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class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">British biochemist (1903–1996)</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox biography vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;"><div class="fn">Hans Kosterlitz</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Hans_Kosterlitz.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/2/2a/Hans_Kosterlitz.png/220px-Hans_Kosterlitz.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="294" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/2/2a/Hans_Kosterlitz.png 1.5x" data-file-width="273" data-file-height="365" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display:inline" class="nickname">Hans Walter Kosterlitz</div><br /><span style="display:none">(<span class="bday">1903-04-27</span>)</span>27 April 1903<br /><div style="display:inline" class="birthplace"><a href="/wiki/Berlin" title="Berlin">Berlin</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">26 October 1996<span style="display:none">(1996-10-26)</span> (aged 93)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Nationality</th><td class="infobox-data category">British, German (before 1933)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Alma mater</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Humboldt_University_of_Berlin" title="Humboldt University of Berlin">Humboldt University of Berlin</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Known for</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Endorphin" class="mw-redirect" title="Endorphin">Endorphins</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spouse</th><td class="infobox-data">Johanna Greßhöner</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Awards</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Harvey_Prize" title="Harvey Prize">Harvey Prize</a> (1981)<br /><a href="/wiki/Fellow_of_the_Royal_Society" title="Fellow of the Royal Society">Fellow of the Royal Society</a> (1978)<sup id="cite_ref-frs_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-frs-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </span><br /><a href="/wiki/Royal_Medal" title="Royal Medal">Royal Medal</a> (1979)<br /><a href="/wiki/Cameron_Prize_for_Therapeutics_of_the_University_of_Edinburgh" title="Cameron Prize for Therapeutics of the University of Edinburgh">Cameron Prize for Therapeutics of the University of Edinburgh</a> (1988)</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><b>Scientific career</b></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Fields</th><td class="infobox-data category"><a href="/wiki/Biochemistry" title="Biochemistry">Biochemistry</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Institutions</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/University_of_Aberdeen" title="University of Aberdeen">University of Aberdeen</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr></tbody></table><p><b>Hans Walter Kosterlitz</b> <a href="/wiki/Fellow_of_the_Royal_Society" title="Fellow of the Royal Society">FRS</a><sup id="cite_ref-frs_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-frs-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (27 April 1903 – 26 October 1996) was a <a href="/wiki/German_Jewish" class="mw-redirect" title="German Jewish">German</a>-born British biochemist. </p><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Biography">Biography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hans_Kosterlitz&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Biography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Hans Walter Kosterlitz was born on 27 April 1903 in Berlin.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was the elder son of Bernhard Kosterlitz, a physician, and Selma Helena Lepman. </p><p>Kosterlitz's father had recommended a career in law. He gave it a try for six months at the University of Berlin, but then switched to medicine. He graduated in 1928 and worked in the department of <a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_His_Jr." title="Wilhelm His Jr.">Wilhelm His</a>. From 1930 to 1933 he was an assistant at the <a href="/wiki/Charit%C3%A9" title="Charité">Charité</a> hospital, University of Berlin,<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> where he worked in the radiology department. His daytime job in clinical radiology funded his evening researches in the laboratory, where he developed an interest in carbohydrate metabolism. </p><p>In 1933 Adolf Hitler passed the <a href="/wiki/Law_for_the_Restoration_of_the_Professional_Civil_Service" title="Law for the Restoration of the Professional Civil Service">Law for the Restoration of the Professional Civil Service</a>, which applied to non-Aryans. Later a similar law was passed to cover all lawyers, doctors and other professions. Kosterlitz, who had Jewish ancestry, contacted <a href="/wiki/John_Macleod_(physiologist)" title="John Macleod (physiologist)">John Macleod, FRS</a> in Aberdeen, who managed to accumulate some modest funding, sufficient for him to reply ‘come to Aberdeen … but no guarantee of a secure job’.<sup id="cite_ref-frs_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-frs-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Kosterlitz arrived the following March. </p><p>Soon after Macleod's untimely death on 16 March 1935, Kosterlitz was awarded the first ever project grant (£50) from the newly founded <a href="/wiki/Diabetes_UK" title="Diabetes UK">Diabetic Association</a>. He later received his first grant from the <a href="/wiki/Medical_Research_Council_(United_Kingdom)" title="Medical Research Council (United Kingdom)">MRC</a>. </p><p>On 9 March 1937 he married Johanna Maria Katharina Greßhöner, known as Hanna, a friend from Berlin who had arrived in Scotland in 1935.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Both Kosterlitz parents and their younger son Rolf moved to the UK in 1939, and lived at 110b Banbury Road, Oxford. The <a href="/wiki/National_Registration_Act_1939" title="National Registration Act 1939">1939 National Register</a> shows Bernhard as a medical referee for an insurance company. Hans and Hanna had a son, <a href="/wiki/John_M._Kosterlitz" class="mw-redirect" title="John M. Kosterlitz">John Michael</a>, now Professor of Physics at <a href="/wiki/Brown_University" title="Brown University">Brown University</a>, who won the Nobel Prize in Physics in 2016. </p><p>Over the years Hans Kosterlitz was a <a href="/wiki/Carnegie_Foundation_for_the_Advancement_of_Teaching" title="Carnegie Foundation for the Advancement of Teaching">Carnegie Teaching Fellow</a>, Lecturer, Senior Lecturer, and finally Reader. In 1968, Aberdeen established a new Department of <a href="/wiki/Pharmacology" title="Pharmacology">Pharmacology</a>, which was headed by Kosterlitz as professor until 1973, when he became director of the university's drug addiction research unit.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Kosterlitz is best known for his work as one of the key discoverers of <a href="/wiki/Endorphin" class="mw-redirect" title="Endorphin">endorphins</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He stimulated the mouse isolated <a href="/wiki/Vas_deferens" title="Vas deferens">vas deferens</a> electrically and recorded its <a href="/wiki/Muscle_contraction" title="Muscle contraction">contractions</a> with a <a href="/wiki/Polygraph" title="Polygraph">polygraph</a>. He then found that if you added <a href="/wiki/Opiate" title="Opiate">opiates</a> to the solution, the muscle would not contract. Opiates inhibited the contraction. Those contractions were later found to resume in the presence of both opiates and an <a href="/wiki/Antagonist" title="Antagonist">antagonist</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Naloxone" title="Naloxone">naloxone</a>. Later, endogenous endorphins were discovered by applying pig brain <a href="/wiki/Homogenization_(biology)" title="Homogenization (biology)">cell homegenate</a> to the apparatus. This caused the contractions to cease. The degree to which an opiate <a href="/wiki/Agonist" title="Agonist">agonist</a> inhibits contractions of the mouse vas deferens, and other tissues like the guinea pig <a href="/wiki/Ileum" title="Ileum">ileum</a>, is highly correlated to its <a href="/wiki/Potency_(pharmacology)" title="Potency (pharmacology)">potency</a> as an analgesic. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Awards,_honours_and_tribute"><span id="Awards.2C_honours_and_tribute"></span>Awards, honours and tribute</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hans_Kosterlitz&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Awards, honours and tribute"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>1951 Fellow of the Royal Society of Edinburgh</li> <li>1976 Schmiedeberg Plakette, German Pharmacological Society</li> <li>1977 Pacesetter award (US National Institute on Drug Abuse)</li> <li>1977 <a href="/wiki/Scheele_Award" title="Scheele Award">Scheele Award</a></li> <li>1978 Fellow of the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Society" title="Royal Society">Royal Society</a> of London</li> <li>1978 Nathan B. Eddy Award</li> <li>1978 <a href="/wiki/Albert_Lasker_Award_for_Basic_Medical_Research" title="Albert Lasker Award for Basic Medical Research">Albert Lasker Award for Basic Medical Research</a><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>1979 <a href="/wiki/Baly_Medal" title="Baly Medal">Baly Medal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Royal_College_of_Physicians" title="Royal College of Physicians">Royal College of Physicians</a></li> <li>1979 <a href="/wiki/Royal_Medal" title="Royal Medal">Royal Medal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Royal_Society" title="Royal Society">Royal Society</a> of London</li> <li>1980 MacDougal–Brisbane Prize, <a href="/wiki/Royal_Society_of_Edinburgh" title="Royal Society of Edinburgh">Royal Society of Edinburgh</a></li> <li>1980 Honorary membership, <a href="/wiki/British_Pharmacological_Society" title="British Pharmacological Society">British Pharmacological Society</a></li> <li>1981 Fellow of the <a href="/wiki/Royal_College_of_Physicians_of_Edinburgh" title="Royal College of Physicians of Edinburgh">Royal College of Physicians of Edinburgh</a></li> <li>1981 <a href="/wiki/Feldberg_Foundation#1981–1990" title="Feldberg Foundation">Feldberg Prize</a></li> <li>1981 <a href="/wiki/Harvey_Prize" title="Harvey Prize">Harvey Prize</a>, <a href="/wiki/Technion_%E2%80%93_Israel_Institute_of_Technology" title="Technion – Israel Institute of Technology">Technion – Israel Institute of Technology</a></li> <li>1982 Sherrington Memorial Medal, Royal Society of Medicine</li> <li>1983 The Dautrebande Prize, <a href="/wiki/Royal_Academy_of_Science,_Letters_and_Fine_Arts_of_Belgium" title="Royal Academy of Science, Letters and Fine Arts of Belgium">Académie Royale de Médecine de Belgique</a><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>1984 Honorary membership, <a href="/wiki/The_Physiological_Society" title="The Physiological Society">The Physiological Society</a></li> <li>1985 Foreign Associate, <a href="/wiki/National_Academy_of_Sciences" title="National Academy of Sciences">National Academy of Sciences</a></li> <li>1987 Wellcome Gold Medal, British Pharmacological Society</li> <li>1988 <a href="/wiki/Cameron_Prize_for_Therapeutics_of_the_University_of_Edinburgh" title="Cameron Prize for Therapeutics of the University of Edinburgh">Cameron Prize for Therapeutics of the University of Edinburgh</a></li> <li>2010 The Kosterlitz Centre at the University of Aberdeen, opened on 16 September 2010, is named in his honour.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>In his 1998 tribute, former colleague and friend Dr Gordon M Lees said of Kosterlitz </p> <dl><dd>“[He] was a quiet, rather modest man, who was greatly respected, both as a scientist and as a person of real courage, honour, judgement, polite manners, and inflexible integrity of conduct and consistency of principle.”<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hans_Kosterlitz&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-frs-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-frs_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-frs_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-frs_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFNorthHughes2013" class="citation journal cs1">North, R. A.; Hughes, J. (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1098%2Frsbm.2012.0037">"Hans Walter Kosterlitz. 27 April 1903 -- 26 October 1996"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Biographical_Memoirs_of_Fellows_of_the_Royal_Society" title="Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the Royal Society">Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the Royal Society</a></i>. <b>59</b>: 171–192. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1098%2Frsbm.2012.0037">10.1098/rsbm.2012.0037</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Biographical+Memoirs+of+Fellows+of+the+Royal+Society&rft.atitle=Hans+Walter+Kosterlitz.+27+April+1903+--+26+October+1996&rft.volume=59&rft.pages=171-192&rft.date=2013&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1098%2Frsbm.2012.0037&rft.aulast=North&rft.aufirst=R.+A.&rft.au=Hughes%2C+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1098%252Frsbm.2012.0037&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHans+Kosterlitz" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Berlin, Deutschland, Geburtsregister, 1874-1906 [Ancestry]</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAnonymous1993" class="citation book cs1">Anonymous (1993). <i>Displaced German scholars : a guide to academics in peril in Nazi Germany during the 1930s</i>. San Bernardino: Borgo Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-89370-474-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-89370-474-1"><bdi>0-89370-474-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Displaced+German+scholars+%3A+a+guide+to+academics+in+peril+in+Nazi+Germany+during+the+1930s&rft.place=San+Bernardino&rft.pub=Borgo+Press&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=0-89370-474-1&rft.au=Anonymous&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHans+Kosterlitz" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Marriage certificate</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLees1998" class="citation journal cs1">Lees, G. M. (1998). "A tribute to the late Hans W. Kosterlitz: Ploughing the lone furrow". <i>Canadian Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology</i>. <b>76</b> (3): 244–251. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1139%2Fcjpp-76-3-244">10.1139/cjpp-76-3-244</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9673787">9673787</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Canadian+Journal+of+Physiology+and+Pharmacology&rft.atitle=A+tribute+to+the+late+Hans+W.+Kosterlitz%3A+Ploughing+the+lone+furrow&rft.volume=76&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=244-251&rft.date=1998&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1139%2Fcjpp-76-3-244&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F9673787&rft.aulast=Lees&rft.aufirst=G.+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHans+Kosterlitz" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHughes1996" class="citation journal cs1">Hughes, J. (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2F384418a0">"Hans Kosterlitz (1903–96)"</a>. <i>Nature</i>. <b>384</b> (6608): 418. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1996Natur.384..418H">1996Natur.384..418H</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2F384418a0">10.1038/384418a0</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8945465">8945465</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:7862511">7862511</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature&rft.atitle=Hans+Kosterlitz+%281903%E2%80%9396%29&rft.volume=384&rft.issue=6608&rft.pages=418&rft.date=1996&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2F384418a0&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A7862511%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F8945465&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1996Natur.384..418H&rft.aulast=Hughes&rft.aufirst=J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1038%252F384418a0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHans+Kosterlitz" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHughesKosterlitzSmith1977" class="citation journal cs1">Hughes, J.; Kosterlitz, H.W.; Smith, T.W. (1977). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1668063">"The distribution of methionine-enkephalin and leucine-enkephalin in the brain and peripheral tissues"</a>. <i>British Journal of Pharmacology</i>. <b>61</b> (4): 639–647. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1476-5381.1977.tb07557.x">10.1111/j.1476-5381.1977.tb07557.x</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0007-1188">0007-1188</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1668063">1668063</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/597668">597668</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=British+Journal+of+Pharmacology&rft.atitle=The+distribution+of+methionine-enkephalin+and+leucine-enkephalin+in+the+brain+and+peripheral+tissues&rft.volume=61&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=639-647&rft.date=1977&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1668063%23id-name%3DPMC&rft.issn=0007-1188&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F597668&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1476-5381.1977.tb07557.x&rft.aulast=Hughes&rft.aufirst=J.&rft.au=Kosterlitz%2C+H.W.&rft.au=Smith%2C+T.W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1668063&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHans+Kosterlitz" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHendersonHughesKosterlitz1972" class="citation journal cs1">Henderson, G.; Hughes, J.; Kosterlitz, H. W. (1972). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1666368">"A new example of a morphine-sensitive neuro-effector junction: adrenergic transmission in the mouse vas deferens"</a>. <i>British Journal of Pharmacology</i>. <b>46</b> (4): 764–766. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1476-5381.1972.tb06901.x">10.1111/j.1476-5381.1972.tb06901.x</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0007-1188">0007-1188</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1666368">1666368</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/4655272">4655272</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=British+Journal+of+Pharmacology&rft.atitle=A+new+example+of+a+morphine-sensitive+neuro-effector+junction%3A+adrenergic+transmission+in+the+mouse+vas+deferens&rft.volume=46&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=764-766&rft.date=1972&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1666368%23id-name%3DPMC&rft.issn=0007-1188&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F4655272&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1476-5381.1972.tb06901.x&rft.aulast=Henderson&rft.aufirst=G.&rft.au=Hughes%2C+J.&rft.au=Kosterlitz%2C+H.+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1666368&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHans+Kosterlitz" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://laskerfoundation.org/winners/opiate-receptors-and-enkephalins/">Albert Lasker Basic Medical Research Award 1978</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Announcements. Nature 302, 463–464 (1983)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.abdn.ac.uk/news/13377">"New centre to bring life science academics and industry closer together"</a>. <i>University of Aberdeen</i>. 1 October 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 April</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=University+of+Aberdeen&rft.atitle=New+centre+to+bring+life+science+academics+and+industry+closer+together&rft.date=2019-10-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.abdn.ac.uk%2Fnews%2F13377&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHans+Kosterlitz" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLees1998" class="citation journal cs1">Lees, G M (1998). "A tribute to the late Hans W. Kosterlitz: ploughing the lone furrow". <i>Canadian Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology</i>. <b>76</b> (3): 244–51. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1139%2Fy98-024">10.1139/y98-024</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9673787">9673787</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Canadian+Journal+of+Physiology+and+Pharmacology&rft.atitle=A+tribute+to+the+late+Hans+W.+Kosterlitz%3A+ploughing+the+lone+furrow&rft.volume=76&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=244-51&rft.date=1998&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1139%2Fy98-024&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F9673787&rft.aulast=Lees&rft.aufirst=G+M&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHans+Kosterlitz" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> 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