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trans-Neptunian objects</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dwarf_planets_and_trans-Neptunian_objects-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Extrasolar" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Extrasolar"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Extrasolar</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Extrasolar-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Non-water_surface_liquids" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Non-water_surface_liquids"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Non-water surface liquids</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Non-water_surface_liquids-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div 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<div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Study of extraterrestrial oceans</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Update plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Update" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg/42px-Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg.png" decoding="async" width="42" height="34" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg/63px-Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg/84px-Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="360" data-file-height="290" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article needs to be <b>updated</b>. The reason given is: Missing more recent information on Mimas's proposed ocean and the possibility of Dione's ocean.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">March 2024</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Planetary oceanography</b>, also called <b>astro-oceanography</b> or <b>exo-oceanography</b>,<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is the study of <a href="/wiki/Ocean" title="Ocean">oceans</a> on planets and moons other than <a href="/wiki/Earth" title="Earth">Earth</a>. Unlike other planetary sciences like <a href="/wiki/Astrobiology" title="Astrobiology">astrobiology</a>, <a href="/wiki/Astrochemistry" title="Astrochemistry">astrochemistry</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Planetary_geology" title="Planetary geology">planetary geology</a>, it only began after the discovery of underground oceans in Saturn's moon <a href="/wiki/Titan_(moon)" title="Titan (moon)">Titan</a><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Jupiter's moon <a href="/wiki/Europa_(moon)" title="Europa (moon)">Europa</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This field remains speculative until further missions reach the oceans beneath the rock or ice layer of the moons. There are many theories about oceans or even <a href="/wiki/Ocean_world" title="Ocean world">ocean worlds</a> of celestial bodies in the <a href="/wiki/Solar_System" title="Solar System">Solar System</a>, from oceans made of liquid carbon with floating diamonds in <a href="/wiki/Neptune" title="Neptune">Neptune</a> to a gigantic ocean of liquid hydrogen that may exist underneath Jupiter's surface.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Early in their geologic histories, <a href="/wiki/Mars" title="Mars">Mars</a> and <a href="/wiki/Venus" title="Venus">Venus</a> are theorized to have had large water oceans. The <a href="/wiki/Mars_ocean_hypothesis" class="mw-redirect" title="Mars ocean hypothesis">Mars ocean hypothesis</a> suggests that nearly a third of the surface of Mars was once covered by water, and a <a href="/wiki/Runaway_greenhouse_effect" title="Runaway greenhouse effect">runaway greenhouse effect</a> may have boiled away the global ocean of Venus. Compounds such as <a href="/wiki/Salt_(chemistry)" title="Salt (chemistry)">salts</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ammonia" title="Ammonia">ammonia</a>, when dissolved in water, will lower water's freezing point, so that water might exist in large quantities in extraterrestrial environments as brine, or <a href="/wiki/Convection" title="Convection">convecting</a> <a href="/wiki/Ice" title="Ice">ice</a>. Unconfirmed oceans are speculated to exist beneath the surfaces of many <a href="/wiki/Dwarf_planets" class="mw-redirect" title="Dwarf planets">dwarf planets</a> and natural satellites; notably, the ocean of the moon <a href="/wiki/Europa_(moon)" title="Europa (moon)">Europa</a> is estimated to have over twice the water volume of Earth's. The Solar System's <a href="/wiki/Giant_planet" title="Giant planet">giant planets</a> are also thought to have liquid <a href="/wiki/Atmosphere" title="Atmosphere">atmospheric</a> layers of yet-to-be-confirmed compositions. Oceans may also exist on <a href="/wiki/Exoplanet" title="Exoplanet">exoplanets</a> and <a href="/wiki/Exomoon" title="Exomoon">exomoons</a>, including surface oceans of liquid water within a <a href="/wiki/Circumstellar_habitable_zone" class="mw-redirect" title="Circumstellar habitable zone">circumstellar habitable zone</a>. <a href="/wiki/Ocean_planet" class="mw-redirect" title="Ocean planet">Ocean planets</a> are a hypothetical type of planet with a surface completely covered with liquid.<sup id="cite_ref-mindblowingscience_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mindblowingscience-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-sciencedaily_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sciencedaily-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Extraterrestrial oceans may be composed of water, or other <a href="/wiki/Chemical_element" title="Chemical element">elements</a> and <a href="/wiki/Chemical_compound" title="Chemical compound">compounds</a>. The only confirmed large, stable bodies of extraterrestrial surface <a href="/wiki/Liquids" class="mw-redirect" title="Liquids">liquids</a> are the <a href="/wiki/Lakes_of_Titan" title="Lakes of Titan">lakes of Titan</a>, which are made of hydrocarbons instead of water. However, there is strong evidence for the existence of subsurface water oceans elsewhere in the Solar System. The best-established candidates for subsurface water oceans in the Solar System are Jupiter's moons <a href="/wiki/Europa_(moon)" title="Europa (moon)">Europa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ganymede_(moon)" title="Ganymede (moon)">Ganymede</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Callisto_(moon)" title="Callisto (moon)">Callisto</a>, and Saturn's moons <a href="/wiki/Enceladus" title="Enceladus">Enceladus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Titan_(moon)" title="Titan (moon)">Titan</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-OW_Roadmap_2019_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OW_Roadmap_2019-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Although Earth is the only known <a href="/wiki/Planet" title="Planet">planet</a> with large stable bodies of liquid water on its surface, and the only such planet in the Solar System, other celestial bodies are thought to have large oceans.<sup id="cite_ref-NASA-20150407_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NASA-20150407-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In June 2020, <a href="/wiki/NASA" title="NASA">NASA</a> scientists reported that it is likely that <a href="/wiki/Exoplanet" title="Exoplanet">exoplanets</a> with oceans may be common in the <a href="/wiki/Milky_Way" title="Milky Way">Milky Way galaxy</a>, based on <a href="/wiki/Mathematical_model" title="Mathematical model">mathematical modeling studies</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-EA-20200618_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EA-20200618-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-NASA-20200618_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NASA-20200618-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The inner structure of <a href="/wiki/Gas_giants" class="mw-redirect" title="Gas giants">gas giants</a> remain poorly understood. Scientists suspect that, under extreme pressure, <a href="/wiki/Hydrogen" title="Hydrogen">hydrogen</a> would act as a <a href="/wiki/Supercritical_fluid" title="Supercritical fluid">supercritical fluid</a>, hence the likelihood of oceans of liquid hydrogen deep in the interior of gas giants like <a href="/wiki/Jupiter" title="Jupiter">Jupiter</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Oceans of liquid <a href="/wiki/Carbon" title="Carbon">carbon</a> have been hypothesized to exist on <a href="/wiki/Ice_giants" class="mw-redirect" title="Ice giants">ice giants</a>, notably <a href="/wiki/Neptune" title="Neptune">Neptune</a> and <a href="/wiki/Uranus" title="Uranus">Uranus</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Magma_ocean" title="Magma ocean">Magma oceans</a> exist during periods of <a href="/wiki/Accretion_(astrophysics)" title="Accretion (astrophysics)">accretion</a> on any planet and some <a href="/wiki/Natural_satellite" title="Natural satellite">natural satellites</a> when the planet or natural satellite is completely or partly molten.<sup id="cite_ref-magma_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-magma-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Extraterrestrial_oceans">Extraterrestrial oceans</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Planetary_oceanography&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Extraterrestrial oceans"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Extraterrestrial_liquid_water" title="Extraterrestrial liquid water">Extraterrestrial liquid water</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:PIA19656-SaturnMoon-Enceladus-Ocean-ArtConcept-20150915.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/PIA19656-SaturnMoon-Enceladus-Ocean-ArtConcept-20150915.jpg/300px-PIA19656-SaturnMoon-Enceladus-Ocean-ArtConcept-20150915.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="169" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/PIA19656-SaturnMoon-Enceladus-Ocean-ArtConcept-20150915.jpg/450px-PIA19656-SaturnMoon-Enceladus-Ocean-ArtConcept-20150915.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/PIA19656-SaturnMoon-Enceladus-Ocean-ArtConcept-20150915.jpg/600px-PIA19656-SaturnMoon-Enceladus-Ocean-ArtConcept-20150915.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5000" data-file-height="2812" /></a><figcaption>Artist's conception of subsurface ocean of Enceladus confirmed April 3, 2014<sup id="cite_ref-NASA-20140403_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NASA-20140403-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-SCI-20140404_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SCI-20140404-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Europa_poster.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Europa_poster.svg/220px-Europa_poster.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Europa_poster.svg/330px-Europa_poster.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Europa_poster.svg/440px-Europa_poster.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="2250" /></a><figcaption>Diagram of Europa's interior showing its global subsurface ocean</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Planets">Planets</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Planetary_oceanography&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Planets"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Gas_giant" title="Gas giant">gas giants</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jupiter" title="Jupiter">Jupiter</a> and <a href="/wiki/Saturn" title="Saturn">Saturn</a>, are thought to lack surfaces and instead have a stratum of <a href="/wiki/Liquid_hydrogen" title="Liquid hydrogen">liquid hydrogen</a>; however their <a href="/wiki/Planetary_geology" title="Planetary geology">planetary geology</a> is not well understood. The possibility of the <a href="/wiki/Ice_giant" title="Ice giant">ice giants</a> <a href="/wiki/Uranus" title="Uranus">Uranus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Neptune" title="Neptune">Neptune</a> having hot, highly compressed, <a href="/wiki/Supercritical_fluid" title="Supercritical fluid">supercritical</a> water under their thick atmospheres has been hypothesised. Although their composition is still not fully understood, a 2006 study by Wiktorowicz and Ingersall ruled out the possibility of such a water "ocean" existing on Neptune,<sup id="cite_ref-WiktorowiczIngersoll2007_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WiktorowiczIngersoll2007-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> though oceans of metallic liquid carbon are possible. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Mars_ocean_hypothesis" class="mw-redirect" title="Mars ocean hypothesis">Mars ocean hypothesis</a> suggests that nearly a third of the surface of Mars was once covered by water, though the water on Mars is no longer oceanic (much of it residing in the <a href="/wiki/Martian_polar_ice_caps" title="Martian polar ice caps">ice caps</a>). The possibility continues to be studied along with reasons for their apparent disappearance. Some astronomers now propose that <a href="/wiki/Atmosphere_of_Venus" title="Atmosphere of Venus">Venus</a> may have had liquid water and perhaps oceans for over 2 billion years.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Natural_satellites">Natural satellites</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Planetary_oceanography&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Natural satellites"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A global layer of liquid water thick enough to decouple the crust from the mantle is thought to be present on the <a href="/wiki/Natural_satellite" title="Natural satellite">natural satellites</a> <a href="/wiki/Titan_(moon)" title="Titan (moon)">Titan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Europa_(moon)" title="Europa (moon)">Europa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Enceladus" title="Enceladus">Enceladus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ganymede_(moon)" title="Ganymede (moon)">Ganymede</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Joachim2015_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Joachim2015-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Vance_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Vance-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Triton_(moon)" title="Triton (moon)">Triton</a>;<sup id="cite_ref-schenk2021_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-schenk2021-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ocean_triton_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ocean_triton-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and, with less certainty, in <a href="/wiki/Callisto_(moon)" title="Callisto (moon)">Callisto</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Khurana_2000_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Khurana_2000-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Zimmer_2000_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Zimmer_2000-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Mimas_(moon)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mimas (moon)">Mimas</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-LaineyMimas_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LaineyMimas-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Miranda_(moon)" title="Miranda (moon)">Miranda</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Ariel_(moon)" title="Ariel (moon)">Ariel</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-RehmAPL_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RehmAPL-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A <a href="/wiki/Magma" title="Magma">magma</a> ocean is thought to be present on <a href="/wiki/Io_(moon)" title="Io (moon)">Io</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Geyser" title="Geyser">Geysers</a> or <a href="/wiki/Fumarole" title="Fumarole">fumaroles</a> have been found on Saturn's moon Enceladus, possibly originating from an ocean about 10 kilometers (6 mi) beneath the surface ice shell.<sup id="cite_ref-NASA-20140403_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NASA-20140403-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other <a href="/wiki/Icy_moons" class="mw-redirect" title="Icy moons">icy moons</a> may also have internal oceans, or may once have had internal oceans that have now frozen.<sup id="cite_ref-Hussmann_Sohl_et_al._2006_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hussmann_Sohl_et_al._2006-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Large <a href="/wiki/Lakes_of_Titan" title="Lakes of Titan">bodies of liquid hydrocarbons</a> are thought to be present on the surface of <a href="/wiki/Titan_(moon)" title="Titan (moon)">Titan</a>, although they are not large enough to be considered oceans and are sometimes referred to as <i>lakes</i> or seas. The <a href="/wiki/Cassini%E2%80%93Huygens" title="Cassini–Huygens">Cassini–Huygens</a> space mission initially discovered only what appeared to be dry lakebeds and empty river channels, suggesting that Titan had lost what surface liquids it might have had. Later flybys of Titan provided radar and infrared images that showed a series of hydrocarbon lakes in the colder polar regions. Titan is thought to have a subsurface liquid-water ocean under the ice in addition to the hydrocarbon mix that forms atop its outer crust. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Dwarf_planets_and_trans-Neptunian_objects">Dwarf planets and trans-Neptunian objects</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Planetary_oceanography&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Dwarf planets and trans-Neptunian objects"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ceres_Cutaway-en.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Ceres_Cutaway-en.svg/220px-Ceres_Cutaway-en.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="177" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Ceres_Cutaway-en.svg/330px-Ceres_Cutaway-en.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Ceres_Cutaway-en.svg/440px-Ceres_Cutaway-en.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="963" /></a><figcaption>Diagram showing a possible internal structure of <a href="/wiki/Ceres_(dwarf_planet)" title="Ceres (dwarf planet)">Ceres</a></figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Ceres_(dwarf_planet)" title="Ceres (dwarf planet)">Ceres</a> appears to be <a href="/wiki/Planetary_differentiation" title="Planetary differentiation">differentiated</a> into a <a href="/wiki/Rock_(geology)" title="Rock (geology)">rocky</a> <a href="/wiki/Core_(geology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Core (geology)">core</a> and icy <a href="/wiki/Mantle_(geology)" title="Mantle (geology)">mantle</a> and may harbour a liquid-water ocean under its surface.<sup id="cite_ref-mccord.2005_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mccord.2005-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-cr.ceres_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cr.ceres-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Not enough is known of the larger <a href="/wiki/Trans-Neptunian_object" title="Trans-Neptunian object">trans-Neptunian objects</a> to determine whether they are differentiated bodies capable of supporting oceans, although models of radioactive decay suggest that <a href="/wiki/Pluto" title="Pluto">Pluto</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-pluto_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pluto-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Eris_(dwarf_planet)" title="Eris (dwarf planet)">Eris</a>, <a href="/wiki/90377_Sedna" class="mw-redirect" title="90377 Sedna">Sedna</a>, and <a href="/wiki/90482_Orcus" class="mw-redirect" title="90482 Orcus">Orcus</a> have oceans beneath solid icy crusts approximately 100 to 180 kilometers (60 to 110 mi) thick.<sup id="cite_ref-Hussmann_Sohl_et_al._2006_29-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hussmann_Sohl_et_al._2006-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In June 2020, astronomers reported evidence that the <a href="/wiki/Dwarf_planet" title="Dwarf planet">dwarf planet</a> Pluto may have had a <a href="#Extraterrestrial_oceans">subsurface ocean</a>, and consequently may have been <a href="/wiki/Planetary_habitability" title="Planetary habitability">habitable</a>, when it was first formed.<sup id="cite_ref-INV-20200622_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-INV-20200622-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-NGS-20200622_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NGS-20200622-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Extrasolar">Extrasolar</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Planetary_oceanography&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Extrasolar"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:UpsilonAndromedae_D_moons.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/UpsilonAndromedae_D_moons.jpg/220px-UpsilonAndromedae_D_moons.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="142" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/UpsilonAndromedae_D_moons.jpg/330px-UpsilonAndromedae_D_moons.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/UpsilonAndromedae_D_moons.jpg/440px-UpsilonAndromedae_D_moons.jpg 2x" data-file-width="735" data-file-height="474" /></a><figcaption>Rendering of a hypothetical large <a href="/wiki/Extrasolar_moon" class="mw-redirect" title="Extrasolar moon">extrasolar moon</a> with surface liquid-water oceans</figcaption></figure> <p>Some planets and natural satellites outside the Solar System are likely to have oceans, including possible water ocean planets similar to Earth in the <a href="/wiki/Habitable_zone" title="Habitable zone">habitable zone</a> or "liquid-water belt". The detection of oceans, even through the <a href="/wiki/Spectroscopy" title="Spectroscopy">spectroscopy</a> method, however is likely extremely difficult and inconclusive. </p><p>Theoretical models have been used to predict with high probability that <a href="/wiki/GJ_1214_b" title="GJ 1214 b">GJ 1214 b</a>, detected by transit, is composed of exotic form of <a href="/wiki/Ice_VII" class="mw-redirect" title="Ice VII">ice VII</a>, making up 75% of its mass,<sup id="cite_ref-cfa.pr200924_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cfa.pr200924-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> making it an <a href="/wiki/Ocean_planet" class="mw-redirect" title="Ocean planet">ocean planet</a>. </p><p>Other possible candidates are merely speculative based on their mass and position in the habitable zone include planet though little is actually known of their composition. Some scientists speculate <a href="/wiki/Kepler-22b" title="Kepler-22b">Kepler-22b</a> may be an "ocean-like" planet.<sup id="cite_ref-upr.exo_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-upr.exo-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Models have been proposed for <a href="/wiki/Gliese_581_d" class="mw-redirect" title="Gliese 581 d">Gliese 581 d</a> that could include surface oceans. <a href="/wiki/Gliese_436_b" title="Gliese 436 b">Gliese 436 b</a> is speculated to have an ocean of "hot ice".<sup id="cite_ref-r.20070516_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-r.20070516-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Exomoon" title="Exomoon">Exomoons</a> orbiting planets, particularly gas giants within their parent star's habitable zone may theoretically have surface oceans. </p><p>Terrestrial planets will acquire water during their accretion, some of which will be buried in the magma ocean but most of it will go into a steam atmosphere, and when the atmosphere cools it will collapse on to the surface forming an ocean. There will also be outgassing of water from the mantle as the magma solidifies—this will happen even for planets with a low percentage of their mass composed of water, so "super-Earth exoplanets may be expected to commonly produce water oceans within tens to hundreds of millions of years of their last major accretionary impact."<sup id="cite_ref-ass.332_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ass.332-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Non-water_surface_liquids">Non-water surface liquids</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Planetary_oceanography&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Non-water surface liquids"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:PIA17655_Kraken_Mare_crop_no_labels.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/PIA17655_Kraken_Mare_crop_no_labels.jpg/220px-PIA17655_Kraken_Mare_crop_no_labels.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="298" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/PIA17655_Kraken_Mare_crop_no_labels.jpg/330px-PIA17655_Kraken_Mare_crop_no_labels.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/PIA17655_Kraken_Mare_crop_no_labels.jpg/440px-PIA17655_Kraken_Mare_crop_no_labels.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2548" data-file-height="3448" /></a><figcaption>False-color mosaic of <a href="/wiki/Synthetic_aperture_radar" class="mw-redirect" title="Synthetic aperture radar">synthetic aperture radar</a> of <a href="/wiki/Kraken_Mare" title="Kraken Mare">Kraken Mare</a> on <a href="/wiki/Titan_(moon)" title="Titan (moon)">Titan</a>, the <a href="/wiki/List_of_largest_lakes_and_seas_in_the_Solar_System" title="List of largest lakes and seas in the Solar System">largest known body of surface liquid</a> beside Earth's <a href="/wiki/Ocean" title="Ocean">Ocean</a>. The large island Mayda Insula is left of top center, and <a href="/wiki/Jingpo_Lacus" title="Jingpo Lacus">Jingpo Lacus</a> is at upper left. A portion of <a href="/wiki/Ligeia_Mare" title="Ligeia Mare">Ligeia Mare</a> enters the view at top right.</figcaption></figure> <p>Oceans, seas, lakes and other bodies of liquids can be composed of liquids other than water, for example the <a href="/wiki/Hydrocarbon" title="Hydrocarbon">hydrocarbon</a> lakes on <a href="/wiki/Titan_(moon)" title="Titan (moon)">Titan</a>. The possibility of seas of <a href="/wiki/Nitrogen" title="Nitrogen">nitrogen</a> on <a href="/wiki/Triton_(moon)" title="Triton (moon)">Triton</a> was also considered but ruled out.<sup id="cite_ref-encyc_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-encyc-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There is evidence that the icy surfaces of the moons <a href="/wiki/Ganymede_(moon)" title="Ganymede (moon)">Ganymede</a>, <a href="/wiki/Callisto_(moon)" title="Callisto (moon)">Callisto</a>, <a href="/wiki/Europa_(moon)" title="Europa (moon)">Europa</a>, Titan and <a href="/wiki/Enceladus" title="Enceladus">Enceladus</a> are shells floating on oceans of very dense liquid water or water–<a href="/wiki/Ammonia_solution" title="Ammonia solution">ammonia solution</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-agu.p21a_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-agu.p21a-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ic.208_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ic.208-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ar.0032_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ar.0032-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-cop.213_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cop.213-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ucsc.2008_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ucsc.2008-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Extrasolar <a href="/wiki/Terrestrial_planet" title="Terrestrial planet">terrestrial planets</a> that are extremely close to their parent star will be <a href="/wiki/Tidal_locking" title="Tidal locking">tidally locked</a> and so one half of the planet will be a <a href="/wiki/Magma_ocean" title="Magma ocean">magma ocean</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-ar.1204_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ar.1204-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is also possible that terrestrial planets had magma oceans at some point during their formation as a result of <a href="/wiki/Giant_impact" class="mw-redirect" title="Giant impact">giant impacts</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-nmsu.oem_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nmsu.oem-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Hot_Neptune" title="Hot Neptune">Hot Neptunes</a> close to their star could lose their atmospheres via <a href="/wiki/Hydrodynamic_escape" title="Hydrodynamic escape">hydrodynamic escape</a>, leaving behind their cores with various liquids on the surface.<sup id="cite_ref-epsc.542_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-epsc.542-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Where there are suitable temperatures and pressures, volatile chemicals that might exist as liquids in abundant quantities on planets (<a href="/wiki/Thalassogen" title="Thalassogen">thalassogens</a>) include <a href="/wiki/Ammonia" title="Ammonia">ammonia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Argon" title="Argon">argon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Carbon_disulfide" title="Carbon disulfide">carbon disulfide</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ethane" title="Ethane">ethane</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hydrazine" title="Hydrazine">hydrazine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hydrogen" title="Hydrogen">hydrogen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hydrogen_cyanide" title="Hydrogen cyanide">hydrogen cyanide</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hydrogen_sulfide" title="Hydrogen sulfide">hydrogen sulfide</a>, <a href="/wiki/Methane" title="Methane">methane</a>, <a href="/wiki/Neon" title="Neon">neon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nitrogen" title="Nitrogen">nitrogen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nitric_oxide" title="Nitric oxide">nitric oxide</a>, <a href="/wiki/Phosphine" title="Phosphine">phosphine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Silane" title="Silane">silane</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sulfuric_acid" title="Sulfuric acid">sulfuric acid</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Water" title="Water">water</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-ifa.a281_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ifa.a281-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Supercritical_fluid" title="Supercritical fluid">Supercritical fluids</a>, although not liquids, do share various properties with liquids. Underneath the thick atmospheres of the planets <a href="/wiki/Uranus" title="Uranus">Uranus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Neptune" title="Neptune">Neptune</a>, it is expected that these planets are composed of oceans of hot high-density fluid mixtures of water, ammonia and other volatiles.<sup id="cite_ref-cosis.05179_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cosis.05179-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The gaseous outer layers of <a href="/wiki/Jupiter" title="Jupiter">Jupiter</a> and <a href="/wiki/Saturn" title="Saturn">Saturn</a> transition smoothly into oceans of <a href="/wiki/Supercritical_fluid" title="Supercritical fluid">supercritical</a> <a href="/wiki/Hydrogen" title="Hydrogen">hydrogen</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-pss.1999_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pss.1999-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-lang03_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lang03-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Atmosphere_of_Venus" title="Atmosphere of Venus">atmosphere of Venus</a> is 96.5% <a href="/wiki/Carbon_dioxide" title="Carbon dioxide">carbon dioxide</a>, and is a supercritical fluid at the surface. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Planetary_oceanography&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Extraterrestrial_liquid_water" title="Extraterrestrial liquid water">Extraterrestrial liquid water</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lava_planet" title="Lava planet">Lava planet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_largest_lakes_and_seas_in_the_Solar_System" title="List of largest lakes and seas in the Solar System">List of largest lakes and seas in the Solar System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magma_ocean" title="Magma ocean">Magma ocean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ocean_world" title="Ocean world">Ocean world</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Planetary_oceanography&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output 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a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Water" title="Template:Water"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Water" title="Template talk:Water"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Water" 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src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Water_drop_001.jpg/70px-Water_drop_001.jpg" decoding="async" width="70" height="47" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Water_drop_001.jpg/105px-Water_drop_001.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Water_drop_001.jpg/140px-Water_drop_001.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3714" data-file-height="2475" /></a><figcaption>Water droplet</figcaption></figure></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/State_of_matter" title="State of matter">States</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Water" title="Water">Liquid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ice" title="Ice">Ice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_vapor" title="Water vapor">Vapor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steam" title="Steam">Steam</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Superheated_steam" title="Superheated steam">superheated</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Forms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Deuterium-depleted_water" title="Deuterium-depleted water">Deuterium-depleted</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semiheavy_water" title="Semiheavy water">Semiheavy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heavy_water" title="Heavy water">Heavy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tritiated_water" title="Tritiated water">Tritiated</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doubly_labeled_water" title="Doubly labeled water">Doubly labeled water</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydronium" title="Hydronium">Hydronium</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">On <a href="/wiki/Earth" title="Earth">Earth</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Water_cycle" title="Water cycle">Cycle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_distribution_on_Earth" title="Water distribution on Earth">Distribution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydrosphere" title="Hydrosphere">Hydrosphere</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hydrology" title="Hydrology">Hydrology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydrobiology" title="Hydrobiology">Hydrobiology</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Origin_of_water_on_Earth" title="Origin of water on Earth">Origin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_pollution" title="Water pollution">Pollution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_resources" title="Water resources">Resources</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Water_resource_management" class="mw-redirect" title="Water resource management">management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_resource_policy" title="Water resource policy">policy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_supply" title="Water supply">Supply</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Extraterrestrial</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Extraterrestrial_liquid_water" title="Extraterrestrial liquid water">Extraterrestrial liquid water</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asteroidal_water" title="Asteroidal water">Asteroidal water</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Planetary oceanography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ocean_world" title="Ocean world">Ocean world</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hycean_planet" title="Hycean planet">Hycean planet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_extrasolar_candidates_for_liquid_water" title="List of extrasolar candidates for liquid water">List of Candidates</a></li></ul></li> <li>Specific <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Europa_(moon)#Subsurface_ocean" title="Europa (moon)">Europa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_on_Mars" title="Water on Mars">Mars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lunar_water" title="Lunar water">Moon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enceladus#Subsurface_water_ocean" title="Enceladus">Enceladus</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Physical parameters</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stratification_(water)" title="Stratification (water)">Stratification</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ocean_stratification" title="Ocean stratification">Ocean stratification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lake_stratification" title="Lake stratification">Lake stratification</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ocean_temperature" title="Ocean temperature">Ocean temperature</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3" style="font-weight: bold;"><div> <ul><li> <span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" 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