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class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_popular_culture_and_the_arts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>In popular culture and the arts</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_popular_culture_and_the_arts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_science_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_science_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>In science</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_science_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" 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class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Family_driving_to_Pedruk.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Family_driving_to_Pedruk.jpg/330px-Family_driving_to_Pedruk.jpg" decoding="async" width="330" height="196" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Family_driving_to_Pedruk.jpg/495px-Family_driving_to_Pedruk.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Family_driving_to_Pedruk.jpg/660px-Family_driving_to_Pedruk.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1222" data-file-height="726" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Domestication" title="Domestication">Domestication</a> of <a href="/wiki/Mammals" class="mw-redirect" title="Mammals">mammals</a> provided <a href="/wiki/Society" title="Society">society</a> with power for <a href="/wiki/Transport" title="Transport">transport</a>.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lascaux_painting.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Lascaux_painting.jpg/330px-Lascaux_painting.jpg" decoding="async" width="330" height="216" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Lascaux_painting.jpg/495px-Lascaux_painting.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Lascaux_painting.jpg/660px-Lascaux_painting.jpg 2x" data-file-width="720" data-file-height="472" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Upper_Paleolithic" title="Upper Paleolithic">Upper Paleolithic</a> <a href="/wiki/Cave_painting" title="Cave painting">cave painting</a> of <a href="/wiki/Aurochs" title="Aurochs">aurochs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Horse" title="Horse">horses</a> and <a href="/wiki/Deer" title="Deer">deer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lascaux" title="Lascaux">Lascaux</a>, c. 17,300 years old</figcaption></figure><figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sumerian_Sheep_Shell_Plaque_27th_BC.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Sumerian_Sheep_Shell_Plaque_27th_BC.jpg/212px-Sumerian_Sheep_Shell_Plaque_27th_BC.jpg" decoding="async" width="212" height="154" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Sumerian_Sheep_Shell_Plaque_27th_BC.jpg/318px-Sumerian_Sheep_Shell_Plaque_27th_BC.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Sumerian_Sheep_Shell_Plaque_27th_BC.jpg/424px-Sumerian_Sheep_Shell_Plaque_27th_BC.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1882" data-file-height="1363" /></a><figcaption>A Sumerian group of two separate shell inlay fragments forming the body and head of a sheep, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 27th–24th Century BC.</figcaption></figure><p><b>Human uses of mammals</b> include both practical uses, such as for food, sport, and transport, and symbolic uses, such as in art and mythology. Mammals have played a crucial role in creating and sustaining human culture. <a href="/wiki/Domestication" title="Domestication">Domestication</a> of mammals was instrumental in the <a href="/wiki/Neolithic_Revolution" title="Neolithic Revolution">Neolithic Revolution</a>'s development of agriculture and of <a href="/wiki/Civilisation" class="mw-redirect" title="Civilisation">civilisation</a>, causing farming to replace <a href="/wiki/Hunter-gatherer" title="Hunter-gatherer">hunting and gathering</a> around the world, and cities to replace scattered communities. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Mammals" class="mw-redirect" title="Mammals">Mammals</a> provide <a href="/wiki/Dairy_products" class="mw-redirect" title="Dairy products">dairy products</a> and much of the <a href="/wiki/Meat" title="Meat">meat</a> eaten by the human population, whether farmed or hunted. They also yielded <a href="/wiki/Leather" title="Leather">leather</a> and <a href="/wiki/Wool" title="Wool">wool</a> for <a href="/wiki/Clothing" title="Clothing">clothing</a> and equipment. Until the arrival of mechanised <a href="/wiki/Transport" title="Transport">transport</a>, domesticated mammals provided a large part of the power used for work and transport. They serve as <a href="/wiki/Model_organism" title="Model organism">models</a> in biological research, such as in <a href="/wiki/Genetics" title="Genetics">genetics</a>, and in <a href="/wiki/Drug_testing" class="mw-redirect" title="Drug testing">drug testing</a>. </p><p>Mammals are the most popular of <a href="/wiki/Pet" title="Pet">pets</a>, with tens of millions of <a href="/wiki/Dog" title="Dog">dogs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cat" title="Cat">cats</a> and other animals including <a href="/wiki/Rabbit" title="Rabbit">rabbits</a> and mice kept by families around the world. Mammals such as horses and deer are among the earliest subjects of art, being found in the <a href="/wiki/Upper_Paleolithic" title="Upper Paleolithic">Upper Paleolithic</a> <a href="/wiki/Cave_painting" title="Cave painting">cave paintings</a> such as at <a href="/wiki/Lascaux" title="Lascaux">Lascaux</a>. Major artists such as <a href="/wiki/Albrecht_D%C3%BCrer" title="Albrecht Dürer">Albrecht Dürer</a>, <a href="/wiki/George_Stubbs" title="George Stubbs">George Stubbs</a> and <a href="/wiki/Edwin_Landseer" title="Edwin Landseer">Edwin Landseer</a> are known for their portraits of animals. Animals further play a wide variety of roles in literature, film, mythology, and religion. </p><p>A major way that people relate to mammals (and some other animals) is by <a href="/wiki/Anthropomorphism" title="Anthropomorphism">anthropomorphising</a> them, ascribing human emotions and goals to them. This has been deprecated when it occurs in science, though more recently zoologists have taken a more lenient view of it. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Context">Context</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Human_uses_of_mammals&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Context"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:A_domestic_yak_carrying_cooking_gas_cylinders_on_the_way_to_the_Everest_Base_Camp_in_Nepal,_photographed_on_November_28,_2023.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/A_domestic_yak_carrying_cooking_gas_cylinders_on_the_way_to_the_Everest_Base_Camp_in_Nepal%2C_photographed_on_November_28%2C_2023.jpg/170px-A_domestic_yak_carrying_cooking_gas_cylinders_on_the_way_to_the_Everest_Base_Camp_in_Nepal%2C_photographed_on_November_28%2C_2023.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="233" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/A_domestic_yak_carrying_cooking_gas_cylinders_on_the_way_to_the_Everest_Base_Camp_in_Nepal%2C_photographed_on_November_28%2C_2023.jpg/255px-A_domestic_yak_carrying_cooking_gas_cylinders_on_the_way_to_the_Everest_Base_Camp_in_Nepal%2C_photographed_on_November_28%2C_2023.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/A_domestic_yak_carrying_cooking_gas_cylinders_on_the_way_to_the_Everest_Base_Camp_in_Nepal%2C_photographed_on_November_28%2C_2023.jpg/340px-A_domestic_yak_carrying_cooking_gas_cylinders_on_the_way_to_the_Everest_Base_Camp_in_Nepal%2C_photographed_on_November_28%2C_2023.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2252" data-file-height="3090" /></a><figcaption>A domestic <a href="/wiki/Yak" title="Yak">yak</a> carrying equipment up to the <a href="/wiki/Everest_Base_Camp" class="mw-redirect" title="Everest Base Camp">Everest Base Camp</a> in <a href="/wiki/Nepal" title="Nepal">Nepal</a> </figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Culture" title="Culture">Culture</a> consists of the <a href="/wiki/Social_behaviour" class="mw-redirect" title="Social behaviour">social behaviour</a> and <a href="/wiki/Norm_(social)" class="mw-redirect" title="Norm (social)">norms</a> found in <a href="/wiki/Human" title="Human">human</a> <a href="/wiki/Society" title="Society">societies</a> and transmitted through social <a href="/wiki/Learning" title="Learning">learning</a>. <a href="/wiki/Cultural_universals" class="mw-redirect" title="Cultural universals">Cultural universals</a> in all human societies include expressive forms like <a href="/wiki/Art" title="Art">art</a>, <a href="/wiki/Music" title="Music">music</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dance" title="Dance">dance</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ritual" title="Ritual">ritual</a>, <a href="/wiki/Religion" title="Religion">religion</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Technology" title="Technology">technologies</a> like <a href="/wiki/Tool" title="Tool">tool usage</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cooking" title="Cooking">cooking</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shelter_(building)" class="mw-redirect" title="Shelter (building)">shelter</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Clothing" title="Clothing">clothing</a>. The concept of <a href="/wiki/Material_culture" title="Material culture">material culture</a> covers physical expressions such as technology, architecture and art, whereas immaterial culture includes principles of <a href="/wiki/Social_organization" title="Social organization">social organization</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mythology" class="mw-redirect" title="Mythology">mythology</a>, <a href="/wiki/Philosophy" title="Philosophy">philosophy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Literature" title="Literature">literature</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Science" title="Science">science</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-MacionisGerber2011_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MacionisGerber2011-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This article describes the roles played by mammals in human culture, so defined. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Practical_uses">Practical uses</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Human_uses_of_mammals&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Practical uses"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Backing_sheep_at_sheepdog_competition.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Backing_sheep_at_sheepdog_competition.jpg/170px-Backing_sheep_at_sheepdog_competition.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Backing_sheep_at_sheepdog_competition.jpg/255px-Backing_sheep_at_sheepdog_competition.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Backing_sheep_at_sheepdog_competition.jpg/340px-Backing_sheep_at_sheepdog_competition.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2112" data-file-height="2816" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Dog" title="Dog">Dogs</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sheep" title="Sheep">sheep</a> were among the first animals to be <a href="/wiki/Domestication" title="Domestication">domesticated</a>, and they remain in wide use today.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Domestication_in_the_neolithic_agricultural_revolution">Domestication in the neolithic agricultural revolution</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Human_uses_of_mammals&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Domestication in the neolithic agricultural revolution"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Domestication" title="Domestication">Domestication</a> and <a href="/wiki/Neolithic_Revolution" title="Neolithic Revolution">Neolithic Revolution</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Charles_Darwin" title="Charles Darwin">Charles Darwin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jared_Diamond" title="Jared Diamond">Jared Diamond</a> and others have noted the importance of <a href="/wiki/Domestication" title="Domestication">domesticated</a> mammals in the <a href="/wiki/Neolithic_Revolution" title="Neolithic Revolution">neolithic development of agriculture</a> and of <a href="/wiki/Civilisation" class="mw-redirect" title="Civilisation">civilisation</a>, causing farmers to replace <a href="/wiki/Hunter-gatherer" title="Hunter-gatherer">hunter-gatherers</a> around the world.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Larson_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Larson-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This transition from <a href="/wiki/Hunter-gatherer" title="Hunter-gatherer">hunting and gathering</a> to <a href="/wiki/Pastoralism" title="Pastoralism">herding flocks</a> and <a href="/wiki/Agriculture" title="Agriculture">growing crops</a> was a major step in human history. The new agricultural economies, based on domesticated mammals, caused "radical restructuring of human societies, worldwide alterations in biodiversity, and significant changes in the Earth's landforms and its atmosphere... momentous outcomes".<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Diamond observed that the large mammals that were domesticated were unusual in sharing a set of desirable characteristics. They consumed a diet that humans could readily supply; they grew rapidly and gave birth frequently; they had a mild disposition; they were willing to breed in captivity; they had convenient herd dominance hierarchies; and they remained calm in enclosures.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Carlos Driscoll and colleagues reached a similar conclusion, observing that "it was intelligently designed changes to the genetic composition of natural biota that made the real tools. In some sense, Neolithic farmers were the first geneticists and domestic agriculture was the lever with which they moved the world." Driscoll and colleagues list recurring characteristics of domesticated mammals as "dwarfs and giants, piebald coat color, wavy or curly hair, fewer vertebrae, shorter tails, rolled tails, and floppy ears or other manifestations of <a href="/wiki/Neoteny" title="Neoteny">neoteny</a>."<sup id="cite_ref-Driscoll_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Driscoll-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="For_food_and_other_products">For food and other products</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Human_uses_of_mammals&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: For food and other products"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hand_milking_a_cow_at_Cobbes_Farm_Museum.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Hand_milking_a_cow_at_Cobbes_Farm_Museum.jpg/170px-Hand_milking_a_cow_at_Cobbes_Farm_Museum.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Hand_milking_a_cow_at_Cobbes_Farm_Museum.jpg/255px-Hand_milking_a_cow_at_Cobbes_Farm_Museum.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Hand_milking_a_cow_at_Cobbes_Farm_Museum.jpg/340px-Hand_milking_a_cow_at_Cobbes_Farm_Museum.jpg 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Cattle" title="Cattle">Cattle</a> have been <a href="/wiki/Dairy_farming" title="Dairy farming">kept for milk</a> for thousands of years.</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Livestock" title="Livestock">Livestock</a></div> <p>Humans and their <a href="/wiki/Livestock" title="Livestock">livestock</a> make up more than 90% of the biomass of all terrestrial vertebrates, and almost as much as all <a href="/wiki/Insect" title="Insect">insects</a> combined.<sup id="cite_ref-Eggleton_2020_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Eggleton_2020-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mammals form a large part of the livestock raised for <a href="/wiki/Meat" title="Meat">meat</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dairy_products" class="mw-redirect" title="Dairy products">dairy products</a> across the world, whether <a href="/wiki/Intensive_farming" title="Intensive farming">intensively farmed</a> or by more or less mobile <a href="/wiki/Pastoralism" title="Pastoralism">pastoralism</a>. They include (2011) around 1.4 billion <a href="/wiki/Cattle" title="Cattle">cattle</a>, 1.2 billion <a href="/wiki/Sheep" title="Sheep">sheep</a>, 1 billion <a href="/wiki/Domestic_pig" class="mw-redirect" title="Domestic pig">domestic pigs</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and (1985) over 700 million rabbits.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Cattle provide a large part of the <a href="/wiki/Leather" title="Leather">leather</a> used for clothing products such as <a href="/wiki/Shoe" title="Shoe">shoes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Handbag" title="Handbag">handbags</a> and <a href="/wiki/Belt_(clothing)" title="Belt (clothing)">belts</a>, as well as for <a href="/wiki/Upholstery" title="Upholstery">upholstery</a>. <a href="/wiki/Wool" title="Wool">Wool</a> has been used for centuries for <a href="/wiki/Clothing" title="Clothing">clothing</a> including <a href="/wiki/Suit_(clothing)" class="mw-redirect" title="Suit (clothing)">suits</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tweed_(cloth)" class="mw-redirect" title="Tweed (cloth)">tweed</a> jackets as well as <a href="/wiki/Knitwear" class="mw-redirect" title="Knitwear">knitwear</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Sweater" title="Sweater">pullovers</a>. The primary source of wool is sheep, but goats provide <a href="/wiki/Angora_wool" title="Angora wool">angora</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cashmere_wool" title="Cashmere wool">cashmere</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Alpaca" title="Alpaca">alpacas</a> provide a luxurious <a href="/wiki/Alpaca_fibre" class="mw-redirect" title="Alpaca fibre">fleece</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="For_work_and_transport">For work and transport</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Human_uses_of_mammals&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: For work and transport"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Working_animal" title="Working animal">Working animal</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pack_animal" title="Pack animal">Pack animal</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Working_animal" title="Working animal">Working domestic animals</a> including cattle and <a href="/wiki/Horse" title="Horse">horses</a> have been used for work and <a href="/wiki/Transport" title="Transport">transport</a> from the origins of agriculture, their numbers declining with the arrival of mechanised transport and <a href="/wiki/Agricultural_machinery" title="Agricultural machinery">agricultural machinery</a>. In 2004 they still provided some 80% of the power for the mainly small farms in the third world, and some 20% of the world's transport, again mainly in rural areas. In mountainous regions unsuitable for wheeled vehicles, <a href="/wiki/Pack_animal" title="Pack animal">pack animals</a> continue to transport goods.<sup id="cite_ref-Pond2004_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pond2004-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="In_science">In science</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Human_uses_of_mammals&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: In science"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Preparing_for_the_experiment.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Preparing_for_the_experiment.jpg/220px-Preparing_for_the_experiment.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Preparing_for_the_experiment.jpg/330px-Preparing_for_the_experiment.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Preparing_for_the_experiment.jpg/440px-Preparing_for_the_experiment.jpg 2x" data-file-width="604" data-file-height="340" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/Laboratory_rat" title="Laboratory rat">laboratory rat</a> in a <a href="/wiki/Skinner_box" class="mw-redirect" title="Skinner box">Skinner box</a></figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Laboratory_animal" class="mw-redirect" title="Laboratory animal">Laboratory animal</a></div> <p>Mammals serve a major role in science as <a href="/wiki/Animal_model" class="mw-redirect" title="Animal model">experimental animals</a>, both in fundamental <a href="/wiki/Biology" title="Biology">biological</a> research, such as in genetics,<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and in the development of new medicines, which must be tested exhaustively to demonstrate their safety.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Millions of mammals, especially mice and rats, are used in <a href="/wiki/Animal_testing" title="Animal testing">experiments</a> each year.<sup id="cite_ref-EUstatistics2013_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EUstatistics2013-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A <a href="/wiki/Knockout_mouse" title="Knockout mouse">knockout mouse</a> is a <a href="/wiki/Genetically_modified_mouse" title="Genetically modified mouse">genetically modified mouse</a> with an inactivated <a href="/wiki/Gene" title="Gene">gene</a>, replaced or disrupted with an artificial piece of <a href="/wiki/DNA" title="DNA">DNA</a>. They enable the study of <a href="/wiki/Sequencing" title="Sequencing">sequenced</a> genes whose functions are unknown.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A small percentage of the mammals are non-human <a href="/wiki/Primates" class="mw-redirect" title="Primates">primates</a>, including the <a href="/wiki/Grivet" title="Grivet">grivet</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Rhesus_macaque" title="Rhesus macaque">rhesus macaque</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Crab-eating_macaque" title="Crab-eating macaque">crab-eating macaque</a>, which are used in research for their similarity to humans.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Carlsson2004_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Carlsson2004-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Weatherall_etal2006_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Weatherall_etal2006-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="As_pets">As pets</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Human_uses_of_mammals&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: As pets"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:World_Dog_Show_2012.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/World_Dog_Show_2012.jpg/220px-World_Dog_Show_2012.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/World_Dog_Show_2012.jpg/330px-World_Dog_Show_2012.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/World_Dog_Show_2012.jpg/440px-World_Dog_Show_2012.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4085" data-file-height="2723" /></a><figcaption>Owners and their dogs at the World Dog Show, 2012</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Pet" title="Pet">Pet</a></div> <p>Mammals are the most popular pets in the Western world, with the most kept species being <a href="/wiki/Dog" title="Dog">dogs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cat" title="Cat">cats</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Rabbit" title="Rabbit">rabbits</a>. For example, in America in 2012 there were some 78 million dogs, 86 million cats, and 3.5 million rabbits.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There is a tension between the role of animals as companions to humans, and their existence as individuals with <a href="/wiki/Animal_rights" title="Animal rights">rights of their own</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="For_sport">For sport</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Human_uses_of_mammals&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: For sport"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:CheetahHunt.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/CheetahHunt.jpg/220px-CheetahHunt.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="153" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/CheetahHunt.jpg/330px-CheetahHunt.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/CheetahHunt.jpg/440px-CheetahHunt.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1419" data-file-height="988" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Mughal_Empire" title="Mughal Empire">Mughal</a> hunters using a <a href="/wiki/Cheetah" title="Cheetah">cheetah</a> to catch a <a href="/wiki/Blackbuck" title="Blackbuck">blackbuck</a>, Gujarat, 1812. Illustration by <a href="/wiki/James_Forbes_(artist)" title="James Forbes (artist)">James Forbes</a></figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Hunting" title="Hunting">Hunting</a>, <a href="/wiki/Horse_racing" title="Horse racing">Horse racing</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Greyhound_racing" title="Greyhound racing">Greyhound racing</a></div> <p>Mammals, including <a href="/wiki/Deer" title="Deer">deer</a> and <a href="/wiki/Wild_boar" title="Wild boar">wild boar</a>, are among the <a href="/wiki/Game_(hunting)" title="Game (hunting)">game animals</a> most often <a href="/wiki/Hunting" title="Hunting">hunted</a> for sport and for food. Predatory mammals, most often <a href="/wiki/Dog" title="Dog">dogs</a>, are used to help catch game, and <a href="/wiki/Retriever" title="Retriever">to retrieve shot birds</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-NguyenWheatley2015_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NguyenWheatley2015-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Mammals are widely raced for sport, often combined with <a href="/wiki/Gambling" title="Gambling">betting on the outcome</a>, especially in <a href="/wiki/Horse_racing" title="Horse racing">horse racing</a> and <a href="/wiki/Greyhound_racing" title="Greyhound racing">greyhound racing</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Symbolic_uses">Symbolic uses</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Human_uses_of_mammals&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Symbolic uses"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="In_art">In art</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Human_uses_of_mammals&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: In art"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Animals_in_Christian_art" title="Animals in Christian art">Animals in Christian art</a> and <a href="/wiki/Horses_in_art" title="Horses in art">Horses in art</a></div> <p>Mammals have been the subjects of art from the earliest times, both historical, as in <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egypt" title="Ancient Egypt">Ancient Egypt</a>, and prehistoric, as in the <a href="/wiki/Lascaux" title="Lascaux">cave paintings at Lascaux</a> and other sites in the <a href="/wiki/Dordogne" title="Dordogne">Dordogne</a>, France and elsewhere. Major animal paintings include <a href="/wiki/Albrecht_D%C3%BCrer" title="Albrecht Dürer">Albrecht Dürer</a>'s 1515 <i><a href="/wiki/D%C3%BCrer%27s_Rhinoceros" title="Dürer's Rhinoceros">The Rhinoceros</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/George_Stubbs" title="George Stubbs">George Stubbs</a>'s c. 1762 horse portrait <i><a href="/wiki/Whistlejacket" title="Whistlejacket">Whistlejacket</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/Edwin_Landseer" title="Edwin Landseer">Edwin Landseer</a>'s 1851 <i><a href="/wiki/The_Monarch_of_the_Glen_(painting)" title="The Monarch of the Glen (painting)">The Monarch of the Glen</a></i>, and <a href="/wiki/Henri_Rousseau" title="Henri Rousseau">Henri Rousseau</a>'s 1891 tiger in an imaginary landscape, <i><a href="/wiki/Surprised!" class="mw-redirect" title="Surprised!">Surprised!</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Jones_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jones-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="In_literature_and_film">In literature and film</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Human_uses_of_mammals&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: In literature and film"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Animals_in_film_and_television" class="mw-redirect" title="Animals in film and television">Animals in film and television</a></div> <p>Mammals from <a href="/wiki/List_of_fictional_rodents" title="List of fictional rodents">mice</a> and <a href="/wiki/Foxes_in_popular_culture" title="Foxes in popular culture">foxes</a> to <a href="/wiki/Cultural_depictions_of_elephants" title="Cultural depictions of elephants">elephants</a> play a wide variety of roles in literature and media including photography and film.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gundestrupkedlen-_00054_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Gundestrupkedlen-_00054_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-Gundestrupkedlen-_00054_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Gundestrupkedlen-_00054_%28cropped%29.jpg/330px-Gundestrupkedlen-_00054_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Gundestrupkedlen-_00054_%28cropped%29.jpg/440px-Gundestrupkedlen-_00054_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2768" data-file-height="1884" /></a><figcaption>Deer and an antlered figure from the <a href="/wiki/Gundestrup_Cauldron" class="mw-redirect" title="Gundestrup Cauldron">Gundestrup Cauldron</a>, 1st or 2nd century BC</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="In_mythology_and_religion">In mythology and religion</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Human_uses_of_mammals&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: In mythology and religion"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Animal_worship" title="Animal worship">Animal worship</a></div> <p>Mammals including <a href="/wiki/Cattle_in_religion" class="mw-redirect" title="Cattle in religion">cattle</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Deer_in_mythology" title="Deer in mythology">deer</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Horse_worship" title="Horse worship">horses</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Cultural_depictions_of_lions" title="Cultural depictions of lions">lions</a><sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Wolves_in_folklore,_religion_and_mythology" title="Wolves in folklore, religion and mythology">wolves</a>, along with creatures derived from them, such as <a href="/wiki/Werewolf" title="Werewolf">werewolves</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> figure in mythology and religion. <a href="/wiki/Jacques_Cauvin" title="Jacques Cauvin">Jacques Cauvin</a> has argued that <a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_religion#Neolithic" title="Prehistoric religion">Neolithic animal symbols</a>, with early art depicting figures such as bull gods, derive from the critical importance of domesticated mammals in that period.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="As_toys">As toys</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Human_uses_of_mammals&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: As toys"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Teddy_bear_early_1900s_-_Smithsonian_Museum_of_Natural_History.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Teddy_bear_early_1900s_-_Smithsonian_Museum_of_Natural_History.jpg/170px-Teddy_bear_early_1900s_-_Smithsonian_Museum_of_Natural_History.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="219" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Teddy_bear_early_1900s_-_Smithsonian_Museum_of_Natural_History.jpg/255px-Teddy_bear_early_1900s_-_Smithsonian_Museum_of_Natural_History.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Teddy_bear_early_1900s_-_Smithsonian_Museum_of_Natural_History.jpg/340px-Teddy_bear_early_1900s_-_Smithsonian_Museum_of_Natural_History.jpg 2x" data-file-width="777" data-file-height="1000" /></a><figcaption>An original 1903 <a href="/wiki/Teddy_bear" title="Teddy bear">teddy bear</a>, made by <a href="/wiki/Morris_Michtom" title="Morris Michtom">Benjamin Michtom</a></figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Teddy_bear" title="Teddy bear">Teddy bear</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Stuffed_toy" title="Stuffed toy">Soft toys</a> often have the forms of juvenile mammals, especially <a href="/wiki/Bear" title="Bear">bears</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Teddy_bear" title="Teddy bear">teddy bear</a> was developed apparently simultaneously by the toymakers <a href="/wiki/Morris_Michtom" title="Morris Michtom">Morris Michtom</a> in America and <a href="/wiki/Richard_Steiff" title="Richard Steiff">Richard Steiff</a> in Germany in the early years of the 20th century. It was named after the <a href="/wiki/Big_game_hunter" class="mw-redirect" title="Big game hunter">big game hunter</a> President <a href="/wiki/Theodore_Roosevelt" title="Theodore Roosevelt">Theodore "Teddy" Roosevelt</a>. The teddy bear became an iconic children's <a href="/wiki/Toy" title="Toy">toy</a>, celebrated in story, song, and film.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Attitudes_towards_animals">Attitudes towards animals</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Human_uses_of_mammals&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Attitudes towards animals"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Anthropomorphism" title="Anthropomorphism">Anthropomorphism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cruelty_to_animals" title="Cruelty to animals">Cruelty to animals</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Anthropomorphism" title="Anthropomorphism">Anthropomorphism</a>, the attribution of <a href="/wiki/Human" title="Human">human</a> traits to <a href="/wiki/Animal" title="Animal">animals</a>, most commonly to mammals, is an important part of the way that people relate to mammals.<sup id="cite_ref-oed_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-oed-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Attitudes and behaviour to animals ranges from <a href="/wiki/Cruelty_to_animals" title="Cruelty to animals">cruel</a> to <a href="/wiki/Sentimentality" title="Sentimentality">sentimental</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="In_popular_culture_and_the_arts">In popular culture and the arts</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Human_uses_of_mammals&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: In popular culture and the arts"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tortoise_and_hare_rackham.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Tortoise_and_hare_rackham.jpg/170px-Tortoise_and_hare_rackham.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="221" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Tortoise_and_hare_rackham.jpg/255px-Tortoise_and_hare_rackham.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Tortoise_and_hare_rackham.jpg/340px-Tortoise_and_hare_rackham.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1734" data-file-height="2250" /></a><figcaption>Animals dressed as humans in "The Tortoise and the Hare", from an edition of <i><a href="/wiki/Aesop%27s_Fables" title="Aesop's Fables">Aesop's Fables</a></i> illustrated by <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Rackham" title="Arthur Rackham">Arthur Rackham</a>, 1912</figcaption></figure> <p>In literature, <a href="/wiki/Fable" title="Fable">fables</a> such as those of <a href="/wiki/Aesop" title="Aesop">Aesop</a> have been told to teach <a href="/wiki/Wisdom" title="Wisdom">wisdom</a> through intentional fictions about characters such as apes, asses, bears, cats, sheep, deer, dogs, foxes, hares, horses, lions, and mice.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Anthropomorphic <a href="/wiki/Children%27s_literature" title="Children's literature">children's literature</a> became popular from the nineteenth century with works such as <a href="/wiki/Lewis_Carroll" title="Lewis Carroll">Lewis Carroll</a>'s 1865 <i><a href="/wiki/Alice%27s_Adventures_in_Wonderland" title="Alice's Adventures in Wonderland">Alice's Adventures in Wonderland</a></i> and <a href="/wiki/Rudyard_Kipling" title="Rudyard Kipling">Rudyard Kipling</a>'s 1894 <i><a href="/wiki/The_Jungle_Book" title="The Jungle Book">The Jungle Book</a></i>. In the twentieth century, many of the most popular works for children have anthropomorphic characters,<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> including <a href="/wiki/Beatrix_Potter" title="Beatrix Potter">Beatrix Potter</a>'s 1901<i><a href="/wiki/The_Tale_of_Peter_Rabbit" title="The Tale of Peter Rabbit">The Tale of Peter Rabbit</a></i>,<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Kenneth_Grahame" title="Kenneth Grahame">Kenneth Grahame</a>'s 1908 <i><a href="/wiki/The_Wind_in_the_Willows" title="The Wind in the Willows">The Wind in the Willows</a></i>, and <a href="/wiki/C._S._Lewis" title="C. S. Lewis">C. S. Lewis</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/The_Lion,_the_Witch,_and_the_Wardrobe" class="mw-redirect" title="The Lion, the Witch, and the Wardrobe">The Lion, the Witch, and the Wardrobe</a></i> in all of which the animals, mainly mammals, wear human clothes and have human attributes of character.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="In_science_2">In science</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Human_uses_of_mammals&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: In science"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Anthropomorphic language, implying the existence of intentions and emotions in animals, was deprecated for most of the 20th century, as indicating a lack of <a href="/wiki/Objectivity_(science)" title="Objectivity (science)">scientific objectivity</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1927 <a href="/wiki/Ivan_Pavlov" title="Ivan Pavlov">Ivan Pavlov</a> wrote that animals should be considered "without any need to resort to fantastic speculations as to the existence of any possible subjective states".<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1987 <i>The Oxford Companion to Animal Behaviour</i> still advised that "one is well advised to study the behaviour rather than attempting to get at any underlying emotion".<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Charles_Darwin" title="Charles Darwin">Charles Darwin</a> however had accepted the idea of <a href="/wiki/Emotion_in_animals" title="Emotion in animals">emotion in animals</a>, writing his 1872 book <i><a href="/wiki/The_Expression_of_the_Emotions_in_Man_and_Animals" title="The Expression of the Emotions in Man and Animals">The Expression of the Emotions in Man and Animals</a></i> on the subject.<sup id="cite_ref-Darwin_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Darwin-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Darwin believed that mammals had social, mental and moral lives. In <i><a href="/wiki/The_Descent_of_Man" class="mw-redirect" title="The Descent of Man">The Descent of Man</a></i> (1871), he wrote: "There is no fundamental difference between man and the higher mammals in their mental faculties."<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Biologists remained wary of the idea, even for the <a href="/wiki/Hominidae" title="Hominidae">great apes</a>, but this led to serious difficulties, as <a href="/wiki/Donald_O._Hebb" title="Donald O. Hebb">Donald O. Hebb</a> explained in 1946:<sup id="cite_ref-Hebb_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hebb-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>A thoroughgoing attempt to avoid anthropomorphic description in the study of temperament was made over a two-year period at the Yerkes laboratories. All that resulted was an almost endless series of specific acts in which no order or meaning could be found. On the other hand, by the use of frankly anthropomorphic concepts of emotion and attitude one could quickly and easily describe the peculiarities of individual animals... Whatever the anthropomorphic terminology may seem to imply about conscious states in chimpanzee, it provides an intelligible and practical guide to behavior.<sup id="cite_ref-Hebb_55-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hebb-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>In the 1960s the three leading primatologists nicknamed "<a href="/wiki/The_Trimates" title="The Trimates">Leakey's Angels</a>", <a href="/wiki/Jane_Goodall" title="Jane Goodall">Jane Goodall</a> studying <a href="/wiki/Chimpanzee" title="Chimpanzee">chimpanzees</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dian_Fossey" title="Dian Fossey">Dian Fossey</a> studying <a href="/wiki/Gorilla" title="Gorilla">gorillas</a> and <a href="/wiki/Birut%C3%A9_Galdikas" class="mw-redirect" title="Biruté Galdikas">Biruté Galdikas</a> studying <a href="/wiki/Orangutan" title="Orangutan">orangutans</a>, were all accused of "that worst of ethological sins – anthropomorphism" as they sought to explain primate behaviour using <a href="/wiki/Empathy" title="Empathy">empathy</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The primatologist <a href="/wiki/Frans_de_Waal" title="Frans de Waal">Frans de Waal</a> summarised the dilemma: "To endow animals with human emotions has long been a scientific <a href="/wiki/Taboo" title="Taboo">taboo</a>. But if we do not, we risk missing something fundamental, about both animals and us."<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Human_uses_of_mammals&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Diamond discussed this matter further in his 1997 book <i><a href="/wiki/Guns,_Germs,_and_Steel" title="Guns, Germs, and Steel">Guns, Germs, and Steel</a></i>.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Human_uses_of_mammals&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-MacionisGerber2011-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-MacionisGerber2011_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFMacionisGerber2011" class="citation book cs1">Macionis, John J.; Gerber, Linda Marie (2011). <i>Sociology</i>. Pearson Prentice Hall. p. 53. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0137001613" title="Special:BookSources/978-0137001613"><bdi>978-0137001613</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/652430995">652430995</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sociology&rft.pages=53&rft.pub=Pearson+Prentice+Hall&rft.date=2011&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F652430995&rft.isbn=978-0137001613&rft.aulast=Macionis&rft.aufirst=John+J.&rft.au=Gerber%2C+Linda+Marie&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHuman+uses+of+mammals" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Larson-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Larson_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLarson,_GregerBurger,_Joachim2013" class="citation journal cs1">Larson, Greger; Burger, Joachim (April 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190608065300/http://www.palaeobarn.com/sites/domestication.org.uk/files/downloads/98.pdf">"A population genetics view of animal domestication"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Trends in Genetics</i>. <b>29</b> (4): 197–205. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.tig.2013.01.003">10.1016/j.tig.2013.01.003</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23415592">23415592</a>. 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Brill Archive. p. 9.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hayagr%C4%ABva%3A+The+Mantray%C4%81nic+Aspect+of+Horse-cult+in+China+and+Japan&rft.pages=9&rft.pub=Brill+Archive&rft.au=Robert+Hans+van+Gulik&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHuman+uses+of+mammals" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGrainger2012" class="citation web cs1">Grainger, Richard (24 June 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160923134807/https://lionalert.org/page/Lion_Depiction_Across_Ancient_and_Modern_Religions">"Lion Depiction across Ancient and Modern Religions"</a>. Alert. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lionalert.org/page/Lion_Depiction_Across_Ancient_and_Modern_Religions">the original</a> on 23 September 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 July</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Lion+Depiction+across+Ancient+and+Modern+Religions&rft.pub=Alert&rft.date=2012-06-24&rft.aulast=Grainger&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flionalert.org%2Fpage%2FLion_Depiction_Across_Ancient_and_Modern_Religions&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHuman+uses+of+mammals" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcCone,_Kim_R.1987" class="citation book cs1">McCone, Kim R. (1987). Meid, W. Meid (ed.). <i>Hund, Wolf, und Krieger bei den Indogermanen</i>. Innsbruck. pp. 101–154.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hund%2C+Wolf%2C+und+Krieger+bei+den+Indogermanen&rft.place=Innsbruck&rft.pages=101-154&rft.date=1987&rft.au=McCone%2C+Kim+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHuman+uses+of+mammals" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">|work=</code> ignored (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#periodical_ignored" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment">CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAurenche,_Olivier2001" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Aurenche, Olivier (2001). "Jacques Cauvin et la préhistoire du Levant". <i>Paléorient</i> (in French). <b>27</b> (27–2): 5–11. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3406%2Fpaleo.2001.4728">10.3406/paleo.2001.4728</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Pal%C3%A9orient&rft.atitle=Jacques+Cauvin+et+la+pr%C3%A9histoire+du+Levant&rft.volume=27&rft.issue=27%E2%80%932&rft.pages=5-11&rft.date=2001&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3406%2Fpaleo.2001.4728&rft.au=Aurenche%2C+Olivier&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHuman+uses+of+mammals" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCauvin,_JacquesWatkins,_Trevor2000" class="citation book cs1">Cauvin, Jacques; Watkins, Trevor (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=z4epGQpNyucC"><i>The birth of the Gods and the origins of agriculture</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-65135-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-65135-6"><bdi>978-0-521-65135-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+birth+of+the+Gods+and+the+origins+of+agriculture&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-521-65135-6&rft.au=Cauvin%2C+Jacques&rft.au=Watkins%2C+Trevor&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dz4epGQpNyucC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHuman+uses+of+mammals" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCannadine,_David2013" class="citation news cs1"><a href="/wiki/David_Cannadine" title="David Cannadine">Cannadine, David</a> (1 February 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/magazine-21265701">"A point of view - The Grownups with teddy bears"</a>. <i>BBC News</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 November</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=A+point+of+view+-+The+Grownups+with+teddy+bears&rft.date=2013-02-01&rft.au=Cannadine%2C+David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fmagazine-21265701&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHuman+uses+of+mammals" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-oed-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-oed_41-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Oxford English Dictionary</i>, 1st ed. "anthropomorphism, <i>n.</i>" Oxford University Press (Oxford), 1885.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHutson2012" class="citation book cs1">Hutson, Matthew (2012). <i>The 7 Laws of Magical Thinking: How Irrational Beliefs Keep Us Happy, Healthy, and Sane</i>. Hudson Street Press. pp. 165–181. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-101-55832-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-101-55832-4"><bdi>978-1-101-55832-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+7+Laws+of+Magical+Thinking%3A+How+Irrational+Beliefs+Keep+Us+Happy%2C+Healthy%2C+and+Sane&rft.pages=165-181&rft.pub=Hudson+Street+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-1-101-55832-4&rft.aulast=Hutson&rft.aufirst=Matthew&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHuman+uses+of+mammals" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPhillips2015" class="citation news cs1">Phillips, Francis (28 April 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.catholicherald.co.uk/commentandblogs/2015/04/28/books-blog-st-francis-wasnt-sentimental-about-animals-and-we-shouldnt-be-either/">"St Francis wasn't sentimental about animals and we shouldn't be either"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Herald" title="Catholic Herald">Catholic Herald</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 September</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Catholic+Herald&rft.atitle=St+Francis+wasn%27t+sentimental+about+animals+and+we+shouldn%27t+be+either&rft.date=2015-04-28&rft.aulast=Phillips&rft.aufirst=Francis&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.catholicherald.co.uk%2Fcommentandblogs%2F2015%2F04%2F28%2Fbooks-blog-st-francis-wasnt-sentimental-about-animals-and-we-shouldnt-be-either%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHuman+uses+of+mammals" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Philostratus, Flavius (c.210 CE). <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.livius.org/ap-ark/apollonius/life/va_5_11.html">The Life of Apollonius</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160303212405/http://www.livius.org/ap-ark/apollonius/life/va_5_11.html">Archived</a> 2016-03-03 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></i>, 5.14. Translated by F.C. Conybeare. the Loeb Classical Library (1912)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKwesi_Yankah1983" class="citation journal cs1">Kwesi Yankah (1983). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholarworks.iu.edu/dspace/bitstream/2022/125/1/Akan_Yankah.pdf">"The Akan Trickster Cycle: Myth or Folktale?"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Trinidad University of the West Indies.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=The+Akan+Trickster+Cycle%3A+Myth+or+Folktale%3F&rft.date=1983&rft.au=Kwesi+Yankah&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fscholarworks.iu.edu%2Fdspace%2Fbitstream%2F2022%2F125%2F1%2FAkan_Yankah.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHuman+uses+of+mammals" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_journal" title="Template:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment">Cite journal requires <code class="cs1-code">|journal=</code> (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#missing_periodical" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/1579457/The-top-50-childrens-books.html">"The top 50 children's books"</a>. <i>The Telegraph</i>. 22 Feb 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Telegraph&rft.atitle=The+top+50+children%27s+books&rft.date=2008-02-22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.telegraph.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fuknews%2F1579457%2FThe-top-50-childrens-books.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHuman+uses+of+mammals" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBorland,_Sophie2008" class="citation news cs1">Borland, Sophie (22 Feb 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/1579456/Narnia-triumphs-over-Harry-Potter.html">"Narnia triumphs over Harry Potter"</a>. <i>The Telegraph</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Telegraph&rft.atitle=Narnia+triumphs+over+Harry+Potter&rft.date=2008-02-22&rft.au=Borland%2C+Sophie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.telegraph.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fuknews%2F1579456%2FNarnia-triumphs-over-Harry-Potter.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHuman+uses+of+mammals" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vam.ac.uk/articles/biography-of-beatrix-potter">"Beatrix Potter"</a>. Victoria and Albert Museum<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 April</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Beatrix+Potter&rft.pub=Victoria+and+Albert+Museum&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.vam.ac.uk%2Farticles%2Fbiography-of-beatrix-potter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHuman+uses+of+mammals" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGambleYates2008" class="citation book cs1">Gamble, Nikki; Yates, Sally (2008). <i>Exploring Children's Literature</i>. Sage. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4129-3013-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4129-3013-0"><bdi>978-1-4129-3013-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Exploring+Children%27s+Literature&rft.pub=Sage&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-1-4129-3013-0&rft.aulast=Gamble&rft.aufirst=Nikki&rft.au=Yates%2C+Sally&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHuman+uses+of+mammals" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShapiro1993" class="citation journal cs1">Shapiro, Kenneth J. (1993). "Editor's Introduction to Society and Animals". <i>Society & Animals</i>. <b>1</b> (1): 1–4. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163%2F156853093X00091">10.1163/156853093X00091</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Society+%26+Animals&rft.atitle=Editor%27s+Introduction+to+Society+and+Animals&rft.volume=1&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=1-4&rft.date=1993&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1163%2F156853093X00091&rft.aulast=Shapiro&rft.aufirst=Kenneth+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHuman+uses+of+mammals" class="Z3988"></span> Later re-published as an introduction to: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFlynn2008" class="citation book cs1">Flynn, Cliff (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=d6nT4VGleOEC&pg=PA3"><i>Social Creatures: A Human and Animal Studies Reader</i></a>. Lantern Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59056-123-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-59056-123-2"><bdi>978-1-59056-123-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Social+Creatures%3A+A+Human+and+Animal+Studies+Reader&rft.pub=Lantern+Books&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-1-59056-123-2&rft.aulast=Flynn&rft.aufirst=Cliff&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dd6nT4VGleOEC%26pg%3DPA3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHuman+uses+of+mammals" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ryder, Richard. <i>Animal Revolution: Changing Attitudes Towards Speciesism</i>. Berg, 2000, p. 6.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMassonSusan_McCarthy1996" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Jeffrey_Moussaieff_Masson" title="Jeffrey Moussaieff Masson">Masson, Jeffrey Moussaieff</a>; Susan McCarthy (1996). <i>When Elephants Weep: Emotional Lives of Animals</i>. Vintage. pp. xviii, 272. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-09-947891-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-09-947891-9"><bdi>0-09-947891-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=When+Elephants+Weep%3A+Emotional+Lives+of+Animals&rft.pages=xviii%2C+272&rft.pub=Vintage&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=0-09-947891-9&rft.aulast=Masson&rft.aufirst=Jeffrey+Moussaieff&rft.au=Susan+McCarthy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHuman+uses+of+mammals" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Darwin-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Darwin_53-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBlack,_J2002" class="citation journal cs1">Black, J (Jun 2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160810043441/http://jrsm.rsmjournals.com/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&pmid=12042386">"Darwin in the world of emotions"</a>. <i>Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine</i>. <b>95</b> (6): 311–3. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F014107680209500617">10.1177/014107680209500617</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0141-0768">0141-0768</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1279921">1279921</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12042386">12042386</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jrsm.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&pmid=12042386">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(Free full text)</span> on 2016-08-10<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2016-09-11</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+Royal+Society+of+Medicine&rft.atitle=Darwin+in+the+world+of+emotions&rft.volume=95&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=311-3&rft.date=2002-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1279921%23id-name%3DPMC&rft.issn=0141-0768&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F12042386&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F014107680209500617&rft.au=Black%2C+J&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jrsm.org%2Fcgi%2Fpmidlookup%3Fview%3Dlong%26pmid%3D12042386&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHuman+uses+of+mammals" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDarwin1871" class="citation book cs1">Darwin, Charles (1871). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/descentman00darwgoog"><i>The Descent of Man</i></a>. D. Appleton and Company. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/descentman00darwgoog/page/n44">34</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Descent+of+Man&rft.pages=34&rft.pub=D.+Appleton+and+Company&rft.date=1871&rft.aulast=Darwin&rft.aufirst=Charles&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fdescentman00darwgoog&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHuman+uses+of+mammals" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hebb-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Hebb_55-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hebb_55-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHebb1946" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Donald_O._Hebb" title="Donald O. Hebb">Hebb, Donald O.</a> (1946). "Emotion in man and animal: An analysis of the intuitive processes of recognition". <i>Psychological Review</i>. <b>53</b> (2): 88–106. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1037%2Fh0063033">10.1037/h0063033</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21023321">21023321</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Psychological+Review&rft.atitle=Emotion+in+man+and+animal%3A+An+analysis+of+the+intuitive+processes+of+recognition&rft.volume=53&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=88-106&rft.date=1946&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1037%2Fh0063033&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F21023321&rft.aulast=Hebb&rft.aufirst=Donald+O.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHuman+uses+of+mammals" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">cited in Masson and McCarthy 1996, p9 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/immortalmonsterm0000andr">Internet Archive</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Frans de Waal (1997-07). "Are We in Anthropodenial?". <i>Discover</i>. pp. 50–53.</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · 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style="width:1%">Topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Animal_husbandry" title="Animal husbandry">Animal husbandry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Working_animal" title="Working animal">Draft animal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fur_farming" title="Fur farming">Fur farming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hunting" title="Hunting">Hunting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animals_in_sport" title="Animals in sport">Animals in sport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laboratory_animal" class="mw-redirect" title="Laboratory animal">Laboratory animal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Livestock" title="Livestock">Livestock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pack_animal" title="Pack animal">Pack animal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pet" title="Pet">Pet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equestrianism" title="Equestrianism">Equestrianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Service_animal" title="Service animal">Service animal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animal-assisted_therapy" title="Animal-assisted therapy">Animal-assisted therapy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Working_animal" title="Working animal">Working animal</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="2" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Capitoline_she-wolf_Musei_Capitolini_MC1181.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Capitoline_she-wolf_Musei_Capitolini_MC1181.jpg/100px-Capitoline_she-wolf_Musei_Capitolini_MC1181.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="75" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Capitoline_she-wolf_Musei_Capitolini_MC1181.jpg/150px-Capitoline_she-wolf_Musei_Capitolini_MC1181.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Capitoline_she-wolf_Musei_Capitolini_MC1181.jpg/200px-Capitoline_she-wolf_Musei_Capitolini_MC1181.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3200" data-file-height="2400" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Types</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Human_uses_of_bats" title="Human uses of bats">Bats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_depictions_of_bears" title="Cultural depictions of bears">Bears</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bear-baiting" title="Bear-baiting">Bear-baiting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bear_hunting" title="Bear hunting">Bear hunting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teddy_bear" title="Teddy bear">Teddy bear</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_depictions_of_cats" title="Cultural depictions of cats">Cats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coyote_(mythology)" title="Coyote (mythology)">Coyotes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_depictions_of_dogs" title="Cultural depictions of dogs">Dogs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deer_in_mythology" title="Deer in mythology">Deer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_depictions_of_elephants" title="Cultural depictions of elephants">Elephants</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foxes_in_popular_culture,_films_and_literature" class="mw-redirect" title="Foxes in popular culture, films and literature">Foxes</a></li> <li>Horses <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Horses_in_art" title="Horses in art">Horses in art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horse_worship" title="Horse worship">Horse worship</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jaguars_in_Mesoamerican_cultures" title="Jaguars in Mesoamerican cultures">Jaguars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kangaroo_emblems_and_popular_culture" title="Kangaroo emblems and popular culture">Kangaroos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_depictions_of_koalas" class="mw-redirect" title="Cultural depictions of koalas">Koalas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_depictions_of_lions" title="Cultural depictions of lions">Lions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pigs_in_culture" title="Pigs in culture">Pigs</a></li> <li>Simians <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gorillas_in_popular_culture" title="Gorillas in popular culture">Gorillas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monkeys_in_Chinese_culture" title="Monkeys in Chinese culture">Monkeys in Chinese culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orangutans_in_popular_culture" title="Orangutans in popular culture">Orangutans</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seal_hunting" title="Seal hunting">Seal hunting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_depictions_of_spotted_hyenas" title="Cultural depictions of spotted hyenas">Spotted hyenas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_depictions_of_tigers" title="Cultural depictions of tigers">Tigers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_depictions_of_weasels" title="Cultural depictions of weasels">Weasels</a></li> <li>Whales <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Whaling" title="Whaling">Whaling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whale_watching" title="Whale watching">Whale watching</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whale_worship" title="Whale worship">Whale worship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orcas_in_popular_culture" title="Orcas in popular culture">Orcas</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wolves_in_folklore,_religion_and_mythology" title="Wolves in folklore, religion and mythology">Wolves</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Werewolf" title="Werewolf">Werewolf</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Human_uses_of_mammals&oldid=1242125376">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Human_uses_of_mammals&oldid=1242125376</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a 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