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class="vector-toc-link" href="#Composition"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 Composition </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Composition-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Surface_features" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Surface_features"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3 Surface features </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Surface_features-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Internal_structure" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Internal_structure"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.4 Internal structure </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Internal_structure-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Subsurface_oceans" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Subsurface_oceans"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.4.1 Subsurface oceans </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Subsurface_oceans-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Core" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Core"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.4.2 Core </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Core-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Atmosphere_and_ionosphere" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Atmosphere_and_ionosphere"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.5 Atmosphere and ionosphere </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Atmosphere_and_ionosphere-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Magnetosphere" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Magnetosphere"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.6 Magnetosphere </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Magnetosphere-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Radiation_environment" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Radiation_environment"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.7 Radiation environment </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Radiation_environment-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Origin_and_evolution" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Origin_and_evolution"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Origin and evolution </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Origin_and_evolution-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Exploration" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Exploration"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Exploration </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Exploration-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Exploration subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Exploration-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Completed_flybys" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Completed_flybys"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1 Completed flybys </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Completed_flybys-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Future_missions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Future_missions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.2 Future missions </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Future_missions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cancelled_proposals" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cancelled_proposals"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.3 Cancelled proposals </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cancelled_proposals-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 Further reading </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Ganymede (moon)</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 102 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-102" aria-hidden="true" > 102 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ganumedes_(maan)" title="Ganumedes (maan) – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Ganumedes (maan)" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ganymed_(Mond)" title="Ganymed (Mond) – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Ganymed (Mond)" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Alemannisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%BA%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%AF" title="غانيميد – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="غانيميد" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ganimedes_(satelite)" title="Ganimedes (satelite) – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Ganimedes (satelite)" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aragonés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frp mw-list-item"><a href="https://frp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ganim%C3%A8des_(lena)" title="Ganimèdes (lena) – Arpitan" lang="frp" hreflang="frp" data-title="Ganimèdes (lena)" data-language-autonym="Arpetan" data-language-local-name="Arpitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Arpetan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ganimedes_(lluna)" title="Ganimedes (lluna) – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Ganimedes (lluna)" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qanimed_(peyk)" title="Qanimed (peyk) – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Qanimed (peyk)" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%82%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%85%DB%8C%D8%AF_(%D9%82%D9%85%D8%B1)" title="قانمید (قمر) – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="قانمید (قمر)" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%97%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A1_(%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%83%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%95_%E0%A6%89%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%97%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%B9)" title="গ্যানিমিড (প্রাকৃতিক উপগ্রহ) – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="গ্যানিমিড (প্রাকৃতিক উপগ্রহ)" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ganymede_(o%C4%93-chhe%E2%81%BF)" title="Ganymede (oē-chheⁿ) – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Ganymede (oē-chheⁿ)" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%B4_(%D1%8E%D0%BB%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%88)" title="Ганимед (юлдаш) – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Ганимед (юлдаш)" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target">Башҡортса</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%96%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%B4_(%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B6%D0%BD%D1%96%D0%BA)" title="Ганімед (спадарожнік) – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Ганімед (спадарожнік)" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%96%D0%BC%D1%8D%D0%B4_(%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B6%D0%BD%D1%96%D0%BA)" title="Ганімэд (спадарожнік) – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Ганімэд (спадарожнік)" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%B4_(%D1%81%D0%BF%D1%8A%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA)" title="Ганимед (спътник) – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Ганимед (спътник)" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ganimed_(satelit)" title="Ganimed (satelit) – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Ganimed (satelit)" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ganymede_(loarenn)" title="Ganymede (loarenn) – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Ganymede (loarenn)" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ganimedes_(sat%C3%A8l%C2%B7lit)" title="Ganimedes (satèl·lit) – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Ganimedes (satèl·lit)" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%B4_(%C3%A7%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%88)" title="Ганимед (çулташ) – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Ганимед (çулташ)" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target">Чӑвашла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ganymedes_(m%C4%9Bs%C3%ADc)" title="Ganymedes (měsíc) – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Ganymedes (měsíc)" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-co mw-list-item"><a href="https://co.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ganimede" title="Ganimede – Corsican" lang="co" hreflang="co" data-title="Ganimede" data-language-autonym="Corsu" data-language-local-name="Corsican" class="interlanguage-link-target">Corsu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ganymedes_(m%C3%A5ne)" title="Ganymedes (måne) – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Ganymedes (måne)" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%AD%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%AF" title="ڭانيميد – Moroccan Arabic" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="ڭانيميد" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="Moroccan Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">الدارجة</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ganymed_(Mond)" title="Ganymed (Mond) – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Ganymed (Mond)" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ganymedes_(kuu)" title="Ganymedes (kuu) – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Ganymedes (kuu)" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%93%CE%B1%CE%BD%CF%85%CE%BC%CE%AE%CE%B4%CE%B7%CF%82_(%CE%B4%CE%BF%CF%81%CF%85%CF%86%CF%8C%CF%81%CE%BF%CF%82)" title="Γανυμήδης (δορυφόρος) – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Γανυμήδης (δορυφόρος)" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gan%C3%ADmedes_(sat%C3%A9lite)" title="Ganímedes (satélite) – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Ganímedes (satélite)" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ganimedo_(luno)" title="Ganimedo (luno) – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Ganimedo (luno)" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ganimedes_(satelitea)" title="Ganimedes (satelitea) – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Ganimedes (satelitea)" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%AF%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C%D9%85%D8%AF" title="گانیمد – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="گانیمد" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ganym%C3%A8de_(lune)" title="Ganymède (lune) – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Ganymède (lune)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ganymede_(gealach)" title="Ganymede (gealach) – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Ganymede (gealach)" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ganymede_(eayst)" title="Ganymede (eayst) – Manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Ganymede (eayst)" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="Manx" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaelg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ganimedes_(l%C3%BAa)" title="Ganimedes (lúa) – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Ganimedes (lúa)" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%B0%80%EB%8B%88%EB%A9%94%EB%8D%B0_(%EC%9C%84%EC%84%B1)" title="가니메데 (위성) – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="가니메데 (위성)" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B3%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%AB%D5%B4%D5%A5%D5%A4_(%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%A2%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%B5%D5%A1%D5%AF)" title="Գանիմեդ (արբանյակ) – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Գանիմեդ (արբանյակ)" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%A1_(%E0%A4%89%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B9)" title="गैनिमीड (उपग्रह) – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="गैनिमीड (उपग्रह)" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ganimed_(mjesec)" title="Ganimed (mjesec) – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Ganimed (mjesec)" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ganimede" title="Ganimede – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Ganimede" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ganimede_(satelit)" title="Ganimede (satelit) – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Ganimede (satelit)" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gan%C3%BDmedes_(tungl)" title="Ganýmedes (tungl) – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Ganýmedes (tungl)" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ganimede_(astronomia)" title="Ganimede (astronomia) – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Ganimede (astronomia)" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%92%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%9E%D7%93" title="גנימד – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="גנימד" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%92%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98%E1%83%9B%E1%83%94%E1%83%93%E1%83%94_(%E1%83%97%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%90%E1%83%9B%E1%83%92%E1%83%96%E1%83%90%E1%83%95%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98)" title="განიმედე (თანამგზავრი) – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="განიმედე (თანამგზავრი)" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%B4_(%D1%81%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%96%D0%BA)" title="Ганимед (серік) – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Ганимед (серік)" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ganimedi_(mwezi)" title="Ganimedi (mwezi) – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Ganimedi (mwezi)" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kv mw-list-item"><a href="https://kv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%B4_(%D1%82%D3%A7%D0%BB%D1%8B%D1%81%D1%8C)" title="Ганимед (тӧлысь) – Komi" lang="kv" hreflang="kv" data-title="Ганимед (тӧлысь)" data-language-autonym="Коми" data-language-local-name="Komi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Коми</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ganymede" title="Ganymede – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Ganymede" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kurdî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ganymedes_(satelles)" title="Ganymedes (satelles) – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Ganymedes (satelles)" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ganim%C4%93ds_(pavadonis)" title="Ganimēds (pavadonis) – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Ganimēds (pavadonis)" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ganymed_(Mound)" title="Ganymed (Mound) – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Ganymed (Mound)" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lëtzebuergesch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ganimedas_(palydovas)" title="Ganimedas (palydovas) – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Ganimedas (palydovas)" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jbo mw-list-item"><a href="https://jbo.wikipedia.org/wiki/.ganymid." title=".ganymid. – Lojban" lang="jbo" hreflang="jbo" data-title=".ganymid." data-language-autonym="La .lojban." data-language-local-name="Lojban" class="interlanguage-link-target">La .lojban.</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ganimede_(corp_celest)" title="Ganimede (corp celest) – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Ganimede (corp celest)" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lombard</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ganymedes" title="Ganymedes – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Ganymedes" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%B4_(%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%B5%D1%87%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0)" title="Ганимед (месечина) – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Ганимед (месечина)" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%97%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%AE%E0%B5%87%E0%B4%A1%E0%B5%8D" title="ഗാനിമേഡ് – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ഗാനിമേഡ്" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%85%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%A1_(%E0%A4%89%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B9)" title="गॅनिमीड (उपग्रह) – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="गॅनिमीड (उपग्रह)" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ganymede_(bulan)" title="Ganymede (bulan) – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Ganymede (bulan)" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ganymede_(%C3%B4i-s%C4%ADng)" title="Ganymede (ôi-sĭng) – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Ganymede (ôi-sĭng)" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mwl mw-list-item"><a href="https://mwl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gan%C3%ADmedes_(sat%C3%A9lite)" title="Ganímedes (satélite) – Mirandese" lang="mwl" hreflang="mwl" data-title="Ganímedes (satélite)" data-language-autonym="Mirandés" data-language-local-name="Mirandese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Mirandés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%82%E1%80%BB%E1%80%94%E1%80%BA%E1%80%94%E1%80%99%E1%80%AD%E1%80%90%E1%80%BA_(%E1%80%82%E1%80%BC%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%9F%E1%80%BA%E1%80%9B%E1%80%B6%E1%80%9C)" title="ဂျန်နမိတ် (ဂြိုဟ်ရံလ) – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ဂျန်နမိတ် (ဂြိုဟ်ရံလ)" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target">မြန်မာဘာသာ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ganymedes_(maan)" title="Ganymedes (maan) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Ganymedes (maan)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%AC%E3%83%8B%E3%83%A1%E3%83%87_(%E8%A1%9B%E6%98%9F)" title="ガニメデ (衛星) – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ガニメデ (衛星)" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ganymedes_(m%C3%A5ne)" title="Ganymedes (måne) – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Ganymedes (måne)" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jupiterm%C3%A5nen_Ganymedes" title="Jupitermånen Ganymedes – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Jupitermånen Ganymedes" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ganim%C3%A8des_(luna)" title="Ganimèdes (luna) – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Ganimèdes (luna)" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%AF%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C%D9%85%DB%8C%D8%AF" title="گانیمید – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="گانیمید" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%AB%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%85%D9%8A%DA%89" title="ګانميډ – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="ګانميډ" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target">پښتو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-km mw-list-item"><a href="https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%9E%A0%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%82%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%93%E1%9E%B8%E1%9E%98%E1%9F%81%E1%9E%8A_(%E1%9E%96%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%9A%E1%9F%87%E2%80%8B%E1%9E%85%E1%9F%90%E1%9E%93%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%91)" title="ហ្គានីមេដ (ព្រះច័ន្ទ) – Khmer" lang="km" hreflang="km" data-title="ហ្គានីមេដ (ព្រះច័ន្ទ)" data-language-autonym="ភាសាខ្មែរ" data-language-local-name="Khmer" class="interlanguage-link-target">ភាសាខ្មែរ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ganymed_(Maand)" title="Ganymed (Maand) – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Ganymed (Maand)" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Plattdüütsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ganimedes_(ksi%C4%99%C5%BCyc)" title="Ganimedes (księżyc) – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Ganimedes (księżyc)" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gan%C3%ADmedes_(sat%C3%A9lite)" title="Ganímedes (satélite) – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Ganímedes (satélite)" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ganymede_(satelit)" title="Ganymede (satelit) – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Ganymede (satelit)" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%B4_(%D1%81%D0%BF%D1%83%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA)" title="Ганимед (спутник) – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Ганимед (спутник)" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ganimedi_(h%C3%ABn%C3%AB)" title="Ganimedi (hënë) – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Ganimedi (hënë)" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ganimedi_(sat%C3%A8lliti)" title="Ganimedi (satèlliti) – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Ganimedi (satèlliti)" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sicilianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%9C%E0%B7%90%E0%B6%B1%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%B8%E0%B7%93%E0%B6%A9%E0%B7%8A_(%E0%B6%A0%E0%B6%B1%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%AF%E0%B7%8A%E2%80%8D%E0%B6%BB%E0%B6%BA%E0%B7%8F)" title="ගැනිමීඩ් (චන්ද්‍රයා) – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="ගැනිමීඩ් (චන්ද්‍රයා)" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target">සිංහල</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ganymede_(moon)" title="Ganymede (moon) – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Ganymede (moon)" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%AF%D8%A6%D9%86%D9%8A%D9%85%D9%8A%DA%8A_(%DA%86%D9%86%DA%8A)" title="گئنيميڊ (چنڊ) – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="گئنيميڊ (چنڊ)" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target">سنڌي</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ganymede_(mesiac)" title="Ganymede (mesiac) – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Ganymede (mesiac)" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ganimed_(luna)" title="Ganimed (luna) – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Ganimed (luna)" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C%D9%85%DB%8C%D8%AF" title="جانیمید – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="جانیمید" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%B4_(%D1%81%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%82)" title="Ганимед (сателит) – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Ганимед (сателит)" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ganimed_(mjesec)" title="Ganimed (mjesec) – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Ganimed (mjesec)" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ganymedes" title="Ganymedes – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Ganymedes" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ganymedes_(m%C3%A5ne)" title="Ganymedes (måne) – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Ganymedes (måne)" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ganymede_(buwan)" title="Ganymede (buwan) – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Ganymede (buwan)" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%A9%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%80%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%81" title="கனிமீடு – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="கனிமீடு" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%B4_(%D0%B8%D1%8F%D1%80%D1%87%D0%B5%D0%BD)" title="Ганимед (иярчен) – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Ганимед (иярчен)" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Татарча / tatarça</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%94_(%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3)" title="แกนีมีด (ดาวบริวาร) – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="แกนีมีด (ดาวบริวาร)" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%B4_(%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%84)" title="Ганимед (радиф) – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Ганимед (радиф)" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target">Тоҷикӣ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ganymede_(uydu)" title="Ganymede (uydu) – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Ganymede (uydu)" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%96%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%B4_(%D1%81%D1%83%D0%BF%D1%83%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA)" title="Ганімед (супутник) – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Ганімед (супутник)" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%AF%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C%D9%85%DB%8C%D8%AF_(%DA%86%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AF)" title="گانیمید (چاند) – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="گانیمید (چاند)" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ganimede_(astronomia)" title="Ganimede (astronomia) – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Ganimede (astronomia)" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vèneto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ganymede_(v%E1%BB%87_tinh)" title="Ganymede (vệ tinh) – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Ganymede (vệ tinh)" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%9C%A8%E8%A1%9B%E4%B8%89" title="木衛三 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="木衛三" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">文言</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ganymede_(bulan)" title="Ganymede (bulan) – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Ganymede (bulan)" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target">Winaray</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%9C%A8%E5%8D%AB%E4%B8%89" title="木卫三 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="木卫三" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a 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Click here for more information."><img alt="Featured article" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e7/Cscr-featured.svg/20px-Cscr-featured.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e7/Cscr-featured.svg/30px-Cscr-featured.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e7/Cscr-featured.svg/40px-Cscr-featured.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="466" data-file-height="443" /></a></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Largest moon of Jupiter and in the Solar System</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Ganymed_(asteroid)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ganymed (asteroid)">Ganymed (asteroid)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox"><caption class="infobox-title fn org">Ganymede</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Ganymede_-_Perijove_34_Composite.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Surface with swatches of light and dark brown. The bright crater on the lower left is the Tros crater." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Ganymede_-_Perijove_34_Composite.png/290px-Ganymede_-_Perijove_34_Composite.png" decoding="async" width="290" height="290" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Ganymede_-_Perijove_34_Composite.png/435px-Ganymede_-_Perijove_34_Composite.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Ganymede_-_Perijove_34_Composite.png/580px-Ganymede_-_Perijove_34_Composite.png 2x" data-file-width="3445" data-file-height="3445" /></a><div class="infobox-caption">Ganymede as imaged by the <a href="/wiki/Juno_(spacecraft)" title="Juno (spacecraft)">Juno</a> spacecraft June 2021<a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a></div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:Wheat">Discovery<a href="#cite_note-SidereusNuncius-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-NASA-3">[3]</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="max-width:11em;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_minor_planet_discoverers" title="List of minor planet discoverers">Discovered by</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Galileo_Galilei" title="Galileo Galilei">Galileo Galilei</a> <a href="/wiki/Simon_Marius" title="Simon Marius">Simon Marius</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="max-width:11em;">Discovery date</th><td class="infobox-data">January 7, 1610</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:Wheat">Designations</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="max-width:11em;">Pronunciation</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/ˈɡænɪmiːd/</a> <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key">GAN-im-eed</a><a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="max-width:11em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Named after</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Ganymede_(mythology)" title="Ganymede (mythology)">Γανυμήδης</a>, Ganymēdēs</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="max-width:11em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Provisional_designation_in_astronomy" title="Provisional designation in astronomy">Alternative names</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data">Jupiter <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1003224644">.mw-parser-output .roman-numeral{font-family:"Nimbus Roman No9 L","Times New Roman",Times,serif;font-size:118%;line-height:1}.mw-parser-output .roman-numeral-a{border:1px solid}.mw-parser-output .roman-numeral-t{border-top:1px solid}.mw-parser-output .roman-numeral-v{border:solid;border-width:0 1px;padding:0 2px}.mw-parser-output .roman-numeral-h{border:solid;border-width:1px 0}.mw-parser-output .roman-numeral-tv{border:1px solid;border-bottom:none;padding:0 2px}</style>III</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="max-width:11em;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_adjectivals_and_demonyms_of_astronomical_bodies" title="List of adjectivals and demonyms of astronomical bodies">Adjectives</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Ganymedian,<a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a> Ganymedean<a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a> (<a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/ˌɡænəˈmiːdi.ən/</a>)</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:Wheat"><a href="/wiki/Osculating_orbit" title="Osculating orbit">Orbital characteristics</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="max-width:11em;"><a href="/wiki/Apsis" title="Apsis">Periapsis</a></th><td class="infobox-data">1069200 km<a href="#cite_note-periapsiscomment-8">[a]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="max-width:11em;"><a href="/wiki/Apsis" title="Apsis">Apoapsis</a></th><td class="infobox-data">1071600 km<a href="#cite_note-apoapsiscomment-9">[b]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="max-width:11em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Semi-major_and_semi-minor_axes" title="Semi-major and semi-minor axes">Semi-major axis</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data">1070400 km<a href="#cite_note-orbit-10">[8]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="max-width:11em;"><a href="/wiki/Orbital_eccentricity" title="Orbital eccentricity">Eccentricity</a></th><td class="infobox-data">0.0013<a href="#cite_note-orbit-10">[8]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="max-width:11em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Orbital_period" title="Orbital period">Orbital period (sidereal)</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data">7.15455296 <a href="/wiki/Day" title="Day">d</a><a href="#cite_note-orbit-10">[8]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="max-width:11em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Average <a href="/wiki/Orbital_speed" title="Orbital speed">orbital speed</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data">10.880 km/s</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="max-width:11em;"><a href="/wiki/Orbital_inclination" title="Orbital inclination">Inclination</a></th><td class="infobox-data">2.214° (to the <a href="/wiki/Ecliptic" title="Ecliptic">ecliptic</a>) 0.20° (to Jupiter's equator)<a href="#cite_note-orbit-10">[8]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="max-width:11em;"><a href="/wiki/Natural_satellite" title="Natural satellite">Satellite of</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Jupiter" title="Jupiter">Jupiter</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="max-width:11em;"><a href="/wiki/Irregular_moon#Group" title="Irregular moon">Group</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Galilean_moon" class="mw-redirect" title="Galilean moon">Galilean moon</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:Wheat">Physical characteristics</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="max-width:11em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Mean_radius_(astronomy)" title="Mean radius (astronomy)">Mean radius</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data">2634.1±0.3 km (0.413 Earths)<a href="#cite_note-Showman1999-11">[9]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="max-width:11em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Spheroid#Surface_area" title="Spheroid">Surface area</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data">8.72×107 km2 (0.171 Earths)<a href="#cite_note-surfaceareacomment-12">[c]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="max-width:11em;"><a href="/wiki/Volume" title="Volume">Volume</a></th><td class="infobox-data">7.66×1010 km3 (0.0704 Earths)<a href="#cite_note-volumecomment-13">[d]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="max-width:11em;"><a href="/wiki/Mass" title="Mass">Mass</a></th><td class="infobox-data">1.4819×1023 kg (0.025 Earths)<a href="#cite_note-Showman1999-11">[9]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="max-width:11em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Mean <a href="/wiki/Density" title="Density">density</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data">1.936 <a href="/wiki/Gram_per_cubic_centimetre" title="Gram per cubic centimetre">g/cm3</a> (0.351 Earths)<a href="#cite_note-Showman1999-11">[9]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="max-width:11em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Surface_gravity" title="Surface gravity">Surface gravity</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data">1.428 <a href="/wiki/Metre_per_second_squared" title="Metre per second squared">m/s2</a> (0.146 <a href="/wiki/G-force" title="G-force">g</a>)<a href="#cite_note-surfacegravitycomment-14">[e]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="max-width:11em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Moment_of_inertia_factor" title="Moment of inertia factor">Moment of inertia factor</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data">0.3115±0.0028<a href="#cite_note-Schubert2004-15">[10]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="max-width:11em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Escape_velocity" title="Escape velocity">Escape velocity</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data">2.741 km/s<a href="#cite_note-escapevelocitycomment-16">[f]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="max-width:11em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Synodic_rotation_period" class="mw-redirect" title="Synodic rotation period">Synodic rotation period</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Synchronous_rotation" class="mw-redirect" title="Synchronous rotation">synchronous</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="max-width:11em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Axial_tilt" title="Axial tilt">Axial tilt</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data">0–0.33°<a href="#cite_note-Bills2005-17">[11]</a> (to Jupiter's equator)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="max-width:11em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">North pole <a href="/wiki/Right_ascension" title="Right ascension">right ascension</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data">268.20°<a href="#cite_note-iau2015-18">[12]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="max-width:11em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">North pole <a href="/wiki/Declination" title="Declination">declination</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data">64.57°<a href="#cite_note-iau2015-18">[12]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="max-width:11em;"><a href="/wiki/Albedo" title="Albedo">Albedo</a></th><td class="infobox-data">0.43±0.02<a href="#cite_note-jplfact-19">[13]</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><table style="border-spacing: 0px; width:100%; border:none; margin:0; line-height:1.2em; white-space:nowrap"><tbody><tr> <th style="width:33%; padding-right:0.25em; text-align:left">Surface <a href="/wiki/Temperature" title="Temperature">temp.</a></th> <th style="padding-right:0.25em; text-align:center">min</th> <th style="padding-right:0.25em; text-align:center">mean</th> <th style="padding-right:0.25em; text-align:center">max</th> </tr><tr> <th style="padding-left:1.0em">K</th> <td style="text-align:center">70<a href="#cite_note-Delitsky1998-20">[14]</a></td> <td style="text-align:center">110<a href="#cite_note-Delitsky1998-20">[14]</a></td> <td style="text-align:center">152<a href="#cite_note-Orton1996-21">[15]</a></td> </tr><tr> <th style="padding-left:1.0em">°C</th> <td style="text-align:center">−203</td> <td style="text-align:center">−163</td> <td style="text-align:center">−121</td> </tr> </tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="max-width:11em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Apparent_magnitude" title="Apparent magnitude">Apparent magnitude</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data">4.61 (<a href="/wiki/Opposition_(astronomy)" title="Opposition (astronomy)">opposition</a>)<a href="#cite_note-jplfact-19">[13]</a> 4.38 (in 1951)<a href="#cite_note-horizons-22">[16]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="max-width:11em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Angular_diameter" title="Angular diameter">Angular diameter</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data">1.2 to 1.8 <a href="/wiki/Minute_and_second_of_arc" title="Minute and second of arc">arcseconds</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:Wheat">Atmosphere</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="max-width:11em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Surface <a href="/wiki/Atmospheric_pressure" title="Atmospheric pressure">pressure</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data">0.2–1.2 μPa (1.97×10−12–1.18×10−11 atm)<a href="#cite_note-Hall1998-23">[17]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="max-width:11em;"><a href="/wiki/Atmospheric_chemistry#Atmospheric_composition" title="Atmospheric chemistry">Composition by volume</a></th><td class="infobox-data">mostly <a href="/wiki/Oxygen" title="Oxygen">oxygen</a><a href="#cite_note-Hall1998-23">[17]</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> </div></td></tr></tbody></table> Ganymede, or Jupiter III, is the <a href="/wiki/List_of_Solar_System_objects_by_size" title="List of Solar System objects by size">largest and most massive</a> <a href="/wiki/Natural_satellite" title="Natural satellite">natural satellite</a> of <a href="/wiki/Jupiter" title="Jupiter">Jupiter</a>, and in the <a href="/wiki/Solar_System" title="Solar System">Solar System</a>. Despite being the only moon in the Solar System with a substantial <a href="/wiki/Magnetic_field" title="Magnetic field">magnetic field</a>, it is the largest Solar System object without a substantial atmosphere. Like <a href="/wiki/Saturn" title="Saturn">Saturn</a>'s largest moon <a href="/wiki/Titan_(moon)" title="Titan (moon)">Titan</a>, it is larger than the planet <a href="/wiki/Mercury_(planet)" title="Mercury (planet)">Mercury</a>, but has somewhat less <a href="/wiki/Surface_gravity" title="Surface gravity">surface gravity</a> than Mercury, <a href="/wiki/Io_(moon)" title="Io (moon)">Io</a>, or the <a href="/wiki/Moon" title="Moon">Moon</a> due to its lower density compared to the three.<a href="#cite_note-nasa.gany-24">[18]</a> Ganymede <a href="/wiki/Orbit" title="Orbit">orbits</a> Jupiter in roughly seven days and is in a 1:2:4 <a href="/wiki/Orbital_resonance" title="Orbital resonance">orbital resonance</a> with the moons <a href="/wiki/Europa_(moon)" title="Europa (moon)">Europa</a> and <a href="/wiki/Io_(moon)" title="Io (moon)">Io</a>, respectively. Ganymede is composed of <a href="/wiki/Silicate" title="Silicate">silicate rock</a> and <a href="/wiki/Water_substance" class="mw-redirect" title="Water substance">water</a> in approximately equal proportions. It is a fully <a href="/wiki/Planetary_differentiation" title="Planetary differentiation">differentiated</a> body with an iron-rich, <a href="/wiki/Planetary_core" title="Planetary core">liquid metallic core</a>, giving it the lowest <a href="/wiki/Moment_of_inertia_factor" title="Moment of inertia factor">moment of inertia factor</a> of any solid body in the Solar System. Its <a href="/wiki/Planetary_oceanography" title="Planetary oceanography">internal ocean</a> potentially contains more water than all of Earth's oceans combined.<a href="#cite_note-Ocean_Hubble-25">[19]</a><a href="#cite_note-clubsandwich_2014-26">[20]</a><a href="#cite_note-Vance-27">[21]</a><a href="#cite_note-NASA-20140501c-28">[22]</a> Ganymede's <a href="/wiki/Magnetic_field" title="Magnetic field">magnetic field</a> is probably created by <a href="/wiki/Convection" title="Convection">convection</a> within its core, and influenced by tidal forces from Jupiter's far greater magnetic field.<a href="#cite_note-Kivelson2002-29">[23]</a> Ganymede has a thin <a href="/wiki/Oxygen" title="Oxygen">oxygen</a> <a href="/wiki/Atmosphere" title="Atmosphere">atmosphere</a> that includes O, O2, and possibly O3 (<a href="/wiki/Ozone" title="Ozone">ozone</a>).<a href="#cite_note-Hall1998-23">[17]</a> <a href="/wiki/Atomic_hydrogen" class="mw-redirect" title="Atomic hydrogen">Atomic hydrogen</a> is a minor atmospheric constituent. Whether Ganymede has an <a href="/wiki/Ionosphere" title="Ionosphere">ionosphere</a> associated with its atmosphere is unresolved.<a href="#cite_note-Eviatar2001-30">[24]</a> Ganymede's surface is composed of two main types of terrain, the first of which are lighter regions, generally crosscut by extensive grooves and ridges, dating from slightly less than 4 billion years ago, covering two-thirds of Ganymede. The cause of the light terrain's disrupted geology is not fully known, but may be the result of <a href="/wiki/Tectonics" title="Tectonics">tectonic</a> activity due to <a href="/wiki/Tidal_heating" title="Tidal heating">tidal heating</a>. The second terrain type are darker regions saturated with <a href="/wiki/Impact_crater" title="Impact crater">impact craters</a>, which are dated to four billion years ago.<a href="#cite_note-Showman1999-11">[9]</a> Ganymede's discovery is credited to <a href="/wiki/Simon_Marius" title="Simon Marius">Simon Marius</a> and <a href="/wiki/Galileo_Galilei" title="Galileo Galilei">Galileo Galilei</a>, who both observed it in 1610,<a href="#cite_note-SidereusNuncius-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-Marius-32">[g]</a> as the third of the <a href="/wiki/Galilean_moon" class="mw-redirect" title="Galilean moon">Galilean moons</a>, the first group of objects discovered orbiting another planet.<a href="#cite_note-Planetary_Society-33">[26]</a> Its name was soon suggested by astronomer Simon Marius, after the <a href="/wiki/Greek_mythology" title="Greek mythology">mythological</a> <a href="/wiki/Ganymede_(mythology)" title="Ganymede (mythology)">Ganymede</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Troy" title="Troy">Trojan</a> prince desired by <a href="/wiki/Zeus" title="Zeus">Zeus</a> (the Greek counterpart of <a href="/wiki/Jupiter_(mythology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Jupiter (mythology)">Jupiter</a>), who carried him off to be the cupbearer of the gods.<a href="#cite_note-Naming-34">[27]</a> Beginning with <a href="/wiki/Pioneer_10" title="Pioneer 10">Pioneer 10</a>, several spacecraft have explored Ganymede.<a href="#cite_note-Pioneer_11-35">[28]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Voyager_program" title="Voyager program">Voyager</a> probes, <a href="/wiki/Voyager_1" title="Voyager 1">Voyager 1</a> and <a href="/wiki/Voyager_2" title="Voyager 2">Voyager 2</a>, refined measurements of its size, while <a href="/wiki/Galileo_(spacecraft)" title="Galileo (spacecraft)">Galileo</a> discovered its underground ocean and magnetic field. The next planned mission to the <a href="/wiki/Moons_of_Jupiter" title="Moons of Jupiter">Jovian system</a> is the <a href="/wiki/European_Space_Agency" title="European Space Agency">European Space Agency</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Jupiter_Icy_Moons_Explorer" title="Jupiter Icy Moons Explorer">Jupiter Icy Moons Explorer</a> (JUICE), which was launched in 2023.<a href="#cite_note-esa-juice-36">[29]</a> After flybys of all three icy Galilean moons, it is planned to enter orbit around Ganymede.<a href="#cite_note-selection-37">[30]</a> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ganymede,_Earth_%26_Moon_size_comparison.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Ganymede%2C_Earth_%26_Moon_size_comparison.jpg/250px-Ganymede%2C_Earth_%26_Moon_size_comparison.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="169" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Ganymede%2C_Earth_%26_Moon_size_comparison.jpg/375px-Ganymede%2C_Earth_%26_Moon_size_comparison.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Ganymede%2C_Earth_%26_Moon_size_comparison.jpg/500px-Ganymede%2C_Earth_%26_Moon_size_comparison.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="2026" /></a><figcaption>Size comparison of Earth, the <a href="/wiki/Moon" title="Moon">Moon</a> (top left), and Ganymede (bottom left)</figcaption></figure> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ganymede_(moon)&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History">edit</a>]</div> Chinese astronomical records report that in 365 BC, <a href="/wiki/Gan_De" title="Gan De">Gan De</a> detected what might have been a moon of Jupiter, probably Ganymede, with the naked eye.<a href="#cite_note-ads.793b-38">[31]</a> However, Gan De reported the color of the companion as reddish, which is puzzling since moons are too faint for their color to be perceived with the naked eye.<a href="#cite_note-encyc-39">[32]</a> <a href="/wiki/Shi_Shen" title="Shi Shen">Shi Shen</a> and Gan De together made fairly accurate observations of the five major planets.<a href="#cite_note-Deng2011-40">[33]</a><a href="#cite_note-41">[34]</a> On January 7, 1610, <a href="/wiki/Galileo_Galilei" title="Galileo Galilei">Galileo Galilei</a> used a telescope to observe what he thought were three <a href="/wiki/Star" title="Star">stars</a> near Jupiter, including what turned out to be Ganymede, <a href="/wiki/Callisto_(moon)" title="Callisto (moon)">Callisto</a>, and one body that turned out to be the combined light from <a href="/wiki/Io_(moon)" title="Io (moon)">Io</a> and <a href="/wiki/Europa_(moon)" title="Europa (moon)">Europa</a>; the next night he noticed that they had moved. On January 13, he saw all four at once for the first time, but had seen each of the moons before this date at least once. By January 15, Galileo concluded that the stars were actually bodies orbiting <a href="/wiki/Jupiter" title="Jupiter">Jupiter</a>.<a href="#cite_note-SidereusNuncius-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-NASA-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-Marius-32">[g]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Name">Name</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ganymede_(moon)&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Name">edit</a>]</div> Galileo claimed the right to name the moons he had discovered. He considered "Cosmian Stars" and settled on "<a href="/wiki/Galilean_Satellites#Dedication_to_the_Medicis" class="mw-redirect" title="Galilean Satellites">Medicean Stars</a>", in honor of <a href="/wiki/Cosimo_II_de%27_Medici" title="Cosimo II de' Medici">Cosimo II de' Medici</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Naming-34">[27]</a> The French astronomer <a href="/wiki/Nicolas-Claude_Fabri_de_Peiresc" title="Nicolas-Claude Fabri de Peiresc">Nicolas-Claude Fabri de Peiresc</a> suggested individual names from the <a href="/wiki/Medici" class="mw-redirect" title="Medici">Medici</a> family for the moons, but his proposal was not taken up.<a href="#cite_note-Naming-34">[27]</a> <a href="/wiki/Simon_Marius" title="Simon Marius">Simon Marius</a>, who had originally claimed to have found the Galilean satellites,<a href="#cite_note-College-42">[35]</a> tried to name the moons the "Saturn of Jupiter", the "Jupiter of Jupiter" (this was Ganymede), the "Venus of Jupiter", and the "Mercury of Jupiter", another nomenclature that never caught on. Later on, after finding out about a suggestion from <a href="/wiki/Johannes_Kepler" title="Johannes Kepler">Johannes Kepler</a>, Marius agreed with Kepler's proposal and so he then proposed a naming system based on <a href="/wiki/Greek_mythology" title="Greek mythology">Greek mythology</a> instead. This final Kepler/Marius proposal was ultimately successful.<a href="#cite_note-Naming-34">[27]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote">Jupiter is much blamed by the poets on account of his irregular loves. Three maidens are especially mentioned as having been clandestinely courted by Jupiter with success. Io, daughter of the River Inachus, Callisto of Lycaon, Europa of Agenor. Then there was Ganymede, the handsome son of King Tros, whom Jupiter, having taken the form of an eagle, transported to heaven on his back, as poets fabulously tell... I think, therefore, that I shall not have done amiss if the First is called by me Io, the Second Europa, the Third, on account of its majesty of light, Ganymede, the Fourth Callisto...<a href="#cite_note-Helden-43">[36]</a><a href="#cite_note-44">[37]</a></blockquote> This name and those of the other Galilean satellites fell into disfavor for a considerable time, and were not in common use until the mid-20th century. In much of the earlier astronomical literature, Ganymede is referred to instead by its Roman numeral designation, Jupiter III (a system introduced by Galileo), in other words "the third satellite of Jupiter". Following the discovery of moons of Saturn, a naming system based on that of Kepler and Marius was used for Jupiter's moons.<a href="#cite_note-Naming-34">[27]</a> Ganymede is the only Galilean moon of Jupiter named after a male figure—like Io, Europa, and Callisto, he was a lover of Zeus. In English, the Galilean satellites Io, Europa and Callisto have the Latin spellings of their names, but the Latin form of Ganymede is Ganymēdēs, which would be pronounced <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/ˌɡænɪˈmiːdiːz/</a>.<a href="#cite_note-45">[38]</a> However, the final syllable is dropped in English, perhaps under the influence of French Ganymède (<a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/French" title="Help:IPA/French">[ɡanimɛd]</a>). <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Orbit_and_rotation">Orbit and rotation</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ganymede_(moon)&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Orbit and rotation">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Galilean_moon_Laplace_resonance_animation_2.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Galilean_moon_Laplace_resonance_animation_2.gif/220px-Galilean_moon_Laplace_resonance_animation_2.gif" decoding="async" width="220" height="148" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Galilean_moon_Laplace_resonance_animation_2.gif/330px-Galilean_moon_Laplace_resonance_animation_2.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e5/Galilean_moon_Laplace_resonance_animation_2.gif 2x" data-file-width="365" data-file-height="245" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Laplace_resonance" class="mw-redirect" title="Laplace resonance">Laplace resonance</a> of Ganymede, <a href="/wiki/Europa_(moon)" title="Europa (moon)">Europa</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Io_(moon)" title="Io (moon)">Io</a> (conjunctions are highlighted by color changes)</figcaption></figure> Ganymede <a href="/wiki/Orbit" title="Orbit">orbits</a> Jupiter at a distance of 1,070,400 kilometres (665,100 mi), third among the Galilean satellites,<a href="#cite_note-Planetary_Society-33">[26]</a> and completes a revolution every seven days and three hours (7.155 days<a href="#cite_note-46">[39]</a>). Like most known moons, Ganymede is <a href="/wiki/Tidal_locking" title="Tidal locking">tidally locked</a>, with one side always facing toward the planet, hence its day is also seven days and three hours.<a href="#cite_note-The_Grand_Tour-47">[40]</a> Its orbit is very slightly eccentric and inclined to the Jovian <a href="/wiki/Equator" title="Equator">equator</a>, with the <a href="/wiki/Orbital_eccentricity" title="Orbital eccentricity">eccentricity</a> and <a href="/wiki/Inclination" class="mw-redirect" title="Inclination">inclination</a> changing <a href="/wiki/Almost_periodic_function" title="Almost periodic function">quasi-periodically</a> due to solar and planetary gravitational <a href="/wiki/Perturbation_(astronomy)" title="Perturbation (astronomy)">perturbations</a> on a timescale of centuries. The ranges of change are 0.0009–0.0022 and 0.05–0.32°, respectively.<a href="#cite_note-Musotto2002-48">[41]</a> These orbital variations cause the <a href="/wiki/Axial_tilt" title="Axial tilt">axial tilt</a> (the angle between the rotational and orbital axes) to vary between 0 and 0.33°.<a href="#cite_note-Bills2005-17">[11]</a> Ganymede participates in <a href="/wiki/Orbital_resonance" title="Orbital resonance">orbital resonances</a> with Europa and Io: for every orbit of Ganymede, Europa orbits twice and Io orbits four times.<a href="#cite_note-Musotto2002-48">[41]</a><a href="#cite_note-SPACE.com-49">[42]</a> <a href="/wiki/Astronomical_conjunction" class="mw-redirect" title="Astronomical conjunction">Conjunctions</a> (alignment on the same side of Jupiter) between Io and Europa occur when Io is at <a href="/wiki/Periapsis" class="mw-redirect" title="Periapsis">periapsis</a> and Europa at <a href="/wiki/Apoapsis" class="mw-redirect" title="Apoapsis">apoapsis</a>. Conjunctions between Europa and Ganymede occur when Europa is at periapsis.<a href="#cite_note-Musotto2002-48">[41]</a> The longitudes of the Io–Europa and Europa–Ganymede conjunctions change at the same rate, making triple conjunctions impossible. Such a complicated resonance is called the <a href="/wiki/Laplace_resonance" class="mw-redirect" title="Laplace resonance">Laplace resonance</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Showman1997a-50">[43]</a> The current Laplace resonance is unable to pump the orbital eccentricity of Ganymede to a higher value.<a href="#cite_note-Showman1997a-50">[43]</a> The value of about 0.0013 is probably a remnant from a previous epoch, when such pumping was possible.<a href="#cite_note-SPACE.com-49">[42]</a> The Ganymedian orbital eccentricity is somewhat puzzling; if it is not pumped now it should have decayed long ago due to the tidal <a href="/wiki/Dissipation" title="Dissipation">dissipation</a> in the interior of Ganymede.<a href="#cite_note-Showman1997a-50">[43]</a> This means that the last episode of the eccentricity excitation happened only several hundred million years ago.<a href="#cite_note-Showman1997a-50">[43]</a> Because Ganymede's orbital eccentricity is relatively low—on average 0.0015<a href="#cite_note-SPACE.com-49">[42]</a>—tidal heating is negligible now.<a href="#cite_note-Showman1997a-50">[43]</a> However, in the past Ganymede may have passed through one or more Laplace-like resonances<a href="#cite_note-laplaceres-51">[h]</a> that were able to pump the orbital eccentricity to a value as high as 0.01–0.02.<a href="#cite_note-Showman1999-11">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-Showman1997a-50">[43]</a> This probably caused a significant tidal heating of the interior of Ganymede; the formation of the grooved terrain may be a result of one or more heating episodes.<a href="#cite_note-Showman1999-11">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-Showman1997a-50">[43]</a> There are two hypotheses for the origin of the Laplace resonance among Io, Europa, and Ganymede: that it is primordial and has existed from the beginning of the Solar System;<a href="#cite_note-Peale2002-52">[44]</a> or that it developed after the <a href="/wiki/Formation_and_evolution_of_the_Solar_System" title="Formation and evolution of the Solar System">formation of the Solar System</a>. A possible sequence of events for the latter scenario is as follows: Io raised tides on Jupiter, causing Io's orbit to expand (due to conservation of momentum) until it encountered the 2:1 resonance with Europa; after that, the expansion continued, but some of the angular <a href="/wiki/Moment_(physics)" title="Moment (physics)">moment</a> was transferred to Europa as the resonance caused its orbit to expand as well; the process continued until Europa encountered the 2:1 resonance with Ganymede.<a href="#cite_note-Showman1997a-50">[43]</a> Eventually the drift rates of conjunctions between all three moons were synchronized and locked in the Laplace resonance.<a href="#cite_note-Showman1997a-50">[43]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Physical_characteristics">Physical characteristics</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ganymede_(moon)&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Physical characteristics">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Moon_Ganymede_by_NOAA.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Moon_Ganymede_by_NOAA.jpg/220px-Moon_Ganymede_by_NOAA.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Moon_Ganymede_by_NOAA.jpg/330px-Moon_Ganymede_by_NOAA.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Moon_Ganymede_by_NOAA.jpg/440px-Moon_Ganymede_by_NOAA.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="800" /></a><figcaption>Depiction of Ganymede centered over 45° W. longitude; dark areas are Perrine (upper) and Nicholson (lower) regions; prominent craters are Tros (upper right) and Cisti (lower left).</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ganymede_-_Voyager_2_(26670869304).png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Ganymede_-_Voyager_2_%2826670869304%29.png/220px-Ganymede_-_Voyager_2_%2826670869304%29.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="114" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Ganymede_-_Voyager_2_%2826670869304%29.png/330px-Ganymede_-_Voyager_2_%2826670869304%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Ganymede_-_Voyager_2_%2826670869304%29.png/440px-Ganymede_-_Voyager_2_%2826670869304%29.png 2x" data-file-width="3496" data-file-height="1818" /></a><figcaption>Three high-resolution views of Ganymede taken by <a href="/wiki/Voyager_1" title="Voyager 1">Voyager 1</a> near closest approach on July 9, 1979</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Size">Size</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ganymede_(moon)&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Size">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_Solar_System_objects_by_size" title="List of Solar System objects by size">List of Solar System objects by size</a></div> With a diameter of about 5,270 kilometres (3,270 mi) and a mass of 1.48×1020 tonnes (1.48×1023 kg; 3.26×1023 lb), Ganymede is the largest and most massive <a href="/wiki/Satellite_system_(astronomy)" title="Satellite system (astronomy)">moon</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Solar_System" title="Solar System">Solar System</a>.<a href="#cite_note-53">[45]</a> It is slightly more massive than the second most massive moon, Saturn's satellite <a href="/wiki/Titan_(moon)" title="Titan (moon)">Titan</a>, and is more than twice as massive as the Earth's Moon. It is larger than the planet <a href="/wiki/Mercury_(planet)" title="Mercury (planet)">Mercury</a>, which has a diameter of 4,880 kilometres (3,030 mi) but is only 45 percent of Mercury's mass. Ganymede is the ninth-largest object in the solar system, but the tenth-most massive. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Composition">Composition</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ganymede_(moon)&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Composition">edit</a>]</div> The average <a href="/wiki/Density" title="Density">density</a> of Ganymede, 1.936 g/cm3 (a bit greater than Callisto's), suggests a composition of about equal parts rocky material and mostly water <a href="/wiki/Ice_(planetary_science)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ice (planetary science)">ices</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Showman1999-11">[9]</a> Some of the water is liquid, forming an underground ocean.<a href="#cite_note-NYT-20150315-54">[46]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Mass_fraction_(chemistry)" title="Mass fraction (chemistry)">mass fraction</a> of ices is between 46 and 50 percent, which is slightly lower than that in Callisto.<a href="#cite_note-Kuskov2005-55">[47]</a> Some additional volatile ices such as <a href="/wiki/Ammonia" title="Ammonia">ammonia</a> may also be present.<a href="#cite_note-Kuskov2005-55">[47]</a><a href="#cite_note-Spohn2003-56">[48]</a> The exact composition of Ganymede's <a href="/wiki/Rock_(geology)" title="Rock (geology)">rock</a> is not known, but is probably close to the composition of <a href="/wiki/L_chondrite" title="L chondrite">L</a>/<a href="/wiki/LL_chondrite" title="LL chondrite">LL type</a> <a href="/wiki/Ordinary_chondrite" title="Ordinary chondrite">ordinary chondrites</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Kuskov2005-55">[47]</a> which are characterized by less total iron, less metallic iron and more <a href="/wiki/Iron_oxide" title="Iron oxide">iron oxide</a> than <a href="/wiki/H_chondrite" title="H chondrite">H chondrites</a>. The weight ratio of iron to <a href="/wiki/Silicon" title="Silicon">silicon</a> ranges between 1.05 and 1.27 in Ganymede, whereas the <a href="/wiki/Sun" title="Sun">solar ratio</a> is around 1.8.<a href="#cite_note-Kuskov2005-55">[47]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Surface_features">Surface features</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ganymede_(moon)&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Surface features">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_geological_features_on_Ganymede" title="List of geological features on Ganymede">List of geological features on Ganymede</a></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tleft"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:184px;max-width:184px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:182px;max-width:182px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:PIA24681-1041-Ganymede-JupiterMoon-Juno-20210607.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/PIA24681-1041-Ganymede-JupiterMoon-Juno-20210607.jpg/180px-PIA24681-1041-Ganymede-JupiterMoon-Juno-20210607.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="250" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/PIA24681-1041-Ganymede-JupiterMoon-Juno-20210607.jpg/270px-PIA24681-1041-Ganymede-JupiterMoon-Juno-20210607.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/PIA24681-1041-Ganymede-JupiterMoon-Juno-20210607.jpg/360px-PIA24681-1041-Ganymede-JupiterMoon-Juno-20210607.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1041" data-file-height="1445" /></a></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:182px;max-width:182px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:PIA24682-Ganymede-DarkSide-JupiterMoon-20210607.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/PIA24682-Ganymede-DarkSide-JupiterMoon-20210607.jpg/180px-PIA24682-Ganymede-DarkSide-JupiterMoon-20210607.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/PIA24682-Ganymede-DarkSide-JupiterMoon-20210607.jpg/270px-PIA24682-Ganymede-DarkSide-JupiterMoon-20210607.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/PIA24682-Ganymede-DarkSide-JupiterMoon-20210607.jpg/360px-PIA24682-Ganymede-DarkSide-JupiterMoon-20210607.jpg 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flex"><div class="thumbcaption"><div align="center">Ganymede (Juno; June 7, 2021)</div></div></div></div></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tros_Crater,_Ganymede_-_PJ34-1_-_Detail_-_Map_Projected.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Tros_Crater%2C_Ganymede_-_PJ34-1_-_Detail_-_Map_Projected.png/220px-Tros_Crater%2C_Ganymede_-_PJ34-1_-_Detail_-_Map_Projected.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="231" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Tros_Crater%2C_Ganymede_-_PJ34-1_-_Detail_-_Map_Projected.png/330px-Tros_Crater%2C_Ganymede_-_PJ34-1_-_Detail_-_Map_Projected.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Tros_Crater%2C_Ganymede_-_PJ34-1_-_Detail_-_Map_Projected.png/440px-Tros_Crater%2C_Ganymede_-_PJ34-1_-_Detail_-_Map_Projected.png 2x" data-file-width="1175" data-file-height="1232" /></a><figcaption><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tros_(crater)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tros (crater) (page does not exist)">Tros</a> crater (Juno; June 7, 2021)</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ganymede-moon.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Ganymede-moon.jpg/220px-Ganymede-moon.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Ganymede-moon.jpg/330px-Ganymede-moon.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Ganymede-moon.jpg/440px-Ganymede-moon.jpg 2x" data-file-width="687" data-file-height="687" /></a><figcaption>Enhanced-color Galileo spacecraft image of Ganymede's trailing hemisphere.<a href="#cite_note-Spaceflight_Now-57">[49]</a> The crater Tashmetum's prominent rays are at lower right, and the large ejecta field of Hershef at upper right. Part of dark Nicholson Regio is at lower left, bounded on its upper right by Harpagia Sulcus.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:PIA26075-JupiterMoon-GanymedeTerrain-20231030.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/PIA26075-JupiterMoon-GanymedeTerrain-20231030.jpg/220px-PIA26075-JupiterMoon-GanymedeTerrain-20231030.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="107" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/PIA26075-JupiterMoon-GanymedeTerrain-20231030.jpg/330px-PIA26075-JupiterMoon-GanymedeTerrain-20231030.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/PIA26075-JupiterMoon-GanymedeTerrain-20231030.jpg/440px-PIA26075-JupiterMoon-GanymedeTerrain-20231030.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6385" data-file-height="3119" /></a><figcaption>Ganymede grooved terrain (Juno; June 7, 2021)</figcaption></figure> Ganymede's surface has an <a href="/wiki/Albedo" title="Albedo">albedo</a> of about 43 percent.<a href="#cite_note-Calvin1995-58">[50]</a> Water ice seems to be ubiquitous on its surface, with a mass fraction of 50–90 percent,<a href="#cite_note-Showman1999-11">[9]</a> significantly more than in Ganymede as a whole. Near-infrared <a href="/wiki/Spectroscopy" title="Spectroscopy">spectroscopy</a> has revealed the presence of strong water ice <a href="/wiki/Absorption_band" title="Absorption band">absorption bands</a> at wavelengths of 1.04, 1.25, 1.5, 2.0 and 3.0 <a href="/wiki/Micrometre" title="Micrometre">μm</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Calvin1995-58">[50]</a> The grooved terrain is brighter and has a more icy composition than the dark terrain.<a href="#cite_note-RESA-59">[51]</a> The analysis of high-resolution, <a href="/wiki/Near-infrared" class="mw-redirect" title="Near-infrared">near-infrared</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ultraviolet" title="Ultraviolet">UV</a> <a href="/wiki/Spectrum" title="Spectrum">spectra</a> obtained by the <a href="/wiki/Galileo_(spacecraft)" title="Galileo (spacecraft)">Galileo</a> spacecraft and from Earth observations has revealed various non-water materials: <a href="/wiki/Carbon_dioxide" title="Carbon dioxide">carbon dioxide</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sulfur_dioxide" title="Sulfur dioxide">sulfur dioxide</a> and, possibly, <a href="/wiki/Cyanogen" title="Cyanogen">cyanogen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hydrogen_sulfate" class="mw-redirect" title="Hydrogen sulfate">hydrogen sulfate</a> and various <a href="/wiki/Organic_compound" title="Organic compound">organic compounds</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Showman1999-11">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-McCord1998-60">[52]</a> Galileo results have also shown <a href="/wiki/Magnesium_sulfate" title="Magnesium sulfate">magnesium sulfate</a> (MgSO4) and, possibly, <a href="/wiki/Sodium_sulfate" title="Sodium sulfate">sodium sulfate</a> (Na2SO4) on Ganymede's surface.<a href="#cite_note-The_Grand_Tour-47">[40]</a><a href="#cite_note-McCord2001-61">[53]</a> These salts may originate from the subsurface ocean.<a href="#cite_note-McCord2001-61">[53]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Craters_on_Ganymede.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Craters_on_Ganymede.jpg/220px-Craters_on_Ganymede.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="204" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Craters_on_Ganymede.jpg/330px-Craters_on_Ganymede.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Craters_on_Ganymede.jpg/440px-Craters_on_Ganymede.jpg 2x" data-file-width="813" data-file-height="753" /></a><figcaption>The craters <a href="/wiki/Gula_(crater)" title="Gula (crater)">Gula</a> and <a href="/wiki/Achelous_(crater)" title="Achelous (crater)">Achelous</a> (bottom), in the grooved terrain of Ganymede, with <a href="/wiki/Ejecta_blanket" title="Ejecta blanket">ejecta</a> "<a href="/wiki/Pedestal_crater" title="Pedestal crater">pedestals</a>" and <a href="/wiki/Rampart_crater" title="Rampart crater">ramparts</a></figcaption></figure> The Ganymedian surface albedo is very asymmetric; the leading hemisphere<a href="#cite_note-hemispherecomment-62">[i]</a> is brighter than the trailing one.<a href="#cite_note-Calvin1995-58">[50]</a> This is similar to Europa, but the reverse for Callisto.<a href="#cite_note-Calvin1995-58">[50]</a> The trailing hemisphere of Ganymede appears to be enriched in sulfur dioxide.<a href="#cite_note-Domingue1996-63">[54]</a><a href="#cite_note-Domingue1998-64">[55]</a> The distribution of carbon dioxide does not demonstrate any hemispheric asymmetry, but little or no carbon dioxide is observed near the poles.<a href="#cite_note-McCord1998-60">[52]</a><a href="#cite_note-Hibbitts2003-65">[56]</a> <a href="/wiki/Impact_crater" title="Impact crater">Impact craters</a> on Ganymede (except one) do not show any enrichment in carbon dioxide, which also distinguishes it from Callisto. Ganymede's carbon dioxide gas was probably depleted in the past.<a href="#cite_note-Hibbitts2003-65">[56]</a> Ganymede's surface is a mix of two types of terrain: very old, highly cratered, dark regions and somewhat younger (but still ancient), lighter regions marked with an extensive array of grooves and ridges. The dark terrain, which comprises about one-third of the surface,<a href="#cite_note-Patterson2007-66">[57]</a> contains clays and organic materials that could indicate the composition of the impactors from which Jovian satellites accreted.<a href="#cite_note-Pappalardo2001-67">[58]</a> The heating mechanism required for the formation of the grooved terrain on Ganymede is an unsolved problem in the <a href="/wiki/Planetary_sciences" class="mw-redirect" title="Planetary sciences">planetary sciences</a>. The modern view is that the grooved terrain is mainly <a href="/wiki/Tectonic" class="mw-redirect" title="Tectonic">tectonic</a> in nature.<a href="#cite_note-Showman1999-11">[9]</a> <a href="/wiki/Cryovolcano" title="Cryovolcano">Cryovolcanism</a> is thought to have played only a minor role, if any.<a href="#cite_note-Showman1999-11">[9]</a> The forces that caused the strong stresses in the Ganymedian ice <a href="/wiki/Lithosphere" title="Lithosphere">lithosphere</a> necessary to initiate the tectonic activity may be connected to the <a href="/wiki/Tidal_heating" title="Tidal heating">tidal heating</a> events in the past, possibly caused when the satellite passed through unstable orbital resonances.<a href="#cite_note-Showman1999-11">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-Showman1997b-68">[59]</a> The tidal flexing of the ice may have heated the interior and strained the lithosphere, leading to the development of cracks and <a href="/wiki/Horst_and_graben" title="Horst and graben">horst and graben</a> faulting, which erased the old, dark terrain on 70 percent of the surface.<a href="#cite_note-Showman1999-11">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-Bland2007-69">[60]</a> The formation of the grooved terrain may also be connected with the early core formation and subsequent tidal heating of Ganymede's interior, which may have caused a slight expansion of Ganymede by one to six percent due to <a href="/wiki/Phase_transition" title="Phase transition">phase transitions</a> in ice and <a href="/wiki/Thermal_expansion" title="Thermal expansion">thermal expansion</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Showman1999-11">[9]</a> During subsequent evolution deep, hot water <a href="/wiki/Plume_(hydrodynamics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Plume (hydrodynamics)">plumes</a> may have risen from the core to the surface, leading to the tectonic deformation of the lithosphere.<a href="#cite_note-Barr-70">[61]</a> <a href="/wiki/Radiogenic_heat" class="mw-redirect" title="Radiogenic heat">Radiogenic heating</a> within the satellite is the most relevant current heat source, contributing, for instance, to ocean depth. Research models have found that if the orbital eccentricity were an order of magnitude greater than currently (as it may have been in the past), tidal heating would be a more substantial heat source than radiogenic heating.<a href="#cite_note-gra.6-71">[62]</a> Cratering is seen on both types of terrain, but is especially extensive on the dark terrain: it appears to be saturated with impact craters and has evolved largely through impact events.<a href="#cite_note-Showman1999-11">[9]</a> The brighter, grooved terrain contains many fewer impact features, which have been only of minor importance to its tectonic evolution.<a href="#cite_note-Showman1999-11">[9]</a> The density of cratering indicates an age of 4 billion years for the dark terrain, similar to the highlands of the Moon, and a somewhat younger age for the grooved terrain (but how much younger is uncertain).<a href="#cite_note-Zahnle1998-72">[63]</a> Ganymede may have experienced a period of heavy cratering 3.5 to 4 billion years ago similar to that of the Moon.<a href="#cite_note-Zahnle1998-72">[63]</a> If true, the vast majority of impacts happened in that epoch, whereas the cratering rate has been much smaller since.<a href="#cite_note-nineplanets.org-Ganymede-73">[64]</a> Craters both overlay and are crosscut by the groove systems, indicating that some of the grooves are quite ancient. Relatively young craters with rays of ejecta are also visible.<a href="#cite_note-nineplanets.org-Ganymede-73">[64]</a><a href="#cite_note-Ganymede-74">[65]</a> Ganymedian craters are flatter than those on the Moon and Mercury. This is probably due to the relatively weak nature of Ganymede's icy crust, which can (or could) flow and thereby soften the relief. Ancient craters whose relief has disappeared leave only a "ghost" of a crater known as a <a href="/wiki/Palimpsest_(planetary_astronomy)" title="Palimpsest (planetary astronomy)">palimpsest</a>.<a href="#cite_note-nineplanets.org-Ganymede-73">[64]</a> One significant feature on Ganymede is a dark plain named <a href="/wiki/Galileo_Regio" title="Galileo Regio">Galileo Regio</a>, which contains a series of concentric grooves, or furrows, likely created during a period of geologic activity.<a href="#cite_note-Casacchia-75">[66]</a> Ganymede also has polar caps, likely composed of water frost. The frost extends to 40° latitude.<a href="#cite_note-The_Grand_Tour-47">[40]</a> These polar caps were first seen by the <a href="/wiki/Voyager_program" title="Voyager program">Voyager</a> spacecraft. Theories on the formation of the caps include the migration of water to higher latitudes and the bombardment of the ice by plasma. Data from Galileo suggests the latter is correct.<a href="#cite_note-Polar_caps-76">[67]</a> The presence of a magnetic field on Ganymede results in more intense charged particle bombardment of its surface in the unprotected polar regions; sputtering then leads to redistribution of water molecules, with frost migrating to locally colder areas within the polar terrain.<a href="#cite_note-Polar_caps-76">[67]</a> A crater named <a href="/w/index.php?title=Anat_(crater)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Anat (crater) (page does not exist)">Anat</a> provides the reference point for measuring longitude on Ganymede. By definition, Anat is at 128° longitude.<a href="#cite_note-iau.table2-77">[68]</a> The 0° longitude directly faces Jupiter, and unless stated otherwise longitude increases toward the west.<a href="#cite_note-targetcoordsys-78">[69]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Internal_structure">Internal structure</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ganymede_(moon)&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Internal structure">edit</a>]</div> Ganymede appears to be fully <a href="/wiki/Planetary_differentiation" title="Planetary differentiation">differentiated</a>, with an internal structure consisting of an <a href="/wiki/Iron(II)_sulfide" title="Iron(II) sulfide">iron-sulfide</a>–iron <a href="/wiki/Core_(geology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Core (geology)">core</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Silicate" title="Silicate">silicate</a> <a href="/wiki/Mantle_(geology)" title="Mantle (geology)">mantle</a>, and outer layers of water ice and liquid water.<a href="#cite_note-Showman1999-11">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-Sohl2002-79">[70]</a> <a href="#cite_note-Bhatia2017-80">[71]</a> The precise thicknesses of the different layers in the interior of Ganymede depend on the assumed composition of silicates (fraction of <a href="/wiki/Olivine" title="Olivine">olivine</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pyroxene" title="Pyroxene">pyroxene</a>) and amount of <a href="/wiki/Sulfur" title="Sulfur">sulfur</a> in the core.<a href="#cite_note-Kuskov2005-55">[47]</a><a href="#cite_note-Sohl2002-79">[70]</a><a href="#cite_note-Kuskov2005b-81">[72]</a><a href="#cite_note-Kuskov2005c-82">[73]</a> Ganymede has the lowest <a href="/wiki/Moment_of_inertia_factor" title="Moment of inertia factor">moment of inertia factor</a>, 0.31,<a href="#cite_note-Showman1999-11">[9]</a> among the solid Solar System bodies. This is a consequence of its substantial water content and fully differentiated interior. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Subsurface_oceans">Subsurface oceans</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ganymede_(moon)&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Subsurface oceans">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ganymede_diagram.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Ganymede_diagram.svg/440px-Ganymede_diagram.svg.png" decoding="async" width="440" height="267" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Ganymede_diagram.svg/660px-Ganymede_diagram.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Ganymede_diagram.svg/880px-Ganymede_diagram.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2800" data-file-height="1700" /></a><figcaption>Artist's cut-away representation of the internal structure of Ganymede. Layers drawn to scale.</figcaption></figure> In the 1970s, NASA scientists first suspected that Ganymede had a thick ocean between two layers of ice, one on the surface and one beneath a liquid ocean and atop the rocky mantle.<a href="#cite_note-Showman1999-11">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-clubsandwich_2014-26">[20]</a><a href="#cite_note-Sohl2002-79">[70]</a><a href="#cite_note-Freeman2006-83">[74]</a><a href="#cite_note-amount_of_water_in_ocean-84">[75]</a> In the 1990s, NASA's Galileo mission flew by Ganymede, and found indications of such a subsurface ocean.<a href="#cite_note-NYT-20150315-54">[46]</a> An analysis published in 2014, taking into account the realistic thermodynamics for water and effects of salt, suggests that Ganymede might have a stack of several ocean layers separated by different <a href="/wiki/Phases_of_ice" title="Phases of ice">phases of ice</a>, with the lowest liquid layer adjacent to the rocky <a href="/wiki/Mantle_(geology)" title="Mantle (geology)">mantle</a>.<a href="#cite_note-clubsandwich_2014-26">[20]</a><a href="#cite_note-Vance-27">[21]</a><a href="#cite_note-NASA-20140501c-28">[22]</a><a href="#cite_note-Hubble_2015-85">[76]</a> Water–rock contact may be an important factor in the <a href="/wiki/Abiogenesis" title="Abiogenesis">origin of life</a>.<a href="#cite_note-clubsandwich_2014-26">[20]</a> The analysis also notes that the extreme depths involved (~800 km to the rocky "seafloor") mean that temperatures at the bottom of a convective (adiabatic) ocean can be up to 40 K higher than those at the ice–water interface. In March 2015, scientists reported that measurements with the Hubble Space Telescope of how the <a href="/wiki/Aurora" title="Aurora">aurorae</a> moved confirmed that Ganymede has a subsurface ocean.<a href="#cite_note-NYT-20150315-54">[46]</a> A large saltwater ocean affects Ganymede's magnetic field, and consequently, its aurorae.<a href="#cite_note-Ocean_Hubble-25">[19]</a><a href="#cite_note-Hubble_2015-85">[76]</a><a href="#cite_note-sciencedaily1503-86">[77]</a><a href="#cite_note-sswater1-87">[78]</a> The evidence suggests that Ganymede's oceans might be the largest in the entire Solar System.<a href="#cite_note-Sci_Am_2017-88">[79]</a> These observations were later supported by <a href="/wiki/Juno_(spacecraft)" title="Juno (spacecraft)">Juno</a>, which detected various salts and other compounds on Ganymede's surface, including <a href="/wiki/Hydrohalite" title="Hydrohalite">hydrated sodium chloride</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ammonium_chloride" title="Ammonium chloride">ammonium chloride</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sodium_bicarbonate" title="Sodium bicarbonate">sodium bicarbonate</a>, and possibly <a href="/wiki/Aldehyde" title="Aldehyde">aliphatic aldehydes</a>. These compounds were potentially deposited from Ganymede's ocean in past resurfacing events and were discovered to be most abundant in Ganymede's lower latitudes, shielded by its small magnetosphere.<a href="#cite_note-89">[80]</a> As a result of these findings, there is increasing speculation on the potential <a href="/wiki/Planetary_habitability" title="Planetary habitability">habitability</a> of Ganymede's ocean.<a href="#cite_note-amount_of_water_in_ocean-84">[75]</a><a href="#cite_note-subsurface_ocean_found-90">[81]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Core">Core</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ganymede_(moon)&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Core">edit</a>]</div> The existence of a liquid, <a href="/wiki/Iron%E2%80%93nickel_alloy" title="Iron–nickel alloy">iron–nickel</a>-rich core<a href="#cite_note-Bhatia2017-80">[71]</a> provides a natural explanation for the intrinsic <a href="/wiki/Magnetosphere" title="Magnetosphere">magnetic field</a> of Ganymede detected by Galileo spacecraft.<a href="#cite_note-Hauk2006-91">[82]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Convection" title="Convection">convection</a> in the liquid iron, which has high <a href="/wiki/Electrical_conductivity" class="mw-redirect" title="Electrical conductivity">electrical conductivity</a>, is the most reasonable model of magnetic field generation.<a href="#cite_note-Kivelson2002-29">[23]</a> The density of the core is 5.5–6 g/cm3 and the silicate mantle is 3.4–3.6 g/cm3.<a href="#cite_note-Kuskov2005-55">[47]</a><a href="#cite_note-Sohl2002-79">[70]</a><a href="#cite_note-Kuskov2005b-81">[72]</a><a href="#cite_note-Hauk2006-91">[82]</a> The radius of this core may be up to 500 km.<a href="#cite_note-Hauk2006-91">[82]</a> The temperature in the core of Ganymede is probably 1500–1700 K and pressure up to 10 GPa (99,000 atm).<a href="#cite_note-Sohl2002-79">[70]</a><a href="#cite_note-Hauk2006-91">[82]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Atmosphere_and_ionosphere">Atmosphere and ionosphere</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ganymede_(moon)&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Atmosphere and ionosphere">edit</a>]</div> In 1972, a team of Indian, British and American astronomers working in <a href="/wiki/Java" title="Java">Java</a>, <a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kavalur" title="Kavalur">Kavalur</a>, India claimed that they had detected a thin atmosphere during an <a href="/wiki/Occultation" title="Occultation">occultation</a>, when it and Jupiter passed in front of a <a href="/wiki/Star" title="Star">star</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Carlson1973-92">[83]</a> They estimated that the surface pressure was around 0.1 <a href="/wiki/Pascal_(unit)" title="Pascal (unit)">Pa</a> (1 microbar).<a href="#cite_note-Carlson1973-92">[83]</a> However, in 1979, <a href="/wiki/Voyager_1" title="Voyager 1">Voyager 1</a> observed an occultation of the star <a href="/wiki/Kappa_Centauri" title="Kappa Centauri">κ Centauri</a> during its flyby of Jupiter, with differing results.<a href="#cite_note-Broadfoot1981-93">[84]</a> The occultation measurements were conducted in the <a href="/wiki/Far-ultraviolet" class="mw-redirect" title="Far-ultraviolet">far-ultraviolet</a> spectrum at <a href="/wiki/Wavelength" title="Wavelength">wavelengths</a> shorter than 200 <a href="/wiki/Nanometre" title="Nanometre">nm</a>, which were much more sensitive to the presence of gases than the 1972 measurements made in the <a href="/wiki/Visible_spectrum" title="Visible spectrum">visible spectrum</a>. No atmosphere was revealed by the Voyager data. The upper limit on the surface particle <a href="/wiki/Number_density" title="Number density">number density</a> was found to be 1.5×109 cm−3, which corresponds to a surface pressure of less than 2.5 μPa (25 picobar).<a href="#cite_note-Broadfoot1981-93">[84]</a> The latter value is almost five orders of magnitude less than the 1972 estimate.<a href="#cite_note-Broadfoot1981-93">[84]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Map_of_temparatureof_ganymede.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Map_of_temparatureof_ganymede.jpg/220px-Map_of_temparatureof_ganymede.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="275" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Map_of_temparatureof_ganymede.jpg/330px-Map_of_temparatureof_ganymede.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b9/Map_of_temparatureof_ganymede.jpg 2x" data-file-width="432" data-file-height="540" /></a><figcaption>False-color temperature map of Ganymede</figcaption></figure> Despite the Voyager data, evidence for a tenuous oxygen atmosphere (<a href="/wiki/Exosphere" title="Exosphere">exosphere</a>) on Ganymede, very similar to the one found on Europa, was found by the <a href="/wiki/Hubble_Space_Telescope" title="Hubble Space Telescope">Hubble Space Telescope</a> (HST) in 1995.<a href="#cite_note-Hall1998-23">[17]</a><a href="#cite_note-JPLAtmosphere-94">[85]</a> HST actually observed <a href="/wiki/Airglow" title="Airglow">airglow</a> of atomic oxygen in the far-ultraviolet at the wavelengths 130.4 nm and 135.6 nm. Such an airglow is excited when <a href="/wiki/Molecular_oxygen" class="mw-redirect" title="Molecular oxygen">molecular oxygen</a> is <a href="/wiki/Dissociation_(chemistry)" title="Dissociation (chemistry)">dissociated</a> by electron impacts,<a href="#cite_note-Hall1998-23">[17]</a> which is evidence of a significant neutral atmosphere composed predominantly of O2 molecules. The surface number density probably lies in the (1.2–7)×108 cm−3 range, corresponding to the surface pressure of 0.2–1.2 μPa.<a href="#cite_note-Hall1998-23">[17]</a><a href="#cite_note-surfacedensitynumber-95">[j]</a> These values are in agreement with Voyager's upper limit set in 1981. The oxygen is not evidence of life; it is thought to be produced when water ice on Ganymede's surface is split into <a href="/wiki/Hydrogen" title="Hydrogen">hydrogen</a> and oxygen by radiation, with the hydrogen then being more rapidly lost due to its low atomic mass.<a href="#cite_note-JPLAtmosphere-94">[85]</a> The airglow observed over Ganymede is not spatially homogeneous like that observed over Europa. HST observed two bright spots located in the northern and southern hemispheres, near ± 50° latitude, which is exactly the boundary between the open and closed field lines of the Ganymedian magnetosphere (see below).<a href="#cite_note-Feldman2000-96">[86]</a> The bright spots are probably polar <a href="/wiki/Aurora_(astronomy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Aurora (astronomy)">auroras</a>, caused by plasma precipitation along the open field lines.<a href="#cite_note-Johnson1997-97">[87]</a> The existence of a neutral atmosphere implies that an <a href="/wiki/Ionosphere" title="Ionosphere">ionosphere</a> should exist, because oxygen molecules are ionized by the impacts of the energetic <a href="/wiki/Electron" title="Electron">electrons</a> coming from the magnetosphere<a href="#cite_note-Paranicas1999-98">[88]</a> and by solar <a href="/wiki/Extreme_ultraviolet" title="Extreme ultraviolet">EUV</a> radiation.<a href="#cite_note-Eviatar2001-30">[24]</a> However, the nature of the Ganymedian ionosphere is as controversial as the nature of the atmosphere. Some Galileo measurements found an elevated electron density near Ganymede, suggesting an ionosphere, whereas others failed to detect anything.<a href="#cite_note-Eviatar2001-30">[24]</a> The electron density near the surface is estimated by different sources to lie in the range 400–2,500 cm−3.<a href="#cite_note-Eviatar2001-30">[24]</a> As of 2008, the parameters of the ionosphere of Ganymede were not well constrained. Additional evidence of the oxygen atmosphere comes from spectral detection of gases trapped in the ice at the surface of Ganymede. The detection of <a href="/wiki/Ozone" title="Ozone">ozone</a> (O3) bands was announced in 1996.<a href="#cite_note-Noll1996-99">[89]</a> In 1997 spectroscopic analysis revealed the <a href="/wiki/Dimer_(chemistry)" class="mw-redirect" title="Dimer (chemistry)">dimer</a> (or <a href="/wiki/Diatomic" class="mw-redirect" title="Diatomic">diatomic</a>) absorption features of molecular oxygen. Such an absorption can arise only if the oxygen is in a dense phase. The best candidate is molecular oxygen trapped in ice. The depth of the dimer absorption bands depends on <a href="/wiki/Latitude" title="Latitude">latitude</a> and <a href="/wiki/Longitude" title="Longitude">longitude</a>, rather than on surface albedo—they tend to decrease with increasing latitude on Ganymede, whereas O3 shows an opposite trend.<a href="#cite_note-Oxygen97-100">[90]</a> Laboratory work has found that O2 would not cluster or bubble but would dissolve in ice at Ganymede's relatively warm surface temperature of 100 K (−173.15 °C).<a href="#cite_note-sci.5320-101">[91]</a> A search for <a href="/wiki/Sodium" title="Sodium">sodium</a> in the atmosphere, just after such a finding on Europa, turned up nothing in 1997. Sodium is at least 13 times less abundant around Ganymede than around Europa, possibly because of a relative deficiency at the surface or because the magnetosphere fends off energetic particles.<a href="#cite_note-ic.126.1-102">[92]</a> Another minor constituent of the Ganymedian atmosphere is <a href="/wiki/Atomic_hydrogen" class="mw-redirect" title="Atomic hydrogen">atomic hydrogen</a>. Hydrogen atoms were observed as far as 3,000 km from Ganymede's surface. Their density on the surface is about 1.5×104 cm−3.<a href="#cite_note-Barth1997-103">[93]</a> In 2021, water vapour was detected in the atmosphere of Ganymede.<a href="#cite_note-104">[94]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Magnetosphere">Magnetosphere</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ganymede_(moon)&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Magnetosphere">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ganymede_magnetic_field.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Ganymede_magnetic_field.svg/220px-Ganymede_magnetic_field.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="248" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Ganymede_magnetic_field.svg/330px-Ganymede_magnetic_field.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Ganymede_magnetic_field.svg/440px-Ganymede_magnetic_field.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="631" data-file-height="710" /></a><figcaption>Magnetic field of the Jovian satellite Ganymede, which is embedded into the magnetosphere of Jupiter. Closed field lines are marked with green color.</figcaption></figure> The Galileo craft made six close flybys of Ganymede from 1995 to 2000 (G1, G2, G7, G8, G28 and G29)<a href="#cite_note-Kivelson2002-29">[23]</a> and discovered that Ganymede has a permanent (intrinsic) <a href="/wiki/Magnetic_moment" title="Magnetic moment">magnetic moment</a> independent of the Jovian magnetic field.<a href="#cite_note-Kivelson1997-105">[95]</a> The value of the moment is about 1.3 × 1013 T·m3,<a href="#cite_note-Kivelson2002-29">[23]</a> which is three times larger than the <a href="/wiki/Mercury%27s_magnetic_field" title="Mercury's magnetic field">magnetic moment of Mercury</a>. The magnetic dipole is tilted with respect to the rotational axis of Ganymede by 176°, which means that it is directed against the Jovian magnetic moment.<a href="#cite_note-Kivelson2002-29">[23]</a> Its north pole lies below the <a href="/wiki/Orbital_plane_(astronomy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Orbital plane (astronomy)">orbital plane</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Dipole" title="Dipole">dipole magnetic field</a> created by this permanent moment has a strength of 719 ± 2 <a href="/wiki/Tesla_(unit)" title="Tesla (unit)">nT</a> at Ganymede's equator,<a href="#cite_note-Kivelson2002-29">[23]</a> which should be compared with the Jovian magnetic field at the distance of Ganymede—about 120 nT.<a href="#cite_note-Kivelson1997-105">[95]</a> The equatorial field of Ganymede is directed against the Jovian field, meaning <a href="/wiki/Magnetic_reconnection" title="Magnetic reconnection">reconnection</a> is possible. The intrinsic field strength at the poles is two times that at the equator—1440 nT.<a href="#cite_note-Kivelson2002-29">[23]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:15-33i2-JupiterMoon-Ganymede-Aurora-20150312.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/15-33i2-JupiterMoon-Ganymede-Aurora-20150312.png/220px-15-33i2-JupiterMoon-Ganymede-Aurora-20150312.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/15-33i2-JupiterMoon-Ganymede-Aurora-20150312.png/330px-15-33i2-JupiterMoon-Ganymede-Aurora-20150312.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/15-33i2-JupiterMoon-Ganymede-Aurora-20150312.png/440px-15-33i2-JupiterMoon-Ganymede-Aurora-20150312.png 2x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="700" /></a><figcaption>Aurorae on Ganymede—auroral belt shifting may indicate a subsurface saline ocean.</figcaption></figure> The permanent magnetic moment carves a part of space around Ganymede, creating a tiny <a href="/wiki/Magnetosphere" title="Magnetosphere">magnetosphere</a> embedded inside <a href="/wiki/Jupiter%27s_magnetosphere" class="mw-redirect" title="Jupiter's magnetosphere">that of Jupiter</a>; it is the only moon in the Solar System known to possess the feature.<a href="#cite_note-Kivelson1997-105">[95]</a> Its diameter is 4–5 Ganymede radii.<a href="#cite_note-Kivelson1998-106">[96]</a> The Ganymedian magnetosphere has a region of closed <a href="/wiki/Field_line" title="Field line">field lines</a> located below 30° latitude, where <a href="/wiki/Charged_particle" title="Charged particle">charged particles</a> (<a href="/wiki/Electron" title="Electron">electrons</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ion" title="Ion">ions</a>) are trapped, creating a kind of <a href="/wiki/Radiation_belt" class="mw-redirect" title="Radiation belt">radiation belt</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Kivelson1998-106">[96]</a> The main ion species in the magnetosphere is single ionized oxygen<a href="#cite_note-Eviatar2001-30">[24]</a> (O+) which fits well with Ganymede's tenuous oxygen <a href="/wiki/Atmosphere" title="Atmosphere">atmosphere</a>. In the polar cap regions, at latitudes higher than 30°, magnetic field lines are open, connecting Ganymede with Jupiter's ionosphere.<a href="#cite_note-Kivelson1998-106">[96]</a> In these areas, the energetic (tens and hundreds of <a href="/wiki/Kiloelectronvolt" class="mw-redirect" title="Kiloelectronvolt">kiloelectronvolt</a>) electrons and ions have been detected,<a href="#cite_note-Paranicas1999-98">[88]</a> which may cause the auroras observed around the Ganymedian poles.<a href="#cite_note-Feldman2000-96">[86]</a> In addition, heavy ions precipitate continuously on Ganymede's polar surface, <a href="/wiki/Sputtering" title="Sputtering">sputtering</a> and darkening the ice.<a href="#cite_note-Paranicas1999-98">[88]</a> The interaction between the Ganymedian magnetosphere and Jovian <a href="/wiki/Plasma_(physics)" title="Plasma (physics)">plasma</a> is in many respects similar to that of the <a href="/wiki/Solar_wind" title="Solar wind">solar wind</a> and Earth's magnetosphere.<a href="#cite_note-Kivelson1998-106">[96]</a><a href="#cite_note-Volwerk1999-107">[97]</a> The plasma co-rotating with Jupiter impinges on the trailing side of the Ganymedian magnetosphere much like the solar wind impinges on the Earth's magnetosphere. The main difference is the speed of plasma flow—<a href="/wiki/Supersonic" class="mw-redirect" title="Supersonic">supersonic</a> in the case of Earth and <a href="/wiki/Speed_of_sound" title="Speed of sound">subsonic</a> in the case of Ganymede. Because of the subsonic flow, there is no <a href="/wiki/Bow_shock" title="Bow shock">bow shock</a> off the trailing hemisphere of Ganymede.<a href="#cite_note-Volwerk1999-107">[97]</a> In addition to the intrinsic magnetic moment, Ganymede has an induced dipole magnetic field.<a href="#cite_note-Kivelson2002-29">[23]</a> Its existence is connected with the variation of the Jovian magnetic field near Ganymede. The induced moment is directed radially to or from Jupiter following the direction of the varying part of the planetary magnetic field. The induced magnetic moment is an order of magnitude weaker than the intrinsic one. The <a href="/wiki/Field_strength" title="Field strength">field strength</a> of the induced field at the magnetic equator is about 60 nT—half of that of the ambient Jovian field.<a href="#cite_note-Kivelson2002-29">[23]</a> The induced magnetic field of Ganymede is similar to those of Callisto and Europa, indicating that Ganymede also has a subsurface water ocean with a high electrical conductivity.<a href="#cite_note-Kivelson2002-29">[23]</a> Given that Ganymede is completely differentiated and has a metallic core,<a href="#cite_note-Showman1999-11">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-Hauk2006-91">[82]</a> its intrinsic magnetic field is probably generated in a similar fashion to the Earth's: as a result of conducting material moving in the interior.<a href="#cite_note-Kivelson2002-29">[23]</a><a href="#cite_note-Hauk2006-91">[82]</a> The magnetic field detected around Ganymede is likely to be caused by compositional convection in the core,<a href="#cite_note-Hauk2006-91">[82]</a> if the magnetic field is the product of dynamo action, or magnetoconvection.<a href="#cite_note-Kivelson2002-29">[23]</a><a href="#cite_note-Hauck2002-108">[98]</a> Despite the presence of an iron core, Ganymede's magnetosphere remains enigmatic, particularly given that similar bodies lack the feature.<a href="#cite_note-Showman1999-11">[9]</a> Some research has suggested that, given its relatively small size, the core ought to have sufficiently cooled to the point where fluid motions, hence a magnetic field would not be sustained. One explanation is that the same orbital resonances proposed to have disrupted the surface also allowed the magnetic field to persist: with Ganymede's eccentricity pumped and tidal heating of the mantle increased during such resonances, reducing heat flow from the core, leaving it fluid and convective.<a href="#cite_note-Bland2007-69">[60]</a> Another explanation is a remnant magnetization of silicate rocks in the mantle, which is possible if the satellite had a more significant dynamo-generated field in the past.<a href="#cite_note-Showman1999-11">[9]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Radiation_environment">Radiation environment</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ganymede_(moon)&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Radiation environment">edit</a>]</div> The radiation level at the surface of Ganymede is considerably lower than on Europa, being 50–80 mSv (5–8 rem) per day, an amount that would cause severe illness or death in human beings exposed for two months.<a href="#cite_note-Podzolko-109">[99]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Origin_and_evolution">Origin and evolution</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ganymede_(moon)&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Origin and evolution">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ganymede_terrain.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Ganymede_terrain.jpg/250px-Ganymede_terrain.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="115" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Ganymede_terrain.jpg/375px-Ganymede_terrain.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Ganymede_terrain.jpg/500px-Ganymede_terrain.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1764" data-file-height="809" /></a><figcaption>A sharp boundary divides the ancient dark terrain of Nicholson Regio from the younger, finely striated bright terrain of Harpagia Sulcus.</figcaption></figure> Ganymede probably formed by an <a href="/wiki/Accretion_(astrophysics)" title="Accretion (astrophysics)">accretion</a> in Jupiter's <a href="/wiki/Solar_nebula" class="mw-redirect" title="Solar nebula">subnebula</a>, a disk of gas and dust surrounding Jupiter after its formation.<a href="#cite_note-Canup2002-110">[100]</a> The accretion of Ganymede probably took about 10,000 years,<a href="#cite_note-Mosqueira2003-111">[101]</a> much shorter than the 100,000 years estimated for Callisto. The Jovian subnebula may have been relatively "gas-starved" when the Galilean satellites formed; this would have allowed for the lengthy accretion times required for Callisto.<a href="#cite_note-Canup2002-110">[100]</a> In contrast, Ganymede formed closer to Jupiter, where the subnebula was denser, which explains its shorter formation timescale.<a href="#cite_note-Mosqueira2003-111">[101]</a> This relatively fast formation prevented the escape of accretional heat, which may have led to ice melt and <a href="/wiki/Planetary_differentiation" title="Planetary differentiation">differentiation</a>: the separation of the rocks and ice. The rocks settled to the center, forming the core.<a href="#cite_note-Bhatia2017-80">[71]</a> In this respect, Ganymede is different from Callisto, which apparently failed to melt and differentiate early due to loss of the accretional heat during its slower formation.<a href="#cite_note-McKinnon2006-112">[102]</a> This hypothesis explains why the two Jovian moons look so dissimilar, despite their similar mass and composition.<a href="#cite_note-Freeman2006-83">[74]</a><a href="#cite_note-McKinnon2006-112">[102]</a> Alternative theories explain Ganymede's greater internal heating on the basis of tidal flexing<a href="#cite_note-Showman2-113">[103]</a> or more intense pummeling by impactors during the <a href="/wiki/Late_Heavy_Bombardment" title="Late Heavy Bombardment">Late Heavy Bombardment</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Baldwin-114">[104]</a><a href="#cite_note-Phys.Org2010-115">[105]</a><a href="#cite_note-LPI1158-116">[106]</a><a href="#cite_note-Barr3-117">[107]</a> In the latter case, modeling suggests that differentiation would become a <a href="/wiki/Thermal_runaway" title="Thermal runaway">runaway process</a> at Ganymede but not Callisto.<a href="#cite_note-LPI1158-116">[106]</a><a href="#cite_note-Barr3-117">[107]</a> After formation, Ganymede's core largely retained the heat accumulated during accretion and differentiation, only slowly releasing it to the ice mantle.<a href="#cite_note-McKinnon2006-112">[102]</a> The mantle, in turn, transported it to the surface by convection.<a href="#cite_note-Freeman2006-83">[74]</a> The decay of <a href="/wiki/Radioactivity" class="mw-redirect" title="Radioactivity">radioactive elements</a> within rocks further heated the core, causing increased differentiation: an inner, iron–iron-sulfide core and a silicate mantle formed.<a href="#cite_note-Hauk2006-91">[82]</a><a href="#cite_note-McKinnon2006-112">[102]</a> With this, Ganymede became a fully differentiated body.<a href="#cite_note-Bhatia2017-80">[71]</a> By comparison, the radioactive heating of undifferentiated Callisto caused convection in its icy interior, which effectively cooled it and prevented large-scale melting of ice and rapid differentiation.<a href="#cite_note-Nagel2004-118">[108]</a> The convective motions in Callisto have caused only a partial separation of rock and ice.<a href="#cite_note-Nagel2004-118">[108]</a> Today, Ganymede continues to cool slowly.<a href="#cite_note-Hauk2006-91">[82]</a> The heat being released from its core and silicate mantle enables the subsurface ocean to exist,<a href="#cite_note-Spohn2003-56">[48]</a> whereas the slow cooling of the liquid Fe–FeS core causes convection and supports magnetic field generation.<a href="#cite_note-Hauk2006-91">[82]</a> The current <a href="/wiki/Heat_flux" title="Heat flux">heat flux</a> out of Ganymede is probably higher than that out of Callisto.<a href="#cite_note-McKinnon2006-112">[102]</a> A study from 2020 by Hirata, Suetsugu and Ohtsuki suggests that Ganymede probably was hit by a massive asteroid 4 billion years ago; an impact so violent that may have shifted the moon's axis. The study came to this conclusion analyzing images of the furrows system in the satellite's surface.<a href="#cite_note-119">[109]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Exploration">Exploration</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ganymede_(moon)&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Exploration">edit</a>]</div> Several spacecraft have performed close <a href="/wiki/Flyby_(spaceflight)" title="Flyby (spaceflight)">flybys</a> of Ganymede: two Pioneer and two Voyager spacecraft made a single flyby each between 1973 and 1979; the Galileo spacecraft made six passes between 1996 and 2000; and the <a href="/wiki/Juno_(spacecraft)" title="Juno (spacecraft)">Juno</a> spacecraft performed two flybys in 2019 and 2021.<a href="#cite_note-NYT-20210608-120">[110]</a> No spacecraft has yet orbited Ganymede, but the <a href="/wiki/Jupiter_Icy_Moons_Explorer" title="Jupiter Icy Moons Explorer">JUICE</a> mission, which launched in April 2023, intends to do so. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Completed_flybys">Completed flybys</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ganymede_(moon)&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Completed flybys">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ganymede_from_Pioneer_10_19.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Ganymede_from_Pioneer_10_19.jpg/220px-Ganymede_from_Pioneer_10_19.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="219" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5f/Ganymede_from_Pioneer_10_19.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="302" data-file-height="300" /></a><figcaption>Ganymede from <a href="/wiki/Pioneer_10" title="Pioneer 10">Pioneer 10</a> (1973)</figcaption></figure> The first spacecraft to approach close to Ganymede was <a href="/wiki/Pioneer_10" title="Pioneer 10">Pioneer 10</a>, which performed a flyby in 1973 as it passed through the Jupiter system at high speed. <a href="/wiki/Pioneer_11" title="Pioneer 11">Pioneer 11</a> made a similar flyby in 1974.<a href="#cite_note-Pioneer_11-35">[28]</a> Data sent back by the two spacecraft was used to determine the moon's physical characteristics<a href="#cite_note-Terraformers-121">[111]</a> and provided images of the surface with up to 400 km (250 mi) resolution.<a href="#cite_note-chap6-122">[112]</a> Pioneer 10's closest approach was 446,250 km, about 85 times Ganymede's diameter.<a href="#cite_note-dmu.p10-123">[113]</a> <a href="/wiki/Voyager_1" title="Voyager 1">Voyager 1</a> and <a href="/wiki/Voyager_2" title="Voyager 2">Voyager 2</a> both studied Ganymede when passing through the Jupiter system in 1979. Data from those flybys were used to refine the size of Ganymede, revealing it was larger than <a href="/wiki/Saturn" title="Saturn">Saturn</a>'s moon Titan, which was previously thought to have been bigger.<a href="#cite_note-Voyager-124">[114]</a> Images from the Voyagers provided the first views of the moon's grooved surface terrain.<a href="#cite_note-Voyager_Mission-125">[115]</a> The Pioneer and Voyager flybys were all at large distances and high speeds, as they flew on <a href="/wiki/Hyperbolic_orbit" class="mw-redirect" title="Hyperbolic orbit">unbound trajectories</a> through the Jupiter system. Better data can be obtained from a spacecraft which is orbiting Jupiter, as it can encounter Ganymede at a lower speed and adjust the orbit for a closer approach. In 1995, the <a href="/wiki/Galileo_(spacecraft)" title="Galileo (spacecraft)">Galileo</a> spacecraft entered orbit around Jupiter and between 1996 and 2000 made six close flybys of Ganymede.<a href="#cite_note-The_Grand_Tour-47">[40]</a> These flybys were denoted G1, G2, G7, G8, G28 and G29.<a href="#cite_note-Kivelson2002-29">[23]</a> During the closest flyby (G2), Galileo passed just 264 km from the surface of Ganymede (five percent of the moon's diameter),<a href="#cite_note-Kivelson2002-29">[23]</a> which remains the closest approach by any spacecraft. During the G1 flyby in 1996, Galileo instruments detected Ganymede's magnetic field.<a href="#cite_note-Magnetic_Field_Discovery-126">[116]</a> Data from the Galileo flybys was used to discover the sub-surface ocean, which was announced in 2001.<a href="#cite_note-Kivelson2002-29">[23]</a><a href="#cite_note-The_Grand_Tour-47">[40]</a> High spatial resolution spectra of Ganymede taken by Galileo were used to identify several non-ice compounds on the surface.<a href="#cite_note-McCord1998-60">[52]</a> The <a href="/wiki/New_Horizons" title="New Horizons">New Horizons</a> spacecraft also observed Ganymede, but from a much larger distance as it passed through the Jupiter system in 2007 (en route to <a href="/wiki/Pluto" title="Pluto">Pluto</a>). The data were used to perform topographic and compositional mapping of Ganymede.<a href="#cite_note-New_Horizons-127">[117]</a><a href="#cite_note-Grundy2007-128">[118]</a> Like Galileo, the <a href="/wiki/Juno_(spacecraft)" title="Juno (spacecraft)">Juno</a> spacecraft orbited Jupiter. On 2019 December 25, Juno performed a distant flyby of Ganymede during its 24th orbit of Jupiter, at a range of 97,680 to 109,439 kilometers (60,696 to 68,002 mi). This flyby provided images of the moon's polar regions.<a href="#cite_note-Juno-129">[119]</a><a href="#cite_note-Inaf-130">[120]</a> In June 2021, Juno performed a second flyby, at a closer distance of 1,038 kilometers (645 mi).<a href="#cite_note-NYT-20210608-120">[110]</a><a href="#cite_note-131">[121]</a> This encounter was designed to provide a <a href="/wiki/Gravity_assist" title="Gravity assist">gravity assist</a> to reduce Juno's orbital period from 53 days to 43 days. Additional images of the surface were collected.<a href="#cite_note-NYT-20210608-120">[110]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Future_missions">Future missions</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ganymede_(moon)&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Future missions">edit</a>]</div> The <a href="/wiki/Jupiter_Icy_Moons_Explorer" title="Jupiter Icy Moons Explorer">Jupiter Icy Moons Explorer</a> (JUICE) will be the first to enter orbit around Ganymede itself. JUICE was launched on April 14, 2023.<a href="#cite_note-esa-20221202-132">[122]</a> It is intended to perform its first flyby of Ganymede in 2031, then enter orbit of the moon in 2032. When the spacecraft consumes its propellant, JUICE is planned to be deorbited and impact Ganymede in February 2034.<a href="#cite_note-133">[123]</a> In addition to JUICE, NASA's <a href="/wiki/Europa_Clipper" title="Europa Clipper">Europa Clipper</a>, which was launched in October 2024, will conduct 4 close flybys of Ganymede beginning in 2030.<a href="#cite_note-134">[124]</a> It may also crash into Ganymede at the end of its mission to aid JUICE in studying the surface's geochemistry.<a href="#cite_note-LPI_OPAG_2022-135">[125]</a><a href="#cite_note-Waldek_2022-136">[126]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cancelled_proposals">Cancelled proposals</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ganymede_(moon)&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Cancelled proposals">edit</a>]</div> Several other missions have been proposed to flyby or orbit Ganymede, but were either not selected for funding or cancelled before launch. The <a href="/wiki/Jupiter_Icy_Moons_Orbiter" title="Jupiter Icy Moons Orbiter">Jupiter Icy Moons Orbiter</a> would have studied Ganymede in greater detail.<a href="#cite_note-JIMO-137">[127]</a> However, the mission was canceled in 2005.<a href="#cite_note-n.050207-138">[128]</a> Another old proposal was called The Grandeur of Ganymede.<a href="#cite_note-Pappalardo2001-67">[58]</a> A Ganymede orbiter based on the Juno probe was proposed in 2010 for the <a href="/wiki/Planetary_Science_Decadal_Survey" title="Planetary Science Decadal Survey">Planetary Science Decadal Survey</a>.<a href="#cite_note-ssb-139">[129]</a> The mission was not supported, with the Decadal Survey preferring the <a href="/wiki/Europa_Clipper" title="Europa Clipper">Europa Clipper</a> mission instead.<a href="#cite_note-140">[130]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Europa_Jupiter_System_Mission" class="mw-redirect" title="Europa Jupiter System Mission">Europa Jupiter System Mission</a> had a proposed launch date of 2020, and was a joint NASA and ESA proposal for exploration of many of Jupiter's moons including Ganymede. In February 2009 it was announced that ESA and NASA had given this mission priority ahead of the <a href="/wiki/Titan_Saturn_System_Mission" title="Titan Saturn System Mission">Titan Saturn System Mission</a>.<a href="#cite_note-bbc.7897585-141">[131]</a> The mission was to consist of the NASA-led <a href="/wiki/Jupiter_Europa_Orbiter" title="Jupiter Europa Orbiter">Jupiter Europa Orbiter</a>, the ESA-led <a href="/wiki/Jupiter_Ganymede_Orbiter" title="Jupiter Ganymede Orbiter">Jupiter Ganymede Orbiter</a>, and possibly a <a href="/wiki/JAXA" title="JAXA">JAXA</a>-led <a href="/wiki/Jupiter_Magnetospheric_Orbiter" title="Jupiter Magnetospheric Orbiter">Jupiter Magnetospheric Orbiter</a>. The NASA and JAXA components were later cancelled, and ESA's appeared likely to be cancelled too,<a href="#cite_note-esa.41177-142">[132]</a> but in 2012 ESA announced it would go ahead alone. The European part of the mission became the Jupiter Icy Moon Explorer (JUICE).<a href="#cite_note-juiceL1-143">[133]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Russian_Space_Research_Institute" title="Russian Space Research Institute">Russian Space Research Institute</a> proposed a Ganymede lander <a href="/wiki/Astrobiology" title="Astrobiology">astrobiology</a> mission called <a href="/wiki/Laplace-P" title="Laplace-P">Laplace-P</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Lander_workshop-144">[134]</a> possibly in partnership with JUICE.<a href="#cite_note-Lander_workshop-144">[134]</a><a href="#cite_note-bbc.20407902-145">[135]</a> If selected, it would have been launched in 2023. The mission was cancelled due to a lack of funding in 2017.<a href="#cite_note-:1-146">[136]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ganymede_(moon)&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 20em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cold_trap_(astronomy)" title="Cold trap (astronomy)">Cold trap (astronomy)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moons_of_Jupiter" title="Moons of Jupiter">Moons of Jupiter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galilean_moons" title="Galilean moons">Galilean moons</a> (the four biggest moons of Jupiter)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jupiter%27s_moons_in_fiction" class="mw-redirect" title="Jupiter's moons in fiction">Jupiter's moons in fiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_craters_on_Ganymede" title="List of craters on Ganymede">List of craters on Ganymede</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_geological_features_on_Ganymede" title="List of geological features on Ganymede">List of geological features on Ganymede</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_natural_satellites" title="List of natural satellites">List of natural satellites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lunar_and_Planetary_Institute" title="Lunar and Planetary Institute">Lunar and Planetary Institute</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ganymede_(moon)&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Notes">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-periapsiscomment-8"><a href="#cite_ref-periapsiscomment_8-0">^</a> Periapsis is derived from the semimajor axis (a) and eccentricity (e): <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle a\cdot (1-e)}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>a</mi> <mo>⋅</mo> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mn>1</mn> <mo>−</mo> <mi>e</mi> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle a\cdot (1-e)}</annotation> </semantics> </math><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/bba903b68327af254cc313ce71020717cda4691b" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:9.805ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle a\cdot (1-e)}">. </li> <li id="cite_note-apoapsiscomment-9"><a href="#cite_ref-apoapsiscomment_9-0">^</a> Apoapsis is derived from the semimajor axis (a) and eccentricity (e): <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle a\cdot (1+e)}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>a</mi> <mo>⋅</mo> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mn>1</mn> <mo>+</mo> <mi>e</mi> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle a\cdot (1+e)}</annotation> </semantics> </math><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/3419fa988faf132ef5b3a77a4ed2cee675dce020" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:9.805ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle a\cdot (1+e)}">. </li> <li id="cite_note-surfaceareacomment-12"><a href="#cite_ref-surfaceareacomment_12-0">^</a> Surface area derived from the radius (r): <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle 4\pi r^{2}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mn>4</mn> <mi>π</mi> <msup> <mi>r</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msup> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle 4\pi r^{2}}</annotation> </semantics> </math><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/b81fcce302776a01dc66fc186a1ce0a616b4d772" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:4.597ex; height:2.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle 4\pi r^{2}}">. </li> <li id="cite_note-volumecomment-13"><a href="#cite_ref-volumecomment_13-0">^</a> Volume derived from the radius (r): <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle 4\pi r^{3}/3}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mn>4</mn> <mi>π</mi> <msup> <mi>r</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>3</mn> </mrow> </msup> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>/</mo> </mrow> <mn>3</mn> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle 4\pi r^{3}/3}</annotation> </semantics> </math><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/a8f404b3cbe747937404f1a0bc0fbc167e6ecb2a" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:6.922ex; height:3.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle 4\pi r^{3}/3}">. </li> <li id="cite_note-surfacegravitycomment-14"><a href="#cite_ref-surfacegravitycomment_14-0">^</a> Surface gravity derived from the mass (m), the <a href="/wiki/Gravitational_constant" title="Gravitational constant">gravitational constant</a> (G) and the radius (r): <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle Gm/r^{2}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>G</mi> <mi>m</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>/</mo> </mrow> <msup> <mi>r</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msup> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle Gm/r^{2}}</annotation> </semantics> </math><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/8ecf411b2c6f7541f7c491168f3dfda76c5b1079" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:7.132ex; height:3.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle Gm/r^{2}}">. </li> <li id="cite_note-escapevelocitycomment-16"><a href="#cite_ref-escapevelocitycomment_16-0">^</a> Escape velocity derived from the mass (m), the <a href="/wiki/Gravitational_constant" title="Gravitational constant">gravitational constant</a> (G) and the radius (r): <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \textstyle {\sqrt {2Gm/r}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mstyle displaystyle="false" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <msqrt> <mn>2</mn> <mi>G</mi> <mi>m</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>/</mo> </mrow> <mi>r</mi> </msqrt> </mrow> </mstyle> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \textstyle {\sqrt {2Gm/r}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/49dad6d03cb538ba302224ee081628149e4a1476" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:9.564ex; height:3.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \textstyle {\sqrt {2Gm/r}}}">. </li> <li id="cite_note-Marius-32">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Marius_32-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Marius_32-1">b</a> It is probable that the German astronomer <a href="/wiki/Simon_Marius" title="Simon Marius">Simon Marius</a> discovered it independently the same year.<a href="#cite_note-31">[25]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-laplaceres-51"><a href="#cite_ref-laplaceres_51-0">^</a> A Laplace-like resonance is similar to the current Laplace resonance among the Galilean moons with the only difference being that longitudes of the Io–Europa and Europa–Ganymede conjunctions change with rates whose ratio is a non-unity rational number. If the ratio is unity, then the resonance is the Laplace resonance. </li> <li id="cite_note-hemispherecomment-62"><a href="#cite_ref-hemispherecomment_62-0">^</a> The leading hemisphere is the hemisphere facing the direction of orbital motion; the trailing hemisphere faces the reverse direction. </li> <li id="cite_note-surfacedensitynumber-95"><a href="#cite_ref-surfacedensitynumber_95-0">^</a> The surface number density and pressure were calculated from the column densities reported in Hall, et al. 1998, assuming a <a href="/wiki/Scale_height" title="Scale height">scale height</a> of 20 km and temperature 120 K. </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ganymede_(moon)&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.missionjuno.swri.edu/junocam/processing?id=10742">"'Tros Crater, Ganymede – PJ34-1 Detail' |"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%27Tros+Crater%2C+Ganymede+%E2%80%93+PJ34-1+Detail%27+%26%23124%3B&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.missionjuno.swri.edu%2Fjunocam%2Fprocessing%3Fid%3D10742&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGanymede+%28moon%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-SidereusNuncius-2">^ <a href="#cite_ref-SidereusNuncius_2-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-SidereusNuncius_2-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-SidereusNuncius_2-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGalileitranslated_by_Edward_Carlos1610" class="citation web cs1">Galilei, Galileo; translated by Edward Carlos (March 1610). 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BBC News. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181202232039/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/science-environment-20407902">Archived</a> from the original on December 2, 2018. Retrieved June 20, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Russia+and+Europe+joint+Mars+bid+agreement+approved&rft.date=2012-11-20&rft.aulast=Amos&rft.aufirst=Jonathan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fscience-environment-20407902&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGanymede+%28moon%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-146"><a href="#cite_ref-:1_146-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFСтруговец2017" class="citation news cs1">Струговец, Дмитрий (July 15, 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180705091658/https://tass.ru/opinions/interviews/4411146">"Вице-президент РАН: сроки реализации лунной программы сдвинулись ради проекта "ЭкзоМарс""</a>. TASS. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://tass.ru/opinions/interviews/4411146">the original</a> on July 5, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=TASS&rft.atitle=%D0%92%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B5-%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82+%D0%A0%D0%90%D0%9D%3A+%D1%81%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%B8+%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B8+%D0%BB%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B9+%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BC%D1%8B+%D1%81%D0%B4%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%8C+%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B8+%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%B0+%22%D0%AD%D0%BA%D0%B7%D0%BE%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81%22&rft.date=2017-07-15&rft.aulast=%D0%A1%D1%82%D1%80%D1%83%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%86&rft.aufirst=%D0%94%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B9&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftass.ru%2Fopinions%2Finterviews%2F4411146&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGanymede+%28moon%29" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ganymede_(moon)&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Further reading">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDoughertyGrasset2011" class="citation conference cs1">Dougherty; Grasset (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lpi.usra.edu/opag/Oct2011/presentations/Dougherty.pdf">Jupiter Icy Moon Explorer</a> (PDF).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=conference&rft.btitle=Jupiter+Icy+Moon+Explorer&rft.date=2011&rft.au=Dougherty&rft.au=Grasset&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.lpi.usra.edu%2Fopag%2FOct2011%2Fpresentations%2FDougherty.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGanymede+%28moon%29" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190824191023/https://www.spacetelescope.org/images/opo1431a/">"Jupiter's Great Red Spot and Ganymede's shadow"</a>. www.spacetelescope.org. ESA/Hubble. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.spacetelescope.org/images/opo1431a/">the original</a> on August 24, 2019. Retrieved October 31, 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.spacetelescope.org&rft.atitle=Jupiter%27s+Great+Red+Spot+and+Ganymede%27s+shadow&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.spacetelescope.org%2Fimages%2Fopo1431a%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGanymede+%28moon%29" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ganymede_(moon)&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 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rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180728113750/https://solarsystem.nasa.gov/moons/jupiter-moons/ganymede/in-depth/">Ganymede page</a> at <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://solarsystem.nasa.gov/">NASA's Solar System Exploration site</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nineplanets.org/ganymede.html">Ganymede page</a> at The Nine Planets</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.solarviews.com/eng/ganymede.htm">Ganymede page</a> at Views of the Solar System</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lpi.usra.edu/resources/gc/gchome.shtml">Ganymede Crater Database</a> from the Lunar and Planetary Institute</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://photojournal.jpl.nasa.gov/target/Ganymede">Images of Ganymede at JPL's Planetary Photojournal</a></li> <li>Movie of <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=r8LlKoRMgaY">Ganymede's rotation</a> from the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.scientificamerican.com/media/inline/blog/Image/ganymede_map.jpg">Ganymede map</a> from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.scientificamerican.com/article.cfm?id=ganymede-new-map">Scientific American article</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://photojournal.jpl.nasa.gov/catalog/?IDNumber=PIA03781">Ganymede map with feature names</a> from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://photojournal.jpl.nasa.gov/">Planetary Photojournal</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://planetarynames.wr.usgs.gov/Page/GANYMEDE/target">Ganymede nomenclature</a> and <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://planetarynames.wr.usgs.gov/images/gany_15ppi.pdf">Ganymede map with feature names</a> from the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://planetarynames.wr.usgs.gov">USGS planetary nomenclature page</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://stereomoons.blogspot.com/2009/10/galileo-4-moons-at-400-years.html">Paul Schenk's 3D images and flyover videos of Ganymede and other outer solar system satellites</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://sites.nationalacademies.org/SSB/xpedio/groups/ssbsite/documents/webpage/SSB_059315.pdf">Ganymede Orbiter Concept</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubs.usgs.gov/sim/3237/">Global Geologic Map of Ganymede</a> (USGS)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/maps/space/ganymede/@-1.551038,-164.6549184,6869088m/data=!3m1!1e3">Google Ganymede 3D</a>, interactive map of the moon</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Dv8UwzSOxmA">Video (animation; 4:00): Flyby of Ganymede and Jupiter</a> (<a href="/wiki/NASA" title="NASA">NASA</a>; July 15, 2021).</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · 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.navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Ganymede" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Ganymede_(moon)" title="Template:Ganymede (moon)"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Ganymede_(moon)" title="Template talk:Ganymede (moon)"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Ganymede_(moon)" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Ganymede (moon)"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Ganymede" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Ganymede</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Geology</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_geological_features_on_Ganymede" title="List of geological features on Ganymede">List of geological features on Ganymede</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_quadrangles_on_Ganymede" title="List of quadrangles on Ganymede">List of quadrangles on Ganymede</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_craters_on_Ganymede" title="List of craters on Ganymede">List of craters on Ganymede</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_craters_on_Ganymede" title="List of craters on Ganymede">Impact craters</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Achelous_(crater)" title="Achelous (crater)">Achelous</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/El_(crater)" title="El (crater)">El</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epigeus_(crater)" title="Epigeus (crater)">Epigeus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gula_(crater)" title="Gula (crater)">Gula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khensu_(crater)" title="Khensu (crater)">Khensu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kittu_(crater)" title="Kittu (crater)">Kittu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neith_(crater)" title="Neith (crater)">Neith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nergal_(crater)" title="Nergal (crater)">Nergal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Regions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Galileo_Regio" title="Galileo Regio">Galileo Regio</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sulci</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Uruk_Sulcus" title="Uruk Sulcus">Uruk Sulcus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Faculae</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Memphis_Facula" title="Memphis Facula">Memphis Facula</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Catenae</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Enki_Catena" title="Enki Catena">Enki Catena</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="3" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px;padding-left: 0.5em;"><div><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Ganymede_-_Perijove_34_Composite.png/100px-Ganymede_-_Perijove_34_Composite.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Ganymede_-_Perijove_34_Composite.png/150px-Ganymede_-_Perijove_34_Composite.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Ganymede_-_Perijove_34_Composite.png/200px-Ganymede_-_Perijove_34_Composite.png 2x" data-file-width="3445" data-file-height="3445" /></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Exploration</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Past</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pioneer_10" title="Pioneer 10">Pioneer 10</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pioneer_11" title="Pioneer 11">Pioneer 11</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voyager_1" title="Voyager 1">Voyager 1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voyager_2" title="Voyager 2">Voyager 2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galileo_(spacecraft)" title="Galileo (spacecraft)">Galileo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cassini%E2%80%93Huygens" title="Cassini–Huygens">Cassini–Huygens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Horizons" title="New Horizons">New Horizons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juno_(spacecraft)" title="Juno (spacecraft)">Juno</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Planned</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jupiter_Icy_Moons_Explorer" title="Jupiter Icy Moons Explorer">Jupiter Icy Moons Explorer</a> (2023)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Europa_Clipper" title="Europa Clipper">Europa Clipper</a> (2024)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Cancelled</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jupiter_Ganymede_Orbiter" title="Jupiter Ganymede Orbiter">Jupiter Ganymede Orbiter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jupiter_Icy_Moons_Orbiter" title="Jupiter Icy Moons Orbiter">Jupiter Icy Moons Orbiter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laplace-P" title="Laplace-P">Laplace-P</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jupiter%27s_moons_in_fiction#Ganymede" class="mw-redirect" title="Jupiter's moons in fiction">Ganymede in fiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Life_on_Ganymede" class="mw-redirect" title="Life on Ganymede">Life</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Moons_of_Jupiter" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="text-align: center;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Moons_of_Jupiter" title="Template:Moons of Jupiter"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Moons_of_Jupiter" title="Template talk:Moons of Jupiter"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Moons_of_Jupiter" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Moons of Jupiter"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Moons_of_Jupiter" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Moons_of_Jupiter" title="Moons of Jupiter">Moons of Jupiter</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="text-align: center;"><div>Listed in increasing approximate distance from Jupiter</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%">Inner moons</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Metis_(moon)" title="Metis (moon)">Metis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adrastea_(moon)" title="Adrastea (moon)">Adrastea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amalthea_(moon)" title="Amalthea (moon)">Amalthea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thebe_(moon)" title="Thebe (moon)">Thebe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Galilean_moons" title="Galilean moons">Galilean moons</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Io_(moon)" title="Io (moon)">Io</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Europa_(moon)" title="Europa (moon)">Europa</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Ganymede</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Callisto_(moon)" title="Callisto (moon)">Callisto</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%">Themisto</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Themisto_(moon)" title="Themisto (moon)">Themisto</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Himalia_group" title="Himalia group">Himalia group</a> (9)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Leda_(moon)" title="Leda (moon)">Leda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ersa_(moon)" title="Ersa (moon)">Ersa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S/2018_J_2" title="S/2018 J 2">S/2018 J 2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Himalia_(moon)" title="Himalia (moon)">Himalia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pandia_(moon)" title="Pandia (moon)">Pandia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lysithea_(moon)" title="Lysithea (moon)">Lysithea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elara_(moon)" title="Elara (moon)">Elara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S/2011_J_3" title="S/2011 J 3">S/2011 J 3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dia_(moon)" title="Dia (moon)">Dia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%">Carpo group (2)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/S/2018_J_4" title="S/2018 J 4">S/2018 J 4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carpo_(moon)" title="Carpo (moon)">Carpo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%">Valetudo</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Valetudo_(moon)" title="Valetudo (moon)">Valetudo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ananke_group" title="Ananke group">Ananke group</a> (26)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Euporie_(moon)" title="Euporie (moon)">Euporie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jupiter_LV" title="Jupiter LV">Jupiter LV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eupheme_(moon)" title="Eupheme (moon)">Eupheme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S/2021_J_3" title="S/2021 J 3">S/2021 J 3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jupiter_LII" title="Jupiter LII">Jupiter LII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jupiter_LIV" title="Jupiter LIV">Jupiter LIV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mneme_(moon)" title="Mneme (moon)">Mneme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euanthe_(moon)" title="Euanthe (moon)">Euanthe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S/2003_J_16" title="S/2003 J 16">S/2003 J 16</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harpalyke_(moon)" title="Harpalyke (moon)">Harpalyke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orthosie_(moon)" title="Orthosie (moon)">Orthosie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S/2022_J_3" title="S/2022 J 3">S/2022 J 3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helike_(moon)" title="Helike (moon)">Helike</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S/2021_J_2" title="S/2021 J 2">S/2021 J 2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Praxidike_(moon)" title="Praxidike (moon)">Praxidike</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jupiter_LXIV" title="Jupiter LXIV">Jupiter LXIV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S/2021_J_1" title="S/2021 J 1">S/2021 J 1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S/2003_J_12" title="S/2003 J 12">S/2003 J 12</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jupiter_LXVIII" title="Jupiter LXVIII">Jupiter LXVIII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thelxinoe_(moon)" title="Thelxinoe (moon)">Thelxinoe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thyone_(moon)" title="Thyone (moon)">Thyone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S/2003_J_2" title="S/2003 J 2">S/2003 J 2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ananke_(moon)" title="Ananke (moon)">Ananke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iocaste_(moon)" title="Iocaste (moon)">Iocaste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermippe_(moon)" title="Hermippe (moon)">Hermippe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jupiter_LXX" title="Jupiter LXX">Jupiter LXX</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Carme_group" title="Carme group">Carme group</a> (30)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/S/2022_J_1" title="S/2022 J 1">S/2022 J 1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S/2022_J_2" title="S/2022 J 2">S/2022 J 2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S/2016_J_3" title="S/2016 J 3">S/2016 J 3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pasithee_(moon)" title="Pasithee (moon)">Pasithee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jupiter_LXIX" title="Jupiter LXIX">Jupiter LXIX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S/2021_J_6" title="S/2021 J 6">S/2021 J 6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S/2003_J_24" title="S/2003 J 24">S/2003 J 24</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chaldene" title="Chaldene">Chaldene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jupiter_LXIII" title="Jupiter LXIII">Jupiter LXIII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isonoe_(moon)" title="Isonoe (moon)">Isonoe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S/2021_J_4" title="S/2021 J 4">S/2021 J 4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kallichore_(moon)" title="Kallichore (moon)">Kallichore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erinome" title="Erinome">Erinome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kale_(moon)" title="Kale (moon)">Kale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eirene_(moon)" title="Eirene (moon)">Eirene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aitne_(moon)" title="Aitne (moon)">Aitne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eukelade" title="Eukelade">Eukelade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arche_(moon)" title="Arche (moon)">Arche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taygete_(moon)" title="Taygete (moon)">Taygete</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jupiter_LXXII" title="Jupiter LXXII">Jupiter LXXII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carme_(moon)" title="Carme (moon)">Carme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herse_(moon)" title="Herse (moon)">Herse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jupiter_LXI" title="Jupiter LXI">Jupiter LXI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jupiter_LI" title="Jupiter LI">Jupiter LI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S/2003_J_9" title="S/2003 J 9">S/2003 J 9</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jupiter_LXVI" title="Jupiter LXVI">Jupiter LXVI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalyke" title="Kalyke">Kalyke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S/2018_J_3" title="S/2018 J 3">S/2018 J 3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S/2021_J_5" title="S/2021 J 5">S/2021 J 5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S/2003_J_10" title="S/2003 J 10">S/2003 J 10</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pasiphae_group" title="Pasiphae group">Pasiphae group</a> (18)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Philophrosyne_(moon)" title="Philophrosyne (moon)">Philophrosyne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eurydome_(moon)" title="Eurydome (moon)">Eurydome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jupiter_LVI" title="Jupiter LVI">Jupiter LVI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S/2003_J_4" title="S/2003 J 4">S/2003 J 4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S/2016_J_4" title="S/2016 J 4">S/2016 J 4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jupiter_LXVII" title="Jupiter LXVII">Jupiter LXVII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hegemone_(moon)" title="Hegemone (moon)">Hegemone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pasiphae_(moon)" title="Pasiphae (moon)">Pasiphae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sponde" title="Sponde">Sponde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Megaclite" title="Megaclite">Megaclite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyllene_(moon)" title="Cyllene (moon)">Cyllene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinope_(moon)" title="Sinope (moon)">Sinope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jupiter_LIX" title="Jupiter LIX">Jupiter LIX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aoede_(moon)" title="Aoede (moon)">Aoede</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autonoe_(moon)" title="Autonoe (moon)">Autonoe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Callirrhoe_(moon)" title="Callirrhoe (moon)">Callirrhoe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S/2003_J_23" title="S/2003 J 23">S/2003 J 23</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kore_(moon)" title="Kore (moon)">Kore</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rings_of_Jupiter" title="Rings of Jupiter">Rings of Jupiter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jupiter%27s_moons_in_fiction" class="mw-redirect" title="Jupiter's moons in fiction">Jupiter's moons in fiction</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="text-align: center;"><div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Moons_of_Jupiter" title="Category:Moons of Jupiter">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Natural_satellites_of_the_Solar_System" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3" style="text-align: center;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Solar_System_moons_(compact)" title="Template:Solar System moons (compact)"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Solar_System_moons_(compact)" title="Template talk:Solar System moons (compact)"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Solar_System_moons_(compact)" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Solar System moons (compact)"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Natural_satellites_of_the_Solar_System" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Natural_satellite" title="Natural satellite">Natural satellites</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Solar_System" title="Solar System">Solar System</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_natural_satellites" title="List of natural satellites">Planetary satellites</a> of</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Moon" title="Moon">Earth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moons_of_Mars" title="Moons of Mars">Mars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moons_of_Jupiter" title="Moons of Jupiter">Jupiter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moons_of_Saturn" title="Moons of Saturn">Saturn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moons_of_Uranus" title="Moons of Uranus">Uranus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moons_of_Neptune" title="Moons of Neptune">Neptune</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="4" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><a href="/wiki/File:Jupiter_family.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Jupiter_family.jpg/150px-Jupiter_family.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="119" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Jupiter_family.jpg/225px-Jupiter_family.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Jupiter_family.jpg/300px-Jupiter_family.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2081" data-file-height="1654" /></a> <a href="/wiki/File:PIA19856-PlutoCharon-NewHorizons-Color-20150714.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/PIA19856-PlutoCharon-NewHorizons-Color-20150714.jpg/150px-PIA19856-PlutoCharon-NewHorizons-Color-20150714.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="30" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/PIA19856-PlutoCharon-NewHorizons-Color-20150714.jpg/225px-PIA19856-PlutoCharon-NewHorizons-Color-20150714.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/PIA19856-PlutoCharon-NewHorizons-Color-20150714.jpg/300px-PIA19856-PlutoCharon-NewHorizons-Color-20150714.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2526" data-file-height="501" /></a> <a href="/wiki/File:243_ida_crop.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/243_ida_crop.jpg/150px-243_ida_crop.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="97" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/243_ida_crop.jpg/225px-243_ida_crop.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/243_ida_crop.jpg/300px-243_ida_crop.jpg 2x" data-file-width="618" data-file-height="399" /></a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_natural_satellites" title="List of natural satellites">Dwarf planet satellites</a> of</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vanth_(moon)" title="Vanth (moon)">Orcus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moons_of_Pluto" title="Moons of Pluto">Pluto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moons_of_Haumea" title="Moons of Haumea">Haumea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weywot" title="Weywot">Quaoar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S/2015_(136472)_1" title="S/2015 (136472) 1">Makemake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xiangliu_(moon)" title="Xiangliu (moon)">Gonggong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dysnomia_(moon)" title="Dysnomia (moon)">Eris</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Minor-planet_moon" title="Minor-planet moon">Minor-planet moons</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dt>Near-Earth</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/3122_Florence" title="3122 Florence">Florence</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/65803_Didymos" title="65803 Didymos">Didymos</a> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Dimorphos" title="Dimorphos">Dimorphos</a></dd></dl></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/66391_Moshup" title="66391 Moshup">Moshup</a> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/66391_Moshup#Satellite" title="66391 Moshup">Squannit</a></dd></dl></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/(136617)_1994_CC" title="(136617) 1994 CC">1994 CC</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/(153591)_2001_SN263" title="(153591) 2001 SN263">2001 SN263</a></dd></dl> <dl><dt>Main belt</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/22_Kalliope" title="22 Kalliope">Kalliope</a> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Linus_(moon)" title="Linus (moon)">Linus</a></dd></dl></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/31_Euphrosyne" title="31 Euphrosyne">Euphrosyne</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/41_Daphne" title="41 Daphne">Daphne</a> <dl><dd>Peneius</dd></dl></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/45_Eugenia" title="45 Eugenia">Eugenia</a> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Petit-Prince_(moon)" title="Petit-Prince (moon)">Petit-Prince</a></dd></dl></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/87_Sylvia" title="87 Sylvia">Sylvia</a> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Romulus_(moon)" title="Romulus (moon)">Romulus</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Remus_(moon)" title="Remus (moon)">Remus</a></dd></dl></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/93_Minerva" title="93 Minerva">Minerva</a> <dl><dd>Aegis</dd> <dd>Gorgoneion</dd></dl></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/107_Camilla" title="107 Camilla">Camilla</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/130_Elektra" title="130 Elektra">Elektra</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/216_Kleopatra" title="216 Kleopatra">Kleopatra</a> <dl><dd>Alexhelios</dd> <dd>Cleoselene</dd></dl></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/243_Ida" title="243 Ida">Ida</a> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Dactyl_(moon)" title="Dactyl (moon)">Dactyl</a></dd></dl></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/317_Roxane" title="317 Roxane">Roxane</a> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Olympias_(moon)" class="mw-redirect" title="Olympias (moon)">Olympias</a></dd></dl></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/762_Pulcova" title="762 Pulcova">Pulcova</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/3749_Balam" title="3749 Balam">Balam</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/152830_Dinkinesh" title="152830 Dinkinesh">Dinkinesh</a> (Selam)</dd></dl> <dl><dt>Jupiter trojans</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/617_Patroclus" title="617 Patroclus">Patroclus</a> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Menoetius_(moon)" class="mw-redirect" title="Menoetius (moon)">Menoetius</a></dd></dl></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/624_Hektor" title="624 Hektor">Hektor</a> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Skamandrios_(moon)" class="mw-redirect" title="Skamandrios (moon)">Skamandrios</a></dd></dl></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/3548_Eurybates" title="3548 Eurybates">Eurybates</a> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Queta_(moon)" class="mw-redirect" title="Queta (moon)">Queta</a></dd></dl></dd></dl> <dl><dt>TNOs</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/47171_Lempo" title="47171 Lempo">Lempo</a> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/47171_Lempo#Hiisi" title="47171 Lempo">Hiisi</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/47171_Lempo#Paha" title="47171 Lempo">Paha</a></dd></dl></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/(55637)_2002_UX25" title="(55637) 2002 UX25">2002 UX25</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/79360_Sila%E2%80%93Nunam" title="79360 Sila–Nunam">Sila–Nunam</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/120347_Salacia" title="120347 Salacia">Salacia</a> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Actaea_(moon)" title="Actaea (moon)">Actaea</a></dd></dl></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/174567_Varda" title="174567 Varda">Varda</a> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Ilmar%C3%AB" title="Ilmarë">Ilmarë</a></dd></dl></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/229762_G%C7%83k%C3%BAn%C7%81%CA%BCh%C3%B2md%C3%ADm%C3%A0" title="229762 Gǃkúnǁʼhòmdímà">Gǃkúnǁʼhòmdímà</a> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/G%C7%83%C3%B2%CA%BC%C3%A9_%C7%83H%C3%BA" class="mw-redirect" title="Gǃòʼé ǃHú">Gǃòʼé ǃHú</a></dd></dl></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/(532037)_2013_FY27" title="(532037) 2013 FY27">2013 FY27</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%">Ranked by size</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Ganymede</a> <ul><li>largest: 5268 km / 0.413 Earths</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Titan_(moon)" title="Titan (moon)">Titan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Callisto_(moon)" title="Callisto (moon)">Callisto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Io_(moon)" title="Io (moon)">Io</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moon" title="Moon">Moon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Europa_(moon)" title="Europa (moon)">Europa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Triton_(moon)" title="Triton (moon)">Triton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Titania_(moon)" title="Titania (moon)">Titania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhea_(moon)" title="Rhea (moon)">Rhea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oberon_(moon)" title="Oberon (moon)">Oberon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iapetus_(moon)" title="Iapetus (moon)">Iapetus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charon_(moon)" title="Charon (moon)">Charon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Umbriel" title="Umbriel">Umbriel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ariel_(moon)" title="Ariel (moon)">Ariel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dione_(moon)" title="Dione (moon)">Dione</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tethys_(moon)" title="Tethys (moon)">Tethys</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dysnomia_(moon)" title="Dysnomia (moon)">Dysnomia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enceladus" title="Enceladus">Enceladus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miranda_(moon)" title="Miranda (moon)">Miranda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vanth_(moon)" title="Vanth (moon)">Vanth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proteus_(moon)" title="Proteus (moon)">Proteus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mimas" title="Mimas">Mimas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ilmar%C3%AB" title="Ilmarë">Ilmarë</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nereid_(moon)" title="Nereid (moon)">Nereid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hi%CA%BBiaka_(moon)" title="Hiʻiaka (moon)">Hiʻiaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Actaea_(moon)" title="Actaea (moon)">Actaea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyperion_(moon)" title="Hyperion (moon)">Hyperion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phoebe_(moon)" title="Phoebe (moon)">Phoebe</a></li> <li>...</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3" style="text-align: center;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_discovery_of_Solar_System_planets_and_their_moons" title="Timeline of discovery of Solar System planets and their moons">Discovery timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inner_moon" title="Inner moon">Inner moons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irregular_moon" title="Irregular moon">Irregular moons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_natural_satellites" title="List of natural satellites">List</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Planetary-mass_moon" title="Planetary-mass moon">Planetary-mass moons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naming_of_moons" title="Naming of moons">Naming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subsatellite" title="Subsatellite">Subsatellite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regular_moon" title="Regular moon">Regular moons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Co-orbital_configuration#Trojan_moons" title="Co-orbital configuration">Trojan moons</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Jupiter" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Jupiter" title="Template:Jupiter"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Jupiter" title="Template talk:Jupiter"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Jupiter" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Jupiter"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Jupiter" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Jupiter" title="Jupiter">Jupiter</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Jupiter" title="Outline of Jupiter">Outline of Jupiter</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Geography</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atmosphere_of_Jupiter" title="Atmosphere of Jupiter">Atmosphere</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Great_Red_Spot" title="Great Red Spot">Great Red Spot</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnetosphere_of_Jupiter" title="Magnetosphere of Jupiter">Magnetosphere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rings_of_Jupiter" title="Rings of Jupiter">Rings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jupiter%27s_North_Pole" title="Jupiter's North Pole">Jupiter's North Pole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jupiter%27s_South_Pole" title="Jupiter's South Pole">Jupiter's South Pole</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="5" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><a href="/wiki/File:Portrait_of_Jupiter_from_Cassini.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="NASA image of Jupiter"><img alt="NASA image of Jupiter" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Portrait_of_Jupiter_from_Cassini.jpg/100px-Portrait_of_Jupiter_from_Cassini.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="125" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Portrait_of_Jupiter_from_Cassini.jpg/150px-Portrait_of_Jupiter_from_Cassini.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Portrait_of_Jupiter_from_Cassini.jpg/200px-Portrait_of_Jupiter_from_Cassini.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1920" data-file-height="2400" /></a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Moons_of_Jupiter" title="Moons of Jupiter">Moons</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Inner</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Metis_(moon)" title="Metis (moon)">Metis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adrastea_(moon)" title="Adrastea (moon)">Adrastea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amalthea_(moon)" title="Amalthea (moon)">Amalthea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thebe_(moon)" title="Thebe (moon)">Thebe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Galilean_moons" title="Galilean moons">Galilean</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Io_(moon)" title="Io (moon)">Io</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Europa_(moon)" title="Europa (moon)">Europa</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Ganymede</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Callisto_(moon)" title="Callisto (moon)">Callisto</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Irregular</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Himalia_group" title="Himalia group">Himalia group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Themisto_(moon)" title="Themisto (moon)">Themisto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carpo_(moon)" title="Carpo (moon)">Carpo</a> group</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valetudo_(moon)" title="Valetudo (moon)">Valetudo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ananke_group" title="Ananke group">Ananke group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carme_group" title="Carme group">Carme group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pasiphae_group" title="Pasiphae group">Pasiphae group</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Astronomy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Jupiter-crossing_minor_planets" title="List of Jupiter-crossing minor planets">Jupiter-crossing minor planets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_eclipses_on_Jupiter" title="Solar eclipses on Jupiter">Solar eclipses</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Jupiter_trojan" title="Jupiter trojan">Trojans</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Jupiter_trojans_(Greek_camp)" title="List of Jupiter trojans (Greek camp)">Greek camp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Jupiter_trojans_(Trojan_camp)" title="List of Jupiter trojans (Trojan camp)">Trojan camp</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Impact_events_on_Jupiter" title="Impact events on Jupiter">Impacts</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Comet_Shoemaker%E2%80%93Levy_9" title="Comet Shoemaker–Levy 9">Comet Shoemaker–Levy 9</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2009_Jupiter_impact_event" title="2009 Jupiter impact event">2009 Jupiter impact event</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2010_Jupiter_impact_event" title="2010 Jupiter impact event">2010 Jupiter impact event</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_Jupiter_impact_event" title="2016 Jupiter impact event">2016 Jupiter impact event</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Exploration_of_Jupiter" title="Exploration of Jupiter">Exploration</a>, orbital missions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Current</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Juno_(spacecraft)" title="Juno (spacecraft)">Juno</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Past</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cassini%E2%80%93Huygens" title="Cassini–Huygens">Cassini–Huygens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galileo_project" title="Galileo project">Galileo project</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Galileo_(spacecraft)" title="Galileo (spacecraft)">Galileo</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Horizons" title="New Horizons">New Horizons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pioneer_program" title="Pioneer program">Pioneer program</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pioneer_10" title="Pioneer 10">Pioneer 10</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pioneer_11" title="Pioneer 11">Pioneer 11</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulysses_(spacecraft)" title="Ulysses (spacecraft)">Ulysses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voyager_program" title="Voyager program">Voyager program</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Voyager_1" title="Voyager 1">Voyager 1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voyager_2" title="Voyager 2">Voyager 2</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Future</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jupiter_Icy_Moons_Explorer" title="Jupiter Icy Moons Explorer">Jupiter Icy Moons Explorer</a> (2023, en route)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Europa_Clipper" title="Europa Clipper">Europa Clipper</a> (2024, en route)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tianwen-4" title="Tianwen-4">Tianwen-4</a> (2029)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Proposed</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Laplace-P" title="Laplace-P">Laplace-P</a> (2023)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shensuo_(spacecraft)" title="Shensuo (spacecraft)">Shensuo</a> (2024)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Io_Volcano_Observer" title="Io Volcano Observer">Io Volcano Observer</a> (2026)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/SMARA_(spacecraft)" title="SMARA (spacecraft)">SMARA</a> (2030)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enceladus_Orbilander" title="Enceladus Orbilander">Enceladus Orbilander</a> (2038)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jupiter_in_fiction" title="Jupiter in fiction">Fiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jupiter_(mythology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Jupiter (mythology)">Mythology</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Jupiter" title="Category:Jupiter">Category</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Solar_system.jpg/22px-Solar_system.jpg" decoding="async" width="22" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Solar_system.jpg/34px-Solar_system.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Solar_system.jpg/45px-Solar_system.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4500" data-file-height="5600" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Solar_System" title="Portal:Solar System">Solar System portal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Atmospheres" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3" style="text-align: center;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Atmospheres" title="Template:Atmospheres"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Atmospheres" title="Template talk:Atmospheres"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Atmospheres" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Atmospheres"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Atmospheres" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Atmosphere" title="Atmosphere">Atmospheres</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Star" title="Star">Stars</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stellar_atmosphere" title="Stellar atmosphere">Sun</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="6" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><a href="/wiki/File:Chaotic_Clouds_of_Jupiter.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The violent storms of Jupiter's atmosphere"><img alt="The violent storms of Jupiter's atmosphere" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Chaotic_Clouds_of_Jupiter.jpg/150px-Chaotic_Clouds_of_Jupiter.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Chaotic_Clouds_of_Jupiter.jpg/225px-Chaotic_Clouds_of_Jupiter.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Chaotic_Clouds_of_Jupiter.jpg/300px-Chaotic_Clouds_of_Jupiter.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1080" data-file-height="1080" /></a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Planet" title="Planet">Planets</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atmosphere_of_Mercury" title="Atmosphere of Mercury">Mercury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atmosphere_of_Venus" title="Atmosphere of Venus">Venus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atmosphere_of_Earth" title="Atmosphere of Earth">Earth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atmosphere_of_Mars" title="Atmosphere of Mars">Mars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atmosphere_of_Jupiter" title="Atmosphere of Jupiter">Jupiter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saturn#Atmosphere" title="Saturn">Saturn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atmosphere_of_Uranus" title="Atmosphere of Uranus">Uranus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neptune#Atmosphere" title="Neptune">Neptune</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Dwarf_planet" title="Dwarf planet">Dwarf planets</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ceres_(dwarf_planet)#Atmosphere" title="Ceres (dwarf planet)">Ceres</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atmosphere_of_Pluto" title="Atmosphere of Pluto">Pluto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Makemake#Atmosphere" title="Makemake">Makemake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eris_(dwarf_planet)#Surface_and_atmosphere" title="Eris (dwarf planet)">Eris</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Natural_satellite" title="Natural satellite">Natural satellites</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atmosphere_of_the_Moon" title="Atmosphere of the Moon">Moon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atmosphere_of_Io" title="Atmosphere of Io">Io</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Europa_(moon)#Atmosphere" title="Europa (moon)">Europa</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Atmosphere_and_ionosphere">Ganymede</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Callisto_(moon)#Atmosphere_and_ionosphere" title="Callisto (moon)">Callisto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enceladus#Atmosphere" title="Enceladus">Enceladus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dione_(moon)#Atmosphere" title="Dione (moon)">Dione</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhea_(moon)#Atmosphere" title="Rhea (moon)">Rhea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atmosphere_of_Titan" title="Atmosphere of Titan">Titan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atmosphere_of_Triton" title="Atmosphere of Triton">Triton</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Exoplanet" title="Exoplanet">Exoplanets</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/GJ_1132_b#Atmosphere" title="GJ 1132 b">GJ 1132 b</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HD_209458_b#Stratosphere_and_upper_clouds" title="HD 209458 b">HD 209458 b</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kepler-7b#Cloud_mapping" title="Kepler-7b">Kepler-7b</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prebiotic_atmosphere" title="Prebiotic atmosphere">Prebiotic atmosphere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coma_(cometary)" class="mw-redirect" title="Coma (cometary)">Coma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extraterrestrial_atmosphere" title="Extraterrestrial atmosphere">Extraterrestrial atmosphere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stellar_atmosphere" title="Stellar atmosphere">Stellar atmosphere</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3" style="text-align: center;"><div>Atmospheres in boldface are significant atmospheres; atmospheres in italics are unconfirmed atmospheres.</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1130092004">.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-bordered{padding:0 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.portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;align-items:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;align-items:center;flex:0;column-gap:1em;border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;margin:0 auto;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{border-top:none;margin:0;list-style:none}}.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.sister-bar{margin-top:-1px}</style><div class="portal-bar noprint metadata noviewer portal-bar-bordered" role="navigation" aria-label="Portals"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals" title="Wikipedia:Contents/Portals">Portals</a>:<ul class="portal-bar-content"><li class="portal-bar-item"><img 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