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class="page-heading"> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Comma</h1> <div class="tagline"></div> </div> <ul id="p-associated-pages" class="minerva__tab-container"> <li class="minerva__tab selected mw-list-item"> <a class="minerva__tab-text" href="/wiki/Comma" rel="" data-event-name="tabs.main">Article</a> </li> <li class="minerva__tab mw-list-item"> <a class="minerva__tab-text" href="/wiki/Talk:Comma" rel="discussion" data-event-name="tabs.talk">Talk</a> </li> </ul> <nav class="page-actions-menu"> <ul id="p-views" class="page-actions-menu__list"> <li id="language-selector" class="page-actions-menu__list-item"> <a role="button" href="#p-lang" data-mw="interface" data-event-name="menu.languages" title="Language" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet language-selector"> Language </a> </li> <li id="page-actions-watch" class="page-actions-menu__list-item"> <a role="button" id="ca-watch" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Comma" data-event-name="menu.watch" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet menu__item--page-actions-watch"> Watch </a> </li> <li id="page-actions-edit" class="page-actions-menu__list-item"> <a role="button" id="ca-edit" href="/w/index.php?title=Comma&action=edit" data-event-name="menu.edit" data-mw="interface" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet edit-page menu__item--page-actions-edit"> Edit </a> </li> </ul> </nav>  <div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="content"> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><script>function mfTempOpenSection(id){var block=document.getElementById("mf-section-"+id);block.className+=" open-block";block.previousSibling.className+=" open-block";}</script><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><section class="mf-section-0" id="mf-section-0"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the punctuation mark. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Comma_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Comma (disambiguation)">Comma (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Coma" title="Coma">Coma</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style>The comma , is a <a href="/wiki/Punctuation" title="Punctuation">punctuation</a> mark that appears in several variants in different languages. Some <a href="/wiki/Typeface" title="Typeface">typefaces</a> render it as a small line, slightly curved or straight, but inclined from the vertical; others give it the appearance of a miniature filled-in figure 9 placed on the <a href="/wiki/Baseline_(typography)" title="Baseline (typography)">baseline</a>. In many typefaces it is the same shape as an <a href="/wiki/Apostrophe" title="Apostrophe">apostrophe</a> or single closing <a href="/wiki/Quotation_mark" title="Quotation mark">quotation mark</a> ’. <table class="infobox" style="max-width:18em;"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="background:#ebebeb; font-size:750%; line-height:1.2; font-weight:bold; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times, 'Nimbus Roman No9 L', 'Liberation Serif', serif, georgia;">,</th></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header"><div style="font-size:125%; background:#ebebeb; font-weight:bold; padding:0.1em; line-height:1.2em;">Comma</div></th></tr><tr style="float:left;"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886049734">.mw-parser-output .monospaced{font-family:monospace,monospace}</style>U+002C , COMMA (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734">&comma;)</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header"><div style="background:#ebebeb;padding:0 0 0.4em;line-height:1.2em;"> <table align="center" style="display:table;padding:0;background:transparent;width:100%"> <tbody><tr style="font-size: 300%; text-align: center; line-height: 0.01; font-family: 'Times New Roman', Times, 'Nimbus Roman No9 L', 'Liberation Serif', serif, georgia;"> <th style="padding:0.5em 0.1em; min-width:1.0em; text-align: center;">、 </th> <th style="padding:0.5em 0.1em ;min-width:1.0em; text-align: center;">، </th> <th style="padding:0.5em 0.1em; min-width:1.0em; text-align: center;">◌̦ </th></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th style="padding:0.2em; text-align: center;">Ideographic comma (<a href="/wiki/CJK_characters" title="CJK characters">CJK</a>) </th> <th style="padding:0.2em; text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Arabic_script" title="Arabic script">Arabic</a> comma </th> <th style="padding:0.2em; text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Diacritic" title="Diacritic">combining</a> comma below </th></tr></tbody></table></div></th></tr></tbody></table> The comma is used in many contexts and <a href="/wiki/Language" title="Language">languages</a>, mainly to separate parts of a <a href="/wiki/Sentence_(linguistics)" title="Sentence (linguistics)">sentence</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Clause" title="Clause">clauses</a>, and items in lists mainly when there are three or more items listed. The word comma comes from the <a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a> <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%CE%BA%CF%8C%CE%BC%CE%BC%CE%B1#Ancient_Greek" class="extiw" title="wikt:κόμμα">κόμμα</a> (kómma), which originally meant a cut-off piece, specifically in <a href="/wiki/Grammar" title="Grammar">grammar</a>, a short <a href="/wiki/Clause" title="Clause">clause</a>.<a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a> A comma-shaped mark is used as a <a href="/wiki/Diacritic" title="Diacritic">diacritic</a> in several writing systems and is considered distinct from the <a href="/wiki/Cedilla" title="Cedilla">cedilla</a>. In <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Byzantine empire">Byzantine</a> and modern copies of <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek" title="Ancient Greek">Ancient Greek</a>, the "<a href="/wiki/Rough_breathing" title="Rough breathing">rough</a>" and "<a href="/wiki/Smooth_breathing" title="Smooth breathing">smooth breathings</a>" (ἁ, ἀ) appear above the letter. In <a href="/wiki/Latvian_orthography" title="Latvian orthography">Latvian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Romanian_orthography" class="mw-redirect" title="Romanian orthography">Romanian</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Livonian_orthography" class="mw-redirect" title="Livonian orthography">Livonian</a>, the <a href="#Diacritical_usage">comma diacritic</a> appears below the letter, as in ș. In <a href="/wiki/Spoken_language" title="Spoken language">spoken language</a>, a common <a href="/wiki/Rule_of_thumb" title="Rule of thumb">rule of thumb</a> is that the function of a comma is generally performed by a <a href="/wiki/Prosody_(linguistics)#Pause" title="Prosody (linguistics)">pause</a>.<a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a> In this article, ⟨x⟩ denotes a <a href="/wiki/Grapheme" title="Grapheme">grapheme</a> (writing) and /x/ denotes a <a href="/wiki/Phoneme" title="Phoneme">phoneme</a> (sound). <div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"><input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none"><div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr"><h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Contents</h2><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></div> <ul> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#History">1 History</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2"><a href="#Uses_in_English">2 Uses in English</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-3"><a href="#List_separator_and_the_serial_(Oxford)_comma">2.1 List separator and the serial (Oxford) comma</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-4"><a href="#Separation_of_clauses">2.2 Separation of clauses</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-5"><a href="#Certain_adverbs">2.3 Certain adverbs</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-6"><a href="#Parenthetical_phrases">2.4 Parenthetical phrases</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-7"><a href="#Between_adjectives">2.5 Between adjectives</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-8"><a href="#Before_quotations">2.6 Before quotations</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-9"><a href="#In_dates">2.7 In dates</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-10"><a href="#Month_day,_year">2.7.1 Month day, year</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-11"><a href="#Day_month_year">2.7.2 Day month year</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-12"><a href="#In_geographical_names">2.8 In geographical names</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-13"><a href="#In_mathematics">2.9 In mathematics</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-14"><a href="#In_numbers">2.10 In numbers</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-15"><a href="#In_names">2.11 In names</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-16"><a href="#Ellipsis">2.12 Ellipsis</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-17"><a href="#Vocative">2.13 Vocative</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-18"><a href="#Between_the_subject_and_predicate">2.14 Between the subject and predicate</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-19"><a href="#Differences_between_American_and_British_usage_in_placement_of_commas_and_quotation_marks">2.15 Differences between American and British usage in placement of commas and quotation marks</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-20"><a href="#Languages_other_than_English">3 Languages other than English</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-21"><a href="#Western_Europe">3.1 Western Europe</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-22"><a href="#Comma_variants">3.2 Comma variants</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-23"><a href="#Greece">3.3 Greece</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-24"><a href="#East_Asia">3.4 East Asia</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-25"><a href="#West_Asia">3.5 West Asia</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-26"><a href="#South_Asia">3.6 South Asia</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-27"><a href="#Computing">4 Computing</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-28"><a href="#Diacritical_usage">5 Diacritical usage</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-29"><a href="#See_also">6 See also</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-30"><a href="#Related_history">6.1 Related history</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-31"><a href="#References">7 References</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-32"><a href="#External_links">8 External links</a></li> </ul> </div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(1)"><h2 id="History">History</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Comma&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-1 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-1"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Punctuation#Western_antiquity" title="Punctuation">Punctuation § Western antiquity</a></div> The development of <a href="/wiki/Punctuation" title="Punctuation">punctuation</a> is much more recent than the alphabet. In the 3rd century BC, <a href="/wiki/Aristophanes_of_Byzantium" title="Aristophanes of Byzantium">Aristophanes of Byzantium</a> invented a system of single <a href="/wiki/Interpunct" title="Interpunct">dots</a> (théseis) at varying levels, which separated verses and indicated the amount of breath needed to complete each fragment of the text when <a href="/wiki/Reading_(process)" class="mw-redirect" title="Reading (process)">reading</a> aloud.<a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a> The different lengths were signified by a dot at the bottom, middle, or top of the line. For a short passage, a komma in the form of a dot ⟨·⟩ was placed mid-level. This is the origin of the concept of a comma, although the name came to be used for the mark itself instead of the clause it separated. The mark used today is descended from a /, a diagonal <a href="/wiki/Slash_(punctuation)" title="Slash (punctuation)">slash</a> known as virgula suspensiva, used from the 13th to 17th centuries to represent a pause. The modern comma was first used by <a href="/wiki/Aldus_Manutius" title="Aldus Manutius">Aldus Manutius</a>.<a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(2)"><h2 id="Uses_in_English">Uses in English</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Comma&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Uses in English" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-2 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-2"> In general, the comma shows that the words immediately before the comma are less closely or exclusively linked <a href="/wiki/Grammar" title="Grammar">grammatically</a> to those immediately after the comma than they might be otherwise. The comma performs a number of functions in <a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a> writing. It is used in generally similar ways in other languages, particularly European ones, although the rules on comma usage – and their rigidity – vary from language to language. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="List_separator_and_the_serial_(Oxford)_comma">List separator and the serial (Oxford) comma </h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Comma&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: List separator and the serial (Oxford) comma" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Serial_comma" title="Serial comma">Serial comma</a></div> Commas are placed between items in lists, as in They own a cat, a dog, two rabbits, and seven mice. Whether the final conjunction, most frequently and, should be preceded by a comma, called the serial comma, is one of the most disputed linguistic or stylistic questions in English: <ul><li>They served apples, peaches, and bananas. (serial comma used)</li> <li>They served apples, peaches and bananas. (serial comma omitted)</li></ul> The serial comma is used much more often, usually routinely, in the United States. A majority of American style guides mandate its use, including <a href="/wiki/The_Chicago_Manual_of_Style" title="The Chicago Manual of Style">The Chicago Manual of Style</a>, <a href="/wiki/William_Strunk_Jr." title="William Strunk Jr.">Strunk</a> and <a href="/wiki/E._B._White" title="E. B. White">White</a>'s classic <a href="/wiki/The_Elements_of_Style" title="The Elements of Style">The Elements of Style</a> and the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Government_Publishing_Office" title="United States Government Publishing Office">U.S. Government Publishing Office</a>'s Style Manual.<a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a> Conversely, the <a href="/wiki/AP_Stylebook" title="AP Stylebook">AP Stylebook</a> for journalistic writing advises against it. The serial comma is also known as the Oxford comma, Harvard comma, or series comma. Although less common in British English, its usage occurs within both American and British English. It is called the Oxford comma because of its long history of use by Oxford University Press.<a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a> According to New Hart's Rules, "house style will dictate" whether to use the serial comma. "The general rule is that one style or the other should be used consistently." No association with region or dialect is suggested, other than that its use has been strongly advocated by Oxford University Press.<a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a> Its use is preferred by <a href="/wiki/Henry_Watson_Fowler" class="mw-redirect" title="Henry Watson Fowler">Fowler</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Modern_English_Usage" class="mw-redirect" title="Modern English Usage">Modern English Usage</a>. It is recommended by the United States <a href="/wiki/Government_Printing_Office" class="mw-redirect" title="Government Printing Office">Government Printing Office</a>, <a href="/wiki/Harvard_University_Press" title="Harvard University Press">Harvard University Press</a>, and the classic Elements of Style of <a href="/wiki/Strunk_and_White" class="mw-redirect" title="Strunk and White">Strunk and White</a>. Use of a comma may prevent ambiguity: <ul><li>The sentence I spoke to the boys, Sam and Tom could mean either I spoke to the boys and Sam and Tom (I spoke to more than three people) or I spoke to the boys, who are Sam and Tom (I spoke to two people);</li> <li>I spoke to the boys, Sam, and Tom – must be the boys and Sam and Tom (I spoke to more than three people).</li></ul> The serial comma does not eliminate all confusion. Consider the following sentence: <ul><li>I thank my mother, Anne Smith, and Thomas. This could mean either my mother and Anne Smith and Thomas (three people) or my mother, who is Anne Smith; and Thomas (two people). This sentence might be recast as "my mother (Anne Smith) and Thomas" for clarity.</li> <li>I thank my mother, Anne Smith and Thomas. Because the comma after "mother" is conventionally used to prepare the reader for an <a href="/wiki/Apposition" title="Apposition">appositive phrase</a> – that is, a renaming of or further information about a noun – this construction formally suggests that my mother's name is "Anne Smith and Thomas". Because that is implausible, it is relatively clear that the construction refers to two separate people. Compare "I thank my friend, Smith and Wesson", in which the ambiguity is obvious to those who recognise <a href="/wiki/Smith_%26_Wesson" title="Smith & Wesson">Smith and Wesson</a> as a business name.</li></ul> As a <a href="/wiki/Rule_of_thumb" title="Rule of thumb">rule of thumb</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a> Style Guide<a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a> suggests that straightforward lists (he ate ham, eggs and chips) do not need a comma before the final "and", but sometimes it can help the reader (he ate cereal, kippers, bacon, eggs, toast and marmalade, and tea). The Chicago Manual of Style and other academic writing guides require the serial comma: all lists must have a comma before the "and" prefacing the last item in a series (<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1033199720">.mw-parser-output div.crossreference{padding-left:0}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951">see <a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Differences_between_American_and_British_usage">Differences between American and British usage</a> below). If the individual items of a list are long, complex, affixed with description, or themselves contain commas, <a href="/wiki/Semicolon" title="Semicolon">semicolons</a> may be preferred as separators, and the list may be introduced with a <a href="/wiki/Colon_(punctuation)" title="Colon (punctuation)">colon</a>. In <a href="/wiki/News_style#Headline" title="News style">news headlines</a>, a comma might replace the word "and", even if there are only two items, in order to save space, as in this headline from Reuters:<a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a> <ul><li>Trump, Macron engage in a little handshake diplomacy.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Separation_of_clauses">Separation of clauses</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Comma&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Separation of clauses" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> Commas are often used to separate <a href="/wiki/Clause" title="Clause">clauses</a>. In English, a comma is often used to separate a <a href="/wiki/Dependent_clause" title="Dependent clause">dependent clause</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Independent_clause" title="Independent clause">independent clause</a> if the dependent clause comes first: After I fed the cat, I brushed my clothes. (Compare this with I brushed my clothes after I fed the cat.) A <a href="/wiki/Relative_clause" title="Relative clause">relative clause</a> takes commas if it is non-<a href="/wiki/Restrictiveness" title="Restrictiveness">restrictive</a>, as in I cut down all the trees, which were over six feet tall. (Without the comma, this would mean that only the trees more than six feet tall were cut down.) Some style guides prescribe that two <a href="/wiki/Independent_clause" title="Independent clause">independent clauses</a> joined by a coordinating <a href="/wiki/Grammatical_conjunction" class="mw-redirect" title="Grammatical conjunction">conjunction</a> (for, and, nor, but, or, yet, so) must be separated by a comma placed before the conjunction.<a href="#cite_note-Fowler3rev1-12">[12]</a><a href="#cite_note-getitwriteonline1-13">[13]</a> In the following sentences, where the second clause is independent (because it can stand alone as a sentence), the comma is considered by those guides to be necessary: <ul><li>Mary walked to the party, but she was unable to walk home.</li> <li>Designer clothes are silly, and I can't afford them anyway.</li> <li>Don't push that button, or twelve tons of high explosives will go off right under our feet!</li></ul> In the following sentences, where the second half of the sentence is a dependent clause (because it does not contain an explicit <a href="/wiki/Subject_(grammar)" title="Subject (grammar)">subject</a>), those guides prescribe that the comma be omitted: <ul><li>Mary walked to the party but was unable to walk home.</li> <li>I think designer clothes are silly and can't afford them anyway.</li></ul> However, such guides permit the comma to be omitted if the second independent clause is very short, typically when the second independent clause is an <a href="/wiki/Imperative_mood" title="Imperative mood">imperative</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Fowler3rev1-12">[12]</a><a href="#cite_note-getitwriteonline1-13">[13]</a> as in: <ul><li>Sit down and shut up.</li></ul> The above guidance is not universally accepted or applied. Long <a href="/wiki/Coordinate_clause" class="mw-redirect" title="Coordinate clause">coordinate clauses</a>, particularly when separated by "but", are often separated by commas:<a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a> <ul><li>She had very little to live on, but would never have dreamed of taking what was not hers.</li></ul> In some languages, such as <a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a> and <a href="/wiki/Polish_language" title="Polish language">Polish</a>, stricter rules apply on comma use between clauses, with dependent clauses always being set off with commas, and commas being generally proscribed before certain coordinating conjunctions. The joining of two independent sentences with a comma and no conjunction (as in "It is nearly half past five, we cannot reach town before dark.") is known as a <a href="/wiki/Comma_splice" title="Comma splice">comma splice</a> and is sometimes considered an error in English;<a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a> in most cases a semicolon should be used instead. A comma splice should not be confused, though, with the literary device called <a href="/wiki/Asyndeton" title="Asyndeton">asyndeton</a>, in which coordinating conjunctions are purposely omitted for a specific stylistic effect. A much debated comma is the one in the <a href="/wiki/Second_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Second Amendment to the United States Constitution">Second Amendment to the United States Constitution</a>, which says "A well regulated Militia being necessary to the security of a free State, the right of the people to keep and bear Arms, shall not be infringed." but ratified by several states as "A well regulated Militia being necessary to the security of a free State, the right of the people to keep and bear Arms shall not be infringed." which has caused much debate on its interpretation. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Certain_adverbs">Certain adverbs</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Comma&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Certain adverbs" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> Commas are always used to set off certain <a href="/wiki/Adverb" title="Adverb">adverbs</a> at the beginning of a sentence, including however, in fact, therefore, nevertheless, moreover, furthermore, and still. <ul><li>Therefore, a comma would be appropriate in this sentence.</li> <li>Nevertheless, I will not use one.</li></ul> If these adverbs appear in the middle of a sentence, they are followed and preceded by a comma. As in the second of the two examples below, if a semicolon separates the two sentences and the second sentence starts with an adverb, this adverb is preceded by a semicolon and followed by a comma. <ul><li>In this sentence, furthermore, commas would also be called for.</li> <li>This sentence is a bit different; however, a comma is necessary as well.</li></ul> Using commas to offset certain adverbs is optional, including then, so, yet, instead, and too (meaning also). <ul><li>So, that's it for this rule. or</li> <li>So that's it for this rule.</li> <li>A comma would be appropriate in this sentence, too. or</li> <li>A comma would be appropriate in this sentence too.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Parenthetical_phrases">Parenthetical phrases</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Comma&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Parenthetical phrases" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> Commas are often used to enclose <a href="/wiki/Parenthesis_(rhetoric)" title="Parenthesis (rhetoric)">parenthetical</a> words and phrases within a sentence (i.e., information that is not essential to the meaning of the sentence). Such phrases are both preceded and followed by a comma, unless that would result in a doubling of punctuation marks or the parenthetical is at the start or end of the sentence. The following are examples of types of parenthetical phrases: <ul><li>Introductory phrase: Once upon a time, my father ate a muffin.<a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a></li> <li>Interjection: My father ate the muffin, gosh darn it!</li> <li>Aside: My father, if you don't mind me telling you this, ate the muffin.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apposition" title="Apposition">Appositive</a>: My father, a jaded and bitter man, ate the muffin.</li> <li>Absolute phrase: My father, his eyes flashing with rage, ate the muffin.</li> <li>Free modifier: My father, chewing with unbridled fury, ate the muffin.</li> <li>Resumptive modifier: My father ate the muffin, a muffin which no man had yet chewed.</li> <li>Summative modifier: My father ate the muffin, a feat which no man had attempted.</li></ul> The parenthesization of phrases may change the connotation, reducing or eliminating <a href="/wiki/Ambiguity" title="Ambiguity">ambiguity</a>. In the following example, the thing in the first sentence that is relaxing is the cool day, whereas in the second sentence, it is the walk since the introduction of commas makes "on a cool day" parenthetical: <dl><dd>They took a walk on a cool day that was relaxing.</dd></dl> <dl><dd>They took a walk, on a cool day, that was relaxing.</dd></dl> As more phrases are introduced, ambiguity accumulates, but when commas separate each phrase, the phrases clearly become modifiers of just one thing. In the second sentence below, that thing is the walk: <dl><dd>They took a walk in the park on a cool day that was relaxing.</dd></dl> <dl><dd>They took a walk, in the park, on a cool day, that was relaxing.</dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Between_adjectives">Between adjectives</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Comma&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Between adjectives" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> A comma is used to separate coordinate adjectives (i.e., <a href="/wiki/Adjective#Order" title="Adjective">adjectives</a> that directly and equally modify the following noun). Adjectives are considered coordinate if the meaning would be the same if their order were reversed or if and were placed between them. For example: <ul><li>The dull, incessant droning but the cute little cottage.</li> <li>The devious lazy red frog suggests there are lazy red frogs (one of which is devious), while the devious, lazy red frog does not carry this connotation.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Before_quotations">Before quotations</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Comma&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Before quotations" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> Some writers precede quoted material that is the grammatical object of an active verb of speaking or writing with a comma, as in Mr. Kershner says, "You should know how to use a comma." Quotations that follow and support an assertion are often preceded by a <a href="/wiki/Colon_(punctuation)" title="Colon (punctuation)">colon</a> rather than a comma. Other writers do not put a comma before quotations unless one would occur anyway. Thus, they would write Mr. Kershner says "You should know how to use a comma." <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="In_dates">In dates</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Comma&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: In dates" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Month_day,_year">Month day, year</h4> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Comma&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Month day, year" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> When a date is written as a month followed by a day followed by a year, a comma separates the day from the year: December 19, 1941. This style is common in American English. The comma is used to avoid confusing consecutive numbers: December 19 1941. Most style manuals, including <a href="/wiki/The_Chicago_Manual_of_Style" title="The Chicago Manual of Style">The Chicago Manual of Style</a><a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a> and the <a href="/wiki/AP_Stylebook" title="AP Stylebook">AP Stylebook</a>,<a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a> also recommend that the year be treated as a parenthetical, requiring a second comma after it: "Feb. 14, 1987, was the target date." If just the month and year are given, no commas are used:<a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a> "Her daughter may return in June 2009 for the reunion." <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Day_month_year">Day month year</h4> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Comma&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Day month year" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> When the day precedes the month, the month name separates the numeric day and year, so commas are not necessary to separate them: "The <a href="/wiki/Raid_on_Alexandria_(1941)" title="Raid on Alexandria (1941)">Raid on Alexandria</a> was carried out on 19 December 1941." <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="In_geographical_names">In geographical names</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Comma&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: In geographical names" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> Commas are used to separate parts of geographical references, such as city and state (Dallas, Texas) or city and country (Kampala, Uganda). Additionally, most style manuals, including <a href="/wiki/The_Chicago_Manual_of_Style" title="The Chicago Manual of Style">The Chicago Manual of Style</a><a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a> and the AP Stylebook,<a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a> recommend that the second element be treated as a parenthetical, requiring a second comma after: "The plane landed in Kampala, Uganda, that evening."<a href="#cite_note-22">[22]</a> The <a href="/wiki/United_States_Postal_Service" title="United States Postal Service">United States Postal Service</a><a href="#cite_note-23">[23]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Royal_Mail" title="Royal Mail">Royal Mail</a><a href="#cite_note-24">[24]</a> recommend leaving out punctuation when writing addresses on actual letters and packages, as the marks hinder <a href="/wiki/Optical_character_recognition" title="Optical character recognition">optical character recognition</a>. <a href="/wiki/Canada_Post" title="Canada Post">Canada Post</a> has similar guidelines, only making very limited use of hyphens.<a href="#cite_note-25">[25]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="In_mathematics">In mathematics</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Comma&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: In mathematics" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> Similar to the case in natural languages, commas are often used to delineate the boundary between multiple <a href="/wiki/Mathematical_object" title="Mathematical object">mathematical objects</a> in a list (e.g., <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle (3,5,12)}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mn>3</mn> <mo>,</mo> <mn>5</mn> <mo>,</mo> <mn>12</mn> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle (3,5,12)}</annotation> </semantics> </math><noscript><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/00a5215626d258ab9f47fa3b4a711d724fd48e62" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:8.527ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle (3,5,12)}"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 8.527ex;height: 2.843ex;vertical-align: -0.838ex;" data-mw-src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/00a5215626d258ab9f47fa3b4a711d724fd48e62" data-alt="{\displaystyle (3,5,12)}" data-class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert"> ). Commas are also used to indicate the <a href="/wiki/Comma_derivative" class="mw-redirect" title="Comma derivative">comma derivative</a> of a <a href="/wiki/Tensor" title="Tensor">tensor</a>.<a href="#cite_note-26">[26]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="In_numbers">In numbers</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Comma&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: In numbers" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Decimal_separator" title="Decimal separator">Decimal separator</a></div> In representing large numbers, from the right side to the left, English texts usually use commas to separate each group of three digits in front of the decimal.<a href="#cite_note-27">[27]</a> This is almost always done for numbers of six or more digits, and often for four or five digits but not in front of the number itself. However, in much of Europe, Southern Africa and Latin America, <a href="/wiki/Full_stop" title="Full stop">periods</a> or spaces are used instead; the comma is used as a <a href="/wiki/Decimal_separator" title="Decimal separator">decimal separator</a>, equivalent to the use in English of the <a href="/wiki/Decimal_separator" title="Decimal separator">decimal point</a>.<a href="#cite_note-28">[28]</a> In India, the groups are two digits, except for the rightmost group, which is of three digits. In some styles, the comma may not be used for this purpose at all (e.g. in the <a href="/wiki/International_System_of_Units#Unit_symbols_and_the_values_of_quantities" title="International System of Units">SI writing style</a><a href="#cite_note-29">[29]</a>); a space may be used to separate groups of three digits instead. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="In_names">In names</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Comma&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: In names" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> Commas are used when rewriting names to present the surname first, generally in instances of alphabetization by surname: Smith, John. They are also used before many titles that follow a name: John Smith, Ph.D. It can also be used in regnal names followed by their occupation: Louis XIII, king of France and Navarre. Similarly in lists that are presented with an inversion: socks, green: 3 pairs; socks, red: 2 pairs; tie, regimental: 1. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ellipsis">Ellipsis</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Comma&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Ellipsis" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> Commas may be used to indicate that a word, or a group of words, has been omitted,<a href="#cite_note-30">[30]</a> as in The cat was white; the dog, brown. (Here the comma replaces was.) <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Vocative">Vocative</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Comma&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Vocative" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> Commas are placed before, after, or around a noun or pronoun used independently in speaking to some person, place, or thing: <ul><li>I hope, John, that you will read this.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Between_the_subject_and_predicate">Between the subject and predicate</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Comma&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Between the subject and predicate" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> In his 1785 essay An Essay on Punctuation, <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Robertson_(clergyman)" class="mw-redirect" title="Joseph Robertson (clergyman)">Joseph Robertson</a> advocated a comma between the subject and predicate of long sentences for clarity; however, this usage is regarded as an error in modern times. <ul><li>The good taste of the present age, has not allowed us to neglect the cultivation of the English language.</li> <li>Whoever is capable of forgetting a benefit, is an enemy to society.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Differences_between_American_and_British_usage_in_placement_of_commas_and_quotation_marks">Differences between American and British usage in placement of commas and quotation marks</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Comma&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Differences between American and British usage in placement of commas and quotation marks" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Quotation_marks_in_English#Order_of_punctuation" title="Quotation marks in English">Quotation marks in English § Order of punctuation</a></div> The comma and the <a href="/wiki/Quotation_mark" title="Quotation mark">quotation mark</a> can be paired in several ways. In Great Britain and many other parts of the world, punctuation is usually placed within quotation marks only if it is part of what is being quoted or referred to:<a href="#cite_note-APA-31">[31]</a><a href="#cite_note-WilbersonChicago14-32">[32]</a><a href="#cite_note-33">[33]</a> <ul><li>My mother gave me the nickname "Bobby Bobby Bob Bob Boy", which really made me angry.</li></ul> In American English, the comma was commonly included inside a quotation mark:<a href="#cite_note-APA-31">[31]</a><a href="#cite_note-WilbersonChicago14-32">[32]</a> <ul><li>My mother gave me the nickname "Bobby Bobby Bob Bob Boy," which really made me angry.</li></ul> During the <a href="/wiki/Second_World_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Second World War">Second World War</a>, the British carried the comma over into abbreviations. Specifically, "Special Operations, Executive" was written "S.O.,E.". Nowadays, even the <a href="/wiki/Full_stop" title="Full stop">full stops</a> are frequently discarded in British usage.<a href="#cite_note-34">[34]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(3)"><h2 id="Languages_other_than_English">Languages other than English</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Comma&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Languages other than English" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-3 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-3"> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Western_Europe">Western Europe</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Comma&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Western Europe" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> Western European languages like German, French, Italian, Spanish, and Portuguese use the same comma as English, with similar spacing, though usage may be somewhat different. For instance, in Standard German, subordinate clauses are always preceded by commas. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Comma_variants">Comma variants</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Comma&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Comma variants" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1092331828">@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .contains-special-characters{width:22em}}</style><div class="side-box metadata side-box-right contains-special-characters noprint selfref"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><a href="/wiki/Specials_(Unicode_block)#Replacement_character" title="Specials (Unicode block)"><noscript><img alt="<?>" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Replacement_character.svg/40px-Replacement_character.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="200" data-file-height="200"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 40px;height: 40px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Replacement_character.svg/40px-Replacement_character.svg.png" data-alt="<?>" data-width="40" data-height="40" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Replacement_character.svg/60px-Replacement_character.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Replacement_character.svg/80px-Replacement_character.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">This section contains uncommon <a href="/wiki/Unicode" title="Unicode">Unicode</a> characters. Without proper <a href="/wiki/Help:Multilingual_support" title="Help:Multilingual support">rendering support</a>, you may see <a href="/wiki/Specials_(Unicode_block)#Replacement_character" title="Specials (Unicode block)">question marks, boxes, or other symbols</a> instead of the intended characters.</div></div> </div> The basic comma is defined in <a href="/wiki/Unicode" title="Unicode">Unicode</a> as <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734">U+002C , COMMA (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734">&comma;), and many variants by typography or language are also defined. <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <dl><dd><table class="wikitable sortable"> <caption> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th scope="col">Character </th> <th scope="col">Unicode point </th> <th scope="col">Unicode name </th> <th scope="col">Notes </th></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center;"> , </td> <td>U+002C </td> <td>COMMA </td> <td>Prose in European languages <a href="/wiki/Decimal_separator" title="Decimal separator">Decimal separator</a> in <a href="/wiki/Continental_Europe" title="Continental Europe">Continental Europe</a>, <a href="/wiki/Brazil" title="Brazil">Brazil</a>, and most other <a href="/wiki/Latin_America" title="Latin America">Latin American</a> countries </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center;"> ، </td> <td>U+060C </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Arabic_script" title="Arabic script">ARABIC</a> COMMA </td> <td>Used in all languages using <a href="/wiki/Arabic_alphabet" title="Arabic alphabet">Arabic alphabet</a> Also used in other languages, including <a href="/wiki/Syriac_alphabet" title="Syriac alphabet">Syriac</a> and <a href="/wiki/Thaana" title="Thaana">Thaana</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center;"> ⸲ </td> <td>U+2E32 </td> <td>TURNED COMMA </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Palaeotype_alphabet" title="Palaeotype alphabet">Palaeotype</a> transliteration symbol – indicates <a href="/wiki/Nasalization" title="Nasalization">nasalization</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center;"> ⸴ </td> <td>U+2E34 </td> <td>RAISED COMMA </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center;"> ⹁ </td> <td>U+2E41 </td> <td>REVERSED COMMA </td> <td>Used in <a href="/wiki/Sindhi_language" title="Sindhi language">Sindhi</a>, among other languages </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center;"> ⹉ </td> <td>U+2E49 </td> <td>DOUBLE STACKED COMMA </td> <td>Used in the Eastern Orthodox liturgical book <a href="/wiki/Typikon" title="Typikon">Typikon</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center;"> 、 </td> <td>U+3001 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Ideogram" title="Ideogram">IDEOGRAPHIC</a> COMMA </td> <td>Used in <a href="/wiki/Written_Chinese" title="Written Chinese">Chinese</a> and <a href="/wiki/Japanese_writing_system" title="Japanese writing system">Japanese</a> writing systems (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033199720"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951">see <a href="#East_Asia">§ East Asia</a>, below) </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center;"> ︐ </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Vertical_Forms" title="Vertical Forms">U+FE10</a> </td> <td>PRESENTATION FORM FOR VERTICAL COMMA </td> <td>Used in vertical writing </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center;"> ︑ </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Vertical_Forms" title="Vertical Forms">U+FE11</a> </td> <td>PRESENTATION FORM FOR VERTICAL <a href="/wiki/Ideogram" title="Ideogram">IDEOGRAPHIC</a> COMMA </td> <td>Used in vertical writing </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center;"> ﹐ </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Small_Form_Variants" title="Small Form Variants">U+FE50</a> </td> <td>SMALL COMMA </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center;"> ﹑ </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Small_Form_Variants" title="Small Form Variants">U+FE51</a> </td> <td>SMALL <a href="/wiki/Ideogram" title="Ideogram">IDEOGRAPHIC</a> COMMA </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center;"> ， </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Halfwidth_and_Fullwidth_Forms_(Unicode_block)" title="Halfwidth and Fullwidth Forms (Unicode block)">U+FF0C</a> </td> <td>FULLWIDTH COMMA </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center;"> ､ </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Halfwidth_and_Fullwidth_Forms_(Unicode_block)" title="Halfwidth and Fullwidth Forms (Unicode block)">U+FF64</a> </td> <td>HALFWIDTH <a href="/wiki/Ideogram" title="Ideogram">IDEOGRAPHIC</a> COMMA </td> <td> </td></tr></tbody></table></dd></dl> Some languages use a completely different sort of character for the purpose of the comma. <dl><dd><table class="wikitable sortable"> <tbody><tr> <th scope="col">Character </th> <th scope="col">Unicode point </th> <th scope="col">Unicode name </th> <th scope="col">Notes </th></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center;"> · </td> <td>U+00B7 </td> <td>MIDDLE DOT </td> <td>Used as a comma in <a href="/wiki/Georgian_scripts" title="Georgian scripts">Georgian</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center;"> ∘ </td> <td>U+2218 </td> <td>RING OPERATOR </td> <td>Used as a comma in <a href="/wiki/Malayalam_script" title="Malayalam script">Malayalam</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center;"> ՝ </td> <td>U+055D </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Armenian_alphabet" title="Armenian alphabet">ARMENIAN</a> COMMA </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center;"> ߸ </td> <td>U+07F8 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/N%27Ko_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="N'Ko alphabet">NKO</a> COMMA </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center;"> ፣ </td> <td>U+1363 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Ge%27ez_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Ge'ez script">ETHIOPIC</a> COMMA </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center;"> ᠂ </td> <td>U+1802 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Mongolian_script" title="Mongolian script">MONGOLIAN</a> COMMA </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center;"> ᠈ </td> <td>U+1808 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Manchu_alphabet" title="Manchu alphabet">MONGOLIAN MANCHU</a> COMMA </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center;"> ⹌ </td> <td>U+2E4C </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">MEDIEVAL</a> COMMA </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center;"> ꓾ </td> <td>U+A4FE </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Lisu_language" title="Lisu language">LISU</a> PUNCTUATION COMMA </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center;"> ꘍ </td> <td>U+A60D </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Vai_syllabary" title="Vai syllabary">VAI</a> COMMA </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center;"> ꛵ </td> <td>U+A6F5 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Bamum_script" title="Bamum script">BAMUM</a> COMMA </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center;"> 𑑍 </td> <td data-sort-value="U+X1144D">U+1144D </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Prachalit_Nepal_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Prachalit Nepal alphabet">NEWA</a> COMMA </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center;"> 𑑚 </td> <td data-sort-value="U+X1145A">U+1145A </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Prachalit_Nepal_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Prachalit Nepal alphabet">NEWA</a> DOUBLE COMMA </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center;"> 𖺗 </td> <td data-sort-value="U+X16E97">U+16E97 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Medefaidrin" title="Medefaidrin">MEDEFAIDRIN</a> COMMA </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center;"> 𝪇 </td> <td data-sort-value="U+X1DA87">U+1DA87 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/SignWriting" title="SignWriting">SIGNWRITING</a> COMMA </td> <td> </td></tr></tbody></table></dd></dl> There are also a number of comma-like <a href="/wiki/Diacritic" title="Diacritic">diacritics</a> with "COMMA" in their Unicode names that are not intended for use as <a href="/wiki/Punctuation" title="Punctuation">punctuation</a>. A comma-like low quotation mark is also available (shown below; corresponding sets of raised single quotation marks and double-quotation marks are not shown). <dl><dd><table class="wikitable sortable"> <tbody><tr> <th scope="col">Character </th> <th scope="col">Unicode point </th> <th scope="col">Unicode name </th> <th scope="col">Notes </th></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center;"> ʻ </td> <td>U+02BB </td> <td>MODIFIER LETTER TURNED COMMA </td> <td>Used as <a href="/wiki/%CA%BBokina" class="mw-redirect" title="ʻokina">ʻokina</a> in <a href="/wiki/Hawaiian_language" title="Hawaiian language">Hawaiian</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center;"> ʽ </td> <td>U+02BD </td> <td>MODIFIER LETTER REVERSED COMMA </td> <td>Indicates weak aspiration </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center;"> ‍̒ </td> <td>U+0312 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Combining_character" title="Combining character">COMBINING</a> TURNED COMMA ABOVE </td> <td>Latvian diacritic <a href="/wiki/Cedilla" title="Cedilla">cedilla</a> above </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center;"> ‍̓ </td> <td>U+0313 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Combining_character" title="Combining character">COMBINING</a> COMMA ABOVE </td> <td>Greek psili (smooth breathing mark) </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center;"> ‍̔ </td> <td>U+0314 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Combining_character" title="Combining character">COMBINING</a> REVERSED COMMA ABOVE </td> <td>Greek dasia (rough breathing mark) </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center;"> ‍̕ </td> <td>U+0315 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Combining_character" title="Combining character">COMBINING</a> COMMA ABOVE RIGHT </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center;"> ‍̦ </td> <td>U+0326 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Combining_character" title="Combining character">COMBINING</a> COMMA BELOW </td> <td>Diacritical mark in Romanian, Latvian, Livonian </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center;"> ‚ </td> <td>U+201A </td> <td>SINGLE LOW-9 QUOTATION MARK </td> <td>Opening single quotation mark in some languages </td></tr></tbody></table></dd></dl> There are various other Unicode characters that include commas or comma-like figures with other characters or marks, that are not shown in these tables. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Greece">Greece</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Comma&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Greece" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238216509">.mw-parser-output .vanchor>:target~.vanchor-text{background-color:#b1d2ff}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .vanchor>:target~.vanchor-text{background-color:#0f4dc9}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .vanchor>:target~.vanchor-text{background-color:#0f4dc9}}</style><a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Modern Greek</a> uses the same <a href="/wiki/Unicode" title="Unicode">Unicode</a> comma for its kómma (κόμμα)<a href="#cite_note-nicky-35">[35]</a> and it is officially <a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Greek" title="Romanization of Greek">romanized</a> as a Latin comma,<a href="#cite_note-36">[36]</a> but it has additional roles owing to its conflation with the former <a href="/wiki/Hypodiastole" title="Hypodiastole">hypodiastole</a>, a curved <a href="/wiki/Interpunct" title="Interpunct">interpunct</a> used to disambiguate certain homonyms. As such, the comma functions as a <a href="/wiki/Silent_letter" title="Silent letter">silent letter</a> in a handful of Greek words, principally distinguishing <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%CF%8C,%CF%84%CE%B9" class="extiw" title="wikt:ό,τι">ό,τι</a> (ó,ti, 'whatever') from <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%CF%8C%CF%84%CE%B9" class="extiw" title="wikt:ότι">ότι</a> (óti, 'that').<a href="#cite_note-nicky-35">[35]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="East_Asia">East Asia</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Comma&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: East Asia" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238216509">The enumeration or ideographic comma (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734">U+3001 、 IDEOGRAPHIC COMMA) is used in <a href="/wiki/Chinese_punctuation" title="Chinese punctuation">Chinese</a>,<a href="#cite_note-:Reinders-37">[37]</a>: 20 <a href="/wiki/Japanese_punctuation" title="Japanese punctuation">Japanese punctuation</a>, and somewhat in <a href="/wiki/Korean_punctuation" title="Korean punctuation">Korean punctuation</a>. In China and Korea, this comma (<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E9%A1%BF%E5%8F%B7" class="extiw" title="wikt:顿号">顿号</a>; <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E9%A0%93%E8%99%9F" class="extiw" title="wikt:頓號">頓號</a>; dùnhào) is usually only used to separate items in lists, while it is the more common form of comma in Japan (<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E8%AA%AD%E7%82%B9" class="extiw" title="wikt:読点">読点</a>, tōten, <abbr style="font-size:85%" title="literal translation">lit.</abbr> 'clause mark'). In documents that mix <a href="/wiki/Japanese_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Japanese script">Japanese</a> and <a href="/wiki/Latin_script" title="Latin script">Latin scripts</a>, the full-width comma (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734">U+FF0C ， FULLWIDTH COMMA) is used; this is the standard form of comma (<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E9%80%97%E5%8F%B7" class="extiw" title="wikt:逗号">逗号</a>; <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E9%80%97%E8%99%9F" class="extiw" title="wikt:逗號">逗號</a>) in China. Since East Asian typography permits commas to join dependent clauses dealing with certain topics or lines of thought, commas may be used in ways that would be considered <a href="/wiki/Comma_splice" title="Comma splice">comma splices</a> in English.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify">clarification needed</a>] <a href="/wiki/Korean_punctuation" title="Korean punctuation">Korean punctuation</a> uses both commas and <a href="/wiki/Interpunct" title="Interpunct">interpuncts</a> for lists. In Unicode 5.2.0, "numbers with commas" (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734">U+1F101 🄁 DIGIT ZERO COMMA through <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734">U+1F10A 🄊 DIGIT NINE COMMA) were added to the <a href="/wiki/Enclosed_Alphanumeric_Supplement" title="Enclosed Alphanumeric Supplement">Enclosed Alphanumeric Supplement</a> block for compatibility with the <a href="/wiki/ARIB_STD_B24_character_set" title="ARIB STD B24 character set">ARIB STD B24 character set</a>.<a href="#cite_note-38">[38]</a><a href="#cite_note-39">[39]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="West_Asia">West Asia</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Comma&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: West Asia" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238216509">The comma in the <a href="/wiki/Arabic_script" title="Arabic script">Arabic script</a> used by languages including <a href="/wiki/Arabic" title="Arabic">Arabic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Urdu" title="Urdu">Urdu</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Persian_language" title="Persian language">Persian</a>, is "upside-down" ⟨،⟩ (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734">U+060C ، ARABIC COMMA), in order to distinguish it from the <a href="/wiki/Arabic_diacritic" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic diacritic">Arabic diacritic</a> ḍammah ⟨ُ⟩ representing the vowel /u/, which is similarly shaped.<a href="#cite_note-40">[40]</a> In Arabic texts, the Western-styled comma (٫) is used as a <a href="/wiki/Decimal_point" class="mw-redirect" title="Decimal point">decimal point</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Hebrew script">Hebrew script</a> is also written from right to left. However, <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_punctuation" title="Hebrew punctuation">Hebrew punctuation</a> includes only a regular comma ⟨,⟩. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="South_Asia">South Asia</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Comma&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: South Asia" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238216509">Reversed comma (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734">U+2E41 ⹁ REVERSED COMMA) is used in <a href="/wiki/Sindhi_language" title="Sindhi language">Sindhi</a> when written in Arabic script. It is distinct from the standard Arabic comma. <a href="/wiki/Dravidian_languages" title="Dravidian languages">Dravidian languages</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Tamil_language" title="Tamil language">Tamil</a>, <a href="/wiki/Telugu_language" title="Telugu language">Telugu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kannada" title="Kannada">Kannada</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Malayalam" title="Malayalam">Malayalam</a> also use the punctuation mark in similar usage to that of European languages with similar spacing.<a href="#cite_note-41">[41]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Wikipedia_and_sources_that_mirror_or_use_it" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">circular reference</a>] </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(4)"><h2 id="Computing">Computing</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Comma&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Computing" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-4 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-4"> In the common <a href="/wiki/Character_(computing)" title="Character (computing)">character</a> encoding systems <a href="/wiki/Unicode" title="Unicode">Unicode</a> and <a href="/wiki/ASCII" title="ASCII">ASCII</a>, character 44 (<a href="/wiki/Hexadecimal" title="Hexadecimal">0x2C</a>) corresponds to the comma symbol. The <a href="/wiki/HTML" title="HTML">HTML</a> <a href="/wiki/Numeric_character_reference" title="Numeric character reference">numeric character reference</a> is <code>&#44;</code>. In many computer languages commas are used as a field delimiter to separate arguments to a <a href="/wiki/Subroutine" class="mw-redirect" title="Subroutine">function</a>,<a href="#cite_note-42">[42]</a> to separate elements in a <a href="/wiki/Array_data_type" class="mw-redirect" title="Array data type">list</a>, and to perform data designation on multiple variables at once. In the <a href="/wiki/C_(programming_language)" title="C (programming language)">C programming language</a> the comma symbol is an <a href="/wiki/Comma_operator" title="Comma operator">operator</a> which evaluates its first <a href="/wiki/Parameter_(computer_programming)" title="Parameter (computer programming)">argument</a> (which may have side-effects) and then returns the value of its evaluated second argument. This is useful in for <a href="/wiki/Statement_(programming)" class="mw-redirect" title="Statement (programming)">statements</a> and <a href="/wiki/Macro_(computer_science)" title="Macro (computer science)">macros</a>. In <a href="/wiki/Smalltalk" title="Smalltalk">Smalltalk</a> and <a href="/wiki/APL_(programming_language)" title="APL (programming language)">APL</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Comma_operator" title="Comma operator">comma operator</a> is used to <a href="/wiki/Concatenation" title="Concatenation">concatenate</a> collections, including strings. In APL, it is also used <a href="/wiki/Unary_operation" title="Unary operation">monadically</a> to rearrange the items of an array into a list. In <a href="/wiki/Prolog" title="Prolog">Prolog</a>, the comma is used to denote <a href="/wiki/Logical_Conjunction" class="mw-redirect" title="Logical Conjunction">Logical Conjunction</a> ("and"). The <a href="/wiki/Comma-separated_values" title="Comma-separated values">comma-separated values</a> (CSV) format is very commonly used in exchanging text data between database and spreadsheet formats. </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(5)"><h2 id="Diacritical_usage">Diacritical usage</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Comma&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Diacritical usage" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-5 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-5"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox" style="max-width:18em;"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="background:#ebebeb; font-size:750%; line-height:1.2; font-weight:bold; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times, 'Nimbus Roman No9 L', 'Liberation Serif', serif, georgia;">◌̦</th></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header"><div style="font-size:125%; background:#ebebeb; font-weight:bold; padding:0.1em; line-height:1.2em;">Combining comma below</div></th></tr><tr style="float:left;"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734">U+0326 ◌̦ COMBINING COMMA BELOW</td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/D-comma" title="D-comma">D-comma</a>, <a href="/wiki/S-comma" class="mw-redirect" title="S-comma">S-comma</a>, and <a href="/wiki/T-comma" class="mw-redirect" title="T-comma">T-comma</a></div> The comma is used as a <a href="/wiki/Diacritic" title="Diacritic">diacritic</a> mark in <a href="/wiki/Romanian_language" title="Romanian language">Romanian</a> under ⟨s⟩ (⟨Ș⟩, ⟨ș⟩), and under ⟨t⟩ (⟨Ț⟩, ⟨ț⟩). A <a href="/wiki/Cedilla" title="Cedilla">cedilla</a> is occasionally used instead of it, but this is technically incorrect. The symbol ⟨d̦⟩ ('<a href="/wiki/D-comma" title="D-comma">d with comma below</a>') was used as part of the <a href="/wiki/Romanian_transitional_alphabet" title="Romanian transitional alphabet">Romanian transitional alphabet</a> (19th century) to indicate the sounds denoted by the Latin letter ⟨z⟩ or letters ⟨dz⟩, where derived from a <a href="/wiki/Dze" title="Dze">Cyrillic ѕ</a> (⟨ѕ⟩, /dz/). The comma and the cedilla are both derivative of ⟨ʒ⟩ (a small cursive ⟨z⟩) placed below the letter. From this standpoint alone, ⟨ș⟩, ⟨ț⟩, and ⟨d̦⟩ could potentially be regarded as stand-ins for /sz/, /tz/, and /dz/ respectively. In <a href="/wiki/Latvian_language" title="Latvian language">Latvian</a>, the comma is used on the letters ⟨ģ⟩, ⟨ķ⟩, ⟨ļ⟩, ⟨ņ⟩, and historically also ⟨ŗ⟩, to indicate <a href="/wiki/Palatalization_(phonetics)" title="Palatalization (phonetics)">palatalization</a>. Because the lowercase letter ⟨g⟩ has a <a href="/wiki/Descender" title="Descender">descender</a>, the comma is rotated 180° and placed over the letter. Although their <a href="/wiki/Adobe_Systems" class="mw-redirect" title="Adobe Systems">Adobe</a> <a href="/wiki/Glyph" title="Glyph">glyph</a> names are 'letter with comma', their names in the <a href="/wiki/Unicode" title="Unicode">Unicode</a> Standard are 'letter with a cedilla'. They were introduced to the Unicode standard before 1992 and, per Unicode Consortium policy, their names cannot be altered. In the late 1920s and 1930s, the <a href="/wiki/Latgalian_language" title="Latgalian language">Latgalian</a> orthography used in Siberia used additional letters with comma ⟨ç⟩, ⟨ḑ⟩, ⟨m̧⟩, ⟨p̧⟩, ⟨ş⟩, ⟨ţ⟩, ⟨v̧⟩, ⟨z̧⟩<a href="#cite_note-43">[43]</a> In <a href="/wiki/Livonian_language" title="Livonian language">Livonian</a>, whose alphabet is based on a mixture of Latvian and <a href="/wiki/Estonian_language" title="Estonian language">Estonian</a> alphabets, the comma is used on the letters ⟨ḑ⟩, ⟨ļ⟩, ⟨ņ⟩, ⟨ŗ⟩, ⟨ț⟩ to indicate palatalization in the same fashion as Latvian, except that Livonian uses ⟨ḑ⟩ and ⟨ț⟩ to represent the same <a href="/wiki/Palatal_consonant" title="Palatal consonant">palatal</a> <a href="/wiki/Plosive_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Plosive consonant">plosive</a> phonemes which Latvian writes as ⟨ģ⟩ and ⟨ķ⟩ respectively. In <a href="/wiki/Czech_language" title="Czech language">Czech</a> and <a href="/wiki/Slovak_language" title="Slovak language">Slovak</a>, the diacritic in the characters ⟨ď⟩, ⟨ť⟩, and ⟨ľ⟩ resembles a superscript comma, but it is used instead of a <a href="/wiki/Caron" title="Caron">caron</a> because the letter has an <a href="/wiki/Ascender_(typography)" title="Ascender (typography)">ascender</a>. Other ascender letters with carons, such as letters ⟨ȟ⟩ (used in <a href="/wiki/Finnish_Kalo_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Finnish Kalo language">Finnish Romani</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lakota_language" title="Lakota language">Lakota</a>) and ⟨ǩ⟩ (used in <a href="/wiki/Skolt_Sami_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Skolt Sami language">Skolt Sami</a>), did not modify their carons to superscript commas. In 16th-century <a href="/wiki/Guatemala" title="Guatemala">Guatemala</a>, the archaic letter <a href="/wiki/Cuatrillo" title="Cuatrillo">cuatrillo</a> with a comma (⟨Ꜯ⟩ and ⟨ꜯ⟩) was used to write Mayan languages.<a href="#cite_note-44">[44]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(6)"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Comma&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: See also" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-6 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-6"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Copy_editing" title="Copy editing">Copy editing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_punctuation" title="English punctuation">English punctuation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latin-script_alphabet" title="Latin-script alphabet">Latin-script alphabet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_typographical_symbols_and_punctuation_marks" title="List of typographical symbols and punctuation marks">List of typographical symbols and punctuation marks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ogonek" title="Ogonek">Ogonek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Part_of_speech" title="Part of speech">Part of speech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sentence_clause_structure" title="Sentence clause structure">Sentence clause structure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditional_grammar" title="Traditional grammar">Traditional grammar</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Related_history">Related history</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Comma&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Related history" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Global_spread_of_the_printing_press" title="Global spread of the printing press">Global spread of the printing press</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_printing_in_East_Asia" title="History of printing in East Asia">History of printing in East Asia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_sentence_spacing" title="History of sentence spacing">History of sentence spacing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Western_typography" title="History of Western typography">History of Western typography</a></li></ul> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(7)"><h2 id="References">References</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Comma&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: References" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-7 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-7"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFReference-OED-comma" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oed.com/view/Entry/36944">"comma"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Oxford_English_Dictionary" title="Oxford English Dictionary">Oxford English Dictionary</a> (Online ed.). <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=comma&rft.btitle=Oxford+English+Dictionary&rft.edition=Online&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.oed.com%2Fview%2FEntry%2F36944&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AComma" class="Z3988"> (Subscription or <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oed.com/public/login/loggingin#withyourlibrary">participating institution membership</a> required.) </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChisholm1911" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Chisholm" title="Hugh Chisholm">Chisholm, Hugh</a>, ed. (1911). <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Comma">"Comma" </a>. <a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a>. Vol. 6 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 765.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Comma&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=765&rft.edition=11th&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1911&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AComma" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://site.uit.no/english/punctuation/rules-for-comma-usage/">"Rules for comma usage | English Language Help Desk"</a>. Retrieved 7 August 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Rules+for+comma+usage+%7C+English+Language+Help+Desk&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsite.uit.no%2Fenglish%2Fpunctuation%2Frules-for-comma-usage%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AComma" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTruss2004" class="citation book cs1">Truss, Lynn (2004). Eats, Shoot & Leaves: The Zero Tolerance Approach to Punctuation. New York: Gotham Books. p. 72. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-59240-087-6" title="Special:BookSources/1-59240-087-6"><bdi>1-59240-087-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Eats%2C+Shoot+%26+Leaves%3A+The+Zero+Tolerance+Approach+to+Punctuation&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=72&rft.pub=Gotham+Books&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=1-59240-087-6&rft.aulast=Truss&rft.aufirst=Lynn&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AComma" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060902185038/http://www.haverford.edu/classics/courses/2006S/lat101/handouts/no_spaces_aeneid.pdf">"Reading Before Punctuation – Introduction to Latin Literature pamphlet"</a> (PDF). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.haverford.edu/classics/courses/2006S/lat101/handouts/no_spaces_aeneid.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 2 September 2006.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Reading+Before+Punctuation+%E2%80%93+Introduction+to+Latin+Literature+pamphlet&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.haverford.edu%2Fclassics%2Fcourses%2F2006S%2Flat101%2Fhandouts%2Fno_spaces_aeneid.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AComma" class="Z3988">, <a href="/wiki/Haverford_College" title="Haverford College">Haverford College</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ualberta.ca/~sreimer/ms-course/course/punc.htm#mtop">Manuscript Studies, Medieval and Early Modern</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160304203023/http://www.ualberta.ca/~sreimer/ms-course/course/punc.htm#mtop">Archived</a> 4 March 2016 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> – <a href="/wiki/Palaeography" title="Palaeography">Palaeography</a>: Punctuation glossary </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/GPO-STYLEMANUAL-2016/pdf/GPO-STYLEMANUAL-2016.pdf">"U.S. Government Publishing Office Style Manual"</a> (PDF). U.S. Government Publishing Office. p. 202. Retrieved 10 August 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=U.S.+Government+Publishing+Office+Style+Manual&rft.pages=202&rft.pub=U.S.+Government+Publishing+Office&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.govinfo.gov%2Fcontent%2Fpkg%2FGPO-STYLEMANUAL-2016%2Fpdf%2FGPO-STYLEMANUAL-2016.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AComma" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151006162613/http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/us/words/what-is-the-oxford-comma?q=oxford+comma">"What is the 'Oxford comma'?"</a>. Oxford Dictionaries. Oxford University Press. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/us/words/what-is-the-oxford-comma?q=oxford+comma">the original</a> on 6 October 2015. Retrieved 15 September 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=What+is+the+%27Oxford+comma%27%3F&rft.btitle=Oxford+Dictionaries&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.oxforddictionaries.com%2Fus%2Fwords%2Fwhat-is-the-oxford-comma%3Fq%3Doxford%2Bcomma&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AComma" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRitter2005" class="citation book cs1">Ritter, R. M. (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/newhartsrules00rmri">New Hart's Rules</a> (2nd ed.). Oxford University Press. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/newhartsrules00rmri/page/77">77</a>, 300. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780198610410" title="Special:BookSources/9780198610410"><bdi>9780198610410</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=New+Hart%27s+Rules&rft.pages=77%2C+300&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=9780198610410&rft.aulast=Ritter&rft.aufirst=R.+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fnewhartsrules00rmri&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AComma" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/styleguide/o">"Guardian and Observer style guide: O"</a>. The Guardian. London. 19 December 2008. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131109084838/http://www.theguardian.com/styleguide/o">Archived</a> from the original on 9 November 2013. Retrieved 1 April 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Guardian+and+Observer+style+guide%3A+O&rft.date=2008-12-19&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fstyleguide%2Fo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AComma" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reuters.com/article/us-usa-trump-handshake-idUSKBN18L1OB">"Trump, Macron engage in a little handshake diplomacy"</a>. Reuters. 25 May 2017. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170702183243/http://www.reuters.com/article/us-usa-trump-handshake-idUSKBN18L1OB">Archived</a> from the original on 2 July 2017. Retrieved 10 July 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Reuters&rft.atitle=Trump%2C+Macron+engage+in+a+little+handshake+diplomacy&rft.date=2017-05-25&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.reuters.com%2Farticle%2Fus-usa-trump-handshake-idUSKBN18L1OB&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AComma" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Fowler3rev1-12">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Fowler3rev1_12-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Fowler3rev1_12-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFowlerBurchfield2000" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Henry_Watson_Fowler" class="mw-redirect" title="Henry Watson Fowler">Fowler, Henry Wwatson</a>; <a href="/wiki/Robert_Burchfield" title="Robert Burchfield">Burchfield, Robert W.</a> (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/newfowlersmodern0000fowl_2000/page/162">The New Fowler's Modern English Usage</a> (Third, revised ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/newfowlersmodern0000fowl_2000/page/162">162</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-860263-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-860263-4"><bdi>0-19-860263-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+New+Fowler%27s+Modern+English+Usage&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pages=162&rft.edition=Third%2C+revised&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=0-19-860263-4&rft.aulast=Fowler&rft.aufirst=Henry+Wwatson&rft.au=Burchfield%2C+Robert+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fnewfowlersmodern0000fowl_2000%2Fpage%2F162&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AComma" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-getitwriteonline1-13">^ <a href="#cite_ref-getitwriteonline1_13-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-getitwriteonline1_13-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTuten" class="citation web cs1">Tuten, Nancy. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://getitwriteonline.com/articles/when-to-use-comma-before-and/">"When to Use a Comma before "And""</a>. Getitwriteonline.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190112211303/https://getitwriteonline.com/articles/when-to-use-comma-before-and/">Archived</a> from the original on 12 January 2019. Retrieved 25 March 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Getitwriteonline.com&rft.atitle=When+to+Use+a+Comma+before+%22And%22&rft.aulast=Tuten&rft.aufirst=Nancy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgetitwriteonline.com%2Farticles%2Fwhen-to-use-comma-before-and%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AComma" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSwan2006" class="citation book cs1">Swan, Michael (2006). Practical English Usage. 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Filiquarian Publishing. p. 12. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59986-933-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-59986-933-9"><bdi>978-1-59986-933-9</bdi></a>. <q>Do not join independent clauses by a comma.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Elements+of+Style&rft.pages=12&rft.pub=Filiquarian+Publishing&rft.date=2007-05&rft.isbn=978-1-59986-933-9&rft.aulast=Strunk&rft.aufirst=William&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AComma" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a> Garner's Modern American Usage, (Oxford: 2003, p. 655) </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a> Chicago Manual of Style: "It's conventional to put a comma after the year. 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Retrieved 29 October 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=AP+Stylebook&rft.atitle=Ask+the+Editor&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.apstylebook.com%2Fask_editor.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AComma" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a> Chicago Manual of Style, 14th ed., §5.67. </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.usps.com/ship/preparing-domestic-shipments.htm">"Preparing Shipments"</a>. The United States Postal Service. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180612143533/https://www.usps.com/ship/preparing-domestic-shipments.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 12 June 2018. 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Retrieved 13 October 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Canada+Post&rft.atitle=How+to+address+mail+and+parcels&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.canadapost-postescanada.ca%2Fcpc%2Fen%2Fsupport%2Fkb%2Fsending%2Fgeneral-information%2Fhow-to-address-mail-and-parcels&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AComma" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWeisstein" class="citation web cs1">Weisstein, Eric W. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mathworld.wolfram.com/Comma.html">"Comma"</a>. Wolfram MathWorld. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201003015218/https://mathworld.wolfram.com/Comma.html">Archived</a> from the original on 3 October 2020. Retrieved 22 August 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Wolfram+MathWorld&rft.atitle=Comma&rft.aulast=Weisstein&rft.aufirst=Eric+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmathworld.wolfram.com%2FComma.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AComma" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.skillsyouneed.com/num/common-symbols.html">"Common Mathematical Symbols and Terminology"</a>. SkillsYouNeed. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201002225233/https://www.skillsyouneed.com/num/common-symbols.html">Archived</a> from the original on 2 October 2020. Retrieved 22 August 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=SkillsYouNeed&rft.atitle=Common+Mathematical+Symbols+and+Terminology&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.skillsyouneed.com%2Fnum%2Fcommon-symbols.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AComma" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWeisstein" class="citation web cs1">Weisstein, Eric W. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mathworld.wolfram.com/DecimalPoint.html">"Decimal Point"</a>. Wolfram MathWorld. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220321195047/https://mathworld.wolfram.com/DecimalPoint.html">Archived</a> from the original on 21 March 2022. Retrieved 22 August 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Wolfram+MathWorld&rft.atitle=Decimal+Point&rft.aulast=Weisstein&rft.aufirst=Eric+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmathworld.wolfram.com%2FDecimalPoint.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AComma" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20041028103201/http://standards.ieee.org/guides/style/section6.html#695">"IEEE Standards Style Manual"</a>. Standards.IEEE.org. <a href="/wiki/Institute_of_Electrical_and_Electronics_Engineers" title="Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers">Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers</a>. May 2000. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://standards.ieee.org/guides/style/section6.html#695">the original</a> on 28 October 2004. Retrieved 9 November 2004.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Standards.IEEE.org&rft.atitle=IEEE+Standards+Style+Manual&rft.date=2000-05&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fstandards.ieee.org%2Fguides%2Fstyle%2Fsection6.html%23695&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AComma" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-unfit"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170504203221/http://www.cws.illinois.edu/workshop/writers/tips/commas/">"Writing Tips: Comma Use"</a>. Center for Writing Studies. <a href="/wiki/University_of_Illinois_at_Urbana%E2%80%93Champaign" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign">University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign</a>. Archived from the original on 4 May 2017. Retrieved 12 March 2017. <q>A comma is sometimes used to indicate the omission of one or more words</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Center+for+Writing+Studies&rft.atitle=Writing+Tips%3A+Comma+Use&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cws.illinois.edu%2Fworkshop%2Fwriters%2Ftips%2Fcommas%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AComma" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-APA-31">^ <a href="#cite_ref-APA_31-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-APA_31-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLee2011" class="citation web cs1">Lee, Chelsea (11 August 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://blog.apastyle.org/apastyle/2011/08/punctuating-around-quotation-marks.html">"Punctuating around quotation marks"</a>. APA Style Blog. <a href="/wiki/American_Psychological_Association" title="American Psychological Association">American Psychological Association</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201009062705/https://blog.apastyle.org/apastyle/2011/08/punctuating-around-quotation-marks.html">Archived</a> from the original on 9 October 2020. Retrieved 12 September 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Punctuating+around+quotation+marks&rft.series=APA+Style+Blog&rft.pub=American+Psychological+Association&rft.date=2011-08-11&rft.aulast=Lee&rft.aufirst=Chelsea&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fblog.apastyle.org%2Fapastyle%2F2011%2F08%2Fpunctuating-around-quotation-marks.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AComma" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-WilbersonChicago14-32">^ <a href="#cite_ref-WilbersonChicago14_32-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-WilbersonChicago14_32-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilbers" class="citation web cs1">Wilbers, Stephen. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wilbers.com/FAQPunctuation.htm">"Frequently Asked Questions concerning punctuation"</a> (web site). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180613040839/http://www.wilbers.com/FAQPunctuation.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 13 June 2018. Retrieved 10 September 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Frequently+Asked+Questions+concerning+punctuation&rft.aulast=Wilbers&rft.aufirst=Stephen&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.wilbers.com%2FFAQPunctuation.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AComma" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=PoFJ-OhE63UC&q=%22quotation+marks%22+%22according+to+sense%22+British&pg=PA180">Scientific Style and Format: The CBE manual for authors, editors and publishers</a> (PDF). Cambridge University Press. 2002. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780521471541" title="Special:BookSources/9780521471541"><bdi>9780521471541</bdi></a>. Retrieved 4 September 2015. <q>In the British style (<a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">OUP</a>, 1983), all signs of punctuation used with words and quotation marks must be placed according to the sense.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Scientific+Style+and+Format%3A+The+CBE+manual+for+authors%2C+editors+and+publishers&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=9780521471541&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DPoFJ-OhE63UC%26q%3D%2522quotation%2Bmarks%2522%2B%2522according%2Bto%2Bsense%2522%2BBritish%26pg%3DPA180&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AComma" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLovell1963" class="citation book cs1">Lovell, Stanley P. (1963). Of Spies and Stratagems. <a href="/wiki/Englewood_Cliffs,_New_Jersey" title="Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey">Englewood Cliffs</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_Jersey" title="New Jersey">NJ</a>: <a href="/wiki/Prentice_Hall" title="Prentice Hall">Prentice Hall</a>. <a href="/wiki/ASIN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ASIN (identifier)">ASIN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/dp/B000LBAQYS">B000LBAQYS</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Of+Spies+and+Stratagems&rft.place=Englewood+Cliffs%2C+NJ&rft.pub=Prentice+Hall&rft.date=1963&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.amazon.com%2Fdp%2FB000LBAQYS%23id-name%3DASIN&rft.aulast=Lovell&rft.aufirst=Stanley+P.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AComma" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-nicky-35">^ <a href="#cite_ref-nicky_35-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-nicky_35-1">b</a> Nicolas, Nick. "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tlg.uci.edu/~opoudjis/unicode/punctuation.html">Greek Unicode Issues: Punctuation</a>" <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20120806003722/http://www.tlg.uci.edu/~opoudjis/unicode/punctuation.html">Archived</a> 6 August 2012 at <a href="/wiki/Archive.today" title="Archive.today">archive.today</a>. 2005. Accessed 7 October 2014. </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a> Ελληνικός Οργανισμός Τυποποίησης [Ellīnikós Organismós Typopoíīsīs, '<a href="/wiki/Hellenic_Organization_for_Standardization" title="Hellenic Organization for Standardization">Hellenic Organization for Standardization</a>']. ΕΛΟΤ 743, 2η Έκδοση [ELOT 743, 2ī Ekdosī, "ELOT 743, 2nd ed."]. ELOT (Athens), 2001. (in Greek). </li> <li id="cite_note-:Reinders-37"><a href="#cite_ref-:Reinders_37-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFReinders2024" class="citation book cs1">Reinders, Eric (2024). Reading Tolkien in Chinese: Religion, Fantasy, and Translation. Perspectives on Fantasy series. London, UK: <a href="/wiki/Bloomsbury_Publishing" title="Bloomsbury Publishing">Bloomsbury</a> Academic. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781350374645" title="Special:BookSources/9781350374645"><bdi>9781350374645</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Reading+Tolkien+in+Chinese%3A+Religion%2C+Fantasy%2C+and+Translation&rft.place=London%2C+UK&rft.series=Perspectives+on+Fantasy+series&rft.pub=Bloomsbury+Academic&rft.date=2024&rft.isbn=9781350374645&rft.aulast=Reinders&rft.aufirst=Eric&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AComma" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSuignard2008" class="citation web cs1">Suignard, Michel (11 March 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://unicode.org/wg2/docs/n3397.pdf">"Japanese TV Symbols – ISO/IEC JTC1/SC2/WG2 N 33 97 – UTC L2/08 - 077 R 2"</a> (PDF). <a href="/wiki/The_Unicode_Consortium" class="mw-redirect" title="The Unicode Consortium">The Unicode Consortium</a>. p. 6. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181121022050/http://unicode.org/wg2/docs/n3397.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 21 November 2018. Retrieved 20 November 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Japanese+TV+Symbols+%E2%80%93+ISO%2FIEC+JTC1%2FSC2%2FWG2+N+33+97+%E2%80%93+UTC+L2%2F08+-+077+R+2&rft.pages=6&rft.pub=The+Unicode+Consortium&rft.date=2008-03-11&rft.aulast=Suignard&rft.aufirst=Michel&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Funicode.org%2Fwg2%2Fdocs%2Fn3397.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AComma" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.unicode.org/versions/Unicode5.2.0/ch15.pdf#G37643">The Unicode Standard, Version 5.2: Chapter 15.9 – Symbols – Enclosed and Square</a> (PDF). <a href="/wiki/The_Unicode_Consortium" class="mw-redirect" title="The Unicode Consortium">The Unicode Consortium</a>. December 2009. p. 490 (PDF: 33). <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781936213009" title="Special:BookSources/9781936213009"><bdi>9781936213009</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190109195919/http://www.unicode.org/versions/Unicode5.2.0/ch15.pdf#G37643">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 9 January 2019. Retrieved 20 November 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Unicode+Standard%2C+Version+5.2%3A+Chapter+15.9+%E2%80%93+Symbols+%E2%80%93+Enclosed+and+Square&rft.pages=490+%28PDF%3A+33%29&rft.pub=The+Unicode+Consortium&rft.date=2009-12&rft.isbn=9781936213009&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.unicode.org%2Fversions%2FUnicode5.2.0%2Fch15.pdf%23G37643&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AComma" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAbiFarès2001" class="citation book cs1">AbiFarès, Huda Smitshuijzen (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=UacVAQAAIAAJ">Arabic Typography: A Comprehensive Sourcebook</a>. London: Saqi Books. p. 106. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-86356-347-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-86356-347-8"><bdi>978-0-86356-347-8</bdi></a>. <q>The comma used in Arabic script is not only a mirror image of its Latin counterpart, but its tail is also turned upwards in order to avoid any possibility of confusing it with the Dammah, the u short vowel mark.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Arabic+Typography%3A+A+Comprehensive+Sourcebook&rft.place=London&rft.pages=106&rft.pub=Saqi+Books&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-86356-347-8&rft.aulast=AbiFar%C3%A8s&rft.aufirst=Huda+Smitshuijzen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DUacVAQAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AComma" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a> <a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B3%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%B3%E0%AE%BF_(%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B4%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%A8%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%88)" class="extiw" title="ta:கால்புள்ளி (தமிழ் நடை)">ta:கால்புள்ளி (தமிழ் நடை)</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKlingScholzShepherd2019" class="citation web cs1">Kling, Felix; Scholz, Florian; Shepherd, Eric (23 March 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190405084616/https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Trailing_commas">"Trailing commas"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Mozilla" title="Mozilla">Mozilla Blog</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Trailing_commas#Trailing_commas_in_functions">the original</a> on 5 April 2019. Retrieved 31 May 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Mozilla+Blog&rft.atitle=Trailing+commas&rft.date=2019-03-23&rft.aulast=Kling&rft.aufirst=Felix&rft.au=Scholz%2C+Florian&rft.au=Shepherd%2C+Eric&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdeveloper.mozilla.org%2Fen-US%2Fdocs%2FWeb%2FJavaScript%2FReference%2FTrailing_commas%23Trailing_commas_in_functions&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AComma" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAndronovsLeikuma2009" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Andronovs, Aleksejs; Leikuma, Lidija (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lu.lv/fileadmin/user_upload/lu_portal/apgads/PDF/Baltu-filologija_XVIII-1-2_2009.pdf">"Par latgaliešu rakstu jeb literārās valodas pareizrunas kopšanu"</a> (PDF). Baltu filoloģija (in Latvian). 18 (1/2): 5–14.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Baltu+filolo%C4%A3ija&rft.atitle=Par+latgalie%C5%A1u+rakstu+jeb+liter%C4%81r%C4%81s+valodas+pareizrunas+kop%C5%A1anu&rft.volume=18&rft.issue=1%2F2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E5-%3C%2Fspan%3E14&rft.date=2009&rft.aulast=Andronovs&rft.aufirst=Aleksejs&rft.au=Leikuma%2C+Lidija&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.lu.lv%2Ffileadmin%2Fuser_upload%2Flu_portal%2Fapgads%2FPDF%2FBaltu-filologija_XVIII-1-2_2009.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AComma" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEverson2006" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Michael_Everson" title="Michael Everson">Everson, Michael</a> (30 January 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.unicode.org/L2/L2006/06028-n3028-tresillo.pdf">"N3028: Proposal to add Mayanist Latin letters to the UCS"</a> (PDF). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170706090302/http://www.unicode.org/L2/L2006/06028-n3028-tresillo.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 6 July 2017. Retrieved 4 February 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=N3028%3A+Proposal+to+add+Mayanist+Latin+letters+to+the+UCS&rft.date=2006-01-30&rft.aulast=Everson&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.unicode.org%2FL2%2FL2006%2F06028-n3028-tresillo.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AComma" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div></div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(8)"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Comma&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: External links" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-8 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-8"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/40px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 40px;height: 40px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/40px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="40" data-height="40" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/60px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/80px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Look up <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/comma" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:comma">comma</a> in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 30px;height: 40px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="30" data-height="40" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Commas" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Commas">commas</a>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090327041029/http://www.sti.nasa.gov/publish/sp7084.pdf">Grammar, Punctuation, and Capitalization – a comprehensive online guide by NASA</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://specgram.com/CL.2/03.doolittle.odcom.html">The Oxford Comma: A Solution</a> – a satirical suggestion to settle the problem of the Oxford Comma once and for all</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://specgram.com/CLI.4/04.celen.quotta.html">The Quotta and the Quottiod</a> – another satirical compromise between the American and British traditions relating to quotes and commas.</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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.navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div>    </section></div> <noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=mobile&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Comma&oldid=1274179760">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Comma&oldid=1274179760</a>"</div></div> </div> <div class="post-content" id="page-secondary-actions"> </div> </main> <footer class="mw-footer minerva-footer" role="contentinfo"> <a class="last-modified-bar" href="/w/index.php?title=Comma&action=history"> <div class="post-content last-modified-bar__content"> Last edited on 5 February 2025, at 21:35 </div> </a> <div class="post-content footer-content"> <div id='mw-data-after-content'> <div class="read-more-container"></div> </div> <div id="p-lang"> <h4>Languages</h4> <section> <ul id="p-variants" class="minerva-languages"></ul> <ul class="minerva-languages"><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Komma" title="Komma – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Komma" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%B5%D9%84%D8%A9" title="فاصلة – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="فاصلة" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coma_(puntuaci%C3%B3n)" title="Coma (puntuación) – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Coma (puntuación)" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aragonés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coma_(puntuaci%C3%B3n)" title="Coma (puntuación) – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Coma (puntuación)" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Verg%C3%BCl" title="Vergül – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Vergül" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BE" title="কমা – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="কমা" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C5%8D%CD%98-ti%C3%A1m" title="Tō͘-tiám – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Tō͘-tiám" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D3%A8%D1%82%D3%A9%D1%80" title="Өтөр – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Өтөр" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target">Башҡортса</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Коска – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Коска" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Коска – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Коска" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%8F" title="Запетая – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Запетая" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skej" title="Skej – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Skej" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coma_(puntuaci%C3%B3)" title="Coma (puntuació) – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Coma (puntuació)" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D3%B3%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%BB%C4%95_%D0%BF%C4%83%D0%BD%D1%87%C4%83" title="Хӳреллĕ пăнчă – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Хӳреллĕ пăнчă" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target">Чӑвашла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%8C%C3%A1rka_(interpunkce)" title="Čárka (interpunkce) – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Čárka (interpunkce)" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Komma" title="Komma – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Komma" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Komma" title="Komma – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Komma" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koma" title="Koma – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Koma" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9A%CF%8C%CE%BC%CE%BC%CE%B1_(%CF%83%CF%84%CE%AF%CE%BE%CE%B7)" title="Κόμμα (στίξη) – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Κόμμα (στίξη)" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coma_(puntuaci%C3%B3n)" title="Coma (puntuación) – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Coma (puntuación)" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Komo" title="Komo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Komo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koma_(puntuazio-zeinua)" title="Koma (puntuazio-zeinua) – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Koma (puntuazio-zeinua)" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%DB%8C%D8%B1%DA%AF%D9%88%D9%84" title="ویرگول – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="ویرگول" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virgule" title="Virgule – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Virgule" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skrapke" title="Skrapke – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Skrapke" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Frysk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cam%C3%B3g" title="Camóg – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Camóg" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coma" title="Coma – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Coma" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%85%E0%AA%B2%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%AA_%E0%AA%B5%E0%AA%BF%E0%AA%B0%E0%AA%BE%E0%AA%AE" title="અલ્પ વિરામ – Gujarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="અલ્પ વિરામ" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="Gujarati" class="interlanguage-link-target">ગુજરાતી</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xal mw-list-item"><a href="https://xal.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A6%D0%B5%D0%B3%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B3%D0%B5%D1%87" title="Цеглегеч – Kalmyk" lang="xal" hreflang="xal" data-title="Цеглегеч" data-language-autonym="Хальмг" data-language-local-name="Kalmyk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Хальмг</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%89%BC%ED%91%9C_(%EB%AC%B8%EC%9E%A5_%EB%B6%80%ED%98%B8)" title="쉼표 (문장 부호) – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="쉼표 (문장 부호)" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8D%D5%BF%D5%B8%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A5%D5%BF" title="Ստորակետ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ստորակետ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zarez" title="Zarez – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Zarez" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tanda_koma" title="Tanda koma – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Tanda koma" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Komma" title="Komma – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Komma" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virgola" title="Virgola – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Virgola" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A4%D7%A1%D7%99%D7%A7" title="פסיק – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="פסיק" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%AE%D1%82%D1%96%D1%80" title="Үтір – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Үтір" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koma" title="Koma – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Koma" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Komats" title="Komats – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Komats" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kablelis" title="Kablelis – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Kablelis" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ln mw-list-item"><a href="https://ln.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%B3ma" title="Kóma – Lingala" lang="ln" hreflang="ln" data-title="Kóma" data-language-autonym="Lingála" data-language-local-name="Lingala" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lingála</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vessz%C5%91_(%C3%ADr%C3%A1sjel)" title="Vessző (írásjel) – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Vessző (írásjel)" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Запирка – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Запирка" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Faingo" title="Faingo – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Faingo" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malagasy</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%85%E0%B4%B2%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AA%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%82" title="അല്പവിരാമം – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="അല്പവിരാമം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%B5%D9%84%D9%87" title="فاصله – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="فاصله" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tanda_koma" title="Tanda koma – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Tanda koma" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Komma" title="Komma – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Komma" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE_%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B9%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A8" title="अल्पविराम चिह्न – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="अल्पविराम चिह्न" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B3%E3%83%B3%E3%83%9E" title="コンマ – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="コンマ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Komma" title="Komma – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Komma" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Komma" title="Komma – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Komma" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virgula" title="Virgula – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Virgula" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vergul" title="Vergul – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Vergul" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Przecinek" title="Przecinek – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Przecinek" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C3%ADrgula" title="Vírgula – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Vírgula" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virgul%C4%83" title="Virgulă – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Virgulă" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B0%D0%BF%D1%8F%D1%82%D0%B0" title="Запята – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Запята" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русиньскый</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B0%D0%BF%D1%8F%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%8F" title="Запятая – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Запятая" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-skr mw-list-item"><a href="https://skr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%D9%82%D9%81_%D8%AE%D9%81%DB%8C%D9%81_%DB%8C%D8%A7_%D8%B3%DA%A9%D8%AA%DB%81" title="وقف خفیف یا سکتہ – Saraiki" lang="skr" hreflang="skr" data-title="وقف خفیف یا سکتہ" data-language-autonym="سرائیکی" data-language-local-name="Saraiki" class="interlanguage-link-target">سرائیکی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presja" title="Presja – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Presja" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%9A%E0%B7%9C%E0%B6%B8%E0%B7%8F%E0%B7%80" title="කොමාව – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="කොමාව" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target">සිංහල</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comma_(diacritic)" title="Comma (diacritic) – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Comma (diacritic)" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%AA%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%A7" title="ڪاما – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="ڪاما" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target">سنڌي</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%8Ciarka_(interpunk%C4%8Dn%C3%A9_znamienko)" title="Čiarka (interpunkčné znamienko) – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Čiarka (interpunkčné znamienko)" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vejica" title="Vejica – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Vejica" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%DB%86%D8%B1" title="بۆر – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="بۆر" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0" title="Запета – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Запета" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zarez" title="Zarez – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Zarez" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koma" title="Koma – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Koma" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sunda</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pilkku" title="Pilkku – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Pilkku" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kommatecken" title="Kommatecken – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Kommatecken" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B1%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B3%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%B3%E0%AE%BF" title="காற்புள்ளி – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="காற்புள்ளி" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%A0%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%84" title="จุลภาค – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="จุลภาค" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B3%D1%83%D0%BB" title="Вергул – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Вергул" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target">Тоҷикӣ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virg%C3%BCl" title="Virgül – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Virgül" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B0_(%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%B4%D1%96%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%B7%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BA)" title="Кома (розділовий знак) – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Кома (розділовий знак)" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%DA%A9%D8%AA%DB%81_(%D8%B1%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B2_%D8%A7%D9%88%D9%82%D8%A7%D9%81)" title="سکتہ (رموز اوقاف) – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="سکتہ (رموز اوقاف)" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C3%ACrgo%C5%82a" title="Vìrgoła – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Vìrgoła" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vèneto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%E1%BA%A5u_ph%E1%BA%A9y" title="Dấu phẩy – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Dấu phẩy" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turook" title="Turook – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Turook" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target">Winaray</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%80%97%E5%8F%B7" title="逗号 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="逗号" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%80%97%E8%99%9F" title="逗號 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="逗號" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">粵語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%80%97%E8%99%9F" title="逗號 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="逗號" 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