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<ul id="toc-Electronic_signals-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Amplitude_distortion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Amplitude_distortion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Amplitude distortion</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Amplitude_distortion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Harmonic_distortion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Harmonic_distortion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Harmonic distortion</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Harmonic_distortion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Frequency_response_distortion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Frequency_response_distortion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Frequency response distortion</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Frequency_response_distortion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Phase_distortion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Phase_distortion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Phase distortion</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Phase_distortion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Group_delay_distortion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Group_delay_distortion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5</span> <span>Group delay distortion</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Group_delay_distortion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Correction_of_distortion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Correction_of_distortion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Correction of distortion</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Correction_of_distortion-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Correction of distortion subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Correction_of_distortion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Cancellation_of_even-order_harmonic_distortion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cancellation_of_even-order_harmonic_distortion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Cancellation of even-order harmonic distortion</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cancellation_of_even-order_harmonic_distortion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Teletypewriter_or_modem_signaling" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Teletypewriter_or_modem_signaling"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Teletypewriter or modem signaling</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Teletypewriter_or_modem_signaling-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Audio_distortion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Audio_distortion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Audio distortion</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Audio_distortion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Distortion_in_art" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Distortion_in_art"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Distortion in art</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Distortion_in_art-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Optics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Optics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Optics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Optics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Map_projections" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Map_projections"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Map projections</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Map_projections-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" 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<div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 26 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-26" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">26 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%B4%D9%88%D9%87" title="تشوه – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="تشوه" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Distorsi%C3%B3" title="Distorsió – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Distorsió" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zkreslen%C3%AD" title="Zkreslení – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Zkreslení" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harmonisk_forvr%C3%A6ngning" title="Harmonisk forvrængning – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Harmonisk forvrængning" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Verzerrung_(Akustik)" title="Verzerrung (Akustik) – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Verzerrung (Akustik)" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helimoonutus" title="Helimoonutus – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Helimoonutus" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Distorsi%C3%B3n" title="Distorsión – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Distorsión" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Distortsio" title="Distortsio – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Distortsio" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B9%D9%88%D8%AC%D8%A7%D8%AC" title="اعوجاج – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="اعوجاج" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Distorsion_(%C3%A9lectronique)" title="Distorsion (électronique) – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Distorsion (électronique)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%94%94%EC%8A%A4%ED%86%A0%EC%85%98" title="디스토션 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="디스토션" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nelinearna_izobli%C4%8Denja" title="Nelinearna izobličenja – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Nelinearna izobličenja" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Distorsi_harmonisa" title="Distorsi harmonisa – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Distorsi harmonisa" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Distorsione_(fisica)" title="Distorsione (fisica) – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Distorsione (fisica)" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A2%D7%99%D7%95%D7%95%D7%AA" title="עיוות – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="עיוות" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herotan" title="Herotan – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Herotan" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oversturing" title="Oversturing – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Oversturing" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%AD%AA%E3%81%BF_(%E9%9B%BB%E5%AD%90%E6%A9%9F%E5%99%A8)" title="歪み (電子機器) – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="歪み (電子機器)" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0" title="Искажения сигнала – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Искажения сигнала" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%B7%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%9A%D0%B5_%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0" title="Изобличење сигнала – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Изобличење сигнала" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%A4r%C3%B6" title="Särö – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Särö" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Distorsiyon" title="Distorsiyon – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Distorsiyon" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8F_%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%83" title="Спотворення сигналу – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Спотворення сигналу" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%AD%D8%B1%DB%8C%D9%81" title="تحریف – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="تحریف" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a 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div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about technology, especially electrical engineering. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Distortion_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Distortion (disambiguation)">Distortion (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Distort" redirects here. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Distort_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Distort (disambiguation)">Distort (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Signal_processing" title="Signal processing">signal processing</a>, <b>distortion</b> is the alteration of the original shape (or other characteristic) of a <a href="/wiki/Signal" title="Signal">signal</a>. In <a href="/wiki/Communications" class="mw-redirect" title="Communications">communications</a> and <a href="/wiki/Electronics" title="Electronics">electronics</a> it means the alteration of the <a href="/wiki/Waveform" title="Waveform">waveform</a> of an information-bearing <a href="/wiki/Signal" title="Signal">signal</a>, such as an <a href="/wiki/Audio_signal" title="Audio signal">audio signal</a> representing sound or a <a href="/wiki/Video_signal" class="mw-redirect" title="Video signal">video signal</a> representing images, in an electronic device or <a href="/wiki/Communication_channel" title="Communication channel">communication channel</a>. </p><p>Distortion is usually unwanted, and so engineers strive to eliminate or minimize it. In some situations, however, distortion may be desirable. For example, in <a href="/wiki/Noise_reduction" title="Noise reduction">noise reduction</a> systems like the <a href="/wiki/Dolby_noise-reduction_system" title="Dolby noise-reduction system">Dolby system</a>, an audio signal is deliberately distorted in ways that emphasize aspects of the signal that are subject to <a href="/wiki/Electrical_noise" class="mw-redirect" title="Electrical noise">electrical noise</a>, then it is symmetrically "undistorted" after passing through a noisy communication channel, reducing the noise in the received signal. Distortion is also used as a <a href="/wiki/Distortion_(music)" title="Distortion (music)">musical effect</a>, particularly with <a href="/wiki/Electric_guitar" title="Electric guitar">electric guitars</a>. </p><p>The addition of <a href="/wiki/Electronic_noise" class="mw-redirect" title="Electronic noise">noise</a> or other outside signals (<a href="/wiki/Mains_hum" title="Mains hum">hum</a>, <a href="/wiki/Interference_(communication)" title="Interference (communication)">interference</a>) is not considered distortion, though the effects of <a href="/wiki/Quantization_distortion" class="mw-redirect" title="Quantization distortion">quantization distortion</a> are sometimes included in noise. Quality measures that reflect both noise and distortion include the <a href="/wiki/SINAD" title="SINAD">signal-to-noise and distortion</a> (SINAD) ratio and <a href="/wiki/THD%2BN" class="mw-redirect" title="THD+N">total harmonic distortion plus noise</a> (THD+N). </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Electronic_signals">Electronic signals</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Distortion&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Electronic signals"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Telecommunications" title="Telecommunications">telecommunications</a> and <a href="/wiki/Signal_processing" title="Signal processing">signal processing</a>, a noise-free <a href="/wiki/System" title="System">system</a> can be characterised by a <a href="/wiki/Transfer_function" title="Transfer function">transfer function</a>, such that the output <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle y(t)}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>y</mi> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi>t</mi> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle y(t)}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/397de1edef5bf2ee15c020f325d7d781a3aa7f50" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:3.804ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle y(t)}"></span> can be written as a function of the input <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle x}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>x</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle x}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/87f9e315fd7e2ba406057a97300593c4802b53e4" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.33ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle x}"></span> as </p> <dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle y(t)=F(x(t))}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>y</mi> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi>t</mi> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> <mo>=</mo> <mi>F</mi> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi>x</mi> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi>t</mi> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle y(t)=F(x(t))}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/988f6e5592b80c360b52b0b718421f680e4ff65f" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:14.432ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle y(t)=F(x(t))}"></span></dd></dl> <p>When the transfer function comprises only a perfect <a href="/wiki/Gain_(electronics)" title="Gain (electronics)">gain</a> constant <i>A</i> and perfect <a href="/wiki/Propagation_delay" title="Propagation delay">delay</a> <i>T</i> </p> <dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle y(t)=A\cdot x(t-T)}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>y</mi> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi>t</mi> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> <mo>=</mo> <mi>A</mi> <mo>⋅</mo> <mi>x</mi> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi>t</mi> <mo>−</mo> <mi>T</mi> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle y(t)=A\cdot x(t-T)}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/a93649b4e511d09c55ac5a7975b1598b166cae07" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:18.78ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle y(t)=A\cdot x(t-T)}"></span></dd></dl> <p>the output is undistorted. Distortion occurs when the transfer function <i>F</i> is more complicated than this. If <i>F</i> is a <a href="/wiki/Linear_function" title="Linear function">linear function</a>, for instance a filter whose gain and/or delay varies with frequency, the signal suffers linear distortion. Linear distortion does not introduce new frequency components to a signal but does alter the balance of existing ones. </p> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Distorted_waveforms_square_sine.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Distorted_waveforms_square_sine.svg/353px-Distorted_waveforms_square_sine.svg.png" decoding="async" width="353" height="322" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Distorted_waveforms_square_sine.svg/530px-Distorted_waveforms_square_sine.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Distorted_waveforms_square_sine.svg/706px-Distorted_waveforms_square_sine.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="331" data-file-height="302" /></a><figcaption>Graph of a waveform and some distorted versions of the same waveform</figcaption></figure> <p>This diagram shows the behaviour of a signal (made up of a <a href="/wiki/Square_wave" title="Square wave">square wave</a> followed by a <a href="/wiki/Sine_wave" title="Sine wave">sine wave</a>) as it is passed through various distorting functions. </p> <ol><li>The first trace (in black) shows the input. It also shows the output from a non-distorting transfer function (straight line).</li> <li>A <a href="/wiki/High-pass_filter" title="High-pass filter">high-pass filter</a> (green trace) distorts the shape of a square wave by reducing its low frequency components. This is the cause of the "droop" seen on the top of the pulses. This "pulse distortion" can be very significant when a train of pulses must pass through an AC-coupled (high-pass filtered) amplifier. As the sine wave contains only one frequency, its shape is unaltered.</li> <li>A <a href="/wiki/Low-pass_filter" title="Low-pass filter">low-pass filter</a> (blue trace) rounds the pulses by removing the high frequency components. All systems are low pass to some extent. Note that the <a href="/wiki/Phase_(waves)" title="Phase (waves)">phase</a> of the sine wave is different for the lowpass and the highpass cases, due to the phase distortion of the filters.</li> <li>A slightly <a href="/wiki/Non-linear" class="mw-redirect" title="Non-linear">non-linear</a> transfer function (purple), this one gently compresses the peaks of the sine wave, as may be typical of a <a href="/wiki/Tube_audio_amplifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Tube audio amplifier">tube audio amplifier</a>. This generates small amounts of low order harmonics.</li> <li>A hard-<a href="/wiki/Clipping_(audio)" title="Clipping (audio)">clipping</a> transfer function (red) generates high order harmonics. Parts of the transfer function are flat, which indicates that all information about the input signal has been lost in this region.</li></ol> <p>The transfer function of an ideal amplifier, with perfect gain and delay, is only an approximation. The true behavior of the system is usually different. <a href="/wiki/Nonlinearity" class="mw-redirect" title="Nonlinearity">Nonlinearities</a> in the transfer function of an <a href="/wiki/Active_device" class="mw-redirect" title="Active device">active device</a> (such as <a href="/wiki/Vacuum_tube" title="Vacuum tube">vacuum tubes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Transistor" title="Transistor">transistors</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Operational_amplifier" title="Operational amplifier">operational amplifiers</a>) are a common source of non-linear distortion; in passive <a href="/wiki/Electronic_component" title="Electronic component">components</a> (such as a <a href="/wiki/Coaxial_cable" title="Coaxial cable">coaxial cable</a> or <a href="/wiki/Optical_fiber" title="Optical fiber">optical fiber</a>), linear distortion can be caused by inhomogeneities, <a href="/wiki/Reflection_(electrical)" class="mw-redirect" title="Reflection (electrical)">reflections</a>, and so on in the <a href="/wiki/Wave_propagation" class="mw-redirect" title="Wave propagation">propagation</a> path. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Amplitude_distortion">Amplitude distortion</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Distortion&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Amplitude distortion"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Amplitude_distortion" title="Amplitude distortion">Amplitude distortion</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Clipping_(signal_processing)" title="Clipping (signal processing)">Clipping (signal processing)</a></div> <p>Amplitude distortion is distortion occurring in a system, subsystem, or device when the output amplitude is not a linear function of the input amplitude under specified conditions. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Harmonic_distortion">Harmonic distortion</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Distortion&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Harmonic distortion"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Harmonic distortion adds <a href="/wiki/Overtone" title="Overtone">overtones</a> that are <a href="/wiki/Integer" title="Integer">whole number</a> multiples of a sound wave's frequencies.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nonlinearities that give rise to amplitude distortion in audio systems are most often measured in terms of the <a href="/wiki/Harmonic" title="Harmonic">harmonics</a> (overtones) added to a pure <a href="/wiki/Sinewave" class="mw-redirect" title="Sinewave">sinewave</a> fed to the system. Harmonic distortion may be expressed in terms of the relative strength of individual components, in <a href="/wiki/Decibel" title="Decibel">decibels</a>, or the <a href="/wiki/Root_mean_square" title="Root mean square">root mean square</a> of all harmonic components: <a href="/wiki/Total_harmonic_distortion" title="Total harmonic distortion">Total harmonic distortion</a> (THD), as a percentage. The level at which harmonic distortion becomes audible depends on the exact nature of the distortion. Different types of distortion (like <a href="/wiki/Crossover_distortion" title="Crossover distortion">crossover distortion</a>) are more audible than others (like <a href="/wiki/Soft_clipping" class="mw-redirect" title="Soft clipping">soft clipping</a>) even if the THD measurements are identical. Harmonic distortion in <a href="/wiki/Radio_frequency" title="Radio frequency">radio frequency</a> applications is rarely expressed as THD. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Frequency_response_distortion">Frequency response distortion</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Distortion&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Frequency response distortion"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Frequency_response" title="Frequency response">Frequency response</a></div> <p>Non-flat frequency response is a form of distortion that occurs when different frequencies are amplified by different amounts in a <a href="/wiki/Filter_(signal_processing)" title="Filter (signal processing)">filter</a>. For example, the non-uniform frequency response curve of AC-coupled <a href="/wiki/Cascade_amplifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Cascade amplifier">cascade amplifier</a> is an example of frequency distortion. In the audio case, this is mainly caused by room acoustics, poor loudspeakers and microphones, long loudspeaker cables in combination with frequency dependent loudspeaker <a href="/wiki/Electrical_impedance" title="Electrical impedance">impedance</a>, etc. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Phase_distortion">Phase distortion</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Distortion&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Phase distortion"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Phase_distortion" title="Phase distortion">Phase distortion</a></div> <p>This form of distortion mostly occurs due to <a href="/wiki/Electrical_reactance" title="Electrical reactance">electrical reactance</a>. Here, all the components of the input signal are not amplified with the same phase shift, hence making some parts of the output signal out of phase with the rest of the output. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Group_delay_distortion">Group delay distortion</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Distortion&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Group delay distortion"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Can be found only in <a href="/wiki/Dispersion_(optics)" title="Dispersion (optics)">dispersive media</a>. In a <a href="/wiki/Waveguide" title="Waveguide">waveguide</a>, <a href="/wiki/Phase_velocity" title="Phase velocity">phase velocity</a> varies with frequency. In a filter, group delay tends to peak near the <a href="/wiki/Cut-off_frequency" class="mw-redirect" title="Cut-off frequency">cut-off frequency</a>, resulting in pulse distortion. When analog long distance trunks were commonplace, for example in <a href="/wiki/12_channel_carrier" class="mw-redirect" title="12 channel carrier">12 channel carrier</a>, group delay distortion had to be corrected in <a href="/wiki/Repeater" title="Repeater">repeaters</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Correction_of_distortion">Correction of distortion</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Distortion&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Correction of distortion"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>As the system output is given by y(t) = F(x(t)), then if the inverse function F<sup>−1</sup> can be found, and used intentionally to distort either the input or the output of the system, then the distortion is corrected. </p><p>An example of a similar correction is where LP/<a href="/wiki/Gramophone_record" class="mw-redirect" title="Gramophone record">vinyl</a> recordings or <a href="/wiki/FM_broadcasting" title="FM broadcasting">FM audio</a> transmissions are deliberately pre-emphasised by a <a href="/wiki/Linear_filter" title="Linear filter">linear filter</a>, the reproducing system applies an inverse filter to make the overall system undistorted. </p><p>Correction is not possible if the inverse does not exist—for instance if the <a href="/wiki/Transfer_function" title="Transfer function">transfer function</a> has flat spots (the inverse would map multiple input points to a single output point). This produces an uncorrectable loss of information. Such a situation can occur when an amplifier is overdriven—causing <a href="/wiki/Clipping_(audio)" title="Clipping (audio)">clipping</a> or <a href="/wiki/Slew_rate" title="Slew rate">slew rate</a> distortion when, for a moment, the amplifier characteristics alone and not the input signal determine the output. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cancellation_of_even-order_harmonic_distortion">Cancellation of even-order harmonic distortion</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Distortion&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Cancellation of even-order harmonic distortion"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Many symmetrical <a href="/wiki/Electronic_circuits" class="mw-redirect" title="Electronic circuits">electronic circuits</a> reduce the magnitude of even harmonics generated by the non-linearities of the amplifier's components, by combining two signals from opposite halves of the circuit where distortion components that are roughly the same magnitude but out of phase. Examples include <a href="/wiki/Push%E2%80%93pull_output" title="Push–pull output">push-pull amplifiers</a> and <a href="/wiki/Long-tailed_pair" class="mw-redirect" title="Long-tailed pair">long-tailed pairs</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Teletypewriter_or_modem_signaling">Teletypewriter or modem signaling</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Distortion&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Teletypewriter or modem signaling"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In binary <a href="/wiki/Signaling" class="mw-redirect" title="Signaling">signaling</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Frequency-shift_keying" title="Frequency-shift keying">FSK</a>, distortion is the shifting of the significant instants of the signal pulses from their proper positions relative to the beginning of the start <a href="/wiki/Pulse" title="Pulse">pulse</a>. The magnitude of the distortion is expressed in percent of an ideal unit <a href="/wiki/Pulse" title="Pulse">pulse</a> length. This is sometimes called <i>bias distortion</i>. </p><p>Telegraphic distortion is a similar and older problem, distorting the ratio between <a href="/wiki/Mark_and_space" title="Mark and space"><i>mark</i> and <i>space</i></a> intervals.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Audio_distortion">Audio distortion</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Distortion&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Audio distortion"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Distortion_waveform.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Distortion_waveform.svg/220px-Distortion_waveform.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="331" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Distortion_waveform.svg/330px-Distortion_waveform.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Distortion_waveform.svg/440px-Distortion_waveform.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="507" data-file-height="763" /></a><figcaption>A graph of a waveform and the distorted version of the same waveform</figcaption></figure> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1096940132">.mw-parser-output .listen .side-box-text{line-height:1.1em}.mw-parser-output .listen-plain{border:none;background:transparent}.mw-parser-output .listen-embedded{width:100%;margin:0;border-width:1px 0 0 0;background:transparent}.mw-parser-output .listen-header{padding:2px}.mw-parser-output .listen-embedded .listen-header{padding:2px 0}.mw-parser-output .listen-file-header{padding:4px 0}.mw-parser-output .listen .description{padding-top:2px}.mw-parser-output .listen .mw-tmh-player{max-width:100%}@media(max-width:719px){.mw-parser-output .listen{clear:both}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .listen:not(.listen-noimage){width:320px}.mw-parser-output .listen-left{overflow:visible;float:left}.mw-parser-output .listen-center{float:none;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right listen noprint"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg/50px-Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg/75px-Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg/100px-Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="160" data-file-height="160" /></span><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><div class="haudio"> <div class="listen-file-header"><a href="/wiki/File:Distortion_effect.ogg" title="File:Distortion effect.ogg">Distorted waveforms</a></div> <div><span typeof="mw:File"><span><audio id="mwe_player_0" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="232" style="width:232px;" data-durationhint="16" data-mwtitle="Distortion_effect.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/15/Distortion_effect.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/1/15/Distortion_effect.ogg/Distortion_effect.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio></span></span></div> <div class="description">An audio example of a short sample followed by different distorted versions of it.</div></div></div></div> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"><hr /><i class="selfreference">Problems playing this file? See <a href="/wiki/Help:Media" title="Help:Media">media help</a>.</i></div> </div> <p>With respect to audio, distortion refers to any kind of deformation of an output waveform compared to its input, usually <a href="/wiki/Clipping_(music)" class="mw-redirect" title="Clipping (music)">clipping</a>, <a href="/wiki/Harmonic_distortion" class="mw-redirect" title="Harmonic distortion">harmonic distortion</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Intermodulation_distortion" class="mw-redirect" title="Intermodulation distortion">intermodulation distortion</a> (<a href="/wiki/Mixing_(physics)" title="Mixing (physics)">mixing</a> phenomena) caused by <a href="/wiki/Non-linear" class="mw-redirect" title="Non-linear">non-linear</a> behavior of electronic components and power supply limitations.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Terms for specific types of nonlinear audio distortion include: <a href="/wiki/Crossover_distortion" title="Crossover distortion">crossover distortion</a> and <a href="/wiki/Slew-induced_distortion" title="Slew-induced distortion">slew-induced distortion</a> (SID). </p><p>Other forms of audio distortion are non-flat <a href="/wiki/Frequency_response" title="Frequency response">frequency response</a>, <a href="/wiki/Audio_level_compression" class="mw-redirect" title="Audio level compression">compression</a>, <a href="/wiki/Modulation" title="Modulation">modulation</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aliasing" title="Aliasing">aliasing</a>, <a href="/wiki/Quantization_noise" class="mw-redirect" title="Quantization noise">quantization noise</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wow_(recording)" title="Wow (recording)">wow</a> and <a href="/wiki/Flutter_(electronics_and_communication)" title="Flutter (electronics and communication)">flutter</a> from analog media such as <a href="/wiki/Vinyl_records" class="mw-redirect" title="Vinyl records">vinyl records</a> and <a href="/wiki/Magnetic_tape" title="Magnetic tape">magnetic tape</a>. The human ear cannot hear <a href="/wiki/Phase_distortion" title="Phase distortion">phase distortion</a>, except that it may affect the <a href="/wiki/Stereo_imaging" title="Stereo imaging">stereo imaging</a>. </p><p>In most fields, distortion is characterized as unwanted change to a signal. <a href="/wiki/Distortion_(music)" title="Distortion (music)">Distortion in music</a> is often <a href="/wiki/Tube_sound#Intentional_distortion" title="Tube sound">intentionally used as an effect</a> when applied to an <a href="/wiki/Electric_guitar" title="Electric guitar">electric guitar</a> signal in styles of <a href="/wiki/Rock_music" title="Rock music">rock music</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Heavy_metal_music" title="Heavy metal music">heavy metal</a> and <a href="/wiki/Punk_rock" title="Punk rock">punk rock</a>. </p> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Distortion_in_art">Distortion in art</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Distortion&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Distortion in art"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the <a href="/wiki/Visual_arts" title="Visual arts">visual arts</a> a distortion is any change made by an artist to the size, shape or visual character of a form in order to express an idea, convey a feeling, or enhance visual impact. Such distortions or "abstractions" primarily refer to purposeful deviations from <a href="/wiki/Photorealistic" class="mw-redirect" title="Photorealistic">photorealistic</a> perspective or from realistic proportionality. Examples include "<a href="/wiki/The_Weeping_Woman" title="The Weeping Woman">The Weeping Woman</a>" by Picasso and "<a href="/wiki/The_Adoration_of_the_Shepherds_(El_Greco)" class="mw-redirect" title="The Adoration of the Shepherds (El Greco)">The Adoration of the Shepherds</a>" by El Greco, whose human subject matters are irregularly and (as is often with physical distortions) asymmetrically proportioned in a way that is not possible in standard <a href="/wiki/Perspective_(graphical)" title="Perspective (graphical)">perspective</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Optics">Optics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Distortion&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Optics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Distortion_(optics)" title="Distortion (optics)">Distortion (optics)</a></div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Optics" title="Optics">optics</a>, image/optical distortion is a divergence from <a href="/wiki/Rectilinear_projection" class="mw-redirect" title="Rectilinear projection">rectilinear projection</a> caused by a change in <a href="/wiki/Magnification" title="Magnification">magnification</a> with increasing distance from the <a href="/wiki/Optical_axis" title="Optical axis">optical axis</a> of an optical system. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Map_projections">Map projections</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Distortion&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Map projections"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Map_projection" title="Map projection">Map projection</a></div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Cartography" title="Cartography">cartography</a>, a distortion is the misrepresentation of the area or shape of a feature. The <a href="/wiki/Mercator_projection" title="Mercator projection">Mercator projection</a>, for example, distorts by exaggerating the size of regions at high <a href="/wiki/Latitude" title="Latitude">latitude</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Distortion&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 20em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aliasing" title="Aliasing">Aliasing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attenuation_distortion" title="Attenuation distortion">Attenuation distortion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Audio_system_measurements" title="Audio system measurements">Audio system measurements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bias_distortion" title="Bias distortion">Bias distortion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Distortion_synthesis" title="Distortion synthesis">Distortion synthesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fading" title="Fading">Fading</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Image_warping" title="Image warping">Image warping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lossy_compression" title="Lossy compression">Lossy compression</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Distortion&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFMoscal1994" class="citation book cs1">Moscal, Tony (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=_omgNjqf7GAC&q=harmonic+distortion+whole+integer&pg=PA55"><i>Sound Check: The Basics of Sound and Sound Systems</i></a>. Hal Leonard. p. 55. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780793535590" title="Special:BookSources/9780793535590"><bdi>9780793535590</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sound+Check%3A+The+Basics+of+Sound+and+Sound+Systems&rft.pages=55&rft.pub=Hal+Leonard&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=9780793535590&rft.aulast=Moscal&rft.aufirst=Tony&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D_omgNjqf7GAC%26q%3Dharmonic%2Bdistortion%2Bwhole%2Binteger%26pg%3DPA55&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADistortion" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ridethemindway.com/phones/Disk_1/Bell_Sytstem_Practices_000-000-000_to_500-000-000/312-011-101_I1R.pdf">"Telegraphic Type Services Standard Interface Specifications"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>The Mindway</i>. July 1970. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/https://www.ridethemindway.com/phones/Disk_1/Bell_Sytstem_Practices_000-000-000_to_500-000-000/312-011-101_I1R.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 2022-10-09.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Mindway&rft.atitle=Telegraphic+Type+Services+Standard+Interface+Specifications&rft.date=1970-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ridethemindway.com%2Fphones%2FDisk_1%2FBell_Sytstem_Practices_000-000-000_to_500-000-000%2F312-011-101_I1R.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADistortion" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Audio Electronics by John Linsley Hood; page 162</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <p><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1041539562">.mw-parser-output .citation{word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}</style><span class="citation FS1037C MS188"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="Public Domain" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/12px-PD-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/18px-PD-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/24px-PD-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="196" data-file-height="196" /></span></span> This article incorporates <a href="/wiki/Copyright_status_of_works_by_the_federal_government_of_the_United_States" title="Copyright status of works by the federal government of the United States">public domain material</a> from <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220122224547/https://www.its.bldrdoc.gov/fs-1037/fs-1037c.htm"><i>Federal Standard 1037C</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/General_Services_Administration" title="General Services Administration">General Services Administration</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.its.bldrdoc.gov/fs-1037/fs-1037c.htm">the original</a> on 2022-01-22.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Federal+Standard+1037C&rft.pub=General+Services+Administration&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.its.bldrdoc.gov%2Ffs-1037%2Ffs-1037c.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADistortion" class="Z3988"></span> (in support of <a href="/wiki/MIL-STD-188" title="MIL-STD-188">MIL-STD-188</a>).</span> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Distortion&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" 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href="/wiki/Template:Noise" title="Template:Noise"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Noise" title="Template talk:Noise"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Noise" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Noise"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Noise_(physics_and_telecommunications)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Noise_(spectral_phenomenon)" title="Noise (spectral phenomenon)">Noise</a> (physics and telecommunications)</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acoustic_quieting" title="Acoustic quieting">Acoustic quieting</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Distortion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Active_noise_control" title="Active noise control">Noise cancellation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noise_control" title="Noise control">Noise control</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noise_measurement" title="Noise measurement">Noise measurement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noise_power" title="Noise power">Noise power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noise_reduction" title="Noise reduction">Noise reduction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noise_temperature" title="Noise temperature">Noise temperature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phase_distortion" title="Phase distortion">Phase distortion</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Noise in...</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Noise" title="Noise">Audio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Architectural_acoustics" title="Architectural acoustics">Buildings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noise_(electronics)" title="Noise (electronics)">Electronics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noise_pollution" title="Noise pollution">Environment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noise_regulation" title="Noise regulation">Government regulation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_effects_from_noise" title="Health effects from noise">Human health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Image_noise" title="Image noise">Images</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noise_(radio)" class="mw-redirect" title="Noise (radio)">Radio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soundproofing" title="Soundproofing">Rooms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noise_and_vibration_on_maritime_vessels" title="Noise and vibration on maritime vessels">Ships</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sound_masking" title="Sound masking">Sound masking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noise_barrier" title="Noise barrier">Transportation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noise_(video)" title="Noise (video)">Video</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Class of noise</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Additive_white_Gaussian_noise" title="Additive white Gaussian noise">Additive white Gaussian noise</a> (AWGN)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atmospheric_noise" title="Atmospheric noise">Atmospheric noise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Background_noise" title="Background noise">Background noise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brownian_noise" title="Brownian noise">Brownian noise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burst_noise" title="Burst noise">Burst noise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cosmic_noise" title="Cosmic noise">Cosmic noise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flicker_noise" title="Flicker noise">Flicker noise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaussian_noise" title="Gaussian noise">Gaussian noise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grey_noise" title="Grey noise">Grey noise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infrasound" title="Infrasound">Infrasound</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jitter" title="Jitter">Jitter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johnson%E2%80%93Nyquist_noise" title="Johnson–Nyquist noise">Johnson–Nyquist noise</a> (thermal noise)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pink_noise" title="Pink noise">Pink noise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quantization_error" class="mw-redirect" title="Quantization error">Quantization error</a> (or q. noise)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shot_noise" title="Shot noise">Shot noise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_noise" title="White noise">White noise</a></li> <li>Coherent noise <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Value_noise" title="Value noise">Value noise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gradient_noise" title="Gradient noise">Gradient noise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Worley_noise" title="Worley noise">Worley noise</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Engineering <br />terms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Channel_noise_level" title="Channel noise level">Channel noise level</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Circuit_noise_level" title="Circuit noise level">Circuit noise level</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Effective_input_noise_temperature" title="Effective input noise temperature">Effective input noise temperature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equivalent_noise_resistance" title="Equivalent noise resistance">Equivalent noise resistance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equivalent_pulse_code_modulation_noise" title="Equivalent pulse code modulation noise">Equivalent pulse code modulation noise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impulse_noise_(audio)" class="mw-redirect" title="Impulse noise (audio)">Impulse noise (audio)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noise_figure" title="Noise figure">Noise figure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noise_floor" title="Noise floor">Noise floor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noise_shaping" title="Noise shaping">Noise shaping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noise_spectral_density" title="Noise spectral density">Noise spectral density</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noise,_vibration,_and_harshness" title="Noise, vibration, and harshness">Noise, vibration, and harshness</a> (NVH)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phase_noise" title="Phase noise">Phase noise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pseudorandom_noise" title="Pseudorandom noise">Pseudorandom noise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statistical_noise" class="mw-redirect" title="Statistical noise">Statistical noise</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ratios</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carrier-to-noise_ratio" title="Carrier-to-noise ratio">Carrier-to-noise ratio</a> (<i>C</i>/<i>N</i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carrier-to-receiver_noise_density" class="mw-redirect" title="Carrier-to-receiver noise density">Carrier-to-receiver noise density</a> (<i>C</i>/<i>kT</i>)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/DBrnC" class="mw-redirect" title="DBrnC">dBrnC</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Eb/N0" title="Eb/N0">E<sub>b</sub>/N<sub>0</sub></a></i> (energy per bit to noise density)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Eb/N0#Relation_to_Es.2FN0" title="Eb/N0">E<sub>s</sub>/N<sub>0</sub></a></i> (energy per symbol to noise density)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modulation_error_ratio" title="Modulation error ratio">Modulation error ratio</a> (<i>MER</i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/SINAD" title="SINAD">Signal, noise and distortion</a> (<i>SINAD</i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Signal-to-interference_ratio" title="Signal-to-interference ratio">Signal-to-interference ratio</a> (<i>S</i>/<i>I</i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Signal-to-noise_ratio" title="Signal-to-noise ratio">Signal-to-noise ratio</a> (<i>S</i>/<i>N</i>, <i>SNR</i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Signal-to-noise_ratio_(imaging)" title="Signal-to-noise ratio (imaging)">Signal-to-noise ratio (imaging)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Signal-to-interference-plus-noise_ratio" title="Signal-to-interference-plus-noise ratio">Signal-to-interference-plus-noise ratio</a> (<i>SINR</i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Signal-to-quantization-noise_ratio" title="Signal-to-quantization-noise ratio">Signal-to-quantization-noise ratio</a> (<i>SQNR</i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contrast-to-noise_ratio" title="Contrast-to-noise ratio">Contrast-to-noise ratio</a> (<i>CNR</i>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_noise_topics" title="List of noise topics">List of noise topics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acoustics" title="Acoustics">Acoustics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colors_of_noise" title="Colors of noise">Colors of noise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interference_(communication)" title="Interference (communication)">Interference (communication)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noise_generator" title="Noise generator">Noise generator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spectrum_analyzer" title="Spectrum analyzer">Spectrum analyzer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thermal_radiation" title="Thermal radiation">Thermal radiation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Denoise <br />methods</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Low-pass_filter" title="Low-pass filter">Low-pass filter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Median_filter" title="Median filter">Median filter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Total_variation_denoising" title="Total variation denoising">Total variation denoising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wavelet#Wavelet_denoising" title="Wavelet">Wavelet denoising</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2D (Image)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gaussian_blur" title="Gaussian blur">Gaussian blur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anisotropic_diffusion" title="Anisotropic diffusion">Anisotropic diffusion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bilateral_filter" title="Bilateral filter">Bilateral filter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-local_means" title="Non-local means">Non-local means</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Block-matching_and_3D_filtering" title="Block-matching and 3D filtering">Block-matching and 3D filtering</a> (BM3D)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shrinkage_Fields_(image_restoration)" title="Shrinkage Fields (image restoration)">Shrinkage Fields</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autoencoder#Denoising_autoencoder_(DAE)" title="Autoencoder">Denoising autoencoder</a> (DAE)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deep_Image_Prior" class="mw-redirect" title="Deep Image Prior">Deep Image Prior</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Analog_television_broadcasting_topics" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Analogue_TV_transmitter_topics" title="Template:Analogue TV transmitter topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Analogue_TV_transmitter_topics" title="Template talk:Analogue TV transmitter topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Analogue_TV_transmitter_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Analogue TV transmitter topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Analog_television_broadcasting_topics" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Analog_television" title="Analog television">Analog television</a> <a href="/wiki/Outline_of_television_broadcasting" title="Outline of television broadcasting">broadcasting topics</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Broadcast_television_systems" title="Broadcast television systems">Systems</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/180-line_television_system" title="180-line television system">180-line</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/343-line_television_system" title="343-line television system">343-line</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/375-line_television_system" title="375-line television system">375-line</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/405-line_television_system" title="405-line television system">405-line</a> (<a href="/wiki/CCIR_System_A" title="CCIR System A">System A</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/441-line_television_system" title="441-line television system">441-line</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/455-line_television_system" title="455-line television system">455-line</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/525-line_television_system" class="mw-redirect" title="525-line television system">525-line</a> (<a href="/wiki/CCIR_System_M" title="CCIR System M">System M</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/625-line_television_system" class="mw-redirect" title="625-line television system">625-line</a> (<a href="/wiki/CCIR_System_B" title="CCIR System B">System B</a>, <a href="/wiki/CCIR_System_C" title="CCIR System C">System C</a>, <a href="/wiki/CCIR_System_D" title="CCIR System D">System D</a>, <a href="/wiki/CCIR_System_G" title="CCIR System G">System G</a>, <a href="/wiki/CCIR_System_H" title="CCIR System H">System H</a>, <a href="/wiki/CCIR_System_I" title="CCIR System I">System I</a>, <a href="/wiki/CCIR_System_K" title="CCIR System K">System K</a>, <a href="/wiki/CCIR_System_L" title="CCIR System L">System L</a>, <a href="/wiki/CCIR_System_N" title="CCIR System N">System N</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/819_line" title="819 line">819-line</a> (<a href="/wiki/CCIR_System_E" title="CCIR System E">System E</a>, <a href="/wiki/CCIR_System_E#System_F" title="CCIR System E">System F</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Color systems</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/NTSC" title="NTSC">NTSC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NTSC-J" title="NTSC-J">NTSC-J</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clear-Vision" title="Clear-Vision">Clear-Vision</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PAL" title="PAL">PAL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PAL-M" title="PAL-M">PAL-M</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PAL-S" title="PAL-S">PAL-S</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PALplus" title="PALplus">PALplus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SECAM" title="SECAM">SECAM</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Video</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Analog_television#Structure_of_a_video_signal" title="Analog television">Back porch</a> and <a href="/wiki/Analog_television#Structure_of_a_video_signal" title="Analog television">front porch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_level" title="Black level">Black level</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blanking_level" title="Blanking level">Blanking level</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chrominance" title="Chrominance">Chrominance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chrominance_subcarrier" title="Chrominance subcarrier">Chrominance subcarrier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colorburst" title="Colorburst">Colorburst</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Color_killer" title="Color killer">Color killer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Color_television" title="Color television">Color TV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Composite_video" title="Composite video">Composite video</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frame_(video)" class="mw-redirect" title="Frame (video)">Frame (video)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horizontal_scan_rate" title="Horizontal scan rate">Horizontal scan rate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horizontal_blanking_interval" title="Horizontal blanking interval">Horizontal blanking interval</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luma_(video)" title="Luma (video)">Luma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nominal_analogue_blanking" title="Nominal analogue blanking">Nominal analogue blanking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overscan" title="Overscan">Overscan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raster_scan" title="Raster scan">Raster scan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Safe_area_(television)" title="Safe area (television)">Safe area</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Television_lines" title="Television lines">Television lines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vertical_blanking_interval" title="Vertical blanking interval">Vertical blanking interval</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_clipper" title="White clipper">White clipper</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sound</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Multichannel_television_sound" class="mw-redirect" title="Multichannel television sound">Multichannel television sound</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NICAM" title="NICAM">NICAM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sound-in-Syncs" title="Sound-in-Syncs">Sound-in-Syncs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zweikanalton" title="Zweikanalton">Zweikanalton</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Modulation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Frequency_modulation" title="Frequency modulation">Frequency modulation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quadrature_amplitude_modulation" title="Quadrature amplitude modulation">Quadrature amplitude modulation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Single-sideband_modulation#Vestigial_sideband_(VSB)" title="Single-sideband modulation">Vestigial sideband modulation (VSB)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Transmission</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amplifier#Electronic_amplifiers" title="Amplifier">Amplifiers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antenna_(radio)" title="Antenna (radio)">Antenna (radio)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Broadcast_transmitter" title="Broadcast transmitter">Broadcast transmitter</a>/<a href="/wiki/Transmitter_station" title="Transmitter station">Transmitter station</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resonator#Electromagnetic" title="Resonator">Cavity amplifier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Differential_gain" title="Differential gain">Differential gain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Differential_phase" title="Differential phase">Differential phase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diplexer" title="Diplexer">Diplexer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dipole_antenna" title="Dipole antenna">Dipole antenna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dummy_load" title="Dummy load">Dummy load</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frequency_mixer" title="Frequency mixer">Frequency mixer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intercarrier_method" title="Intercarrier method">Intercarrier method</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intermediate_frequency" title="Intermediate frequency">Intermediate frequency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Output_power_of_an_analog_TV_transmitter" title="Output power of an analog TV transmitter">Output power of an analog TV transmitter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pre-emphasis" class="mw-redirect" title="Pre-emphasis">Pre-emphasis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Residual_carrier" title="Residual carrier">Residual carrier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Split_sound_system" title="Split sound system">Split sound system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Superheterodyne_transmitter" title="Superheterodyne transmitter">Superheterodyne transmitter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Television_receive-only" title="Television receive-only">Television receive-only</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Direct-broadcast_satellite_television" class="mw-redirect" title="Direct-broadcast satellite television">Direct-broadcast satellite television</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Television_transmitter" title="Television transmitter">Television transmitter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terrestrial_television" title="Terrestrial television">Terrestrial television</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transposer" title="Transposer">Transposer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_television_transition" title="Digital television transition">Digital television transition</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Radio_frequency" title="Radio frequency">Frequencies</a> & bands</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Frequency_offset" title="Frequency offset">Frequency offset</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microwave_transmission" title="Microwave transmission">Microwave transmission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Television_channel_frequencies" title="Television channel frequencies">Television channel frequencies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ultra_high_frequency" title="Ultra high frequency">UHF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Very_high_frequency" title="Very high frequency">VHF</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Radio_propagation" title="Radio propagation">Propagation</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beam_tilt" title="Beam tilt">Beam tilt</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Distortion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earth_bulge" class="mw-redirect" title="Earth bulge">Earth bulge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Field_strength_in_free_space" class="mw-redirect" title="Field strength in free space">Field strength in free space</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noise_(electronics)" title="Noise (electronics)">Noise (electronics)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Null_fill" title="Null fill">Null fill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Path_loss" title="Path loss">Path loss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radiation_pattern" title="Radiation pattern">Radiation pattern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skew_(antenna)" title="Skew (antenna)">Skew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Television_interference" title="Television interference">Television interference</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Testing</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Distortionmeter" title="Distortionmeter">Distortionmeter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Field_strength_meter" title="Field strength meter">Field strength meter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vectorscope" title="Vectorscope">Vectorscope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VIT_signals" title="VIT signals">VIT signals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zero_reference_pulse" title="Zero reference pulse">Zero reference pulse</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Artifacts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dot_crawl" title="Dot crawl">Dot crawl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghosting_(television)" title="Ghosting (television)">Ghosting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hanover_bars" title="Hanover bars">Hanover bars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sparklies" title="Sparklies">Sparklies</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img 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