Tradition</a></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #B0161E; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">History</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Loyalist_(American_Revolution)" title="Loyalist (American Revolution)">Loyalists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_chivalry" title="Southern chivalry">Southern chivalry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solid_South" title="Solid South">Solid South</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_humanism_(literature)" title="New humanism (literature)">New Humanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Agrarians" title="Southern Agrarians">Southern Agrarians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Right_(United_States)" title="Old Right (United States)">Old Right</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Manifesto" title="Conservative Manifesto">Conservative Manifesto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_coalition" title="Conservative coalition">Conservative coalition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/America_First_Committee" title="America First Committee">America First Committee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/McCarthyism" title="McCarthyism">McCarthyism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barry_Goldwater_1964_presidential_campaign" title="Barry Goldwater 1964 presidential campaign">Goldwater campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Right#United_States" title="New Right">New Right</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reagan_era" title="Reagan era">Reagan era</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Reagan_Doctrine" title="Reagan Doctrine">Reagan Doctrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reaganomics" title="Reaganomics">Reaganomics</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neoconservatism_and_paleoconservatism" title="Neoconservatism and paleoconservatism">Neo- vs. paleoconservatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Redeemers" title="Redeemers">Redeemers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Revolution" title="Republican Revolution">Republican Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tea_Party_movement" title="Tea Party movement">Tea Party movement</a></li> <li>Trump era <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_presidency_of_Donald_Trump" title="First presidency of Donald Trump">First term</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_presidency_of_Donald_Trump" title="Second presidency of Donald Trump">Second term</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #B0161E; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Intellectuals</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Adams" title="Henry Adams">Adams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Anton" title="Michael Anton">Anton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irving_Babbitt" title="Irving Babbitt">Babbitt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Bacevich" title="Andrew Bacevich">Bacevich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Bell" title="Daniel Bell">Bell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saul_Bellow" title="Saul Bellow">Bellow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_L._Berger" title="Peter L. Berger">Berger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allan_Bloom" title="Allan Bloom">Bloom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_J._Boorstin" title="Daniel J. Boorstin">Boorstin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_F._Buckley_Jr." title="William F. Buckley Jr.">Buckley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Burgess_(political_scientist)" title="John Burgess (political scientist)">Burgess</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Burnham" title="James Burnham">Burnham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_C._Calhoun" title="John C. Calhoun">Calhoun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeremy_Carl" title="Jeremy Carl">Carl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whittaker_Chambers" title="Whittaker Chambers">Chambers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Conquest" title="Robert Conquest">Conquest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patrick_Deneen" title="Patrick Deneen">Deneen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_Eastman" title="Max Eastman">Eastman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T._S._Eliot" title="T. S. Eliot">Eliot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sam_Francis_(writer)" title="Sam Francis (writer)">Francis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eugene_Genovese" title="Eugene Genovese">Genovese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Gottfried" title="Paul Gottfried">Gottfried</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victor_Davis_Hanson" title="Victor Davis Hanson">Hanson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoram_Hazony" title="Yoram Hazony">Hazony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gertrude_Himmelfarb" title="Gertrude Himmelfarb">Himmelfarb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans-Hermann_Hoppe" title="Hans-Hermann Hoppe">Hoppe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zora_Neale_Hurston" title="Zora Neale Hurston">Hurston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harry_V._Jaffa" title="Harry V. Jaffa">Jaffa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Willmoore_Kendall" title="Willmoore Kendall">Kendall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roger_Kimball" title="Roger Kimball">Kimball</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russell_Kirk" title="Russell Kirk">Kirk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeane_Kirkpatrick" title="Jeane Kirkpatrick">Kirkpatrick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Kreeft" title="Peter Kreeft">Kreeft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irving_Kristol" title="Irving Kristol">Kristol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erik_von_Kuehnelt-Leddihn" title="Erik von Kuehnelt-Leddihn">Kuehnelt-Leddihn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christopher_Lasch" title="Christopher Lasch">Lasch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Lind" title="Michael Lind">Lind</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft" title="H. P. Lovecraft">Lovecraft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glenn_Loury" title="Glenn Loury">Loury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Lukacs" title="John Lukacs">Lukacs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harvey_Mansfield" title="Harvey Mansfield">Mansfield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H._L._Mencken" title="H. L. Mencken">Mencken</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_Meyer_(political_philosopher)" title="Frank Meyer (political philosopher)">Meyer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Molnar" title="Thomas Molnar">Molnar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Murray_(political_scientist)" title="Charles Murray (political scientist)">Murray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Nisbet" title="Robert Nisbet">Nisbet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Crowe_Ransom" title="John Crowe Ransom">Ransom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_Rieff" title="Philip Rieff">Rieff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Santayana" title="George Santayana">Santayana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Schaeffer" title="Francis Schaeffer">Schaeffer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Sowell" title="Thomas Sowell">Sowell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leo_Strauss" title="Leo Strauss">Strauss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Viereck" title="Peter Viereck">Viereck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eric_Voegelin" title="Eric Voegelin">Voegelin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_M._Weaver" title="Richard M. Weaver">Weaver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nathaniel_Weyl" title="Nathaniel Weyl">Weyl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tom_Wolfe" title="Tom Wolfe">Wolfe</a></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #B0161E; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Politicians</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_Adams" title="John Adams">Adams (John)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Quincy_Adams" title="John Quincy Adams">Adams (John Quincy)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Bolton" title="John Bolton">Bolton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pat_Buchanan" title="Pat Buchanan">Buchanan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_H._W._Bush" title="George H. W. Bush">Bush (George H. W.)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush">Bush (George W.)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_C._Calhoun" title="John C. Calhoun">Calhoun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dick_Cheney" title="Dick Cheney">Cheney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Clay" title="Henry Clay">Clay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grover_Cleveland" title="Grover Cleveland">Cleveland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calvin_Coolidge" title="Calvin Coolidge">Coolidge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ted_Cruz" title="Ted Cruz">Cruz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ron_DeSantis" title="Ron DeSantis">DeSantis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Everett_Dirksen" title="Everett Dirksen">Dirksen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dwight_D._Eisenhower" title="Dwight D. Eisenhower">Eisenhower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newt_Gingrich" title="Newt Gingrich">Gingrich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barry_Goldwater" title="Barry Goldwater">Goldwater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warren_G._Harding" title="Warren G. Harding">Harding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josh_Hawley" title="Josh Hawley">Hawley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jesse_Helms" title="Jesse Helms">Helms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Hoover" title="Herbert Hoover">Hoover (Herbert)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mike_Huckabee" title="Mike Huckabee">Huckabee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jim_Jordan" title="Jim Jordan">Jordan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Cabot_Lodge" title="Henry Cabot Lodge">Lodge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clare_Boothe_Luce" title="Clare Boothe Luce">Luce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_McCain" title="John McCain">McCain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_McCarthy" title="Joseph McCarthy">McCarthy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mitch_McConnell" title="Mitch McConnell">McConnell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_McKinley" title="William McKinley">McKinley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Nixon" title="Richard Nixon">Nixon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarah_Palin" title="Sarah Palin">Palin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rand_Paul" title="Rand Paul">Paul (Rand)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ron_Paul" title="Ron Paul">Paul (Ron)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mike_Pence" title="Mike Pence">Pence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franklin_Pierce" title="Franklin Pierce">Pierce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Randolph_of_Roanoke" title="John Randolph of Roanoke">Randolph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ronald_Reagan" title="Ronald Reagan">Reagan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mitt_Romney" title="Mitt Romney">Romney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marco_Rubio" title="Marco Rubio">Rubio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_Rumsfeld" title="Donald Rumsfeld">Rumsfeld</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Ryan" title="Paul Ryan">Ryan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarah_Huckabee_Sanders" title="Sarah Huckabee Sanders">Sanders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rick_Santorum" title="Rick Santorum">Santorum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Sherman" title="John Sherman">Sherman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_A._Taft" title="Robert A. Taft">Taft (Robert)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Howard_Taft" title="William Howard Taft">Taft (William)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Taylor_of_Caroline" title="John Taylor of Caroline">Taylor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strom_Thurmond" title="Strom Thurmond">Thurmond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump" title="Donald Trump">Trump</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/JD_Vance" title="JD Vance">Vance</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Wallace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Wolfowitz" title="Paul Wolfowitz">Wolfowitz</a></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #B0161E; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Jurists</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Alito" title="Samuel Alito">Alito</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amy_Coney_Barrett" title="Amy Coney Barrett">Barrett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Bork" title="Robert Bork">Bork</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warren_E._Burger" title="Warren E. Burger">Burger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Colson" title="Charles Colson">Colson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_T._Frelinghuysen" title="Frederick T. Frelinghuysen">Frelinghuysen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_P._George" title="Robert P. George">George</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jack_Goldsmith" title="Jack Goldsmith">Goldsmith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neil_Gorsuch" title="Neil Gorsuch">Gorsuch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lino_Graglia" title="Lino Graglia">Graglia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Marshall_Harlan_II" title="John Marshall Harlan II">Harlan II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brett_Kavanaugh" title="Brett Kavanaugh">Kavanaugh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthony_Kennedy" title="Anthony Kennedy">Kennedy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._Michael_Luttig" title="J. Michael Luttig">Luttig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edwin_Meese" title="Edwin Meese">Meese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sandra_Day_O%27Connor" title="Sandra Day O'Connor">O'Connor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alton_B._Parker" title="Alton B. Parker">Parker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Rehnquist" title="William Rehnquist">Rehnquist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Roberts" title="John Roberts">Roberts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Terry_Sanford" title="Edward Terry Sanford">Sanford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonin_Scalia" title="Antonin Scalia">Scalia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeff_Sessions" title="Jeff Sessions">Sessions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Sutherland" title="George Sutherland">Sutherland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Howard_Taft" title="William Howard Taft">Taft (William)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clarence_Thomas" title="Clarence Thomas">Thomas (Clarence)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adrian_Vermeule" title="Adrian Vermeule">Vermeule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Evans_Whittaker" title="Charles Evans Whittaker">Whittaker</a></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #B0161E; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Commentators</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sohrab_Ahmari" title="Sohrab Ahmari">Ahmari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glenn_Beck" title="Glenn Beck">Beck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dan_Bongino" title="Dan Bongino">Bongino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Breitbart" title="Andrew Breitbart">Breitbart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pat_Buchanan" title="Pat Buchanan">Buchanan (Pat)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_F._Buckley_Jr." title="William F. Buckley Jr.">Buckley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christopher_Caldwell_(journalist)" title="Christopher Caldwell (journalist)">Caldwell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tucker_Carlson" title="Tucker Carlson">Carlson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oren_Cass" title="Oren Cass">Cass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_Chodorov" title="Frank Chodorov">Chodorov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ann_Coulter" title="Ann Coulter">Coulter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dinesh_D%27Souza" title="Dinesh D'Souza">D'Souza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Derbyshire" title="John Derbyshire">Derbyshire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_DiLorenzo" title="Thomas DiLorenzo">DiLorenzo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ross_Douthat" title="Ross Douthat">Douthat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rod_Dreher" title="Rod Dreher">Dreher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Larry_Elder" title="Larry Elder">Elder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Fleming_(political_writer)" title="Thomas Fleming (political writer)">Fleming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jonah_Goldberg" title="Jonah Goldberg">Goldberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bob_Grant_(radio_host)" title="Bob Grant (radio host)">Grant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alyssa_Farah_Griffin" title="Alyssa Farah Griffin">Griffin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernest_van_den_Haag" title="Ernest van den Haag">Van den Haag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sean_Hannity" title="Sean Hannity">Hannity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeffrey_Hart" title="Jeffrey Hart">Hart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pete_Hegseth" title="Pete Hegseth">Hegseth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Will_Herberg" title="Will Herberg">Herberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margaret_Hoover" title="Margaret Hoover">Hoover (Margaret)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laura_Ingraham" title="Laura Ingraham">Ingraham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alex_Jones" title="Alex Jones">Jones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Megyn_Kelly" title="Megyn Kelly">Kelly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charlie_Kirk" title="Charlie Kirk">Kirk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Knowles_(political_commentator)" title="Michael Knowles (political commentator)">Knowles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Krauthammer" title="Charles Krauthammer">Krauthammer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tomi_Lahren" title="Tomi Lahren">Lahren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_Levin" title="Mark Levin">Levin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rush_Limbaugh" title="Rush Limbaugh">Limbaugh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heather_Mac_Donald" title="Heather Mac Donald">Mac Donald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eric_Metaxas" title="Eric Metaxas">Metaxas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_John_Neuhaus" title="Richard John Neuhaus">Neuhaus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andy_Ngo" title="Andy Ngo">Ngo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oliver_North" title="Oliver North">North</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Novak" title="Robert Novak">Novak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bill_O%27Reilly_(political_commentator)" title="Bill O'Reilly (political commentator)">O'Reilly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Candace_Owens" title="Candace Owens">Owens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norman_Podhoretz" title="Norman Podhoretz">Podhoretz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tim_Pool" title="Tim Pool">Pool</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Portnoy" title="David Portnoy">Portnoy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dennis_Prager" title="Dennis Prager">Prager</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pat_Robertson" title="Pat Robertson">Robertson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ben_Shapiro" title="Ben Shapiro">Shapiro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amity_Shlaes" title="Amity Shlaes">Shlaes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Sullivan" title="Andrew Sullivan">Sullivan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matt_Walsh_(political_commentator)" title="Matt Walsh (political commentator)">Walsh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jesse_Watters" title="Jesse Watters">Watters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bill_Whittle" title="Bill Whittle">Whittle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Will" title="George Will">Will</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucian_Wintrich" title="Lucian Wintrich">Wintrich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tom_Woods" title="Tom Woods">Woods</a></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #B0161E; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Activists</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jack_Abramoff" title="Jack Abramoff">Abramoff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Agostinelli" title="Robert Agostinelli">Agostinelli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Howard_Ahmanson_Jr." title="Howard Ahmanson Jr.">Ahmanson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_Andreessen" class="mw-redirect" title="Mark Andreessen">Andreessen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lee_Atwater" title="Lee Atwater">Atwater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steve_Bannon" title="Steve Bannon">Bannon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaitlin_Bennett" title="Kaitlin Bennett">Bennett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yuri_Bezmenov" title="Yuri Bezmenov">Bezmenov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L._Brent_Bozell_Jr." title="L. Brent Bozell Jr.">Bozell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roy_Cohn" title="Roy Cohn">Cohn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Coors" title="Joseph Coors">Coors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Dans" title="Paul Dans">Dans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Dobson" title="James Dobson">Dobson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terry_Dolan_(activist)" title="Terry Dolan (activist)">Dolan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matt_Drudge" title="Matt Drudge">Drudge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jerry_Falwell" title="Jerry Falwell">Falwell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edwin_Feulner" title="Edwin Feulner">Feulner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brigitte_Gabriel" title="Brigitte Gabriel">Gabriel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Horowitz" title="David Horowitz">Horowitz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_Krikorian_(activist)" title="Mark Krikorian (activist)">Krikorian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charlie_Kirk" title="Charlie Kirk">Kirk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bill_Kristol" title="Bill Kristol">Kristol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tim_LaHaye" title="Tim LaHaye">LaHaye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Lindbergh" title="Charles Lindbergh">Lindbergh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leonard_Leo" title="Leonard Leo">Leo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_McEntee_(political_aide)" title="John McEntee (political aide)">McEntee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rebekah_Mercer" title="Rebekah Mercer">Mercer (Rebekah)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Mercer" title="Robert Mercer">Mercer (Robert)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Miller_(political_advisor)" title="Stephen Miller (political advisor)">Miller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rupert_Murdoch" title="Rupert Murdoch">Murdoch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elon_Musk" title="Elon Musk">Musk</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Views_of_Elon_Musk" title="Views of Elon Musk">Political views</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_O%27Keefe" title="James O'Keefe">O'Keefe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yeonmi_Park" title="Yeonmi Park">Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Howard_Phillips_(activist)" title="Howard Phillips (activist)">Phillips</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dennis_Prager" title="Dennis Prager">Prager</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ralph_Reed" title="Ralph Reed">Reed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Regnery" title="Henry Regnery">Regnery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kevin_Roberts_(political_strategist)" title="Kevin Roberts (political strategist)">Roberts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Rove" title="Karl Rove">Rove</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christopher_Rufo" title="Christopher Rufo">Rufo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_A._Rusher" title="William A. Rusher">Rusher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Mellon_Scaife" title="Richard Mellon Scaife">Scaife</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Schlafly" title="Andrew Schlafly">Schlafly (Andrew)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phyllis_Schlafly" title="Phyllis Schlafly">Schlafly (Phyllis)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roger_Stone" title="Roger Stone">Stone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robby_Starbuck" title="Robby Starbuck">Starbuck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Thiel" title="Peter Thiel">Thiel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Viguerie" title="Richard Viguerie">Viguerie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ginni_Thomas" title="Ginni Thomas">Thomas (Ginni)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Booker_T._Washington" title="Booker T. Washington">Washington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Weyrich" title="Paul Weyrich">Weyrich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_E._Wood" title="Robert E. Wood">Wood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scott_Yenor" title="Scott Yenor">Yenor</a></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #B0161E; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Literature</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Federalist_Papers" title="The Federalist Papers">The Federalist Papers</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1788)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Democracy_in_America" title="Democracy in America">Democracy in America</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1835–1840)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Democracy_and_Leadership" title="Democracy and Leadership">Democracy and Leadership</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1924)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Notes_on_Democracy" title="Notes on Democracy">Notes on Democracy</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1926)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Southern_Agrarians#I'll_Take_My_Stand" title="Southern Agrarians">I'll Take My Stand</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1930)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Our_Enemy,_the_State" title="Our Enemy, the State">Our Enemy, the State</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1935)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Managerial_Revolution" title="The Managerial Revolution">The Managerial Revolution</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1941)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ideas_Have_Consequences" title="Ideas Have Consequences">Ideas Have Consequences</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1948)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/God_and_Man_at_Yale" title="God and Man at Yale">God and Man at Yale</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1951)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Conservative_Mind" title="The Conservative Mind">The Conservative Mind</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1953)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Conscience_of_a_Conservative" title="The Conscience of a Conservative">The Conscience of a Conservative</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1960)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/A_Choice_Not_an_Echo" title="A Choice Not an Echo">A Choice Not an Echo</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1964)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Losing_Ground:_American_Social_Policy,_1950%E2%80%931980" class="mw-redirect" title="Losing Ground: American Social Policy, 1950–1980">Losing Ground</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1984)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/A_Conflict_of_Visions" title="A Conflict of Visions">A Conflict of Visions</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1987)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Closing_of_the_American_Mind" title="The Closing of the American Mind">The Closing of the American Mind</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1987)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Bell_Curve:_Intelligence_and_Class_Structure_in_American_Life" class="mw-redirect" title="The Bell Curve: Intelligence and Class Structure in American Life">The Bell Curve</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1994)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Revolt_of_the_Elites" title="The Revolt of the Elites">The Revolt of the Elites</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1995)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Death_of_the_West" title="The Death of the West">The Death of the West</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(2001)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Blank_Slate" title="The Blank Slate">The Blank Slate</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(2002)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Black_Rednecks_and_White_Liberals" title="Black Rednecks and White Liberals">Black Rednecks and White Liberals</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(2005)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hillbilly_Elegy" title="Hillbilly Elegy">Hillbilly Elegy</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(2017)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Benedict_Option" title="The Benedict Option">The Benedict Option</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(2017)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Why_Liberalism_Failed" title="Why Liberalism Failed">Why Liberalism Failed</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(2018)</span></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #B0161E; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Concerns</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_the_United_States" title="Abortion in the United States">Abortion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cancel_culture#American_public_opinion" title="Cancel culture">Cancel Culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_war#United_States" title="Culture war">Culture war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_multiculturalism#United_States" title="Criticism of multiculturalism">Multiculturalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disparate_impact#Controversy" title="Disparate impact">"Disparate impact" controversy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2020s_controversies_around_critical_race_theory" title="2020s controversies around critical race theory">CRT controversy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diversity,_equity,_and_inclusion#Criticism_and_controversy" title="Diversity, equity, and inclusion">DEI controversy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Griggs_v._Duke_Power_Co." title="Griggs v. Duke Power Co.">Griggs v. Duke Power Co.</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Higher_education_bubble_in_the_United_States" title="Higher education bubble in the United States">Higher ed. bubble</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Go_woke,_go_broke" title="Go woke, go broke">Go woke, go broke</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Environmental,_social,_and_governance#Criticism" title="Environmental, social, and governance">ESG</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Corporate_sociopolitical_activism#Counter-movement" title="Corporate sociopolitical activism">Woke capitalism</a>"</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homeschooling#United_States" title="Homeschooling">Homeschooling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immigration_reduction_in_the_United_States" title="Immigration reduction in the United States">Immigration reduction</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_immigration_to_the_United_States" title="Illegal immigration to the United States">Illegal immigration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_immigration_to_the_United_States_and_crime" title="Illegal immigration to the United States and crime">Immigration and crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexico%E2%80%93United_States_border_crisis" title="Mexico–United States border crisis">Border crisis</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intelligence_and_public_policy" title="Intelligence and public policy">Intelligence and public policy</a></li> <li>Constitutional interpretations <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Originalism" title="Originalism">Originalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Textualism" title="Textualism">Textualism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Managerial_state" title="Managerial state">Managerial state</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mudsill_theory" title="Mudsill theory">Mudsill theory</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_keep_and_bear_arms_in_the_United_States" title="Right to keep and bear arms in the United States">Second Amendment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sub-replacement_fertility#United_States" title="Sub-replacement fertility">Sub-replacement fertility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unitary_executive_theory" title="Unitary executive theory">Unitary executive</a></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #B0161E; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Parties</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"><b>Active</b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Party_(1969)" title="American Party (1969)">American Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Independent_Party" title="American Independent Party">American Independent Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Party_of_New_York_State" title="Conservative Party of New York State">Conservative Party of New York State</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_Party_(United_States)" title="Constitution Party (United States)">Constitution Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republican Party</a></li></ul> <p><b>Defunct</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Masonic_Party" title="Anti-Masonic Party">Anti-Masonic Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitutional_Union_Party_(United_States)" title="Constitutional Union Party (United States)">Constitutional Union Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democratic Party</a> (<i>historically, factions</i>) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boll_weevil_(politics)" title="Boll weevil (politics)">Boll weevils</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bourbon_Democrat" title="Bourbon Democrat">Bourbon Democrats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Democrat" title="Conservative Democrat">Conservative Democrats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dixiecrat" title="Dixiecrat">Dixiecrats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reagan_Democrats" class="mw-redirect" title="Reagan Democrats">Reagan Democrats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Democrat" class="mw-redirect" title="Southern Democrat">Southern Democrats</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dorr_Rebellion" title="Dorr Rebellion">Rhode Island Suffrage Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federalist_Party" title="Federalist Party">Federalist Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Republican_Party" title="National Republican Party">National Republican Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Native_American_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="Native American Party">Native American Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whig_Party_(United_States)" title="Whig Party (United States)">Whig Party</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #B0161E; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Think tanks</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acton_Institute" title="Acton Institute">Acton Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexis_de_Tocqueville_Institution" title="Alexis de Tocqueville Institution">AdTI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Enterprise_Institute" title="American Enterprise Institute">AEI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Center_for_Security_Policy" title="Center for Security Policy">CSP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Center_for_the_National_Interest" title="Center for the National Interest">Center for the National Interest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claremont_Institute" title="Claremont Institute">Claremont Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Competitive_Enterprise_Institute" title="Competitive Enterprise Institute">CEI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Horowitz_Freedom_Center" title="David Horowitz Freedom Center">CSPC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethics_and_Public_Policy_Center" title="Ethics and Public Policy Center">EPPC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Family_Research_Institute" title="Family Research Institute">FRI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gatestone_Institute" title="Gatestone Institute">Gatestone Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heartland_Institute" title="Heartland Institute">Heartland Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Heritage_Foundation" title="The Heritage Foundation">The Heritage Foundation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Heritage_Action" title="Heritage Action">Heritage Action</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mandate_for_Leadership" title="Mandate for Leadership">Mandate for Leadership</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Project_2025" title="Project 2025">Project 2025</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hoover_Institution" title="Hoover Institution">Hoover Institution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hudson_Institute" title="Hudson Institute">Hudson Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intercollegiate_Studies_Institute" title="Intercollegiate Studies Institute">ISI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Madison_Program_in_American_Ideals_and_Institutions" title="James Madison Program in American Ideals and Institutions">James Madison Program</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leadership_Institute" title="Leadership Institute">Leadership Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manhattan_Institute_for_Policy_Research" title="Manhattan Institute for Policy Research">Manhattan Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mises_Institute" title="Mises Institute">Mises Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacific_Research_Institute" title="Pacific Research Institute">PRI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Project_for_the_New_American_Century" title="Project for the New American Century">Project for the New American Century</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(Defunct)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ripon_Society" title="Ripon Society">Ripon Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R_Street_Institute" title="R Street Institute">R Street Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rockford_Institute" title="Rockford Institute">Rockford Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_Policy_Network" title="State Policy Network">SPN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sutherland_Institute" title="Sutherland Institute">Sutherland Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tax_Foundation" title="Tax Foundation">Tax Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Witherspoon_Institute" title="Witherspoon Institute">Witherspoon Institute</a></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #B0161E; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Media</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <p><b>Newspapers</b> </p> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Chicago_Tribune" title="Chicago Tribune">Chicago Tribune</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dallas_Morning_News" class="mw-redirect" title="Dallas Morning News">Dallas Morning News</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Epoch_Times" title="The Epoch Times">The Epoch Times</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/New_Hampshire_Union_Leader" title="New Hampshire Union Leader">New Hampshire Union Leader</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Jewish_Voice" title="The Jewish Voice">The Jewish Voice</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Observer" title="The New York Observer">The New York Observer</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/New_York_Post" title="New York Post">New York Post</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Remnant_(newspaper)" title="The Remnant (newspaper)">The Remnant</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Wall_Street_Journal" title="The Wall Street Journal">The Wall Street Journal</a></i> <a href="/wiki/Editorial_board_at_The_Wall_Street_Journal" title="Editorial board at The Wall Street Journal">(editorial board)</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Washington_Times" title="The Washington Times">The Washington Times</a></i></li></ul> <p><b>Journals</b> </p> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/American_Affairs" title="American Affairs">American Affairs</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_American_Conservative" title="The American Conservative">The American Conservative</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_American_Spectator" title="The American Spectator">The American Spectator</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/American_Thinker" title="American Thinker">American Thinker</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/City_Journal" title="City Journal">City Journal</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Claremont_Review_of_Books" title="Claremont Review of Books">Claremont Review of Books</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Commentary_(magazine)" title="Commentary (magazine)">Commentary</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Compact_(American_magazine)" title="Compact (American magazine)">Compact</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Chronicles_(magazine)" title="Chronicles (magazine)">Chronicles</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Dispatch" title="The Dispatch">The Dispatch</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/First_Things" title="First Things">First Things</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Imaginative_Conservative" title="The Imaginative Conservative">The Imaginative Conservative</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Jewish_World_Review" title="Jewish World Review">Jewish World Review</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Modern_Age_(periodical)" title="Modern Age (periodical)">Modern Age</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/National_Affairs" title="National Affairs">National Affairs</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_National_Interest" title="The National Interest">The National Interest</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/National_Review" title="National Review">National Review</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_New_American" title="The New American">The New American</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_New_Atlantis_(journal)" title="The New Atlantis (journal)">The New Atlantis</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_New_Criterion" title="The New Criterion">The New Criterion</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Policy_Review" title="Policy Review">Policy Review</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(defunct)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Public_Discourse" class="mw-redirect" title="Public Discourse">Public Discourse</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Southern_Partisan" title="Southern Partisan">Southern Partisan</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Spectator_USA" class="mw-redirect" title="Spectator USA">Spectator USA</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tablet_(magazine)" title="Tablet (magazine)">Tablet</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Taki%27s_Magazine" title="Taki's Magazine">Taki's Magazine</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Telos_(journal)" title="Telos (journal)">Telos</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Washington_Examiner" title="Washington Examiner">Washington Examiner</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Weekly_Standard" title="The Weekly Standard">The Weekly Standard</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(defunct)</span></li></ul> <p><b>TV channels</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Broadcasting_Network" title="Christian Broadcasting Network">CBN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fox_Business" title="Fox Business">Fox Business</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fox_News" title="Fox News">Fox News</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newsmax_TV" title="Newsmax TV">Newsmax TV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/One_America_News_Network" title="One America News Network">One America News Network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VOZ_(media_company)" title="VOZ (media company)">VOZ</a></li></ul> <p><b>Websites</b> </p> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Babylon_Bee" title="The Babylon Bee">Babylon Bee</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Breitbart_News" title="Breitbart News">Breitbart News</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Bulwark_(website)" title="The Bulwark (website)">The Bulwark</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Campus_Reform" title="Campus Reform">Campus Reform</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Center_Square" title="The Center Square">The Center Square</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Review" title="Conservative Review">Conservative Review</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Daily_Caller" title="The Daily Caller">Daily Caller</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Daily_Signal" title="The Daily Signal">Daily Signal</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Daily_Wire" title="The Daily Wire">Daily Wire</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Discover_the_Networks" title="Discover the Networks">Discover the Networks</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Federalist_(website)" title="The Federalist (website)">The Federalist</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/FrontPage_Magazine" title="FrontPage Magazine">FrontPage Magazine</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Front_Porch_Republic" title="Front Porch Republic">Front Porch Republic</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Gateway_Pundit" title="The Gateway Pundit">Gateway Pundit</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hot_Air" title="Hot Air">Hot Air</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Human_Events" title="Human Events">Human Events</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Independent_Journal_Review" title="Independent Journal Review">Independent Journal Review</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/InfoWars" title="InfoWars">InfoWars</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Jihad_Watch" title="Jihad Watch">Jihad Watch</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/LifeZette" title="LifeZette">LifeZette</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/NewsBusters" class="mw-redirect" title="NewsBusters">NewsBusters</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/PJ_Media" title="PJ Media">PJ Media</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Rare_(website)" title="Rare (website)">Rare</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/RedState" title="RedState">RedState</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Dispatch" title="The Dispatch">The Dispatch</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Townhall" title="Townhall">Townhall</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Twitchy" title="Twitchy">Twitchy</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Washington_Examiner" title="Washington Examiner">Washington Examiner</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Washington_Free_Beacon" title="The Washington Free Beacon">The Washington Free Beacon</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Western_Journal" title="The Western Journal">The Western Journal</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/WorldNetDaily" title="WorldNetDaily">WorldNetDaily</a></i></li></ul> <p><b>Other</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blaze_Media" title="Blaze Media">Blaze Media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Encounter_Books" title="Encounter Books">Encounter Books</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evie_Magazine" title="Evie Magazine">Evie Magazine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_First_TV" title="The First TV">The First</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Imprimis" title="Imprimis">Imprimis</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Political_Cesspool" title="The Political Cesspool">The Political Cesspool</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Passage_Publishing" title="Passage Publishing">Passage Publishing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PragerU" title="PragerU">PragerU</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RealClearPolitics" title="RealClearPolitics">RealClearPolitics</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Red_Scare_(podcast)" title="Red Scare (podcast)">Red Scare</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regnery_Publishing" title="Regnery Publishing">Regnery Publishing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_Side_Broadcasting_Network" title="Right Side Broadcasting Network">RSBN</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Rubin_Report" title="The Rubin Report">The Rubin Report</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinclair_Broadcast_Group" title="Sinclair Broadcast Group">Sinclair Broadcast Group</a></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #B0161E; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Other organizations</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <p><b>Economics</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Americans_for_Tax_Reform" title="Americans for Tax Reform">ATR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Club_for_Growth" title="Club for Growth">Club for Growth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FreedomWorks" title="FreedomWorks">FreedomWorks</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(defunct)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Federation_of_Independent_Business" title="National Federation of Independent Business">NFIB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Taxpayers_Union" title="National Taxpayers Union">NTU</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tea_Party_Patriots" title="Tea Party Patriots">Tea Party Patriots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Chamber_of_Commerce" title="United States Chamber of Commerce">USCC</a></li></ul> <p><b>Gun rights</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gun_Owners_of_America" title="Gun Owners of America">GOA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Association_for_Gun_Rights" title="National Association for Gun Rights">NAGR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Rifle_Association" title="National Rifle Association">NRA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Amendment_Caucus" title="Second Amendment Caucus">Second Amendment Caucus</a></li></ul> <p><b>Identity politics</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ACT_for_America" title="ACT for America"><i>ACT!</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Concerned_Women_for_America" title="Concerned Women for America">CWA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Conservative_Citizens" title="Council of Conservative Citizens">Council of Conservative Citizens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gays_Against_Groomers" title="Gays Against Groomers">GAG</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independent_Women%27s_Forum" title="Independent Women's Forum">IWF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Log_Cabin_Republicans" title="Log Cabin Republicans">LCR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moms_for_Liberty" title="Moms for Liberty">Moms for Liberty</a></li></ul> <p><b>Nativist</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Center_for_Immigration_Studies" title="Center for Immigration Studies">CIS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federation_for_American_Immigration_Reform" title="Federation for American Immigration Reform">FAIR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immigration_Restriction_League" title="Immigration Restriction League">Immigration Restriction League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NumbersUSA" title="NumbersUSA">NumbersUSA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oath_Keepers" title="Oath Keepers">Oath Keepers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three_Percenters" title="Three Percenters">Three Percenters</a></li></ul> <p><b>Religion</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alliance_Defending_Freedom" title="Alliance Defending Freedom">ADF</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_court_cases_involving_Alliance_Defending_Freedom" title="List of court cases involving Alliance Defending Freedom">Court cases</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Center_for_Law_%26_Justice" title="American Center for Law & Justice">ACLJ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Family_Association" title="American Family Association">AFA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Society_for_the_Defense_of_Tradition,_Family_and_Property" title="American Society for the Defense of Tradition, Family and Property">The American TFP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chalcedon_Foundation" title="Chalcedon Foundation">Chalcedon Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Coalition_of_America" title="Christian Coalition of America">CCA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Voice_(United_States)" title="Christian Voice (United States)">Christian Voice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eagle_Forum" title="Eagle Forum">Eagle Forum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Family_Research_Council" title="Family Research Council">FCR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Fellowship_(Christian_organization)" title="The Fellowship (Christian organization)">The Fellowship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faith_and_Freedom_Coalition" title="Faith and Freedom Coalition">FFC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Focus_on_the_Family" title="Focus on the Family">Focus on the Family</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foundation_for_Moral_Law" title="Foundation for Moral Law">Foundation for Moral Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberty_Counsel" title="Liberty Counsel">Liberty Counsel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moral_Majority" title="Moral Majority">Moral Majority</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(defunct)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Organization_for_Marriage" title="National Organization for Marriage">NOM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Right_to_Life_Committee" title="National Right to Life Committee">NRLC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parents_Television_and_Media_Council" title="Parents Television and Media Council">PTMC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Susan_B._Anthony_Pro-Life_America" title="Susan B. Anthony Pro-Life America">Susan B. 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border-top:1px solid #AAA; border-bottom:1px solid #AAA"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg/15px-DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg/22px-DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg/30px-DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="249" data-file-height="268" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Conservatism" title="Portal:Conservatism">Conservatism portal</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/16px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/24px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/32px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Portal:United_States" title="Portal:United States">United States portal</a></span></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Conservatism_US" title="Template:Conservatism US"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Conservatism_US" title="Template talk:Conservatism US"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Conservatism_US" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Conservatism US"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Wallace was an unusual candidate who refused to condemn <a href="/wiki/Political_violence" title="Political violence">political violence</a>. Ziblatt and Levitsky describe Wallace as an autocratic figure who exhibited a casual disregard for the constitution.<sup id="cite_ref-98" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Wallace was the subject of a documentary, <i>George Wallace: Settin' the Woods on Fire</i> (2000), shown by <a href="/wiki/Public_Broadcasting_Service" class="mw-redirect" title="Public Broadcasting Service">PBS</a> on <i>The <a href="/wiki/American_Experience" title="American Experience">American Experience</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Woods_On_Fire_22-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Woods_On_Fire-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Woods_On_Fire_website_99-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Woods_On_Fire_website-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>With four failed runs for president, Wallace was unsuccessful in national politics.<sup id="cite_ref-100" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-101" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His impact on American politics was significant with his biographers calling him "the most influential loser" in 20th century American politics.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_102-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:2_103-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In a YouTube documentary, <a href="/wiki/Pat_Buchanan" title="Pat Buchanan">Pat Buchanan</a> stated that Wallace influenced "Nixon and Agnew, the Reagan movement, the Buchanan movement, the Perot movement."<sup id="cite_ref-104" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The TNT cable network produced a movie, <i><a href="/wiki/George_Wallace_(film)" title="George Wallace (film)">George Wallace</a></i> (1997), directed by <a href="/wiki/John_Frankenheimer" title="John Frankenheimer">John Frankenheimer</a> and starring <a href="/wiki/Gary_Sinise" title="Gary Sinise">Gary Sinise</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-105" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sinise received an <a href="/wiki/Emmy_Award" class="mw-redirect" title="Emmy Award">Emmy Award</a> for his performance<sup id="cite_ref-106" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> during <a href="/wiki/50th_Primetime_Emmy_Awards" title="50th Primetime Emmy Awards">a ceremony</a> held the day Wallace died.<sup id="cite_ref-107" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sinise reprised this role in the 2002 film <i><a href="/wiki/Path_to_War" title="Path to War">Path to War</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-108" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the 2014 film <i><a href="/wiki/Selma_(film)" title="Selma (film)">Selma</a></i>, which was set during the Civil Rights Movement, which then-Governor Wallace publicly opposed, Wallace was portrayed by actor <a href="/wiki/Tim_Roth" title="Tim Roth">Tim Roth</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-109" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/George_Wallace_Tunnel" title="George Wallace Tunnel">George Wallace Tunnel</a> on <a href="/wiki/Interstate_10" title="Interstate 10">Interstate 10</a>, constructed in 1973, was named for him. Three community colleges in Alabama are named for Wallace: <a href="/wiki/Wallace_Community_College" title="Wallace Community College">Wallace Community College</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wallace_Community_College_Selma" title="Wallace Community College Selma">Wallace Community College Selma</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Wallace_State_Community_College" title="Wallace State Community College">Wallace State Community College</a>. <a href="/wiki/Lurleen_B._Wallace_Community_College" title="Lurleen B. Wallace Community College">Lurleen B. Wallace Community College</a> is named for his wife. In 2020, amidst a change in public opinion, many Alabama universities were pushed to rename campus buildings that were originally named after Wallace. This included, but was not limited to, the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Montevallo" title="University of Montevallo">University of Montevallo</a> and <a href="/wiki/Auburn_University" title="Auburn University">Auburn University</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-110" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The University of Montevallo has been unsuccessful in renaming the George C. Wallace Speech and Hearing Center because the building was named via Act 110 by the <a href="/wiki/Alabama_Legislature" title="Alabama Legislature">Alabama Legislature</a> in 1975.<sup id="cite_ref-111" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=George_Wallace&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1259569809">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid 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href="/wiki/Portal:Biography" title="Portal:Biography">Biography portal</a></span></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_backsliding_in_the_United_States" title="Democratic backsliding in the United States">Democratic backsliding in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electoral_history_of_George_Wallace" title="Electoral history of George Wallace">Electoral history of George Wallace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Democrats" title="Southern Democrats">Southern Democrats</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Footnotes">Footnotes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=George_Wallace&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Footnotes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Term_interruption-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Term_interruption_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Jere_Beasley" title="Jere Beasley">Jere Beasley</a> served as Acting Governor from June 5 to July 7, 1972, while Wallace recovered from an assassination attempt.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">After the diary was read as evidence in court (including a passage where Bremer wonders whether Wallace's death will bring enough media coverage), <a href="/wiki/William_V._Shannon" title="William V. Shannon">William V. Shannon</a> commented, "He... wanted to have his face flashed on millions of television screens and his name printed on the front pages of every newspaper."<sup id="cite_ref-bigart_71-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bigart-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Psychologist James W. Clarke notes, "Bremer had never been interested in politics... any prominent political leader would do since it was not ideology which motivated" him.<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=George_Wallace&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Carter (1996, p. 2) notes that Wallace later denied a similar quotation that appeared in a 1968 biography by <a href="/wiki/Marshall_Frady" title="Marshall Frady">Marshall Frady</a>: <span style="padding-right:.15em;">"</span>'Well boys,' he said tightly as he snuffed out his cigar, 'no other son-of-a-bitch will ever out-nigger me again.<span style="padding-right:.15em;">'</span>" <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFRiechers2000" class="citation journal cs1">Riechers, Maggie (March–April 2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171210064143/https://www.neh.gov/humanities/2000/marchapril/feature/racism-redemption">"Racism to Redemption: The Path of George Wallace"</a>. <i>Humanities</i>. <b>21</b> (2). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.neh.gov/humanities/2000/marchapril/feature/racism-redemption">the original</a> on December 10, 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 25,</span> 2006</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Humanities&rft.atitle=Racism+to+Redemption%3A+The+Path+of+George+Wallace&rft.volume=21&rft.issue=2&rft.date=2000-03%2F2000-04&rft.aulast=Riechers&rft.aufirst=Maggie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.neh.gov%2Fhumanities%2F2000%2Fmarchapril%2Ffeature%2Fracism-redemption&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Wallace" class="Z3988"></span> The exact wording is a matter of historical dispute. Some sources quote Wallace as using the word "outsegged". In an extended note in "The Politics of Rage" (1995), p. 96 & 96fn, Carter notes the denial, but says two witnesses confirm the use of the racist language on Election Night, in addition to Seymore Trammell's recollection of Wallace using similar phrasing the next day in his presence.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">According to Carter (1995, pp. 236–37), "But no one who knew Wallace well ever took seriously his earnest profession – uttered a thousand times after 1963 – that he [had been] a segregationist, not a racist. ... Wallace, like most white southerners of his generation, [had] genuinely believed blacks to be a separate, inferior race."</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=George_Wallace&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Britannica2-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Britannica2_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/634760/George-C-Wallace">"George C. Wallace"</a>. <i>Encyclopædia Britannica</i>. August 25, 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 25,</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.atitle=George+C.+Wallace&rft.date=2012-08-25&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2FEBchecked%2Ftopic%2F634760%2FGeorge-C-Wallace&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Wallace" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-newfield197107192-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-newfield197107192_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNewfield,_Jack1971" class="citation news cs1">Newfield, Jack (July 19, 1971). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=A-MCAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA39">"A Populist Manifesto: The Making of a New Majority"</a>. <i>New York</i>. pp. 39–46<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 6,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New+York&rft.atitle=A+Populist+Manifesto%3A+The+Making+of+a+New+Majority&rft.pages=39-46&rft.date=1971-07-19&rft.au=Newfield%2C+Jack&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DA-MCAAAAMBAJ%26pg%3DPA39&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Wallace" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:02-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:02_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLesher1994" class="citation book cs1">Lesher, Stephan (1994). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/georgewallaceame00step"><i>George Wallace: American Populist</i></a></span>. Addison Wesley. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/georgewallaceame00step/page/409">409</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-201-62210-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-201-62210-2"><bdi>978-0-201-62210-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=George+Wallace%3A+American+Populist&rft.pages=409&rft.pub=Addison+Wesley&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-0-201-62210-2&rft.aulast=Lesher&rft.aufirst=Stephan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fgeorgewallaceame00step&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Wallace" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Eskew-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Eskew_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Eskew_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEskew2008" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Eskew, Glenn T. (September 8, 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.encyclopediaofalabama.org/article/h-1676">"George C. Wallace (1963–1967, 1971–1979, 1983–1987)"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclopedia_of_Alabama" title="Encyclopedia of Alabama">Encyclopedia of Alabama</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=George+C.+Wallace+%281963%E2%80%931967%2C+1971%E2%80%931979%2C+1983%E2%80%931987%29&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Alabama&rft.date=2008-09-08&rft.aulast=Eskew&rft.aufirst=Glenn+T.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.encyclopediaofalabama.org%2Farticle%2Fh-1676&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Wallace" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-segsymbol-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-segsymbol_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-segsymbol_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1998/09/14/us/george-wallace-segregation-symbol-dies-at-79.html">"George Wallace, Segregation Symbol, Dies at 79"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>. September 14, 1998.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=George+Wallace%2C+Segregation+Symbol%2C+Dies+at+79&rft.date=1998-09-14&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1998%2F09%2F14%2Fus%2Fgeorge-wallace-segregation-symbol-dies-at-79.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Wallace" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://smartpolitics.lib.umn.edu/2017/05/29/the-top-50-longest-serving-governors-in-us-history-updated/">"The Top 50 Longest Serving Governors in US History (Updated)"</a>. May 29, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Top+50+Longest+Serving+Governors+in+US+History+%28Updated%29&rft.date=2017-05-29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsmartpolitics.lib.umn.edu%2F2017%2F05%2F29%2Fthe-top-50-longest-serving-governors-in-us-history-updated%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Wallace" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOstermeier2017" class="citation web cs1">Ostermeier, Eric (May 29, 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://smartpolitics.lib.umn.edu/2017/05/29/the-top-50-longest-serving-governors-in-us-history-updated/">"The Top 50 Longest Serving Governors in US History (Updated)"</a>. <i>Smart Politics</i>. <a href="/wiki/University_of_Minnesota" title="University of Minnesota">University of Minnesota</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210301175243/https://smartpolitics.lib.umn.edu/2017/05/29/the-top-50-longest-serving-governors-in-us-history-updated/">Archived</a> from the original on March 1, 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 2,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Smart+Politics&rft.atitle=The+Top+50+Longest+Serving+Governors+in+US+History+%28Updated%29&rft.date=2017-05-29&rft.aulast=Ostermeier&rft.aufirst=Eric&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsmartpolitics.lib.umn.edu%2F2017%2F05%2F29%2Fthe-top-50-longest-serving-governors-in-us-history-updated%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Wallace" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Carter (1995), pp. 19–21.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Carter (1995), p. 41.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Carter (1995), p. 137.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Carter (1995), pp. 30–31.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160322022657/http://www.archives.state.al.us/govs_list/g_wallac.html">"Alabama Governor George Wallace, gubernatorial history"</a>. Archives.state.al.us. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.archives.state.al.us/govs_list/g_wallac.html">the original</a> on March 22, 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 8,</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Alabama+Governor+George+Wallace%2C+gubernatorial+history&rft.pub=Archives.state.al.us&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.archives.state.al.us%2Fgovs_list%2Fg_wallac.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Wallace" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bass, Jack. <i>Taming the Storm: The Life and Times of Frank M. Jonson Jr., and the South's Fight over Civil Rights</i> (Doubleday, New York, 1993).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.baltimoresun.com/news/bs-xpm-1998-09-20-1998263111-story.html">"A life marked by hate, violence George Wallace gave comfort to racists"</a>. <i>Baltimore Sun</i>. September 20, 1998.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Baltimore+Sun&rft.atitle=A+life+marked+by+hate%2C+violence+George+Wallace+gave+comfort+to+racists&rft.date=1998-09-20&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.baltimoresun.com%2Fnews%2Fbs-xpm-1998-09-20-1998263111-story.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Wallace" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFrederick2007" class="citation book cs1">Frederick, Jeff (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-i1HBMC6qsEC&pg=PA12"><i>Stand up for Alabama: Governor George Wallace</i></a>. University of Alabama Press. p. 13. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0817315740" title="Special:BookSources/978-0817315740"><bdi>978-0817315740</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Stand+up+for+Alabama%3A+Governor+George+Wallace&rft.pages=13&rft.pub=University+of+Alabama+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0817315740&rft.aulast=Frederick&rft.aufirst=Jeff&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D-i1HBMC6qsEC%26pg%3DPA12&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Wallace" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lesher (1994) pp. 47–61.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Frederick,_2007,_p._12-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Frederick,_2007,_p._12_18-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Frederick,_2007,_p._12_18-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Frederick, <i>Stand Up for Alabama: Governor George Wallace</i>, 2007, p. 12.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCarter1995" class="citation book cs1">Carter, Dan T. (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/32739924"><i>The politics of rage : George Wallace, the origins of the new conservatism, and the transformation of American politics</i></a>. New York: Simon & Schuster. p. 236. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0684809168" title="Special:BookSources/0684809168"><bdi>0684809168</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/32739924">32739924</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+politics+of+rage+%3A+George+Wallace%2C+the+origins+of+the+new+conservatism%2C+and+the+transformation+of+American+politics&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=236&rft.pub=Simon+%26+Schuster&rft.date=1995&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F32739924&rft.isbn=0684809168&rft.aulast=Carter&rft.aufirst=Dan+T.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F32739924&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Wallace" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCarter1995" class="citation book cs1">Carter, Dan T. (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/32739924"><i>The politics of rage : George Wallace, the origins of the new conservatism, and the transformation of American politics</i></a>. New York: Simon & Schuster. p. 237. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0684809168" title="Special:BookSources/0684809168"><bdi>0684809168</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/32739924">32739924</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+politics+of+rage+%3A+George+Wallace%2C+the+origins+of+the+new+conservatism%2C+and+the+transformation+of+American+politics&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=237&rft.pub=Simon+%26+Schuster&rft.date=1995&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F32739924&rft.isbn=0684809168&rft.aulast=Carter&rft.aufirst=Dan+T.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F32739924&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Wallace" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCarter1995" class="citation book cs1">Carter, Dan T. (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/32739924"><i>The politics of rage : George Wallace, the origins of the new conservatism, and the transformation of American politics</i></a>. New York: Simon & Schuster. pp. 237–238. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0684809168" title="Special:BookSources/0684809168"><bdi>0684809168</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/32739924">32739924</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+politics+of+rage+%3A+George+Wallace%2C+the+origins+of+the+new+conservatism%2C+and+the+transformation+of+American+politics&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=237-238&rft.pub=Simon+%26+Schuster&rft.date=1995&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F32739924&rft.isbn=0684809168&rft.aulast=Carter&rft.aufirst=Dan+T.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F32739924&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Wallace" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Woods_On_Fire-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Woods_On_Fire_22-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Woods_On_Fire_22-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Woods_On_Fire_22-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Woods_On_Fire_22-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Woods_On_Fire_22-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation audio-visual cs1">Mccabe, Daniel (writer, director, producer), Paul Stekler (writer, director, producer), Steve Fayer (writer) (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0240534/"><i>George Wallace: Settin' the Woods on Fire</i></a> (Documentary). Boston, USA: American Experience.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=George+Wallace%3A+Settin%27+the+Woods+on+Fire&rft.place=Boston%2C+USA&rft.pub=American+Experience&rft.date=2000&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.imdb.com%2Ftitle%2Ftt0240534%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Wallace" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-htFradyA8-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-htFradyA8_23-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-htFradyA8_23-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAnderson1998" class="citation news cs1">Anderson, John (September 14, 1998). "Former governor shaped politics of Alabama, nation". <i>The Huntsville Times</i>. <a href="/wiki/Huntsville,_Alabama" title="Huntsville, Alabama">Huntsville, Alabama</a>. p. A8.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Huntsville+Times&rft.atitle=Former+governor+shaped+politics+of+Alabama%2C+nation&rft.pages=A8&rft.date=1998-09-14&rft.aulast=Anderson&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Wallace" class="Z3988"></span> referencing <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFrady1968" class="citation book cs1">Frady, Marshall (1968). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/wallace00frad"><i>Wallace</i></a></span>. New York: World Pub. Co. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0679771289" title="Special:BookSources/978-0679771289"><bdi>978-0679771289</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/588644">588644</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Wallace&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=World+Pub.+Co.&rft.date=1968&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F588644&rft.isbn=978-0679771289&rft.aulast=Frady&rft.aufirst=Marshall&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fwallace00frad&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Wallace" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-htWallaceA8-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-htWallaceA8_24-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-htWallaceA8_24-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-htWallaceA8_24-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-htWallaceA8_24-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAnderson1998" class="citation news cs1">Anderson, John (September 14, 1998). "Former governor shaped politics of Alabama, nation". <i>The Huntsville Times</i>. <a href="/wiki/Huntsville,_Alabama" title="Huntsville, Alabama">Huntsville, Alabama</a>. p. A8.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Huntsville+Times&rft.atitle=Former+governor+shaped+politics+of+Alabama%2C+nation&rft.pages=A8&rft.date=1998-09-14&rft.aulast=Anderson&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Wallace" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Woods_On_Fire_quotes-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Woods_On_Fire_quotes_26-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Woods_On_Fire_quotes_26-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/amex/wallace/sfeature/quotes.html">"George Wallace: Settin' the Woods on Fire: Wallace Quotes"</a>. <i>The American Experience</i>. <a href="/wiki/Public_Broadcasting_Service" class="mw-redirect" title="Public Broadcasting Service">Public Broadcasting Service</a>. 2000<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 5,</span> 2006</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+American+Experience&rft.atitle=George+Wallace%3A+Settin%27+the+Woods+on+Fire%3A+Wallace+Quotes&rft.date=2000&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pbs.org%2Fwgbh%2Famex%2Fwallace%2Fsfeature%2Fquotes.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Wallace" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Klarman-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Klarman_27-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKlarman2004" class="citation journal cs1">Klarman, Michael J. (March–April 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170201071709/https://www.neh.gov/news/humanities/2004-03/brown.html">"<i>Brown v. Board</i>: 50 Years Later"</a>. <i>Humanities: The Magazine of the National Endowment for the Humanities</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.neh.gov/news/humanities/2004-03/brown.html">the original</a> on February 1, 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 6,</span> 2006</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Humanities%3A+The+Magazine+of+the+National+Endowment+for+the+Humanities&rft.atitle=Brown+v.+Board%3A+50+Years+Later&rft.date=2004-03%2F2004-04&rft.aulast=Klarman&rft.aufirst=Michael+J.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.neh.gov%2Fnews%2Fhumanities%2F2004-03%2Fbrown.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Wallace" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFE._Culpepper_Clark1995" class="citation book cs1">E. Culpepper Clark (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=sHIsXlrTmHQC&pg=PA195"><i>The Schoolhouse Door: Segregation's Last Stand at the University of Alabama</i></a>. Oxford University Press. p. 195. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0195096583" title="Special:BookSources/978-0195096583"><bdi>978-0195096583</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Schoolhouse+Door%3A+Segregation%27s+Last+Stand+at+the+University+of+Alabama&rft.pages=195&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-0195096583&rft.au=E.+Culpepper+Clark&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DsHIsXlrTmHQC%26pg%3DPA195&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Wallace" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hereford-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Hereford_29-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWebb2003" class="citation news cs1">Webb, Debbie (June 11, 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.npr.org/2003/06/11/1294680/wallace-in-the-schoolhouse-door">"Wallace in the Schoolhouse Door: Marking the 40th Anniversary of Alabama's Civil Rights Standoff"</a>. <i>NPR</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 17,</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=NPR&rft.atitle=Wallace+in+the+Schoolhouse+Door%3A+Marking+the+40th+Anniversary+of+Alabama%27s+Civil+Rights+Standoff&rft.date=2003-06-11&rft.aulast=Webb&rft.aufirst=Debbie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.npr.org%2F2003%2F06%2F11%2F1294680%2Fwallace-in-the-schoolhouse-door&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Wallace" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080423030934/http://www.al.com/specialreport/huntsvilletimes/index.ssf?separateagain%2Fsa4.html">"A brief history of race and schools"</a>. <i>al.com</i>. The Huntsville Times. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.al.com/specialreport/huntsvilletimes/index.ssf?separateagain/sa4.html">the original</a> on April 23, 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=al.com&rft.atitle=A+brief+history+of+race+and+schools&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.al.com%2Fspecialreport%2Fhuntsvilletimes%2Findex.ssf%3Fseparateagain%2Fsa4.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Wallace" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Alabama Governor George Wallace, public statement of May 8, 1963, in <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i>. (May 9, 1963).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170803011949/http://archives.chicagotribune.com/1964/09/18/page/8/article/restore-u-s-sanity-wallace/">"Restore U.S. Sanity: Wallace"</a>. Chicago Tribune. September 18, 1964. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archives.chicagotribune.com/1964/09/18/page/8/article/restore-u-s-sanity-wallace">the original</a> on August 3, 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 5,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Restore+U.S.+Sanity%3A+Wallace&rft.date=1964-09-18&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farchives.chicagotribune.com%2F1964%2F09%2F18%2Fpage%2F8%2Farticle%2Frestore-u-s-sanity-wallace&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Wallace" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Britannica-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Britannica_33-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Britannica_33-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/634760/George-C-Wallace">"George C. Wallace"</a>. <i>Encyclopædia Britannica</i>. August 25, 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 25,</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.atitle=George+C.+Wallace&rft.date=2012-08-25&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2FEBchecked%2Ftopic%2F634760%2FGeorge-C-Wallace&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Wallace" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-newfield19710719-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-newfield19710719_34-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNewfield,_Jack1971" class="citation news cs1">Newfield, Jack (July 19, 1971). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=A-MCAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA39">"A Populist Manifesto: The Making of a New Majority"</a>. <i>New York</i>. pp. 39–46<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 6,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New+York&rft.atitle=A+Populist+Manifesto%3A+The+Making+of+a+New+Majority&rft.pages=39-46&rft.date=1971-07-19&rft.au=Newfield%2C+Jack&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DA-MCAAAAMBAJ%26pg%3DPA39&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Wallace" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKatsinas1994" class="citation journal cs1">Katsinas, Stephen G. (1994). "George C. Wallace and the Founding of Alabama's Public Two-Year Colleges". <i>The Journal of Higher Education</i>. <b>65</b> (4): 447–472. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2943855">10.2307/2943855</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2943855">2943855</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+Higher+Education&rft.atitle=George+C.+Wallace+and+the+Founding+of+Alabama%27s+Public+Two-Year+Colleges&rft.volume=65&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=447-472&rft.date=1994&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F2943855&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2943855%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Katsinas&rft.aufirst=Stephen+G.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Wallace" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Carter (1995), p. 205.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Carter (1995), pp. 198–225.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Archie Vernon Huff, <i>Greenville: the history of the city and county in the South Carolina Piedmont</i>, Columbia: U South Carolina P, 1995, p. 404.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sword of the Lord (June 26, 1964) 2.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i><a href="/wiki/Montgomery_Advertiser" title="Montgomery Advertiser">Montgomery Advertiser</a></i>, September 23, 1966; Bill Jones, <i>The Wallace Story</i>, pp. 324, 327, 340.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i><a href="/wiki/The_Tuscaloosa_News" title="The Tuscaloosa News">The Tuscaloosa News</a></i>, reprinted in <i><a href="/wiki/The_Birmingham_News" title="The Birmingham News">The Birmingham News</a></i>, September 5, 1964.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i><a href="/wiki/Congressional_Quarterly" title="Congressional Quarterly">Congressional Quarterly</a></i> report, Volume 23, Issues 40–53, p. 2443.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Billy Hathorn, "A Dozen Years in the Political Wilderness: The Alabama Republican Party, 1966–1978", <i>Gulf Coast Historical Review</i>, Vol. 9, No. 2 (Spring 1994), p. 22.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://alisondb.legislature.state.al.us/alison/codeofalabama/constitution/1901/CA-246125.htm">"Alabama Constitution of 1901, Amendment 282, Section 116"</a>. Alabama State Legislature<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 30,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Alabama+Constitution+of+1901%2C+Amendment+282%2C+Section+116&rft.pub=Alabama+State+Legislature&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Falisondb.legislature.state.al.us%2Falison%2Fcodeofalabama%2Fconstitution%2F1901%2FCA-246125.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Wallace" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"A Dozen Years in the Political Wilderness", p. 22.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>The Huntsville Times</i>, September 3, 4, 1966; <i>Montgomery Advertiser</i>, September 1, 6, 1966.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Congressional Quarterly Weekly Report</i>, October 7, 1966, p. 2350.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Carter-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Carter_48-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Carter_48-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Carter (1995), pp. 310–312, 317–320.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCarter1995" class="citation book cs1">Carter, Dan T. (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/32739924"><i>The politics of rage : George Wallace, the origins of the new conservatism, and the transformation of American politics</i></a>. New York: Simon & Schuster. pp. 295–298. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0684809168" title="Special:BookSources/0684809168"><bdi>0684809168</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/32739924">32739924</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+politics+of+rage+%3A+George+Wallace%2C+the+origins+of+the+new+conservatism%2C+and+the+transformation+of+American+politics&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=295-298&rft.pub=Simon+%26+Schuster&rft.date=1995&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F32739924&rft.isbn=0684809168&rft.aulast=Carter&rft.aufirst=Dan+T.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F32739924&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Wallace" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kauffman-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Kauffman_50-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kauffman_50-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Bill_Kauffman" title="Bill Kauffman">Kauffman, Bill</a> (May 19, 2008) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.theamericanconservative.com/articles/when-the-left-was-right/">When the Left Was Right</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/The_American_Conservative" title="The American Conservative">The American Conservative</a></i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrands2010165-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrands2010165_51-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrands2010165_51-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBrands2010">Brands 2010</a>, p. 165.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-htCarter-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-htCarter_52-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Carter, Dan, professor of history at Emory University, quoted in <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAnderson1998" class="citation news cs1">Anderson, John (September 14, 1998). "Former governor shaped politics of Alabama, nation". <i>The Huntsville Times</i>. <a href="/wiki/Huntsville,_Alabama" title="Huntsville, Alabama">Huntsville, Alabama</a>. p. A1, A8.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Huntsville+Times&rft.atitle=Former+governor+shaped+politics+of+Alabama%2C+nation&rft.pages=A1%2C+A8&rft.date=1998-09-14&rft.aulast=Anderson&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Wallace" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:0_53-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLesher1994" class="citation book cs1">Lesher, Stephan (1994). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/georgewallaceame00step"><i>George Wallace: American Populist</i></a></span>. Addison Wesley. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/georgewallaceame00step/page/409">409</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0201622102" title="Special:BookSources/978-0201622102"><bdi>978-0201622102</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=George+Wallace%3A+American+Populist&rft.pages=409&rft.pub=Addison+Wesley&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-0201622102&rft.aulast=Lesher&rft.aufirst=Stephan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fgeorgewallaceame00step&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Wallace" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">LeMay and Chandler in <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPerlstein2008" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Rick_Perlstein" title="Rick Perlstein">Perlstein, Rick</a> (2008). <a href="/wiki/Nixonland:_The_Rise_of_a_President_and_the_Fracturing_of_America" class="mw-redirect" title="Nixonland: The Rise of a President and the Fracturing of America"><i>Nixonland: The Rise of a President and the Fracturing of America</i></a>. Simon and Schuster. p. 348. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0743243025" title="Special:BookSources/978-0743243025"><bdi>978-0743243025</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Nixonland%3A+The+Rise+of+a+President+and+the+Fracturing+of+America&rft.pages=348&rft.pub=Simon+and+Schuster&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0743243025&rft.aulast=Perlstein&rft.aufirst=Rick&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Wallace" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDiamond1995" class="citation book cs1">Diamond, Sara (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/roadstodominionr00diamrich/page/142"><i>Roads to Dominion: Right-Wing Movements and Political Power in the United States</i></a>. New York: Guilford Press. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/roadstodominionr00diamrich/page/142">142–146</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0898628647" title="Special:BookSources/978-0898628647"><bdi>978-0898628647</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Roads+to+Dominion%3A+Right-Wing+Movements+and+Political+Power+in+the+United+States&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=142-146&rft.pub=Guilford+Press&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-0898628647&rft.aulast=Diamond&rft.aufirst=Sara&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Froadstodominionr00diamrich%2Fpage%2F142&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Wallace" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Trento, Joseph and Spear, Joseph, "How Nazi Nut Power Has Invaded Capitol Hill", <i>True</i> (November 1969): 39.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPearsonAnderson1966" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Drew_Pearson_(journalist)" title="Drew Pearson (journalist)">Pearson, Drew</a>; <a href="/wiki/Jack_Anderson_(columnist)" title="Jack Anderson (columnist)">Anderson, Jack</a> (1966). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110718093952/http://dspace.wrlc.org/doc/bitstream/2041/52940/b19f19-1026zdisplay.pdf">"Drew Pearson and Jack Anderson on The Washington Merry-Go-Round"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dspace.wrlc.org/doc/bitstream/2041/52940/b19f19-1026zdisplay.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on July 18, 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 8,</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Drew+Pearson+and+Jack+Anderson+on+The+Washington+Merry-Go-Round&rft.date=1966&rft.aulast=Pearson&rft.aufirst=Drew&rft.au=Anderson%2C+Jack&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdspace.wrlc.org%2Fdoc%2Fbitstream%2F2041%2F52940%2Fb19f19-1026zdisplay.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Wallace" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Carter (1995), pp. 296–297.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Woodward, Bob; Scott Armstrong (1979). <i>The Brethren</i>. Simon & Schuster. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0671241109" title="Special:BookSources/0671241109">0671241109</a>. p. 56.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-William-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-William_60-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-William_60-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilliam1994" class="citation book cs1">William, Warren; et al. (1994). <i>Alabama: The History of a Deep South State</i>. Tuscaloosa: <a href="/wiki/University_of_Alabama_Press" title="University of Alabama Press">University of Alabama Press</a>. p. 576. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0585263670" title="Special:BookSources/978-0585263670"><bdi>978-0585263670</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Alabama%3A+The+History+of+a+Deep+South+State&rft.place=Tuscaloosa&rft.pages=576&rft.pub=University+of+Alabama+Press&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-0585263670&rft.aulast=William&rft.aufirst=Warren&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Wallace" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-flowers-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-flowers_61-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-flowers_61-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-flowers_61-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070928125855/http://www.steveflowers.us/columns/101205.htm">"Steve Flowers Inside the Statehouse"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.steveflowers.us/columns/101205.htm">the original</a> on September 28, 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 25,</span> 2006</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Steve+Flowers+Inside+the+Statehouse&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.steveflowers.us%2Fcolumns%2F101205.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Wallace" class="Z3988"></span> Flowers, Steve, "Steve Flowers Inside the Statehouse", October 12, 2005.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Carter_IRS-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Carter_IRS_62-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Carter_IRS_62-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Carter_IRS_62-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCarter1996" class="citation book cs1">Carter, Dan T. 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"Wallace in his own words". <i>The Huntsville Times</i>. <a href="/wiki/Huntsville,_Alabama" title="Huntsville, Alabama">Huntsville, Alabama</a>. p. A9.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Huntsville+Times&rft.atitle=Wallace+in+his+own+words&rft.pages=A9&rft.date=1998-09-14&rft.aulast=Wallace&rft.aufirst=George&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Wallace" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=hOghAAAAIBAJ&pg=3192%2C1568719">"Wallace enters race"</a>. <i>Google News Search Archive</i>. Charlottesville, Virginia: The Cavalier Daily. November 13, 1975. p. 1<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 12,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Google+News+Search+Archive&rft.atitle=Wallace+enters+race&rft.pages=1&rft.date=1975-11-13&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnews.google.com%2Fnewspapers%3Fid%3DhOghAAAAIBAJ%26pg%3D3192%252C1568719&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Wallace" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1976/03/13/archives/wallace-presses-the-health-issue-in-illinois-he-attributes-florida.html">"Wallace presses the health issue"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>. March 13, 1976. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331">0362-4331</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 6,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Wallace+presses+the+health+issue&rft.date=1976-03-13&rft.issn=0362-4331&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1976%2F03%2F13%2Farchives%2Fwallace-presses-the-health-issue-in-illinois-he-attributes-florida.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Wallace" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-over-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-over_85-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-over_85-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Edwards, George C., <i>Government in America: people, politics, and policy</i>(2009), Pearson Education, 80.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Elliott-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Elliott_86-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFElliott1998" class="citation news cs1">Elliott, Debbie (September 14, 1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=1024881">"Remembering George Wallace"</a>. <a href="/wiki/National_Public_Radio" class="mw-redirect" title="National Public Radio">National Public Radio</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 4,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Remembering+George+Wallace&rft.date=1998-09-14&rft.aulast=Elliott&rft.aufirst=Debbie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.npr.org%2Ftemplates%2Fstory%2Fstory.php%3FstoryId%3D1024881&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Wallace" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFonerJohn_Arthur_GarratySociety_of_American_Historians1991" class="citation book cs1">Foner, Eric; John Arthur Garraty; Society of American Historians (1991). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/readerscompanion00fone"><i>The Reader's Companion to American History</i></a></span>. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/readerscompanion00fone/page/n1154">1127</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0395513729" title="Special:BookSources/978-0395513729"><bdi>978-0395513729</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Reader%27s+Companion+to+American+History&rft.pages=1127&rft.pub=Houghton+Mifflin+Harcourt&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=978-0395513729&rft.aulast=Foner&rft.aufirst=Eric&rft.au=John+Arthur+Garraty&rft.au=Society+of+American+Historians&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Freaderscompanion00fone&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Wallace" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="TwentiethCentury" class="citation book cs1">Daniel, Clifton (1999). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/20thcenturydayby00shar_0"><i>20th Century, Day by Day</i></a></span>. New York: Dorling Kindersley. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/20thcenturydayby00shar_0/page/n1284">1279</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0789446404" title="Special:BookSources/978-0789446404"><bdi>978-0789446404</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=20th+Century%2C+Day+by+Day&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=1279&rft.pub=Dorling+Kindersley&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0789446404&rft.aulast=Daniel&rft.aufirst=Clifton&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2F20thcenturydayby00shar_0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Wallace" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLesher1994" class="citation book cs1">Lesher, Stephan (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=uzJ7-p31HRwC&pg=PA49"><i>George Wallace: American Populist</i></a>. Hachette Books. p. 49. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0201407983" title="Special:BookSources/978-0201407983"><bdi>978-0201407983</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=George+Wallace%3A+American+Populist&rft.pages=49&rft.pub=Hachette+Books&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-0201407983&rft.aulast=Lesher&rft.aufirst=Stephan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DuzJ7-p31HRwC%26pg%3DPA49&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Wallace" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: url-status (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_url-status" title="Category:CS1 maint: url-status">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1817&dat=19690424&id=ciceAAAAIBAJ&pg=7288,6033471">"City Has Been Home of Four Governors"</a>. <i>The Tuscaloosa News</i>. April 24, 1969. p. 14E.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Tuscaloosa+News&rft.atitle=City+Has+Been+Home+of+Four+Governors&rft.pages=14E&rft.date=1969-04-24&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnews.google.com%2Fnewspapers%3Fnid%3D1817%26dat%3D19690424%26id%3DciceAAAAIBAJ%26pg%3D7288%2C6033471&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Wallace" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Carter (1995), pp. 277–278.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wztv.com/template/inews_wire/wires.regional.al/31633b7d-www.fox17.com.shtml">Former Alabama first lady Cornelia Wallace dies</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged December 2017">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup>, WZTV FOX17/Nashville</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStephan_Lesher1995" class="citation book cs1">Stephan Lesher (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=uzJ7-p31HRwC&pg=PA498"><i>George Wallace: American Populist</i></a>. Da Capo Press. pp. 498–99. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0201407983" title="Special:BookSources/978-0201407983"><bdi>978-0201407983</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=George+Wallace%3A+American+Populist&rft.pages=498-99&rft.pub=Da+Capo+Press&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-0201407983&rft.au=Stephan+Lesher&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DuzJ7-p31HRwC%26pg%3DPA498&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Wallace" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged March 2023">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/lifestyle/1987/02/03/wallace-divorce-reported/882b9d87-5509-481b-81bd-096a6732b773/">"WALLACE DIVORCE REPORTED"</a>. <i>Washington Post</i>. December 29, 2023. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0190-8286">0190-8286</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 9,</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Washington+Post&rft.atitle=WALLACE+DIVORCE+REPORTED&rft.date=2023-12-29&rft.issn=0190-8286&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Farchive%2Flifestyle%2F1987%2F02%2F03%2Fwallace-divorce-reported%2F882b9d87-5509-481b-81bd-096a6732b773%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Wallace" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBlake2007" class="citation book cs1">Blake, John (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1098920753"><i>Children of the movement</i></a>. Hoopla digital. [United States]: Chicago Review Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-56976-594-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-56976-594-4"><bdi>978-1-56976-594-4</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1098920753">1098920753</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Children+of+the+movement&rft.place=%5BUnited+States%5D&rft.pub=Chicago+Review+Press&rft.date=2007&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1098920753&rft.isbn=978-1-56976-594-4&rft.aulast=Blake&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F1098920753&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Wallace" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gadsden_Times-96"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Gadsden_Times_96-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gadsden_Times_96-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1891&dat=19950916&id=acIfAAAAIBAJ&pg=2447,1516586">"Wallace backs Bob Dole for president"</a>. <i>The Gadsden Times</i>. September 16, 1995<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 27,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Gadsden+Times&rft.atitle=Wallace+backs+Bob+Dole+for+president&rft.date=1995-09-16&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnews.google.com%2Fnewspapers%3Fnid%3D1891%26dat%3D19950916%26id%3DacIfAAAAIBAJ%26pg%3D2447%2C1516586&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Wallace" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-indy-97"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-indy_97-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCornwell1998" class="citation news cs1"><a href="/wiki/Rupert_Cornwell" title="Rupert Cornwell">Cornwell, Rupert</a> (September 15, 1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/obituary-george-wallace-1198238.html">"Obituary: George Wallace"</a>. <i>The Independent</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 23,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Independent&rft.atitle=Obituary%3A+George+Wallace&rft.date=1998-09-15&rft.aulast=Cornwell&rft.aufirst=Rupert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.independent.co.uk%2Farts-entertainment%2Fobituary-george-wallace-1198238.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Wallace" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-98"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLevitskyZiblatt2019" class="citation book cs1">Levitsky, Steven; Ziblatt, Daniel (2019). "Chapter 3". <i>How Democracies Die</i>. New York: Broadway Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-5247-6293-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-5247-6293-3"><bdi>978-1-5247-6293-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Chapter+3&rft.btitle=How+Democracies+Die&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Broadway+Books&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=978-1-5247-6293-3&rft.aulast=Levitsky&rft.aufirst=Steven&rft.au=Ziblatt%2C+Daniel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Wallace" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Woods_On_Fire_website-99"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Woods_On_Fire_website_99-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/amex/wallace/">"George Wallace: Settin' the Woods on Fire (web site)"</a>. <i>The American Experience</i>. <a href="/wiki/Public_Broadcasting_Service" class="mw-redirect" title="Public Broadcasting Service">Public Broadcasting Service</a>. 1999<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 25,</span> 2006</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+American+Experience&rft.atitle=George+Wallace%3A+Settin%27+the+Woods+on+Fire+%28web+site%29&rft.date=1999&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pbs.org%2Fwgbh%2Famex%2Fwallace%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Wallace" class="Z3988"></span> Web site for the PBS documentary, including a complete transcript, references to other Wallace information, and tools for teachers.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-100"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-100">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Victorious Loser", <i>Newsweek</i>, May 13, 1964, p. 13.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-101"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-101">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIrving_Louis_Horowitz1984" class="citation book cs1">Irving Louis Horowitz (1984). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/winnersloserssoc0000horo"><i>Winners and Losers: Social and Political Polarities in America</i></a></span>. Duke University Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/winnersloserssoc0000horo/page/164">164</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Winners+and+Losers%3A+Social+and+Political+Polarities+in+America&rft.pages=164&rft.pub=Duke+University+Press&rft.date=1984&rft.au=Irving+Louis+Horowitz&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fwinnersloserssoc0000horo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Wallace" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-102"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:1_102-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Carter1995" class="citation book cs1">Carter, Dan T. (1995). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/politicsofragege0000cart"><i>The Politics of Rage: George Wallace, the Origins of the New Conservatism, and the Transformation of American Politics</i></a></span>. New York: Simon & Schuster. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/politicsofragege0000cart/page/468">468</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0807125977" title="Special:BookSources/978-0807125977"><bdi>978-0807125977</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Politics+of+Rage%3A+George+Wallace%2C+the+Origins+of+the+New+Conservatism%2C+and+the+Transformation+of+American+Politics&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=468&rft.pub=Simon+%26+Schuster&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-0807125977&rft.aulast=Carter&rft.aufirst=Dan+T.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fpoliticsofragege0000cart&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Wallace" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:2-103"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:2_103-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Lesher" class="citation book cs1">Lesher, Stephan (1994). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/georgewallaceame00step"><i>George Wallace: American Populist</i></a></span>. Reading, Mass.: Addison-Wesley. p. xi. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0201622102" title="Special:BookSources/978-0201622102"><bdi>978-0201622102</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=George+Wallace%3A+American+Populist&rft.place=Reading%2C+Mass.&rft.pages=xi&rft.pub=Addison-Wesley&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-0201622102&rft.aulast=Lesher&rft.aufirst=Stephan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fgeorgewallaceame00step&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Wallace" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-104"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-104">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bMva835Hd9I">"George Wallace Documentary - Part 2"</a>. YouTube. March 23, 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 29,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=George+Wallace+Documentary+-+Part+2&rft.pub=YouTube&rft.date=2014-03-23&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3DbMva835Hd9I&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Wallace" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-105"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-105">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJames1997" class="citation news cs1"><a href="/wiki/Caryn_James" title="Caryn James">James, Caryn</a> (August 23, 1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1997/08/23/arts/going-beyond-just-facts-to-show-a-hollow-soul.html">"Going Beyond Just Facts To Show a Hollow Soul"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/New_York_Times" class="mw-redirect" title="New York Times">New York Times</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 1,</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Going+Beyond+Just+Facts+To+Show+a+Hollow+Soul&rft.date=1997-08-23&rft.aulast=James&rft.aufirst=Caryn&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1997%2F08%2F23%2Farts%2Fgoing-beyond-just-facts-to-show-a-hollow-soul.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Wallace" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-106"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-106">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.emmys.com/awards/nominees-winners/1998/outstanding-lead-actor-in-a-miniseries-or-a-movie">"1998 - 50th Emmy Awards | Outstanding Lead Actor in a Miniseries or Special - 1998"</a>. <i>emmys.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 1,</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=emmys.com&rft.atitle=1998+-+50th+Emmy+Awards+%7C+Outstanding+Lead+Actor+in+a+Miniseries+or+Special+-+1998&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.emmys.com%2Fawards%2Fnominees-winners%2F1998%2Foutstanding-lead-actor-in-a-miniseries-or-a-movie&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Wallace" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-107"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-107">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cbsnews.com/news/actor-finds-wallace-life-hopeful/">"Actor Finds Wallace Life 'Hopeful'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <a href="/wiki/CBS_News" title="CBS News">CBS News</a>. September 14, 1998<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 1,</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Actor+Finds+Wallace+Life+%27Hopeful%27&rft.date=1998-09-14&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cbsnews.com%2Fnews%2Factor-finds-wallace-life-hopeful%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Wallace" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-108"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-108">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJames2002" class="citation news cs1"><a href="/wiki/Caryn_James" title="Caryn James">James, Caryn</a> (May 17, 2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2002/05/17/movies/tv-weekend-many-advise-mr-president-but-you-decide.html">"Many Advise, Mr. President, but You Decide"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 1,</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Many+Advise%2C+Mr.+President%2C+but+You+Decide&rft.date=2002-05-17&rft.aulast=James&rft.aufirst=Caryn&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2002%2F05%2F17%2Fmovies%2Ftv-weekend-many-advise-mr-president-but-you-decide.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Wallace" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-109"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-109">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFScott2014" class="citation news cs1"><a href="/wiki/A._O._Scott" title="A. O. Scott">Scott, A.O.</a> (December 24, 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2014/12/25/arts/in-selma-king-is-just-one-of-the-heroes.html">"A 50-Mile March, Nearly 50 Years Later"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 1,</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=A+50-Mile+March%2C+Nearly+50+Years+Later&rft.date=2014-12-24&rft.aulast=Scott&rft.aufirst=A.O.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2014%2F12%2F25%2Farts%2Fin-selma-king-is-just-one-of-the-heroes.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Wallace" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-110"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-110">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNail" class="citation web cs1">Nail, Tim. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theplainsman.com/article/2020/06/petition-calls-for-university-to-rename-wallace-hall">"Petition calls for University to rename Wallace Hall"</a>. <i>The Auburn Plainsman</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 13,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Auburn+Plainsman&rft.atitle=Petition+calls+for+University+to+rename+Wallace+Hall&rft.aulast=Nail&rft.aufirst=Tim&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theplainsman.com%2Farticle%2F2020%2F06%2Fpetition-calls-for-university-to-rename-wallace-hall&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Wallace" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-111"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-111">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBalasky2020" class="citation web cs1">Balasky, Bri (September 30, 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thealabamian.com/board-of-trustees-votes-to-rename-bibb-graves-and-comer/">"Board of Trustees votes to rename Bibb Graves and Comer"</a>. <i>The Alabamian</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 13,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Alabamian&rft.atitle=Board+of+Trustees+votes+to+rename+Bibb+Graves+and+Comer&rft.date=2020-09-30&rft.aulast=Balasky&rft.aufirst=Bri&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thealabamian.com%2Fboard-of-trustees-votes-to-rename-bibb-graves-and-comer%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Wallace" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=George_Wallace&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrands2010" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/H.W._Brands" class="mw-redirect" title="H.W. Brands">Brands, H.W.</a> (2010). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/americandreamsun00bran"><i>American Dreams: The United States Since 1945</i></a></span>. New York: Penguin Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1594202629" title="Special:BookSources/978-1594202629"><bdi>978-1594202629</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=American+Dreams%3A+The+United+States+Since+1945&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Penguin+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-1594202629&rft.aulast=Brands&rft.aufirst=H.W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Famericandreamsun00bran&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Wallace" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFParmet" class="citation book cs1">Parmet, Herbert S. (1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/richardnixonhisa00parm_0"><i>Richard Nixon and His America</i></a>. Boston: Little, Brown & Co. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-316-69232-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-316-69232-8"><bdi>978-0-316-69232-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Richard+Nixon+and+His+America&rft.place=Boston&rft.pub=Little%2C+Brown+%26+Co&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=978-0-316-69232-8&rft.aulast=Parmet&rft.aufirst=Herbert+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Frichardnixonhisa00parm_0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Wallace" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=George_Wallace&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDoris1982" class="citation news cs1">Doris, Margaret (October 26, 1982). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/sim_boston-phoenix_1982-10-26_11_43/page/n7/mode/1up">"The return of George Wallace"</a>. <i>The Boston Phoenix</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 27,</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Boston+Phoenix&rft.atitle=The+return+of+George+Wallace&rft.date=1982-10-26&rft.aulast=Doris&rft.aufirst=Margaret&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsim_boston-phoenix_1982-10-26_11_43%2Fpage%2Fn7%2Fmode%2F1up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Wallace" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Frady, Marshall (1968). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/wallace00frad/mode/2up"><i>Wallace</i></a>. New York: World Publishing Co. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780307561053" title="Special:BookSources/9780307561053"><bdi>9780307561053</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1200799828">1200799828</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Wallace&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=World+Publishing+Co.&rft.date=1968&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1200799828&rft.isbn=9780307561053&rft.aulast=Frady&rft.aufirst=Marshall&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fwallace00frad%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Wallace" class="Z3988"></span> (1996 Random House ed.).</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Kennedy, Peggy Wallace; H. Mark Kennedy (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ENzTvgEACAAJ"><i>The Broken Road: George Wallace and a Daughter's Journey to Reconciliation</i></a>. New York: Bloomsbury Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1635573657" title="Special:BookSources/978-1635573657"><bdi>978-1635573657</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1076505149">1076505149</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Broken+Road%3A+George+Wallace+and+a+Daughter%27s+Journey+to+Reconciliation&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Bloomsbury+Publishing&rft.date=2019&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1076505149&rft.isbn=978-1635573657&rft.aulast=Kennedy&rft.aufirst=Peggy+Wallace&rft.au=H.+Mark+Kennedy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DENzTvgEACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Wallace" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=George_Wallace&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-External_links plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-style ambox-external_links" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/40px-Edit-clear.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/60px-Edit-clear.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/80px-Edit-clear.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" 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class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/George_Wallace" class="extiw" title="q:George Wallace">Quotations</a> from Wikiquote</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/26px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="26" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/39px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/51px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Author:George_Corley_Wallace" class="extiw" title="s:Author:George Corley Wallace">Texts</a> from Wikisource</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/27px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/41px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/54px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1050" data-file-height="590" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q313776" class="extiw" title="d:Q313776">Data</a> from Wikidata</span></li></ul></div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.archives.state.al.us/govs_list/schooldoor.html">Governor Wallace's Schoolhouse Door speech</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20020806081029/http://www.archives.state.al.us/govs_list/schooldoor.html">Archived</a> August 6, 2002, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> archived at The University of Alabama</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.encyclopediaofalabama.org/face/Article.jsp?id=h-1676">George Wallace article</a> at the <i>Encyclopedia of Alabama</i></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100913220518/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/obituaries/7624706/George-Wallace.html">George Wallace</a> – <i>Daily Telegraph</i> obituary</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://docsouth.unc.edu/sohp/A-0024/menu.html">Oral History Interview with George Wallace</a> from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://docsouth.unc.edu/sohp/">Oral Histories of the American South</a></li> <li>Caught on Tape: The White House Reaction to the Shooting of Alabama Governor and Democratic Presidential Candidate George Wallace from History's News Network: <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://hnn.us/articles/45104.html">http://hnn.us/articles/45104.html</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/amex/wallace/"><i>George Wallace: Settin' the Woods on Fire</i></a>—<a href="/wiki/Public_Broadcasting_Service" class="mw-redirect" title="Public Broadcasting Service">PBS</a> <i><a href="/wiki/American_Experience" title="American Experience">American Experience</a></i> documentary, including complete transcript, teacher tools and links</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://digital.archives.alabama.gov/cdm/singleitem/collection/voices/id/2952/rec/5">1963 gubernatorial inauguration address</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.legacy.com/DecaturDaily/DeathNotices.asp?Page=Lifestory&PersonID=122382790">Cornelia Wallace's Obituary</a> on <i><a href="/wiki/Decatur_Daily" class="mw-redirect" title="Decatur Daily">Decatur Daily</a></i></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://politicalgraveyard.com/bio/wallace.html">Political Graveyard</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.c-span.org/person/?56987">Appearances</a> on <a href="/wiki/C-SPAN" title="C-SPAN">C-SPAN</a> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.c-span.org/video/?301279-1/george-wallace-presidential-contender">"George Wallace, Presidential Contender"</a> from <a href="/wiki/C-SPAN" title="C-SPAN">C-SPAN</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/The_Contenders" title="The Contenders">The Contenders</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://purl.lib.ua.edu/82843">Speech by George Wallace given on March 16, 1970.</a> Audio recording from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://purl.lib.ua.edu/18388">The University of Alabama's Emphasis Symposium on Contemporary Issues</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dmr.bsu.edu/cdm4/item_viewer.php?CISOROOT=/HistFilmVid&CISOPTR=9&CISOBOX=1&REC=7">Footage of campaign speech given by George Wallace</a> on May 1, 1964, at Ball State Teachers College in Muncie, Indiana</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ep.tc/georgewallace/">Alabama Needs "The Little Judge" – 1960/1961 Pro-Segregation Comic Book commissioned directly by George Wallace during his campaign for Governor of Alabama.</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.imdb.com/name/nm0908650/">George Wallace</a> at <a href="/wiki/IMDb_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="IMDb (identifier)">IMDb</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://topics.nytimes.com/top/reference/timestopics/people/w/george_c_wallace/index.html">George Wallace</a> collected news and commentary at <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i></li> <li>Meeting <a href="/wiki/Elvis_Presley" title="Elvis Presley">Elvis Presley</a> with his family backstage before Elvis's concert at the Garrett Coliseum in Montgomery, AL on March 6, 1974. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.elvis-collectors.com/candid-central/wallace74.html">http://www.elvis-collectors.com/candid-central/wallace74.html</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arcweb.archives.gov/arc/action/ExternalIdSearch?id=279204">Testimony from Hosea Williams, John Lewis, and Amelia Boynton et al. v. Honorable George C. Wallace, Governor of Alabama et al.</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged February 2019">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup> from the <a href="/wiki/National_Archives_and_Records_Administration" title="National Archives and Records Administration">National Archives and Records Administration</a></li></ul> <table class="wikitable succession-box noprint" style="margin:0.5em auto; font-size:small;clear:both;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #FFBF00;">Party political offices </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/John_Malcolm_Patterson" class="mw-redirect" title="John Malcolm Patterson">John Patterson</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democratic</a> nominee for <a href="/wiki/List_of_Governors_of_Alabama" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Governors of Alabama">Governor of Alabama</a> </b><br /><a href="/wiki/1962_Alabama_gubernatorial_election" title="1962 Alabama gubernatorial election">1962</a> </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Lurleen_Wallace" title="Lurleen Wallace">Lurleen Wallace</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b>New political party</b> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/American_Independent_Party" title="American Independent Party">American Independent</a> nominee for <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_United_States" title="President of the United States">President of the United States</a> </b><br /><a href="/wiki/1968_United_States_presidential_election" title="1968 United States presidential election">1968</a> </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/John_G._Schmitz" title="John G. Schmitz">John G. Schmitz</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Lurleen_Wallace" title="Lurleen Wallace">Lurleen Wallace</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democratic</a> nominee for <a href="/wiki/List_of_Governors_of_Alabama" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Governors of Alabama">Governor of Alabama</a> </b><br /><a href="/wiki/1970_Alabama_gubernatorial_election" title="1970 Alabama gubernatorial election">1970</a>, <a href="/wiki/1974_Alabama_gubernatorial_election" title="1974 Alabama gubernatorial election">1974</a> </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Fob_James" title="Fob James">Fob James</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Fob_James" title="Fob James">Fob James</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democratic</a> nominee for <a href="/wiki/List_of_Governors_of_Alabama" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Governors of Alabama">Governor of Alabama</a> </b><br /><a href="/wiki/1982_Alabama_gubernatorial_election" title="1982 Alabama gubernatorial election">1982</a> </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Bill_Baxley" title="Bill Baxley">Bill Baxley</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #ccccff;">Political offices </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/John_Malcolm_Patterson" class="mw-redirect" title="John Malcolm Patterson">John Patterson</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/List_of_Governors_of_Alabama" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Governors of Alabama">Governor of Alabama</a> </b><br />1963–1967 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Lurleen_Wallace" title="Lurleen Wallace">Lurleen Wallace</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Albert_Brewer" title="Albert Brewer">Albert Brewer</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/List_of_Governors_of_Alabama" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Governors of Alabama">Governor of Alabama</a> </b><br />1971–1979 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Fob_James" title="Fob James">Fob James</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Fob_James" title="Fob James">Fob James</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/List_of_Governors_of_Alabama" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Governors of Alabama">Governor of Alabama</a> </b><br />1983–1987 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/H._Guy_Hunt" title="H. Guy Hunt">H. Guy Hunt</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #FFF157;">Honorary titles </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Lurleen_Wallace" title="Lurleen Wallace">Lurleen Wallace</a></div><i><b>as First Lady of Alabama </b></i> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> First Gentleman of <a href="/wiki/Alabama" title="Alabama">Alabama</a> </b><br />1967–1968 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Martha_Farmer_Brewer" title="Martha Farmer Brewer">Martha Farmer Brewer</a></div><i><b>as First Lady of Alabama </b></i> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px 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.navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="George_Wallace" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:George_Wallace" title="Template:George Wallace"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:George_Wallace" title="Template talk:George Wallace"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:George_Wallace" title="Special:EditPage/Template:George Wallace"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="George_Wallace" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">George Wallace</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Family</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lurleen_Wallace" title="Lurleen Wallace">Lurleen Wallace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Wallace_Jr." title="George Wallace Jr.">George Wallace Jr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cornelia_Wallace" title="Cornelia Wallace">Cornelia Wallace</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Electoral_history_of_George_Wallace" title="Electoral history of George Wallace">Elections</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Gubernatorial</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1962_Alabama_gubernatorial_election" title="1962 Alabama gubernatorial election">1962</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1970_Alabama_gubernatorial_election" title="1970 Alabama gubernatorial election">1970</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1974_Alabama_gubernatorial_election" title="1974 Alabama gubernatorial election">1974</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1982_Alabama_gubernatorial_election" title="1982 Alabama gubernatorial election">1982</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Presidential</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1964_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1964 Democratic Party presidential primaries">1964 presidential campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Wallace_1968_presidential_campaign" title="George Wallace 1968 presidential campaign">1968 presidential campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1972_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1972 Democratic Party presidential primaries">1972 presidential campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1976_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1976 Democratic Party presidential primaries">1976 presidential campaign</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/George_Wallace%27s_1963_Inaugural_Address" title="George Wallace's 1963 Inaugural Address">1963 Inaugural Address</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stand_in_the_Schoolhouse_Door" title="Stand in the Schoolhouse Door">Stand in the Schoolhouse Door</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Foster_Auditorium" title="Foster Auditorium">Foster Auditorium</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Crisis:_Behind_a_Presidential_Commitment" title="Crisis: Behind a Presidential Commitment">Crisis: Behind a Presidential Commitment</a></i> (1963 documentary)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Independent_Party" title="American Independent Party">American Independent Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Bremer" title="Arthur Bremer">Arthur Bremer</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/An_Assassin%27s_Diary" title="An Assassin's Diary">An Assassin's Diary</a></i></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/George_Wallace_(film)" title="George Wallace (film)">George Wallace</a></i> (1997 film)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Wallace_Tunnel" title="George Wallace Tunnel">George Wallace Tunnel</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Governors_and_lieutenant_governors_of_Alabama" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Governors_of_Alabama" title="Template:Governors of Alabama"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Governors_of_Alabama" title="Template talk:Governors of Alabama"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Governors_of_Alabama" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Governors of Alabama"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Governors_and_lieutenant_governors_of_Alabama" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_governors_of_Alabama" title="List of governors of Alabama">Governors</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_lieutenant_governors_of_Alabama" class="mw-redirect" title="List of lieutenant governors of Alabama">lieutenant governors</a> of <a href="/wiki/Alabama" title="Alabama">Alabama</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Governors</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/William_Wyatt_Bibb" class="mw-redirect" title="William Wyatt Bibb">W. Bibb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Bibb" title="Thomas Bibb">T. Bibb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israel_Pickens" title="Israel Pickens">Pickens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Murphy_(Alabama_politician)" title="John Murphy (Alabama politician)">Murphy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabriel_Moore" title="Gabriel Moore">G. Moore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_B._Moore" title="Samuel B. Moore">S. Moore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Gayle_(Alabama_politician)" title="John Gayle (Alabama politician)">Gayle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clement_Comer_Clay" title="Clement Comer Clay">Clay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugh_McVay" title="Hugh McVay">McVay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_P._Bagby" title="Arthur P. Bagby">Bagby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Fitzpatrick" title="Benjamin Fitzpatrick">Fitzpatrick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joshua_L._Martin" title="Joshua L. Martin">Martin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reuben_Chapman" title="Reuben Chapman">Chapman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_W._Collier" title="Henry W. Collier">Collier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_A._Winston" title="John A. Winston">Winston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_B._Moore" title="Andrew B. Moore">A. Moore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Gill_Shorter" title="John Gill Shorter">Shorter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_H._Watts" title="Thomas H. Watts">Watts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lewis_E._Parsons" title="Lewis E. Parsons">Parsons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_M._Patton" title="Robert M. Patton">Patton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wager_Swayne" title="Wager Swayne">Swayne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Hugh_Smith" title="William Hugh Smith">Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_B._Lindsay" title="Robert B. Lindsay">Lindsay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_P._Lewis" title="David P. Lewis">Lewis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_S._Houston" title="George S. Houston">Houston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rufus_W._Cobb" title="Rufus W. Cobb">Cobb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_A._O%27Neal" title="Edward A. O'Neal">E. A. O'Neal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Seay" title="Thomas Seay">Seay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_G._Jones" title="Thomas G. Jones">T. Jones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_C._Oates" title="William C. Oates">Oates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_F._Johnston" title="Joseph F. Johnston">Johnston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_J._Samford" title="William J. Samford">Samford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_D._Jelks" title="William D. Jelks">Jelks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B._B._Comer" title="B. B. Comer">Comer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emmet_O%27Neal" title="Emmet O'Neal">E. O'Neal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Henderson_(Alabama_politician)" title="Charles Henderson (Alabama politician)">Henderson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Kilby" title="Thomas Kilby">Kilby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_W._Brandon" title="William W. Brandon">Brandon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bibb_Graves" title="Bibb Graves">Graves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_M._Miller" title="Benjamin M. Miller">Miller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bibb_Graves" title="Bibb Graves">Graves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_M._Dixon" title="Frank M. Dixon">Dixon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chauncey_Sparks" title="Chauncey Sparks">Sparks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jim_Folsom" title="Jim Folsom">Folsom Sr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gordon_Persons" title="Gordon Persons">Persons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jim_Folsom" title="Jim Folsom">Folsom Sr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_M._Patterson" title="John M. Patterson">Patterson</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">G. Wallace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lurleen_Wallace" title="Lurleen Wallace">L. Wallace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_Brewer" title="Albert Brewer">Brewer</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">G. Wallace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fob_James" title="Fob James">James</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">G. Wallace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H._Guy_Hunt" title="H. Guy Hunt">Hunt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jim_Folsom_Jr." title="Jim Folsom Jr.">Folsom Jr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fob_James" title="Fob James">James</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Don_Siegelman" title="Don Siegelman">Siegelman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bob_Riley" title="Bob Riley">Riley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_J._Bentley" title="Robert J. Bentley">Bentley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kay_Ivey" title="Kay Ivey">Ivey</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="2" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Coat_of_arms_of_the_State_of_Alabama.svg/100px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_State_of_Alabama.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Coat_of_arms_of_the_State_of_Alabama.svg/150px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_State_of_Alabama.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Coat_of_arms_of_the_State_of_Alabama.svg/200px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_State_of_Alabama.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1094" data-file-height="984" /></span></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lieutenant<br />governors</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_J._Applegate" title="Andrew J. Applegate">Applegate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_H._Moren" title="Edward H. Moren">Moren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_McKinstry" title="Alexander McKinstry">McKinstry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_F._Ligon" title="Robert F. Ligon">Ligon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russell_McWhortor_Cunningham" title="Russell McWhortor Cunningham">Cunningham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_B._Gray" title="Henry B. Gray">Gray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_D._Seed_Sr." title="Walter D. Seed Sr.">Seed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Kilby" title="Thomas Kilby">Kilby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nathan_Lee_Miller" title="Nathan Lee Miller">Miller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_S._McDowell" title="Charles S. McDowell">McDowell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_C._Davis_(American_politician)" title="William C. Davis (American politician)">Davis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Davis_Merrill" title="Hugh Davis Merrill">Merrill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_E._Knight" title="Thomas E. Knight">Knight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_A._Carmichael" title="Albert A. Carmichael">Carmichael</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leven_H._Ellis" title="Leven H. Ellis">Ellis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_C._Inzer" title="James C. Inzer">Inzer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Allen_(Alabama_politician)" title="James Allen (Alabama politician)">Allen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_G._Hardwick" title="William G. Hardwick">Hardwick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_Boutwell" title="Albert Boutwell">Boutwell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Allen_(Alabama_politician)" title="James Allen (Alabama politician)">Allen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_Brewer" title="Albert Brewer">Brewer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jere_Beasley" title="Jere Beasley">Beasley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_McMillan_(politician)" title="George McMillan (politician)">McMillan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bill_Baxley" title="Bill Baxley">B. Baxley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jim_Folsom_Jr." title="Jim Folsom Jr.">Folsom Jr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Don_Siegelman" title="Don Siegelman">Siegelman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steve_Windom" title="Steve Windom">Windom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucy_Baxley" title="Lucy Baxley">L. Baxley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jim_Folsom_Jr." title="Jim Folsom Jr.">Folsom Jr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kay_Ivey" title="Kay Ivey">Ivey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Will_Ainsworth" title="Will Ainsworth">Ainsworth</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="American_Independent_Party_presidential_nominees" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:AIPPresidentialNominees" title="Template:AIPPresidentialNominees"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:AIPPresidentialNominees" title="Template talk:AIPPresidentialNominees"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:AIPPresidentialNominees" title="Special:EditPage/Template:AIPPresidentialNominees"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="American_Independent_Party_presidential_nominees" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/American_Independent_Party" title="American Independent Party">American Independent Party</a> <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_United_States" title="President of the United States">presidential</a> nominees</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1968_United_States_presidential_election" title="1968 United States presidential election">1968</a>: <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Wallace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1972_United_States_presidential_election" title="1972 United States presidential election">1972</a>: <a href="/wiki/John_G._Schmitz" title="John G. Schmitz">Schmitz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1976_United_States_presidential_election" title="1976 United States presidential election">1976</a>: <a href="/wiki/Lester_Maddox" title="Lester Maddox">Maddox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1980_United_States_presidential_election" title="1980 United States presidential election">1980</a>: <a href="/wiki/John_Rarick" title="John Rarick">Rarick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1984_United_States_presidential_election" title="1984 United States presidential election">1984</a>: <a href="/wiki/Bob_Richards" title="Bob Richards">Richards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1988_United_States_presidential_election" title="1988 United States presidential election">1988</a>: <a href="/w/index.php?title=James_C._Griffin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="James C. Griffin (page does not exist)">Griffin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1992_United_States_presidential_election" title="1992 United States presidential election">1992</a>, <a href="/wiki/1996_United_States_presidential_election" title="1996 United States presidential election">1996</a>, <a href="/wiki/2000_United_States_presidential_election" title="2000 United States presidential election">2000</a>: <a href="/wiki/Howard_Phillips_(activist)" title="Howard Phillips (activist)">Phillips</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2004_United_States_presidential_election" title="2004 United States presidential election">2004</a>: <a href="/wiki/Michael_Peroutka" title="Michael Peroutka">Peroutka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2008_United_States_presidential_election" title="2008 United States presidential election">2008</a>: <a href="/wiki/Alan_Keyes" title="Alan Keyes">Keyes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2012_United_States_presidential_election" title="2012 United States presidential election">2012</a>: <a href="/wiki/Tom_Hoefling" title="Tom Hoefling">Hoefling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_United_States_presidential_election" title="2016 United States presidential election">2016</a>: <a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump" title="Donald Trump">Trump</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2020_United_States_presidential_election" title="2020 United States presidential election">2020</a>: <a href="/wiki/Rocky_De_La_Fuente" title="Rocky De La Fuente">De La Fuente</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2024_United_States_presidential_election" title="2024 United States presidential election">2024</a>: <a href="/wiki/Robert_F._Kennedy_Jr." title="Robert F. Kennedy Jr.">Kennedy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Historical_right-wing_third-party_U.S._presidential_tickets" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Historical_right-wing_third_party_presidential_tickets_(U.S.)" title="Template:Historical right-wing third party presidential tickets (U.S.)"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Historical_right-wing_third_party_presidential_tickets_(U.S.)" title="Template talk:Historical right-wing third party presidential tickets (U.S.)"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Historical_right-wing_third_party_presidential_tickets_(U.S.)" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Historical right-wing third party presidential tickets (U.S.)"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Historical_right-wing_third-party_U.S._presidential_tickets" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_the_United_States" title="Conservatism in the United States">Historical right-wing third-party U.S. presidential tickets</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Presidential tickets<br />that won at least<br />one percent of the<br />national popular vote</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Know_Nothing" title="Know Nothing">American Party</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Millard_Fillmore" title="Millard Fillmore">Millard Fillmore</a>/<a href="/wiki/Andrew_Jackson_Donelson" title="Andrew Jackson Donelson">Andrew Jackson Donelson</a> (<a href="/wiki/1856_United_States_presidential_election" title="1856 United States presidential election">1856</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Constitutional_Union_Party_(United_States)" title="Constitutional Union Party (United States)">Constitutional Union Party</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_Bell_(Tennessee_politician)" title="John Bell (Tennessee politician)">John Bell</a>/<a href="/wiki/Edward_Everett" title="Edward Everett">Edward Everett</a> (<a href="/wiki/1860_United_States_presidential_election" title="1860 United States presidential election">1860</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/National_Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="National Democratic Party (United States)">National Democratic Party</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_M._Palmer_(politician)" class="mw-redirect" title="John M. Palmer (politician)">John M. Palmer</a>/<a href="/wiki/Simon_Bolivar_Buckner" title="Simon Bolivar Buckner">Simon Bolivar Buckner</a> (<a href="/wiki/1896_United_States_presidential_election" title="1896 United States presidential election">1896</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Union_Party_(United_States)" title="Union Party (United States)">Union</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/William_Lemke" title="William Lemke">William Lemke</a>/<a href="/wiki/Thomas_C._O%27Brien" title="Thomas C. O'Brien">Thomas C. O'Brien</a> (<a href="/wiki/1936_United_States_presidential_election" title="1936 United States presidential election">1936</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Dixiecrat" title="Dixiecrat">States' Rights Democratic Party</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Strom_Thurmond" title="Strom Thurmond">Strom Thurmond</a>/<a href="/wiki/Fielding_L._Wright" title="Fielding L. Wright">Fielding L. Wright</a> (<a href="/wiki/1948_United_States_presidential_election" title="1948 United States presidential election">1948</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/American_Independent_Party" title="American Independent Party">American Independent Party</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">George Wallace</a>/<a href="/wiki/Curtis_LeMay" title="Curtis LeMay">Curtis LeMay</a> (<a href="/wiki/1968_United_States_presidential_election" title="1968 United States presidential election">1968</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_G._Schmitz" title="John G. Schmitz">John G. Schmitz</a>/<a href="/wiki/Thomas_J._Anderson_(author)" title="Thomas J. Anderson (author)">Thomas J. Anderson</a> (<a href="/wiki/1972_United_States_presidential_election" title="1972 United States presidential election">1972</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lester_Maddox" title="Lester Maddox">Lester Maddox</a>/<a href="/wiki/William_Dyke" title="William Dyke">William Dyke</a> (<a href="/wiki/1976_United_States_presidential_election" title="1976 United States presidential election">1976</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Rarick" title="John Rarick">John Rarick</a>/Eileen Shearer (<a href="/wiki/1980_United_States_presidential_election" title="1980 United States presidential election">1980</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Populist_Party_(United_States,_1984)" title="Populist Party (United States, 1984)">Populist Party</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bob_Richards" title="Bob Richards">Bob Richards</a>/<a href="/wiki/Maureen_Salaman" class="mw-redirect" title="Maureen Salaman">Maureen Salaman</a> (<a href="/wiki/1984_United_States_presidential_election" title="1984 United States presidential election">1984</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Duke" title="David Duke">David Duke</a>/<a href="/wiki/Floyd_Parker" class="mw-redirect" title="Floyd Parker">Floyd Parker</a> (<a href="/wiki/1988_United_States_presidential_election" title="1988 United States presidential election">1988</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bo_Gritz" title="Bo Gritz">Bo Gritz</a>/Cyril Minnett (<a href="/wiki/1992_United_States_presidential_election" title="1992 United States presidential election">1992</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other notable<br />right-wing parties</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Straight-Out_Democratic_Party" title="Straight-Out Democratic Party">Straight-Out Democratic Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Texas_Regulars" title="Texas Regulars">Texas Regulars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unpledged_elector" title="Unpledged elector">Unpledged electors</a> movement</li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_States%27_Rights_Party" title="National States' Rights Party">National States' Rights Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Party_(1969)" title="American Party (1969)">American Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Populist_Party_(United_States,_1984)" title="Populist Party (United States, 1984)">Populist Party</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_third-party_and_independent_performances_in_United_States_presidential_elections" title="List of third-party and independent performances in United States presidential elections">List of third-party and independent performances in United States presidential elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_conservatism_in_the_United_States" title="History of conservatism in the United States">History of conservatism in the United States</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="(←_1960)_1964_United_States_presidential_election_(→_1968)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:1964_United_States_presidential_election" title="Template:1964 United States presidential election"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:1964_United_States_presidential_election" title="Template talk:1964 United States presidential election"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:1964_United_States_presidential_election" title="Special:EditPage/Template:1964 United States presidential election"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="(←_1960)_1964_United_States_presidential_election_(→_1968)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">(<a href="/wiki/1960_United_States_presidential_election" title="1960 United States presidential election">← 1960</a>) <a href="/wiki/1964_United_States_presidential_election" title="1964 United States presidential election">1964 United States presidential election</a> (<a href="/wiki/1968_United_States_presidential_election" title="1968 United States presidential election">→ 1968</a>)</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:right;;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #3333FF;"><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democratic Party</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1964_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1964 Democratic National Convention">Convention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1964_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1964 Democratic Party presidential primaries">Primaries</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Candidates</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b>Incumbent nominee: <a href="/wiki/Lyndon_B._Johnson" title="Lyndon B. Johnson">Lyndon B. Johnson</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lyndon_B._Johnson_1964_presidential_campaign" title="Lyndon B. Johnson 1964 presidential campaign">campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daisy_(advertisement)" title="Daisy (advertisement)">Daisy</a></li></ul></li> <li><b>Incumbent VP nominee: <a href="/wiki/Hubert_Humphrey" title="Hubert Humphrey">Hubert Humphrey</a></b></li></ul> <ul><li><b>Other candidates:</b> <a href="/wiki/Daniel_Brewster" title="Daniel Brewster">Daniel Brewster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pat_Brown" title="Pat Brown">Pat Brown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_F._Kennedy" title="Robert F. Kennedy">Robert F. Kennedy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_S._Porter" title="Albert S. Porter">Albert S. Porter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jennings_Randolph" title="Jennings Randolph">Jennings Randolph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_W._Reynolds_Jr." title="John W. Reynolds Jr.">John W. Reynolds Jr.</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">George Wallace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthew_E._Welsh" title="Matthew E. Welsh">Matthew E. Welsh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sam_Yorty" title="Sam Yorty">Sam Yorty</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:right;;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #E81B23;"><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republican Party</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1964_Republican_National_Convention" title="1964 Republican National Convention">Convention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1964_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1964 Republican Party presidential primaries">Primaries</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Candidates</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b>Nominee: <a href="/wiki/Barry_Goldwater" title="Barry Goldwater">Barry Goldwater</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Barry_Goldwater_1964_presidential_campaign" title="Barry Goldwater 1964 presidential campaign">campaign</a></li></ul></li> <li><b>VP nominee: <a href="/wiki/William_E._Miller" title="William E. Miller">William E. Miller</a></b></li></ul> <ul><li><b>Other candidates:</b> <a href="/wiki/Hiram_Fong" title="Hiram Fong">Hiram Fong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Judd_(politician)" title="Walter Judd (politician)">Walter Judd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Cabot_Lodge_Jr." title="Henry Cabot Lodge Jr.">Henry Cabot Lodge Jr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jim_Rhodes" title="Jim Rhodes">Jim Rhodes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nelson_Rockefeller" title="Nelson Rockefeller">Nelson Rockefeller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Scranton" title="William Scranton">William Scranton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margaret_Chase_Smith" title="Margaret Chase Smith">Margaret Chase Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harold_Stassen" title="Harold Stassen">Harold Stassen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Third-party_and_independent_candidates" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Third_party_(U.S._politics)" title="Third party (U.S. politics)">Third-party</a> and <a href="/wiki/Independent_politician" title="Independent politician">independent</a> candidates</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #F8F9FA;">American Vegetarian Party</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b>Nominee: <a href="/wiki/Symon_Gould" title="Symon Gould">Symon Gould</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #F5BCA9;"><a href="/wiki/National_States%27_Rights_Party" title="National States' Rights Party">National States' Rights Party</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b>Nominee: <a href="/wiki/John_Kasper" title="John Kasper">John Kasper</a></b></li> <li><b>VP nominee: <a href="/wiki/J._B._Stoner" title="J. B. Stoner">J. B. Stoner</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #FF00FF;"><a href="/wiki/Prohibition_Party" title="Prohibition Party">Prohibition Party</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b>Nominee: <a href="/wiki/E._Harold_Munn" title="E. Harold Munn">E. Harold Munn</a></b></li> <li><b>VP nominee: <a href="/wiki/Mark_R._Shaw" class="mw-redirect" title="Mark R. Shaw">Mark R. Shaw </a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #DD051D;"><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Labor_Party_of_America" title="Socialist Labor Party of America">Socialist Labor Party</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b>Nominee: <a href="/wiki/Eric_Hass" title="Eric Hass">Eric Hass </a></b></li> <li><b>VP nominee: <a href="/wiki/Henning_A._Blomen" title="Henning A. Blomen">Henning A. Blomen</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #AA0000;"><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Workers_Party_(United_States)" title="Socialist Workers Party (United States)">Socialist Workers Party</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b>Nominee: <a href="/wiki/Clifton_DeBerry" title="Clifton DeBerry">Clifton DeBerry</a></b></li> <li><b>VP nominee: <a href="/wiki/Ed_Shaw_(activist)" title="Ed Shaw (activist)">Ed Shaw</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #DDDDBB;"><a href="/wiki/Independent_politician" title="Independent politician">Independents</a> and other candidates</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/George_Lincoln_Rockwell" title="George Lincoln Rockwell">George Lincoln Rockwell</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><b>Other 1964 elections</b>: <a href="/wiki/1964_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections" title="1964 United States House of Representatives elections">House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1964_United_States_Senate_elections" title="1964 United States Senate elections">Senate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1964_United_States_gubernatorial_elections" title="1964 United States gubernatorial elections">Gubernatorial</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="(←_1964)_1968_United_States_presidential_election_(1972_→)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:1968_United_States_presidential_election" title="Template:1968 United States presidential election"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:1968_United_States_presidential_election" title="Template talk:1968 United States presidential election"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:1968_United_States_presidential_election" title="Special:EditPage/Template:1968 United States presidential election"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="(←_1964)_1968_United_States_presidential_election_(1972_→)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">(<a href="/wiki/1964_United_States_presidential_election" title="1964 United States presidential election">← 1964</a>) <a href="/wiki/1968_United_States_presidential_election" title="1968 United States presidential election">1968 United States presidential election</a> (<a href="/wiki/1972_United_States_presidential_election" title="1972 United States presidential election">1972 →</a>)</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: right;;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #E81B23;"><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republican Party</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1968_Republican_National_Convention" title="1968 Republican National Convention">Convention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1968_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1968 Republican Party presidential primaries">Primaries</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Candidates</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b>Nominee: <a href="/wiki/Richard_Nixon" title="Richard Nixon">Richard Nixon</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Nixon_1968_presidential_campaign" title="Richard Nixon 1968 presidential campaign">campaign</a></li></ul></li> <li><b>VP nominee: <a href="/wiki/Spiro_Agnew" title="Spiro Agnew">Spiro Agnew</a></b></li></ul> <ul><li><b>Other candidates:</b> <a href="/wiki/Frank_Carlson" title="Frank Carlson">Frank Carlson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clifford_P._Case" title="Clifford P. Case">Clifford P. Case</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hiram_Fong" title="Hiram Fong">Hiram Fong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Lindsay" title="John Lindsay">John Lindsay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ronald_Reagan" title="Ronald Reagan">Ronald Reagan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jim_Rhodes" title="Jim Rhodes">Jim Rhodes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nelson_Rockefeller" title="Nelson Rockefeller">Nelson Rockefeller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winthrop_Rockefeller" title="Winthrop Rockefeller">Winthrop Rockefeller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_W._Romney" title="George W. Romney">George W. Romney</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/George_Romney_1968_presidential_campaign" title="George Romney 1968 presidential campaign">campaign</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harold_Stassen" title="Harold Stassen">Harold Stassen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_A._Volpe" title="John A. Volpe">John A. Volpe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: right;;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #3333FF;"><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democratic Party</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1968_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1968 Democratic National Convention">Convention</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1968_Democratic_National_Convention_protests" title="1968 Democratic National Convention protests">protests</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1968_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1968 Democratic Party presidential primaries">Primaries</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Candidates</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b>Nominee: <a href="/wiki/Hubert_Humphrey" title="Hubert Humphrey">Hubert Humphrey</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hubert_Humphrey_1968_presidential_campaign" title="Hubert Humphrey 1968 presidential campaign">campaign</a></li></ul></li> <li><b>VP nominee: <a href="/wiki/Edmund_Muskie" title="Edmund Muskie">Edmund Muskie</a></b></li></ul> <ul><li><b>Other candidates:</b> <a href="/wiki/Roger_D._Branigin" title="Roger D. Branigin">Roger D. Branigin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_G._Crommelin" title="John G. Crommelin">John G. Crommelin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_C._Fisher" title="Paul C. Fisher">Paul C. Fisher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lyndon_B._Johnson" title="Lyndon B. Johnson">Lyndon B. Johnson</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Withdrawal_of_Lyndon_B._Johnson_from_the_1968_United_States_presidential_election" title="Withdrawal of Lyndon B. Johnson from the 1968 United States presidential election">withdrawal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_F._Kennedy" title="Robert F. Kennedy">Robert F. Kennedy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Robert_F._Kennedy_1968_presidential_campaign" title="Robert F. Kennedy 1968 presidential campaign">campaign</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_C._Lynch" title="Thomas C. Lynch">Thomas C. Lynch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eugene_McCarthy" title="Eugene McCarthy">Eugene McCarthy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eugene_McCarthy_1968_presidential_campaign" title="Eugene McCarthy 1968 presidential campaign">campaign</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_McGovern" title="George McGovern">George McGovern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dan_K._Moore" title="Dan K. Moore">Dan K. Moore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Channing_E._Phillips" title="Channing E. Phillips">Channing E. Phillips</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Smathers" title="George Smathers">George Smathers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_M._Young" title="Stephen M. Young">Stephen M. Young</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: right;;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #800080;"><a href="/wiki/American_Independent_Party" title="American Independent Party">American Independent Party</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Candidates" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Candidates</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b>Nominee: <a class="mw-selflink selflink">George Wallace</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/George_Wallace_1968_presidential_campaign" title="George Wallace 1968 presidential campaign">campaign</a></li></ul></li> <li><b>VP nominee: <a href="/wiki/Curtis_LeMay" title="Curtis LeMay">Curtis LeMay</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Other_third_party_and_independent_candidates" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Other <a href="/wiki/Third_party_(U.S._politics)" title="Third party (U.S. politics)">third party</a> and <a href="/wiki/Independent_politician" title="Independent politician">independent</a> <a href="/wiki/United_States_third_party_and_independent_presidential_candidates,_1968" class="mw-redirect" title="United States third party and independent presidential candidates, 1968">candidates</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #D50000;"><a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_USA" title="Communist Party USA">Communist Party</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b>Nominee: <a href="/wiki/Charlene_Mitchell" title="Charlene Mitchell">Charlene Mitchell</a></b></li> <li><b>VP nominee: <a href="/wiki/Michael_Zagarell" class="mw-redirect" title="Michael Zagarell">Michael Zagarell</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #00FF00;"><a href="/wiki/Peace_and_Freedom_Party" title="Peace and Freedom Party">Peace and Freedom Party</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b>Nominee: <a href="/wiki/Eldridge_Cleaver" title="Eldridge Cleaver">Eldridge Cleaver</a></b></li> <li><b>VP nominee: <a href="/wiki/Douglas_Fitzgerald_Dowd" title="Douglas Fitzgerald Dowd">Douglas Fitzgerald Dowd</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #FF00FF;"><a href="/wiki/Prohibition_Party" title="Prohibition Party">Prohibition Party</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b>Nominee: <a href="/wiki/E._Harold_Munn" title="E. Harold Munn">E. Harold Munn</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #DD051D;"><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Labor_Party_of_America" title="Socialist Labor Party of America">Socialist Labor Party</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b>Nominee: <a href="/wiki/Henning_A._Blomen" title="Henning A. Blomen">Henning A. Blomen</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #AA0000;"><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Workers_Party_(United_States)" title="Socialist Workers Party (United States)">Socialist Workers Party</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b>Nominee: <a href="/wiki/Fred_Halstead" title="Fred Halstead">Fred Halstead</a></b></li> <li><b>VP nominee: <a href="/wiki/Paul_Boutelle" title="Paul Boutelle">Paul Boutelle</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #DDDDBB;"><a href="/wiki/Independent_politician" title="Independent politician">Independents</a> and other candidates</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Dick_Gregory" title="Dick Gregory">Dick Gregory</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Pat_Paulsen" title="Pat Paulsen">Pat Paulsen</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Pigasus_(politics)" title="Pigasus (politics)">Pigasus</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><b>Other 1968 elections</b>: <a href="/wiki/1968_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections" title="1968 United States House of Representatives elections">House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1968_United_States_Senate_elections" title="1968 United States Senate elections">Senate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1968_United_States_gubernatorial_elections" title="1968 United States gubernatorial elections">Gubernatorial</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="(←_1968)_1972_United_States_presidential_election_(1976_→)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:1972_United_States_presidential_election" title="Template:1972 United States presidential election"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:1972_United_States_presidential_election" title="Template talk:1972 United States presidential election"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:1972_United_States_presidential_election" title="Special:EditPage/Template:1972 United States presidential election"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="(←_1968)_1972_United_States_presidential_election_(1976_→)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">(<a href="/wiki/1968_United_States_presidential_election" title="1968 United States presidential election">← 1968</a>) <a href="/wiki/1972_United_States_presidential_election" title="1972 United States presidential election">1972 United States presidential election</a> (<a href="/wiki/1976_United_States_presidential_election" title="1976 United States presidential election">1976 →</a>)</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:right;;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #E81B23;"><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republican Party</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1972_Republican_National_Convention" title="1972 Republican National Convention">Convention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1972_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1972 Republican Party presidential primaries">Primaries</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Candidates</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b>Incumbent nominee: <a href="/wiki/Richard_Nixon" title="Richard Nixon">Richard Nixon</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Nixon_1972_presidential_campaign" title="Richard Nixon 1972 presidential campaign">campaign</a></li></ul></li> <li><b>Incumbent VP nominee: <a href="/wiki/Spiro_Agnew" title="Spiro Agnew">Spiro Agnew</a></b></li></ul> <ul><li><b>Other candidates:</b> <a href="/wiki/John_M._Ashbrook" title="John M. Ashbrook">John M. Ashbrook</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pete_McCloskey" title="Pete McCloskey">Pete McCloskey</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:right;;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #3333FF;"><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democratic Party</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1972_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1972 Democratic National Convention">Convention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1972_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1972 Democratic Party presidential primaries">Primaries</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Candidates</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b>Nominee: <a href="/wiki/George_McGovern" title="George McGovern">George McGovern</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/George_McGovern_1972_presidential_campaign" title="George McGovern 1972 presidential campaign">campaign</a></li></ul></li> <li><b>VP nominee: <a href="/wiki/Sargent_Shriver" title="Sargent Shriver">Sargent Shriver</a></b> <ul><li>replacing <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Eagleton" title="Thomas Eagleton">Thomas Eagleton</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><b>Other candidates:</b> <a href="/wiki/Shirley_Chisholm" title="Shirley Chisholm">Shirley Chisholm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Fauntroy" title="Walter Fauntroy">Walter Fauntroy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fred_R._Harris" title="Fred R. Harris">Fred R. Harris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vance_Hartke" title="Vance Hartke">Vance Hartke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wayne_Hays" title="Wayne Hays">Wayne Hays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hubert_Humphrey" title="Hubert Humphrey">Hubert Humphrey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_M._Jackson" title="Henry M. Jackson">Henry M. Jackson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Lindsay" title="John Lindsay">John Lindsay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eugene_McCarthy" title="Eugene McCarthy">Eugene McCarthy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilbur_Mills" title="Wilbur Mills">Wilbur Mills</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patsy_Mink" title="Patsy Mink">Patsy Mink</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edmund_Muskie" title="Edmund Muskie">Edmund Muskie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terry_Sanford" title="Terry Sanford">Terry Sanford</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">George Wallace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sam_Yorty" title="Sam Yorty">Sam Yorty</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Third-party_and_independent_candidates" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Third_party_(U.S._politics)" title="Third party (U.S. politics)">Third-party</a> and <a href="/wiki/Independent_politician" title="Independent politician">independent</a> <a href="/wiki/United_States_third_party_and_independent_presidential_candidates,_1972" class="mw-redirect" title="United States third party and independent presidential candidates, 1972">candidates</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #800080;"><a href="/wiki/American_Independent_Party" title="American Independent Party">American Independent Party</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b>Nominee: <a href="/wiki/John_G._Schmitz" title="John G. Schmitz">John G. Schmitz </a></b></li> <li><b>VP nominee: <a href="/wiki/Thomas_J._Anderson_(author)" title="Thomas J. Anderson (author)">Thomas J. Anderson</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #D50000;"><a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_USA" title="Communist Party USA">Communist Party</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b>Nominee: <a href="/wiki/Gus_Hall" title="Gus Hall">Gus Hall</a></b></li> <li><b>VP nominee: <a href="/wiki/Jarvis_Tyner" title="Jarvis Tyner">Jarvis Tyner</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #FED105;"><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_Party_(United_States)" title="Libertarian Party (United States)">Libertarian Party</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b>Nominee: <a href="/wiki/John_Hospers" title="John Hospers">John Hospers</a></b></li> <li><b>VP nominee: <a href="/wiki/Tonie_Nathan" title="Tonie Nathan">Tonie Nathan</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 red;"><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Party_(United_States,_1971)" title="People's Party (United States, 1971)">People's Party</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b>Nominee: <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Spock" title="Benjamin Spock">Benjamin Spock</a></b></li> <li><b>VP nominee: <a href="/wiki/Julius_Hobson" title="Julius Hobson">Julius Hobson </a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #FF00FF;"><a href="/wiki/Prohibition_Party" title="Prohibition Party">Prohibition Party</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b>Nominee: <a href="/wiki/E._Harold_Munn" title="E. Harold Munn">E. Harold Munn</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #DD051D;"><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Labor_Party_of_America" title="Socialist Labor Party of America">Socialist Labor Party</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b>Nominee: <a href="/wiki/Louis_Fisher" title="Louis Fisher">Louis Fisher</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #AA0000;"><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Workers_Party_(United_States)" title="Socialist Workers Party (United States)">Socialist Workers Party</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b>Nominee: <a href="/wiki/Linda_Jenness" title="Linda Jenness">Linda Jenness</a></b> <ul><li>Alternate nominee: <a href="/wiki/Evelyn_Reed" title="Evelyn Reed">Evelyn Reed</a></li></ul></li> <li><b>VP nominee: <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Pulley" title="Andrew Pulley">Andrew Pulley</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #DDDDBB;"><a href="/wiki/Independent_politician" title="Independent politician">Independent</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b>Candidates: <a href="/wiki/Gabriel_Green_(ufologist)" title="Gabriel Green (ufologist)">Gabriel Green</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><b>Other 1972 elections</b>: <a href="/wiki/1972_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections" title="1972 United States House of Representatives elections">House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1972_United_States_Senate_elections" title="1972 United States Senate elections">Senate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1972_United_States_gubernatorial_elections" title="1972 United States gubernatorial elections">Gubernatorial</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="(←_1972)_1976_United_States_presidential_election_(1980_→)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:1976_United_States_presidential_election" title="Template:1976 United States presidential election"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:1976_United_States_presidential_election" title="Template talk:1976 United States presidential election"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:1976_United_States_presidential_election" title="Special:EditPage/Template:1976 United States presidential election"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="(←_1972)_1976_United_States_presidential_election_(1980_→)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">(<a href="/wiki/1972_United_States_presidential_election" title="1972 United States presidential election">← 1972</a>) <a href="/wiki/1976_United_States_presidential_election" title="1976 United States presidential election">1976 United States presidential election</a> (<a href="/wiki/1980_United_States_presidential_election" title="1980 United States presidential election">1980 →</a>)</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:right;;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #3333FF;"><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democratic Party</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1976_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1976 Democratic National Convention">Convention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1976_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1976 Democratic Party presidential primaries">Primaries</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Candidates</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b>Nominee: <a href="/wiki/Jimmy_Carter" title="Jimmy Carter">Jimmy Carter</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jimmy_Carter_1976_presidential_campaign" title="Jimmy Carter 1976 presidential campaign">campaign</a></li></ul></li> <li><b>VP nominee: <a href="/wiki/Walter_Mondale" title="Walter Mondale">Walter Mondale</a></b></li></ul> <ul><li><b>Other candidates:</b> <a href="/wiki/Birch_Bayh" title="Birch Bayh">Birch Bayh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lloyd_Bentsen" title="Lloyd Bentsen">Lloyd Bentsen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jerry_Brown" title="Jerry Brown">Jerry Brown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Byrd" title="Robert Byrd">Robert Byrd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Carey" title="Hugh Carey">Hugh Carey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_Church" title="Frank Church">Frank Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fred_R._Harris" title="Fred R. Harris">Fred R. Harris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hubert_Humphrey" title="Hubert Humphrey">Hubert Humphrey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_M._Jackson" title="Henry M. Jackson">Henry M. Jackson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leon_Jaworski" title="Leon Jaworski">Leon Jaworski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbara_Jordan" title="Barbara Jordan">Barbara Jordan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eugene_McCarthy" title="Eugene McCarthy">Eugene McCarthy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ellen_McCormack" title="Ellen McCormack">Ellen McCormack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Mondale" title="Walter Mondale">Walter Mondale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jennings_Randolph" title="Jennings Randolph">Jennings Randolph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terry_Sanford" title="Terry Sanford">Terry Sanford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milton_Shapp" title="Milton Shapp">Milton Shapp</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Milton_Shapp_1976_presidential_campaign" title="Milton Shapp 1976 presidential campaign">campaign</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sargent_Shriver" title="Sargent Shriver">Sargent Shriver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adlai_Stevenson_III" title="Adlai Stevenson III">Adlai Stevenson III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mo_Udall" title="Mo Udall">Mo Udall</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">George Wallace</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:right;;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #E81B23;"><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republican Party</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1976_Republican_National_Convention" title="1976 Republican National Convention">Convention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1976_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1976 Republican Party presidential primaries">Primaries</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Candidates</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b>Incumbent nominee: <a href="/wiki/Gerald_Ford" title="Gerald Ford">Gerald Ford</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gerald_Ford_1976_presidential_campaign" title="Gerald Ford 1976 presidential campaign">campaign</a></li></ul></li> <li><b>VP nominee: <a href="/wiki/Bob_Dole" title="Bob Dole">Bob Dole</a></b></li></ul> <ul><li><b>Other candidates:</b> <a href="/wiki/James_L._Buckley" title="James L. Buckley">James L. Buckley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ronald_Reagan" title="Ronald Reagan">Ronald Reagan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ronald_Reagan_1976_presidential_campaign" title="Ronald Reagan 1976 presidential campaign">campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_positions_of_Ronald_Reagan" title="Political positions of Ronald Reagan">positions</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harold_Stassen" title="Harold Stassen">Harold Stassen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Third-party_and_independent_candidates" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Third_party_(U.S._politics)" title="Third party (U.S. politics)">Third-party</a> and <a href="/wiki/Independent_politician" title="Independent politician">independent</a> <a href="/wiki/United_States_third_party_and_independent_presidential_candidates,_1976" class="mw-redirect" title="United States third party and independent presidential candidates, 1976">candidates</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #CC66FF;"><a href="/wiki/American_Party_(1969)" title="American Party (1969)">American Party</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b>Nominee: <a href="/wiki/Thomas_J._Anderson_(author)" title="Thomas J. Anderson (author)">Thomas J. Anderson</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #800080;"><a href="/wiki/American_Independent_Party" title="American Independent Party">American Independent Party</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b>Nominee: <a href="/wiki/Lester_Maddox" title="Lester Maddox">Lester Maddox</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #D50000;"><a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_USA" title="Communist Party USA">Communist Party</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b>Nominee: <a href="/wiki/Gus_Hall" title="Gus Hall">Gus Hall</a></b></li> <li><b>VP nominee: <a href="/wiki/Jarvis_Tyner" title="Jarvis Tyner">Jarvis Tyner</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #FED105;"><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_Party_(United_States)" title="Libertarian Party (United States)">Libertarian Party</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b>Nominee: <a href="/wiki/Roger_MacBride" title="Roger MacBride">Roger MacBride</a></b></li> <li><b>VP nominee: <a href="/wiki/David_Bergland" title="David Bergland">David Bergland</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 red;"><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Party_(United_States,_1971)" title="People's Party (United States, 1971)">People's Party</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b>Nominee: <a href="/wiki/Margaret_Wright_(American_politician)" title="Margaret Wright (American politician)">Margaret Wright</a></b></li> <li><b>VP nominee: <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Spock" title="Benjamin Spock">Benjamin Spock</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #FF00FF;"><a href="/wiki/Prohibition_Party" title="Prohibition Party">Prohibition Party</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b>Nominee: <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Bubar_Jr." title="Benjamin Bubar Jr.">Ben Bubar</a></b></li> <li><b>VP nominee: <a href="/wiki/Earl_Dodge" title="Earl Dodge">Earl Dodge</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #AA0000;"><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Workers_Party_(United_States)" title="Socialist Workers Party (United States)">Socialist Workers Party</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b>Nominee: <a href="/wiki/Peter_Camejo" title="Peter Camejo">Peter Camejo</a></b></li> <li><b>VP nominee: <a href="/wiki/Willie_Mae_Reid" title="Willie Mae Reid">Willie Mae Reid</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #800000;"><a href="/wiki/U.S._Labor_Party" title="U.S. Labor Party">U.S. Labor Party</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b>Nominee: <a href="/wiki/Lyndon_LaRouche" title="Lyndon LaRouche">Lyndon LaRouche</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><b>Other 1976 elections</b>: <a href="/wiki/1976_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections" title="1976 United States House of Representatives elections">House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1976_United_States_Senate_elections" title="1976 United States Senate elections">Senate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1976_United_States_gubernatorial_elections" title="1976 United States gubernatorial elections">Gubernatorial</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q313776#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q313776#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q313776#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, 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style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/118806017">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n82048664">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb123781447">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb123781447">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p068700652">Netherlands</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810691147705606">Poland</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007569891505171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/pnd118806017.html?language=en">Deutsche Biographie</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-digitale-bibliothek.de/person/gnd/118806017">DDB</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/03282758X">IdRef</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalog.archives.gov/id/10569453">NARA</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w66n3x84">SNAC</a></span><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w6736qx3">2</a></span></li></ul></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=George_Wallace&oldid=1259647629">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=George_Wallace&oldid=1259647629</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" 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