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<span>Collection</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Collection-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Collection subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Collection-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Inheritance_works" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Inheritance_works"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Inheritance works</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Inheritance_works-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Related_works" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Related_works"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Related works</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Related_works-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Modern_attempts_at_creating_the_official_Qing_history" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Modern_attempts_at_creating_the_official_Qing_history"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Modern attempts at creating the official Qing history</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Modern_attempts_at_creating_the_official_Qing_history-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Modern_editions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Modern_editions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Modern editions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Modern_editions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Translations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Translations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Translations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Translations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Citations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" 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Available in 31 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-31" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">31 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C4%AB-si%CC%8Dp-s%C3%B9-s%C3%BA" title="Jī-si̍p-sù-sú – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Jī-si̍p-sù-sú" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vint-i-quatre_hist%C3%B2ries" title="Vint-i-quatre històries – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Vint-i-quatre històries" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/24_Dynastiegeschichten" title="24 Dynastiegeschichten – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="24 Dynastiegeschichten" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veinticuatro_Historias" title="Veinticuatro Historias – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Veinticuatro Historias" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%DB%8C%D8%B3%D8%AA_%D9%88_%DA%86%D9%87%D8%A7%D8%B1_%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%AE" title="بیست و چهار تاریخ – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="بیست و چهار تاریخ" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vingt-Quatre_histoires" title="Vingt-Quatre histoires – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Vingt-Quatre histoires" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9D%B4%EC%8B%AD%EC%82%AC%EC%82%AC" title="이십사사 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="이십사사" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dua_Puluh_Empat_Sejarah" title="Dua Puluh Empat Sejarah – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Dua Puluh Empat Sejarah" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ventiquattro_Storie" title="Ventiquattro Storie – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Ventiquattro Storie" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historiae_Sinarum_dynasticae" title="Historiae Sinarum dynasticae – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Historiae Sinarum dynasticae" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huszonn%C3%A9gy_t%C3%B6rt%C3%A9neti_m%C5%B1" title="Huszonnégy történeti mű – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Huszonnégy történeti mű" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vierentwintig_Geschiedenissen" title="Vierentwintig Geschiedenissen – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Vierentwintig Geschiedenissen" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%82_%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8" title="निप्यंगू इतिहास – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="निप्यंगू इतिहास" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाल भाषा</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BA%8C%E5%8D%81%E5%9B%9B%E5%8F%B2" title="二十四史 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="二十四史" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/De_24_historieverk" title="De 24 historieverk – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="De 24 historieverk" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dei_24_historieverka" title="Dei 24 historieverka – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Dei 24 historieverka" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dwadzie%C5%9Bcia_cztery_historie" title="Dwadzieścia cztery historie – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Dwadzieścia cztery historie" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zhengshi" title="Zhengshi – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Zhengshi" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B9%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B5_%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B8" title="Династийные истории – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Династийные истории" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%A0tiriindvajset_zgodovin" title="Štiriindvajset zgodovin – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Štiriindvajset zgodovin" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%DB%8C%D8%B3%D8%AA_%D9%88_%DA%86%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B1_%D9%85%DB%8E%DA%98%D9%88%D9%88" title="بیست و چوار مێژوو – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="بیست و چوار مێژوو" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/De_24_historieverken" title="De 24 historieverken – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="De 24 historieverken" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%B5%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B5%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%94" title="ตำราประวัติศาสตร์จีนยี่สิบสี่ชุด – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ตำราประวัติศาสตร์จีนยี่สิบสี่ชุด" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yirmi_D%C3%B6rt_Tarih" title="Yirmi Dört Tarih – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Yirmi Dört Tarih" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/24_%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%89%D8%AE" title="24 تارىخ – Uyghur" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="24 تارىخ" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="Uyghur" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-za mw-list-item"><a href="https://za.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ngeihcib_seiq_Sij" title="Ngeihcib seiq Sij – Zhuang" lang="za" hreflang="za" data-title="Ngeihcib seiq Sij" data-language-autonym="Vahcuengh" data-language-local-name="Zhuang" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vahcuengh</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nh%E1%BB%8B_th%E1%BA%ADp_t%E1%BB%A9_s%E1%BB%AD" title="Nhị thập tứ sử – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Nhị thập tứ sử" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%BB%BF%E5%9B%9B%E5%8F%B2" title="廿四史 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="廿四史" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>文言</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%BB%BF%E5%9B%9B%E5%8F%B2" title="廿四史 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="廿四史" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%BB%BF%E5%9B%9B%E5%8F%B2" title="廿四史 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="廿四史" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li 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class="infobox"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="color: #202122;background-color:#b0c4de"><i>Twenty-Four Histories</i></th></tr><tr style="display:none;"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Chinese_language" title="Chinese language">Chinese</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hani" style="font-size: 1rem;">二十四史</span></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox-subbox mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="display:inline-table; text-align: left;"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 100%; text-align: left;color: #202122; background-color: #f9ffbc;">Transcriptions</th></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #dcffc9;"><a href="/wiki/Standard_Chinese" title="Standard Chinese">Standard Mandarin</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Hanyu_Pinyin" class="mw-redirect" title="Hanyu Pinyin">Hanyu Pinyin</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="zh-Latn">Èrshísì shǐ</span></span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #dcffc9;"><a href="/wiki/Cantonese" title="Cantonese">Yue: Cantonese</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Jyutping" title="Jyutping">Jyutping</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Yue Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="yue-Latn">Ji6sap6sei3 Si2</span></span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #dcffc9;"><a href="/wiki/Southern_Min" title="Southern Min">Southern Min</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Hokkien" title="Hokkien">Hokkien</a> <a href="/wiki/Pe%CC%8Dh-%C5%8De-j%C4%AB" title="Pe̍h-ōe-jī">POJ</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Min Nan Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="nan-Latn">Jī-cha̍p-sì-sú (<a href="/wiki/Literary_and_colloquial_readings_of_Chinese_characters" class="mw-redirect" title="Literary and colloquial readings of Chinese characters">col.</a>)<br />Jī-si̍p-sù-sú (<a href="/wiki/Literary_and_colloquial_readings_of_Chinese_characters" class="mw-redirect" title="Literary and colloquial readings of Chinese characters">lit.</a>)</span></span></td></tr></tbody></table></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <i><b>Twenty-Four Histories</b></i>, also known as the <i><b>Orthodox Histories</b></i> (<span lang="zh">正史</span>; <i><span lang="zh-Latn">Zhèngshǐ</span></i>), are a collection of <a href="/wiki/Official_histories" class="mw-redirect" title="Official histories">official histories</a> detailing the <a href="/wiki/Dynasties_of_China" title="Dynasties of China">dynasties of China</a>, from the legendary <a href="/wiki/Three_Sovereigns_and_Five_Emperors" title="Three Sovereigns and Five Emperors">Three Sovereigns and Five Emperors</a> in the 4th millennium BC to the <a href="/wiki/Ming_dynasty" title="Ming dynasty">Ming dynasty</a> in the 17th century. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Han_dynasty" title="Han dynasty">Han dynasty</a> official <a href="/wiki/Sima_Qian" title="Sima Qian">Sima Qian</a> established many of the conventions of the genre, but the form was not fixed until much later. Starting with the <a href="/wiki/Tang_dynasty" title="Tang dynasty">Tang dynasty</a>, each dynasty established an official office to write the history of its predecessor using official court records, partly in order to establish its own link to the earliest times. As fixed and edited in the <a href="/wiki/Qing_dynasty" title="Qing dynasty">Qing dynasty</a>, the whole set contains 3,213 volumes and about 40 million words. It is considered one of the most important sources on <a href="/wiki/Chinese_history" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinese history">Chinese history</a> and culture.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The title <i>Twenty-Four Histories</i> dates from 1775, which was the 40th year in the reign of the <a href="/wiki/Qianlong_Emperor" title="Qianlong Emperor">Qianlong Emperor</a>. This was when the last volume, the <i><a href="/wiki/History_of_Ming" title="History of Ming">History of Ming</a></i>, was reworked and a complete set of the histories was produced. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Twenty-Four_Histories&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The idea of compiling a collection of Chinese official histories have existed as the Three Kingdoms era, when the <i><b>Three Histories</b></i> consisted of <i>Shiji</i>, <i>Book of Han</i>, and <i><a href="/wiki/Dongguan_Hanji" title="Dongguan Hanji">Dongguan Hanji</a></i>. <i>Book of the Later Han</i> would later gradually replace the <i>Dongguan Hanji</i>. After the <i>Records of the Three Kingdoms</i> appeared, it was soon tacked on to produce the <i><b>Early Four Historiographies</b></i> <span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">前四史</span></span>.<sup id="cite_ref-李君惠_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-李君惠-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>By the <a href="/wiki/Tang_dynasty" title="Tang dynasty">Tang dynasty</a>, the ten official histories starting from <i>Records of the Three Kingdoms</i> and ending with <i>Book of Sui</i> were collectively called the <i><b>Ten Histories</b></i>. Combined with the earlier three, they make the <i><b>Thirteen Histories</b></i>. Two Tang scholars have written works based on the <i>Thirteen Histories</i>: <i>Criticism of the Thirteen Histories</i> by <a href="/w/index.php?title=Wu_Wuling&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wu Wuling (page does not exist)">Wu Wuling</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%90%B3%E6%AD%A6%E9%99%B5" class="extiw" title="zh:吳武陵">zh</a>]</span> (20 volumes) and <i>Index of the Thirteen Histories</i> by Song Jian (10 volumes).<sup id="cite_ref-李偉國_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-李偉國-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the <a href="/wiki/Song_dynasty" title="Song dynasty">Song dynasty</a>, on top of on the <i>Thirteen Histories</i>, <i>History of the Southern Dynasties</i>, <i>History of the Northern Dynasties</i>, <i>New Book of Tang</i>, and <i>New History of the Five Dynasties</i> were added to form the <i><b>Seventeen Histories</b></i>. Northern Song's <a href="/w/index.php?title=Wang_Ling_(Song_Dynasty)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wang Ling (Song Dynasty) (page does not exist)">Wang Ling (Song Dynasty)</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%8E%8B%E4%BB%A4" class="extiw" title="zh:王令">zh</a>]</span> wrote <i>Master Wang's Enlightenment on the Seventeen Histories</i>, and Southern Song's <a href="/w/index.php?title=L%C3%BC_Zuqian&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lü Zuqian (page does not exist)">Lü Zuqian</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%91%82%E7%A5%96%E8%AC%99" class="extiw" title="zh:呂祖謙">zh</a>]</span> wrote <i>Detailed Excerpts of the Seventeen Histories</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-李偉國_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-李偉國-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <i><b>Twenty-One Histories</b></i> was formed during the <a href="/wiki/Ming_dynasty" title="Ming dynasty">Ming dynasty</a>. Qing dynasty's <a href="/wiki/Gu_Yanwu" title="Gu Yanwu">Gu Yanwu</a> wrote in <i>Daily Knowledge Records: Official Edition of Twenty-One Histories</i> <span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">日知錄·監本二十一史</span></span>: "In Song times there were only seventeen histories, now with the addition of the histories of Song, Liao, Jin, and Yuan, there are twenty-one histories."<sup id="cite_ref-李偉國_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-李偉國-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the <a href="/wiki/Yongzheng_Emperor" title="Yongzheng Emperor">Yongzheng</a> period of the <a href="/wiki/Qing_dynasty" title="Qing dynasty">Qing dynasty</a>, after the completion of the <i>History of Ming</i>, they were collectively known as the <i><b>Twenty-Two Histories</b></i>, and Zhao Yi's <i>Notes on the Twenty-Two Histories</i> was named accordingly. Later, with the addition of the <i>Old Book of Tang</i>, it became the <i><b>Twenty-Three Histories</b></i>. When compiling the <a href="/wiki/Complete_Library_in_Four_Sections" class="mw-redirect" title="Complete Library in Four Sections">Complete Library in Four Sections</a>, the <i>Old History of the Five Dynasties</i>, which was extracted from the <a href="/wiki/Yongle_Encyclopedia" title="Yongle Encyclopedia">Yongle Encyclopedia</a>, was also included, making it the <i><b>Twenty-Four Histories</b></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-李偉國_3-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-李偉國-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Collection"><span class="anchor" id="List"></span>Collection</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Twenty-Four_Histories&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Collection"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable plainrowheaders"> <tbody><tr> <th scope="col" style="min-width:6em">Title </th> <th scope="col" style="width:3em">Year </th> <th scope="col">Dynasty </th> <th scope="col">Main authors </th> <th scope="col">Series </th></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="white-space:normal"><i><a href="/wiki/Shiji" title="Shiji">Shiji</a></i><div class="paragraphbreak" style="margin-top:0.5em"></div><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">史記</span></span> </th> <td>91 BC </td> <td><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><div class="hlist"><ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Three_Sovereigns_and_Five_Emperors" title="Three Sovereigns and Five Emperors">Three Sovereigns and Five Emperors</a></span></li><li><a href="/wiki/Xia_dynasty" title="Xia dynasty">Xia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Shang" class="mw-redirect" title="Shang">Shang</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Zhou_dynasty" title="Zhou dynasty">Zhou</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Qin_dynasty" title="Qin dynasty">Qin</a></li><li><span class="nowrap">Han until <a href="/wiki/Emperor_Wu_of_Han" title="Emperor Wu of Han">Emperor Wu</a></span></li></ul></div> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Sima_Qian" title="Sima Qian">Sima Qian</a> (<a href="/wiki/Han_dynasty" title="Han dynasty">Han</a>) </td> <td rowspan="4""><i>Early Four Historiographies</i><div class="paragraphbreak" style="margin-top:0.5em"></div><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">前四史</span></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="white-space:normal"><i><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Han" title="Book of Han">Book of Han</a></i><div class="paragraphbreak" style="margin-top:0.5em"></div><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">漢書</span></span> </th> <td>82 AD </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Han_dynasty#Western_Han" title="Han dynasty">Western Han</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Xin_dynasty" title="Xin dynasty">Xin dynasty</a></li></ul></div> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Ban_Gu" title="Ban Gu">Ban Gu</a> (Han) </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="white-space:normal"><i><a href="/wiki/Records_of_the_Three_Kingdoms" title="Records of the Three Kingdoms">Records of the Three Kingdoms</a></i><div class="paragraphbreak" style="margin-top:0.5em"></div><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">三國誌</span></span><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <td>289 </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cao_Wei" title="Cao Wei">Cao Wei</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Shu_Han" title="Shu Han">Shu Han</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Wu" title="Eastern Wu">Eastern Wu</a></li></ul></div> </td> <td><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Chen_Shou" title="Chen Shou">Chen Shou</a> (<a href="/wiki/Jin_dynasty_(266%E2%80%93420)" title="Jin dynasty (266–420)">Western Jin</a>)</span> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="white-space:normal"><i><a href="/wiki/Book_of_the_Later_Han" title="Book of the Later Han">Book of the Later Han</a></i><div class="paragraphbreak" style="margin-top:0.5em"></div><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">後漢書</span></span> </th> <td>445 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Han" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Han">Eastern Han</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Fan_Ye_(historian)" title="Fan Ye (historian)">Fan Ye</a> (<a href="/wiki/Liu_Song" class="mw-redirect" title="Liu Song">Liu Song</a>) </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="white-space:normal"><i><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Song" title="Book of Song">Book of Song</a></i><div class="paragraphbreak" style="margin-top:0.5em"></div><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">宋書</span></span> </th> <td>488 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Liu_Song" class="mw-redirect" title="Liu Song">Liu Song</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Shen_Yue" title="Shen Yue">Shen Yue</a> (<a href="/wiki/Liang_dynasty" title="Liang dynasty">Liang</a>) </td> <td rowspan="3" data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="white-space:normal"><i><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Qi" title="Book of Qi">Book of Southern Qi</a></i><div class="paragraphbreak" style="margin-top:0.5em"></div><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">南齊書</span></span> </th> <td>537 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Southern_Qi" title="Southern Qi">Southern Qi</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Xiao_Zixian" title="Xiao Zixian">Xiao Zixian</a> (Liang) </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="white-space:normal"><i><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Wei" title="Book of Wei">Book of Wei</a></i><div class="paragraphbreak" style="margin-top:0.5em"></div><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">魏書</span></span> </th> <td>554 </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Wei" title="Northern Wei">Northern Wei</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Wei" title="Eastern Wei">Eastern Wei</a></li></ul></div> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Wei_Shou" title="Wei Shou">Wei Shou</a> (<a href="/wiki/Northern_Qi" title="Northern Qi">Northern Qi</a>) </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="white-space:normal"><i><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Liang" title="Book of Liang">Book of Liang</a></i><div class="paragraphbreak" style="margin-top:0.5em"></div><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">梁書</span></span> </th> <td rowspan="5">636 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Liang_dynasty" title="Liang dynasty">Liang</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Yao_Silian" title="Yao Silian">Yao Silian</a> (<a href="/wiki/Tang_dynasty" title="Tang dynasty">Tang</a>) </td> <td rowspan="8"><i>Eight Tang Historiographies</i><div class="paragraphbreak" style="margin-top:0.5em"></div><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">唐初八史</span></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="white-space:normal"><i><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Chen" title="Book of Chen">Book of Chen</a></i><div class="paragraphbreak" style="margin-top:0.5em"></div><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">陳書</span></span> </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Chen_dynasty" title="Chen dynasty">Chen</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Yao_Silian" title="Yao Silian">Yao Silian</a> (Tang) </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="white-space:normal"><i><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Northern_Qi" title="Book of Northern Qi">Book of Northern Qi</a></i><div class="paragraphbreak" style="margin-top:0.5em"></div><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">北齊書</span></span> </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Northern_Qi" title="Northern Qi">Northern Qi</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Li_Baiyao" title="Li Baiyao">Li Baiyao</a> (Tang) </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="white-space:normal"><i><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Zhou" title="Book of Zhou">Book of Zhou</a></i><div class="paragraphbreak" style="margin-top:0.5em"></div><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">周書</span></span> </th> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Western_Wei" title="Western Wei">Western Wei</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Zhou" title="Northern Zhou">Northern Zhou</a></li></ul></div> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Linghu_Defen" title="Linghu Defen">Linghu Defen</a> (Tang) </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="white-space:normal"><i><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Sui" title="Book of Sui">Book of Sui</a></i><div class="paragraphbreak" style="margin-top:0.5em"></div><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">隋書</span></span> </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Sui_dynasty" title="Sui dynasty">Sui</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Wei_Zheng" title="Wei Zheng">Wei Zheng</a> (Tang) </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="white-space:normal"><i><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Jin" title="Book of Jin">Book of Jin</a></i><div class="paragraphbreak" style="margin-top:0.5em"></div><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">晉書</span></span> </th> <td>648 </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jin_dynasty_(266%E2%80%93420)" title="Jin dynasty (266–420)">Western Jin</a></li><li>Eastern Jin</li></ul></div> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Fang_Xuanling" title="Fang Xuanling">Fang Xuanling</a> (Tang) </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="white-space:normal"><i><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Southern_Dynasties" title="History of the Southern Dynasties">History of the Southern Dynasties</a></i><div class="paragraphbreak" style="margin-top:0.5em"></div><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">南史</span></span> </th> <td>659 </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Liu_Song" class="mw-redirect" title="Liu Song">Liu Song</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Qi" title="Southern Qi">Southern Qi</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Liang_dynasty" title="Liang dynasty">Liang</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Chen_dynasty" title="Chen dynasty">Chen</a></li></ul></div> </td> <td>Li Yanshou (Tang) </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="white-space:normal"><i><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Northern_Dynasties" title="History of the Northern Dynasties">History of the Northern Dynasties</a></i><div class="paragraphbreak" style="margin-top:0.5em"></div><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">北史</span></span> </th> <td>659 </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Wei" title="Northern Wei">Northern Wei</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Wei" title="Eastern Wei">Eastern Wei</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Western_Wei" title="Western Wei">Western Wei</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Qi" title="Northern Qi">Northern Qi</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Zhou" title="Northern Zhou">Northern Zhou</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Sui_dynasty" title="Sui dynasty">Sui</a></li></ul></div> </td> <td>Li Yanshou (Tang) </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="white-space:normal"><i><a href="/wiki/Old_Book_of_Tang" title="Old Book of Tang">Old Book of Tang</a></i><div class="paragraphbreak" style="margin-top:0.5em"></div><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">舊唐書</span></span> </th> <td>945 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Tang_dynasty" title="Tang dynasty">Tang</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Liu_Xu" title="Liu Xu">Liu Xu</a> (<a href="/wiki/Later_Jin_(Five_Dynasties)" title="Later Jin (Five Dynasties)">Later Jin</a>) </td> <td rowspan="4" data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="white-space:normal"><i><a href="/wiki/Old_History_of_the_Five_Dynasties" title="Old History of the Five Dynasties">Old History of the Five Dynasties</a></i><div class="paragraphbreak" style="margin-top:0.5em"></div><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">舊五代史</span></span> </th> <td>974 </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Later_Liang_(Five_Dynasties)" title="Later Liang (Five Dynasties)">Later Liang</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Later_Tang" title="Later Tang">Later Tang</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Later_Jin_(Five_Dynasties)" title="Later Jin (Five Dynasties)">Later Jin</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Later_Han_(Five_Dynasties)" title="Later Han (Five Dynasties)">Later Han</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Later_Zhou" title="Later Zhou">Later Zhou</a></li></ul></div> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Xue_Juzheng" title="Xue Juzheng">Xue Juzheng</a> (<a href="/wiki/Song_dynasty" title="Song dynasty">Song</a>) </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="white-space:normal"><i><a href="/wiki/Historical_Records_of_the_Five_Dynasties" title="Historical Records of the Five Dynasties">Historical Records of the Five Dynasties</a></i><div class="paragraphbreak" style="margin-top:0.5em"></div><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">五代史記</span></span> </th> <td>1053 </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Later_Liang_(Five_Dynasties)" title="Later Liang (Five Dynasties)">Later Liang</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Later_Tang" title="Later Tang">Later Tang</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Later_Jin_(Five_Dynasties)" title="Later Jin (Five Dynasties)">Later Jin</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Later_Han_(Five_Dynasties)" title="Later Han (Five Dynasties)">Later Han</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Later_Zhou" title="Later Zhou">Later Zhou</a></li></ul></div> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Ouyang_Xiu" title="Ouyang Xiu">Ouyang Xiu</a> (Song) </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="white-space:normal"><i><a href="/wiki/New_Book_of_Tang" title="New Book of Tang">New Book of Tang</a></i><div class="paragraphbreak" style="margin-top:0.5em"></div><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">新唐書</span></span> </th> <td>1060 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Tang_dynasty" title="Tang dynasty">Tang dynasty</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Ouyang_Xiu" title="Ouyang Xiu">Ouyang Xiu</a> (Song) </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="white-space:normal"><i><a href="/wiki/History_of_Liao" title="History of Liao">History of Liao</a></i><div class="paragraphbreak" style="margin-top:0.5em"></div><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">遼史</span></span> </th> <td>1343 </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Liao_dynasty" title="Liao dynasty">Liao</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Qara_Khitai" title="Qara Khitai">Qara Khitai</a></li></ul></div> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Toqto%27a_(Yuan_dynasty)" title="Toqto'a (Yuan dynasty)">Toqto'a</a> (<a href="/wiki/Yuan_dynasty" title="Yuan dynasty">Yuan</a>) </td> <td rowspan="3"><span class="nowrap"><i>Three Yuan Historiographies</i></span><div class="paragraphbreak" style="margin-top:0.5em"></div><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">元末三史</span></span><sup id="cite_ref-Xu_Elina-Qian,_p.23_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Xu_Elina-Qian,_p.23-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="white-space:normal"><i><a href="/wiki/History_of_Jin" title="History of Jin">History of Jin</a></i><div class="paragraphbreak" style="margin-top:0.5em"></div><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">金史</span></span> </th> <td>1345 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Jin_dynasty_(1115%E2%80%931234)" title="Jin dynasty (1115–1234)">Jin dynasty</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Toqto%27a_(Yuan_dynasty)" title="Toqto'a (Yuan dynasty)">Toqto'a</a> (Yuan) </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="white-space:normal"><i><a href="/wiki/History_of_Song_(book)" title="History of Song (book)">History of Song</a></i><div class="paragraphbreak" style="margin-top:0.5em"></div><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">宋史</span></span> </th> <td>1345 </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Song" class="mw-redirect" title="Northern Song">Northern Song</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Song" class="mw-redirect" title="Southern Song">Southern Song</a></li></ul></div> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Toqto%27a_(Yuan_dynasty)" title="Toqto'a (Yuan dynasty)">Toqto'a</a> (Yuan) </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="white-space:normal"><i><a href="/wiki/History_of_Yuan" title="History of Yuan">History of Yuan</a></i><div class="paragraphbreak" style="margin-top:0.5em"></div><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">元史</span></span> </th> <td>1370 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Yuan_dynasty" title="Yuan dynasty">Yuan</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Song_Lian" title="Song Lian">Song Lian</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ming" class="mw-redirect" title="Ming">Ming</a>) </td> <td rowspan="2" data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="white-space:normal"><i><a href="/wiki/History_of_Ming" title="History of Ming">History of Ming</a></i><div class="paragraphbreak" style="margin-top:0.5em"></div><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">明史</span></span> </th> <td>1739 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Ming" class="mw-redirect" title="Ming">Ming</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Zhang_Tingyu" title="Zhang Tingyu">Zhang Tingyu</a> (<a href="/wiki/Qing" class="mw-redirect" title="Qing">Qing</a>) </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Inheritance_works">Inheritance works</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Twenty-Four_Histories&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Inheritance works"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>These works were begun by one historian and completed by an heir, usually of the next generation. </p> <ul><li>The <i><a href="/wiki/Shiji" title="Shiji">Shiji</a></i>, inherited from <a href="/wiki/Sima_Tan" title="Sima Tan">Sima Tan</a> by <a href="/wiki/Sima_Qian" title="Sima Qian">Sima Qian</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Han" title="Book of Han">Book of Han</a></i>, inherited from <a href="/wiki/Ban_Biao" title="Ban Biao">Ban Biao</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ban_Gu" title="Ban Gu">Ban Gu</a> by <a href="/wiki/Ban_Zhao" title="Ban Zhao">Ban Zhao</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Liang" title="Book of Liang">Book of Liang</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Chen" title="Book of Chen">Book of Chen</a></i>, inherited from Yao Cha (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">姚察</span></span>) by <a href="/wiki/Yao_Silian" title="Yao Silian">Yao Silian</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Northern_Qi" title="Book of Northern Qi">Book of Northern Qi</a></i>, inherited from <a href="/wiki/Li_Delin" title="Li Delin">Li Delin</a> by <a href="/wiki/Li_Baiyao" title="Li Baiyao">Li Baiyao</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Southern_Dynasties" title="History of the Southern Dynasties">History of the Southern Dynasties</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Northern_Dynasties" title="History of the Northern Dynasties">History of the Northern Dynasties</a></i>, inherited from <a href="/wiki/Li_Dashi" title="Li Dashi">Li Dashi</a> by Li Yanshou (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">李延壽</span></span>)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Related_works">Related works</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Twenty-Four_Histories&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Related works"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There were attempts at producing new traditional histories after the fall of the Qing dynasty, but they either never gained widespread acceptance as part of the official historical canon or they remain unfinished. </p> <table class="wikitable plainrowheaders"> <tbody><tr> <th scope="col">Year </th> <th scope="col">Title </th> <th scope="col">Dynasty </th> <th scope="col">Main authors </th></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="white-space:normal"><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=New_History_of_Yuan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="New History of Yuan (page does not exist)">New History of Yuan</a></i><div class="paragraphbreak" style="margin-top:0.5em"></div><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">新元史</span></span> </th> <td>1927 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Yuan_dynasty" title="Yuan dynasty">Yuan</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Ke_Shaomin" title="Ke Shaomin">Ke Shaomin</a> (<a href="/wiki/Republic_of_China_(1912%E2%80%931949)" title="Republic of China (1912–1949)">Republic of China</a>) </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="white-space:normal"><i><a href="/wiki/Draft_History_of_Qing" title="Draft History of Qing">Draft History of Qing</a></i><div class="paragraphbreak" style="margin-top:0.5em"></div><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">清史稿</span></span> </th> <td>1920 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Qing" class="mw-redirect" title="Qing">Qing</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Zhao_Erxun" title="Zhao Erxun">Zhao Erxun</a> (<a href="/wiki/Republic_of_China_(1912%E2%80%931949)" title="Republic of China (1912–1949)">Republic of China</a>) </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Modern_attempts_at_creating_the_official_Qing_history">Modern attempts at creating the official Qing history</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Twenty-Four_Histories&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Modern attempts at creating the official Qing history"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Draft_History_of_Qing" title="Draft History of Qing">Draft History of Qing</a> and <a href="/wiki/History_of_Qing_(People%27s_Republic)" title="History of Qing (People's Republic)">History of Qing (People's Republic)</a></div> <p>In 1961, to commemorate the 50th anniversary of the declaration of the <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_China_(1912%E2%80%931949)" title="Republic of China (1912–1949)">Republic of China</a> (ROC), the ROC government in <a href="/wiki/Taiwan" title="Taiwan">Taiwan</a> published the <i>History of Qing</i>, adding 21 supplementary chapters to the <i>Draft History of Qing</i> and revising many existing chapters to denounce the <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Republic_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="People's Republic of China">People's Republic of China</a> (PRC) as an illegitimate, impostor regime. It also removed passages that were derogatory towards the <a href="/wiki/Xinhai_Revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Xinhai Revolution">Xinhai Revolution</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This edition has not been widely accepted as the official Qing history because it is recognized that it was a rushed job motivated by political objectives. It does not correct most of the errors known to exist in the <i>Draft History of Qing</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-making_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-making-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>An additional project, attempting to write a <i>New History of Qing</i> incorporating new materials and improvements in historiography, lasted from 1988 to 2000. Only 33 chapters out of the projected 500 were published.<sup id="cite_ref-making_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-making-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This project was later abandoned following the rise of the Taiwanese nationalist <a href="/wiki/Pan-Green_Coalition" title="Pan-Green Coalition">Pan-Green Coalition</a>, which argues that it is not the duty of Taiwan to compile the history of mainland China. </p><p>In 1961, the PRC also attempted to complete the Qing history, but historians were prevented from doing so against the backdrop of the <a href="/wiki/Cultural_Revolution" title="Cultural Revolution">Cultural Revolution</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-endymion_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-endymion-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2002, the PRC once again announced that it would complete the <i>History of Qing</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/History_of_Qing_(People%27s_Republic)" title="History of Qing (People's Republic)">The project</a> was approved in 2002,<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and put under the leadership of historian <a href="/wiki/Dai_Yi" title="Dai Yi">Dai Yi</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Initially planned to be completed in 10 years,<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the project suffered multiple delays, pushing completion of the first draft to 2016.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>Chinese Social Sciences Today</i> reported in April 2020 that the project's results were being reviewed.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, in 2023, the manuscript was reportedly rejected,<sup id="cite_ref-1123singtao_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1123singtao-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and there are also rumors that the project has been indefinitely halted.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Modern_editions">Modern editions</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Twenty-Four_Histories&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Modern editions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In China, the <a href="/wiki/Zhonghua_Book_Company" title="Zhonghua Book Company">Zhonghua Book Company</a> have edited a number of these histories. They have been collated, edited, and punctuated by Chinese specialists.<sup id="cite_ref-Xu_Elina-Qian,_p.19_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Xu_Elina-Qian,_p.19-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> From 1991 to 2003, it was translated from <a href="/wiki/Literary_Chinese" class="mw-redirect" title="Literary Chinese">Literary Chinese</a> into modern <a href="/wiki/Written_vernacular_Chinese" title="Written vernacular Chinese">written vernacular Chinese</a>, by <a href="/wiki/Xu_Jialu" title="Xu Jialu">Xu Jialu</a> and other scholars.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Translations">Translations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Twenty-Four_Histories&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Translations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>One of the <i>Twenty-Four Histories</i> is in the process of being fully translated into English: <i><a href="/wiki/Records_of_the_Grand_Historian" class="mw-redirect" title="Records of the Grand Historian">Records of the Grand Historian</a></i> by William Nienhauser, in nine volumes.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In Korean and Vietnamese, only the <i>Records</i> has been translated. Most of the histories have been translated into Japanese.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2016)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Twenty-Four_Histories&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1266661725">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/32px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="21" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/48px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, 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class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Nuvola_apps_bookcase.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Nuvola_apps_bookcase.svg/28px-Nuvola_apps_bookcase.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Nuvola_apps_bookcase.svg/42px-Nuvola_apps_bookcase.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Nuvola_apps_bookcase.svg/56px-Nuvola_apps_bookcase.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></a></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Books" title="Portal:Books">Books portal</a></span></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_classic_texts" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinese classic texts">Chinese classic texts</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Draft_History_of_Qing" title="Draft History of Qing">Draft History of Qing</a></i>, a continuation of the histories through 1911</li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_China" title="History of China">History of China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Official_communications_in_imperial_China" title="Official communications in imperial China">Official communications in imperial China</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Zizhi_Tongjian" title="Zizhi Tongjian">Zizhi Tongjian</a></i></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Twenty-Four_Histories&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Greatly expanded by the later <i><a href="/wiki/Annotated_Records_of_the_Three_Kingdoms" title="Annotated Records of the Three Kingdoms">Annotated Records of the Three Kingdoms</a></i></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Twenty-Four_Histories&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Twenty-Four_Histories&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Citations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ch 49, "Standard Histories", in Endymion Wilkinson. <i><a href="/wiki/Chinese_History:_A_New_Manual" title="Chinese History: A New Manual">Chinese History: A New Manual</a>.</i> (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Asia Center, Harvard-Yenching Institute Monograph Series, 2012). <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780674067158" title="Special:BookSources/9780674067158">9780674067158</a>. Also see <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ERnrQq0bsPYC&dq=Zhengshi+Chinese+history&pg=PA501">"Standard Histories"</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-李君惠-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-李君惠_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREF李君惠2012" class="citation journal cs1">李君惠 (2012). "論"二十四史"中的書、史、記、志". <i>文史雜志</i> (05): 18-21.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=%E6%96%87%E5%8F%B2%E9%9B%9C%E5%BF%97&rft.atitle=%E8%AB%96%E2%80%9C%E4%BA%8C%E5%8D%81%E5%9B%9B%E5%8F%B2%E2%80%9D%E4%B8%AD%E7%9A%84%E6%9B%B8%E3%80%81%E5%8F%B2%E3%80%81%E8%A8%98%E3%80%81%E5%BF%97&rft.issue=05&rft.pages=18-21&rft.date=2012&rft.au=%E6%9D%8E%E5%90%9B%E6%83%A0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATwenty-Four+Histories" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-李偉國-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-李偉國_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-李偉國_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-李偉國_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-李偉國_3-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREF李偉國尹小林2013" class="citation journal cs1">李偉國; 尹小林 (2013). "重審《文淵閣四庫全書》中"二十四史"之價值". <i>學術月刊</i>. <b>45</b> (01): 142-148.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=%E5%AD%B8%E8%A1%93%E6%9C%88%E5%88%8A&rft.atitle=%E9%87%8D%E5%AF%A9%E3%80%8A%E6%96%87%E6%B7%B5%E9%96%A3%E5%9B%9B%E5%BA%AB%E5%85%A8%E6%9B%B8%E3%80%8B%E4%B8%AD%E2%80%9C%E4%BA%8C%E5%8D%81%E5%9B%9B%E5%8F%B2%E2%80%9D%E4%B9%8B%E5%83%B9%E5%80%BC&rft.volume=45&rft.issue=01&rft.pages=142-148&rft.date=2013&rft.au=%E6%9D%8E%E5%81%89%E5%9C%8B&rft.au=%E5%B0%B9%E5%B0%8F%E6%9E%97&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATwenty-Four+Histories" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Xu_Elina-Qian,_p.23-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Xu_Elina-Qian,_p.23_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Xu Elina-Qian, p. 23.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://big5.huaxia.com/zhwh/sslh/2007698.html"><bdi lang="zh">台灣版《清史》一年速成筆墨官司幾上幾下</bdi></a></span>. <i>Huaxia</i> (in Chinese)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 April</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Huaxia&rft.atitle=%E5%8F%B0%E7%81%A3%E7%89%88%E3%80%8A%E6%B8%85%E5%8F%B2%E3%80%8B%E4%B8%80%E5%B9%B4%E9%80%9F%E6%88%90+%E7%AD%86%E5%A2%A8%E5%AE%98%E5%8F%B8%E5%B9%BE%E4%B8%8A%E5%B9%BE%E4%B8%8B&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbig5.huaxia.com%2Fzhwh%2Fsslh%2F2007698.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATwenty-Four+Histories" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-making-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-making_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-making_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChen2004" class="citation journal cs1">Chen, Hsi-yuan (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://phaidra.univie.ac.at/o:291787">"Last chapter unfinished: The making of the official Qing History and the crisis of Traditional Chinese Historiography"</a>. <i>Historiography East and West</i>. <b>2</b> (2): <span class="nowrap">173–</span>204. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163%2F157018606779068306">10.1163/157018606779068306</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1570-1867">1570-1867</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:153377177">153377177</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Historiography+East+and+West&rft.atitle=Last+chapter+unfinished%3A+The+making+of+the+official+Qing+History+and+the+crisis+of+Traditional+Chinese+Historiography&rft.volume=2&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E173-%3C%2Fspan%3E204&rft.date=2004&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A153377177%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=1570-1867&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1163%2F157018606779068306&rft.aulast=Chen&rft.aufirst=Hsi-yuan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fphaidra.univie.ac.at%2Fo%3A291787&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATwenty-Four+Histories" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-endymion-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-endymion_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilkinson2012" class="citation book cs1">Wilkinson, Endymion (2012). <i>Chinese history: a new manual</i>. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Asia Center. pp. <span class="nowrap">834–</span>835. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-674-06715-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-674-06715-8"><bdi>978-0-674-06715-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Chinese+history%3A+a+new+manual&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+MA&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E834-%3C%2Fspan%3E835&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Asia+Center&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0-674-06715-8&rft.aulast=Wilkinson&rft.aufirst=Endymion&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATwenty-Four+Histories" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYue2019" class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Yue, Huairang (3 April 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thepaper.cn/newsDetail_forward_3248453"><bdi lang="zh">新修《清史》已进入稿件通读阶段，预计今年出版问世</bdi></a>. <i>Pengpai Xinwen</i> <bdi lang="zh">澎湃新闻</bdi> (in Chinese). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190412093526/https://www.thepaper.cn/newsDetail_forward_3248453">Archived</a> from the original on 12 April 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Pengpai+Xinwen&rft.atitle=%E6%96%B0%E4%BF%AE%E3%80%8A%E6%B8%85%E5%8F%B2%E3%80%8B%E5%B7%B2%E8%BF%9B%E5%85%A5%E7%A8%BF%E4%BB%B6%E9%80%9A%E8%AF%BB%E9%98%B6%E6%AE%B5%EF%BC%8C%E9%A2%84%E8%AE%A1%E4%BB%8A%E5%B9%B4%E5%87%BA%E7%89%88%E9%97%AE%E4%B8%96&rft.date=2019-04-03&rft.aulast=Yue&rft.aufirst=Huairang&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thepaper.cn%2FnewsDetail_forward_3248453&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATwenty-Four+Histories" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMaoMa2012" class="citation journal cs1">Mao, Liping; Ma, Zhao (2012). "<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>"Writing History in the Digital Age": The New Qing History Project and the Digitization of Qing Archives". <i>History Compass</i>. <b>10</b> (5): <span class="nowrap">367–</span>374. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1478-0542.2012.00841.x">10.1111/j.1478-0542.2012.00841.x</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=History+Compass&rft.atitle=%22Writing+History+in+the+Digital+Age%22%3A+The+New+Qing+History+Project+and+the+Digitization+of+Qing+Archives&rft.volume=10&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E367-%3C%2Fspan%3E374&rft.date=2012&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1478-0542.2012.00841.x&rft.aulast=Mao&rft.aufirst=Liping&rft.au=Ma%2C+Zhao&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATwenty-Four+Histories" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChéng2021" class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Chéng, Chóngdé (3 January 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://epaper.gmw.cn/zhdsb/html/2021-02/03/nw.D110000zhdsb_20210203_1-10.htm"><bdi lang="zh">戴逸先生与清史纂修前的准备工作</bdi></a>. <i>Guangming</i> <bdi lang="zh">光明</bdi> (in Chinese).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Guangming&rft.atitle=%E6%88%B4%E9%80%B8%E5%85%88%E7%94%9F%E4%B8%8E%E6%B8%85%E5%8F%B2%E7%BA%82%E4%BF%AE%E5%89%8D%E7%9A%84%E5%87%86%E5%A4%87%E5%B7%A5%E4%BD%9C&rft.date=2021-01-03&rft.aulast=Ch%C3%A9ng&rft.aufirst=Ch%C3%B3ngd%C3%A9&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fepaper.gmw.cn%2Fzhdsb%2Fhtml%2F2021-02%2F03%2Fnw.D110000zhdsb_20210203_1-10.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATwenty-Four+Histories" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://mil.news.sina.com.cn/2003-08-26/145627.html"><bdi lang="zh">两岸学者聚京共商清史纂修大计预计10年完成</bdi></a>. <bdi lang="zh">新浪军事</bdi> (in Chinese). 26 August 2003.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=%E4%B8%A4%E5%B2%B8%E5%AD%A6%E8%80%85%E8%81%9A%E4%BA%AC%E5%85%B1%E5%95%86%E6%B8%85%E5%8F%B2%E7%BA%82%E4%BF%AE%E5%A4%A7%E8%AE%A1+%E9%A2%84%E8%AE%A110%E5%B9%B4%E5%AE%8C%E6%88%90&rft.date=2003-08-26&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmil.news.sina.com.cn%2F2003-08-26%2F145627.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATwenty-Four+Histories" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRen2013" class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Ren, Mǐn (18 December 2013). Song, Yucheng (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chinanews.com/cul/2013/12-18/5632007.shtml"><bdi lang="zh">国家清史编纂工程已完成初稿</bdi></a> [The first draft of the National Qing History Compilation Project has been completed]. <i>Běijīng Xīnwén</i> <bdi lang="zh">北京新闻</bdi> (in Chinese). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131219101428/http://www.chinanews.com/cul/2013/12-18/5632007.shtml">Archived</a> from the original on 19 December 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=B%C4%9Bij%C4%ABng+X%C4%ABnw%C3%A9n&rft.atitle=%E5%9B%BD%E5%AE%B6%E6%B8%85%E5%8F%B2%E7%BC%96%E7%BA%82%E5%B7%A5%E7%A8%8B%E5%B7%B2%E5%AE%8C%E6%88%90%E5%88%9D%E7%A8%BF&rft.date=2013-12-18&rft.aulast=Ren&rft.aufirst=M%C7%90n&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.chinanews.com%2Fcul%2F2013%2F12-18%2F5632007.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATwenty-Four+Histories" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGuo2020" class="citation news cs1">Guo, Fei (21 April 2020). Ma, Yuhong (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.csstoday.com/Item/7764.aspx">"Dai Yi speaks on Qing history national compilation project"</a>. <i>Chinese Social Sciences Today</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210914021623/http://www.csstoday.com/Item/7764.aspx">Archived</a> from the original on 14 September 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Chinese+Social+Sciences+Today&rft.atitle=Dai+Yi+speaks+on+Qing+history+national+compilation+project&rft.date=2020-04-21&rft.aulast=Guo&rft.aufirst=Fei&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.csstoday.com%2FItem%2F7764.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATwenty-Four+Histories" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-1123singtao-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1123singtao_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJi2023" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Ji Xiaohua (紀曉華) (2023-11-07). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231118234149/https://www.singtaousa.com/2023-11-07/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9C%8B%E8%A7%80%E5%AF%9F%EF%BC%9A%E6%9C%AA%E9%80%9A%E9%81%8E%E6%94%BF%E5%AF%A9-%E3%80%8A%E6%B8%85%E5%8F%B2%E3%80%8B%E8%A7%B8%E7%A4%81/4660464"><bdi lang="zh">中國觀察：未通過政審《清史》觸礁</bdi></a> [China Watch: "History of Qing" failed to pass political review and has hit a snag]. <i>Singtao USA</i> (in Chinese). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.singtaousa.com/4660464">the original</a> on 2023-11-18<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-11-18</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Singtao+USA&rft.atitle=%E4%B8%AD%E5%9C%8B%E8%A7%80%E5%AF%9F%EF%BC%9A%E6%9C%AA%E9%80%9A%E9%81%8E%E6%94%BF%E5%AF%A9+%E3%80%8A%E6%B8%85%E5%8F%B2%E3%80%8B%E8%A7%B8%E7%A4%81&rft.date=2023-11-07&rft.aulast=Ji&rft.aufirst=Xiaohua&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.singtaousa.com%2F4660464&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATwenty-Four+Histories" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.ltn.com.tw/news/world/breakingnews/4485256"><bdi lang="zh">清史編纂紛擾持續傳未通過中國政審</bdi></a> [Controversy over compilation of Qing history continues, rumored to have failed to pass China’s political review] (in Chinese). Freedom Times. 2023-11-09. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231124043453/https://news.ltn.com.tw/news/world/breakingnews/4485256">Archived</a> from the original on 24 November 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-11-24</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%E6%B8%85%E5%8F%B2%E7%B7%A8%E7%BA%82%E7%B4%9B%E6%93%BE%E6%8C%81%E7%BA%8C+%E5%82%B3%E6%9C%AA%E9%80%9A%E9%81%8E%E4%B8%AD%E5%9C%8B%E6%94%BF%E5%AF%A9&rft.pub=Freedom+Times&rft.date=2023-11-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnews.ltn.com.tw%2Fnews%2Fworld%2Fbreakingnews%2F4485256&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATwenty-Four+Histories" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Xu_Elina-Qian,_p.19-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Xu_Elina-Qian,_p.19_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Xu Elina-Qian, p. 19.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://m.douban.com/book/subject/1633090/"><bdi lang="zh">二十四史全译</bdi></a> (in Chinese) – via Douban.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%E4%BA%8C%E5%8D%81%E5%9B%9B%E5%8F%B2%E5%85%A8%E8%AF%91&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fm.douban.com%2Fbook%2Fsubject%2F1633090%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATwenty-Four+Histories" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>The Grand Scribe's Records</i> (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1994- )</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sources">Sources</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Twenty-Four_Histories&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li class="mw-empty-elt"></li> <li>Xu Elina-Qian, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://urn.fi/URN:ISBN:952-10-0498-3">Historical Development of the Pre-Dynastic Khitan</a>, University of Helsinki, 2005. 273 pages. 19 and 23</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Twenty-Four_Histories&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 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href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/zh:%E4%BA%8C%E5%8D%81%E5%9B%9B%E5%8F%B2" class="extiw" title="s:zh:二十四史">Twenty-Four Canonical Histories</a></b> </div></div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chinaknowledge.de/Literature/Historiography/ershiwushi.html">Chinese Literature The Ershiwushi 二十五史 "The Twenty-five Official Dynastic Histories" (zhengshi 正史)</a> Ulrich Theobold, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chinaknowledge.de/index.html">China Knowledge</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output 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id="Twenty-Four_Histories29" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><i><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Twenty-Four Histories</a></i></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Shiji" title="Shiji">Shiji</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Sima_Qian" title="Sima Qian">Sima Qian</a>)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Han" title="Book of Han">Book of Han</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Ban_Gu" title="Ban Gu">Ban Gu</a>)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Book_of_the_Later_Han" title="Book of the Later Han">Book of the Later Han</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Fan_Ye_(historian)" title="Fan Ye (historian)">Fan Ye</a>)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Records_of_the_Three_Kingdoms" title="Records of the Three Kingdoms">Records of the Three Kingdoms</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Chen_Shou" title="Chen Shou">Chen Shou</a>)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Jin" title="Book of Jin">Book of Jin</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Fang_Xuanling" title="Fang Xuanling">Fang Xuanling</a> et al.)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Song" title="Book of Song">Book of Song</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Shen_Yue" title="Shen Yue">Shen Yue</a>)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Qi" title="Book of Qi">Book of Qi</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Xiao_Zixian" title="Xiao Zixian">Xiao Zixian</a>)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Liang" title="Book of Liang">Book of Liang</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Yao_Silian" title="Yao Silian">Yao Silian</a>)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Chen" title="Book of Chen">Book of Chen</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Yao_Silian" title="Yao Silian">Yao Silian</a>)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Wei" title="Book of Wei">Book of Wei</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Wei_Shou" title="Wei Shou">Wei Shou</a>)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Northern_Qi" title="Book of Northern Qi">Book of Northern Qi</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Li_Baiyao" title="Li Baiyao">Li Baiyao</a>)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Zhou" title="Book of Zhou">Book of Zhou</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Linghu_Defen" title="Linghu Defen">Linghu Defen</a> et al.)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Sui" title="Book of Sui">Book of Sui</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Wei_Zheng" title="Wei Zheng">Wei Zheng</a> et al.)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Southern_Dynasties" title="History of the Southern Dynasties">History of the Southern Dynasties</a></i> (Li Yanshou)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Northern_Dynasties" title="History of the Northern Dynasties">History of the Northern Dynasties</a></i> (Li Yanshou)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Old_Book_of_Tang" title="Old Book of Tang">Old Book of Tang</a></i> (Liu Xu et al.)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/New_Book_of_Tang" title="New Book of Tang">New Book of Tang</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Ouyang_Xiu" title="Ouyang Xiu">Ouyang Xiu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Song_Qi" title="Song Qi">Song Qi</a> et al.)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Old_History_of_the_Five_Dynasties" title="Old History of the Five Dynasties">Old History of the Five Dynasties</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Xue_Juzheng" title="Xue Juzheng">Xue Juzheng</a> et al.)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Historical_Records_of_the_Five_Dynasties" title="Historical Records of the Five Dynasties">Historical Records of the Five Dynasties</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Ouyang_Xiu" title="Ouyang Xiu">Ouyang Xiu</a>)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/History_of_Song_(book)" title="History of Song (book)">History of Song</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Toqto%27a_(Yuan_dynasty)" title="Toqto'a (Yuan dynasty)">Toqto'a</a> et al.)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/History_of_Liao" title="History of Liao">History of Liao</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Toqto%27a_(Yuan_dynasty)" title="Toqto'a (Yuan dynasty)">Toqto'a</a> et al.)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/History_of_Jin" title="History of Jin">History of Jin</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Toqto%27a_(Yuan_dynasty)" title="Toqto'a (Yuan dynasty)">Toqto'a</a> et al.)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/History_of_Yuan" title="History of Yuan">History of Yuan</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Song_Lian" title="Song Lian">Song Lian</a> et al.)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/History_of_Ming" title="History of Ming">History of Ming</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Zhang_Tingyu" title="Zhang Tingyu">Zhang Tingyu</a> et al.)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Twenty-Four_Histories&oldid=1274924511">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Twenty-Four_Histories&oldid=1274924511</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a 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