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class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_grave_of_Andrew_Bruce_Davidson,_Grange_Cemetery,_Edinburgh.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/The_grave_of_Andrew_Bruce_Davidson%2C_Grange_Cemetery%2C_Edinburgh.jpg/220px-The_grave_of_Andrew_Bruce_Davidson%2C_Grange_Cemetery%2C_Edinburgh.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="330" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/The_grave_of_Andrew_Bruce_Davidson%2C_Grange_Cemetery%2C_Edinburgh.jpg/330px-The_grave_of_Andrew_Bruce_Davidson%2C_Grange_Cemetery%2C_Edinburgh.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/The_grave_of_Andrew_Bruce_Davidson%2C_Grange_Cemetery%2C_Edinburgh.jpg/440px-The_grave_of_Andrew_Bruce_Davidson%2C_Grange_Cemetery%2C_Edinburgh.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2056" data-file-height="3088" /></a><figcaption>The grave of Andrew Bruce Davidson, Grange Cemetery, Edinburgh</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Andrew Bruce Davidson</b> DD LLD DLit (25 April 1831 – 26 January 1902) was an ordained minister in the <a href="/wiki/Free_Church_of_Scotland_(1843%E2%80%931900)" title="Free Church of Scotland (1843–1900)">Free Church of Scotland</a> and Professor of <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_language" title="Hebrew language">Hebrew</a> and Oriental languages in New College, <a href="/wiki/University_of_Edinburgh" title="University of Edinburgh">University of Edinburgh</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Life_and_career">Life and career</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Andrew_B._Davidson&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Life and career"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Davidson was born at Kirkhill, in the parish of <a href="/wiki/Ellon,_Aberdeenshire" title="Ellon, Aberdeenshire">Ellon</a>, Aberdeenshire, Scotland, on 25 April<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 1831. He was educated initially at the Aberdeen Grammar school under Dr Melvin<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and afterwards at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Aberdeen" title="University of Aberdeen">University of Aberdeen</a>, graduating in 1849. Following graduation he took the position of teacher in the Free Church school in Ellon and while in that position taught himself French, German, Dutch and Spanish in addition to the classical languages he already knew.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He entered <a href="/wiki/New_College,_Edinburgh" title="New College, Edinburgh">New College, Edinburgh</a>, in 1852, to study for the ministry, and was licensed in 1857. </p><p>While a student in 1854, Davidson went during the vacation to study under <a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Ewald" title="Heinrich Ewald">Heinrich Ewald</a> in the <a href="/wiki/University_of_G%C3%B6ttingen" title="University of Göttingen">University of Göttingen</a>. Following his licensing in 1857 he became a missioner first in <a href="/wiki/Carstairs_Junction" title="Carstairs Junction">Carstairs Junction</a>/<a href="/wiki/Carstairs" title="Carstairs">Village</a> and later in Craigsmill, near <a href="/wiki/Blairgowrie_and_Rattray" title="Blairgowrie and Rattray">Blairgowrie</a>, thereafter a Probationer Minister in Gilcomston Free Church under the ministry of Dr MacGilvary for a period of six months.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1858, Davidson became Hebrew tutor in New College, with the express purpose of teaching the Hebrew language to the first class.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During this appointment he produced his first book on the Hebrew language in 1861 "Outlines of Hebrew Accentuation" which was followed later during his professorship by an <i>Elementary Hebrew Grammar</i> (1st ed., 1874) and his <i>Hebrew Syntax</i> (1894).<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An examination of his <i>Hebrew Syntax</i> reveals that Davidson had an intimate knowledge of the comparative syntax of Syriac and Aramaic, Arabic, Ethiopic and Assyrian.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1862, his first book on <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Job" title="Book of Job">Job</a> (chapters 1–14) was published by Williams & Norgate. Despite the fact that he never finished this project, it was still classed as "the first really scientific commentary on the <a href="/wiki/Old_Testament" title="Old Testament">Old Testament</a> in the English language."<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When, in the following year, the chair of Hebrew fell vacant, Davidson was appointed professor by the unanimous vote of the Free Church Assembly. In 1871 he was chosen to be one of the Old Testament revision committee—a position he held until 1884, which resulted in the publication of the Old Testament section of the <a href="/wiki/Revised_Version" title="Revised Version">Revised Version</a> of the Bible in 1885. As far as his teaching in New College, Edinburgh, is concerned, most of it was published after his death in volumes entitled, 'Biblical and literary Essays,' 'Old Testament Prophecy,' and 'The Theology of the Old Testament.'<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Davidson understood it to be the first duty of an exegete to ascertain the meaning of the writer, and he showed that this could be done by the use of grammar and history and the historical imagination. He supplied guidance when it was much needed as to the methods and results of the <a href="/wiki/Historical_criticism" title="Historical criticism">higher criticism</a>. Being a master of its methods, but very cautious in accepting assertions about its results, he secured attention early in the Free Church for scientific criticism, and yet threw the whole weight of his learning and his caustic wit into the argument against critical extravagance. He had thought himself into the ideas and points of view of the Hebrews, and his work in Old Testament theology is unrivalled. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Development_of_his_critical_views">Development of his critical views</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Andrew_B._Davidson&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Development of his critical views"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>It is a moot question as to how and when Davidson's critical views on the authorship of the <a href="/wiki/Torah" title="Torah">Pentateuch</a> actually evolved. It is equally a moot question as to what these actually were.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="The reason for this is unclear. (October 2024)">why?</span></a></i>]</sup> At the beginning of his teaching career he wrote in defence of the <a href="/wiki/Mosaic_authorship" title="Mosaic authorship">Mosaic authorship</a> of the Pentateuch.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, by 1863 he had retreated to a partial Mosaic authorship in a further article in the same journal.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> From the notes of lectures taken by one of his students (Henry Drummond) it is clear that Davidson was then discoursing to his class on Pentateuchal criticism, but with a leaning to more conservative positions. In fact Drummond had recorded that, "Davidson did not then take his students beyond the positions reached by Ewald."<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The next piece of evidence comes from Davidson's review of <a href="/wiki/Franz_Delitzsch" title="Franz Delitzsch">Franz Delitzsch's</a> <i>Neuer Commentar űber Genesis</i> and <a href="/wiki/August_Dillmann" title="August Dillmann">August Dillmann's</a> <i>Numeri, Deuteronomium, und Joshua</i> which is regarded by Strahan as "important as perhaps the first indication of his accepting <a href="/wiki/Julius_Wellhausen" title="Julius Wellhausen">Wellhausen's</a> general position, which he is careful to guard against misconception and exaggeration."<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the first of those reviews he noted "the improbability of Moses having given one system of laws (Exodus chaps. 20ff.) at Sinai and another so very different (Deuteronomy) on the <a href="/wiki/Plains_of_Moab" title="Plains of Moab">plains of Moab</a>; and the impossibility of conceiving of Deuteronomy as extant in the days of the judges and early monarchy". In the second on the work of Dillmann he noted that, "he is dissatisfied with that scholar's theory of the origin for the Priestly code in the eighth century and leans to a later date."<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These briefs comments are the only published explicit statements that Davidson ever made. </p><p>The manuscript of Davidson's course on Pentateuchal criticism was never published, nor has it survived in any other form. What is known of its contents of comes from the biography of Henry Drummond, which states that, "Besides the grammar, Dr Davidson then gave to the First Year a few lectures introductory to the Higher Criticism of the Pentateuch. It was by such lectures that Dr Davidson started in the early seventies the great movement of Old Testament study which has characterised Scottish Theology during the last thirty years. He did not then take his students beyond the positions reached by Ewald; but that was sufficient to break up the mechanical ideas of inspiration which then prevailed in the churches, while, with the teacher's own wonderful insight into the spiritual meaning of Scripture, it made the student's own use of his Bible more rational and lively, and laid upon a sounder basis the proof of a real revelation in the Old Testament."<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The final question which may be asked on this topic is whether Davidson ever accepted in full the tenets of the <a href="/wiki/Documentary_hypothesis" title="Documentary hypothesis">documentary theory</a> of the origin of the Pentateuch. The answer to that question, in as far as it can be answered is that they did not. There are two reasons for this answer, the first of which is that he had studied as was noted earlier under Heinrich Ewald, who had revived Wellhausen's interest in the Hebrew language and history in his teaching, but Ewald never accepted the basis of the documentary hypothesis. The second reason has been reported by Professor Andrew Harper who stated that, "Consequently, though he recognised the greatness of scholars like Wellhausen, he was never affected by the Wellhausen or other orthodoxies which soon grew up in the critical schools".<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Finally, it is a fact that, "he remained sceptical and even sarcastic of the finer distinctions, to which so many critics have carried literary analysis within the limits of the four main Pentateuchal documents."<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A piece of supportive evidence which should be considered is the fact that in a recently published collection of the letters written by Julius Wellhausen to various correspondents around the world not one was ever written to Andrew Bruce Davidson, whereas some 118 were written to and in support of <a href="/wiki/William_Robertson_Smith" title="William Robertson Smith">William Roberston Smith</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It should be further noted that the only Davidson mentioned in <a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Smend" title="Rudolf Smend">Rudolpf Smend's</a> collection is that of Professor <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Davidson" title="Samuel Davidson">Samuel Davidson</a>, to whom 2 letters were addressed. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Death">Death</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Andrew_B._Davidson&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Death"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Davidson died at home, Corrennie Gardens<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in Edinburgh on 26 January 1902. He is buried in <a href="/wiki/Grange,_Edinburgh" class="mw-redirect" title="Grange, Edinburgh">Grange Cemetery</a> on the south side of the city. The grave lies on the southern edge of the north-west quadrant, backing onto the embankment over the central vaults. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Works">Works</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Andrew_B._Davidson&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Works"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Davidson's <i>Elementary Hebrew Grammar</i> is still in print, having now reached its 27th edition (published in 1993, revised by James Martin). His <i>Hebrew Syntax</i> is also still in print, having now reached its fourth edition (published in 1994, revised by J.C.L. Gibson). These works were recognised by several honorary distinctions, LL.D. (Aberdeen), D.D. (Edinburgh), Litt.D. (Cambridge). </p><p>Davidson contributed to the <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_Bible_for_Schools_and_Colleges" title="Cambridge Bible for Schools and Colleges">Cambridge Bible for Schools and Colleges</a>, submitting commentaries on <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Job" title="Book of Job">Job</a>, <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Ezekiel" title="Book of Ezekiel">Ezekiel</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Nahum" title="Book of Nahum">Nahum</a>, <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Habakkuk" title="Book of Habakkuk">Habakkuk</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Zephaniah" title="Book of Zephaniah">Zephaniah</a>. He also wrote, in the series of handbooks published by <a href="/wiki/T%26T_Clark" title="T&T Clark">T&T Clark</a>, a commentary on the <a href="/wiki/Epistle_to_the_Hebrews" title="Epistle to the Hebrews">Epistle to the Hebrews</a> (1882); and he furnished many articles for <i><a href="/wiki/Hastings%27_Dictionary_of_the_Bible" title="Hastings' Dictionary of the Bible">Hastings' Dictionary of the Bible</a></i>, among them "Covenant", "Eschatology of the Old Testament", "God" and "Prophecy". </p><p>His posthumously published writings include two volumes of sermons entitled <i>Waiting Upon God</i> and <i>The Called of God</i>, a volume of essays entitled <i>Biblical and Literary Essays</i>, and <i>Old Testament Prophecy</i>. These works have been edited by J. A. Paterson. Another posthumous volume, entitled <i>The Theology of the Old Testament</i>, was edited by S. D. F. Salmond. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Controversies">Controversies</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Andrew_B._Davidson&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Controversies"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Following the publication of a list of Davidson's writings a dispute broke out between its compiler, James Strachan, and James Alexander Paterson who had edited some of Davidson's manuscripts for posthumous publication. On quality of the editing, in his biography Strachan noted that, "no lecture of Professor Davidson's was finer than the one on 'False Prophecy'. It was ultimately published in the <i>Expositor</i> in 1895. But in the posthumous <i>Old Testament Prophecy</i> an ancient and inferior manuscript has again been palmed off upon the innocent reader, while the perfect Expositor article is left in obscurity."<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This view was supported by <a href="/wiki/George_Wishart_Anderson" title="George Wishart Anderson">George Wishart Anderson</a>. Another dispute concerned the order of the lectures that Davidson had given. Strachan wrote that "Dr Davidson was above everything else a lecturer on Hebrew prophecy. He gave his students a new and inspiring conception of the real nature of Prophecy and its function in the history of Revelation. I fear that many of them will read the posthumous Old Testament Prophecy with a sense of disappointment. They will protest that this is not the Old Testament Prophecy to which they listened. The difference is not merely the absence of the living voice ... the course itself is altered."<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In fact Paterson had been a student of Davidson in 1874, while Strachan had been a student in 1884. In the time of the <a href="/wiki/William_Robertson_Smith" title="William Robertson Smith">Robertson Smith</a> case, Davidson dropped material on Pentateuchal criticism and replaced it with Old Testament Prophecy. George Adam Smith stated "Yet, after the controversy on Robertson Smith's articles broke out, Davidson dropped his lectures on the Pentateuch—they were not given to his students in the later seventies—and did not resume till nine years later."<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The reason that Davidson himself gave for concentrating on the eighth-century prophets was that with these writings, one was on historical ground.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Andrew_B._Davidson&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=hvd.hnzpsu;view=1up;seq=357">"Davidson, Rev. Andrew B."</a> <i>Who's Who</i>. 1901. p. 331.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Who%27s+Who&rft.atitle=Davidson%2C+Rev.+Andrew+B.&rft.pages=331&rft.date=1901&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbabel.hathitrust.org%2Fcgi%2Fpt%3Fid%3Dhvd.hnzpsu%3Bview%3D1up%3Bseq%3D357&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAndrew+B.+Davidson" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">R. A. Riesen, Criticism and Faith in Late Victorian Scotland London 1985</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">R A Riesen, Criticism and Faith in Late Victorian Scotland,London 1985, p. 259</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">R A Riesen, Criticism and Faith, p. 259.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">J. Strahan, Andrew Bruce Davidson, London 1917, p. 72.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">R A Riesen, p. 261.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">R A Riesen,p. 261.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">J. Strahan, Andrew Bruce Davidson, London 1917, p. 126.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">R A Riesen, p. 261.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">J. Strahan, 'The Writings of the Late Professor A B Davidson,' The Expository Times, vol. 15 (103–1904), pp. 450–455.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">'The Recent introductions to the Old Testament.' The British and Foreign Evangelical Review, vol 10, 1861, p.762</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">'Recent Attacks on the Pentateuch – Davidson and Colenso,' The British and Foreign Evangelical Review, vol 12, 1863, p.391.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">George Adam Smith, A Life of Henry Drummond, London 1899, p. 43f.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">For a detailed analysis of Ewald's views on the authorship of the Pentateuch see J. Rogerson, 'Old Testament Criticism in the Nineteenth Century,' London 1984, p. 94f.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">J. Strachan, 'The Writings of the Late Professor A.B. Davidson, Expository Times, vol 15 October 1903 – September 1904, p. 452.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">George Adam Smith, 'The Late Professor A.B. Davidson, The Biblical World, vol 20, no 3 1902, p. 176.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">George Adam Smith, 'The Life of Henry Drummond,'London 1899, pp. 43–44.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">J. Strahan, 'Andrew Bruce Davidson,' London 1917, p. 113.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">George Adam Smith, 'The Late Professor A.B. Davidson,' The Biblical World, Vol 20 No 3 1902, p.177.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Rudolf Smend, 'Julius Wellhausen Briefe,' Mohr Siebeck 2013, p. 881.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Edinburgh Post Office directory 1901</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Digitized <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=cogNAAAAYAAJ">at Google Books</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">J. Strachan, <i>Andrew Bruce Davidson</i>, London 1917, pp 210–211.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">J. Strachan, <i>The Writings of the Late Professor A.B. Davidson</i>, p. 453.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">George Adam Smith, 'The Late Professor A.B. Davidson,'p. 176.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">George Adam Smith, 'The Late Professor A.B. Davidson,'p. 176.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/12px-PD-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/18px-PD-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/24px-PD-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="196" data-file-height="196" /></span></span> This article incorporates text from a publication now in the <a href="/wiki/Public_domain" title="Public domain">public domain</a>: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCrawford_Howell_Toy_and_Frank_H._Vizetelly1901–1906" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Crawford_Howell_Toy" title="Crawford Howell Toy">Crawford Howell Toy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Frank_H._Vizetelly" class="mw-redirect" title="Frank H. Vizetelly">Frank H. Vizetelly</a> (1901–1906). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://jewishencyclopedia.com/view.jsp?letter=D&artid=152">"Andrew B. Davidson"</a>. In <a href="/wiki/Isidore_Singer" title="Isidore Singer">Singer, Isidore</a>; et al. (eds.). <i><a href="/wiki/The_Jewish_Encyclopedia" title="The Jewish Encyclopedia">The Jewish Encyclopedia</a></i>. New York: Funk & Wagnalls.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Andrew+B.+Davidson&rft.btitle=The+Jewish+Encyclopedia&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Funk+%26+Wagnalls&rft.date=1901%2F1906&rft.au=Crawford+Howell+Toy+and+Frank+H.+Vizetelly&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fjewishencyclopedia.com%2Fview.jsp%3Fletter%3DD%26artid%3D152&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAndrew+B.+Davidson" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output 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.mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4756242#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4756242#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4756242#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000109745453">ISNI</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/55572479">VIAF</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/147657/">FAST</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJpVbKXDY7dBGCwdxWDwmd">WorldCat</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/141242876">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n85048022">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00551410">Japan</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Davidson, Andrew Bruce <1831-1902>"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.sbn.it/nome/PUVV194202">Italy</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an35801803">Australia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p072407441">Netherlands</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Davidson, A. B. (Andrew Bruce), 1831-1902"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kopkatalogs.lv/F?func=direct&local_base=lnc10&doc_number=000156466&P_CON_LNG=ENG">Latvia</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a class="external text" href="https://wikidata-externalid-url.toolforge.org/?p=8034&url_prefix=https://opac.vatlib.it/auth/detail/&id=495/129676">Vatican</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007271900405171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Academics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA06148106?l=en">CiNii</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://trove.nla.gov.au/people/1093793">Trove</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/069816018">IdRef</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Andrew_B._Davidson&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/search.php?query=%28%28subject%3A%22Davidson%2C%20Andrew%20B.%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22Davidson%2C%20Andrew%20B%2E%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22Davidson%2C%20A%2E%20B%2E%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22Andrew%20B.%20Davidson%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22Andrew%20B%2E%20Davidson%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22A%2E%20B%2E%20Davidson%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Andrew%20B.%20Davidson%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Andrew%20B%2E%20Davidson%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22A%2E%20B%2E%20Davidson%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22A%2E%20B.%20Davidson%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Davidson%2C%20Andrew%20B.%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Davidson%2C%20Andrew%20B%2E%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Davidson%2C%20A%2E%20B%2E%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Davidson%2C%20A%2E%20B.%22%20OR%20title%3A%22Andrew%20B.%20Davidson%22%20OR%20title%3A%22Andrew%20B%2E%20Davidson%22%20OR%20title%3A%22A%2E%20B%2E%20Davidson%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Andrew%20B.%20Davidson%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Andrew%20B%2E%20Davidson%22%20OR%20description%3A%22A%2E%20B%2E%20Davidson%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Davidson%2C%20Andrew%20B.%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Davidson%2C%20Andrew%20B%2E%22%29%20OR%20%28%221831-1902%22%20AND%20Davidson%29%29%20AND%20%28-mediatype:software%29">Works by or about Andrew B. Davidson</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikisource-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Wikisource logo"><img alt="Wikisource logo" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/18px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/24px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></a></span> Works by or about <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Author:Andrew_Bruce_Davidson" class="extiw" title="s:Author:Andrew Bruce Davidson">Andrew B. Davidson</a> at <a href="/wiki/Wikisource" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a></li></ul>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&useformat=desktop" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Andrew_B._Davidson&oldid=1253031650">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Andrew_B._Davidson&oldid=1253031650</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1831_births" title="Category:1831 births">1831 births</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1902_deaths" title="Category:1902 deaths">1902 deaths</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:People_from_Ellon,_Aberdeenshire" title="Category:People from Ellon, Aberdeenshire">People from Ellon, Aberdeenshire</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Scottish_Christians" title="Category:Scottish Christians">Scottish Christians</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Christian_Hebraists" title="Category:Christian Hebraists">Christian Hebraists</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Scottish_scholars_and_academics" title="Category:Scottish scholars and academics">Scottish scholars and academics</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Alumni_of_the_University_of_Aberdeen" title="Category:Alumni of the University of Aberdeen">Alumni of the University of Aberdeen</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Academics_of_the_University_of_Edinburgh" title="Category:Academics of the University of Edinburgh">Academics of the University of Edinburgh</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Grammarians_of_Hebrew" title="Category:Grammarians of Hebrew">Grammarians of Hebrew</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:EngvarB_from_April_2015" title="Category:EngvarB from April 2015">EngvarB from April 2015</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_dmy_dates_from_April_2015" title="Category:Use dmy dates from April 2015">Use dmy dates from April 2015</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_clarification_from_October_2024" title="Category:Wikipedia articles needing clarification from October 2024">Wikipedia articles needing clarification from October 2024</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_articles_incorporating_a_citation_from_the_1906_Jewish_Encyclopedia" title="Category:Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the 1906 Jewish Encyclopedia">Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the 1906 Jewish Encyclopedia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_articles_incorporating_a_citation_from_the_1906_Jewish_Encyclopedia_without_a_Wikisource_reference" title="Category:Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the 1906 Jewish Encyclopedia without a Wikisource reference">Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the 1906 Jewish Encyclopedia without a Wikisource reference</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_articles_incorporating_text_from_the_1906_Jewish_Encyclopedia" title="Category:Wikipedia articles incorporating text from the 1906 Jewish Encyclopedia">Wikipedia articles incorporating text from the 1906 Jewish Encyclopedia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_Internet_Archive_links" title="Category:Articles with Internet Archive links">Articles with Internet Archive links</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 24 October 2024, at 01:18<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. 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