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<span>Toggle Superluminal travel of non-information subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Superluminal_travel_of_non-information-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Daily_sky_motion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Daily_sky_motion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Daily sky motion</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Daily_sky_motion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Light_spots_and_shadows" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Light_spots_and_shadows"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Light spots and shadows</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Light_spots_and_shadows-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Closing_speeds" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Closing_speeds"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Closing speeds</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Closing_speeds-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Proper_speeds" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Proper_speeds"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Proper speeds</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Proper_speeds-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Phase_velocities_above_c" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Phase_velocities_above_c"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5</span> <span>Phase velocities above <i>c</i></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Phase_velocities_above_c-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Group_velocities_above_c" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Group_velocities_above_c"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.6</span> <span>Group velocities above <i>c</i></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Group_velocities_above_c-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cosmic_expansion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cosmic_expansion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.7</span> <span>Cosmic expansion</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cosmic_expansion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Astronomical_observations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Astronomical_observations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.8</span> <span>Astronomical observations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Astronomical_observations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Quantum_mechanics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Quantum_mechanics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.9</span> <span>Quantum mechanics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Quantum_mechanics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Hartman_effect" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hartman_effect"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.9.1</span> <span>Hartman effect</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hartman_effect-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Casimir_effect" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Casimir_effect"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.9.2</span> <span>Casimir effect</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Casimir_effect-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-EPR_paradox" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#EPR_paradox"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.9.3</span> <span>EPR paradox</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-EPR_paradox-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Delayed_choice_quantum_eraser" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Delayed_choice_quantum_eraser"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.9.4</span> <span>Delayed choice quantum eraser</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Delayed_choice_quantum_eraser-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Superluminal_communication" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Superluminal_communication"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Superluminal communication</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Superluminal_communication-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Justifications" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Justifications"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Justifications</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Justifications-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Justifications subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Justifications-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Casimir_vacuum_and_quantum_tunnelling" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Casimir_vacuum_and_quantum_tunnelling"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Casimir vacuum and quantum tunnelling</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Casimir_vacuum_and_quantum_tunnelling-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Give_up_(absolute)_relativity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Give_up_(absolute)_relativity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Give up (absolute) relativity</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Give_up_(absolute)_relativity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Spacetime_distortion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Spacetime_distortion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Spacetime distortion</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Spacetime_distortion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Lorentz_symmetry_violation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lorentz_symmetry_violation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Lorentz symmetry violation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lorentz_symmetry_violation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Superfluid_theories_of_physical_vacuum" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Superfluid_theories_of_physical_vacuum"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5</span> <span>Superfluid theories of physical vacuum</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Superfluid_theories_of_physical_vacuum-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-FTL_neutrino_flight_results" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#FTL_neutrino_flight_results"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>FTL neutrino flight results</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-FTL_neutrino_flight_results-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle FTL neutrino flight results subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-FTL_neutrino_flight_results-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-MINOS_experiment" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#MINOS_experiment"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>MINOS experiment</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-MINOS_experiment-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-OPERA_neutrino_anomaly" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#OPERA_neutrino_anomaly"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>OPERA neutrino anomaly</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-OPERA_neutrino_anomaly-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tachyons" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tachyons"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Tachyons</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tachyons-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-General_relativity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#General_relativity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>General relativity</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-General_relativity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_fiction_and_popular_culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_fiction_and_popular_culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>In fiction and popular culture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_fiction_and_popular_culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav 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class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Faster-than-light</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 28 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-28" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">28 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A3%D8%B3%D8%B1%D8%B9_%D9%85%D9%86_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B6%D9%88%D8%A1" title="أسرع من الضوء – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="أسرع من الضوء" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%86%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%95-%E0%A6%85%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B7%E0%A6%BE-%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%97%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%80" title="আলোক-অপেক্ষা-দ্রুতগামী – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="আলোক-অপেক্ষা-দ্রুতগামী" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Superlum%C3%ADnic" title="Superlumínic – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Superlumínic" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nadsv%C4%9Bteln%C3%A1_rychlost" title="Nadsvětelná rychlost – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Nadsvětelná rychlost" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Overlyshastighed" title="Overlyshastighed – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Overlyshastighed" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%9Cberlichtgeschwindigkeit" title="Überlichtgeschwindigkeit – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Überlichtgeschwindigkeit" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Superlum%C3%ADnico" title="Superlumínico – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Superlumínico" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%B9%E2%80%8C%D8%AA%D8%B1_%D8%A7%D8%B2_%D9%86%D9%88%D8%B1" title="سریع‌تر از نور – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="سریع‌تر از نور" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitesse_supraluminique" title="Vitesse supraluminique – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Vitesse supraluminique" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%B4%88%EA%B4%91%EC%86%8D" title="초광속 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="초광속" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B6_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%87_%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BC" title="प्रकाश से तेज़ – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="प्रकाश से तेज़" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Velocit%C3%A0_superluminale" title="Velocità superluminale – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Velocità superluminale" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Superluminarus" title="Superluminarus – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Superluminarus" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sneller_dan_het_licht" title="Sneller dan het licht – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Sneller dan het licht" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%B6%85%E5%85%89%E9%80%9F%E8%88%AA%E6%B3%95" title="超光速航法 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="超光速航法" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Overlyshastighet" title="Overlyshastighet – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Overlyshastighet" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Overlyssn%C3%B8ggleik" title="Overlyssnøggleik – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Overlyssnøggleik" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a 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id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Propagation of information or matter faster than the speed of light</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Faster-than-light_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Faster-than-light (disambiguation)">Faster-than-light (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tachyon04s.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Tachyon04s.gif/330px-Tachyon04s.gif" decoding="async" width="330" height="92" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Tachyon04s.gif/495px-Tachyon04s.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/64/Tachyon04s.gif 2x" data-file-width="571" data-file-height="159" /></a><figcaption>Because the sphere travels faster than light, the observer sees nothing until it has already passed. Then, two images appear: one of the sphere arriving (on the right) and one of it departing (on the left).</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Faster-than-light</b> (<b>superluminal</b> or <b>supercausal</b>) <a href="/wiki/Superluminal_motion" title="Superluminal motion">travel</a> and <a href="/wiki/Superluminal_communication" title="Superluminal communication">communication</a> are the conjectural propagation of <a href="/wiki/Matter" title="Matter">matter</a> or <a href="/wiki/Information" title="Information">information</a> faster than the <a href="/wiki/Speed_of_light" title="Speed of light">speed of light</a> (<span class="texhtml mvar" style="font-style:italic;"><b>c</b></span>). The <a href="/wiki/Special_theory_of_relativity" class="mw-redirect" title="Special theory of relativity">special theory of relativity</a> implies that only particles with zero <a href="/wiki/Mass_in_special_relativity" title="Mass in special relativity">rest mass</a> (i.e., <a href="/wiki/Photons" class="mw-redirect" title="Photons">photons</a>) may travel <i>at</i> the speed of light, and that nothing may travel faster. </p><p>Particles whose speed exceeds that of light (<a href="/wiki/Tachyon" title="Tachyon">tachyons</a>) have been hypothesized, but their existence would violate <a href="/wiki/Causality_(physics)" title="Causality (physics)">causality</a> and would imply <a href="/wiki/Time_travel" title="Time travel">time travel</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Scientific_consensus" title="Scientific consensus">scientific consensus</a> is that they do not exist. </p><p>According to all observations and current scientific theories, matter travels at <b>slower-than-light</b> (<b>subluminal</b>) speed with respect to the locally distorted spacetime region. Speculative faster-than-light concepts include the <a href="/wiki/Alcubierre_drive" title="Alcubierre drive">Alcubierre drive</a>, <a href="/wiki/Krasnikov_tube" title="Krasnikov tube">Krasnikov tubes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wormhole#Traversable_wormholes" title="Wormhole">traversable wormholes</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Quantum_tunnelling" title="Quantum tunnelling">quantum tunneling</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-urlQuanta_Magazine_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-urlQuanta_Magazine-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some of these proposals find loopholes around general relativity, such as by expanding or contracting space to make the object appear to be travelling greater than <i>c</i>. Such proposals are still widely believed to be impossible as they still violate current understandings of causality, and they all require fanciful mechanisms to work (such as requiring <a href="/wiki/Exotic_matter" title="Exotic matter">exotic matter</a>). </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886046785">.mw-parser-output .toclimit-2 .toclevel-1 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-3 .toclevel-2 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-4 .toclevel-3 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-5 .toclevel-4 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-6 .toclevel-5 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-7 .toclevel-6 ul{display:none}</style><div class="toclimit-3"><meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Superluminal_travel_of_non-information">Superluminal travel of non-information</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Faster-than-light&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Superluminal travel of non-information"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Superluminal_motion" title="Superluminal motion">Superluminal motion</a></div> <p>In the context of this article, "faster-than-light" means the transmission of information or matter faster than <i>c</i>, a constant equal to the <a href="/wiki/Speed_of_light" title="Speed of light">speed of light</a> in vacuum, which is 299,792,458 m/s (by definition of the metre)<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or about 186,282.397 miles per second. This is not quite the same as traveling faster than light, since: </p> <ul><li>Some processes propagate faster than <i>c</i>, but cannot carry information (see examples in the sections immediately following).</li> <li>In some materials where light travels at speed <i>c/n</i> (where <i>n</i> is the <a href="/wiki/Refractive_index" title="Refractive index">refractive index</a>) other particles can travel faster than <i>c/n</i> (but still slower than <i>c</i>), leading to <a href="/wiki/Cherenkov_radiation" title="Cherenkov radiation">Cherenkov radiation</a> (see <a href="#Phase_velocities_above_c">phase velocity below</a>).</li></ul> <p>Neither of these phenomena violates <a href="/wiki/Special_relativity" title="Special relativity">special relativity</a> or creates problems with <a href="/wiki/Causality" title="Causality">causality</a>, and thus neither qualifies as faster-than-light as described here. </p><p>In the following examples, certain influences may appear to travel faster than light, but they do not convey energy or information faster than light, so they do not violate special relativity. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Daily_sky_motion">Daily sky motion</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Faster-than-light&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Daily sky motion"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>For an earth-bound observer, objects in the sky complete one revolution around the Earth in one day. <a href="/wiki/Proxima_Centauri" title="Proxima Centauri">Proxima Centauri</a>, the nearest star outside the <a href="/wiki/Solar_System" title="Solar System">Solar System</a>, is about four and a half <a href="/wiki/Light-year" title="Light-year">light-years</a> away.<sup id="cite_ref-A2_Student_Book_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-A2_Student_Book-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In this frame of reference, in which Proxima Centauri is perceived to be moving in a circular trajectory with a radius of four light years, it could be described as having a speed many times greater than <i>c</i> as the rim speed of an object moving in a circle is a product of the radius and angular speed.<sup id="cite_ref-A2_Student_Book_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-A2_Student_Book-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is also possible on a <a href="/wiki/Geostatic_orbit" class="mw-redirect" title="Geostatic orbit">geostatic</a> view, for objects such as comets to vary their speed from subluminal to superluminal and vice versa simply because the distance from the Earth varies. Comets may have orbits which take them out to more than 1000 <a href="/wiki/Astronomical_unit" title="Astronomical unit">AU</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The circumference of a circle with a radius of 1000 AU is greater than one light day. In other words, a comet at such a distance is superluminal in a geostatic, and therefore non-inertial, frame. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Light_spots_and_shadows">Light spots and shadows</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Faster-than-light&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Light spots and shadows"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>If a laser beam is swept across a distant object, the spot of laser light can seem to move across the object at a speed greater than <i>c</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Gibbs_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gibbs-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Similarly, a shadow projected onto a distant object seems to move across the object faster than <i>c</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Gibbs_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gibbs-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In neither case does the light travel from the source to the object faster than <i>c</i>, nor does any information travel faster than light. No object is moving in these examples. For comparison, consider water squirting out of a garden hose as it is swung side to side: water does not instantly follow the direction of the hose.<sup id="cite_ref-Gibbs_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gibbs-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Closing_speeds">Closing speeds</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Faster-than-light&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Closing speeds"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The rate at which two objects in motion in a single frame of reference get closer together is called the mutual or closing speed. This may approach twice the speed of light, as in the case of two particles travelling at close to the speed of light in opposite directions with respect to the reference frame. </p><p>Imagine two fast-moving particles approaching each other from opposite sides of a <a href="/wiki/Particle_accelerator" title="Particle accelerator">particle accelerator</a> of the collider type. The closing speed would be the rate at which the distance between the two particles is decreasing. From the point of view of an observer standing at rest relative to the accelerator, this rate will be slightly less than twice the speed of light. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Special_relativity" title="Special relativity">Special relativity</a> does not prohibit this. It tells us that it is wrong to use <a href="/wiki/Galilean_relativity" class="mw-redirect" title="Galilean relativity">Galilean relativity</a> to compute the velocity of one of the particles, as would be measured by an observer traveling alongside the other particle. That is, special relativity gives the correct <a href="/wiki/Velocity-addition_formula" title="Velocity-addition formula">velocity-addition formula</a> for computing such <a href="/wiki/Relative_velocity" title="Relative velocity">relative velocity</a>. </p><p>It is instructive to compute the relative velocity of particles moving at <i>v</i> and −<i>v</i> in accelerator frame, which corresponds to the closing speed of 2<i>v</i> > <i>c</i>. Expressing the speeds in units of <i>c</i>, <i>β</i> = <i>v</i>/<i>c</i>: </p> <dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \beta _{\text{rel}}={\frac {\beta +\beta }{1+\beta ^{2}}}={\frac {2\beta }{1+\beta ^{2}}}\leq 1.}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>β</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext>rel</mtext> </mrow> </msub> <mo>=</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mrow> <mi>β</mi> <mo>+</mo> <mi>β</mi> </mrow> <mrow> <mn>1</mn> <mo>+</mo> <msup> <mi>β</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msup> </mrow> </mfrac> </mrow> <mo>=</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mrow> <mn>2</mn> <mi>β</mi> </mrow> <mrow> <mn>1</mn> <mo>+</mo> <msup> <mi>β</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msup> </mrow> </mfrac> </mrow> <mo>≤</mo> <mn>1.</mn> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \beta _{\text{rel}}={\frac {\beta +\beta }{1+\beta ^{2}}}={\frac {2\beta }{1+\beta ^{2}}}\leq 1.}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/59a63a67790422f739b4ec31cfb13b6bcd0280c8" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.505ex; width:28.945ex; height:6.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \beta _{\text{rel}}={\frac {\beta +\beta }{1+\beta ^{2}}}={\frac {2\beta }{1+\beta ^{2}}}\leq 1.}"></span></dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Proper_speeds">Proper speeds</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Faster-than-light&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Proper speeds"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>If a spaceship travels to a planet one light-year (as measured in the Earth's rest frame) away from Earth at high speed, the time taken to reach that planet could be less than one year as measured by the traveller's clock (although it will always be more than one year as measured by a clock on Earth). The value obtained by dividing the distance traveled, as determined in the Earth's frame, by the time taken, measured by the traveller's clock, is known as a proper speed or a <a href="/wiki/Proper_velocity" title="Proper velocity">proper velocity</a>. There is no limit on the value of a proper speed as a proper speed does not represent a speed measured in a single inertial frame. A light signal that left the Earth at the same time as the traveller would always get to the destination before the traveller would. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Phase_velocities_above_c">Phase velocities above <i>c</i></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Faster-than-light&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Phase velocities above c"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Phase_velocity" title="Phase velocity">phase velocity</a> of an <a href="/wiki/Electromagnetic_wave" class="mw-redirect" title="Electromagnetic wave">electromagnetic wave</a>, when traveling through a medium, can routinely exceed <i>c</i>, the vacuum velocity of light. For example, this occurs in most glasses at <a href="/wiki/X-ray" title="X-ray">X-ray</a> frequencies.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, the phase velocity of a wave corresponds to the propagation speed of a theoretical single-frequency (purely <a href="/wiki/Monochromatic" class="mw-redirect" title="Monochromatic">monochromatic</a>) component of the wave at that frequency. Such a wave component must be infinite in extent and of constant amplitude (otherwise it is not truly monochromatic), and so cannot convey any information.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Thus a phase velocity above <i>c</i> does not imply the propagation of <a href="/wiki/Signal_(information_theory)" class="mw-redirect" title="Signal (information theory)">signals</a> with a velocity above <i>c</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-phase_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-phase-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Group_velocities_above_c">Group velocities above <i>c</i></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Faster-than-light&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Group velocities above c"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Group_velocity" title="Group velocity">group velocity</a> of a wave may also exceed <i>c</i> in some circumstances.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In such cases, which typically at the same time involve rapid attenuation of the intensity, the maximum of the envelope of a pulse may travel with a velocity above <i>c</i>. However, even this situation does not imply the propagation of <a href="/wiki/Signal_(information_theory)" class="mw-redirect" title="Signal (information theory)">signals</a> with a velocity above <i>c</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> even though one may be tempted to associate pulse maxima with signals. The latter association has been shown to be misleading, because the information on the arrival of a pulse can be obtained before the pulse maximum arrives. For example, if some mechanism allows the full transmission of the leading part of a pulse while strongly attenuating the pulse maximum and everything behind (distortion), the pulse maximum is effectively shifted forward in time, while the information on the pulse does not come faster than <i>c</i> without this effect.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, group velocity <a href="/wiki/Gouy_phase_shift" class="mw-redirect" title="Gouy phase shift">can exceed</a> <i>c</i> in some parts of a <a href="/wiki/Gaussian_beam" title="Gaussian beam">Gaussian beam</a> in vacuum (without attenuation). The <a href="/wiki/Diffraction" title="Diffraction">diffraction</a> causes the peak of the pulse to propagate faster, while overall power does not.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cosmic_expansion">Cosmic expansion</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Faster-than-light&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Cosmic expansion"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>According to <a href="/wiki/Hubble%27s_law" title="Hubble's law">Hubble's law</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Expansion_of_the_universe" title="Expansion of the universe">expansion of the universe</a> causes distant galaxies to recede from us faster than the speed of light. However, the recession speed associated with <a href="/wiki/Hubble%27s_law" title="Hubble's law">Hubble's law</a>, defined as the rate of increase in <a href="/wiki/Comoving_and_proper_distances" title="Comoving and proper distances">proper distance</a> per interval of <a href="/wiki/Cosmological_time" class="mw-redirect" title="Cosmological time">cosmological time</a>, is not a velocity in a relativistic sense. Moreover, in <a href="/wiki/General_relativity" title="General relativity">general relativity</a>, velocity is a local notion, and there is not even a unique definition for the relative velocity of a cosmologically distant object.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Faster-than-light cosmological recession speeds are entirely a <a href="/wiki/Coordinate_conditions" title="Coordinate conditions">coordinate</a> effect. </p><p>There are many galaxies visible in telescopes with <a href="/wiki/Redshift" title="Redshift">redshift</a> numbers of 1.4 or higher. All of these have cosmological recession speeds greater than the speed of light. Because the <a href="/wiki/Hubble%27s_law#Interpretation" title="Hubble's law">Hubble parameter</a> is decreasing with time, there can actually be cases where a galaxy that is receding from us faster than light does manage to emit a signal which reaches us eventually.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ly93_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ly93-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>However, because <a href="/wiki/Accelerating_expansion_of_the_universe" title="Accelerating expansion of the universe">the expansion of the universe is accelerating</a>, it is projected that most galaxies will eventually cross a type of cosmological <a href="/wiki/Event_horizon" title="Event horizon">event horizon</a> where any light they emit past that point will never be able to reach us at any time in the infinite future,<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> because the light never reaches a point where its "peculiar velocity" towards us exceeds the expansion velocity away from us (these two notions of velocity are also discussed in <a href="/wiki/Comoving_and_proper_distances#Uses_of_the_proper_distance" title="Comoving and proper distances">Comoving and proper distances#Uses of the proper distance</a>). The current distance to this cosmological event horizon is about 16 billion light-years, meaning that a signal from an event happening at present would eventually be able to reach us in the future if the event was less than 16 billion light-years away, but the signal would never reach us if the event was more than 16 billion light-years away.<sup id="cite_ref-ly93_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ly93-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Astronomical_observations">Astronomical observations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Faster-than-light&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Astronomical observations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Apparent <a href="/wiki/Superluminal_motion" title="Superluminal motion">superluminal motion</a> is observed in many <a href="/wiki/Active_galaxy" class="mw-redirect" title="Active galaxy">radio galaxies</a>, <a href="/wiki/Blazar" title="Blazar">blazars</a>, <a href="/wiki/Quasar" title="Quasar">quasars</a>, and recently also in <a href="/wiki/Microquasar" title="Microquasar">microquasars</a>. The effect was predicted before it was observed by <a href="/wiki/Martin_Rees" title="Martin Rees">Martin Rees</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="The text near this tag may need clarification or removal of jargon. (March 2012)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup> and can be explained as an <a href="/wiki/Optical_illusion" title="Optical illusion">optical illusion</a> caused by the object partly moving in the direction of the observer,<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> when the speed calculations assume it does not. The phenomenon does not contradict the theory of <a href="/wiki/Special_relativity" title="Special relativity">special relativity</a>. Corrected calculations show these objects have velocities close to the speed of light (relative to our reference frame). They are the first examples of large amounts of mass moving at close to the speed of light.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Earth-bound laboratories have only been able to accelerate small numbers of elementary particles to such speeds. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Quantum_mechanics">Quantum mechanics</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Faster-than-light&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Quantum mechanics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Certain phenomena in <a href="/wiki/Quantum_mechanics" title="Quantum mechanics">quantum mechanics</a>, such as <a href="/wiki/Quantum_entanglement" title="Quantum entanglement">quantum entanglement</a>, might give the superficial impression of allowing communication of information faster than light. According to the <a href="/wiki/No-communication_theorem" title="No-communication theorem">no-communication theorem</a> these phenomena do not allow true communication; they only let two observers in different locations see the same system simultaneously, without any way of controlling what either sees. <a href="/wiki/Wavefunction_collapse" class="mw-redirect" title="Wavefunction collapse">Wavefunction collapse</a> can be viewed as an <a href="/wiki/Epiphenomenon" title="Epiphenomenon">epiphenomenon</a> of quantum decoherence, which in turn is nothing more than an effect of the underlying local time evolution of the wavefunction of a system and <i>all</i> of its environment. Since the underlying behavior does not violate local causality or allow FTL communication, it follows that neither does the additional effect of wavefunction collapse, whether real <i>or</i> apparent. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Uncertainty_principle" title="Uncertainty principle">uncertainty principle</a> implies that individual photons may travel for short distances at speeds somewhat faster (or slower) than <i>c</i>, even in vacuum; this possibility must be taken into account when enumerating <a href="/wiki/Feynman_diagram" title="Feynman diagram">Feynman diagrams</a> for a particle interaction.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, it was shown in 2011 that a single photon may not travel faster than <i>c</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There have been various reports in the popular press of experiments on faster-than-light transmission in optics — most often in the context of a kind of <a href="/wiki/Quantum_tunnelling" title="Quantum tunnelling">quantum tunnelling</a> phenomenon. Usually, such reports deal with a <a href="/wiki/Phase_velocity" title="Phase velocity">phase velocity</a> or <a href="/wiki/Group_velocity" title="Group velocity">group velocity</a> faster than the vacuum velocity of light.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, as stated above, a superluminal phase velocity cannot be used for faster-than-light transmission of information<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Hartman_effect">Hartman effect</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Faster-than-light&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Hartman effect"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Hartman_effect" title="Hartman effect">Hartman effect</a></div> <p>The Hartman effect is the tunneling effect through a barrier where the tunneling time tends to a constant for large barriers.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This could, for instance, be the gap between two prisms. When the prisms are in contact, the light passes straight through, but when there is a gap, the light is refracted. There is a non-zero probability that the photon will tunnel across the gap rather than follow the refracted path. </p><p>However, it has been claimed that the Hartman effect cannot actually be used to violate relativity by transmitting signals faster than <i>c</i>, also because the tunnelling time "should not be linked to a velocity since evanescent waves do not propagate".<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The evanescent waves in the Hartman effect are due to virtual particles and a non-propagating static field, as mentioned in the sections above for gravity and electromagnetism. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Casimir_effect">Casimir effect</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Faster-than-light&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Casimir effect"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Casimir_effect" title="Casimir effect">Casimir effect</a></div> <p>In physics, the <a href="/wiki/Casimir%E2%80%93Polder_force" class="mw-redirect" title="Casimir–Polder force">Casimir–Polder force</a> is a physical force exerted between separate objects due to resonance of <a href="/wiki/Vacuum_energy" title="Vacuum energy">vacuum energy</a> in the intervening space between the objects. This is sometimes described in terms of virtual particles interacting with the objects, owing to the mathematical form of one possible way of calculating the strength of the effect. Because the strength of the force falls off rapidly with distance, it is only measurable when the distance between the objects is extremely small. Because the effect is due to virtual particles mediating a static field effect, it is subject to the comments about static fields discussed above. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="EPR_paradox">EPR paradox</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Faster-than-light&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: EPR paradox"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/EPR_paradox" class="mw-redirect" title="EPR paradox">EPR paradox</a></div> <p>The EPR paradox refers to a famous <a href="/wiki/Thought_experiment" title="Thought experiment">thought experiment</a> of <a href="/wiki/Albert_Einstein" title="Albert Einstein">Albert Einstein</a>, <a href="/wiki/Boris_Podolsky" title="Boris Podolsky">Boris Podolsky</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nathan_Rosen" title="Nathan Rosen">Nathan Rosen</a> that was realized experimentally for the first time by <a href="/wiki/Alain_Aspect" title="Alain Aspect">Alain Aspect</a> in 1981 and 1982 in the <a href="/wiki/Aspect_experiment" class="mw-redirect" title="Aspect experiment">Aspect experiment</a>. In this experiment, the two measurements of an <a href="/wiki/Quantum_entanglement" title="Quantum entanglement">entangled</a> state are correlated even when the measurements are distant from the source and each other. However, no information can be transmitted this way; the answer to whether or not the measurement actually affects the other quantum system comes down to which <a href="/wiki/Interpretations_of_quantum_mechanics" title="Interpretations of quantum mechanics">interpretation of quantum mechanics</a> one subscribes to. </p><p>An experiment performed in 1997 by <a href="/wiki/Nicolas_Gisin" title="Nicolas Gisin">Nicolas Gisin</a> has demonstrated quantum correlations between particles separated by over 10 kilometers.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> But as noted earlier, the non-local correlations seen in entanglement cannot actually be used to transmit classical information faster than light, so that relativistic causality is preserved. The situation is akin to sharing a synchronized coin flip, where the second person to flip their coin will always see the opposite of what the first person sees, but neither has any way of knowing whether they were the first or second flipper, without communicating classically. See <a href="/wiki/No-communication_theorem" title="No-communication theorem">No-communication theorem</a> for further information. A 2008 quantum physics experiment also performed by Nicolas Gisin and his colleagues has determined that in any hypothetical <a href="/wiki/Hidden-variable_theory#Non-local_hidden-variable_theory" title="Hidden-variable theory">non-local hidden-variable theory</a>, the speed of the <a href="/wiki/Quantum_non-local_connection" class="mw-redirect" title="Quantum non-local connection">quantum non-local connection</a> (what Einstein called "spooky action at a distance") is at least 10,000 times the speed of light.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Delayed_choice_quantum_eraser">Delayed choice quantum eraser</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Faster-than-light&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Delayed choice quantum eraser"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Delayed-choice_quantum_eraser" title="Delayed-choice quantum eraser">Delayed-choice quantum eraser</a></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Delayed-choice_quantum_eraser" title="Delayed-choice quantum eraser">delayed-choice quantum eraser</a> is a version of the EPR paradox in which the observation (or not) of interference after the passage of a photon through a <a href="/wiki/Double_slit_experiment" class="mw-redirect" title="Double slit experiment">double slit experiment</a> depends on the conditions of observation of a second photon entangled with the first. The characteristic of this experiment is that the observation of the second photon can take place at a later time than the observation of the first photon,<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which may give the impression that the measurement of the later photons "retroactively" determines whether the earlier photons show interference or not, although the interference pattern can only be seen by correlating the measurements of both members of every pair and so it cannot be observed until both photons have been measured, ensuring that an experimenter watching only the photons going through the slit does not obtain information about the other photons in an faster-than-light or backwards-in-time manner.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Superluminal_communication">Superluminal communication</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Faster-than-light&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Superluminal communication"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Superluminal_communication" title="Superluminal communication">Superluminal communication</a></div> <p>Faster-than-light communication is, according to relativity, equivalent to <a href="/wiki/Time_travel" title="Time travel">time travel</a>. What we measure as the <a href="/wiki/Speed_of_light" title="Speed of light">speed of light</a> in vacuum (or near vacuum) is actually the fundamental physical constant <i>c</i>. This means that all <a href="/wiki/Inertial" class="mw-redirect" title="Inertial">inertial</a> and, for the coordinate speed of light, non-inertial observers, regardless of their relative <a href="/wiki/Velocity" title="Velocity">velocity</a>, will always measure zero-mass particles such as <a href="/wiki/Photon" title="Photon">photons</a> traveling at <i>c</i> in vacuum. This result means that measurements of time and velocity in different frames are no longer related simply by constant shifts, but are instead related by <a href="/wiki/Poincar%C3%A9_transformation" class="mw-redirect" title="Poincaré transformation">Poincaré transformations</a>. These transformations have important implications: </p> <ul><li>The relativistic momentum of a <a href="/wiki/Mass" title="Mass">massive</a> particle would increase with speed in such a way that at the speed of light an object would have infinite momentum.</li> <li>To accelerate an object of non-zero <a href="/wiki/Mass_in_special_relativity" title="Mass in special relativity">rest mass</a> to <i>c</i> would require infinite time with any finite acceleration, or infinite acceleration for a finite amount of time.</li> <li>Either way, such acceleration requires infinite energy.</li> <li>Some observers with sub-light relative motion will disagree about which occurs first of any two events that are separated by a <a href="/wiki/Spacetime_interval" class="mw-redirect" title="Spacetime interval">space-like interval</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In other words, any travel that is faster-than-light will be seen as traveling backwards in time in some other, equally valid, frames of reference,<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or need to assume the speculative hypothesis of possible Lorentz violations at a presently unobserved scale (for instance the Planck scale).<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2013)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Therefore, any theory which permits "true" FTL also has to cope with <a href="/wiki/Time_travel" title="Time travel">time travel</a> and all its associated paradoxes,<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or else to assume the <a href="/wiki/Lorentz_invariance" class="mw-redirect" title="Lorentz invariance">Lorentz invariance</a> to be a symmetry of thermodynamical statistical nature (hence a symmetry broken at some presently unobserved scale).</li> <li>In special relativity the coordinate speed of light is only guaranteed to be <i>c</i> in an <a href="/wiki/Inertial_frame_of_reference" title="Inertial frame of reference">inertial frame</a>; in a non-inertial frame the coordinate speed may be different from <i>c</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In general relativity no coordinate system on a large region of curved spacetime is "inertial", so it is permissible to use a global coordinate system where objects travel faster than <i>c</i>, but in the local neighborhood of any point in curved spacetime we can define a "local inertial frame" and the local speed of light will be <i>c</i> in this frame,<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with massive objects moving through this local neighborhood always having a speed less than <i>c</i> in the local inertial frame.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Justifications">Justifications</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Faster-than-light&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Justifications"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Casimir_vacuum_and_quantum_tunnelling">Casimir vacuum and quantum tunnelling</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Faster-than-light&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Casimir vacuum and quantum tunnelling"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Special_relativity" title="Special relativity">Special relativity</a> postulates that the speed of light in vacuum is invariant in <a href="/wiki/Inertial_frame" class="mw-redirect" title="Inertial frame">inertial frames</a>. That is, it will be the same from any frame of reference moving at a constant speed. The equations do not specify any particular value for the speed of light, which is an experimentally determined quantity for a fixed unit of length. Since 1983, the <a href="/wiki/International_System_of_Units" title="International System of Units">SI</a> unit of length (the <a href="/wiki/Meter" class="mw-redirect" title="Meter">meter</a>) has been defined using the <a href="/wiki/Speed_of_light" title="Speed of light">speed of light</a>. </p><p>The experimental determination has been made in vacuum. However, the vacuum we know is not the only possible vacuum which can exist. The vacuum has energy associated with it, called simply the <a href="/wiki/Vacuum_energy" title="Vacuum energy">vacuum energy</a>, which could perhaps be altered in certain cases.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When vacuum energy is lowered, light itself has been predicted to go faster than the standard value <i>c</i>. This is known as the <a href="/wiki/Scharnhorst_effect" title="Scharnhorst effect">Scharnhorst effect</a>. Such a vacuum can be produced by bringing two perfectly smooth metal plates together at near atomic diameter spacing. It is called a <a href="/wiki/Casimir_effect#Vacuum_energy" title="Casimir effect">Casimir vacuum</a>. Calculations imply that light will go faster in such a vacuum by a minuscule amount: a photon traveling between two plates that are 1 micrometer apart would increase the photon's speed by only about one part in 10<sup>36</sup>.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Accordingly, there has as yet been no experimental verification of the prediction. A recent analysis<sup id="cite_ref-lib_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lib-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> argued that the Scharnhorst effect cannot be used to send information backwards in time with a single set of plates since the plates' rest frame would define a "<a href="/wiki/Preferred_frame" title="Preferred frame">preferred frame</a>" for FTL signaling. However, with multiple pairs of plates in motion relative to one another the authors noted that they had no arguments that could "guarantee the total absence of causality violations", and invoked Hawking's speculative <a href="/wiki/Chronology_protection_conjecture" title="Chronology protection conjecture">chronology protection conjecture</a> which suggests that feedback loops of virtual particles would create "uncontrollable singularities in the renormalized quantum stress-energy" on the boundary of any potential time machine, and thus would require a theory of quantum gravity to fully analyze. Other authors argue that Scharnhorst's original analysis, which seemed to show the possibility of faster-than-<i>c</i> signals, involved approximations which may be incorrect, so that it is not clear whether this effect could actually increase signal speed at all.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>It was later claimed by Eckle <i>et al.</i> that particle tunneling does indeed occur in zero real time.<sup id="cite_ref-Eckle_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Eckle-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Their tests involved tunneling electrons, where the group argued a relativistic prediction for tunneling time should be 500–600 attoseconds (an <a href="/wiki/Attosecond" title="Attosecond">attosecond</a> is one quintillionth (10<sup>−18</sup>) of a second). All that could be measured was 24 attoseconds, which is the limit of the test accuracy. Again, though, other physicists believe that tunneling experiments in which particles appear to spend anomalously short times inside the barrier are in fact fully compatible with relativity, although there is disagreement about whether the explanation involves reshaping of the wave packet or other effects.<sup id="cite_ref-WinfulHartman_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WinfulHartman-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-WinfulArticle_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WinfulArticle-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Sokolovski_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sokolovski-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Give_up_(absolute)_relativity"><span id="Give_up_.28absolute.29_relativity"></span>Give up (absolute) relativity</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Faster-than-light&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Give up (absolute) relativity"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Because of the strong empirical support for <a href="/wiki/Special_relativity" title="Special relativity">special relativity</a>, any modifications to it must necessarily be quite subtle and difficult to measure. The best-known attempt is <a href="/wiki/Doubly_special_relativity" title="Doubly special relativity">doubly special relativity</a>, which posits that the <a href="/wiki/Planck_length" class="mw-redirect" title="Planck length">Planck length</a> is also the same in all reference frames, and is associated with the work of <a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Amelino-Camelia" title="Giovanni Amelino-Camelia">Giovanni Amelino-Camelia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jo%C3%A3o_Magueijo" title="João Magueijo">João Magueijo</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There are speculative theories that claim inertia is produced by the combined mass of the universe (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Mach%27s_principle" title="Mach's principle">Mach's principle</a>), which implies that the rest frame of the universe might be <i>preferred</i> by conventional measurements of natural law. If confirmed, this would imply <a href="/wiki/Special_relativity" title="Special relativity">special relativity</a> is an approximation to a more general theory, but since the relevant comparison would (by definition) be outside the <a href="/wiki/Observable_universe" title="Observable universe">observable universe</a>, it is difficult to imagine (much less construct) experiments to test this hypothesis. Despite this difficulty, such experiments have been proposed.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Spacetime_distortion">Spacetime distortion</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Faster-than-light&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Spacetime distortion"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Although the theory of <a href="/wiki/Special_relativity" title="Special relativity">special relativity</a> forbids objects to have a relative velocity greater than light speed, and <a href="/wiki/General_relativity" title="General relativity">general relativity</a> reduces to special relativity in a local sense (in small regions of spacetime where curvature is negligible), general relativity does allow the space between distant objects to expand in such a way that they have a "<a href="/wiki/Recession_velocity" class="mw-redirect" title="Recession velocity">recession velocity</a>" which exceeds the speed of light, and it is thought that galaxies which are at a distance of more than about 14 billion light-years from us today have a recession velocity which is faster than light.<sup id="cite_ref-ly93_19-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ly93-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Miguel_Alcubierre" title="Miguel Alcubierre">Miguel Alcubierre</a> theorized that it would be possible to create a <a href="/wiki/Alcubierre_drive" title="Alcubierre drive">warp drive</a>, in which a ship would be enclosed in a "warp bubble" where the space at the front of the bubble is rapidly contracting and the space at the back is rapidly expanding, with the result that the bubble can reach a distant destination much faster than a light beam moving outside the bubble, but without objects inside the bubble locally traveling faster than light.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, <a href="/wiki/Alcubierre_drive#Difficulties" title="Alcubierre drive">several objections</a> raised against the Alcubierre drive appear to rule out the possibility of actually using it in any practical fashion. Another possibility predicted by general relativity is the <a href="/wiki/Wormhole#Traversable_wormholes" title="Wormhole">traversable wormhole</a>, which could create a shortcut between arbitrarily distant points in space. As with the Alcubierre drive, travelers moving through the wormhole would not <i>locally</i> move faster than light travelling through the wormhole alongside them, but they would be able to reach their destination (and return to their starting location) faster than light traveling outside the wormhole. </p><p>Gerald Cleaver and Richard Obousy, a professor and student of <a href="/wiki/Baylor_University" title="Baylor University">Baylor University</a>, theorized that manipulating the extra spatial dimensions of <a href="/wiki/String_theory" title="String theory">string theory</a> around a spaceship with an extremely large amount of energy would create a "bubble" that could cause the ship to travel faster than the speed of light. To create this bubble, the physicists believe manipulating the 10th spatial dimension would alter the <a href="/wiki/Dark_energy" title="Dark energy">dark energy</a> in three large spatial dimensions: height, width and length. Cleaver said positive dark energy is currently responsible for speeding up the expansion rate of our universe as time moves on.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Lorentz_symmetry_violation">Lorentz symmetry violation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Faster-than-light&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Lorentz symmetry violation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Modern_searches_for_Lorentz_violation" title="Modern searches for Lorentz violation">Modern searches for Lorentz violation</a> and <a href="/wiki/Standard-Model_Extension" title="Standard-Model Extension">Standard-Model Extension</a></div> <p>The possibility that Lorentz symmetry may be violated has been seriously considered in the last two decades, particularly after the development of a realistic effective field theory that describes this possible violation, the so-called <a href="/wiki/Standard-Model_Extension" title="Standard-Model Extension">Standard-Model Extension</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This general framework has allowed experimental searches by ultra-high energy cosmic-ray experiments<sup id="cite_ref-Gonzalez-Mestres2009b_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gonzalez-Mestres2009b-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and a wide variety of experiments in gravity, electrons, protons, neutrons, neutrinos, mesons, and photons.<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated1_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated1-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The breaking of rotation and boost invariance causes direction dependence in the theory as well as unconventional energy dependence that introduces novel effects, including <a href="/wiki/Lorentz-violating_neutrino_oscillations" title="Lorentz-violating neutrino oscillations">Lorentz-violating neutrino oscillations</a> and modifications to the dispersion relations of different particle species, which naturally could make particles move faster than light. </p><p>In some models of broken Lorentz symmetry, it is postulated that the symmetry is still built into the most fundamental laws of physics, but that <a href="/wiki/Spontaneous_symmetry_breaking" title="Spontaneous symmetry breaking">spontaneous symmetry breaking</a> of Lorentz invariance<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> shortly after the <a href="/wiki/Big_Bang" title="Big Bang">Big Bang</a> could have left a "relic field" throughout the universe which causes particles to behave differently depending on their velocity relative to the field;<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> however, there are also some models where Lorentz symmetry is broken in a more fundamental way. If Lorentz symmetry can cease to be a fundamental symmetry at the Planck scale or at some other fundamental scale, it is conceivable that particles with a critical speed different from the speed of light be the ultimate constituents of matter. </p><p>In current models of Lorentz symmetry violation, the phenomenological parameters are expected to be energy-dependent. Therefore, as widely recognized,<sup id="cite_ref-CERNCourrier_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CERNCourrier-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-NYT_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYT-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> existing low-energy bounds cannot be applied to high-energy phenomena; however, many searches for Lorentz violation at high energies have been carried out using the <a href="/wiki/Standard-Model_Extension" title="Standard-Model Extension">Standard-Model Extension</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated1_60-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated1-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Lorentz symmetry violation is expected to become stronger as one gets closer to the fundamental scale. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Superfluid_theories_of_physical_vacuum">Superfluid theories of physical vacuum</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Faster-than-light&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Superfluid theories of physical vacuum"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Superfluid_vacuum_theory" title="Superfluid vacuum theory">Superfluid vacuum theory</a></div> <p>In this approach, the physical <a href="/wiki/Vacuum" title="Vacuum">vacuum</a> is viewed as a quantum <a href="/wiki/Superfluid" class="mw-redirect" title="Superfluid">superfluid</a> which is essentially non-relativistic, whereas <a href="/wiki/Lorentz_symmetry" class="mw-redirect" title="Lorentz symmetry">Lorentz symmetry</a> is not an exact symmetry of nature but rather the approximate description valid only for the small fluctuations of the superfluid background.<sup id="cite_ref-volovik03_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-volovik03-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Within the framework of the approach, a theory was proposed in which the physical vacuum is conjectured to be a <a href="/wiki/Bose%E2%80%93Einstein_condensate" title="Bose–Einstein condensate">quantum Bose liquid</a> whose ground-state <a href="/wiki/Wave_function" title="Wave function">wavefunction</a> is described by the <a href="/wiki/Logarithmic_Schr%C3%B6dinger_equation" title="Logarithmic Schrödinger equation">logarithmic Schrödinger equation</a>. It was shown that the <a href="/wiki/General_relativity" title="General relativity">relativistic gravitational interaction</a> arises as the small-amplitude <a href="/wiki/Collective_excitation" class="mw-redirect" title="Collective excitation">collective excitation</a> mode<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> whereas relativistic <a href="/wiki/Elementary_particle" title="Elementary particle">elementary particles</a> can be described by the <a href="/wiki/Quasiparticle" title="Quasiparticle">particle-like modes</a> in the limit of low momenta.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The important fact is that at very high velocities the behavior of the particle-like modes becomes distinct from the <a href="/wiki/Theory_of_relativity" title="Theory of relativity">relativistic</a> one – they can reach the <a href="/wiki/Speed_of_light#Upper_limit_on_speeds" title="Speed of light">speed of light limit</a> at finite energy; also, faster-than-light propagation is possible without requiring moving objects to have <a href="/wiki/Imaginary_mass" class="mw-redirect" title="Imaginary mass">imaginary mass</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="FTL_neutrino_flight_results">FTL neutrino flight results</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Faster-than-light&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: FTL neutrino flight results"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="MINOS_experiment">MINOS experiment</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Faster-than-light&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: MINOS experiment"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/MINOS" title="MINOS">MINOS</a></div> <p>In 2007 the <a href="/wiki/MINOS" title="MINOS">MINOS</a> collaboration reported results measuring the flight-time of 3 <a href="/wiki/Electronvolt" title="Electronvolt">GeV</a> <a href="/wiki/Neutrinos" class="mw-redirect" title="Neutrinos">neutrinos</a> yielding a speed exceeding that of light by 1.8-sigma significance.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, those measurements were considered to be statistically consistent with neutrinos traveling at the speed of light.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After the detectors for the project were upgraded in 2012, MINOS corrected their initial result and found agreement with the speed of light. Further measurements are going to be conducted.<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="OPERA_neutrino_anomaly">OPERA neutrino anomaly</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Faster-than-light&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: OPERA neutrino anomaly"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Faster-than-light_neutrino_anomaly" class="mw-redirect" title="Faster-than-light neutrino anomaly">Faster-than-light neutrino anomaly</a></div> <p>On September 22, 2011, a preprint<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> from the <a href="/wiki/OPERA_experiment" title="OPERA experiment">OPERA Collaboration</a> indicated detection of 17 and 28 GeV muon neutrinos, sent 730 kilometers (454 miles) from <a href="/wiki/CERN" title="CERN">CERN</a> near <a href="/wiki/Geneva,_Switzerland" class="mw-redirect" title="Geneva, Switzerland">Geneva, Switzerland</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Laboratori_Nazionali_del_Gran_Sasso" title="Laboratori Nazionali del Gran Sasso">Gran Sasso National Laboratory</a> in Italy, traveling faster than light by a relative amount of <span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="6995248000000000000♠"></span>2.48<span style="margin-left:0.25em;margin-right:0.15em;">×</span>10<sup>−5</sup></span> (approximately 1 in 40,000), a statistic with 6.0-sigma significance.<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 17 November 2011, a second follow-up experiment by OPERA scientists confirmed their initial results.<sup id="cite_ref-Opera-20111118_75-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Opera-20111118-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Opera-arxiv_76-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Opera-arxiv-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, scientists were skeptical about the results of these experiments, the significance of which was disputed.<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In March 2012, the <a href="/wiki/ICARUS_(experiment)" class="mw-redirect" title="ICARUS (experiment)">ICARUS collaboration</a> failed to reproduce the OPERA results with their equipment, detecting neutrino travel time from CERN to the Gran Sasso National Laboratory indistinguishable from the speed of light.<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Later the OPERA team reported two flaws in their equipment set-up that had caused errors far outside their original <a href="/wiki/Confidence_interval" title="Confidence interval">confidence interval</a>: a <a href="/wiki/Fiber-optic_cable" title="Fiber-optic cable">fiber-optic cable</a> attached improperly, which caused the apparently faster-than-light measurements, and a clock oscillator ticking too fast.<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Tachyons">Tachyons</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Faster-than-light&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Tachyons"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Tachyon" title="Tachyon">Tachyon</a></div> <p>In special relativity, it is impossible to accelerate an object <em>to</em> the speed of light, or for a massive object to move <em>at</em> the speed of light. However, it might be possible for an object to exist which <em>always</em> moves faster than light. The hypothetical <a href="/wiki/Elementary_particle" title="Elementary particle">elementary particles</a> with this property are called tachyons or tachyonic particles. Attempts <a href="/wiki/Tachyonic_field" title="Tachyonic field">to quantize them</a> failed to produce faster-than-light particles, and instead illustrated that their presence leads to an instability.<sup id="cite_ref-Randall_80-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Randall-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Various theorists have suggested that the <a href="/wiki/Neutrino" title="Neutrino">neutrino</a> might have a tachyonic nature,<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while others have disputed the possibility.<sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="General_relativity">General relativity</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Faster-than-light&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: General relativity"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/General_relativity" title="General relativity">General relativity</a> was developed after <a href="/wiki/Special_relativity" title="Special relativity">special relativity</a> to include concepts like <a href="/wiki/Gravity" title="Gravity">gravity</a>. It maintains the principle that no object can accelerate to the speed of light in the reference frame of any coincident observer.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2009)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> However, it permits distortions in <a href="/wiki/Spacetime" title="Spacetime">spacetime</a> that allow an object to move faster than light from the point of view of a distant observer.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2012)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> One such <a href="/wiki/Distortion" title="Distortion">distortion</a> is the <a href="/wiki/Alcubierre_drive" title="Alcubierre drive">Alcubierre drive</a>, which can be thought of as producing a ripple in <a href="/wiki/Spacetime" title="Spacetime">spacetime</a> that carries an object along with it. Another possible system is the <a href="/wiki/Wormhole" title="Wormhole">wormhole</a>, which connects two distant locations as though by a shortcut. Both distortions would need to create a very strong curvature in a highly localized region of space-time and their gravity fields would be immense. To counteract the unstable nature, and prevent the distortions from collapsing under their own 'weight', one would need to introduce hypothetical <a href="/wiki/Exotic_matter" title="Exotic matter">exotic matter</a> or negative energy. </p><p>General relativity also recognizes that any means of faster-than-light <a href="/wiki/Travel" title="Travel">travel</a> could also be used for <a href="/wiki/Time_travel" title="Time travel">time travel</a>. This raises problems with <a href="/wiki/Causality" title="Causality">causality</a>. Many physicists believe that the above phenomena are impossible and that future theories of <a href="/wiki/Gravity" title="Gravity">gravity</a> will prohibit them. One theory states that stable wormholes are possible, but that any attempt to use a network of wormholes to violate causality would result in their decay.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2013)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> In <a href="/wiki/String_theory" title="String theory">string theory</a>, Eric G. Gimon and <a href="/wiki/Petr_Ho%C5%99ava_(theorist)" class="mw-redirect" title="Petr Hořava (theorist)">Petr Hořava</a> have argued<sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> that in a <a href="/wiki/Supersymmetric" class="mw-redirect" title="Supersymmetric">supersymmetric</a> five-dimensional <a href="/wiki/G%C3%B6del_metric" title="Gödel metric">Gödel universe</a>, quantum corrections to general relativity effectively cut off regions of spacetime with causality-violating closed timelike curves. In particular, in the quantum theory a smeared supertube is present that cuts the spacetime in such a way that, although in the full spacetime a closed timelike curve passed through every point, no complete curves exist on the interior region bounded by the tube. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_fiction_and_popular_culture">In fiction and popular culture</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Faster-than-light&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: In fiction and popular culture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Space_travel_in_science_fiction" title="Space travel in science fiction">Space travel in science fiction</a></div> <p>FTL travel is a common <a href="/wiki/Plot_device" title="Plot device">plot device</a> in <a href="/wiki/Science_fiction" title="Science fiction">science fiction</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Faster-than-light&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output 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a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://physicsworld.com/a/quantum-tunnelling-time-is-measured-using-ultracold-atoms/">"Quantum-tunnelling time is measured using ultracold atoms"</a>. <i>Physics World</i>. 22 July 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Physics+World&rft.atitle=Quantum-tunnelling+time+is+measured+using+ultracold+atoms&rft.date=2020-07-22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fphysicsworld.com%2Fa%2Fquantum-tunnelling-time-is-measured-using-ultracold-atoms%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFaster-than-light" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-urlQuanta_Magazine-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-urlQuanta_Magazine_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://sitemaker.umich.edu/herbert.winful/files/physics_reports_review_article__2006_.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 2011-12-18<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2010-06-08</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Physics+Reports&rft.atitle=Tunneling+time%2C+the+Hartman+effect%2C+and+superluminality%3A+A+proposed+resolution+of+an+old+paradox&rft.volume=436&rft.issue=1%E2%80%932&rft.pages=1-69&rft.date=2006-12&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.physrep.2006.09.002&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2006PhR...436....1W&rft.aulast=Winful&rft.aufirst=Herbert+G.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsitemaker.umich.edu%2Fherbert.winful%2Ffiles%2Fphysics_reports_review_article__2006_.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFaster-than-light" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-WinfulArticle-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-WinfulArticle_49-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">For a summary of Herbert G. 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(1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://zenodo.org/record/1258487">"Against tachyonic neutrinos"</a>. <i>Physics Letters B</i>. <b>244</b> (1): 95–100. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1990PhLB..244...95H">1990PhLB..244...95H</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2F0370-2693%2890%2990275-B">10.1016/0370-2693(90)90275-B</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Physics+Letters+B&rft.atitle=Against+tachyonic+neutrinos&rft.volume=244&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=95-100&rft.date=1990&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2F0370-2693%2890%2990275-B&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1990PhLB..244...95H&rft.aulast=Hughes&rft.aufirst=R.+J.&rft.au=Stephenson%2C+G.+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fzenodo.org%2Frecord%2F1258487&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFaster-than-light" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGimonHořava2004" class="citation arxiv cs1">Gimon, Eric G.; Hořava, Petr (2004). "Over-rotating black holes, Gödel holography and the hypertube". <a href="/wiki/ArXiv_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ArXiv (identifier)">arXiv</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arxiv.org/abs/hep-th/0405019">hep-th/0405019</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=preprint&rft.jtitle=arXiv&rft.atitle=Over-rotating+black+holes%2C+G%C3%B6del+holography+and+the+hypertube&rft.date=2004&rft_id=info%3Aarxiv%2Fhep-th%2F0405019&rft.aulast=Gimon&rft.aufirst=Eric+G.&rft.au=Ho%C5%99ava%2C+Petr&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFaster-than-light" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sf-encyclopedia.com/entry/faster_than_light">"Themes : Faster Than Light : SFE : Science Fiction Encyclopedia"</a>. <i>www.sf-encyclopedia.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-09-01</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.sf-encyclopedia.com&rft.atitle=Themes+%3A+Faster+Than+Light+%3A+SFE+%3A+Science+Fiction+Encyclopedia&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sf-encyclopedia.com%2Fentry%2Ffaster_than_light&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFaster-than-light" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Faster-than-light&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFallaFloyd2002" class="citation journal cs1">Falla, D. F.; Floyd, M. J. (2002). "Superluminal motion in astronomy". <i><a href="/wiki/European_Journal_of_Physics" title="European Journal of Physics">European Journal of Physics</a></i>. <b>23</b> (1): 69–81. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2002EJPh...23...69F">2002EJPh...23...69F</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1088%2F0143-0807%2F23%2F1%2F310">10.1088/0143-0807/23/1/310</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:250863474">250863474</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=European+Journal+of+Physics&rft.atitle=Superluminal+motion+in+astronomy&rft.volume=23&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=69-81&rft.date=2002&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A250863474%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1088%2F0143-0807%2F23%2F1%2F310&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2002EJPh...23...69F&rft.aulast=Falla&rft.aufirst=D.+F.&rft.au=Floyd%2C+M.+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFaster-than-light" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKaku2008" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Michio_Kaku" title="Michio Kaku">Kaku, Michio</a> (2008). "Faster than Light". <a href="/wiki/Physics_of_the_Impossible" title="Physics of the Impossible"><i>Physics of the Impossible</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Allen_Lane" title="Allen Lane">Allen Lane</a>. pp. 197–215. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7139-9992-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7139-9992-1"><bdi>978-0-7139-9992-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Faster+than+Light&rft.btitle=Physics+of+the+Impossible&rft.pages=197-215&rft.pub=Allen+Lane&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-7139-9992-1&rft.aulast=Kaku&rft.aufirst=Michio&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFaster-than-light" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNimtz2008" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/G%C3%BCnter_Nimtz" title="Günter Nimtz">Nimtz, Günter</a> (2008). <i>Zero Time Space</i>. <a href="/wiki/Wiley-VCH" title="Wiley-VCH">Wiley-VCH</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-527-40735-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-527-40735-4"><bdi>978-3-527-40735-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Zero+Time+Space&rft.pub=Wiley-VCH&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-3-527-40735-4&rft.aulast=Nimtz&rft.aufirst=G%C3%BCnter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFaster-than-light" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCramer2009" class="citation book cs1">Cramer, J. G. (2009). "Faster-than-Light Implications of Quantum Entanglement and Nonlocality". In Millis, M. G.; et al. (eds.). <i>Frontiers of Propulsion Science</i>. <a href="/wiki/American_Institute_of_Aeronautics_and_Astronautics" title="American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics">American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics</a>. pp. 509–529. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-56347-956-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-56347-956-4"><bdi>978-1-56347-956-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Faster-than-Light+Implications+of+Quantum+Entanglement+and+Nonlocality&rft.btitle=Frontiers+of+Propulsion+Science&rft.pages=509-529&rft.pub=American+Institute+of+Aeronautics+and+Astronautics&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-1-56347-956-4&rft.aulast=Cramer&rft.aufirst=J.+G.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFaster-than-light" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAlcubierre1994" class="citation journal cs1">Alcubierre, Miguel (1994-05-01). "The warp drive: hyper-fast travel within general relativity". <i>Classical and Quantum Gravity</i>. <b>11</b> (5): L73–L77. <a href="/wiki/ArXiv_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ArXiv (identifier)">arXiv</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arxiv.org/abs/gr-qc/0009013">gr-qc/0009013</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1994CQGra..11L..73A">1994CQGra..11L..73A</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1088%2F0264-9381%2F11%2F5%2F001">10.1088/0264-9381/11/5/001</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0264-9381">0264-9381</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Classical+and+Quantum+Gravity&rft.atitle=The+warp+drive%3A+hyper-fast+travel+within+general+relativity&rft.volume=11&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=L73-L77&rft.date=1994-05-01&rft_id=info%3Aarxiv%2Fgr-qc%2F0009013&rft.issn=0264-9381&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1088%2F0264-9381%2F11%2F5%2F001&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1994CQGra..11L..73A&rft.aulast=Alcubierre&rft.aufirst=Miguel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFaster-than-light" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYan2006" class="citation journal cs1">Yan, Kun (2006). "The tendency analytical equations of stable nuclides and the superluminal velocity motion laws of matter in geospace". <i>Progress in Geophysics</i>. <b>21</b>: 38. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2006PrGeo..21...38Y">2006PrGeo..21...38Y</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Progress+in+Geophysics&rft.atitle=The+tendency+analytical+equations+of+stable+nuclides+and+the+superluminal+velocity+motion+laws+of+matter+in+geospace&rft.volume=21&rft.pages=38&rft.date=2006&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2006PrGeo..21...38Y&rft.aulast=Yan&rft.aufirst=Kun&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFaster-than-light" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGlasser2012" class="citation journal cs1">Glasser, Ryan T. (2012). "Stimulated Generation of Superluminal Light Pulses via Four-Wave Mixing". <i>Physical Review Letters</i>. <b>108</b> (17): 173902. <a href="/wiki/ArXiv_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ArXiv (identifier)">arXiv</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arxiv.org/abs/1204.0810">1204.0810</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2012PhRvL.108q3902G">2012PhRvL.108q3902G</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1103%2FPhysRevLett.108.173902">10.1103/PhysRevLett.108.173902</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22680868">22680868</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:46458102">46458102</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Physical+Review+Letters&rft.atitle=Stimulated+Generation+of+Superluminal+Light+Pulses+via+Four-Wave+Mixing&rft.volume=108&rft.issue=17&rft.pages=173902&rft.date=2012&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A46458102%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2012PhRvL.108q3902G&rft_id=info%3Aarxiv%2F1204.0810&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F22680868&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1103%2FPhysRevLett.108.173902&rft.aulast=Glasser&rft.aufirst=Ryan+T.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFaster-than-light" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWithayachumnankulFischerFergusonDavis2010" class="citation journal cs1">Withayachumnankul, Withawat; Fischer, Bernd M; Ferguson, Bradley; Davis, Bruce R; Abbott, Derek (October 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.eleceng.adelaide.edu.au/personal/dabbott/publications/PIE_withayachumnankul2010.pdf">"A Systemized View of Superluminal Wave Propagation"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Proceedings_of_the_IEEE" title="Proceedings of the IEEE">Proceedings of the IEEE</a></i>. <b>98</b> (10): 1775–1786. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1109%2FJPROC.2010.2052910">10.1109/JPROC.2010.2052910</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0018-9219">0018-9219</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+the+IEEE&rft.atitle=A+Systemized+View+of+Superluminal+Wave+Propagation&rft.volume=98&rft.issue=10&rft.pages=1775-1786&rft.date=2010-10&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1109%2FJPROC.2010.2052910&rft.issn=0018-9219&rft.aulast=Withayachumnankul&rft.aufirst=Withawat&rft.au=Fischer%2C+Bernd+M&rft.au=Ferguson%2C+Bradley&rft.au=Davis%2C+Bruce+R&rft.au=Abbott%2C+Derek&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.eleceng.adelaide.edu.au%2Fpersonal%2Fdabbott%2Fpublications%2FPIE_withayachumnankul2010.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFaster-than-light" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Faster-than-light&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style 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href="http://www.rp-photonics.com/superluminal_transmission.html">Encyclopedia of laser physics and technology on "superluminal transmission"</a>, with more details on phase and group velocity, and on causality</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aei-potsdam.mpg.de/~mpoessel/Physik/FTL/tunnelingftl.html">Markus Pössel: Faster-than-light (FTL) speeds in tunneling experiments: an annotated bibliography</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100123191247/http://www.aei-potsdam.mpg.de/~mpoessel/Physik/FTL/tunnelingftl.html">Archived</a> 2010-01-23 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.physicsguy.com/ftl/index.html">Relativity and FTL Travel FAQ</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://math.ucr.edu/home/baez/physics/Relativity/SpeedOfLight/FTL.html">Usenet Physics FAQ: is FTL travel or communication Possible?</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.theculture.org/rich/sharpblue/archives/000089.html">Relativity, FTL and causality</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090429103409/http://petar-bosnic-petrus.com/science-articles/conical-and-paraboloidal-superluminal-particle-accelerators">Conical and paraboloidal superluminal particle accelerators</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.physicsguy.com/ftl/">Relativity and FTL (=Superluminal motion) Travel Homepage</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output 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href="/wiki/Template:Extreme_motion" title="Template:Extreme motion"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Extreme_motion" title="Template talk:Extreme motion"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Extreme_motion" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Extreme motion"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Extremes_of_motion" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Extremes of motion</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Speed</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Wave <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Speed_of_light" title="Speed of light">light</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sound_barrier" title="Sound barrier">sound</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_vehicle_speed_records" title="List of vehicle speed records">Vehicle</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_vehicle_speed_records#Spacecraft" title="List of vehicle speed records">Spacecraft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flight_airspeed_record" title="Flight airspeed record">Aircraft</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fastest_propeller-driven_aircraft" title="Fastest propeller-driven aircraft">propeller-driven</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transcontinental_flight" title="Transcontinental flight">transcontinental</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Land_speed_record" title="Land speed record">Land vehicle</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Land_speed_record" title="Land speed record">propulsively-driven</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Land_speed_racing#Records_by_class" title="Land speed racing">wheel-driven</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Railway_speed_record" title="Railway speed record">on rails</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Motorcycle_land-speed_record" title="Motorcycle land-speed record">motorcycle</a> <ul><li>production model <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_fastest_production_motorcycles" title="List of fastest production motorcycles">by top speed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_fastest_production_motorcycles_by_acceleration" title="List of fastest production motorcycles by acceleration">by acceleration</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li>production car <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Production_car_speed_record" title="Production car speed record">by top speed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_fastest_production_cars_by_acceleration" title="List of fastest production cars by acceleration">by acceleration</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_land_speed_record" title="British land speed record">British</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_speed_record" title="Water speed record">Water-borne vehicle</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Speed_sailing_record" title="Speed sailing record">sailing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underwater_speed_record" title="Underwater speed record">submerged</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blue_Riband" title="Blue Riband">transatlantic</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Distance</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Space <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Voyager_1" title="Voyager 1">furthest spacecraft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huygens_(spacecraft)" title="Huygens (spacecraft)">furthest landing on another world</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apollo_13" title="Apollo 13">furthest humans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opportunity_(rover)" title="Opportunity (rover)">furthest travel on another world</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parker_Solar_Probe" title="Parker Solar Probe">closest to the Sun</a></li></ul></li> <li>Aircraft <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Flight_distance_record" title="Flight distance record">furthest flight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flight_altitude_record" title="Flight altitude record">highest altitude</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bathyscaphe_Trieste" class="mw-redirect" title="Bathyscaphe Trieste">Deepest ocean vehicle</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Endurance</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Space <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Voyager_2" title="Voyager 2">greatest of a spaceflight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opportunity_(rover)" title="Opportunity (rover)">greatest on another world</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oleg_Kononenko" title="Oleg Kononenko">greatest of a person</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Space_Station" title="International Space Station">greatest of a spacecraft population</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flight_endurance_record" title="Flight endurance record">Aircraft</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_spaceflight_records" title="List of spaceflight records">Spaceflight records</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/F%C3%A9d%C3%A9ration_A%C3%A9ronautique_Internationale#Some_of_the_records" title="Fédération Aéronautique Internationale">Fédération Aéronautique Internationale records</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Science_fiction" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Science_fiction" title="Template:Science fiction"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Science_fiction" title="Template talk:Science fiction"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Science_fiction" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Science fiction"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Science_fiction" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Science_fiction" title="Science fiction">Science fiction</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_science_fiction" title="Outline of science fiction">Outline</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_science-fiction_authors" title="List of science-fiction authors">Authors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Definitions_of_science_fiction" title="Definitions of science fiction">Definitions</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anthropological_science_fiction" title="Anthropological science fiction">Anthropological</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hard_science_fiction" title="Hard science fiction">Hard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scientific_romance" title="Scientific romance">Scientific romance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soft_science_fiction" title="Soft science fiction">Soft</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golden_Age_of_Science_Fiction" title="Golden Age of Science Fiction">Golden Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_science_fiction" title="History of science fiction">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Wave_science_fiction" class="mw-redirect" title="New Wave science fiction">New Wave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_science_fiction" title="Timeline of science fiction">Timeline</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Subgenres</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apocalyptic_and_post-apocalyptic_fiction" title="Apocalyptic and post-apocalyptic fiction">Apocalyptic and post-apocalyptic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_fiction_comedy" title="Science fiction comedy">Comedy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_science_fiction_sitcoms" class="mw-redirect" title="List of science fiction sitcoms">Sitcoms</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_science_fiction" title="Feminist science fiction">Feminist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grimdark" title="Grimdark">Grimdark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inner_space_(science_fiction)" title="Inner space (science fiction)">Inner space</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mecha" title="Mecha">Mecha</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mecha_anime_and_manga" title="Mecha anime and manga">Anime and manga</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mundane_science_fiction" title="Mundane science fiction">Mundane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_warfare_in_science_fiction" title="Space warfare in science fiction">Space warfare</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Military_science_fiction" title="Military science fiction">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_opera" title="Space opera">Space opera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_Western" title="Space Western">Space Western</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parallel_universes_in_fiction" title="Parallel universes in fiction">Parallel universes</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Isekai" title="Isekai">Isekai</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_fantasy" title="Science fantasy">Science fantasy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dying_Earth_(genre)" title="Dying Earth (genre)">Dying Earth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Planetary_romance" title="Planetary romance">Planetary romance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Superhero_fiction" title="Superhero fiction">Superhero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sword_and_planet" class="mw-redirect" title="Sword and planet">Sword and planet</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_science_fiction" title="Social science fiction">Social</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Climate_fiction" title="Climate fiction">Climate fiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_science_fiction" title="Christian science fiction">Christian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_science_fiction" title="Libertarian science fiction">Libertarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Utopian_and_dystopian_fiction" title="Utopian and dystopian fiction">Utopian and dystopian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tech_noir" title="Tech noir">Tech noir</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spy-Fi_(subgenre)" class="mw-redirect" title="Spy-Fi (subgenre)">Spy-Fi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Techno-thriller" title="Techno-thriller">Techno-thriller</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tokusatsu" title="Tokusatsu">Tokusatsu</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kaiju" title="Kaiju">Kaiju</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_underwater_science_fiction_works" title="List of underwater science fiction works">Underwater</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Cyberpunk_derivatives" title="Cyberpunk derivatives">Cyberpunk derivatives</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cyberpunk" title="Cyberpunk">Cyberpunk</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_cyberpunk" title="Japanese cyberpunk">Japanese</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biopunk" title="Biopunk">Biopunk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dieselpunk" title="Dieselpunk">Dieselpunk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nanopunk" title="Nanopunk">Nanopunk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solarpunk" title="Solarpunk">Solarpunk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steampunk" title="Steampunk">Steampunk</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Culture</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Science_fiction_convention" title="Science fiction convention">Conventions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_fiction_fandom" title="Science fiction fandom">Fandom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science-fiction_fanzine" title="Science-fiction fanzine">Fanzines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_Speculative_Fiction_Database" title="Internet Speculative Fiction Database">ISFDB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_fiction_libraries_and_museums" title="Science fiction libraries and museums">Libraries and museums</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EMP_Museum#Science_Fiction_Museum" class="mw-redirect" title="EMP Museum">Science Fiction Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_fiction_studies" title="Science fiction studies">Studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_speculative_fiction" title="Women in speculative fiction">Women in SF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Worldcon" title="Worldcon">Worldcon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Region</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Australian_science_fiction" title="Australian science fiction">Australian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengali_science_fiction" title="Bengali science fiction">Bengali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazilian_science_fiction" title="Brazilian science fiction">Brazilian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_science_fiction" title="Canadian science fiction">Canadian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chilean_science_fiction" title="Chilean science fiction">Chilean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_science_fiction" title="Chinese science fiction">Chinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Croatian_science_fiction" title="Croatian science fiction">Croatian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Czech_science_fiction_and_fantasy" class="mw-redirect" title="Czech science fiction and fantasy">Czech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estonian_science_fiction" title="Estonian science fiction">Estonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_science_fiction" title="French science fiction">French</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_science_fiction" title="Hungarian science fiction">Hungarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_science_fiction" title="Japanese science fiction">Japanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norwegian_science_fiction" title="Norwegian science fiction">Norwegian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_fiction_and_fantasy_in_Poland" class="mw-redirect" title="Science fiction and fantasy in Poland">Polish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanian_science_fiction" title="Romanian science fiction">Romanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_science_fiction_and_fantasy" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian science fiction and fantasy">Russian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbian_science_fiction" title="Serbian science fiction">Serbian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_science_fiction" title="Spanish science fiction">Spanish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yugoslav_science_fiction" title="Yugoslav science fiction">Yugoslav</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Awards</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Cinematic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jules_Verne_Awards" title="Jules Verne Awards">Jules Verne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saturn_Awards" title="Saturn Awards">Saturn</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Literary, art,<br />and audio</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Astounding_Award_for_Best_New_Writer" title="Astounding Award for Best New Writer">Astounding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aurealis_Award" title="Aurealis Award">Aurealis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BSFA_Award" title="BSFA Award">BSFA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_W._Campbell_Memorial_Award_for_Best_Science_Fiction_Novel" title="John W. Campbell Memorial Award for Best Science Fiction Novel">Campbell Memorial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chesley_Awards" title="Chesley Awards">Chesley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_C._Clarke_Award" title="Arthur C. Clarke Award">Clarke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compton_Crook_Award" title="Compton Crook Award">Crook</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deutscher_Science_Fiction_Preis" title="Deutscher Science Fiction Preis">Deutscher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_K._Dick_Award" title="Philip K. Dick Award">Dick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ditmar_Award" title="Ditmar Award">Ditmar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Endeavour_Award" title="Endeavour Award">Endeavor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FantLab%27s_Book_of_the_Year_Award" title="FantLab's Book of the Year Award">FantLab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galaxy_Award_(China)" title="Galaxy Award (China)">Galaxy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jack_Gaughan_Award" title="Jack Gaughan Award">Gaughan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geffen_Award" title="Geffen Award">Geffen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golden_Duck_Award" title="Golden Duck Award">Golden Duck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Damon_Knight_Memorial_Grand_Master_Award" title="Damon Knight Memorial Grand Master Award">Grand Master</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_prix_de_l%27Imaginaire" title="Grand prix de l'Imaginaire">Grand Prix</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Harland_Prize" title="Paul Harland Prize">Harland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_A._Heinlein_Award" title="Robert A. Heinlein Award">Heinlein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Premio_Ignotus" title="Premio Ignotus">Ignotus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kitschies" title="Kitschies">Kitschies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Lambda_Literary_Awards_winners_and_nominees_for_science_fiction,_fantasy_and_horror" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Lambda Literary Awards winners and nominees for science fiction, fantasy and horror">Lambda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurd_La%C3%9Fwitz_Award" title="Kurd Laßwitz Award">Laßwitz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Locus_Award" title="Locus Award">Locus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nautilus_Award" title="Nautilus Award">Nautilus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nebula_Award" title="Nebula Award">Nebula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nommo_Awards" title="Nommo Awards">Nommo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andre_Norton_Award" title="Andre Norton Award">Norton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parsec_Awards" title="Parsec Awards">Parsec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prometheus_Award" title="Prometheus Award">Prometheus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhysling_Award" title="Rhysling Award">Rhysling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SFERA_Award" title="SFERA Award">SFERA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sidewise_Award_for_Alternate_History" title="Sidewise Award for Alternate History">Sidewise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_E._Smith_Memorial_Award" title="Edward E. Smith Memorial Award">Skylark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodore_Sturgeon_Award" title="Theodore Sturgeon Award">Sturgeon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sunburst_Award" title="Sunburst Award">Sunburst</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T%C3%A4htivaeltaja_Award" title="Tähtivaeltaja Award">Tähtivaeltaja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TBD_Science_Fiction_Story_Award" title="TBD Science Fiction Story Award">TBD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Tiptree_Jr._Award" class="mw-redirect" title="James Tiptree Jr. Award">Tiptree</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prix_Apollo_Award" title="Prix Apollo Award">Tour-Apollo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_Fiction_%26_Fantasy_Translation_Awards" title="Science Fiction & Fantasy Translation Awards">Translation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urania_Award" title="Urania Award">Urania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sir_Julius_Vogel_Award" title="Sir Julius Vogel Award">Vogel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Writers_of_the_Future" class="mw-redirect" title="Writers of the Future">Writers and Illustrators of the Future</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Janusz_A._Zajdel_Award" title="Janusz A. Zajdel Award">Zajdel</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Multimedia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aurora_Awards" title="Aurora Awards">Aurora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chandler_Award" title="Chandler Award">Chandler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dragon_Awards" title="Dragon Awards">Dragon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugo_Award" title="Hugo Award">Hugo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seiun_Award" title="Seiun Award">Seiun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaylactic_Spectrum_Awards" title="Gaylactic Spectrum Awards">Spectrum</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Media</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Science_fiction_film" title="Science fiction film">Film</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_science_fiction_films" title="History of science fiction films">Film history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_science_fiction_films" title="Lists of science fiction films">Films</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_fiction_films_in_India" title="Science fiction films in India">Indian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_science_fiction" title="Japanese science fiction">Japanese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_science_fiction_anime" title="List of science fiction anime">Anime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tokusatsu" title="Tokusatsu">Tokusatsu</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Literature</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Science_fiction_comics" title="Science fiction comics">Comics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_fiction_magazine" title="Science fiction magazine">Magazines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_science_fiction_novels" title="List of science fiction novels">Novels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_science_fiction_publishers" title="List of science fiction publishers">Publishers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_science_fiction_short_stories" title="List of science fiction short stories">Short stories</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Stage</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Science_fiction_opera" title="Science fiction opera">Opera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_fiction_theatre" title="Science fiction theatre">Theatre</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Science_fiction_on_television" title="Science fiction on television">Television</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_science_fiction_television_programs" title="List of science fiction television programs">List of TV shows</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_science_fiction_television" title="Australian science fiction television">Australasian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_television_science_fiction" title="British television science fiction">British</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_science_fiction_television" title="Canadian science fiction television">Canadian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_fiction_on_television#Continental_European_science_fiction_series" title="Science fiction on television">European</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_science_fiction" title="Japanese science fiction">Japanese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_science_fiction_anime" title="List of science fiction anime">Anime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tokusatsu" title="Tokusatsu">Live-action</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/U.S._television_science_fiction" title="U.S. television science fiction">U.S.</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_science_fiction_themes" title="List of science fiction themes">Themes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Space_architecture" title="Space architecture">Architectural</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Space_colonization" title="Space colonization">Colonization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dyson_sphere" title="Dyson sphere">Dyson sphere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matrioshka_brain" title="Matrioshka brain">Matrioshka brain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_stations_and_habitats_in_fiction" title="Space stations and habitats in fiction">Space stations and habitats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stellar_engine" title="Stellar engine">Stellar engine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terraforming_in_popular_culture" title="Terraforming in popular culture">Terraforming</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Biology_in_fiction" title="Biology in fiction">Biological</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biological_warfare_in_popular_culture" title="Biological warfare in popular culture">Biological warfare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_being" title="Energy being">Energy being</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolution_in_fiction" title="Evolution in fiction">Evolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extraterrestrials_in_fiction" title="Extraterrestrials in fiction">Extraterrestrials</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_fictional_extraterrestrials" title="Lists of fictional extraterrestrials">List</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_in_speculative_fiction" title="Gender in speculative fiction">Gender</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genetic_engineering_in_science_fiction" class="mw-redirect" title="Genetic engineering in science fiction">Genetic engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Invisibility_in_fiction" title="Invisibility in fiction">Invisibility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nanotechnology_in_fiction" title="Nanotechnology in fiction">Nanotechnology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organ_transplantation_in_fiction" title="Organ transplantation in fiction">Organ transplantation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parasites_in_fiction" title="Parasites in fiction">Parasites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prosthetics_in_fiction" title="Prosthetics in fiction">Prosthetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex_and_sexuality_in_speculative_fiction" title="Sex and sexuality in speculative fiction">Sex and sexuality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Symbiosis_in_fiction" title="Symbiosis in fiction">Symbiosis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Physical</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ansible" title="Ansible">Ansible</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_holes_in_fiction" title="Black holes in fiction">Black holes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extrasolar_planets_in_fiction" title="Extrasolar planets in fiction">Extrasolar planets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Force_field_(technology)" title="Force field (technology)">Force field</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyperspace" title="Hyperspace">Hyperspace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inertialess_drive" class="mw-redirect" title="Inertialess drive">Inertialess</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multiverse" title="Multiverse">Multiverse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parallel_universes_in_fiction" title="Parallel universes in fiction">Parallel universes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portable_hole" title="Portable hole">Portable hole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_travel_in_science_fiction" title="Space travel in science fiction">Space travel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stargate_(device)" title="Stargate (device)">Stargate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stars_in_fiction" title="Stars in fiction">Stars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teleportation_in_fiction" title="Teleportation in fiction">Teleportation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Time_travel_in_fiction" title="Time travel in fiction">Time travel</a> (<a href="/wiki/Time_viewer" title="Time viewer">Viewer</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warp_drive" title="Warp drive">Warp drive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wormholes_in_fiction" title="Wormholes in fiction">Wormhole</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Psychological</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Group_mind_(science_fiction)" title="Group mind (science fiction)">Group mind</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mind_uploading_in_fiction" title="Mind uploading in fiction">Mind uploading</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psionics" title="Psionics">Psionics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simulated_consciousness_in_fiction" title="Simulated consciousness in fiction">Simulated consciousness</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Social</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Africanfuturism" title="Africanfuturism">Africanfuturism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afrofuturism" title="Afrofuturism">Afrofuturism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alien_invasion" title="Alien invasion">Alien invasion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alien_language" title="Alien language">Alien language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_astronauts_in_popular_culture" title="Ancient astronauts in popular culture">Ancient astronauts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_science_fiction" title="Black science fiction">Black</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evil_corporation" title="Evil corporation">Evil corporation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_contact_(science_fiction)" title="First contact (science fiction)">First contact</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frankenstein_complex" title="Frankenstein complex">Frankenstein complex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galactic_empire" title="Galactic empire">Galactic empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_themes_in_speculative_fiction" title="LGBT themes in speculative fiction">LGBT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Message_from_space_(science_fiction)" title="Message from space (science fiction)">Message from space</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transhumanism_in_fiction" title="Transhumanism in fiction">Transhumanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uplift_(science_fiction)" title="Uplift (science fiction)">Uplift</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xenoarchaeology" title="Xenoarchaeology">Xenoarchaeology</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Technological</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Artificial_intelligence_in_fiction" title="Artificial intelligence in fiction">Artificial intelligence</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/AI_takeover_in_popular_culture" title="AI takeover in popular culture">AI takeover</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Astronomical_engineering" title="Astronomical engineering">Astroengineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holography_in_fiction" title="Holography in fiction">Holography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_fictional_robots_and_androids" title="List of fictional robots and androids">Robots</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cyborgs_in_fiction" class="mw-redirect" title="Cyborgs in fiction">Cyborgs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-replicating_machines_in_fiction" class="mw-redirect" title="Self-replicating machines in fiction">Self-replicating machines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simulated_reality" title="Simulated reality">Simulated reality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_fictional_spacecraft" title="List of fictional spacecraft">Spacecraft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tachyons_in_fiction" title="Tachyons in fiction">Tachyons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weapons_in_science_fiction" title="Weapons in science fiction">Weapons</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Religious</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_science_fiction" title="Christian science fiction">Christian science fiction</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alternate_history" title="Alternate history">Alternate history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fantasy" title="Fantasy">Fantasy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_fictional_astronauts" title="Lists of fictional astronauts">Fictional astronauts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fictional_technology" class="mw-redirect" title="Fictional technology">Fictional technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Future_history" title="Future history">Future history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horror_fiction" title="Horror fiction">Horror</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magic_realism" class="mw-redirect" title="Magic realism">Magic realism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Museum_of_Science_Fiction" title="Museum of Science Fiction">Museum of Science Fiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rubber_science" title="Rubber science">Rubber science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_and_technology_studies" title="Science and technology studies">Science and technology studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sense_of_wonder" title="Sense of wonder">Sense of wonder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Speculative_fiction" title="Speculative fiction">Speculative fiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supernatural_fiction" title="Supernatural fiction">Supernatural</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technology_and_society" title="Technology and society">Technology and society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weird_fiction" title="Weird fiction">Weird</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><div class="hlist"><ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Science_fiction" title="Category:Science fiction">Category</a></li><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" 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