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aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle History subsection </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Traditional_seal_hunting" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Traditional_seal_hunting"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 Traditional seal hunting </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Traditional_seal_hunting-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Early_modern_era" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_modern_era"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 Early modern era </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_modern_era-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Newfoundland" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Newfoundland"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2.1 Newfoundland </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Newfoundland-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-South_Atlantic" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#South_Atlantic"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2.2 South Atlantic </div> </a> <ul id="toc-South_Atlantic-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pacific" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pacific"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2.3 Pacific </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pacific-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Industrial_era" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Industrial_era"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3 Industrial era </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Industrial_era-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Environmental_protection" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Environmental_protection"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.4 Environmental protection </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Environmental_protection-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Equipment_and_methods" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Equipment_and_methods"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Equipment and methods </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Equipment_and_methods-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Modern_sealing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Modern_sealing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Modern sealing </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Modern_sealing-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Modern sealing subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Modern_sealing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Products_made_from_seals" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Products_made_from_seals"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 Products made from seals </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Products_made_from_seals-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sealing_states" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sealing_states"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2 Sealing states </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sealing_states-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Canada" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Canada"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2.1 Canada </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Canada-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Regulations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Regulations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2.1.1 Regulations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Regulations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Export" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Export"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2.1.2 Export </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Export-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Greenland" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Greenland"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2.2 Greenland </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Greenland-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Namibia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Namibia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2.3 Namibia </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Namibia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Norway" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Norway"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2.4 Norway </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Norway-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Regulations_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Regulations_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2.4.1 Regulations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Regulations_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Export_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Export_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2.4.2 Export </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Export_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Russia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Russia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2.5 Russia </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Russia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sealing_debate" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sealing_debate"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Sealing debate </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Sealing_debate-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Sealing debate subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Sealing_debate-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Cruelty_to_animals" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cruelty_to_animals"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1 Cruelty to animals </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cruelty_to_animals-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ecological_feasibility" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ecological_feasibility"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.2 Ecological feasibility </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ecological_feasibility-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Objections_to_fur" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Objections_to_fur"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.3 Objections to fur </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Objections_to_fur-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Economic_impact" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Economic_impact"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.4 Economic impact </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Economic_impact-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-As_a_culling_method" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#As_a_culling_method"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.5 As a culling method </div> </a> <ul id="toc-As_a_culling_method-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Public_opinion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Public_opinion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.6 Public opinion </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Public_opinion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Protests" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Protests"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.7 Protests </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Protests-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Inuit_impact" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Inuit_impact"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.7.1 Inuit impact </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Inuit_impact-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Celebrity_involvement" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Celebrity_involvement"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.7.2 Celebrity involvement </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Celebrity_involvement-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Media" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Media"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Media </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Media-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Seal hunting</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 22 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-22" aria-hidden="true" > 22 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B5%D9%8A%D8%AF_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%81%D9%82%D9%85%D8%A9" title="صيد الفقمة – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="صيد الفقمة" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cacera_de_foques" title="Cacera de foques – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Cacera de foques" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robbenjagd" title="Robbenjagd – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Robbenjagd" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%BClgep%C3%BC%C3%BCk" title="Hülgepüük – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Hülgepüük" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caza_de_focas" title="Caza de focas – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Caza de focas" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foko%C4%89asado" title="Fokoĉasado – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Fokoĉasado" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%DA%A9%D8%A7%D8%B1_%D8%AE%D9%88%DA%A9_%D8%A2%D8%A8%DB%8C" title="شکار خوک آبی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="شکار خوک آبی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chasse_aux_phoques" title="Chasse aux phoques – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Chasse aux phoques" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caza_de_focas" title="Caza de focas – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Caza de focas" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farautar_Seal" title="Farautar Seal – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Farautar Seal" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hausa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perburuan_anjing_laut" title="Perburuan anjing laut – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Perburuan anjing laut" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-iu mw-list-item"><a href="https://iu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nattirhiurtuq" title="Nattirhiurtuq – Inuktitut" lang="iu" hreflang="iu" data-title="Nattirhiurtuq" data-language-autonym="ᐃᓄᒃᑎᑐᑦ / inuktitut" data-language-local-name="Inuktitut" class="interlanguage-link-target">ᐃᓄᒃᑎᑐᑦ / inuktitut</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caccia_alla_foca" title="Caccia alla foca – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Caccia alla foca" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zeehondenjacht" title="Zeehondenjacht – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Zeehondenjacht" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Selfangst" title="Selfangst – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Selfangst" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Selfangst" title="Selfangst – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Selfangst" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ca%C3%A7a_%C3%A0s_focas" title="Caça às focas – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Caça às focas" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BC%D1%8B%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BB" title="Бельковый промысел – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Бельковый промысел" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%A4ljakt" title="Säljakt – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Säljakt" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%A8%E0%AF%80%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A8%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%AF%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%B5%E0%AF%87%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%88" title="நீர்நாய் வேட்டை – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="நீர்நாய் வேட்டை" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C4%83n_h%E1%BA%A3i_c%E1%BA%A9u" title="Săn hải cẩu – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Săn hải cẩu" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B5%B7%E8%B1%B9%E7%8D%B5%E6%8D%95" title="海豹獵捕 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="海豹獵捕" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q1502014#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit 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src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Killing_fur_seals%2C_St_Paul_Island.jpg/220px-Killing_fur_seals%2C_St_Paul_Island.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="126" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Killing_fur_seals%2C_St_Paul_Island.jpg/330px-Killing_fur_seals%2C_St_Paul_Island.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Killing_fur_seals%2C_St_Paul_Island.jpg/440px-Killing_fur_seals%2C_St_Paul_Island.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2770" data-file-height="1591" /></a><figcaption>Killing <a href="/wiki/Fur_seal" title="Fur seal">fur seals</a> on <a href="/wiki/Saint_Paul_Island_(Alaska)" class="mw-redirect" title="Saint Paul Island (Alaska)">St. Paul Island</a>, <a href="/wiki/Territory_of_Alaska" title="Territory of Alaska">Alaska Territory</a>, 1890s</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Seal-skinning_on_the_floes.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Seal-skinning_on_the_floes.jpg/220px-Seal-skinning_on_the_floes.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="154" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Seal-skinning_on_the_floes.jpg/330px-Seal-skinning_on_the_floes.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Seal-skinning_on_the_floes.jpg/440px-Seal-skinning_on_the_floes.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2020" data-file-height="1418" /></a><figcaption>Seal <a href="/wiki/Skinning" title="Skinning">skinning</a> in the 1880s by members of the <a href="/wiki/Fridtjof_Nansen" title="Fridtjof Nansen">Nansen</a> expedition to Greenland</figcaption></figure> Seal hunting, or sealing, is the personal or commercial hunting of <a href="/wiki/Pinniped" title="Pinniped">seals</a>. Seal hunting is currently practiced in nine countries: Canada, Denmark (in self-governing Greenland only), Russia, the United States (above the <a href="/wiki/Arctic_Circle" title="Arctic Circle">Arctic Circle</a> in Alaska), Namibia, Estonia, Norway, Finland and Sweden. Most of the world's seal hunting takes place in Canada and Greenland. The Canadian <a href="/wiki/Fisheries_and_Oceans_Canada" title="Fisheries and Oceans Canada">Department of Fisheries and Oceans</a> (DFO) regulates the seal hunt in Canada. It sets quotas (total allowable catch – TAC), monitors the hunt, studies the seal population, works with the Canadian Sealers' Association to train sealers on new regulations, and promotes sealing through its website and spokespeople. The DFO set harvest quotas of over 90,000 seals in 2007; 275,000 in 2008; 280,000 in 2009; and 330,000 in 2010.<a href="#cite_note-faq-canada-1">[1]</a> The actual kills in recent years have been less than the quotas: 82,800 in 2007; 217,800 in 2008; 72,400 in 2009; and 67,000 in 2010.<a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a> In 2007, Norway reported that 29,000 harp seals were killed, Russia reported that 5,479 seals were killed and Greenland reported that 90,000 seals were killed in their respective seal hunts. <a href="/wiki/Harp_seal" title="Harp seal">Harp seal</a> populations in the northwest Atlantic declined to approximately 2 million in the late 1960s as a result of Canada's annual kill rates, which averaged to over 291,000 from 1952 to 1970.<a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a> Conservationists demanded reduced rates of killing and stronger regulations to avert the extinction of the harp seal. In 1971, the Canadian government responded by instituting a quota system. The system was competitive, with each boat catching as many seals as it could before the hunt closed, which the Department of Fisheries and Oceans did when they knew that year's quota had been reached. Because it was thought that the competitive element might cause sealers to cut corners, new regulations were introduced that limited the catch to 400 seals per day, and 2000 per boat total. A 2007 population survey conducted by the DFO estimated the population at 5.5 million. [<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] In Greenland, hunting is done with a firearm (rifle or shotgun) and young are fully protected.<a href="#cite_note-SælErhvervsportalen-4">[4]</a> This has caused some conflicts with other seal-hunting nations, as Greenland also was hit by the boycotts that often were aimed at seals (often young) killed by clubbing or similar methods, which have not been in use in Greenland.<a href="#cite_note-upi2008-5">[5]</a> It is illegal in Canada to hunt newborn harp seals (<a href="/wiki/Whitecoats" class="mw-redirect" title="Whitecoats">whitecoats</a>) and young <a href="/wiki/Hooded_seal" title="Hooded seal">hooded seals</a> (bluebacks). When the seal pups begin to molt their downy white fur at the age of 12–14 days, they are called "<a href="/wiki/Ragged-jacket" title="Ragged-jacket">ragged-jacket</a>" and can be commercially hunted.<a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a> After molting, the seals are called "beaters", named for the way they beat the water with their flippers.<a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a> The hunt remains highly controversial, attracting significant media coverage and protests each year.<a href="#cite_note-EBindustry-8">[8]</a> Images from past hunts have become iconic symbols for <a href="/wiki/Conservationism" class="mw-redirect" title="Conservationism">conservation</a>, <a href="/wiki/Animal_welfare" title="Animal welfare">animal welfare</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Animal_rights" title="Animal rights">animal rights</a> advocates. In 2009, Russia banned the hunting of harp seals less than one year old. <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Terminology">Terminology</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Seal_hunting&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Terminology">edit</a>]</div> The term seal is used to refer to a diverse group of animals. In science, they are grouped together in the <a href="/wiki/Pinnipeds" class="mw-redirect" title="Pinnipeds">Pinnipeds</a>, which also includes the <a href="/wiki/Walrus" title="Walrus">walrus</a>, not popularly thought of as a seal, and not considered here. The two main families of seals are the <a href="/wiki/Otariidae" class="mw-redirect" title="Otariidae">Otariidae</a> (the eared seals; includes <a href="/wiki/Sea_lion" title="Sea lion">sea lions</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Fur_seal" title="Fur seal">fur seals</a>), and <a href="/wiki/Phocidae" class="mw-redirect" title="Phocidae">Phocidae</a> (the earless seals); animals in the family Phocidae were sometimes referred to as hair seals, and are much more adept for a fully aquatic lifestyle than the eared seals, though they have a more difficult time getting around on land. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Uses">Uses</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Seal_hunting&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Uses">edit</a>]</div> The fur seal yields a valuable fur; the hair seal has no fur, but oil can be obtained from its fat and leather from its hide.<a href="#cite_note-ea-9">[9]</a> Seals have been used for their pelts, their flesh, and their fat, which was often used as <a href="/wiki/Oil_lamp" title="Oil lamp">lamp fuel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lubricant" title="Lubricant">lubricants</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cooking_oil" title="Cooking oil">cooking oil</a>, a constituent of soap, the liquid base for <a href="/wiki/Red_ochre" class="mw-redirect" title="Red ochre">red ochre</a> paint, and for processing materials such as leather and <a href="/wiki/Jute" title="Jute">jute</a>. <a href="/wiki/Pinseal" class="mw-redirect" title="Pinseal">Pinseal</a> was fashioned into <a href="/wiki/Handbag" title="Handbag">handbags</a>, and seal <a href="/wiki/Liver" title="Liver">livers</a> were an early source of <a href="/wiki/Insulin_(medication)" title="Insulin (medication)">insulin</a>. Early commercial sealers discarded most of the flesh, but might save seal hearts and flippers for an evening meal.<a href="#cite_note-ngs-10">[10]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Seal_hunting&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: History">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Traditional_seal_hunting">Traditional seal hunting</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Seal_hunting&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Traditional seal hunting">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Eskimo_Seal_Hunting.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Eskimo_Seal_Hunting.jpg/220px-Eskimo_Seal_Hunting.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="298" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Eskimo_Seal_Hunting.jpg/330px-Eskimo_Seal_Hunting.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/2c/Eskimo_Seal_Hunting.jpg 2x" data-file-width="428" data-file-height="580" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Inuit" title="Inuit">Inuit</a> seal hunting</figcaption></figure> Archeological evidence indicates the <a href="/wiki/Native_Americans_in_the_United_States" title="Native Americans in the United States">Native Americans</a> and <a href="/wiki/First_Nations_in_Canada" title="First Nations in Canada">First Nations</a> People in Canada have been hunting seals for at least 4,000 years. Traditionally, when an <a href="/wiki/Inuit" title="Inuit">Inuit</a> boy killed his first seal or <a href="/wiki/Caribou" class="mw-redirect" title="Caribou">caribou</a>, a feast was held. The <a href="/wiki/Seal_meat" title="Seal meat">meat</a> was an important source of fat, protein, vitamin A, vitamin B12 and iron,<a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a> and the pelts were prized for their warmth. The Inuit diet is rich in fish, whale, and seal. There were approximately 150,000 circumpolar Inuit in 2005 in Greenland, Alaska, Russia, and Canada.<a href="#cite_note-Ejesiak-12">[12]</a> According to Kirt Ejesiak, former secretary and chief of staff to then-Premier of Nunavut, Paul Okalik and the first Inuk from Nunavut to attend Harvard, for the c. 46,000 Canadian Inuit, the seal was not "just a source of cash through fur sales, but the keystone of their culture." Although Inuit harvest and hunt many species that inhabit the desert tundra and ice platforms, the seal is their mainstay. The Inuktitut vocabulary designates specific objects made from seal bone, sinew, fat and fur used as tools, games, thread, cords, fuel, clothing, boats, and tents. There are also words referring to seasons, topography, place names, legends, and kinship relationships based on the seal. One region of Canada's north is inhabited by the <a href="/wiki/Netsilik_Inuit" class="mw-redirect" title="Netsilik Inuit">Netsilingmiut</a>, or "people of the seal."<a href="#cite_note-Ejesiak-12">[12]</a><a href="#cite_note-WenzelControversy-13">[13]</a> The title of Ejesiak's article acknowledged the pivotal 1991 publication entitled Animal Rights, Human Rights by George Wenzel, a McGill University geographer and anthropologist who worked more than two decades with the Clyde Inuit of Baffin Island. Wenzel's "scholarly examination" of "the impact of the animal rights movement upon the culture and economy of the Canadian Inuit" was among the first to reveal how animal rights groups, "well-meaning people in the dominant society through misunderstanding and ignorance can inflict destruction" on a vulnerable minority.<a href="#cite_note-AINA-14">[14]</a> Inuit seal hunting accounts for the majority of the seal hunt, but just three percent of the hunt in southern Canada; it is excluded from the <a href="/wiki/European_Commission" title="European Commission">European Commission</a>'s call in 2006 for a ban on the import, export and sale of all harp and hooded seal products.<a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a> <a href="/wiki/Ringed_seal" title="Ringed seal">Ringed seals</a> were once the main staple for food, and have been used for clothing, boots, fuel for lamps, as delicacy, containers, <a href="/wiki/Igloo" title="Igloo">igloo</a> windows, and in harnesses for <a href="/wiki/Huskies" class="mw-redirect" title="Huskies">huskies</a>. Though no longer used to this extent, ringed seals are still an important food and clothing source for the people of <a href="/wiki/Nunavut" title="Nunavut">Nunavut</a>.<a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a> Called nayiq by the <a href="/wiki/Central_Alaskan_Yup%27ik_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Central Alaskan Yup'ik people">Central Alaskan Yup'ik people</a>, the ringed seal is also hunted and eaten in <a href="/wiki/Alaska" title="Alaska">Alaska</a>. Various seal species were also hunted in northwest Europe and the <a href="/wiki/Baltic_Sea" title="Baltic Sea">Baltic Sea</a> at least 8,000 years ago.<a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a><a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_modern_era">Early modern era</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Seal_hunting&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Early modern era">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Reimerswaal_%C2%BF_Zeehondenjacht.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Reimerswaal_%C2%BF_Zeehondenjacht.jpg/220px-Reimerswaal_%C2%BF_Zeehondenjacht.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="72" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Reimerswaal_%C2%BF_Zeehondenjacht.jpg/330px-Reimerswaal_%C2%BF_Zeehondenjacht.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Reimerswaal_%C2%BF_Zeehondenjacht.jpg/440px-Reimerswaal_%C2%BF_Zeehondenjacht.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3017" data-file-height="985" /></a><figcaption>Seal hunting in <a href="/wiki/Verdronken_Land_van_Reimerswaal" title="Verdronken Land van Reimerswaal">Reimerswaal</a></figcaption></figure> The first commercial hunting of seals by Europeans, is said to have occurred in 1515, when a cargo of fur seal skins from Uruguay was sent to Spain for sale in the markets of <a href="/wiki/Seville" title="Seville">Seville</a>.<a href="#cite_note-tas-history-19">[19]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Newfoundland">Newfoundland</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Seal_hunting&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Newfoundland">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/Newfoundland_and_Labrador" title="Newfoundland and Labrador">Newfoundland and Labrador</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_St._Lawrence" title="Gulf of St. Lawrence">Gulf of St. Lawrence</a> were the first regions to experience large scale sealing. Migratory fishermen began the hunting from as early as the 1500s. Large-scale commercial seal hunting became an annual event starting in 1723 and expanded rapidly near the turn of the 18th century. Initially, the method used was to ensnare the migrating seals in nets anchored to <a href="/wiki/Dock_(maritime)" class="mw-redirect" title="Dock (maritime)">shore installations</a>, known as the 'landsman seal fishery'. The hunt was mainly for the procurement of seal meat as a form of sustenance for the settlements in the area, rather than for commercial gain.<a href="#cite_note-Seal_Fishery-20">[20]</a> From the early 18th century English hunters began to range further afield – 1723 marked the first time that hunters armed with <a href="/wiki/Firearm" title="Firearm">firearms</a> ventured forth in boats to increase their haul. This soon became a sophisticated commercial operation; the seals were transported back to England, where the seal's meat, fur, and oil were sold separately. From 1749, the import of seal oil to England was being recorded annually, and was used as lighting oil, for cooking, in the manufacture of <a href="/wiki/Soap" title="Soap">soap</a> and for the treating of <a href="/wiki/Leather" title="Leather">leather</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Seal_Fishery-20">[20]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="South_Atlantic">South Atlantic</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Seal_hunting&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: South Atlantic">edit</a>]</div> It was in the <a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Ocean#South_Atlantic" title="Atlantic Ocean">South Seas</a> that sealing became a major enterprise from the late 18th century. <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Enderby" title="Samuel Enderby">Samuel Enderby</a>, along with <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Champion_(businessman)" title="Alexander Champion (businessman)">Alexander Champion</a> and <a href="/wiki/John_St_Barbe" title="John St Barbe">John St Barbe</a> organized the first commercial expedition to the <a href="/wiki/South_Atlantic_Ocean" class="mw-redirect" title="South Atlantic Ocean">South Atlantic Ocean</a> in 1776, initially with the primary aim of <a href="/wiki/Whaling" title="Whaling">whaling</a>, although sealing began to play a prominent part in the operation as well. More expeditions were sent in 1777 and 1778 before political and economic troubles hampered the trade for some time.<a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cook-1777.PNG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Cook-1777.PNG/220px-Cook-1777.PNG" decoding="async" width="220" height="154" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Cook-1777.PNG/330px-Cook-1777.PNG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Cook-1777.PNG/440px-Cook-1777.PNG 2x" data-file-width="3807" data-file-height="2664" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/South_Georgia_and_the_South_Sandwich_Islands" title="South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands">South Georgia island</a> became a centre for the sealing industry from the late 18th century, shortly after it was mapped by Captain <a href="/wiki/James_Cook" title="James Cook">James Cook</a> in 1777.</figcaption></figure> On 1 September 1788, the 270-ton ship Emilia, owned by <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Enderby_%26_Sons" title="Samuel Enderby & Sons">Samuel Enderby & Sons</a> and commanded by Captain James Shields, departed London. The ship went west around <a href="/wiki/Cape_Horn" title="Cape Horn">Cape Horn</a> into the <a href="/wiki/Pacific_Ocean" title="Pacific Ocean">Pacific Ocean</a> to become the first ship of any nation to conduct operations in the <a href="/wiki/Southern_Ocean" title="Southern Ocean">Southern Ocean</a>. Emilia returned to London on 12 March 1790 with a cargo of 139 tons of <a href="/wiki/Whale_oil" title="Whale oil">sperm oil</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Quarterly-22">[22]</a> By 1784, the British had fifteen ships in the southern fishery, all from <a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a>. By 1790 this port alone had sixty vessels employed in the trade. Between 1793 and 1799 there was an average of sixty vessels in the trade. The average increased to seventy-two in the years between 1800 and 1809.<a href="#cite_note-23">[23]</a><a href="#cite_note-24">[24]</a> The sealing industry extended further south to the <a href="/wiki/South_Georgia_and_the_South_Sandwich_Islands" title="South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands">South Georgia island</a>, first mapped by Captain <a href="/wiki/James_Cook" title="James Cook">James Cook</a> in <a href="/wiki/HMS_Resolution_(1771)" title="HMS Resolution (1771)">HMS Resolution</a> on 17 January 1775. During the late 18th century and throughout the 19th century, South Georgia was inhabited by English and <a href="/wiki/Yankee" title="Yankee">Yankee</a> sealers, who used to live there for considerable periods of time and sometimes overwintered. In 1778, English sealers brought back from the Island of <a href="/wiki/South_Georgia_Island" class="mw-redirect" title="South Georgia Island">South Georgia</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Magellan_Strait" class="mw-redirect" title="Magellan Strait">Magellan Strait</a> area as many as 40,000 seal skins and 2,800 tons of <a href="/wiki/Elephant_seal" title="Elephant seal">elephant seal</a> oil. More <a href="/wiki/Fur_seals" class="mw-redirect" title="Fur seals">fur seals</a> from the island were taken in 1786 by the English sealing vessel Lord Hawkesbury, and by 1791, 102 vessels, manned by 3,000 sealers, were hunting seals south of the equator. The first commercial visit to the South Sandwich Islands was made in 1816 by another English ship, the Ann. The sealers pursued their trade in a most unsustainable manner, promptly reducing the fur seal population to near extermination. As a result, sealing activities on South Georgia had three marked peaks in 1786–1802, 1814–23, and 1869–1913 respectively, decreasing in between and gradually shifting to elephant seals taken for oil. Following the discovery of the <a href="/wiki/South_Shetland_Islands" title="South Shetland Islands">South Shetland Islands</a> in 1819, the sealing grounds were expanded to what is now the <a href="/wiki/Antarctic_Treaty" class="mw-redirect" title="Antarctic Treaty">Antarctic Treaty</a> area.<a href="#cite_note-Antarctic-25">[25]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Pacific">Pacific</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Seal_hunting&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Pacific">edit</a>]</div> Commercial sealing in the <a href="/wiki/Australasia" title="Australasia">Australasian</a> region appears to have started with the London-based Massachusetts-born <a href="/wiki/Eber_Bunker" title="Eber Bunker">Eber Bunker</a>, master of the <a href="/wiki/William_and_Ann_(1759)" title="William and Ann (1759)">William and Ann</a>, who in November 1791 announced his intention to visit and hunt in <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand" title="New Zealand">New Zealand</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Dusky_Sound" title="Dusky Sound">Dusky Sound</a>.<a href="#cite_note-entwisle-26">[26]</a>: 10–11  Captain <a href="/wiki/William_Raven" title="William Raven">William Raven</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Britannia_(1783_whaler)" title="Britannia (1783 whaler)">Britannia</a> stationed a party at Dusky from 1792 to 1793, but the discovery in 1798-1799 of <a href="/wiki/Bass_Strait" title="Bass Strait">Bass Strait</a>, between mainland Australia and Van Diemen's Land (present-day <a href="/wiki/Tasmania" title="Tasmania">Tasmania</a>) saw the sealers' focus shift there in 1798, when a gang including Daniel Cooper landed from the Nautilus on <a href="/wiki/Cape_Barren_Island" title="Cape Barren Island">Cape Barren Island</a>.<a href="#cite_note-mcnab1907-27">[27]</a> With Bass Strait over-exploited by 1802, commercial attention returned to southern New Zealand waters, where <a href="/wiki/Stewart_Island/Rakiura" class="mw-redirect" title="Stewart Island/Rakiura">Stewart Island/Rakiura</a> and <a href="/wiki/Foveaux_Strait" title="Foveaux Strait">Foveaux Strait</a> were explored, exploited and charted from 1803 to 1804.<a href="#cite_note-28">[28]</a> Thereafter, the sealing-industry focus shifted to the sub-Antarctic <a href="/wiki/Antipodes_Islands" title="Antipodes Islands">Antipodes Islands</a>, 1805–1807, the <a href="/wiki/Auckland_Islands" title="Auckland Islands">Auckland Islands</a> from 1806, the southeast coast of New Zealand's <a href="/wiki/South_Island" title="South Island">South Island</a>, <a href="/wiki/Otago_Harbour" title="Otago Harbour">Otago Harbour</a> and <a href="/wiki/Solander_Island" class="mw-redirect" title="Solander Island">Solander Island</a> by 1809, before focusing further to the south at the newly-discovered <a href="/wiki/Campbell_Island,_New_Zealand" title="Campbell Island, New Zealand">Campbell Island</a> (discovered in January 1810) and <a href="/wiki/Macquarie_Island" title="Macquarie Island">Macquarie Island</a> (discovered in July 1810) from 1810.<a href="#cite_note-29">[29]</a><a href="#cite_note-30">[30]</a><a href="#cite_note-31">[31]</a> During this period sealers were active on the southern coast of mainland Australia, for example at <a href="/wiki/Kangaroo_Island" title="Kangaroo Island">Kangaroo Island</a>.<a href="#cite_note-32">[32]</a> This whole development has been called[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Unsupported_attributions" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch">by whom?</a>] the first sealing boom; it sparked the <a href="/wiki/Sealers%27_War" title="Sealers' War">Sealers' War</a> (1810–1821) in southern New Zealand. Australasian sealing measured its output in terms of skins.<a href="#cite_note-33">[33]</a> By about 1815, sealing in the Pacific had faded in importance. A brief revival occurred from 1823, but this proved very short-lived.<a href="#cite_note-mcnab1907-27">[27]</a> Although highly profitable at times and affording <a href="/wiki/New_South_Wales" title="New South Wales">New South Wales</a> one of its earliest trade staples, sealing's unregulated character saw its self-destruction. Notable traders from Britain and based in Australia included <a href="/wiki/Simeon_Lord" title="Simeon Lord">Simeon Lord</a>, <a href="/wiki/Henry_Kable" title="Henry Kable">Henry Kable</a>, <a href="/wiki/James_Underwood_(carpenter)" class="mw-redirect" title="James Underwood (carpenter)">James Underwood</a> and <a href="/wiki/Robert_Campbell_(1769%E2%80%931846)" class="mw-redirect" title="Robert Campbell (1769–1846)">Robert Campbell</a>. Plummers of London and the Whitneys of New York also became involved.<a href="#cite_note-entwisle-26">[26]</a><a href="#cite_note-34">[34]</a><a href="#cite_note-35">[35]</a><a href="#cite_note-36">[36]</a> By 1830, most Pacific seal-stocks had been seriously depleted, and <a href="/wiki/Lloyd%27s_Register" title="Lloyd's Register">Lloyd's Register of Shipping</a> only showed one full-time sealing vessel on its books.<a href="#cite_note-tas-history-19">[19]</a> In the North Pacific, the later 1800s saw large harvests of fur seals. These harvests decreased along with fur-seal populations. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Industrial_era">Industrial era</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Seal_hunting&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Industrial era">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sealhunt_550.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Sealhunt_550.jpg/220px-Sealhunt_550.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="125" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Sealhunt_550.jpg/330px-Sealhunt_550.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Sealhunt_550.jpg/440px-Sealhunt_550.jpg 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="284" /></a><figcaption>Seal hunting in <a href="/wiki/Newfoundland_(island)" title="Newfoundland (island)">Newfoundland</a> in the 1880s.</figcaption></figure> Growing from the international <a href="/wiki/Grand_Banks" class="mw-redirect" title="Grand Banks">Grand Banks</a> fishery, the Newfoundland hunt initially used small <a href="/wiki/Schooner" title="Schooner">schooners</a>. Kill rates averaged 451,000 in the 1830s, and rose to 546,000 annually during the first half of the next decade, which led to a marked decline in the harp seal population that in turn adversely impacted profits in the sealing industry.<a href="#cite_note-heritage.nf.ca-37">[37]</a> Four hundred schooners carried 13,000 <a href="/wiki/Newfoundland" class="mw-redirect" title="Newfoundland">Newfoundland</a> sealers on the annual hunts of the 1850s. An annual kill of 700,000 was estimated<a href="#cite_note-ngs-10">[10]</a> when sealing reached its peak in Newfoundland in the 1860s, with the introduction of more powerful and reliable <a href="/wiki/Steamship" title="Steamship">steamships</a> that were capable of much larger range and storing capacity.<a href="#cite_note-38">[38]</a><a href="#cite_note-39">[39]</a> Annual catches exceeded the 400,000 mark from the 1870s and smaller sealers were steadily pushed out of the market. The first modern sealing ship was the <a href="/wiki/USS_Bear_(1874)" class="mw-redirect" title="USS Bear (1874)">SS Bear</a>, built in <a href="/wiki/Dundee" title="Dundee">Dundee</a>, Scotland in 1874 as a steamer for <a href="/wiki/Seal_hunt" class="mw-redirect" title="Seal hunt">sealing</a>.<a href="#cite_note-40">[40]</a> The ship was custom-built for sealing out of <a href="/wiki/St._John%27s,_Newfoundland" class="mw-redirect" title="St. John's, Newfoundland">St. John's, Newfoundland</a>, and was the most outstanding sealing vessel of her day and the lead ship in a new generation of sealers.<a href="#cite_note-41">[41]</a> Heavy-built with 15-centimetre-thick (6-inch) wooden planks, Bear was rigged as a sailing <a href="/wiki/Barquentine" title="Barquentine">barquentine</a> but her main power was a steam engine designed to smash deep into ice packs to reach seal herds. <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:USS_Bear_(AG-29)_Antarctica_c1939.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/USS_Bear_%28AG-29%29_Antarctica_c1939.jpg/220px-USS_Bear_%28AG-29%29_Antarctica_c1939.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="171" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/USS_Bear_%28AG-29%29_Antarctica_c1939.jpg/330px-USS_Bear_%28AG-29%29_Antarctica_c1939.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/USS_Bear_%28AG-29%29_Antarctica_c1939.jpg/440px-USS_Bear_%28AG-29%29_Antarctica_c1939.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1976" data-file-height="1532" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/USS_Bear_(1874)" class="mw-redirect" title="USS Bear (1874)">SS Bear</a> began sealing operations in the 1870s and radically transformed the industry.</figcaption></figure> At the time of her arrival in St. John's, there were 300 vessels outfitted each season to hunt seals, but most were small <a href="/wiki/Schooners" class="mw-redirect" title="Schooners">schooners</a> or old sailing <a href="/wiki/Barque" title="Barque">barques</a>.<a href="#cite_note-42">[42]</a> The new sealing ships represented by Bear radically transformed the Eastern North Atlantic seal fishery as they replaced the hundreds of smaller sealing vessels owned by merchants in <a href="/wiki/Outports" class="mw-redirect" title="Outports">outports</a> around Newfoundland with large and expensive steamships owned by large British and Newfoundland companies based in St. John's.<a href="#cite_note-disaster-43">[43]</a> Owned at first by the Scottish firm W. Grieve and Sons, she was acquired in 1880 by R. Steele Junior.<a href="#cite_note-44">[44]</a> Another famous sealing ship of the era was the <a href="/wiki/Terra_Nova_(ship)" title="Terra Nova (ship)">Terra Nova</a>, originally built in 1884 for the Dundee whaling and sealing fleet. She was ideally suited to the polar regions and worked for 10 years in the annual seal fishery in the <a href="/wiki/Labrador_Sea" title="Labrador Sea">Labrador Sea</a>. Large and expensive ships required major capital investments from British and Newfoundland firms, and shifted the industry from merchants in small outports to companies based in St. John's, Newfoundland. By the late 19th century, the sealing industry in Newfoundland was second in importance only to <a href="/wiki/Cod_fishing_in_Newfoundland" title="Cod fishing in Newfoundland">cod fishing</a>.<a href="#cite_note-45">[45]</a> The seal hunt provided critical winter wages for fishermen, but was dangerous work marked by sealing disasters that claimed hundreds of lives, such as the 1914 Newfoundland Sealing Disaster involving the <a href="/wiki/SS_Southern_Cross_(1886)" title="SS Southern Cross (1886)">SS Southern Cross</a>, the <a href="/wiki/SS_Newfoundland" title="SS Newfoundland">SS Newfoundland</a>, and SS Stephano.<a href="#cite_note-disaster-43">[43]</a> The rugged hulls and experienced crews of Newfoundland sealing vessels often led sealers such as Bear and Terra Nova to be hired for Arctic exploration and one sealer Algerine was hired to recover Titanic bodies in 1912. Following <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a> aircraft were used to find where the herds of seals had gathered on ice sheets.<a href="#cite_note-ngs-10">[10]</a> After <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>, the Newfoundland hunt was dominated by large Norwegian sealing vessels until the late 20th century, when the much diminished hunt shifted to smaller motor fishing vessels, based from outports around Newfoundland and Labrador. In 2007, the commercial seal hunt dividend contributed about $6 million to the Newfoundland GDP, a fraction of the industry's former importance.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Environmental_protection">Environmental protection</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Seal_hunting&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Environmental protection">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Choris,_Saint_Paul.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Choris%2C_Saint_Paul.jpg/220px-Choris%2C_Saint_Paul.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="172" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Choris%2C_Saint_Paul.jpg/330px-Choris%2C_Saint_Paul.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Choris%2C_Saint_Paul.jpg/440px-Choris%2C_Saint_Paul.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1343" data-file-height="1051" /></a><figcaption>The Russian Rurik, near <a href="/wiki/Saint_Paul_Island_(Alaska)" class="mw-redirect" title="Saint Paul Island (Alaska)">Saint Paul Island</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Bering_Sea" title="Bering Sea">Bering Sea</a>. Sealing in the Bering sea led to a diplomatic dispute between the US and Britain in the 1880s, which brought about the first legislative attempts to limit the environmental damage done by the sealers. Drawing by <a href="/wiki/Louis_Choris" title="Louis Choris">Louis Choris</a> in 1817.</figcaption></figure> The end of the 19th century was marked by the <a href="/wiki/Bering_Sea_Controversy" class="mw-redirect" title="Bering Sea Controversy">Bering Sea Controversy</a> between the United States and Great Britain over the management of fur seal harvests.<a href="#cite_note-ea-9">[9]</a> In 1867 the United States government purchased from Russia all her territorial rights in <a href="/wiki/Alaska" title="Alaska">Alaska</a> and the adjacent islands, including the <a href="/wiki/Pribilof_Islands" title="Pribilof Islands">Pribilof Islands</a>, the principal breeding-grounds of the seals in those waters. By <a href="/wiki/Acts_of_Congress" class="mw-redirect" title="Acts of Congress">Acts of Congress</a>, the killing of seals was strictly regulated on the Pribiloff islands and in "the waters adjacent thereto". Beginning in about 1886, it became the practice of certain British and Canadian vessels to intercept passing seals in the open ocean (over three miles from any shore) and shoot them in the water (pelagic sealing).<a href="#cite_note-nie-46">[46]</a> In the summer of 1886, three British Columbian sealers, the Carolena, the Onward, and Thornton, were captured by an American revenue cutter, the <a href="/wiki/USRC_Thomas_Corwin_(1876)" class="mw-redirect" title="USRC Thomas Corwin (1876)">Corwin</a>.<a href="#cite_note-47">[47]</a> The United States claimed exclusive jurisdiction over the sealing industry in the <a href="/wiki/Bering_Sea" title="Bering Sea">Bering Sea</a>; it also contended that the protection of the <a href="/wiki/Fur_seal" title="Fur seal">fur seal</a> was an international duty, and should be secured by international arrangement. The British imperial government repudiated the claim, but was willing to negotiate on the question of international regulation. <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:H%C3%BClgevaatlus,_postipaat_Helge.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/H%C3%BClgevaatlus%2C_postipaat_Helge.JPG/220px-H%C3%BClgevaatlus%2C_postipaat_Helge.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/H%C3%BClgevaatlus%2C_postipaat_Helge.JPG/330px-H%C3%BClgevaatlus%2C_postipaat_Helge.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/H%C3%BClgevaatlus%2C_postipaat_Helge.JPG/440px-H%C3%BClgevaatlus%2C_postipaat_Helge.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4512" data-file-height="3000" /></a><figcaption>While people living in Estonian coastal areas used to hunt seals, this has changed a lot within the last half century. Within the last decade <a href="/wiki/Ecotourism" title="Ecotourism">ecotourism</a> has also emerged, and nowadays seal watching tours are being organized.</figcaption></figure> The issue was taken to arbitration, which concluded in favour of Britain on all points in 1893. Since the decision was in favor of Great Britain, in accordance with the arbitration treaty the tribunal prescribed a series of regulations for preserving the seal herds which were to be binding upon and enforced by both powers. They limited pelagic sealing as to time, place, and manner by fixing a zone of 60 miles (97 km) around the Pribilof Islands within which the seals were not to be molested at any time, and from 1 May to 31 July each year they were not to be pursued anywhere in the Bering Sea. Only licensed sailing vessels were permitted to engage in fur sealing, and the use of firearms or explosives was prohibited. This marked the first attempt at establishing regulations on the sealing industry for environmental purposes.<a href="#cite_note-nie-46">[46]</a> However, these regulations failed because the mother seals fed outside the protected area and remained vulnerable.<a href="#cite_note-ea-9">[9]</a> A joint commission of scientists from Britain and the United States further considered the problem, and came to the conclusion that pelagic sealing needed to be curtailed. However, further joint tribunals did not enact new legal restrictions and, at this point, Japan also embarked upon pelagic sealing.<a href="#cite_note-ea-9">[9]</a> Finally, the <a href="/wiki/North_Pacific_Fur_Seal_Convention_of_1911" title="North Pacific Fur Seal Convention of 1911">North Pacific Fur Seal Convention</a> severely curtailed the sealing industry. Signed on 7 July 1911, by the United States, <a href="/wiki/Great_Britain" title="Great Britain">Great Britain</a>, Japan and Russia, the treaty was designed to manage the commercial harvest of fur-bearing mammals. It outlawed open-water seal hunting and acknowledged the United States' <a href="/wiki/Jurisdiction" title="Jurisdiction">jurisdiction</a> in managing the on-shore hunting of seals for commercial purposes. It was the first international treaty to address wildlife preservation issues.<a href="#cite_note-NOAA-48">[48]</a> The treaty was dissolved with the onset of hostilities between the signatories in World War II. However, the treaty set precedent for future national and <a href="/wiki/International_laws" class="mw-redirect" title="International laws">international laws</a> and treaties, including the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Fur_Seal_Act_of_1966&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fur Seal Act of 1966 (page does not exist)">Fur Seal Act of 1966</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Marine_Mammal_Protection_Act_of_1972" class="mw-redirect" title="Marine Mammal Protection Act of 1972">Marine Mammal Protection Act of 1972</a>.<a href="#cite_note-NOAA-48">[48]</a> Today, commercial sealing is conducted by only five nations: Canada, Greenland, Namibia, Norway, and Russia. The United States, which had been heavily involved in the sealing industry,[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] now maintains a complete ban on the commercial hunting of marine mammals, with the exception of indigenous peoples who are allowed to hunt a small number of seals each year.<a href="#cite_note-49">[49]</a><a href="#cite_note-50">[50]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Equipment_and_methods">Equipment and methods</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Seal_hunting&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Equipment and methods">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hakapik.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Hakapik.jpg/220px-Hakapik.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Hakapik.jpg/330px-Hakapik.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Hakapik.jpg/440px-Hakapik.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1944" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/Hakapik" title="Hakapik">hakapik</a></figcaption></figure> In the Canadian commercial seal hunt, the majority of the hunters initiate the kill using a firearm. Ninety percent of sealers on the ice floes of the Front (east of Newfoundland), where the majority of non-native seal hunting occurs, use firearms.<a href="#cite_note-51">[51]</a> An older and more traditional method of killing seals is with a <a href="/wiki/Hakapik" title="Hakapik">hakapik</a>: a heavy wooden club with a hammer head and metal hook on the end. The hakapik is used because of its efficiency; the animal can be killed quickly without damage to its pelt. The hammer head is used to crush the seals' thin skulls, while the hook is used to move the carcasses. Canadian sealing regulations describe the dimensions of the clubs and the <a href="/wiki/Hakapik" title="Hakapik">hakapiks</a>, and caliber of the rifles and minimum bullet velocity, that can be used. They state: "Every person who strikes a seal with a club or hakapik shall strike the seal on the forehead until its skull has been crushed", and that "No person shall commence to skin or bleed a seal until the seal is dead", which occurs when it "has a glassy-eyed, staring appearance and exhibits no blinking reflex when its eye is touched while it is in a relaxed condition."<a href="#cite_note-52">[52]</a> Reportedly, in one study, three out of eight times, the animal was not rendered either dead or unconscious by shooting, and the hunters would then kill the seal using a hakapik or other club of a type that is sanctioned by the governing authority.<a href="#cite_note-53">[53]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Modern_sealing">Modern sealing</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Seal_hunting&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Modern sealing">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Products_made_from_seals">Products made from seals</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Seal_hunting&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Products made from seals">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Selskinnsvest.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Selskinnsvest.JPG/170px-Selskinnsvest.JPG" decoding="async" width="170" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Selskinnsvest.JPG/255px-Selskinnsvest.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Selskinnsvest.JPG/340px-Selskinnsvest.JPG 2x" data-file-width="463" data-file-height="599" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/Waistcoat" title="Waistcoat">waistcoat</a> made of seal fur</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Phoeca_groenlandica_piece_of_meat_upernavik_2007-06-26.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Phoeca_groenlandica_piece_of_meat_upernavik_2007-06-26.JPG/220px-Phoeca_groenlandica_piece_of_meat_upernavik_2007-06-26.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Phoeca_groenlandica_piece_of_meat_upernavik_2007-06-26.JPG/330px-Phoeca_groenlandica_piece_of_meat_upernavik_2007-06-26.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Phoeca_groenlandica_piece_of_meat_upernavik_2007-06-26.JPG/440px-Phoeca_groenlandica_piece_of_meat_upernavik_2007-06-26.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2816" data-file-height="2112" /></a><figcaption>Meat from a young <a href="/wiki/Harp_seal" title="Harp seal">harp seal</a></figcaption></figure> Seal skins have been used by aboriginal people for millennia to make waterproof jackets and boots, and seal fur to make fur coats. Pelts account for over half the processed value of a seal, selling at over C$100 each as of 2006.<a href="#cite_note-54">[54]</a> According to <a href="/wiki/Paul_Christian_Rieber" class="mw-redirect" title="Paul Christian Rieber">Paul Christian Rieber</a>, of <a href="/wiki/GC_Rieber_AS" class="mw-redirect" title="GC Rieber AS">GC Rieber AS</a>, the difficult ice conditions and low quotas in 2006 resulted in reduced access to seal pelts, which caused the commodity price to be pushed up.<a href="#cite_note-rieberskinn-55">[55]</a> One high-end fashion designer, <a href="/wiki/Donatella_Versace" title="Donatella Versace">Donatella Versace</a>, has begun to use seal pelts, while others, such as <a href="/wiki/Calvin_Klein" title="Calvin Klein">Calvin Klein</a>, <a href="/wiki/Stella_McCartney" title="Stella McCartney">Stella McCartney</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tommy_Hilfiger" title="Tommy Hilfiger">Tommy Hilfiger</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Ralph_Lauren" title="Ralph Lauren">Ralph Lauren</a>, refrain from using any kind of fur.<a href="#cite_note-wspa-56">[56]</a><a href="#cite_note-57">[57]</a> Seal meat is a source of food for residents of small coastal communities.<a href="#cite_note-portalcity-58">[58]</a> Meat is sold in the Asian pet food market; in 2004, only Taiwan and South Korea purchased seal meat from Canada.<a href="#cite_note-seashepherd-facts-59">[59]</a> Seal blubber is used to make seal oil, marketed as a fish oil supplement. In 2001, 2% of Canada's raw seal oil was processed and sold in Canadian health stores.<a href="#cite_note-regj-60">[60]</a> There has been virtually no market for seal organs since 1998.<a href="#cite_note-portalcity-58">[58]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sealing_states">Sealing states</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Seal_hunting&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Sealing states">edit</a>]</div> In 2005, three companies exported seal skin: <a href="/wiki/GC_Rieber" title="GC Rieber">Rieber</a> in Norway, Atlantic Marine in Canada and Great Greenland in Greenland.<a href="#cite_note-igjen-61">[61]</a> Their clients were earlier French fashion houses and fur makers in Europe, but today the fur is mainly exported to Russia and China.<a href="#cite_note-igjen-61">[61]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Canada">Canada</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Seal_hunting&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Canada">edit</a>]</div> In Canada, the season for the commercial hunt of <a href="/wiki/Harp_seal" title="Harp seal">harp seal</a> is from 15 November to 15 May.<a href="#cite_note-Canada0305-62">[62]</a> While Inuit hunt seals commercially year-round, most sealing in southern Canada occurs in late March in the <a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_St._Lawrence" title="Gulf of St. Lawrence">Gulf of St. Lawrence</a>, and during the first or second week of April off Newfoundland, in an area known as the Front. This peak spring period is often mistakenly referred to as the "Canadian Seal Hunt", when in fact seal hunting also happens throughout the year all over the Canadian Arctic.<a href="#cite_note-faq-canada-1">[1]</a> In 2003, the three-year harp seal quota granted by Fisheries and Oceans Canada was increased to a maximum of 975,000 animals per three years, with a maximum of 350,000 animals in any two consecutive years.<a href="#cite_note-Canada0305-62">[62]</a> As of 2012, the population in Canada of the Northwest Atlantic harp seals is approximately 7.3 million animals, over three times what it was in the 1970s.<a href="#cite_note-dfo-mpo.gc.ca-63">[63]</a> Although around 70% of Canadian seals killed are taken on the Front,<a href="#cite_note-faq-canada-1">[1]</a> private monitors focus on the St. Lawrence hunt, because of its more convenient location.<a href="#cite_note-pmid12240525-64">[64]</a> The 2006 St. Lawrence leg of the hunt was officially closed on 3 April 2006; sealers had already exceeded the quota by 1,000 animals.<a href="#cite_note-65">[65]</a> On 26 March 2007, the Newfoundland and Labrador government launched a seal hunt website to counter "misinformation about the sealing industry that is [published] by international animal rights organizations".<a href="#cite_note-66">[66]</a> Warm winters in the Gulf of Saint Lawrence have led to thinner and more unstable ice there. In 2007, Canada's <a href="/wiki/Fisheries_and_Oceans_Canada" title="Fisheries and Oceans Canada">federal fisheries ministry</a> reported that while the pups are born on the ice as usual, the ice floes have started to break up before the pups learn to swim, causing the pups to drown.<a href="#cite_note-67">[67]</a> Canada reduced the 2007 quota by 20%, because overflights showed large numbers of seal pups were lost to thin and melting ice.<a href="#cite_note-Washington-68">[68]</a> In southern <a href="/wiki/Labrador" title="Labrador">Labrador</a> and off Newfoundland's northeast coast, however, there was extra heavy ice in 2007, and the coast guard estimated as many as 100 vessels were trapped in ice simultaneously.<a href="#cite_note-69">[69]</a><a href="#cite_note-70">[70]</a> The 2010 hunt was cut short because demand for seal pelts was down. Only one local pelt buyer, NuTan Furs, offered to purchase pelts; and it committed to purchase less than 15,000 pelts.<a href="#cite_note-71">[71]</a> Pelt prices were about C$21/pelt in 2010, which is about twice the 2009 price and about 64% of the 2007 price. The reduced demand is attributable mainly to the 2009 ban on imports of seal products into the European Union. The 2010 winter was unusually warm, with little ice forming in the Gulf of St. Lawrence in February and March, when harp seals give birth to their pups on ice floes. Around the Gulf, harp seals arrived in late winter to give birth on near-shore ice and even on beaches rather than on their usual whelping grounds: sturdy sea ice. Also, seal pups born elsewhere began floating to shore on small, shrinking pieces of ice. Many others stayed too far north, out of reach of all but the most determined hunters. Environment Canada, the weather forecasting agency, reported the ice was at the lowest level on record.<a href="#cite_note-Austen-72">[72]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Regulations">Regulations</h5>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Seal_hunting&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Regulations">edit</a>]</div> The Fisheries Act established "Seal Protection Regulations" in the mid-1960s. The regulations were combined with other Canadian <a href="/wiki/Marine_mammal" title="Marine mammal">marine mammals</a> regulations in 1993, to form the "<a href="/wiki/Marine_Mammal_Regulations" title="Marine Mammal Regulations">Marine Mammal Regulations</a>".<a href="#cite_note-73">[73]</a><a href="#cite_note-74">[74]</a><a href="#cite_note-75">[75]</a> In addition to describing the use of the rifle and hakapik, the regulations state every person "who fishes for seals for personal or commercial use shall land the <a href="/wiki/Fur" title="Fur">pelt</a> or the carcass of the seal."<a href="#cite_note-pmid12240525-64">[64]</a> The commercial hunting of infant harp seals (<a href="/wiki/Whitecoats" class="mw-redirect" title="Whitecoats">whitecoats</a>) and infant hooded seals (bluebacks) was banned in 1987 under pressure from animal rights groups. Now, seals may only be killed once they have started <a href="/wiki/Molting" class="mw-redirect" title="Molting">molting</a> (from 12 to 15 days of age), as this coincides with the time when they are abandoned by their mothers. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Export">Export</h5>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Seal_hunting&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Export">edit</a>]</div> Canada's biggest market for seal pelts is Norway.<a href="#cite_note-76">[76]</a> Carino Limited is one of Newfoundland's largest seal pelt producers. Carino (CAnada–RIeber–NOrway) is marketing its seal pelts mainly through its parent company, <a href="/wiki/GC_Rieber_Skinn" class="mw-redirect" title="GC Rieber Skinn">GC Rieber Skinn</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bergen,_Norway" class="mw-redirect" title="Bergen, Norway">Bergen, Norway</a>.<a href="#cite_note-77">[77]</a> Canada sold pelts to eleven countries in 2004. The next largest were Germany, Greenland, and China/<a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong" title="Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a>. Other importers were Finland, Denmark, France, Greece, South Korea, and Russia.<a href="#cite_note-seashepherd-facts-59">[59]</a> Asia remains the principal market for seal meat exports.<a href="#cite_note-Canada0305-62">[62]</a> One of Canada's market access priorities for 2002 was to "continue to press Korean authorities to obtain the necessary approvals for the sale of seal meat for human consumption in Korea."<a href="#cite_note-openingdoors-78">[78]</a> Canadian and Korean officials agreed in 2003 on specific Korean import requirements for seal meat.<a href="#cite_note-openingdoors-78">[78]</a> For 2004, only Taiwan and South Korea purchased seal meat from Canada.<a href="#cite_note-seashepherd-facts-59">[59]</a> Canadian seal product exports reached C$18 million in 2006. Of this, C$5.4 million went to the EU.<a href="#cite_note-79">[79]</a> In 2009, the European Union banned all seal imports, shrinking the market.<a href="#cite_note-80">[80]</a> Where pelts once sold for more than $100, they now fetch $8 to $15 each.<a href="#cite_note-Austen-72">[72]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Greenland">Greenland</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Seal_hunting&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Greenland">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gr%C3%B6nl%C3%A4nder_nach_Seehundjagd.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Gr%C3%B6nl%C3%A4nder_nach_Seehundjagd.jpg/220px-Gr%C3%B6nl%C3%A4nder_nach_Seehundjagd.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Gr%C3%B6nl%C3%A4nder_nach_Seehundjagd.jpg/330px-Gr%C3%B6nl%C3%A4nder_nach_Seehundjagd.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Gr%C3%B6nl%C3%A4nder_nach_Seehundjagd.jpg/440px-Gr%C3%B6nl%C3%A4nder_nach_Seehundjagd.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2178" data-file-height="1313" /></a><figcaption>Greenlandic Inuit hunters with several seals, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1900. Historically seal hunting was often done from kayak with a harpoon, but today most is done from small motorboat with rifle/shotgun</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Greenland_1999_(01).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Greenland_1999_%2801%29.jpg/220px-Greenland_1999_%2801%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="168" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Greenland_1999_%2801%29.jpg/330px-Greenland_1999_%2801%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Greenland_1999_%2801%29.jpg/440px-Greenland_1999_%2801%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1682" data-file-height="1284" /></a><figcaption>Three women wearing Greenland's National Costume, which contain seal skin</figcaption></figure> Seals are abundant in Greenland with an estimated total population of 12 million, and about 82,000 harp seals, 78,000 ringed seals and a much lower number of hooded seals are killed each year (historically, a couple of other seal species were also hunted).<a href="#cite_note-Faktablad-81">[81]</a> The hunter has to have a hunting license and he/she is obliged to register all kills with the authorities. Young seals and mothers with young are fully protected.<a href="#cite_note-SælErhvervsportalen-4">[4]</a> Hunting is done with a rifle or shotgun, which by law has to be at least a <a href="/wiki/.22_caliber" title=".22 caliber">.22 caliber</a> or a <a href="/wiki/20-gauge" class="mw-redirect" title="20-gauge">20-gauge</a>, respectively.<a href="#cite_note-SælErhvervsportalen-4">[4]</a> The most common and widespread method involves using a small boat to slowly approach a seal sitting on ice or swimming at the surface of the water, and shoot it from a distance, aiming for the head. Once shot and killed, the boat rushes up to the seal and hooks the carcass out of the water before it sinks.<a href="#cite_note-Faktablad-81">[81]</a><a href="#cite_note-OCarroll2005-82">[82]</a> Another method is sometimes used in places where the sea is almost entirely covered by ice. The hunter slowly crawls forwards on the ice towards a seal, hiding behind a white screen. Once within shooting range, the seal is shot.<a href="#cite_note-Faktablad-81">[81]</a> Although the killed seal can be retrieved with the use of a <a href="/wiki/Snowmobile" title="Snowmobile">snowmobile</a>, it is illegal to use a motor vehicle (including snowmobile), plane or helicopter in the hunt itself.<a href="#cite_note-SælErhvervsportalen-4">[4]</a> Seal hunting is very important to the local societies, especially small rural villages. In 2011, there were almost 8,000 hunters, including 2,100 full-time (the remaining are often fishers–hunters), out of a total work force of 32,000 people in Greenland.<a href="#cite_note-Faktablad-81">[81]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Seal_meat" title="Seal meat">meat</a> is usually <a href="/wiki/Greenlandic_cuisine" title="Greenlandic cuisine">consumed locally</a> and the skin is also used for local clothes (for example, Greenland's National Costume contains seal skin, including in the <a href="/wiki/Kamik" class="mw-redirect" title="Kamik">kamiks</a>) or sold abroad.<a href="#cite_note-Nationaldragt-83">[83]</a> However, exports were hard hit by international campaigns against seal pelts, starting in 1980s (to some degree also later) and often focussing on seals being killed by clubbing or similar methods (especially young, but also adults), methods that were and are not in use in Greenland.<a href="#cite_note-upi2008-5">[5]</a> As a consequence, Greenland attempted to distance itself from places where such methods were in use. For example, Greenland banned imports of seal skin from Canada for a period in 2006, specifically citing the way seals were killed.<a href="#cite_note-upi2008-5">[5]</a> The European Union ban on seal skins has an exemption for those that originate from subsistence hunts by Inuit or other indigenous communities and using methods where animal welfare is considered (i.e., killed using humane methods),<a href="#cite_note-EUSealRegime-84">[84]</a> which has allowed Greenland to continue the trade.<a href="#cite_note-SælErhvervsportalen-4">[4]</a> Nevertheless, the number of skins treated for commercial sale (both local and international) has fallen considerably in recent years and by 2017 was below 25,000.<a href="#cite_note-85">[85]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Namibia">Namibia</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Seal_hunting&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Namibia">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Seal_hunting_in_Namibia" title="Seal hunting in Namibia">Seal hunting in Namibia</a></div> <table class="wikitable" style="float:right; margin:10px"> <tbody><tr style="text-align:center;"> <td>Year </td> <td>Annual Quota </td> <td>Catch </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center;">Before 1990 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">17,000 pups<a href="#cite_note-nam2010-2-86">[86]</a> </td> <td style="text-align:right;"> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center;">1998–2000 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">30,000 pups<a href="#cite_note-nam2006-87">[87]</a> </td> <td style="text-align:right;"> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center;">2001–2003 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">60,000 pups<a href="#cite_note-nam2006-87">[87]</a> </td> <td style="text-align:right;"> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center;">2004–2006 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">60,000 pups, 7,000 bulls<a href="#cite_note-nam2006-87">[87]</a> </td> <td style="text-align:right;"> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center;">2007 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">80,000 pups, 6,000 bulls<a href="#cite_note-nam2007-88">[88]</a> </td> <td style="text-align:right;"> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center;">2008 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">80,000 pups, 6,000 bulls<a href="#cite_note-nam2007-88">[88]</a> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">23,000 seals<a href="#cite_note-nam2009-89">[89]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center;">2009 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">85,000 pups, 7,000 bulls<a href="#cite_note-nam2010-90">[90]</a> </td> <td style="text-align:right;"> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center;">2010 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">85,000 pups, 7,000 bulls<a href="#cite_note-nam2010-90">[90]</a> </td> <td style="text-align:right;"> </td></tr></tbody></table> <a href="/wiki/Namibia" title="Namibia">Namibia</a> is the only country in the <a href="/wiki/Southern_Hemisphere" title="Southern Hemisphere">Southern Hemisphere</a> culling seals. Although the protection and the sustainable use of natural resources is part of Namibia's constitution, it claims to conduct the second largest seal hunt in the world,<a href="#cite_note-nam2006-87">[87]</a> mainly because of the huge amount of fish seals are estimated to consume. While a government-initiated study found seal colonies consume more fish than the entire fishing industry can catch,<a href="#cite_note-nam2007-88">[88]</a> animal protection society Seal Alert South Africa estimated less than 0.3% losses to commercial fisheries.<a href="#cite_note-nam2010-2-86">[86]</a> Hunting is done from July to November<a href="#cite_note-nam2010-2-86">[86]</a> on two places, <a href="/wiki/Cape_Cross" title="Cape Cross">Cape Cross</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Atlas_Bay&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Atlas Bay (page does not exist)">Atlas Bay</a>, and in the past at <a href="/w/index.php?title=Wolf_Bay&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wolf Bay (page does not exist)">Wolf Bay</a>.<a href="#cite_note-nam2007-88">[88]</a> These two colonies together account for 75% of the <a href="/wiki/Brown_fur_seal" title="Brown fur seal">Cape fur seal</a> population of the country.<a href="#cite_note-nam2006-87">[87]</a> <a href="/wiki/Cape_Cross_Seal_Reserve" class="mw-redirect" title="Cape Cross Seal Reserve">Cape Cross</a> is a tourism resort and the largest Cape fur seal colony in Namibia. The Department of Tourism has stated<a href="#cite_note-91">[91]</a> that "Cape Cross Seal Reserve was established to protect the largest breeding colony of Cape fur seals in the world". In season, the resort is closed and sealed off during the culling in the early morning hours, journalists are not allowed to enter.<a href="#cite_note-nam2009-89">[89]</a> Namibia's <a href="/wiki/Society_for_the_Prevention_of_Cruelty_to_Animals" title="Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals">SPCA</a> is allowed to observe the culling from 2010 onwards.<a href="#cite_note-nam2010-90">[90]</a> Namibia's Ministry of Fisheries announced a three-year rolling quota for the seal harvest, although different quotas per year are sometimes reported.<a href="#cite_note-nam2007-88">[88]</a><a href="#cite_note-nam2009-89">[89]</a> The latest<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Seal_hunting&action=edit">[update]</a> quota announced was in 2009, valid until 2011.<a href="#cite_note-nam2010-90">[90]</a> The quotas are usually not filled by the concession holders.<a href="#cite_note-nam2010-2-86">[86]</a> In 2009, an unusual bid to end seal culling in Namibia was attempted when Seal Alert tried to raise money to purchase the only buyer of Namibian seals, Australian-based Hatem Yavuz, in its entirety for US$14.2 million.<a href="#cite_note-nam2009-89">[89]</a> The project did not materialise. Also, the Government of Namibia offered the <a href="/wiki/International_Fund_for_Animal_Welfare" title="International Fund for Animal Welfare">International Fund for Animal Welfare</a> (IFAW) an opportunity to buy out the two sealers in Namibia to finally end the culling. The offer was rejected.<a href="#cite_note-nam2006-87">[87]</a> In 2011, South African activists launched a boycott of Namibian tourism and Namibian products<a href="#cite_note-92">[92]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Self-published_sources" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">self-published source?</a>] in response to the cull. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Norway">Norway</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Seal_hunting&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Norway">edit</a>]</div> <table class="wikitable" style="float:right; margin:10px"> <tbody><tr style="text-align:center;"> <td>Year </td> <td>Quota </td> <td>Catch </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center;">1950 </td> <td style="text-align:right;"> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">255,056<a href="#cite_note-stat-93">[93]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center;">1955 </td> <td style="text-align:right;"> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">295,172<a href="#cite_note-stat-93">[93]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center;">1960 </td> <td style="text-align:right;"> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">216,034<a href="#cite_note-stat-93">[93]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center;">1965 </td> <td style="text-align:right;"> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">140,118<a href="#cite_note-stat-93">[93]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center;">1970 </td> <td style="text-align:right;"> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">188,980<a href="#cite_note-stat-93">[93]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center;">1975 </td> <td style="text-align:right;"> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">112,274<a href="#cite_note-stat-93">[93]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center;">1980 </td> <td style="text-align:right;"> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">60,746<a href="#cite_note-stat-93">[93]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center;">1985 </td> <td style="text-align:right;"> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">19,902<a href="#cite_note-stat-93">[93]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center;">1990 </td> <td style="text-align:right;"> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">15,232<a href="#cite_note-stat-93">[93]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center;">1992 </td> <td style="text-align:right;"> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">14,076<a href="#cite_note-94">[94]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center;">1993 </td> <td style="text-align:right;"> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">12,772 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center;">1994 </td> <td style="text-align:right;"> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">18,113 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center;">1995 </td> <td style="text-align:right;"> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">15,981 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center;">1996 </td> <td style="text-align:right;"> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">16,737 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center;">1997 </td> <td style="text-align:right;"> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">10,114 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center;">1998 </td> <td style="text-align:right;"> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">9,067 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center;">1999 </td> <td style="text-align:right;"> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">6,399 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center;">2000 </td> <td style="text-align:right;"> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">20,549 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center;">2001 </td> <td style="text-align:right;"> </td> <td style="text-align:right;"> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center;">2002 </td> <td style="text-align:right;"> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">10,691<a href="#cite_note-95">[95]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center;">2003 </td> <td style="text-align:right;"> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">12,870<a href="#cite_note-stat-93">[93]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center;">2004 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">30,600<a href="#cite_note-96">[96]</a> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">14,746<a href="#cite_note-stat-93">[93]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center;">2005 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">30,600<a href="#cite_note-97">[97]</a> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">21,597<a href="#cite_note-stat-93">[93]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center;">2006 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">45,200<a href="#cite_note-98">[98]</a> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">17,037<a href="#cite_note-stat-93">[93]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center;">2007 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">46,200<a href="#cite_note-99">[99]</a> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">8,000<a href="#cite_note-kysten-100">[100]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center;">2008 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">31,000<a href="#cite_note-kysten-100">[100]</a> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">1,260<a href="#cite_note-101">[101]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center;">2011 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">49,400<a href="#cite_note-Fiskeridirektoratet-102">[102]</a> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">7,673<a href="#cite_note-Fiskeridirektoratet-102">[102]</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hakapik_x_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Hakapik_x_2.jpg/220px-Hakapik_x_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Hakapik_x_2.jpg/330px-Hakapik_x_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Hakapik_x_2.jpg/440px-Hakapik_x_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1944" /></a><figcaption>Hakapiks displayed on the wall of a gun shop in <a href="/wiki/Troms%C3%B8" title="Tromsø">Tromsø</a>, Norway</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Seal_hunting_on_ice_in_1904.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Seal_hunting_on_ice_in_1904.jpg/220px-Seal_hunting_on_ice_in_1904.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="169" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Seal_hunting_on_ice_in_1904.jpg/330px-Seal_hunting_on_ice_in_1904.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Seal_hunting_on_ice_in_1904.jpg/440px-Seal_hunting_on_ice_in_1904.jpg 2x" data-file-width="625" data-file-height="480" /></a><figcaption>Seal hunting on ice in 1904</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sealing_vessel_%22Havsel%22.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Sealing_vessel_%22Havsel%22.jpg/220px-Sealing_vessel_%22Havsel%22.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Sealing_vessel_%22Havsel%22.jpg/330px-Sealing_vessel_%22Havsel%22.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Sealing_vessel_%22Havsel%22.jpg/440px-Sealing_vessel_%22Havsel%22.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4928" data-file-height="3264" /></a><figcaption>The Norwegian sealing vessel Havsel in the <a href="/wiki/West_Ice" title="West Ice">West Ice</a> in 2017</figcaption></figure> The Norwegian sealing season runs from January to September. The hunt involves "seal catching" by seagoing sealing boats on the Arctic <a href="/wiki/Ice_shelf" title="Ice shelf">ice shelf</a>, and "seal hunting" on the coast and islands of mainland Norway. The latter is carried out by small groups of licensed hunters shooting seals from land and using small boats to retrieve the catch. In 2005, Norway allowed foreign nationals to take part in the hunt.<a href="#cite_note-103">[103]</a> In 2006, 17,037 seals (including 13,390 harp and 3,647 hooded seals) were killed.<a href="#cite_note-stat-93">[93]</a> In 2007, the <a href="/wiki/Norwegian_Ministry_of_Fisheries_and_Coastal_Affairs" class="mw-redirect" title="Norwegian Ministry of Fisheries and Coastal Affairs">Norwegian Ministry of Fisheries and Coastal Affairs</a> stated up to 13.5 million <a href="/wiki/Norwegian_krone" title="Norwegian krone">Norwegian krone</a> (about US$2.6 million) would be given in funding to vessels in the 2007 Norwegian seal hunt.<a href="#cite_note-104">[104]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Regulations_2">Regulations</h5>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Seal_hunting&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Regulations">edit</a>]</div> All Norwegian sealing vessels are required to carry a qualified veterinary inspector on board.<a href="#cite_note-norwegianembassy-105">[105]</a> Norwegian sealers are required to pass a shooting test each year before the season starts, using the same weapon and ammunition as they would on the ice. Likewise, they have to pass a hakapik test.<a href="#cite_note-Selfangstsforskrift-106">[106]</a> Adult seals more than one year old must be shot in the head with expanding bullets, and cannot be clubbed to death. The hakapik shall be used to ensure the animal is dead. This is done by crushing the skull of the shot adult seal with the short end of the hakapik, before the long spike is thrust deep into the animal's brain. The seal is then bled by making an incision from its jaw to the end of its <a href="/wiki/Sternum" title="Sternum">sternum</a>. The killing and bleeding must be done on the ice, and live animals may never be brought on board the ship. Young seals may be killed using just the hakapik, but only in the aforementioned manner, i.e., they need not be shot.<a href="#cite_note-Selfangstsforskrift-106">[106]</a> Seals in the water and seals with young may not be killed, and the use of traps, artificial lighting, airplanes, or helicopters is forbidden.<a href="#cite_note-Selfangstsforskrift-106">[106]</a> The hakapik may only be used by certified seal-catchers (fangstmenn) operating in the <a href="/wiki/Pack_ice" class="mw-redirect" title="Pack ice">pack ice</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Arctic_Ocean" title="Arctic Ocean">Arctic Ocean</a> and not by coastal seal hunters. All coastal seal hunters must be pre-approved by the <a href="/wiki/Norwegian_Directorate_of_Fisheries" title="Norwegian Directorate of Fisheries">Norwegian Directorate of Fisheries</a> and have to pass a large game hunting test.<a href="#cite_note-107">[107]</a> In 2007, the European Food Safety Agency confirmed the animals are put to death faster and more humanely in the Norwegian sealing than in large game hunting on land.<a href="#cite_note-norwegianembassy-105">[105]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Export_2">Export</h5>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Seal_hunting&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Export">edit</a>]</div> In Norway in 2004, only Rieber worked with sealskin and seal oil.<a href="#cite_note-108">[108]</a> In 2001, the biggest producer of raw seal oil was Canada (two percent of the raw oil was processed and sold in Canadian health stores).<a href="#cite_note-regj-60">[60]</a> Rieber had the majority of all distribution of raw seal oil in the world market, but there was no demand for seal oil.<a href="#cite_note-regj-60">[60]</a> From 1995 to 2005, Rieber annually received between 2 and 3 million <a href="/wiki/Norwegian_krone" title="Norwegian krone">Norwegian krone</a> in subsidy.<a href="#cite_note-109">[109]</a> A 2003–2004 parliamentary report says <a href="/wiki/CG_Rieber_Skinn" class="mw-redirect" title="CG Rieber Skinn">CG Rieber Skinn</a> is the only company in the world that delivers skin from <a href="/wiki/Hooded_seal" title="Hooded seal">bluebacks</a>.<a href="#cite_note-110">[110]</a> Most of the skins processed by Rieber have been imported from abroad, mainly from Canada. Only a small portion is from the Norwegian hunt. Of the processed skin, five percent is sold in Norway; the rest is exported to the Russian and Asian markets.<a href="#cite_note-rieberskinn-55">[55]</a> Fortuna Oils AS (established in 2004) is a 100% owned subsidiary of GC Rieber.<a href="#cite_note-111">[111]</a> They get the majority of their raw oil imported from Newfoundland.<a href="#cite_note-fortuna-112">[112]</a> They also have access to raw oil from the Norwegian hunt.<a href="#cite_note-113">[113]</a><a href="#cite_note-114">[114]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Russia">Russia</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Seal_hunting&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Russia">edit</a>]</div> The Russian seal hunt has not been well monitored since the breakup of the Soviet Union.<a href="#cite_note-115">[115]</a> The quota in 1998 was 35,000 animals.<a href="#cite_note-116">[116]</a> Reportedly, many whitecoat pups are not properly killed and are transported, while injured, to processing areas. In January 2000, a bill to ban seal hunting was passed by the Russian parliament by 273 votes to 1, but was vetoed by President <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Putin" title="Vladimir Putin">Vladimir Putin</a>.<a href="#cite_note-117">[117]</a> On 21 September 2007 in <a href="/wiki/Arkhangelsk" title="Arkhangelsk">Arkhangelsk</a>, the Norwegian GC Rieber Skinn AS proposed a joint Russian–Norwegian seal hunting project. The campaign was carried out from one hunt boat supplied by GS Rieber Skinn AS in 2007, lasted two weeks, and brought in 40 000 <a href="/wiki/Roubles" class="mw-redirect" title="Roubles">roubles</a> per Russian hunter. GS Rieber skinn AS declared a plan to order 20 boats and donate them to the <a href="/wiki/Pomor" class="mw-redirect" title="Pomor">Pomor</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Barents-118">[118]</a> CG Rieber Skinn AS, in 2007, established a daughter company in Arkhangelsk, called GC Rieber Skinn Pomor'e Lic. (GC Rieber Skinn Pomorje). The Norwegian company Polardrift AS, in 2007, had plans to establish a company in Russia, and operate under Russian flag, in close cooperation with GC Rieber Skinn Pomor'e. Plans for the 2008 season included both helicopter-based hunts, mainly to take <a href="/wiki/Whitecoat" title="Whitecoat">whitecoats</a>, and boat-based hunts, mainly targeting beaters.<a href="#cite_note-GofN-119">[119]</a> On 18 March 2009, Russia's Minister of Natural Resources and Ecology, <a href="/wiki/Yuriy_Trutnev" class="mw-redirect" title="Yuriy Trutnev">Yuriy Trutnev</a>, announced a complete <a href="/wiki/Ban_(law)" title="Ban (law)">ban</a> on the hunting of harp seals younger than one year of age in the <a href="/wiki/White_Sea" title="White Sea">White Sea</a>.<a href="#cite_note-120">[120]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sealing_debate">Sealing debate</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Seal_hunting&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Sealing debate">edit</a>]</div> Canada has become the center of the sealing debate because of the comparatively large size of its hunt. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cruelty_to_animals">Cruelty to animals</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Seal_hunting&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Cruelty to animals">edit</a>]</div> According to a 2002 peer-reviewed study done by five Canadian veterinarians and funded by the <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Veterinary_Medical_Association" title="Canadian Veterinary Medical Association">Canadian Veterinary Medical Association</a> (CVMA),<a href="#cite_note-pmid12240525-64">[64]</a> "the large majority of seals taken during this hunt (at best, 98% in work reported here) are killed in an acceptably humane manner." These veterinarians found, "During the 2001 season in the Gulf, three (1.9%) of 158 seals brought on board of the sealing vessels and directly observed by Daoust had not been killed, and in one (0.86%) of 116 interactions between seals and sealers observed on videotapes by Daoust and Crook, the seal also did not appear to have been killed before being hooked and brought on board." They thus concluded, "This small proportion of animals that are not killed efficiently justifies continued attention to this industry's activities, preferably by members of the veterinary profession, who are best equipped to assess the humaneness of the killing methods." In observing four videos taken during the 2001 seal hunt in the Gulf of St. Lawrence, the authors of this report state, "A large proportion (87%) of the sealers recorded on the four videotapes failed to palpate the skull or check the corneal reflex before proceeding to hook or bleed the seal or go to another seal." The <a href="/wiki/List_of_Canadian_royal_commissions" title="List of Canadian royal commissions">Royal Commission on Seals and the Sealing Industry in Canada</a>, also known as the Malouf Commission, concluded in a 1986 report, "Judged by the criteria of rapidity of unconsciousness and particularly the absence of preslaughter stress, the clubbing of seal pups is, when properly performed, at least as humane as, and often more humane than, the killing methods used in commercial slaughterhouses, which are accepted by a majority of the public."<a href="#cite_note-121">[121]</a> According to the (DFO), "The Marine Mammal Regulations stipulate that seals must be harvested quickly using only high-powered rifles, shotguns firing slugs, clubs or hakapiks."<a href="#cite_note-faq-canada-1">[1]</a> However, the <a href="/wiki/International_Fund_for_Animal_Welfare" title="International Fund for Animal Welfare">International Fund for Animal Welfare</a><a href="#cite_note-122">[122]</a> conducted a study that disputed these findings. This report concludes the Canadian commercial seal hunt results in considerable and unacceptable suffering. The veterinarians examined 76 seal carcasses and found that in 17% of the cases, there were no detectable lesions of the skull, leading them to conclude the clubbing likely did not result in loss of consciousness. In 25% of the remaining cases, the carcasses had minimal to moderate skull fractures, indicative of a "decreased level of consciousness", but probably not unconsciousness. The remaining 58% of the carcasses examined showed extensive skull fractures. This veterinary study included examination of video footage of 179 seals hunted in 1998, 1999, and 2000. In these videos, 96 seals were shot, 56 were shot and then clubbed or gaffed, 19 were clubbed or gaffed, and 8 were killed by unknown means. In 79% of these cases, sealers did not check the corneal reflex to ensure that the seals were dead prior to hooking or skinning them. In only 6% of these cases, seals were bled immediately, where struck. The average time from initial strike to bleeding was 66 seconds. In 2005, IFAW published a comparison of the CVMA-funded study and its own study.<a href="#cite_note-123">[123]</a> In this critique, David M. Lavigne, Science Advisor to IFAW, writes, "The Burdon et al. evidence cited above addresses the question of whether seals were likely conscious or unconscious at the time they were skinned, using post-mortem examination of skulls. In marked contrast, the figure cited from Daoust et al.'s report represents the number of seals clubbed or shot that were brought on board sealing vessels while still conscious. That number ignores any and all animal suffering that occurs between the time animals are clubbed or shot until they eventually reach a sealing vessel, usually on the end of a hook or gaff." Another difference between these reports is "Daoust et al.'s direct observations were made under very different conditions than those provided by Burdon et al. Unlike Burdon et al.'s observations, they were made directly from sealing vessels so that the sealers were unavoidably aware that observers were present. As Daoust et al. (p 692) admit, the presence of an observer on a sealing vessel "may have incited sealers to hit the seals skulls more vigorously". Of course, the presence of an observer also has the potential to modify other sealing practices, including checking for a corneal reflex and bleeding animals immediately after clubbing." In 2005, the <a href="/wiki/World_Wildlife_Fund" class="mw-redirect" title="World Wildlife Fund">World Wildlife Fund</a> (WWF) commissioned the Independent Veterinarians Working Group Report. With reference to video evidence, the report states: "Perception of the seal hunt seems to be based largely on emotion, and on visual images that are often difficult even for experienced observers to interpret with certainty. While a hakapik strike on the skull of a seal appears brutal, it is humane if it achieves rapid, irreversible loss of consciousness leading to death."<a href="#cite_note-124">[124]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ecological_feasibility">Ecological feasibility</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Seal_hunting&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Ecological feasibility">edit</a>]</div> In 2013, the Canadian Department of Fisheries and Oceans conducted a population survey. The resulting estimate of the harp seal population was 7.3 million animals, over three times what it was in the 1970s.<a href="#cite_note-dfo-mpo.gc.ca-63">[63]</a> In 2004, the population estimate was similar: 5.9 million (95% CI 4.6 million to 7.2 million).<a href="#cite_note-125">[125]</a> Prior to the arrival of European settlers, a much larger population of harp seals migrated to the waters off Newfoundland and Labrador. Settlers began exploiting the population, with kills peaking in the middle of the 1800s. In the first half of the 1840s, 546,000 seals were killed annually. This led to a population decline that adversely affected the industry.<a href="#cite_note-heritage.nf.ca-37">[37]</a> In the 1950s and 1960s an average of over 291,000 seal pups were killed each year. This led to a population decline to less than 2 million seals. Conservationists became alarmed and demanded controls on kill rates. Thus in 1971, Canada instituted a quota system. In the years from 1971 to 1982, an average of 165,627 seals were killed. In 1983, the European Union banned the import of whitecoat harp seal pup pelts (pelts from pups less than about two weeks of age, when the pups molt). As a result, the market for pelts dropped. The kill rates thus declined in subsequent years to an average of about 52,000 seals from 1983 to 1995. During this time, the harp seal population increased. After the European Union's ban on whitecoat pelt imports, the Canadian government and sealing industry developed markets for the pelts of beaters. In 1996, the kill rates again increased to over 200,000 each year, except in the year 2000. In 2002 and 2004 to 2006, over 300,000 seal pups were killed each year. As a result of population concerns, Norway's seal hunt is now controlled by quotas based on recommendations from <a href="/wiki/International_Council_for_the_Exploration_of_the_Sea" title="International Council for the Exploration of the Sea">International Council for the Exploration of the Sea</a> (ICES),<a href="#cite_note-126">[126]</a> However, sealing in Norway has declined in recent years, and the quotas have not been reached.<a href="#cite_note-127">[127]</a> In addition to hunting pressures on the population of harp seals, as ice seals that are dependent on solid sea ice for whelping, the harp seal population is affected by global climate change. The lack of sea ice in recent years has resulted in the drowning deaths of tens of thousands of newborn harp seal pups.<a href="#cite_note-128">[128]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Objections_to_fur">Objections to fur</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Seal_hunting&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Objections to fur">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Fur_farming" title="Fur farming">Fur farming</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fur_clothing" title="Fur clothing">Fur clothing</a></div> Animal welfare advocates and organizations, such as <a href="/wiki/PETA" class="mw-redirect" title="PETA">PETA</a>, object to the use of real fur when many synthetic "faux fur" alternatives are available. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Economic_impact">Economic impact</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Seal_hunting&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Economic impact">edit</a>]</div> According to Canadian authorities, the value of the 2004 seal harvest was <a href="/wiki/Canadian_dollar" title="Canadian dollar">C$</a>16.5 million, which significantly contributes to seal manufacturing companies, and for several thousand fishermen and <a href="/wiki/First_Nations_in_Canada" title="First Nations in Canada">First Nations</a> peoples. For some sealers, they claim, proceeds from the hunt make up a third of their annual income. Critics, however, say this represents only a tiny fraction of the C$600-million Newfoundland fishing industry. Sealing opponents also say $16.5 million is insignificant, compared to the funding required to regulate and subsidize the hunt. For 1995 and 1996, there are confirmed reports Fisheries and Oceans Canada encouraged maximum utilization of harvested seals through a $0.20 per pound <a href="/wiki/Meat" title="Meat">meat</a> subsidy.<a href="#cite_note-Tobin1996-129">[129]</a> The level of subsidy totaled $650,000 in 1997, $440,000 in 1998 and $250,000 in 1999. There were no meat subsidies in 2000.<a href="#cite_note-Canada0305-62">[62]</a> Some critics, such as the McCartneys (see below), have suggested promoting that area as an <a href="/wiki/Ecotourism" title="Ecotourism">ecotourism</a> site would be far more lucrative than the annual harvest.<a href="#cite_note-130">[130]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="As_a_culling_method">As a culling method</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Seal_hunting&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: As a culling method">edit</a>]</div> In March 2005, Greenpeace asked the DFO to "dispel the myth that seals are hampering the recovery of cod stocks." In doing so, they implied the seal hunt is, at least in part, a <a href="/wiki/Cull" class="mw-redirect" title="Cull">cull</a> designed to increase cod stocks. Cod fishing has traditionally been a key part of the Atlantic fishery, and an important part of the economy of Newfoundland and Labrador. Fisheries and Oceans Canada responded there is no connection between the annual seal harvest and the cod fishery, and that the seal hunt is "established on sound conservation principles."<a href="#cite_note-131">[131]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Public_opinion">Public opinion</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Seal_hunting&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Public opinion">edit</a>]</div> Internationally, opposition to the seal hunt is comparable to abhorrence about the treatment of animals in other cultural-economic practices such as <a href="/wiki/Bullfighting" title="Bullfighting">bull fighting</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fox_hunting" title="Fox hunting">fox hunts</a> and <a href="/wiki/Whaling" title="Whaling">whaling</a>. Within Canada, public opinion is relative to Canadians' geographic proximity to communities with a historical tradition of participating in the seal hunt, and opposition is higher in urban centres outside of Newfoundland and Labrador.<a href="#cite_note-132">[132]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Protests">Protests</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Seal_hunting&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Protests">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Blanchon-idlm2006.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Blanchon-idlm2006.jpg/220px-Blanchon-idlm2006.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="193" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Blanchon-idlm2006.jpg/330px-Blanchon-idlm2006.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Blanchon-idlm2006.jpg/440px-Blanchon-idlm2006.jpg 2x" data-file-width="523" data-file-height="459" /></a><figcaption>Harp seal pup</figcaption></figure> Many animal protection groups encourage people to petition against the harvest.<a href="#cite_note-133">[133]</a> Respect for Animals and <a href="/wiki/Humane_Society_International" title="Humane Society International">Humane Society International</a> believe the hunt will be ended only by the financial pressure of a boycott of Canadian seafood. In 2005, the <a href="/wiki/Humane_Society_of_the_United_States" title="Humane Society of the United States">Humane Society of the United States</a> (HSUS) called for such a boycott in the United States.<a href="#cite_note-134">[134]</a> Protesters frequently use images of whitecoats, despite Canada's ban on the commercial hunting of suckling pups. The HSUS explains this by saying images of the legally hunted ragged jackets are nearly indistinguishable from those of whitecoats. Also, they state, according to official DFO kill reports, 97% percent of the estimated million harp seals killed in the last four years have been under three months old, and the majority of these are less than one month old.<a href="#cite_note-135">[135]</a><a href="#cite_note-136">[136]</a> On 26 March 2006, seven anti-sealing activists were arrested in the Gulf of St. Lawrence for violating the terms of their observer permits. By law, observers must maintain a ten-meter distance between themselves and the sealers.<a href="#cite_note-137">[137]</a> Five of the protesters were later acquitted.<a href="#cite_note-138">[138]</a> In the same month, as part of a counterprotest, <a href="/wiki/Premier_of_Newfoundland_and_Labrador" title="Premier of Newfoundland and Labrador">Newfoundland and Labrador Premier</a> <a href="/wiki/Danny_Williams_(Canadian_politician)" title="Danny Williams (Canadian politician)">Danny Williams</a> encouraged people in the province to boycott <a href="/wiki/Costco" title="Costco">Costco</a> after the retailer decided to stop carrying seal oil capsules.<a href="#cite_note-139">[139]</a> Costco stated politics played no role in their decision to remove the capsules, and on 4 April that year, they were again being sold in Costco stores.<a href="#cite_note-140">[140]</a> <a href="#cite_note-141">[141]</a> In 2009, the European Union passed a law banning the promotion of imported seal products. The law was approved by the <a href="/wiki/Council_of_the_European_Union" title="Council of the European Union">Council of the European Union</a> without debate on 27 July 2009.<a href="#cite_note-142">[142]</a> Denmark, Romania, and Austria abstained.<a href="#cite_note-143">[143]</a> The Canadian government responded to the move by stating that it will take the European Union to the <a href="/wiki/World_Trade_Organization" title="World Trade Organization">World Trade Organization</a> if the ban does not exempt Canada.<a href="#cite_note-EU_takes_aim_at_Canada,_bans_seal_products-144">[144]</a> Canadian <a href="/wiki/Inuit" title="Inuit">Inuit</a> from the territory of <a href="/wiki/Nunavut" title="Nunavut">Nunavut</a> have opposed the ban and lobbied European Parliament members against it.<a href="#cite_note-EU_ban_looms_over_seal_products-145">[145]</a> Canadian seal hunting issues had been spotlighted in the months leading up to the <a href="/wiki/2010_Winter_Olympics" title="2010 Winter Olympics">2010 Winter Olympics</a> which were held in <a href="/wiki/Vancouver" title="Vancouver">Vancouver</a>.<a href="#cite_note-146">[146]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Inuit_impact">Inuit impact</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Seal_hunting&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Inuit impact">edit</a>]</div> An important distinction between the southern Canadian seal hunt and the <a href="/wiki/Inuit" title="Inuit">Inuit</a> Canadian hunt is that Canadian Inuit typically hunt <a href="/wiki/Ringed_seal" title="Ringed seal">ringed seals</a>, while the southern Canadian hunt targets the pelt of the <a href="/wiki/Harp_seal" title="Harp seal">harp seal</a>. Greenlandic Inuit hunt and eat both ringed and harp seals. Protests surrounding the southern seal hunt in Canada have historically impacted Canadian and Greenlandic Inuit.<a href="#cite_note-147">[147]</a> Because of the impact of protest, profits surrounding the Inuit hunting of ringed seal fall with any ban on any type of seal product, regardless of exemption. For example, in 1963, prices for high-quality pelts of ringed seals could reach above $20.00 each; these same pelts in 1967, the year of the first major protests, would only sell for $2.50 each, which impacted Inuit in many areas.<a href="#cite_note-WenzelControversy-13">[13]</a> Protests in other years have resulted in similar decreases in price.<a href="#cite_note-WenzelControversy-13">[13]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Celebrity_involvement">Celebrity involvement</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Seal_hunting&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Celebrity involvement">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Jacques-Yves_Cousteau.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Jacques-Yves_Cousteau.jpg/170px-Jacques-Yves_Cousteau.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="208" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9e/Jacques-Yves_Cousteau.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="249" data-file-height="304" /></a><figcaption>Marine ecologist <a href="/wiki/Jacques_Cousteau" title="Jacques Cousteau">Jacques Cousteau</a> criticized the seal hunt protest as emotional.</figcaption></figure> Numerous celebrities have opposed the commercial seal hunt. <a href="/wiki/Rex_Murphy" title="Rex Murphy">Rex Murphy</a> reported celebrities have aided anti-hunt activists since the mid-20th century; <a href="/wiki/Yvette_Mimieux" title="Yvette Mimieux">Yvette Mimieux</a> and <a href="/wiki/Loretta_Swit" title="Loretta Swit">Loretta Swit</a> were recruited to attract the attention of international gossip magazines.<a href="#cite_note-148">[148]</a> Other celebrities who have aligned themselves against the hunt include <a href="/wiki/Richard_Dean_Anderson" title="Richard Dean Anderson">Richard Dean Anderson</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kim_Basinger" title="Kim Basinger">Kim Basinger</a>, <a href="/wiki/Juliette_Binoche" title="Juliette Binoche">Juliette Binoche</a>,<a href="#cite_note-149">[149]</a> <a href="/wiki/Paul_McCartney" title="Paul McCartney">Paul McCartney</a>, <a href="/wiki/Heather_Mills" title="Heather Mills">Heather Mills</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pamela_Anderson" title="Pamela Anderson">Pamela Anderson</a>, <a href="/wiki/Martin_Sheen" title="Martin Sheen">Martin Sheen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pierce_Brosnan" title="Pierce Brosnan">Pierce Brosnan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Morrissey" title="Morrissey">Morrissey</a>, <a href="/wiki/Paris_Hilton" title="Paris Hilton">Paris Hilton</a>, <a href="/wiki/Robert_Kennedy,_Jr." class="mw-redirect" title="Robert Kennedy, Jr.">Robert Kennedy, Jr.</a>,<a href="#cite_note-150">[150]</a> <a href="/wiki/Rutger_Hauer" title="Rutger Hauer">Rutger Hauer</a>,<a href="#cite_note-151">[151]</a> <a href="/wiki/Brigitte_Bardot" title="Brigitte Bardot">Brigitte Bardot</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ed_Begley,_Jr." class="mw-redirect" title="Ed Begley, Jr.">Ed Begley, Jr.</a>, <a href="/wiki/Farley_Mowat" title="Farley Mowat">Farley Mowat</a>, <a href="/wiki/Linda_Blair" title="Linda Blair">Linda Blair</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Red_Hot_Chili_Peppers" title="Red Hot Chili Peppers">Red Hot Chili Peppers</a>,<a href="#cite_note-152">[152]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jackie_Evancho" title="Jackie Evancho">Jackie Evancho</a>.<a href="#cite_note-153">[153]</a> In March 2006, Brigitte Bardot traveled to Ottawa to protest the hunt, though the prime minister turned down her request for a meeting. During the same month, Paul and Heather Mills McCartney toured the Gulf of Saint Lawrence's sealing grounds, and spoke out against the seal hunt, including as guests on <a href="/wiki/Larry_King_Live" title="Larry King Live">Larry King Live</a>, where the two debated with <a href="/wiki/Danny_Williams_(Canadian_politician)" title="Danny Williams (Canadian politician)">Danny Williams</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Premier_of_Newfoundland_and_Labrador" title="Premier of Newfoundland and Labrador">Premier of Newfoundland and Labrador</a>. In 1978, marine ecologist <a href="/wiki/Jacques_Cousteau" title="Jacques Cousteau">Jacques Cousteau</a> criticized the seal hunt protest: "The harp seal question is entirely emotional. We have to be logical. We have to aim our activity first to the endangered species. Those who are moved by the plight of the harp seal could also be moved by the plight of the pig – the way they are slaughtered is horrible."<a href="#cite_note-WenzelAnimalRights-154">[154]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Media">Media</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Seal_hunting&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Media">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alethea_Arnaquq-Baril" title="Alethea Arnaquq-Baril">Alethea Arnaquq-Baril</a>'s documentary <a href="/wiki/Angry_Inuk" title="Angry Inuk">Angry Inuk</a> details the relationship between seal hunting, Inuit poverty, and the consequences of international trade bans.<a href="#cite_note-155">[155]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudyard_Kipling" title="Rudyard Kipling">Rudyard Kipling</a>'s The White Seal, part of <a href="/wiki/The_Jungle_Book" title="The Jungle Book">The Jungle Book</a>, describes seal hunting from the seals' point of view, with the central character being a <a href="/wiki/Fur_seal" title="Fur seal">white seal</a> seeking for his seals a safe haven from hunters.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jack_London" title="Jack London">Jack London</a>'s novel <a href="/wiki/The_Sea_Wolf" class="mw-redirect" title="The Sea Wolf">The Sea Wolf</a> takes place aboard "the schooner Ghost, bound seal-hunting for Japan" circa 1893.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Cushman_Murphy" title="Robert Cushman Murphy">Robert Cushman Murphy</a>'s book of letters Logbook for Grace describes the expedition of the sealer Daisy in 1912 to South Georgia Island, and includes many details about the brutal elephant seal fishery there.</li> <li>Seal clubbers are a class that player characters can choose in the browser-based RPG <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Loathing" title="Kingdom of Loathing">Kingdom of Loathing</a>.</li> <li>The "topi" enemy in the NES game <a href="/wiki/Ice_Climber" title="Ice Climber">Ice Climber</a> is a seal in the Japanese version; however, it was changed into a yeti-like creature in North American and European versions because of concerns over seal hunting references (since the main characters in the game use hammers to defeat enemies).</li> <li>The television miniseries <a href="/wiki/The_North_Water_(TV_series)" title="The North Water (TV series)">The North Water</a> depicts seal hunting.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Seal_hunting&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bladder_Festival" title="Bladder Festival">Bladder Festival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friends_of_Animals" title="Friends of Animals">Friends of Animals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kayak_angst" title="Kayak angst">Kayak angst</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Viking_(1931_film)" title="The Viking (1931 film)">The Viking (1931 film)</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Seal_hunting&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-faq-canada-1">^ <a href="#cite_ref-faq-canada_1-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-faq-canada_1-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-faq-canada_1-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-faq-canada_1-3">d</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110706181704/http://www.dfo-mpo.gc.ca/fm-gp/seal-phoque/faq-eng.htm">"Frequently Asked Questions About Canada's Seal Harvest"</a>. Fisheries and Oceans Canada. 17 March 2011. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dfo-mpo.gc.ca/fm-gp/seal-phoque/faq-eng.htm">the original</a> on 6 July 2011. 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Fisheries and Oceans Canada.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Science+Advisory+Report&rft.atitle=Current+Status+of+Northwest+Atlantic+Harp+Seals%2C+Pagophilus+groenlandicus&rft.date=2010-03&rft.au=Canadian+Science+Advisory+Secretariat&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwaves-vagues.dfo-mpo.gc.ca%2FLibrary%2F340358.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASeal+hunting" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFink" class="citation report cs1">Fink, Sheryl. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ifaw.org/sites/default/files/2009%20seal%20sealing.pdf">Canada's Commercial Sea Slaughter 2009</a> (PDF) (Report). 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Invercargill, NZ: Invercargill, N.Z., W. Smith, printer. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/murihikuandsout00mcnagoog/page/n84">70</a>–71, 78–79.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Murihiku&rft.place=Invercargill%2C+NZ&rft.pages=70-71%2C+78-79&rft.pub=Invercargill%2C+N.Z.%2C+W.+Smith%2C+printer&rft.date=1907&rft.aulast=McNab&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmurihikuandsout00mcnagoog&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASeal+hunting" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a> Entwisle pp. 13–15 </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a> Entwisle pp. 13–16 </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKerr1976" class="citation book cs1">Kerr, Ian S. (1976). Campbell Island: a history. Wellington, NZ: Reed. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0589009595" title="Special:BookSources/978-0589009595"><bdi>978-0589009595</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Campbell+Island%3A+a+history&rft.place=Wellington%2C+NZ&rft.pub=Reed&rft.date=1976&rft.isbn=978-0589009595&rft.aulast=Kerr&rft.aufirst=Ian+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASeal+hunting" class="Z3988">[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>] </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCumpston1968" class="citation book cs1">Cumpston, John Stanley (1968). Macquarie Island. Canberra, Australia: Antarctic Division, Department of External Affairs.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Macquarie+Island&rft.place=Canberra%2C+Australia&rft.pub=Antarctic+Division%2C+Department+of+External+Affairs&rft.date=1968&rft.aulast=Cumpston&rft.aufirst=John+Stanley&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASeal+hunting" class="Z3988">[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>] </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCumpston1970" class="citation book cs1">Cumpston, J.S. (1970). Kangaroo Island, 1800–1836. Canberra: Roebuck Society.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Kangaroo+Island%2C+1800%E2%80%931836&rft.place=Canberra&rft.pub=Roebuck+Society&rft.date=1970&rft.aulast=Cumpston&rft.aufirst=J.S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASeal+hunting" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBering_Sea_Tribunal_of_Arbitration1895" class="citation book cs1">Bering Sea Tribunal of Arbitration (1895). "Appendix H: Affidavits relating to Pelagic Sealing". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=gEgHAAAAMAAJ">Fur Seal Abitration, Volume 6: Fur Seal Abitration, United States. 53d Congress, 2d session, Senate</a>. Washington: U.S. Government Printing Office. p. 227. Retrieved 25 November 2020. <q>In New South Wales the sealing trade was in full swing from 1810 to 1820 [...]. Owing to the want of proper restrictions, the indiscriminate slaughter was terrible. It is recorded that in the years 1814–15, 400,000 skins from one island, the Antipodes island [...] were taken. [...] In the years 1803 and 1804 upwards of 36,000 skins were sent from the islands in Bass Straits [...]. Along the shores of New Zealand, as well as the southern shores of Australia, large numbers of seals were found. In New Zealand a vessel from Boston, called the 'General Gates,' landed a part of six men near the south-west cape of the <a href="/wiki/South_Island" title="South Island">Middle Island</a> on 10 August 1821. In six weeks the party got 3,563 skins.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Appendix+H%3A+Affidavits+relating+to+Pelagic+Sealing&rft.btitle=Fur+Seal+Abitration%2C+Volume+6%3A+Fur+Seal+Abitration%2C+United+States.+53d+Congress%2C+2d+session%2C+Senate&rft.place=Washington&rft.pages=227&rft.pub=U.S.+Government+Printing+Office&rft.date=1895&rft.au=Bering+Sea+Tribunal+of+Arbitration&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DgEgHAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASeal+hunting" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFanning1833" class="citation book cs1">Fanning, Edmund (1833). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=PuUUAAAAMAA">Voyages Round the World</a>. New York: Collins and Hannay.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Voyages+Round+the+World&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Collins+and+Hannay&rft.date=1833&rft.aulast=Fanning&rft.aufirst=Edmund&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DPuUUAAAAMAA&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASeal+hunting" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHainsworth1971" class="citation book cs1">Hainsworth, D.R. (1971). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=rJgvAAAAMAAJ">The Sydney Traders, Simeon Lord and his Contemporaries 1788–1821</a>. Melbourne: Cassell Australia. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0304939008" title="Special:BookSources/978-0304939008"><bdi>978-0304939008</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Sydney+Traders%2C+Simeon+Lord+and+his+Contemporaries+1788%E2%80%931821&rft.place=Melbourne&rft.pub=Cassell+Australia&rft.date=1971&rft.isbn=978-0304939008&rft.aulast=Hainsworth&rft.aufirst=D.R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DrJgvAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASeal+hunting" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSteven1965" class="citation book cs1">Steven, Margaret (1965). Merchant Campbell 1769–1846 a Study in the Colonial Trade. Melbourne: Oxford University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Merchant+Campbell+1769%E2%80%931846+a+Study+in+the+Colonial+Trade&rft.place=Melbourne&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1965&rft.aulast=Steven&rft.aufirst=Margaret&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASeal+hunting" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-heritage.nf.ca-37">^ <a href="#cite_ref-heritage.nf.ca_37-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-heritage.nf.ca_37-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHiller2001" class="citation web cs1">Hiller, J.K. (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.heritage.nf.ca/society/sail_seal.html">"The Sailing Seal Fishery: Newfoundland and Labrador Heritage"</a>. Society, Economy and Culture. Memorial University of Newfoundland. Retrieved 23 July 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Society%2C+Economy+and+Culture&rft.atitle=The+Sailing+Seal+Fishery%3A+Newfoundland+and+Labrador+Heritage&rft.date=2001&rft.aulast=Hiller&rft.aufirst=J.K.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.heritage.nf.ca%2Fsociety%2Fsail_seal.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASeal+hunting" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a> Chesley Sanger, "Sail versus Steam: Post 1863 Technological and Spatial Adaptation in the Newfoundland Seal Fishery," Newfoundland and Labrador Studies, Fall 2008, Vol. 23 Issue 2, pp 139–169 </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a> Shannon Ryan, The Ice Hunters: A History of Newfoundland Sealing to 1914 (St. John's: Breakwater Books, 1994) </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUnited_States._Revenue-Cutter_Service1898" class="citation book cs1">United States. Revenue-Cutter Service (1898). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/reportofcruiseof03unit">Report of the cruise of the U.S. Revenue Cutter Bear and the overland expedition for the relief of the whalers in the Arctic ocean, from November 27, 1897, to September 13, 1898</a>. Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office. Retrieved 23 March 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Report+of+the+cruise+of+the+U.S.+Revenue+Cutter+Bear+and+the+overland+expedition+for+the+relief+of+the+whalers+in+the+Arctic+ocean%2C+from+November+27%2C+1897%2C+to+September+13%2C+1898&rft.place=Washington%2C+D.C.&rft.pub=Government+Printing+Office&rft.date=1898&rft.au=United+States.+Revenue-Cutter+Service&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Freportofcruiseof03unit&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASeal+hunting" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a> Tod, Giles, M.S., Last Sail Down East, Barre Publishers, (1965) p. 48 </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a> Ryan, Shannon, The Ice Hunters: A History of Newfoundland Sealing to 1914 (1994) Breakwater Books Ltd. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-55081-095-2" title="Special:BookSources/1-55081-095-2">1-55081-095-2</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-disaster-43">^ <a href="#cite_ref-disaster_43-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-disaster_43-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHiggins2007" class="citation web cs1">Higgins, Jenny (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.heritage.nf.ca/law/sealing_disaster.html">"The 1914 Sealing Disaster"</a>. Newfoundland and Labrador Heritage. Memorial University of Newfoundland. Retrieved 23 August 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Newfoundland+and+Labrador+Heritage&rft.atitle=The+1914+Sealing+Disaster&rft.date=2007&rft.aulast=Higgins&rft.aufirst=Jenny&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.heritage.nf.ca%2Flaw%2Fsealing_disaster.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASeal+hunting" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a> Lloyds Register 1875–1883 </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.canadiangeographic.ca/Magazine/JF00/sealtimeline.asp">"Atlantic Canada Seal Hunt – Sealing through the years"</a>. Canadian Geographic Magazine. Canadian Geographic Enterprises. January–February 2000. Retrieved 23 July 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Canadian+Geographic+Magazine&rft.atitle=Atlantic+Canada+Seal+Hunt+%E2%80%93+Sealing+through+the+years&rft.date=2000-01%2F2000-02&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.canadiangeographic.ca%2FMagazine%2FJF00%2Fsealtimeline.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASeal+hunting" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-nie-46">^ <a href="#cite_ref-nie_46-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-nie_46-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGilmanPeckColby1905" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Coit_Gilman" title="Daniel Coit Gilman">Gilman, D. C.</a>; Peck, H. T.; Colby, F. M., eds. (1905). <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_New_International_Encyclop%C3%A6dia/Sealing">"Sealing" </a>. <a href="/wiki/New_International_Encyclopedia" class="mw-redirect" title="New International Encyclopedia">New International Encyclopedia</a> (1st ed.). New York: Dodd, Mead.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Sealing&rft.btitle=New+International+Encyclopedia&rft.place=New+York&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=Dodd%2C+Mead&rft.date=1905&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASeal+hunting" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nosracines.ca/e/page.aspx?id=3724963">British Columbia: From the Earliest Times to the Present, Vol .2, Chapter XXVII "The Sealing Industry and the Behring Sea Arbitration"</a> E.O.S. Scholefield and F.W. Howay, S.J. Clarke Publ. Co, Vancouver, 1914, p. 461. </li> <li id="cite_note-NOAA-48">^ <a href="#cite_ref-NOAA_48-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-NOAA_48-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://celebrating200years.noaa.gov/events/fursealtreaty/welcome.html#treaty">"North Pacific Fur Seal Treaty of 1911"</a>. <a href="/wiki/National_Oceanic_and_Atmospheric_Administration" title="National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration">National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=North+Pacific+Fur+Seal+Treaty+of+1911&rft.pub=National+Oceanic+and+Atmospheric+Administration&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcelebrating200years.noaa.gov%2Fevents%2Ffursealtreaty%2Fwelcome.html%23treaty&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASeal+hunting" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060614005837/http://www.seashepherd.org/editorials/editorial_031217_1.html">"Joe, What You Say Just Ain't So"</a>. Sea Shepherd. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.seashepherd.org/editorials/editorial_031217_1.html">the original</a> on 14 June 2006. Retrieved 24 July 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Joe%2C+What+You+Say+Just+Ain%27t+So&rft.pub=Sea+Shepherd&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.seashepherd.org%2Feditorials%2Feditorial_031217_1.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASeal+hunting" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.fisheries.noaa.gov/national/marine-mammal-protection/marine-mammal-protection-act">"Marine Mammal Protection Act"</a>. 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The Namibian.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Namibian&rft.atitle=Seal+quota+down+for+this+season&rft.date=2007-06-28&rft.aulast=Weidlich&rft.aufirst=Brigitte&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.namibian.com.na%2Findex.php%3Fid%3D28%26tx_ttnews%255Btt_news%255D%3D36659%26no_cache%3D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASeal+hunting" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-nam2009-89">^ <a href="#cite_ref-nam2009_89-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-nam2009_89-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-nam2009_89-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-nam2009_89-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWeidlich2009" class="citation news cs1">Weidlich, Brigitte (30 June 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110607164529/http://www.namibian.com.na/news-articles/national/full-story/archive/2009/june/article/million-dollar-bid-to-end-seal-clubbing">"Million-dollar bid to end seal clubbing"</a>. The Namibian. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.namibian.com.na/news-articles/national/full-story/archive/2009/june/article/million-dollar-bid-to-end-seal-clubbing">the original</a> on 7 June 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Namibian&rft.atitle=Million-dollar+bid+to+end+seal+clubbing&rft.date=2009-06-30&rft.aulast=Weidlich&rft.aufirst=Brigitte&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.namibian.com.na%2Fnews-articles%2Fnational%2Ffull-story%2Farchive%2F2009%2Fjune%2Farticle%2Fmillion-dollar-bid-to-end-seal-clubbing&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASeal+hunting" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-nam2010-90">^ <a href="#cite_ref-nam2010_90-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-nam2010_90-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-nam2010_90-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-nam2010_90-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWeidlich2010" class="citation news cs1">Weidlich, Brigitte (10 June 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.namibian.com.na/index.php?id=28&tx_ttnews%5Btt_news%5D=68826&no_cache=1">"Seal activists ready to prevent 2010 culling"</a>. The Namibian.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Namibian&rft.atitle=Seal+activists+ready+to+prevent+2010+culling&rft.date=2010-06-10&rft.aulast=Weidlich&rft.aufirst=Brigitte&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.namibian.com.na%2Findex.php%3Fid%3D28%26tx_ttnews%255Btt_news%255D%3D68826%26no_cache%3D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASeal+hunting" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110927064907/http://www.met.gov.na/Documents/Cape%20Cross%20National%20Park.pdf">"Cape Cross National Park"</a> (PDF). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.met.gov.na/Documents/Cape%20Cross%20National%20Park.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 27 September 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Cape+Cross+National+Park&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.met.gov.na%2FDocuments%2FCape%2520Cross%2520National%2520Park.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASeal+hunting" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sites.google.com/site/thesealsofnam/get-involved/the-boycott">"The Boycott"</a>. The Seals of Nam.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Seals+of+Nam&rft.atitle=The+Boycott&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsites.google.com%2Fsite%2Fthesealsofnam%2Fget-involved%2Fthe-boycott&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASeal+hunting" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-stat-93">^ <a href="#cite_ref-stat_93-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-stat_93-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-stat_93-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-stat_93-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-stat_93-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-stat_93-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-stat_93-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-stat_93-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-stat_93-8">i</a> <a href="#cite_ref-stat_93-9">j</a> <a href="#cite_ref-stat_93-10">k</a> <a href="#cite_ref-stat_93-11">l</a> <a href="#cite_ref-stat_93-12">m</a> <a href="#cite_ref-stat_93-13">n</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ssb.no/aarbok/tab/tab-374.html">"374 Selfangst"</a> (in Norwegian). <a href="/wiki/Statistisk_Sentralbyr%C3%A5" class="mw-redirect" title="Statistisk Sentralbyrå">Statistisk Sentralbyrå</a>. 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=374+Selfangst&rft.pub=Statistisk+Sentralbyr%C3%A5&rft.date=2007&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ssb.no%2Faarbok%2Ftab%2Ftab-374.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASeal+hunting" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.regjeringen.no/nb/dep/fkd/dok/rapporter_planer/Rapporter/2001/Strategier-og-tiltak-for-utvikling-av-en-lonnsom-selnaring/3.html?id=277389">"Strategier og tiltak for å utvikle lønnsomheten i norsk selnæring"</a> (in Norwegian). <a href="/wiki/Norwegian_Ministry_of_Fisheries_and_Coastal_Affairs" class="mw-redirect" title="Norwegian Ministry of Fisheries and Coastal Affairs">Norwegian Ministry of Fisheries and Coastal Affairs</a>. March 2001.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Strategier+og+tiltak+for+%C3%A5+utvikle+l%C3%B8nnsomheten+i+norsk+seln%C3%A6ring&rft.pub=Norwegian+Ministry+of+Fisheries+and+Coastal+Affairs&rft.date=2001-03&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.regjeringen.no%2Fnb%2Fdep%2Ffkd%2Fdok%2Frapporter_planer%2FRapporter%2F2001%2FStrategier-og-tiltak-for-utvikling-av-en-lonnsom-selnaring%2F3.html%3Fid%3D277389&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASeal+hunting" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dagbladet.no/nyheter/2004/04/17/396018.html">"Norge må starte storstilt selfangst"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Dagbladet" title="Dagbladet">Dagbladet</a> (in Norwegian). 17 April 2004.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Dagbladet&rft.atitle=Norge+m%C3%A5+starte+storstilt+selfangst&rft.date=2004-04-17&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dagbladet.no%2Fnyheter%2F2004%2F04%2F17%2F396018.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASeal+hunting" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.regjeringen.no/nb/dep/fkd/dok/regpubl/stmeld/20032004/Stmeld-nr-27-2003-2004-/10/3.html?id=404159">"Forskrift om regulering av fangst av sel i Vesterisen og østisen i 2004"</a> (in Norwegian). <a href="/wiki/Norwegian_Ministry_of_Fisheries_and_Coastal_Affairs" class="mw-redirect" title="Norwegian Ministry of Fisheries and Coastal Affairs">Norwegian Ministry of Fisheries and Coastal Affairs</a>. 19 March 2004.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Forskrift+om+regulering+av+fangst+av+sel+i+Vesterisen+og+%C3%B8stisen+i+2004&rft.pub=Norwegian+Ministry+of+Fisheries+and+Coastal+Affairs&rft.date=2004-03-19&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.regjeringen.no%2Fnb%2Fdep%2Ffkd%2Fdok%2Fregpubl%2Fstmeld%2F20032004%2FStmeld-nr-27-2003-2004-%2F10%2F3.html%3Fid%3D404159&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASeal+hunting" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20120731014311/http://www.fiskeridir.no/fiskeridir/fiskeri/j_meldinger/gjeldende_j_meldinger/j_11_2005">"Norwegian Ministry of Fisheries and Coastal Affairs"</a> (in Norwegian). 13 January 2005. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fiskeridir.no/fiskeridir/fiskeri/j_meldinger/gjeldende_j_meldinger/j_11_2005">the original</a> on 31 July 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Norwegian+Ministry+of+Fisheries+and+Coastal+Affairs&rft.date=2005-01-13&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fiskeridir.no%2Ffiskeridir%2Ffiskeri%2Fj_meldinger%2Fgjeldende_j_meldinger%2Fj_11_2005&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASeal+hunting" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-98"><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080417021109/http://www.fiskeridir.no/fiskeridir/layout/set/print/fiskeri/j_meldinger/gjeldende_j_meldinger/j_58_2006__1">"Forskrift om endring av forskrift om regulering av fangst av sel i Vesterisen og Østisen i 2006"</a> (in Norwegian). <a href="/wiki/Norwegian_Ministry_of_Fisheries_and_Coastal_Affairs" class="mw-redirect" title="Norwegian Ministry of Fisheries and Coastal Affairs">Norwegian Ministry of Fisheries and Coastal Affairs</a>. 13 March 2006. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fiskeridir.no/fiskeridir/layout/set/print/fiskeri/j_meldinger/gjeldende_j_meldinger/j_58_2006__1">the original</a> on 17 April 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Forskrift+om+endring+av+forskrift+om+regulering+av+fangst+av+sel+i+Vesterisen+og+%C3%98stisen+i+2006&rft.pub=Norwegian+Ministry+of+Fisheries+and+Coastal+Affairs&rft.date=2006-03-13&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fiskeridir.no%2Ffiskeridir%2Flayout%2Fset%2Fprint%2Ffiskeri%2Fj_meldinger%2Fgjeldende_j_meldinger%2Fj_58_2006__1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASeal+hunting" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-99"><a href="#cite_ref-99">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://idag.no/aktuelt-oppslag.php3?ID=12473">"Selfangst – statsfinansiert dyrplageri"</a>. 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title="wikinews:Canadian annual seal hunt begins amid controversy"> Canadian annual seal hunt begins amid controversy</a></li></ul></div></div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/38px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="38" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/57px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/76px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikisource" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a> has the text of a <a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">1911 Encyclopædia Britannica</a> article about <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Seal-Fisheries" class="extiw" title="wikisource:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Seal-Fisheries">Seal hunting</a>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/4844008.stm">"Canada seal cull gets underway"</a>, BBC News.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://transcripts.cnn.com/TRANSCRIPTS/0603/03/lkl.01.html">Transcript of a Larry King Interview with The McCartneys and Newfoundland Premier Danny Williams</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.theage.com.au/articles/2004/04/15/1081998295532.html">"Who will defend the seal-clubbers?"</a>, Boris Johnson, The Daily Telegraph.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.economist.com/daily/columns/greenview/displayStory.cfm?story_id=11478204">"Cute, cuddly, edible: Defending Canada's seal hunters"</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Economist" title="The Economist">The Economist</a>, 2 June 2008</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archives-manuscripts.dartmouth.edu/repositories/2/resources/1042">Logbooks of the "Erme" Schooner, 1912–1916</a> at Dartmouth College Library</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archives-manuscripts.dartmouth.edu/repositories/2/resources/1041">Logbooks of the Snowdrop (Ship) and Eclipse (Ship)</a> at Dartmouth College Library</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output 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href="/w/index.php?title=Seal_hunting_in_Sweden&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Seal hunting in Sweden (page does not exist)">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Seal_hunting_in_the_United_States&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Seal hunting in the United States (page does not exist)">United States</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Terminology</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ragged-jacket" title="Ragged-jacket">Ragged-jacket</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whitecoat" title="Whitecoat">Whitecoat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hakapik" title="Hakapik">Hakapik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sealskin" title="Sealskin">Sealskin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seal_meat" title="Seal meat">Seal meat</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Events</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sealers%27_War" title="Sealers' War">Sealers' War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2008_Canadian_commercial_seal_hunt" title="2008 Canadian commercial seal hunt">2008 Canadian commercial seal hunt</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Mammals_in_culture" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Mammals_in_culture" title="Template:Mammals in culture"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Mammals_in_culture" title="Template talk:Mammals in culture"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Mammals_in_culture" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Mammals in culture"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Mammals_in_culture" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Human_uses_of_mammals" title="Human uses of mammals">Mammals in culture</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Animal_husbandry" title="Animal husbandry">Animal husbandry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Working_animal" title="Working animal">Draft animal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fur_farming" title="Fur farming">Fur farming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hunting" title="Hunting">Hunting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animals_in_sport" title="Animals in sport">Animals in sport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laboratory_animal" class="mw-redirect" title="Laboratory animal">Laboratory animal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Livestock" title="Livestock">Livestock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pack_animal" title="Pack animal">Pack animal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pet" title="Pet">Pet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equestrianism" title="Equestrianism">Equestrianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Service_animal" title="Service animal">Service animal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animal-assisted_therapy" title="Animal-assisted therapy">Animal-assisted therapy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Working_animal" title="Working animal">Working animal</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="2" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><a href="/wiki/File:Capitoline_she-wolf_Musei_Capitolini_MC1181.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Capitoline_she-wolf_Musei_Capitolini_MC1181.jpg/100px-Capitoline_she-wolf_Musei_Capitolini_MC1181.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="75" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Capitoline_she-wolf_Musei_Capitolini_MC1181.jpg/150px-Capitoline_she-wolf_Musei_Capitolini_MC1181.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Capitoline_she-wolf_Musei_Capitolini_MC1181.jpg/200px-Capitoline_she-wolf_Musei_Capitolini_MC1181.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3200" data-file-height="2400" /></a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Types</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Human_uses_of_bats" title="Human uses of bats">Bats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_depictions_of_bears" title="Cultural depictions of bears">Bears</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bear-baiting" title="Bear-baiting">Bear-baiting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bear_hunting" title="Bear hunting">Bear hunting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teddy_bear" title="Teddy bear">Teddy bear</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_depictions_of_cats" title="Cultural depictions of cats">Cats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coyote_(mythology)" title="Coyote (mythology)">Coyotes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_depictions_of_dogs" title="Cultural depictions of dogs">Dogs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deer_in_mythology" title="Deer in mythology">Deer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_depictions_of_elephants" title="Cultural depictions of elephants">Elephants</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foxes_in_popular_culture,_films_and_literature" class="mw-redirect" title="Foxes in popular culture, films and literature">Foxes</a></li> <li>Horses <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Horses_in_art" title="Horses in art">Horses in art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horse_worship" title="Horse worship">Horse worship</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jaguars_in_Mesoamerican_cultures" title="Jaguars in Mesoamerican cultures">Jaguars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kangaroo_emblems_and_popular_culture" title="Kangaroo emblems and popular culture">Kangaroos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_depictions_of_koalas" class="mw-redirect" title="Cultural depictions of koalas">Koalas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_depictions_of_lions" title="Cultural depictions of lions">Lions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pigs_in_culture" title="Pigs in culture">Pigs</a></li> <li>Simians <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gorillas_in_popular_culture" title="Gorillas in popular culture">Gorillas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monkeys_in_Chinese_culture" title="Monkeys in Chinese culture">Monkeys in Chinese culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orangutans_in_popular_culture" title="Orangutans in popular culture">Orangutans</a></li></ul></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Seal hunting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_depictions_of_spotted_hyenas" title="Cultural depictions of spotted hyenas">Spotted hyenas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_depictions_of_tigers" title="Cultural depictions of tigers">Tigers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_depictions_of_weasels" title="Cultural depictions of weasels">Weasels</a></li> <li>Whales <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Whaling" title="Whaling">Whaling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whale_watching" title="Whale watching">Whale watching</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whale_worship" title="Whale worship">Whale worship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orcas_in_popular_culture" title="Orcas in popular culture">Orcas</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wolves_in_folklore,_religion_and_mythology" title="Wolves in folklore, religion and mythology">Wolves</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Werewolf" title="Werewolf">Werewolf</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Animal_rights" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Animal_rights" title="Template:Animal rights"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Animal_rights" title="Template talk:Animal rights"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Animal_rights" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Animal rights"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Animal_rights" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Animal_rights" title="Animal rights">Animal rights</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Topics_(overviews,_concepts,_issues,_cases)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Topics (overviews, concepts, issues, cases)</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Overviews</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Animal_rights_movement" title="Animal rights movement">Animal rights movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animal_rights_by_country_or_territory" title="Animal rights by country or territory">Animal rights by country or territory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_and_animal_rights" class="mw-redirect" title="Anarchism and animal rights">Anarchism and animal rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animal_rights_and_punk_subculture" title="Animal rights and punk subculture">Animal rights and punk subculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animal_cruelty_and_the_Holocaust_analogy" class="mw-redirect" title="Animal cruelty and the Holocaust analogy">Animal cruelty–Holocaust analogies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animal_rights_in_Indian_religions" title="Animal rights in Indian religions">Animal rights in Indian religions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_and_animal_rights" title="Christianity and animal rights">Christianity and animal rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_animal_rights" title="History of animal rights">History of animal rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_international_animal_welfare_conventions" title="List of international animal welfare conventions">List of international animal welfare conventions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moral_status_of_animals_in_the_ancient_world" title="Moral status of animals in the ancient world">Moral status of animals in the ancient world</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_animal_welfare_and_rights" title="Timeline of animal welfare and rights">Timeline of animal welfare and rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Total_liberation" title="Total liberation">Total liberation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universal_Declaration_on_Animal_Welfare" title="Universal Declaration on Animal Welfare">Universal Declaration on Animal Welfare</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abolitionism_(animal_rights)" title="Abolitionism (animal rights)">Abolitionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahimsa" title="Ahimsa">Ahimsa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animal_cognition" title="Animal cognition">Animal cognition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animal_consciousness" title="Animal consciousness">Animal consciousness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animal_ethics" title="Animal ethics">Animal ethics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animal%E2%80%93industrial_complex" title="Animal–industrial complex">Animal–industrial complex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animal_law" title="Animal law">Animal law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animal_protectionism" title="Animal protectionism">Animal protectionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animal_welfare" title="Animal welfare">Animal welfare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animal-free_agriculture" title="Animal-free agriculture">Animal-free agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthrozoology" title="Anthrozoology">Anthrozoology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Argument_from_marginal_cases" title="Argument from marginal cases">Argument from marginal cases</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cambridge_Declaration_on_Consciousness" class="mw-redirect" title="Cambridge Declaration on Consciousness">Cambridge Declaration on Consciousness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carnism" title="Carnism">Carnism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equal_consideration_of_interests" title="Equal consideration of interests">Equal consideration of interests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emotion_in_animals" title="Emotion in animals">Emotion in animals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethics_of_eating_meat" title="Ethics of eating meat">Ethics of eating meat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethics_of_uncertain_sentience" title="Ethics of uncertain sentience">Ethics of uncertain sentience</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethology" title="Ethology">Ethology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insects_in_ethics" title="Insects in ethics">Insects in ethics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meat_paradox" class="mw-redirect" title="Meat paradox">Meat paradox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nonviolence" title="Nonviolence">Nonviolence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_rescue" title="Open rescue">Open rescue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opposition_to_hunting" title="Opposition to hunting">Opposition to hunting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Personism" title="Personism">Personism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Replaceability_argument" title="Replaceability argument">Replaceability argument</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sentiocentrism" class="mw-redirect" title="Sentiocentrism">Sentiocentrism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Speciesism" title="Speciesism">Speciesism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Veganism" title="Veganism">Veganism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vegaphobia" title="Vegaphobia">Vegaphobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vegetarianism" title="Vegetarianism">Vegetarianism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Issues</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Animal_agriculture" class="mw-redirect" title="Animal agriculture">Animal agriculture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Animal_product" title="Animal product">Animal product</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battery_cage" title="Battery cage">Battery cage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bile_bear" title="Bile bear">Bile bear</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chick_culling" title="Chick culling">Chick culling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Concentrated_animal_feeding_operation" title="Concentrated animal feeding operation">Concentrated animal feeding operation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fish_farming" title="Fish farming">Fish farming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fur_farming" title="Fur farming">Fur farming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fur_trade" title="Fur trade">Fur trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insect_farming" title="Insect farming">Insect farming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intensive_animal_farming" title="Intensive animal farming">Intensive animal farming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intensive_pig_farming" title="Intensive pig farming">Intensive pig farming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Livestock" title="Livestock">Livestock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poultry_farming" title="Poultry farming">Poultry farming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slaughterhouse" title="Slaughterhouse">Slaughterhouse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wildlife_farming" title="Wildlife farming">Wildlife farming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Working_animal" title="Working animal">Working animal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feedback_(pork_industry)" title="Feedback (pork industry)">Feedback (pork industry)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foam_depopulation" title="Foam depopulation">Foam depopulation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ventilation_shutdown" title="Ventilation shutdown">Ventilation shutdown</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Animal_testing" title="Animal testing">Animal testing</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alternatives_to_animal_testing" title="Alternatives to animal testing">Alternatives to animal testing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animal_testing_on_non-human_primates" title="Animal testing on non-human primates">Animal testing on non-human primates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animal_testing_regulations" title="Animal testing regulations">Animal testing regulations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_ape_research_ban" class="mw-redirect" title="Great ape research ban">Great ape research ban</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_Scare" title="Green Scare">Green Scare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huntingdon_Life_Sciences" title="Huntingdon Life Sciences">Huntingdon Life Sciences</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Model_organism" title="Model organism">Model organism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nafovanny" title="Nafovanny">Nafovanny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Backfire_(FBI)" title="Operation Backfire (FBI)">Operation Backfire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vivisection" title="Vivisection">Vivisection</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Animal_welfare" title="Animal welfare">Animal welfare</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Animal_euthanasia" title="Animal euthanasia">Animal euthanasia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cruelty_to_animals" title="Cruelty to animals">Cruelty to animals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pain_in_animals" title="Pain in animals">Pain in animals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pain_in_amphibians" title="Pain in amphibians">Pain in amphibians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pain_in_cephalopods" title="Pain in cephalopods">Pain in cephalopods</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pain_in_crustaceans" title="Pain in crustaceans">Pain in crustaceans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pain_in_fish" title="Pain in fish">Pain in fish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pain_in_invertebrates" title="Pain in invertebrates">Pain in invertebrates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pain_and_suffering_in_laboratory_animals" class="mw-redirect" title="Pain and suffering in laboratory animals">Pain and suffering in laboratory animals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welfare_of_farmed_insects" title="Welfare of farmed insects">Welfare of farmed insects</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Fishing" title="Fishing">Fishing</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Commercial_fishing" title="Commercial fishing">Commercial fishing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fishing_bait" title="Fishing bait">Fishing bait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recreational_fishing" title="Recreational fishing">Recreational fishing</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Wild_animals" class="mw-redirect" title="Wild animals">Wild animals</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Culling_wildlife" class="mw-redirect" title="Culling wildlife">Culling wildlife</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hare_coursing" title="Hare coursing">Hare coursing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hunting" title="Hunting">Hunting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_primate_trade" title="International primate trade">International primate trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ivory_trade" title="Ivory trade">Ivory trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Predation_problem" title="Predation problem">Predation problem</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Seal hunting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wild_animal_suffering" title="Wild animal suffering">Wild animal suffering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wildlife_management" title="Wildlife management">Wildlife management</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abandoned_pets" title="Abandoned pets">Abandoned pets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animal_sacrifice" title="Animal sacrifice">Animal sacrifice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animal_slaughter" title="Animal slaughter">Animal slaughter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animal_trial" title="Animal trial">Animal trial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animals_in_sport" title="Animals in sport">Animals in sport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Live_food" title="Live food">Live food</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Live_export" title="Live export">Live export</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Cases</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brown_Dog_affair" title="Brown Dog affair">Brown Dog affair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_primates" title="Cambridge University primates">Cambridge University primates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/McLibel_case" title="McLibel case">McLibel case</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monkey_selfie_copyright_dispute" title="Monkey selfie copyright dispute">Monkey selfie copyright dispute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pit_of_despair" title="Pit of despair">Pit of despair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stop_Huntingdon_Animal_Cruelty" title="Stop Huntingdon Animal Cruelty">SHAC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silver_Spring_monkeys" title="Silver Spring monkeys">Silver Spring monkeys</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_California,_Riverside_1985_laboratory_raid" title="University of California, Riverside 1985 laboratory raid">University of California, Riverside 1985 laboratory raid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unnecessary_Fuss" title="Unnecessary Fuss">Unnecessary Fuss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_of_the_currents" title="War of the currents">War of the currents</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Methodologies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Direct_Action_Everywhere" title="Direct Action Everywhere">Direct Action Everywhere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hunt_sabotage" title="Hunt sabotage">Hunt sabotage</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Observances</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/World_Animal_Day" title="World Animal Day">World Animal Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Day_for_the_End_of_Speciesism" title="World Day for the End of Speciesism">World Day for the End of Speciesism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Day_for_Laboratory_Animals" title="World Day for Laboratory Animals">World Day for Laboratory Animals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Day_for_the_End_of_Fishing" title="World Day for the End of Fishing">World Day for the End of Fishing</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Advocates_(academics,_writers,_activists)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_animal_rights_advocates" title="List of animal rights advocates">Advocates</a> (academics, writers, activists)</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Academics and writers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Contemporary</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carol_J._Adams" title="Carol J. Adams">Carol J. Adams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aysha_Akhtar" title="Aysha Akhtar">Aysha Akhtar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kristin_Andrews" title="Kristin Andrews">Kristin Andrews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tom_Beauchamp" title="Tom Beauchamp">Tom Beauchamp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marc_Bekoff" title="Marc Bekoff">Marc Bekoff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steven_Best" title="Steven Best">Steven Best</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paola_Cavalieri" title="Paola Cavalieri">Paola Cavalieri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_R._L._Clark" title="Stephen R. L. Clark">Stephen R. L. Clark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alasdair_Cochrane" title="Alasdair Cochrane">Alasdair Cochrane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._M._Coetzee" title="J. M. Coetzee">J. M. Coetzee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alice_Crary" title="Alice Crary">Alice Crary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_DeGrazia" title="David DeGrazia">David DeGrazia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Dombrowski" title="Daniel Dombrowski">Daniel Dombrowski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sue_Donaldson" title="Sue Donaldson">Sue Donaldson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josephine_Donovan" title="Josephine Donovan">Josephine Donovan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joan_Dunayer" title="Joan Dunayer">Joan Dunayer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mylan_Engel" title="Mylan Engel">Mylan Engel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catia_Faria" title="Catia Faria">Catia Faria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lawrence_Finsen" title="Lawrence Finsen">Lawrence Finsen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gary_L._Francione" title="Gary L. Francione">Gary L. Francione</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Garner" title="Robert Garner">Robert Garner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Val%C3%A9ry_Giroux" title="Valéry Giroux">Valéry Giroux</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lori_Gruen" title="Lori Gruen">Lori Gruen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Hadley_(philosopher)" title="John Hadley (philosopher)">John Hadley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oscar_Horta" title="Oscar Horta">Oscar Horta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dale_Jamieson" title="Dale Jamieson">Dale Jamieson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kyle_Johannsen" title="Kyle Johannsen">Kyle Johannsen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melanie_Joy" title="Melanie Joy">Melanie Joy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hilda_Kean" title="Hilda Kean">Hilda Kean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Will_Kymlicka" title="Will Kymlicka">Will Kymlicka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renan_Larue" title="Renan Larue">Renan Larue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Lepeltier" title="Thomas Lepeltier">Thomas Lepeltier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Linzey" title="Andrew Linzey">Andrew Linzey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clair_Linzey" title="Clair Linzey">Clair Linzey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dan_Lyons" title="Dan Lyons">Dan Lyons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Nibert" title="David Nibert">David Nibert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martha_Nussbaum" title="Martha Nussbaum">Martha Nussbaum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clare_Palmer" title="Clare Palmer">Clare Palmer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Patterson_(author)" title="Charles Patterson (author)">Charles Patterson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Pearce_(philosopher)" title="David Pearce (philosopher)">David Pearce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jessica_Pierce" title="Jessica Pierce">Jessica Pierce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evelyn_Pluhar" title="Evelyn Pluhar">Evelyn Pluhar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_Rowlands" title="Mark Rowlands">Mark Rowlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_D._Ryder" title="Richard D. Ryder">Richard D. Ryder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steve_F._Sapontzis" title="Steve F. Sapontzis">Steve F. Sapontzis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeff_Sebo" title="Jeff Sebo">Jeff Sebo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C3%A9r%C3%B4me_Segal" title="Jérôme Segal">Jérôme Segal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Singer" title="Peter Singer">Peter Singer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gary_Steiner" title="Gary Steiner">Gary Steiner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cass_Sunstein" title="Cass Sunstein">Cass Sunstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Sztybel" title="David Sztybel">David Sztybel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Tye_(philosopher)" title="Michael Tye (philosopher)">Michael Tye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tatjana_Vi%C5%A1ak" title="Tatjana Višak">Tatjana Višak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Waldau" title="Paul Waldau">Paul Waldau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corey_Lee_Wrenn" title="Corey Lee Wrenn">Corey Lee Wrenn</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Historical</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jeremy_Bentham" title="Jeremy Bentham">Jeremy Bentham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Renaud_Boullier" title="David Renaud Boullier">David Renaud Boullier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_St._C._Bostock" title="Stephen St. C. Bostock">Stephen St. C. Bostock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brigid_Brophy" title="Brigid Brophy">Brigid Brophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Buchan" title="Peter Buchan">Peter Buchan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mona_Caird" title="Mona Caird">Mona Caird</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Priscilla_Cohn" title="Priscilla Cohn">Priscilla Cohn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Crowe_(vicar)" title="Henry Crowe (vicar)">Henry Crowe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herman_Daggett" title="Herman Daggett">Herman Daggett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Dean_(curate)" title="Richard Dean (curate)">Richard Dean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Dietler" title="Wilhelm Dietler">Wilhelm Dietler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Hamilton_Drummond" title="William Hamilton Drummond">William Hamilton Drummond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Payson_Evans" title="Edward Payson Evans">Edward Payson Evans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T._Forster" title="T. Forster">T. Forster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Galsworthy" title="John Galsworthy">John Galsworthy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_G._Gentry" title="Thomas G. Gentry">Thomas G. Gentry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Helps" title="Arthur Helps">Arthur Helps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Hildrop" title="John Hildrop">John Hildrop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Zephaniah_Holwell" title="John Zephaniah Holwell">John Zephaniah Holwell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soame_Jenyns" title="Soame Jenyns">Soame Jenyns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Christian_Friedrich_Krause" title="Karl Christian Friedrich Krause">Karl Christian Friedrich Krause</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Lawrence_(writer)" title="John Lawrence (writer)">John Lawrence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_R._Magel" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles R. Magel">Charles R. Magel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Meslier" title="Jean Meslier">Jean Meslier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Midgley" title="Mary Midgley">Mary Midgley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._Howard_Moore" title="J. Howard Moore">J. Howard Moore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Ferrater_Mora" title="José Ferrater Mora">José Ferrater Mora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leonard_Nelson" title="Leonard Nelson">Leonard Nelson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Nicholson_(librarian)" title="Edward Nicholson (librarian)">Edward Nicholson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siobhan_O%27Sullivan" title="Siobhan O'Sullivan">Siobhan O'Sullivan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rod_Preece" title="Rod Preece">Rod Preece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humphrey_Primatt" title="Humphrey Primatt">Humphrey Primatt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Rachels" title="James Rachels">James Rachels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tom_Regan" title="Tom Regan">Tom Regan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nathaniel_Peabody_Rogers" title="Nathaniel Peabody Rogers">Nathaniel Peabody Rogers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernard_Rollin" title="Bernard Rollin">Bernard Rollin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Stephens_Salt" title="Henry Stephens Salt">Henry Stephens Salt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Schopenhauer" title="Arthur Schopenhauer">Arthur Schopenhauer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laurids_Smith" title="Laurids Smith">Laurids Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Styles" title="John Styles">John Styles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Tryon" title="Thomas Tryon">Thomas Tryon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gary_Varner" title="Gary Varner">Gary Varner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Friedrich_Ludwig_Volckmann" title="Johann Friedrich Ludwig Volckmann">Johann Friedrich Ludwig Volckmann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Anne_Warren" title="Mary Anne Warren">Mary Anne Warren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adam_Gottlieb_Weigen" title="Adam Gottlieb Weigen">Adam Gottlieb Weigen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Heinrich_Winckler" title="Johann Heinrich Winckler">Johann Heinrich Winckler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steven_M._Wise" title="Steven M. Wise">Steven M. Wise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jon_Wynne-Tyson" title="Jon Wynne-Tyson">Jon Wynne-Tyson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voltaire" title="Voltaire">Voltaire</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Activists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Contemporary</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/James_Aspey" title="James Aspey">James Aspey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greg_Avery" title="Greg Avery">Greg Avery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matt_Ball" title="Matt Ball">Matt Ball</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Balluch" title="Martin Balluch">Martin Balluch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carole_Baskin" title="Carole Baskin">Carole Baskin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbi_Twins" title="Barbi Twins">Barbi Twins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brigitte_Bardot" title="Brigitte Bardot">Brigitte Bardot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gene_Baur" title="Gene Baur">Gene Baur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yves_Bonnardel" title="Yves Bonnardel">Yves Bonnardel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joey_Carbstrong" title="Joey Carbstrong">Joey Carbstrong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aymeric_Caron" title="Aymeric Caron">Aymeric Caron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jake_Conroy" title="Jake Conroy">Jake Conroy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rod_Coronado" title="Rod Coronado">Rod Coronado</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karen_Dawn" title="Karen Dawn">Karen Dawn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chris_DeRose" title="Chris DeRose">Chris DeRose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Feldmann" title="John Feldmann">John Feldmann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bruce_Friedrich" title="Bruce Friedrich">Bruce Friedrich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juliet_Gellatley" title="Juliet Gellatley">Juliet Gellatley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tal_Gilboa" title="Tal Gilboa">Tal Gilboa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antoine_Goetschel" title="Antoine Goetschel">Antoine Goetschel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_Gold_(activist)" title="Mark Gold (activist)">Mark Gold</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brigitte_Gothi%C3%A8re" title="Brigitte Gothière">Brigitte Gothière</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wayne_Hsiung" title="Wayne Hsiung">Wayne Hsiung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charlotte_Laws" title="Charlotte Laws">Charlotte Laws</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ronnie_Lee" title="Ronnie Lee">Ronnie Lee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Howard_Lyman" title="Howard Lyman">Howard Lyman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evanna_Lynch" title="Evanna Lynch">Evanna Lynch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bill_Maher" title="Bill Maher">Bill Maher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keith_Mann" title="Keith Mann">Keith Mann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jim_Mason_(activist)" title="Jim Mason (activist)">Jim Mason</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dan_Mathews" title="Dan Mathews">Dan Mathews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jo-Anne_McArthur" title="Jo-Anne McArthur">Jo-Anne McArthur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lu%C3%ADsa_Mell" class="mw-redirect" title="Luísa Mell">Luísa Mell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virginia_McKenna" title="Virginia McKenna">Virginia McKenna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morrissey" title="Morrissey">Morrissey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ingrid_Newkirk" title="Ingrid Newkirk">Ingrid Newkirk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heather_Nicholson" title="Heather Nicholson">Heather Nicholson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jack_Norris_(activist)" title="Jack Norris (activist)">Jack Norris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ric_O%27Barry" title="Ric O'Barry">Ric O'Barry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Olivier" title="David Olivier">David Olivier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alex_Pacheco_(activist)" title="Alex Pacheco (activist)">Alex Pacheco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Craig_Rosebraugh" title="Craig Rosebraugh">Craig Rosebraugh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jasmin_Singer" title="Jasmin Singer">Jasmin Singer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kim_Stallwood" title="Kim Stallwood">Kim Stallwood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lynda_Stoner" title="Lynda Stoner">Lynda Stoner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marianne_Thieme" title="Marianne Thieme">Marianne Thieme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Darren_Thurston" title="Darren Thurston">Darren Thurston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christine_Townend" title="Christine Townend">Christine Townend</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wendy_Turner-Webster" title="Wendy Turner-Webster">Wendy Turner-Webster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jerry_Vlasak" title="Jerry Vlasak">Jerry Vlasak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louise_Wallis" title="Louise Wallis">Louise Wallis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gary_Yourofsky" title="Gary Yourofsky">Gary Yourofsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/That_Vegan_Teacher" title="That Vegan Teacher">That Vegan Teacher</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Historical</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cleveland_Amory" title="Cleveland Amory">Cleveland Amory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_B._Amos" title="Henry B. Amos">Henry B. Amos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bob_Barker" title="Bob Barker">Bob Barker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernest_Bell_(animal_rights_activist)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ernest Bell (animal rights activist)">Ernest Bell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edith_Carrington" title="Edith Carrington">Edith Carrington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frances_Power_Cobbe" title="Frances Power Cobbe">Frances Power Cobbe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joan_Court" title="Joan Court">Joan Court</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karen_Davis_(activist)" title="Karen Davis (activist)">Karen Davis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Dixon" title="Royal Dixon">Royal Dixon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muriel_Dowding,_Baroness_Dowding" title="Muriel Dowding, Baroness Dowding">Muriel Dowding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Farians" title="Elizabeth Farians">Elizabeth Farians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emarel_Freshel" title="Emarel Freshel">Emarel Freshel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_G%C3%A9raud" title="André Géraud">André Géraud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lewis_Gompertz" title="Lewis Gompertz">Lewis Gompertz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Granger" title="James Granger">James Granger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barry_Horne_(activist)" title="Barry Horne (activist)">Barry Horne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marie_Huot" title="Marie Huot">Marie Huot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lizzy_Lind_af_Hageby" title="Lizzy Lind af Hageby">Lizzy Lind af Hageby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jessie_Mackay" title="Jessie Mackay">Jessie Mackay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norm_Phelps" title="Norm Phelps">Norm Phelps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_of_Jill_Phipps" title="Death of Jill Phipps">Jill Phipps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maud_Ingersoll_Probasco" title="Maud Ingersoll Probasco">Maud Ingersoll Probasco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans_Ruesch" title="Hans Ruesch">Hans Ruesch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nell_Shipman" title="Nell Shipman">Nell Shipman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Spira" title="Henry Spira">Henry Spira</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Tyler" title="Andrew Tyler">Andrew Tyler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gretchen_Wyler" title="Gretchen Wyler">Gretchen Wyler</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Movement_(groups,_parties)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Animal_rights_movement" title="Animal rights movement">Movement</a> (groups, parties)</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Groups</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Contemporary</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Anti-Vivisection_Society" title="American Anti-Vivisection Society">American Anti-Vivisection Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animal_Aid" title="Animal Aid">Animal Aid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animal_Ethics_(organization)" title="Animal Ethics (organization)">Animal Ethics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animal_Justice_(organization)" title="Animal Justice (organization)">Animal Justice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animal_Justice_Project" title="Animal Justice Project">Animal Justice Project</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animal_Legal_Defense_Fund" title="Animal Legal Defense Fund">Animal Legal Defense Fund</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animal_Liberation_(organisation)" title="Animal Liberation (organisation)">Animal Liberation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animal_Liberation_Front" title="Animal Liberation Front">Animal Liberation Front</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animal_Rising" title="Animal Rising">Animal Rising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AnimaNaturalis" title="AnimaNaturalis">AnimaNaturalis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Vivisection_Coalition" title="Anti-Vivisection Coalition">Anti-Vivisection Coalition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anonymous_for_the_Voiceless" title="Anonymous for the Voiceless">Anonymous for the Voiceless</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beauty_Without_Cruelty" title="Beauty Without Cruelty">Beauty Without Cruelty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Born_Free_Foundation" title="Born Free Foundation">Born Free Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Centre_for_Animals_and_Social_Justice" title="Centre for Animals and Social Justice">Centre for Animals and Social Justice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Animal_Protection_Network" title="Chinese Animal Protection Network">Chinese Animal Protection Network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cruelty_Free_International" title="Cruelty Free International">Cruelty Free International</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Direct_Action_Everywhere" title="Direct Action Everywhere">Direct Action Everywhere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doctors_Against_Animal_Experiments" title="Doctors Against Animal Experiments">Doctors Against Animal Experiments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equanimal" title="Equanimal">Equanimal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Every_Animal" title="Every Animal">Every Animal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Farm_Animal_Rights_Movement" title="Farm Animal Rights Movement">Farm Animal Rights Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faunalytics" title="Faunalytics">Faunalytics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Ape_Project" title="Great Ape Project">Great Ape Project</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hunt_Saboteurs_Association" title="Hunt Saboteurs Association">Hunt Saboteurs Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/In_Defense_of_Animals" title="In Defense of Animals">In Defense of Animals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korea_Animal_Rights_Advocates" title="Korea Animal Rights Advocates">Korea Animal Rights Advocates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L214" title="L214">L214</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Last_Chance_for_Animals" title="Last Chance for Animals">Last Chance for Animals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Massachusetts_Animal_Rights_Coalition" title="Massachusetts Animal Rights Coalition">Massachusetts Animal Rights Coalition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mercy_for_Animals" title="Mercy for Animals">Mercy for Animals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxford_Centre_for_Animal_Ethics" title="Oxford Centre for Animal Ethics">Oxford Centre for Animal Ethics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People_for_the_Ethical_Treatment_of_Animals" title="People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals">People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rise_for_Animals" title="Rise for Animals">Rise for Animals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sentience_Politics" title="Sentience Politics">Sentience Politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uncaged_Campaigns" title="Uncaged Campaigns">Uncaged Campaigns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Activists_for_Animal_Rights" title="United Activists for Animal Rights">United Activists for Animal Rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Poultry_Concerns" title="United Poultry Concerns">United Poultry Concerns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UPF-Centre_for_Animal_Ethics" title="UPF-Centre for Animal Ethics">UPF-Centre for Animal Ethics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viva!_(organisation)" title="Viva! (organisation)">Viva!</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voice_for_Animals_Humane_Society" title="Voice for Animals Humane Society">Voice for Animals Humane Society</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Historical</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Anti-Vivisection_Society" title="Canadian Anti-Vivisection Society">Canadian Anti-Vivisection Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humanitarian_League" title="Humanitarian League">Humanitarian League</a> (1891–1919)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Millennium_Guild" class="mw-redirect" title="Millennium Guild">Millennium Guild</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxford_Group_(animal_rights)" title="Oxford Group (animal rights)">Oxford Group</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Parties</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Animal_Justice_Party" title="Animal Justice Party">Animal Justice Party</a> (Australia)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animal_Politics_EU" title="Animal Politics EU">Animal Politics EU</a> (Europe)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animal_Protection_Party_of_Canada" title="Animal Protection Party of Canada">Animal Protection Party of Canada</a> (Canada)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animal_Justice_Party_of_Finland" title="Animal Justice Party of Finland">Animal Justice Party of Finland</a> (Finland)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animals%27_Party" title="Animals' Party">Animals' Party</a> (Sweden)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animalist_Movement" title="Animalist Movement">Animalist Movement</a> (Italy)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animalist_Party_with_the_Environment" title="Animalist Party with the Environment">Animalist Party with the Environment</a> (Spain)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/DierAnimal" title="DierAnimal">DierAnimal</a> (Belgium)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_Environment_Animal_Protection_Party" title="Human Environment Animal Protection Party">Human Environment Animal Protection Party</a> (Germany)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Animalist_Party" title="Italian Animalist Party">Italian Animalist Party</a> (Italy)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Party_for_the_Animals" title="Party for the Animals">Party for the Animals</a> (Netherlands)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/People_Animals_Nature" title="People Animals Nature">People Animals Nature</a> (Portugal)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/V-Partei3" title="V-Partei3">V-Partei³</a> (Germany)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Activism</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Animal_Rights_National_Conference" title="Animal Rights National Conference">Animal Rights National Conference</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Media_(books,_films,_periodicals,_albums)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Media (books, films, periodicals, albums)</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Books</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/On_Abstinence_from_Eating_Animals" title="On Abstinence from Eating Animals">On Abstinence from Eating Animals</a> (3rd century)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moral_Inquiries_on_the_Situation_of_Man_and_of_Brutes" title="Moral Inquiries on the Situation of Man and of Brutes">Moral Inquiries on the Situation of Man and of Brutes</a> (1824)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Rights_of_Animals" class="mw-redirect" title="The Rights of Animals">The Rights of Animals</a> (1838)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Ethics_of_Diet" title="The Ethics of Diet">The Ethics of Diet</a> (1883)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animals%27_Rights" title="Animals' Rights">Animals' Rights</a> (1892)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolutional_Ethics_and_Animal_Psychology" title="Evolutional Ethics and Animal Psychology">Evolutional Ethics and Animal Psychology</a> (1897)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Better-World_Philosophy" title="Better-World Philosophy">Better-World Philosophy</a> (1899)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Universal_Kinship" title="The Universal Kinship">The Universal Kinship</a> (1906)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_New_Ethics" title="The New Ethics">The New Ethics</a> (1907)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animals,_Men_and_Morals" title="Animals, Men and Morals">Animals, Men and Morals</a> (1971)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animal_Liberation_(book)" title="Animal Liberation (book)">Animal Liberation</a> (1975)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Case_for_Animal_Rights" title="The Case for Animal Rights">The Case for Animal Rights</a> (1983)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morals,_Reason,_and_Animals" title="Morals, Reason, and Animals">Morals, Reason, and Animals</a> (1987)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zoos_and_Animal_Rights" class="mw-redirect" title="Zoos and Animal Rights">Zoos and Animal Rights</a> (1993)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animals,_Property,_and_the_Law" title="Animals, Property, and the Law">Animals, Property, and the Law</a> (1995)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Lives_of_Animals" title="The Lives of Animals">The Lives of Animals</a> (1999)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eternal_Treblinka" title="Eternal Treblinka">Eternal Treblinka</a> (2001)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Do_Animals_Have_Rights%3F_(book)" title="Do Animals Have Rights? (book)">Do Animals Have Rights?</a> (2005)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Striking_at_the_Roots" title="Striking at the Roots">Striking at the Roots</a> (2008)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/An_American_Trilogy_(book)" title="An American Trilogy (book)">An American Trilogy</a> (2009)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/An_Introduction_to_Animals_and_Political_Theory" title="An Introduction to Animals and Political Theory">An Introduction to Animals and Political Theory</a> (2010)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animal_Rights_Without_Liberation" title="Animal Rights Without Liberation">Animal Rights Without Liberation</a> (2012)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_Animals_and_Animal_Politics" title="Political Animals and Animal Politics">Political Animals and Animal Politics</a> (2014)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animal_(De)liberation" title="Animal (De)liberation">Animal (De)liberation</a> (2016)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sentientist_Politics" title="Sentientist Politics">Sentientist Politics</a> (2018)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wild_Animal_Ethics" title="Wild Animal Ethics">Wild Animal Ethics</a> (2020)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animal_Ethics_in_the_Wild" title="Animal Ethics in the Wild">Animal Ethics in the Wild</a> (2022)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Making_a_Stand_for_Animals" title="Making a Stand for Animals">Making a Stand for Animals</a> (2022)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Films</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Animals_Film" title="The Animals Film">The Animals Film</a> (1981)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/A_Cow_at_My_Table" title="A Cow at My Table">A Cow at My Table</a> (1998)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shores_of_Silence" title="Shores of Silence">Shores of Silence</a> (2000)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Witness_(2000_film)" title="The Witness (2000 film)">The Witness</a> (2000)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meet_Your_Meat" title="Meet Your Meat">Meet Your Meat</a> (2002)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legally_Blonde_2:_Red,_White_%26_Blonde" title="Legally Blonde 2: Red, White & Blonde">Legally Blonde 2</a> (2003)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Meatrix" title="The Meatrix">The Meatrix</a> (2003)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peaceable_Kingdom_(film)" title="Peaceable Kingdom (film)">Peaceable Kingdom</a> (2004)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earthlings_(film)" title="Earthlings (film)">Earthlings</a> (2005)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Behind_the_Mask_(2006_film)" title="Behind the Mask (2006 film)">Behind the Mask</a> (2006)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Your_Mommy_Kills_Animals" title="Your Mommy Kills Animals">Your Mommy Kills Animals</a> (2007)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Cove_(film)" title="The Cove (film)">The Cove</a> (2009)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peaceable_Kingdom:_The_Journey_Home" title="Peaceable Kingdom: The Journey Home">Peaceable Kingdom: The Journey Home</a> (2009)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forks_Over_Knives" title="Forks Over Knives">Forks Over Knives</a> (2011)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vegucated" title="Vegucated">Vegucated</a> (2011)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/An_Apology_to_Elephants" title="An Apology to Elephants">An Apology to Elephants</a> (2013)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Speciesism:_The_Movie" title="Speciesism: The Movie">Speciesism: The Movie</a> (2013)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Ghosts_in_Our_Machine" title="The Ghosts in Our Machine">The Ghosts in Our Machine</a> (2013)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unlocking_the_Cage" title="Unlocking the Cage">Unlocking the Cage</a> (2016)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominion_(2018_film)" title="Dominion (2018 film)">Dominion</a> (2018)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seaspiracy" title="Seaspiracy">Seaspiracy</a> (2021)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Periodicals</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Journals</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Animal_Sentience_(journal)" title="Animal Sentience (journal)">Animal Sentience</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Between_the_Species" title="Between the Species">Between the Species</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cahiers_antisp%C3%A9cistes" title="Cahiers antispécistes">Cahiers antispécistes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Etica_%26_Animali" title="Etica & Animali">Etica & Animali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Journal_of_Animal_Ethics" title="Journal of Animal Ethics">Journal of Animal Ethics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Relations._Beyond_Anthropocentrism" title="Relations. Beyond Anthropocentrism">Relations. Beyond Anthropocentrism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Animals%27_Defender" class="mw-redirect" title="The Animals' Defender">The Animals' Defender</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Magazines</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arkangel_(magazine)" title="Arkangel (magazine)">Arkangel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bite_Back" title="Bite Back">Bite Back</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muutoksen_kev%C3%A4t" title="Muutoksen kevät">Muutoksen kevät</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/No_Compromise_(magazine)" title="No Compromise (magazine)">No Compromise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satya_(magazine)" title="Satya (magazine)">Satya</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_songs_about_animal_rights" title="List of songs about animal rights">Albums</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Animal_Liberation_(album)" title="Animal Liberation (album)">Animal Liberation</a> (1987)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tame_Yourself" title="Tame Yourself">Tame Yourself</a> (1991)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manifesto_(Deadlock_album)" title="Manifesto (Deadlock album)">Manifesto</a> (2008)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salvation_of_Innocents" title="Salvation of Innocents">Salvation of Innocents</a> (2014)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Onward_to_Freedom" title="Onward to Freedom">Onward to Freedom</a> (2014)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Fairs and exhibitions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Holocaust_on_your_Plate" title="Holocaust on your Plate">Holocaust on your Plate</a> (2003)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Animal_rights" title="Category:Animal rights">Category</a> ( 139 )</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Hunting_topics" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Hunting_topics" title="Template:Hunting topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Hunting_topics" title="Template talk:Hunting topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Hunting_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Hunting topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Hunting_topics" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Hunting" title="Hunting">Hunting</a> topics</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">History</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hunting,_fishing_and_animals_in_ancient_Egypt" title="Hunting, fishing and animals in ancient Egypt">Ancient Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hunter-gatherer" title="Hunter-gatherer">Hunter-gatherer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_hunting" title="Medieval hunting">Medieval hunting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_hunt_of_the_Qing_dynasty" title="Imperial hunt of the Qing dynasty">Imperial hunt of the Qing dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_American_hunting_technologies" title="North American hunting technologies">North American hunting technologies</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Forms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bat-fowling" title="Bat-fowling">Bat-fowling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beagling" title="Beagling">Beagling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bowhunting" title="Bowhunting">Bowhunting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Big%E2%80%93game_hunting" title="Big–game hunting">Big–game hunting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coursing" title="Coursing">Coursing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Game_stalker" title="Game stalker">Game stalkering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gigging" title="Gigging">Gigging</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_hunting" title="Green hunting">Green hunting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Falconry" title="Falconry">Falconry</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hunting_with_eagles" title="Hunting with eagles">Eagles</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Field_sports" title="Field sports">Field sports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fowling" title="Fowling">Fowling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Handgun_hunting" title="Handgun hunting">Handgun hunting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_hunting" title="Internet hunting">Internet hunting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Layout_hunting" title="Layout hunting">Layout hunting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monter%C3%ADa_(hunt)" title="Montería (hunt)">Montería</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muttonbirding" title="Muttonbirding">Muttonbirding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persistence_hunting" title="Persistence hunting">Persistence hunting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pest_control" title="Pest control">Pest control</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plume_hunting" title="Plume hunting">Plume hunting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spotlighting" title="Spotlighting">Spotlighting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trophy_hunting" title="Trophy hunting">Trophy hunting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trapping" title="Trapping">Trapping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trail_hunting" title="Trail hunting">Trail hunting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treeing" title="Treeing">Treeing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upland_hunting" title="Upland hunting">Upland hunting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Varmint_hunting" title="Varmint hunting">Varmint hunting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venatio" title="Venatio">Venatio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waterfowl_hunting" title="Waterfowl hunting">Waterfowl hunting</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Equipment</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Camouflage" title="Camouflage">Camouflage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Game_call" title="Game call">Game call</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Duck_call" title="Duck call">Duck call</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghillie_suit" title="Ghillie suit">Ghillie suit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hunting_bag" title="Hunting bag">Hunting bag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hunting_weapon" title="Hunting weapon">Hunting weapon</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Air_gun" title="Air gun">Air gun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assegai" title="Assegai">Assegai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bow_and_arrow" title="Bow and arrow">Bow and arrow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bear_spear" title="Bear spear">Bear spear</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boar_spear" title="Boar spear">Boar spear</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boomerang" title="Boomerang">Boomerang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blowgun" title="Blowgun">Blowgun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crossbow" title="Crossbow">Crossbow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pistol" title="Pistol">Pistol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punt_gun" title="Punt gun">Punt gun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rifle" title="Rifle">Rifle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spear-thrower" title="Spear-thrower">Spear-thrower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shotgun" title="Shotgun">Shotgun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hunting_sword" title="Hunting sword">Sword</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Throwing_stick" title="Throwing stick">Throwing stick</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silencer_(firearms)" title="Silencer (firearms)">Silencer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shooting_brake" title="Shooting brake">Shooting brake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shooting_sticks_(weapon_mount)" title="Shooting sticks (weapon mount)">Shooting sticks</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Game_(hunting)" title="Game (hunting)">Game</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alligator_hunting" title="Alligator hunting">Alligator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bear_hunting" title="Bear hunting">Bear</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Big_five_game" title="Big five game">Big five</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bison_hunting" title="Bison hunting">Bison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boar_hunting" title="Boar hunting">Boar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coon_hunting" title="Coon hunting">Raccoon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deer_hunting" title="Deer hunting">Deer</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Deer_stalking" title="Deer stalking">Stalking</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fox_hunting" title="Fox hunting">Fox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hare_coursing" title="Hare coursing">Hare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_hunting" title="Human hunting">Human</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Headhunting" title="Headhunting">Headhunting</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jackal_coursing" title="Jackal coursing">Jackal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mink_hunting" title="Mink hunting">Mink</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plains_game" title="Plains game">Plains game</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rabbiting" title="Rabbiting">Rabbit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rook_shooting" title="Rook shooting">Rook</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiger_hunting" title="Tiger hunting">Tiger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkey_hunting" title="Turkey hunting">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turtling_(hunting)" title="Turtling (hunting)">Turtle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lion_hunting" title="Lion hunting">Lion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quail_hunting" title="Quail hunting">Quail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wolf_hunting" title="Wolf hunting">Wolf</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wolf_hunting_with_dogs" title="Wolf hunting with dogs">With dogs</a></li></ul></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Seal</a></li> <li>Squirrel <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Squirrel_poaching" title="Squirrel poaching">Poaching</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whaling" title="Whaling">Whale</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aboriginal_whaling" title="Aboriginal whaling">Aboriginal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dolphin_drive_hunting" title="Dolphin drive hunting">Dolphin drive hunting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subsistence_hunting_of_the_bowhead_whale" title="Subsistence hunting of the bowhead whale">Subsistence hunting of the bowhead whale</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Infrastructure</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buffalo_jump" title="Buffalo jump">Buffalo jump</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buffalo_pound" title="Buffalo pound">Buffalo pound</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chase_(land)" title="Chase (land)">Chase (land)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deer_park_(England)" title="Deer park (England)">Deer park (England)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deer_forest" title="Deer forest">Deer forest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desert_kite" title="Desert kite">Desert kite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Game_larder" title="Game larder">Game larder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Game_reserve" title="Game reserve">Game reserve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Game_farm" title="Game farm">Game farm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guest_ranch" title="Guest ranch">Guest ranch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hunting_blind" title="Hunting blind">Hunting blind</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bird_hide" title="Bird hide">Bird hide</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salter_(trap)" title="Salter (trap)">Salter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sporting_lodge" title="Sporting lodge">Sporting lodge</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jagdschloss" title="Jagdschloss">Jagdschloss</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wolf_trap" title="Wolf trap">Wolf trap</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By location</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hunting_in_Australia" title="Hunting in Australia">Australia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dugong_hunting_in_Australia" title="Dugong hunting in Australia">Dugong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kangaroo_industry" title="Kangaroo industry">Kangaroo</a></li></ul></li> <li>Azerbaijan <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Historical_tiger_hunts_in_Azerbaijan" title="Historical tiger hunts in Azerbaijan">Tiger</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hunting_in_Cambodia" title="Hunting in Cambodia">Cambodia</a></li> <li>Chad <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Elephant_hunting_in_Chad" title="Elephant hunting in Chad">Elephant</a></li></ul></li> <li>Greenland <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Reindeer_hunting_in_Greenland" title="Reindeer hunting in Greenland">Reindeer</a></li></ul></li> <li>India <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tiger_poaching_in_India" title="Tiger poaching in India">Tiger poaching</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhino_poaching_in_Assam" title="Rhino poaching in Assam">Rhino poaching in Assam</a></li></ul></li> <li>Kenya <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Elephant_hunting_in_Kenya" title="Elephant hunting in Kenya">Elephant</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hunting_in_New_Zealand" title="Hunting in New Zealand">New Zealand</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Helicopter-based_hunting_in_Fiordland" title="Helicopter-based hunting in Fiordland">Helicopter-based hunting in Fiordland</a></li></ul></li> <li>Pakistan <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Trophy_Hunting_in_Pakistan" title="Trophy Hunting in Pakistan">Trophy Hunting</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hunting_in_Russia" title="Hunting in Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hunting_in_Romania" title="Hunting in Romania">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hunting_in_Spain" title="Hunting in Spain">Spain</a></li> <li>Switzerland <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_federal_hunting_reserves_in_Switzerland" title="List of federal hunting reserves in Switzerland">Federal hunting reserves</a></li></ul></li> <li>Tonga <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pigeon_snaring" title="Pigeon snaring">Pigeon</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hunting_in_the_United_States" title="Hunting in the United States">United States</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hunting_and_fishing_in_Alaska" title="Hunting and fishing in Alaska">Alaska</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hunting_and_shooting_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Hunting and shooting in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Driven_grouse_shooting" title="Driven grouse shooting">Driven grouse shooting</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Regulation and conservation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bag_(fishing_and_hunting)" title="Bag (fishing and hunting)">Bag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bag_limits" title="Bag limits">Bag limits</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_officer" title="Conservation officer">Conservation officer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deer_management" title="Deer management">Deer management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Game_Act_1831" title="Game Act 1831">Game Act 1831</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Game_law" title="Game law">Game law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Game_preservation" title="Game preservation">Game preservation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hunting_license" title="Hunting license">Hunting license</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hunting_Act_2004" title="Hunting Act 2004">Hunting Act 2004</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hunting_season" title="Hunting season">Hunting season</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poaching" title="Poaching">Poaching</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_hunting" title="Sustainable hunting">Sustainable hunting</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Culture</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bambi_effect" title="Bambi effect">Bambi effect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blooding_(hunting)" title="Blooding (hunting)">Blooding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canned_hunt" title="Canned hunt">Canned hunt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Car_hawking" title="Car hawking">Car hawking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duck_ague" title="Duck ague">Duck ague</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Falconry_training_and_technique" title="Falconry training and technique">Falconry training and technique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fair_chase" title="Fair chase">Fair chase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Field_dressing_(hunting)" title="Field dressing (hunting)">Field dressing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gamekeepers_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Gamekeepers in the United Kingdom">Gamekeepers in the United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gillie" title="Gillie">Gillie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hunting_dog" title="Hunting dog">Hunting dog</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gun_dog" title="Gun dog">Gun dog</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hunting_magic" title="Hunting magic">Hunting magic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_hunting_deities" title="List of hunting deities">List of hunting deities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_big-game_hunters" title="List of big-game hunters">List of big-game hunters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opposition_to_hunting" title="Opposition to hunting">Opposition to hunting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parahawking" title="Parahawking">Parahawking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Professional_hunter" title="Professional hunter">Professional hunter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Killing_of_Cecil_the_lion" title="Killing of Cecil the lion">Killing of Cecil the lion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raptor_persecution" title="Raptor persecution">Raptor persecution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Safety_orange" title="Safety orange">Safety orange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Safari" title="Safari">Safari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Take_(hunting)" title="Take (hunting)">Take</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tracking_(hunting)" title="Tracking (hunting)">Tracking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wild_Hunt" title="Wild Hunt">Wild Hunt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_hunter" title="White hunter">White hunter</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boone_and_Crockett_Club" title="Boone and Crockett Club">Boone and Crockett Club</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Countryside_Alliance" title="Countryside Alliance">Countryside Alliance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ducks_Unlimited" title="Ducks Unlimited">Ducks Unlimited</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federation_of_Associations_for_Hunting_and_Conservation_of_the_EU" title="Federation of Associations for Hunting and Conservation of the EU">Federation of Associations for Hunting and Conservation of the EU</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finnish_Hunters%27_Association" title="Finnish Hunters' Association">Finnish Hunters' Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hunt_Saboteurs_Association" title="Hunt Saboteurs Association">Hunt Saboteurs Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humane_Society_of_the_United_States" title="Humane Society of the United States">Humane Society of the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/League_Against_Cruel_Sports" title="League Against Cruel Sports">League Against Cruel Sports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_American_Falconers_Association" title="North American Falconers Association">North American Falconers Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People_for_the_Ethical_Treatment_of_Animals" title="People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals">People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Safari_Club_International" title="Safari Club International">Safari Club International</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bowfishing" title="Bowfishing">Bowfishing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bounty_hunter" title="Bounty hunter">Bounty hunter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blood_sport" title="Blood sport">Blood sport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drag_hunting" title="Drag hunting">Drag hunting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Field_trial" title="Field trial">Field trial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fur_trade" title="Fur trade">Fur trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghost_hunting" title="Ghost hunting">Ghost hunting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hunting_hypothesis" title="Hunting hypothesis">Hunting hypothesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hunting_strategy" title="Hunting strategy">Hunting strategy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Honey_hunting" title="Honey hunting">Honey hunting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insect_collecting" title="Insect collecting">Insect collecting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mushroom_hunting" title="Mushroom hunting">Mushroom hunting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orchid_hunting" title="Orchid hunting">Orchid hunting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overview_of_gun_laws_by_nation" title="Overview of gun laws by nation">Overview of gun laws by nation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pearl_hunting" title="Pearl hunting">Pearl hunting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spearfishing" title="Spearfishing">Spearfishing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wildlife_farming" title="Wildlife farming">Wildlife farming</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Seal_hunting&oldid=1253724857">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Seal_hunting&oldid=1253724857</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" 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