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References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.2</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc 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class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%8A%A4%EC%BD%94%ED%8B%80%EB%9E%9C%EB%93%9C_%EC%9E%90%EC%9C%A0%EA%B5%90%ED%9A%8C_(1843%E2%80%931900)" title="스코틀랜드 자유교회 (1843–1900) – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="스코틀랜드 자유교회 (1843–1900)" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_Kirk_o_Scotland_(1843%E2%80%931900)" title="Free Kirk o Scotland (1843–1900) – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Free Kirk o Scotland (1843–1900)" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a 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<div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Calvinist church split from the Church of Scotland in 1843; itself split in 1900</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox" style="width: 24em;"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;">Free Church of Scotland (1843–1900)</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Freechurchofsco00bayn_orig_0001.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Freechurchofsco00bayn_orig_0001.png/220px-Freechurchofsco00bayn_orig_0001.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="167" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Freechurchofsco00bayn_orig_0001.png/330px-Freechurchofsco00bayn_orig_0001.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Freechurchofsco00bayn_orig_0001.png/440px-Freechurchofsco00bayn_orig_0001.png 2x" data-file-width="912" data-file-height="692" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">Classification</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Protestant" class="mw-redirect" title="Protestant">Protestant</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">Orientation</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Calvinist" class="mw-redirect" title="Calvinist">Calvinist</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Ecclesiastical_polity" title="Ecclesiastical polity">Polity</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Presbyterian_polity" title="Presbyterian polity">Presbyterian</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">Founder</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Chalmers" title="Thomas Chalmers">Thomas Chalmers</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">Origin</th><td class="infobox-data">18 May 1843 <br /><a href="/wiki/St_Andrew%27s_and_St_George%27s_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="St Andrew's and St George's Church">Church of St. Andrew</a>, Edinburgh</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Schism" title="Schism">Separated from</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Church_of_Scotland" title="Church of Scotland">Church of Scotland</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">Separations</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Free_Presbyterian_Church_of_Scotland" title="Free Presbyterian Church of Scotland">Free Presbyterian Church of Scotland</a> (separated 1893)</td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>Free Church of Scotland</b> is a <a href="/wiki/Scotland" title="Scotland">Scottish</a> <a href="/wiki/Christian_denomination" title="Christian denomination">denomination</a> which was formed in 1843 by a large withdrawal from the established <a href="/wiki/Church_of_Scotland" title="Church of Scotland">Church of Scotland</a> in a <a href="/wiki/Schism" title="Schism">schism</a><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> known as the <a href="/wiki/Disruption_of_1843" title="Disruption of 1843">Disruption of 1843</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1900, the vast majority of the Free Church of Scotland joined with the <a href="/wiki/United_Presbyterian_Church_of_Scotland" class="mw-redirect" title="United Presbyterian Church of Scotland">United Presbyterian Church of Scotland</a> to form the <a href="/wiki/United_Free_Church_of_Scotland" title="United Free Church of Scotland">United Free Church of Scotland</a> (which itself mostly re-united with the Church of Scotland in 1929). In 1904, the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Lords" title="House of Lords">House of Lords</a> judged that the constitutional minority that did not enter the 1900 union were entitled to the whole of the church's patrimony (see <i><a href="/wiki/Bannatyne_v._Overtoun" class="mw-redirect" title="Bannatyne v. Overtoun">Bannatyne v. Overtoun</a></i>); the residual <a href="/wiki/Free_Church_of_Scotland_(since_1900)" title="Free Church of Scotland (since 1900)">Free Church of Scotland</a> acquiesced in the division of those assets, between itself and those who had entered the union, by a Royal Commission in 1905. Despite the late founding date, Free Church of Scotland leadership claims an <a href="/wiki/Apostolic_succession" title="Apostolic succession">unbroken succession</a> of leaders going back to the <a href="/wiki/Apostles_in_the_New_Testament" title="Apostles in the New Testament">Apostles</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Origins">Origins</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Free_Church_of_Scotland_(1843%E2%80%931900)&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Origins"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Disruption_of_1843" title="Disruption of 1843">Disruption of 1843</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:GUL572Pjpeg.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/GUL572Pjpeg.jpg/220px-GUL572Pjpeg.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="272" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/GUL572Pjpeg.jpg/330px-GUL572Pjpeg.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/GUL572Pjpeg.jpg/440px-GUL572Pjpeg.jpg 2x" data-file-width="875" data-file-height="1080" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Colquhoun-Stirling-Murray-Dunlop" title="Alexander Colquhoun-Stirling-Murray-Dunlop">Alexander Colquhoun-Stirling-Murray-Dunlop</a> by <a href="/wiki/Hill_%26_Adamson" title="Hill & Adamson">Hill & Adamson</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The Free Church was formed by <a href="/wiki/Evangelicalism" title="Evangelicalism">Evangelicals</a> who broke from the establishment of the <a href="/wiki/Church_of_Scotland" title="Church of Scotland">Church of Scotland</a> in 1843 in protest against what they regarded as the state's<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Caesaropapism" title="Caesaropapism">encroachment on the spiritual independence</a> of the Church.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Leading up to the Disruption, many of the issues were discussed from an evangelical position in <a href="/wiki/Hugh_Miller" title="Hugh Miller">Hugh Miller</a>'s widely circulating newspaper <i><a href="/wiki/Witness_(religious_newspaper)" title="Witness (religious newspaper)">The Witness</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Of the driving personalities behind the Disruption, <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Chalmers" title="Thomas Chalmers">Thomas Chalmers</a> was probably the most influential, with <a href="/wiki/Robert_Smith_Candlish" title="Robert Smith Candlish">Robert Candlish</a> perhaps second. <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Colquhoun-Stirling-Murray-Dunlop" title="Alexander Colquhoun-Stirling-Murray-Dunlop">Alexander Murray Dunlop</a>, the church lawyer, was also very involved. </p><p>The Disruption of 1843<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> was a bitter, nationwide division which split the established Church of Scotland. It was larger than the <a href="/wiki/First_Secession" title="First Secession">previous historical secessions of 1733</a> <a href="/wiki/Relief_Church" title="Relief Church">or 1761</a>. The evangelical element had been demanding the purification of the Church, and it attacked the <a href="/wiki/Church_Patronage_(Scotland)_Act_1711" title="Church Patronage (Scotland) Act 1711">patronage system</a>, which allowed rich landowners to select the local ministers. It became a political battle between evangelicals on one side and the "Moderates" and gentry on the other. The evangelicals secured passage by the church's General Assembly in 1834, of the "Veto Act", asserting that, as a fundamental law of the Church, no pastor should be forced by the gentry upon a congregation contrary to the popular will, and that any nominee could be rejected by majority of the heads of families. This direct blow at the right of private patrons was challenged in the civil courts, and was decided (1838) against the evangelicals. In 1843, 450 evangelical ministers (out of 1,200 ministers in all) broke away, and formed the Free Church of Scotland. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Thomas_Chalmers_from_the_Met.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Thomas_Chalmers_from_the_Met.jpg/220px-Thomas_Chalmers_from_the_Met.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="302" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Thomas_Chalmers_from_the_Met.jpg/330px-Thomas_Chalmers_from_the_Met.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Thomas_Chalmers_from_the_Met.jpg/440px-Thomas_Chalmers_from_the_Met.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2307" data-file-height="3163" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Chalmers" title="Thomas Chalmers">Thomas Chalmers</a>, the Free Church's first Moderator</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:DP142369_Dr_Welsh.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/DP142369_Dr_Welsh.jpg/220px-DP142369_Dr_Welsh.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="298" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/DP142369_Dr_Welsh.jpg/330px-DP142369_Dr_Welsh.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/DP142369_Dr_Welsh.jpg/440px-DP142369_Dr_Welsh.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2154" data-file-height="2917" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/David_Welsh" title="David Welsh">Dr. Welsh</a>, the Church of Scotland's Moderator, who preached, read a Protest and walked out.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>Led by Dr Thomas Chalmers (1780–1847), a third of the membership walked out, including nearly all the Gaelic-speakers and the missionaries, and most of the Highlanders. The established Church kept all the properties, buildings and endowments. The seceders created a voluntary fund of over £400,000 to build 700 new churches; 400 <a href="/wiki/Manse" title="Manse">manses</a> (residences for the ministers) were erected at a cost of £250,000; and an equal or larger amount was expended on the building of 500 parochial schools, as well as a <a href="/wiki/Edinburgh_Theological_Seminary" title="Edinburgh Theological Seminary">college</a> in Edinburgh. After the passing of the <a href="/wiki/Education_(Scotland)_Act_1872" title="Education (Scotland) Act 1872">Education Act of 1872</a>, most of these schools were voluntarily transferred to the newly established public school-boards.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Chalmers' ideas shaped the breakaway group. He stressed a social vision that revived and preserved Scotland's communal traditions at a time of strain on the social fabric of the country. Chalmers's idealised small equalitarian, kirk-based, self-contained communities that recognised the individuality of their members and the need for co-operation. That vision also affected the mainstream Presbyterian churches, and by the 1870s it had been assimilated by the established Church of Scotland. Chalmers's ideals demonstrated that the church was concerned with the problems of urban society, and they represented a real attempt to overcome the social fragmentation that took place in industrial towns and cities.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Nature">Nature</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Free_Church_of_Scotland_(1843%E2%80%931900)&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Nature"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Finances">Finances</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Free_Church_of_Scotland_(1843%E2%80%931900)&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Finances"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Signing_The_Deed_Of_Demission.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Signing_The_Deed_Of_Demission.jpg/220px-Signing_The_Deed_Of_Demission.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Signing_The_Deed_Of_Demission.jpg/330px-Signing_The_Deed_Of_Demission.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Signing_The_Deed_Of_Demission.jpg/440px-Signing_The_Deed_Of_Demission.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1956" data-file-height="1183" /></a><figcaption>Signing The Deed of Demission<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hugh Miller is at the end of the table taking notes leaning on his top hat. The central figure is <a href="/wiki/Patrick_MacFarlan" title="Patrick MacFarlan">Patrick MacFarlan</a> with <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Chalmers" title="Thomas Chalmers">Chalmers</a> in the chair behind.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Preaching_At_The_Sea-Side.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Preaching_At_The_Sea-Side.jpg/220px-Preaching_At_The_Sea-Side.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="122" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Preaching_At_The_Sea-Side.jpg/330px-Preaching_At_The_Sea-Side.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Preaching_At_The_Sea-Side.jpg/440px-Preaching_At_The_Sea-Side.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1833" data-file-height="1017" /></a><figcaption>A minister of the Free Church preaching<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the Gospel in the 1840s.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Towing_The_Iron_Church_Into_Loch_Sunart.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Towing_The_Iron_Church_Into_Loch_Sunart.jpg/220px-Towing_The_Iron_Church_Into_Loch_Sunart.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="126" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Towing_The_Iron_Church_Into_Loch_Sunart.jpg/330px-Towing_The_Iron_Church_Into_Loch_Sunart.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Towing_The_Iron_Church_Into_Loch_Sunart.jpg/440px-Towing_The_Iron_Church_Into_Loch_Sunart.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1861" data-file-height="1066" /></a><figcaption>Towing <a href="/wiki/Graham_Speirs" class="mw-redirect" title="Graham Speirs">Graham Speirs</a>'s Iron Church into <a href="/wiki/Loch_Sunart" title="Loch Sunart">Loch Sunart</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERitchie1985_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERitchie1985-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>The first task of the new church was to provide income for her initial 500 ministers and places of worship for her people. As she aspired to be the national church of the Scottish people, she set herself the ambitious task of establishing a presence in every parish in Scotland (except in the Highlands, where FC ministers were initially in short supply.) Sometimes land owners were less than helpful such as at <a href="/wiki/Strontian" title="Strontian">Strontian</a>, where the church took to a boat. </p><p>The building programme produced 470 new churches within a year and over 700 by 1847. <a href="/wiki/Manse" title="Manse">Manses</a> and over 700 schools soon followed. This programme was made possible by extraordinary financial generosity, which came from the <a href="/wiki/Evangelism" title="Evangelism">Evangelical</a> awakening and the wealth of the emerging middle class. </p><p>The church created a Sustentation Fund, the brainchild of <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Chalmers" title="Thomas Chalmers">Thomas Chalmers</a>, to which congregations contributed according to their means, and from which all ministers received an 'equal dividend'. This fund provided a modest income for 583 ministers in 1843/4, and by 1900 was able to provide an income for nearly 1200. This centralising and sharing of resources was previously unknown within the Protestant churches in Scotland, but later became the norm. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id=""Send_back_the_money"_campaign"><span id=".22Send_back_the_money.22_campaign"></span>"Send back the money" campaign</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Free_Church_of_Scotland_(1843%E2%80%931900)&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: "Send back the money" campaign"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In their original fundraising activities the Free Church sent missionaries to the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a>, where they found some slave-owners particularly supportive. However, the church having accepted £3,000 in donations from this source, they were later denounced as unchristian by some <a href="/wiki/Abolitionists" class="mw-redirect" title="Abolitionists">abolitionists</a>. Some Free Churchmen like <a href="/wiki/George_Buchan_of_Kelloe" title="George Buchan of Kelloe">George Buchan</a>, <a href="/wiki/William_Collins_(publisher)" title="William Collins (publisher)">William Collins</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_Wilson_(Scottish_missionary)" title="John Wilson (Scottish missionary)">John Wilson</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Henry_Duncan_(minister)" title="Henry Duncan (minister)">Henry Duncan</a> themselves campaigned for the ultimate abolition of slavery.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When <a href="/wiki/Frederick_Douglass" title="Frederick Douglass">Frederick Douglass</a> arrived in Scotland he became a vocal proponent of a "send back the money" campaign which urged the Free Church to return the £3,000 in donations.<sup id="cite_ref-HRM_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HRM-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In his autobiography, <i>My Bondage and My Freedom</i>, Douglass (p. 386) writes: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>The Free Church held on to the blood-stained money, and continued to justify itself in its position – and of course to apologize for slavery – and does so till this day. She lost a glorious opportunity for giving her voice, her vote, and her example to the cause of humanity; and to-day she is staggering under the curse of the enslaved, whose blood is in her skirts.</p></blockquote> <p>Douglass spoke at three meetings in Dundee in 1846. In 1844, long before Douglass's arrival, <a href="/wiki/Robert_Smith_Candlish" title="Robert Smith Candlish">Robert Smith Candlish</a> had spoken against slavery in a debate about a man named John Brown.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-lucre_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lucre-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1847 he is quoted as saying, from the floor of the Free Church Assembly:<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Never, never, let this church, or this country, cease to testify that slavery is sin, and that it must bring down on the sinners, whether they be in Congress assembled, or as individuals throughout the land, the just judgement of Almighty God.</p></blockquote> <p>Not all American Presbyterians shared his anti-slavery view, although some did both in the north and the south.<sup id="cite_ref-lucre_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lucre-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Presbyterian thinker <a href="/wiki/B._B._Warfield" title="B. B. Warfield">B. B. Warfield</a> regarded the integration of freed slaves as one of the largest problems America had ever faced.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An official letter from the Free Church did reach the Assembly of the <a href="/wiki/Presbyterian_Church_in_the_United_States" title="Presbyterian Church in the United States">Southern Presbyterian Church</a> in May 1847. The official Free Church position was described as being "very strongly against slavery".<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Theology">Theology</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Free_Church_of_Scotland_(1843%E2%80%931900)&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Theology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:NC_from_PGardens.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/NC_from_PGardens.jpg/220px-NC_from_PGardens.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/NC_from_PGardens.jpg/330px-NC_from_PGardens.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/NC_from_PGardens.jpg/440px-NC_from_PGardens.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="480" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/New_College,_Edinburgh" title="New College, Edinburgh">New College, Edinburgh</a> from Princes Street Gardens</figcaption></figure> <p>Great importance was attached to maintaining an educated ministry within the Free Church. Because the established Church of Scotland controlled the divinity faculties of the universities, the Free Church set up its own colleges. <a href="/wiki/New_College,_Edinburgh" title="New College, Edinburgh">New College</a> was opened in 1850 with five chairs: Systematic Theology, Apologetics and Practical Theology, Church History, Hebrew and Old Testament, and New Testament Exegesis. The Free Church also set up <a href="/wiki/Christ%27s_College,_Aberdeen" title="Christ's College, Aberdeen">Christ's College</a> in Aberdeen in 1856 and <a href="/wiki/Trinity_College,_Glasgow" title="Trinity College, Glasgow">Trinity College</a> in Glasgow followed later. The first generation of teachers were enthusiastic proponents of <a href="/wiki/Westminster_Confession" class="mw-redirect" title="Westminster Confession">Westminster Calvinism</a>. </p><p>For example, <a href="/wiki/David_Welsh" title="David Welsh">David Welsh</a> was an early professor. <a href="/wiki/James_Buchanan_(minister)" title="James Buchanan (minister)">James Buchanan</a> followed Thomas Chalmers as professor of Systematic Theology when he died in 1847. <a href="/wiki/James_Bannerman_(theologian)" title="James Bannerman (theologian)">James Bannerman</a> was appointed to the chair of Apologetics and Pastoral Theology and his <i>The Church of Christ</i> volumes 1<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and 2<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> were widely read. <a href="/wiki/William_Cunningham_(theologian)" title="William Cunningham (theologian)">William Cunningham</a> was one of the early Church History professors. <a href="/wiki/John_Duncan_(theologian)" title="John Duncan (theologian)">John "Rabbi" Duncan</a> was an early professor of Hebrew.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other chairs were added such as the Missionary Chair of <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Duff_(missionary)" title="Alexander Duff (missionary)">Duff</a>. </p><p>This position was subsequently abandoned, as theologians such as <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Balmain_Bruce" title="Alexander Balmain Bruce">A. B. Bruce</a>, <a href="/wiki/Marcus_Dods_(theologian)" class="mw-redirect" title="Marcus Dods (theologian)">Marcus Dods</a> and <a href="/wiki/George_Adam_Smith" title="George Adam Smith">George Adam Smith</a> began to teach a more <a href="/wiki/Liberal_religion" class="mw-redirect" title="Liberal religion">liberal</a> understanding of the faith. 'Believing criticism' of the Bible was a central approach taught by such as <a href="/wiki/William_Robertson_Smith" title="William Robertson Smith">William Robertson Smith</a> and he was dismissed from his chair by the Assembly in 1881.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Attempts were made between 1890 and 1895 to bring many of these professors to the bar of the Assembly on charges of heresy, but these moves failed, with only minor warnings being issued. </p><p>In 1892 the Free Church, following the example of the <a href="/wiki/United_Presbyterian_Church_of_Scotland" class="mw-redirect" title="United Presbyterian Church of Scotland">United Presbyterian Church</a> and the Church of Scotland, and with union with those denominations as the goal, passed a <a href="/wiki/Declaratory_statement" title="Declaratory statement">Declaratory Act</a> relaxing the standard of subscription to the confession. This had the result that a small number of congregations and even fewer ministers, mostly in the Highlands, severed their connection with the church and formed the <a href="/wiki/Free_Presbyterian_Church_of_Scotland" title="Free Presbyterian Church of Scotland">Free Presbyterian Church of Scotland</a>. Others with similar theological views waited for imminent union but chose to continue with the Free Church. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Activity">Activity</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Free_Church_of_Scotland_(1843%E2%80%931900)&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Activity"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Seofgalileemiss00freeuoft_raw_0059.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Seofgalileemiss00freeuoft_raw_0059.png/220px-Seofgalileemiss00freeuoft_raw_0059.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="173" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Seofgalileemiss00freeuoft_raw_0059.png/330px-Seofgalileemiss00freeuoft_raw_0059.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Seofgalileemiss00freeuoft_raw_0059.png/440px-Seofgalileemiss00freeuoft_raw_0059.png 2x" data-file-width="2124" data-file-height="1668" /></a><figcaption>Sea of Galilee Hospital. Opened in 1893 following work which originated with <a href="/wiki/Robert_Murray_M%27Cheyne" title="Robert Murray M'Cheyne">Robert Murray M'Cheyne</a> and <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Bonar" title="Andrew Bonar">Andrew Bonar</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>The Free Church of Scotland became very active in foreign <a href="/wiki/Mission_(Christianity)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mission (Christianity)">missions</a>. Many of the staff from the established Church of Scotland's India mission adhered to the Free Church.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The church soon also established herself in Africa, with missionaries such as <a href="/wiki/James_Stewart_(missionary_and_physician)" class="mw-redirect" title="James Stewart (missionary and physician)">James Stewart</a> (1831-1905) and with the co-operation of <a href="/wiki/Robert_Laws" title="Robert Laws">Robert Laws</a> (1851-1934) of the <a href="/wiki/United_Presbyterian_Church_(Scotland)" title="United Presbyterian Church (Scotland)">United Presbyterian Church</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as well as becoming involved in <a href="/wiki/Proselytization_and_counter-proselytization_of_Jews" title="Proselytization and counter-proselytization of Jews">evangelisation of the Jews</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Her focus on mission resulted in one of the largest missionary organisations in the world.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2014)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Preachers like <a href="/wiki/William_Chalmers_Burns" title="William Chalmers Burns">William Chalmers Burns</a> worked in Canada and China. <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Duff_(missionary)" title="Alexander Duff (missionary)">Alexander Duff</a> and <a href="/wiki/John_Anderson_(missionary)" title="John Anderson (missionary)">John Anderson</a> worked in India. Duff can be seen behind Hugh Miller in the Disruption Painting signing Missions in Bengal. There were missions related to the Free Church and visited by Duff at <a href="/wiki/Lake_Nyassa" class="mw-redirect" title="Lake Nyassa">Lake Nyassa</a> in Africa and in the <a href="/wiki/Lebanon" title="Lebanon">Lebanon</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Hunter_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hunter-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The early Free Church was also concerned with educational reform including setting up Free Church schools.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Members of the Free Church also became associated with the colonisation of <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand" title="New Zealand">New Zealand</a>: the Free Church offshoot the <a href="/wiki/Otago_Association" title="Otago Association">Otago Association</a> sent out emigrants in 1847 who established the <a href="/wiki/Otago" title="Otago">Otago</a> settlement in 1848.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Burns_(minister,_born_1796)" title="Thomas Burns (minister, born 1796)">Thomas Burns</a> was one of the first churchmen in the colony which developed into <a href="/wiki/Dunedin" title="Dunedin">Dunedin</a>. </p><p>The importance of Home Missions also grew, these having the purpose of increasing church attendance, particularly amongst the poorer communities in large cities. <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Chalmers" title="Thomas Chalmers">Thomas Chalmers</a> led the way with a territorial mission in <a href="/wiki/Edinburgh" title="Edinburgh">Edinburgh</a>'s <a href="/wiki/West_Port,_Edinburgh" title="West Port, Edinburgh">West Port</a> (1844- ),<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which epitomised his idea of a "godly commonwealth". Free churchmen were at the forefront of the <a href="/wiki/1859_Ulster_revival" title="1859 Ulster revival">1859 Revival</a> as well as of the <a href="/wiki/Dwight_L._Moody" title="Dwight L. Moody">Moody</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ira_D._Sankey" title="Ira D. Sankey">Sankey</a>'s campaign of 1873–1875 in Britain. However, Chalmers's social ideas were never fully realised, as the gap between the church and the urban masses continued to increase. </p><p>Towards the end of the 19th century, Free Churches sanctioned the use of instrumental music. An association formed in 1891 to promote order and reverence in public services. In 1898 it published <i>A New Directory for Public Worship</i><sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which, while not providing set forms of prayer, offered directions. The Free Church took an interest in <a href="/wiki/Hymnology" title="Hymnology">hymnology</a> and church music, which led to the production of its hymnbook.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Unions_and_relationships_with_other_Presbyterians">Unions and relationships with other Presbyterians</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Free_Church_of_Scotland_(1843%E2%80%931900)&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Unions and relationships with other Presbyterians"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Reformed_Scots_Church_Denominations.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Reformed_Scots_Church_Denominations.svg/500px-Reformed_Scots_Church_Denominations.svg.png" decoding="async" width="500" height="197" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Reformed_Scots_Church_Denominations.svg/750px-Reformed_Scots_Church_Denominations.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Reformed_Scots_Church_Denominations.svg/1000px-Reformed_Scots_Church_Denominations.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2527" data-file-height="994" /></a><figcaption>Timeline showing the evolution of the churches of Scotland from 1560</figcaption></figure> <p>From its inception, the Free Church claimed it was the authentic Church of Scotland. Constitutionally, despite the Disruption, it continued to support the establishment principle. However some joined the United Presbyterian Church in calling for the <a href="/wiki/Disestablishment" class="mw-redirect" title="Disestablishment">disestablishment</a> of the Church of Scotland. </p><p>In 1852, the Original Secession Church joined the Free Church; in 1876 most of the <a href="/wiki/Reformed_Presbyterian_Church_of_Scotland" title="Reformed Presbyterian Church of Scotland">Reformed Presbyterian Church</a> followed suit. However, a leadership-led attempt to unite with the <a href="/wiki/United_Presbyterian_Church_of_Scotland" class="mw-redirect" title="United Presbyterian Church of Scotland">United Presbyterians</a> was not successful. These attempts began as early as 1863 when the Free Church began talks with the UPC with a view to a union. However, a report laid before the Assembly of 1864 showed that the two churches were not agreed as to the relationship between state and church. The Free Church maintained that national resources could be used in aid of the church, provided that the state abstain from all interference in its internal government. The United Presbyterians held that, as the state had no authority in spiritual things, it was not within its jurisdiction to legislate as to what was true in religion, prescribe a creed or any form of worship for its subjects, or to endow the church from national resources. Any union would therefore have to leave this question open. At the time this difference was sufficient to preclude the union being pursued. </p><p>In the following years, the Free Church Assembly showed increasing willingness for union on these open terms. However, the 'establishment' minority prevented a successful conclusion during the years between 1867 and 1873. After negotiations failed in 1873, the two churches agreed a 'Mutual Eligibility Act' enabling a congregation of one denomination to call a minister from the other. </p><p>During this period, the <a href="/wiki/Antidisestablishmentarianism" title="Antidisestablishmentarianism">antidisestablishmentarian</a> party continued to shrink and became increasingly alienated. This decline was hastened when some congregations left to form the <a href="/wiki/Free_Presbyterian_Church_of_Scotland" title="Free Presbyterian Church of Scotland">Free Presbyterian Church of Scotland</a> in 1893. </p><p>Starting in 1895, union began to be officially discussed once more. A joint committee made up of men from both denominations noted remarkable agreement on doctrinal standards, rules and methods. After a few concessions from both sides, a common constitution was agreed. However, a minority in the Free Church Assembly protested, and threatened to test its legality in the courts. </p><p>The respective assemblies of the churches met for the last time on 30 October 1900. On the following day, the union was completed, and the <a href="/wiki/United_Free_Church_of_Scotland" title="United Free Church of Scotland">United Free Church of Scotland</a> came into being. </p><p>However, a minority of those who dissented remained outside the union, claiming that they were the true Free Church and that the majority had departed from the church when they formed the United Free Church. After a protracted legal battle, the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Lords" title="House of Lords">House of Lords</a> found in favour of the minority (in spite of the belief of most that the true kirk is above the state) and awarded them the right to keep the name <a href="/wiki/Free_Church_of_Scotland_(since_1900)" title="Free Church of Scotland (since 1900)">Free Church of Scotland</a>, though the majority was able to keep most of the financial resources. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Moderators_of_the_General_Assembly">Moderators of the General Assembly</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Free_Church_of_Scotland_(1843%E2%80%931900)&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Moderators of the General Assembly"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Harvey-preaching-in-the-glen.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Harvey-preaching-in-the-glen.png/220px-Harvey-preaching-in-the-glen.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Harvey-preaching-in-the-glen.png/330px-Harvey-preaching-in-the-glen.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Harvey-preaching-in-the-glen.png/440px-Harvey-preaching-in-the-glen.png 2x" data-file-width="2680" data-file-height="1824" /></a><figcaption>Book illustration of <a href="/wiki/George_Harvey_(painter)" title="George Harvey (painter)">George Harvey's</a> <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Guthrie" title="Thomas Guthrie">Dr. Guthrie</a> preaching in the Glen</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The-moderator-and-ex-moderators-of-the-free-church.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/The-moderator-and-ex-moderators-of-the-free-church.jpg/220px-The-moderator-and-ex-moderators-of-the-free-church.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="240" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/The-moderator-and-ex-moderators-of-the-free-church.jpg/330px-The-moderator-and-ex-moderators-of-the-free-church.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/The-moderator-and-ex-moderators-of-the-free-church.jpg/440px-The-moderator-and-ex-moderators-of-the-free-church.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1920" data-file-height="2091" /></a><figcaption>John Moffat's The Moderator and Ex Moderators of the Free Church of Scotland, Assembly 1860. This has been digitally colourised by Yusuf Tolga Ünker.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pictured, from left to right, are (standing) <a href="/wiki/John_Smyth_(minister)" title="John Smyth (minister)">Dr Smyth</a>, <a href="/wiki/Patrick_Clason" title="Patrick Clason">Dr Clason</a>, <a href="/wiki/James_Henderson_(moderator)" title="James Henderson (moderator)">Dr Henderson</a>, <a href="/wiki/James_Grierson_(minister,_born_1791)" title="James Grierson (minister, born 1791)">Dr Grierson</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nathaniel_Paterson" title="Nathaniel Paterson">Dr N. Paterson</a> and <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Beith" title="Alexander Beith">Dr Beith</a> (behind); (seated) <a href="/wiki/William_Cunningham_(theologian)" title="William Cunningham (theologian)">Dr Cunningham</a>, <a href="/wiki/Robert_Buchanan_(minister)" title="Robert Buchanan (minister)">Dr Buchanan</a> and <a href="/wiki/James_Julius_Wood" title="James Julius Wood">Dr Julius Wood</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>It is noted that duplicates appear in 1866 and 1867. </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Chalmers" title="Thomas Chalmers">Thomas Chalmers</a> (May 1843)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Brown_(minister_of_St_John%27s,_Glasgow)" title="Thomas Brown (minister of St John's, Glasgow)">Thomas Brown</a> (October 1843)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Grey_(minister)" title="Henry Grey (minister)">Henry Grey</a> (1844)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patrick_MacFarlan" title="Patrick MacFarlan">Patrick MacFarlan</a> (1845) Gaelic Moderator <a href="/wiki/John_Macdonald_(Apostle_of_the_North)" title="John Macdonald (Apostle of the North)">John Macdonald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_James_Brown_(moderator)" title="Robert James Brown (moderator)">Robert James Brown</a> (1846)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Sievewright" title="James Sievewright">James Sievewright</a> (1847)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patrick_Clason" title="Patrick Clason">Patrick Clason</a> (1848)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mackintosh_MacKay" title="Mackintosh MacKay">Mackintosh MacKay</a> (1849)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nathaniel_Paterson" title="Nathaniel Paterson">Nathaniel Paterson</a> (1850)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Duff_(missionary)" title="Alexander Duff (missionary)">Alexander Duff</a> (1851)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angus_Makellar" title="Angus Makellar">Angus Makellar</a> (1852)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Smyth_(minister)" title="John Smyth (minister)">John Smyth</a> (1853)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Grierson_(minister,_born_1791)" title="James Grierson (minister, born 1791)">James Grierson</a> (1854)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Henderson_(moderator)" title="James Henderson (moderator)">James Henderson</a> (1855)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_M%27Crie_the_Younger" title="Thomas M'Crie the Younger">Thomas M'Crie the Younger</a> (1856)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Julius_Wood" title="James Julius Wood">James Julius Wood</a> (1857)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Beith" title="Alexander Beith">Alexander Beith</a> (1858)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Cunningham_(theologian)" title="William Cunningham (theologian)">William Cunningham</a> (1859)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Buchanan_(minister)" title="Robert Buchanan (minister)">Robert Buchanan</a> (1860)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Smith_Candlish" title="Robert Smith Candlish">Robert Smith Candlish</a> (1861)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Guthrie" title="Thomas Guthrie">Thomas Guthrie</a> (1862)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roderick_McLeod_(minister)" title="Roderick McLeod (minister)">Roderick McLeod</a> (1863)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patrick_Fairbairn" title="Patrick Fairbairn">Patrick Fairbairn</a> (1864)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Begg" title="James Begg">James Begg</a> (1865)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Wilson_(Dundee_minister)" title="William Wilson (Dundee minister)">William Wilson</a> (1866)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Roxburgh_(minister)" title="John Roxburgh (minister)">John Roxburgh</a> (1866 or 1867)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Smith_Candlish" title="Robert Smith Candlish">Robert Smith Candlish</a> (1867)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Nixon_(minister)" title="William Nixon (minister)">William Nixon</a> (1868)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sir_Henry_Wellwood-Moncreiff,_10th_Baronet" title="Sir Henry Wellwood-Moncreiff, 10th Baronet">Henry Wellwood Moncreiff</a> (1869)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Wilson_(Scottish_missionary)" title="John Wilson (Scottish missionary)">John Wilson</a> (1870)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Elder_(minister)" title="Robert Elder (minister)">Robert Elder</a> (1871)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_John_Brown_(moderator)" title="Charles John Brown (moderator)">Charles John Brown</a> (1872)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Duff_(missionary)" title="Alexander Duff (missionary)">Alexander Duff</a> (1873) the only person to serve a second term</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Walter_Stewart" title="Robert Walter Stewart">Robert Walter Stewart</a> (1874)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Moody_Stuart" title="Alexander Moody Stuart">Alexander Moody Stuart</a> (1875)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_McLauchlan" title="Thomas McLauchlan">Thomas McLauchlan</a> (1876)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Henry_Goold" title="William Henry Goold">William Henry Goold</a> (1877)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Bonar" title="Andrew Bonar">Andrew Bonar</a> (1878)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Chalmers_Burns" title="James Chalmers Burns">James Chalmers Burns</a> (1879)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Main_(minister)" title="Thomas Main (minister)">Thomas Main</a> (1880)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Laughton" title="William Laughton">William Laughton</a> (1881)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_MacDonald_(minister)" title="Robert MacDonald (minister)">Robert MacDonald (minister)</a> (1882)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horatius_Bonar" title="Horatius Bonar">Horatius Bonar</a> (1883)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Ross_Taylor" title="Walter Ross Taylor">Walter Ross Taylor</a> (1884)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Brown_(Free_Church_of_Scotland)" title="David Brown (Free Church of Scotland)">David Brown</a> (1885)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Neil_Somerville" title="Alexander Neil Somerville">Alexander Neil Somerville</a> (1886)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Rainy" title="Robert Rainy">Robert Rainy</a> (1887)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gustavus_Aird" title="Gustavus Aird">Gustavus Aird</a> (1888) (the only year the Assembly was solely in Inverness)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Laird_(minister)" title="John Laird (minister)">John Laird</a> (1889)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Brown_(minister)" class="mw-redirect" title="Thomas Brown (minister)">Thomas Brown</a> (1890)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Smith_(missionary)" title="Thomas Smith (missionary)">Thomas Smith</a> (1891)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Garden_Blaikie" title="William Garden Blaikie">William Garden Blaikie</a> (1892)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Chalmers_Smith" title="Walter Chalmers Smith">Walter Chalmers Smith</a> (1893)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/G._C._M._Douglas" class="mw-redirect" title="G. C. M. Douglas">George Douglas</a> (1894)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Hood_Wilson" title="James Hood Wilson">James Hood Wilson</a> (1895)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Miller_(missionary)" title="William Miller (missionary)">William Miller</a> (1896)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Macmillan_(minister)" title="Hugh Macmillan (minister)">Hugh Macmillan</a> (1897)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Whyte" title="Alexander Whyte">Alexander Whyte</a> (1898)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Stewart_(missionary)" title="James Stewart (missionary)">James Stewart</a> (1899)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Ross_Taylor_(1838-1907)" class="mw-redirect" title="Walter Ross Taylor (1838-1907)">Walter Ross Taylor</a> (1900)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Gaelic_Moderators">Gaelic Moderators</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Free_Church_of_Scotland_(1843%E2%80%931900)&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Gaelic Moderators"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>For certain years a separate Gaelic Moderator served at a separate Assembly in <a href="/wiki/Inverness" title="Inverness">Inverness</a>. This had advantages of allowing northern ministers to travel less to the Assembly. It did however create a division. In this division it was largely the northern ministers who remained in the Free Church following the Union of 1900. Known Gaelic Moderators are:<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_MacDonald_(Gaelic_Moderator)" class="mw-redirect" title="John MacDonald (Gaelic Moderator)">Rev John MacDonald</a> (1845)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gustavus_Aird" title="Gustavus Aird">Gustavus Aird</a> (1888)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Other_areas">Other areas</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Free_Church_of_Scotland_(1843%E2%80%931900)&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Other areas"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Free Church were spread the length and breadth of Scotland and also had churches in the northmost sectors of England and several churches in <a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a>. Their influence in other countries focused on Canada and New Zealand, where there were a high proportion of Scots. They ran a specific recruitment campaign to get Free Church ministers to go to New Zealand. Moderators in New Zealand included: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gordon_Webster" title="Gordon Webster">Gordon Webster</a> (1898)</li></ul> <p>Prince Edward Island, Canada, retains a number of Free Churches of Scotland affiliated with the Synod in Scotland as missionary churches. This alliance was established by the Moderator of the Free Church of Scotland, Rev. Ewen MacDougall, in the 1930s, at the time of the establishment of the Presbyterian Church in Canada and the subsequent establishment of the United Church of Canada. The large enclave of Free Church of Scotland congregations has been attributed to a religious revival under the preaching of Rev. Donald MacDonald. The extant Church of Scotland congregations of Prince Edward Island, Canada, continue to adhere to a simple form of worship with a focus on a biblical exegesis from the pulpit, singing of the Psalms and biblical paraphrases without accompaniment or choir, led by a chanter, and prayer. The houses of worship remain simple with minimal embellishment.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Free_Church_of_Scotland_(1843%E2%80%931900)&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Religion in the United Kingdom">Religion in the United Kingdom</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Free_Church_of_Scotland_(1843%E2%80%931900)&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Notes">Notes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Free_Church_of_Scotland_(1843%E2%80%931900)&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFDurhamBlair1659" class="citation book cs1">Durham, James; Blair, Robert (preface) (1659). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/dymanste00durh#page/n303/mode/1up"><i>The dying man's testament to the Church of Scotland, or, A treatise concerning scandal</i></a>. London: Printed for the Company of Stationers<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 April</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+dying+man%27s+testament+to+the+Church+of+Scotland%2C+or%2C+A+treatise+concerning+scandal&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Printed+for+the+Company+of+Stationers&rft.date=1659&rft.aulast=Durham&rft.aufirst=James&rft.au=Blair%2C+Robert+%28preface%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fstream%2Fdymanste00durh%23page%2Fn303%2Fmode%2F1up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFree+Church+of+Scotland+%281843%E2%80%931900%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMacphersonMcCrie1903" class="citation book cs1">Macpherson, John; McCrie, C. G. (editor) (1903). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/thedoctrineofthe00macpuoft#page/104/mode/1up/search/schism"><i>The doctrine of the church in Scottish theology</i></a>. Edinburgh: Macniven & Wallace. pp. 91–128<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 April</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+doctrine+of+the+church+in+Scottish+theology&rft.place=Edinburgh&rft.pages=91-128&rft.pub=Macniven+%26+Wallace&rft.date=1903&rft.aulast=Macpherson&rft.aufirst=John&rft.au=McCrie%2C+C.+G.+%28editor%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fstream%2Fthedoctrineofthe00macpuoft%23page%2F104%2Fmode%2F1up%2Fsearch%2Fschism&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFree+Church+of+Scotland+%281843%E2%80%931900%29" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">|first2=</code> has generic name (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#generic_name" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBayne1893" class="citation book cs1">Bayne, Peter (1893). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/freechurchscotl00bayngoog#page/n13/mode/2up"><i>The Free Church of Scotland: Her Origin, Founders and Testimony</i></a>. 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Edinburgh: T. & T. Clark. pp. 188–200<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Edinburgh: T. & T. Clark<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 April</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+church+of+Christ%3A+a+treatise+on+the+nature%2C+powers%2C+ordinances%2C+discipline%2C+and+government+of+the+Christian+church&rft.place=Edinburgh&rft.pub=T.+%26+T.+Clark&rft.date=1868&rft.aulast=Bannerman&rft.aufirst=James&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fstream%2Fchurchofchristtr01bann%23page%2F94%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFree+Church+of+Scotland+%281843%E2%80%931900%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWalker1895" class="citation book cs1">Walker, Norman L. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 May</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Discussions+of+Robert+Lewis+Dabney+Vol.+1%3A+Evangelical+and+Theological&rft.pages=399-439&rft.aulast=Dabney&rft.aufirst=Robert+Lewis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fstream%2FDiscussionsOfRobertLewisDabneyVol.1EvangelicalAndTheological%2FDiscussionsOfR.l.DabneyV.1%23page%2Fn417%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFree+Church+of+Scotland+%281843%E2%80%931900%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilsonWells1895" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/James_Hood_Wilson" title="James Hood Wilson">Wilson, James Hood</a>; Wells, James (1895). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/seofgalileemiss00freeuoft/page/50"><i>The Sea of Galilee Mission of the Free Church of Scotland</i></a>. Edinburgh: T. Nelson and Sons.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Sea+of+Galilee+Mission+of+the+Free+Church+of+Scotland&rft.place=Edinburgh&rft.pub=T.+Nelson+and+Sons&rft.date=1895&rft.aulast=Wilson&rft.aufirst=James+Hood&rft.au=Wells%2C+James&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fseofgalileemiss00freeuoft%2Fpage%2F50&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFree+Church+of+Scotland+%281843%E2%80%931900%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHunter1873" class="citation book cs1">Hunter, Robert (1873). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/historymissions00huntgoog/page/n4"><i>History of the Missions of the Free Church of Scotland in India and Africa</i></a>. T. Nelson<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 December</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+the+Missions+of+the+Free+Church+of+Scotland+in+India+and+Africa&rft.pub=T.+Nelson&rft.date=1873&rft.aulast=Hunter&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhistorymissions00huntgoog%2Fpage%2Fn4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFree+Church+of+Scotland+%281843%E2%80%931900%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcCracken2008" class="citation book cs1">McCracken, John (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=JeMc3ymr9tYC"><i>Politics & Christianity in Malawi, 1875-1940</i></a>. Kachere series. African Books Collective. p. 166. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789990887501" title="Special:BookSources/9789990887501"><bdi>9789990887501</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 September</span> 2014</span>. <q>In 1900 the Free Church of Scotland combined with Dr Laws' United Presbyterian Church under the title the United Free Church of Scotland.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Politics+%26+Christianity+in+Malawi%2C+1875-1940&rft.series=Kachere+series&rft.pages=166&rft.pub=African+Books+Collective&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=9789990887501&rft.aulast=McCracken&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DJeMc3ymr9tYC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFree+Church+of+Scotland+%281843%E2%80%931900%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilsonWells1895" class="citation book cs1">Wilson, James Hood; Wells, James (1895). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/seofgalileemiss00freeuoft/page/n11"><i>The Sea of Galilee Mission of the Free Church of Scotland</i></a>. Edinburgh: T. Nelson and Sons<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 December</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Sea+of+Galilee+Mission+of+the+Free+Church+of+Scotland&rft.place=Edinburgh&rft.pub=T.+Nelson+and+Sons&rft.date=1895&rft.aulast=Wilson&rft.aufirst=James+Hood&rft.au=Wells%2C+James&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fseofgalileemiss00freeuoft%2Fpage%2Fn11&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFree+Church+of+Scotland+%281843%E2%80%931900%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hunter-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Hunter_32-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHunter1873" class="citation book cs1">Hunter, Robert (1873). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/historyofmission00hunt"><i>History of the missions of the Free church of Scotland in India and Africa</i></a>. London; New York: T. Nelson.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+the+missions+of+the+Free+church+of+Scotland+in+India+and+Africa&rft.place=London%3B+New+York&rft.pub=T.+Nelson&rft.date=1873&rft.aulast=Hunter&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhistoryofmission00hunt&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFree+Church+of+Scotland+%281843%E2%80%931900%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWithrington1965" class="citation journal cs1">Withrington, Donald J. (1965). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/rschsv015p2withrington#page/103">"The Free Church Educational scheme, 1843-50"</a>. <i>Scottish Church History Society</i>: 103–115<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 August</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Scottish+Church+History+Society&rft.atitle=The+Free+Church+Educational+scheme%2C+1843-50&rft.pages=103-115&rft.date=1965&rft.aulast=Withrington&rft.aufirst=Donald+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fstream%2Frschsv015p2withrington%23page%2F103&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFree+Church+of+Scotland+%281843%E2%80%931900%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCarey2011" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Hilary_Carey" title="Hilary Carey">Carey, Hilary M.</a> (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=EzkcqLmC7oYC"><i>God's Empire: Religion and Colonialism in the British World, c. 1801–1908</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. p. 346. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781139494090" title="Special:BookSources/9781139494090"><bdi>9781139494090</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 September</span> 2014</span>. <q>The Otago (or New Edinburgh) settlement was founded by the Scottish Free Church Lay Association as 'the first and only Free Church colony in the world'.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=God%27s+Empire%3A+Religion+and+Colonialism+in+the+British+World%2C+c.+1801%E2%80%931908&rft.pages=346&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=9781139494090&rft.aulast=Carey&rft.aufirst=Hilary+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DEzkcqLmC7oYC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFree+Church+of+Scotland+%281843%E2%80%931900%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNewble" class="citation web cs1">Newble, Alan. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newble.co.uk/chalmers/godlycommon7.html">"Thomas Chalmers and the Godly Commonwealth"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 September</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Thomas+Chalmers+and+the+Godly+Commonwealth&rft.aulast=Newble&rft.aufirst=Alan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.newble.co.uk%2Fchalmers%2Fgodlycommon7.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFree+Church+of+Scotland+%281843%E2%80%931900%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Compare: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>A New Directory for the Public Worship of God. Founded on the Book of Common Order 1560-64, and the Westminster Directory 1643-45, and prepared by the "Public Worship Association in connection with the Free Church of Scotland"</i> (3 ed.). Macniven & Wallace (published 1899). 1898.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+New+Directory+for+the+Public+Worship+of+God.+Founded+on+the+Book+of+Common+Order+1560-64%2C+and+the+Westminster+Directory+1643-45%2C+and+prepared+by+the+%22Public+Worship+Association+in+connection+with+the+Free+Church+of+Scotland%22&rft.edition=3&rft.pub=Macniven+%26+Wallace&rft.date=1898&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFree+Church+of+Scotland+%281843%E2%80%931900%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/bookpsalmsandfr00assegoog#page/n6/mode/1up"><i>The Book of Psalms and the Free Church Hymn Book published by the Free Church of Scotland General Assembly</i></a>. Edinburgh: T. Nelson. 1882<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 April</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Book+of+Psalms+and+the+Free+Church+Hymn+Book+published+by+the+Free+Church+of+Scotland+General+Assembly&rft.place=Edinburgh&rft.pub=T.+Nelson&rft.date=1882&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fstream%2Fbookpsalmsandfr00assegoog%23page%2Fn6%2Fmode%2F1up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFree+Church+of+Scotland+%281843%E2%80%931900%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://freechurch.org/news/turkish-artist-gives-life-to-old-photograph">"Turkish Artist Gives Life to Old Photograph"</a>. <i>Free Church of Scotland</i>. 30 April 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 May</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Free+Church+of+Scotland&rft.atitle=Turkish+Artist+Gives+Life+to+Old+Photograph&rft.date=2020-04-30&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffreechurch.org%2Fnews%2Fturkish-artist-gives-life-to-old-photograph&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFree+Church+of+Scotland+%281843%E2%80%931900%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ewing, William <i>Annals of the Free Church</i></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Free_Church_of_Scotland_(1843%E2%80%931900)&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Brown, Stewart J. <i>Thomas Chalmers and the Godly Commonwealth in Scotland</i> (1982)</li> <li>Cameron, N. <i>et al.</i> (eds) <i>Dictionary of Scottish Church History and Theology</i>, Edinburgh T&T Clark 1993</li> <li>Devine, T. M. <i>The Scottish Nation</i> (1999) ch 16</li> <li>Drummond, Andrew Landale, and James Bulloch. <i>The Church in Victorian Scotland, 1843–1874</i> (Saint Andrew Press, 1975)</li> <li>Ewing, William, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ecclegen.com/ewings-annals/"><i>Annals of the Free Church of Scotland, 1843-1900</i></a>, T. & T. Clark, Edinburgh, 1914, with Supplementary Information</li> <li>Finlayson, Alexander <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/Unity-Diversity-Founders-Free-Church/dp/1845505506/ref=sr_1_fkmr0_1?ie=UTF8&qid=1321984853&sr=8-1-fkmr0">Unity and diversity: the founders of the Free Church of Scotland</a></i>, Fearn, Ross-shire, Great Britain, Christian Focus, 2010.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcCrie1893" class="citation book cs1">McCrie, C. G. (1893). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/freechurchofscot00mccr/page/n5/mode/2up"><i>The Free Church of Scotland : her ancestry, her claims, and her conflicts</i></a>. Edinburgh: T. & T. Clark. pp. 1–117<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 June</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Free+Church+of+Scotland+%3A+her+ancestry%2C+her+claims%2C+and+her+conflicts&rft.place=Edinburgh&rft.pages=1-117&rft.pub=T.+%26+T.+Clark&rft.date=1893&rft.aulast=McCrie&rft.aufirst=C.+G.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ffreechurchofscot00mccr%2Fpage%2Fn5%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFree+Church+of+Scotland+%281843%E2%80%931900%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Mechie, S. <i>The Church and Scottish Social Development, 1780–1870</i> (1960)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMenzies1911" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Menzies, Allan (1911). <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Free Church of Scotland"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Free_Church_of_Scotland">"Free Church of Scotland" </a></span>. In <a href="/wiki/Hugh_Chisholm" title="Hugh Chisholm">Chisholm, Hugh</a> (ed.). <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i> (11th ed.). 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a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Religion_in_Scotland" title="Template:Religion in Scotland"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:black">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Religion_in_Scotland" title="Template talk:Religion in Scotland"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:black">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Religion_in_Scotland" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Religion in Scotland"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:black">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Religion_in_Scotland" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Scotland" title="Religion in Scotland"><span style="color:black;">Religion in Scotland</span></a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Eras</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Christianity_in_Scotland" title="History of Christianity in Scotland">Overview</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Celtic_religion" title="Ancient Celtic religion">Prehistoric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Medieval_Scotland" title="Christianity in Medieval Scotland">Medieval</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_Reformation" title="Scottish Reformation">Reformation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_religion_in_the_seventeenth_century" title="Scottish religion in the seventeenth century">17th century</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_religion_in_the_eighteenth_century" title="Scottish religion in the eighteenth century">18th century</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_religion_in_the_nineteenth_century" title="Scottish religion in the nineteenth century">19th century</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Scotland" title="Religion in Scotland">Contemporary</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Events</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christianisation_of_Scotland" title="Christianisation of Scotland">Christianisation</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Cum_universi" title="Cum universi">Cum universi</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_Reformation_Parliament" title="Scottish Reformation Parliament">Reformation Parliament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Five_Articles_of_Perth" title="Five Articles of Perth">Five Articles of Perth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Covenant" title="National Covenant">National Covenant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solemn_League_and_Covenant" title="Solemn League and Covenant">Solemn League and Covenant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Westminster_Confession_of_Faith" title="Westminster Confession of Faith">Westminster Confession</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Killing_Time" title="The Killing Time">The Killing Time</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glorious_Revolution_in_Scotland#Religious_settlement" title="Glorious Revolution in Scotland">Glorious Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marrow_Controversy" title="Marrow Controversy">Marrow Controversy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_Patronage_(Scotland)_Act_1711" title="Church Patronage (Scotland) Act 1711">Patronage Act 1711</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Secession" title="First Secession">First Secession</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Relief_Church" title="Relief Church">Second Secession</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disruption_of_1843" title="Disruption of 1843">Great Disruption of 1843</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_emancipation" title="Catholic emancipation">Catholic emancipation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tell_Scotland_Movement" title="Tell Scotland Movement">Tell Scotland Movement</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Evangelical_revival_in_Scotland" title="Evangelical revival in Scotland">Evangelical revival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion_in_Scotland" title="Freedom of religion in Scotland">Freedom of religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_Protestant_missions" title="Scottish Protestant missions">Missions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_music_in_Scotland" title="Church music in Scotland">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_popular_religion_in_Scotland" title="History of popular religion in Scotland">Popular religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_saints_of_Scotland" title="List of saints of Scotland">Saints</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sectarianism_in_Glasgow" title="Sectarianism in Glasgow">Sectarianism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Extant <a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Scotland" class="mw-redirect" title="Christianity in Scotland">Christian</a> <br />denominations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Associated_Presbyterian_Churches" title="Associated Presbyterian Churches">Associated Presbyterian Churches</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baptist_Union_of_Scotland" title="Baptist Union of Scotland">Baptist Union of Scotland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_of_Scotland" title="Church of Scotland">Church of Scotland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congregational_Federation" title="Congregational Federation">Congregational Federation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodoxy_in_the_United_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Orthodoxy in the United Kingdom">Eastern Orthodoxy</a></li> <li><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Fellowship_of_Independent_Evangelical_Churches" title="Fellowship of Independent Evangelical Churches">Fellowship of Independent Evangelical Churches</a></div></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_Church_of_Scotland_(since_1900)" title="Free Church of Scotland (since 1900)">Free Church of Scotland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_Church_of_Scotland_(Continuing)" title="Free Church of Scotland (Continuing)">Free Church of Scotland (Continuing)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_Presbyterian_Church_of_Scotland" title="Free Presbyterian Church of Scotland">Free Presbyterian Church of Scotland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Presbyterian_Church#Scotland" title="International Presbyterian Church">International Presbyterian Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Church_of_Jesus_Christ_of_Latter-day_Saints_in_Scotland" title="The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints in Scotland">Latter-day Saints</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methodist_Church_of_Great_Britain" title="Methodist Church of Great Britain">Methodist Church of Great Britain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oriental_Orthodoxy_in_the_United_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Oriental Orthodoxy in the United Kingdom">Oriental Orthodoxy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reformed_Presbyterian_Church_of_Scotland" title="Reformed Presbyterian Church of Scotland">Reformed Presbyterian Church of Scotland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_Scotland" title="Catholic Church in Scotland">Roman Catholic Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Salvation_Army" title="The Salvation Army">Salvation Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_Episcopal_Church" title="Scottish Episcopal Church">Scottish Episcopal Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Free_Church_of_Scotland" title="United Free Church of Scotland">United Free Church of Scotland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Reformed_Church" title="United Reformed Church">United Reformed Church</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Historic <a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Scotland" class="mw-redirect" title="Christianity in Scotland">Christian</a> <br />denominations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Old_and_New_Lights" title="Old and New Lights">Old and New Lights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Burgher" title="Anti-Burgher">Anti-Burgher movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Associate_Presbytery" class="mw-redirect" title="Associate Presbytery">Associate Presbytery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Barclay_(Berean)" title="John Barclay (Berean)">Bereans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buchanites" title="Buchanites">Buchanites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Apostolic_Church" title="Catholic Apostolic Church">Catholic Apostolic Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evangelical_Union_(Scotland)" title="Evangelical Union (Scotland)">Evangelical Union</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Free Church of Scotland (1843–1900)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glasite" title="Glasite">Glasites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Original_Secession_Church" title="Original Secession Church">Original Secession Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Relief_Church" title="Relief Church">Relief Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Presbyterian_Church_(Scotland)" title="United Presbyterian Church (Scotland)">United Presbyterian Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Secession_Church" title="United Secession Church">United Secession Church</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Christian <br />ecumenism</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Action_of_Churches_Together_in_Scotland" title="Action of Churches Together in Scotland">Action of Churches Together in Scotland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iona_Community" title="Iona Community">Iona Community</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_Bible_Society" title="Scottish Bible Society">Scottish Bible Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_Churches_Parliamentary_Office" title="Scottish Churches Parliamentary Office">Scottish Churches Parliamentary Office</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Non-Christian faiths</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%AD_Faith_in_Scotland" title="Baháʼí Faith in Scotland">Baháʼí Faith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Scotland" title="Buddhism in Scotland">Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hinduism_in_Scotland" title="Hinduism in Scotland">Hinduism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Scotland" title="Islam in Scotland">Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Scotland" title="History of the Jews in Scotland">Judaism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_Council_of_Jewish_Communities" title="Scottish Council of Jewish Communities">council</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_Pagan_Federation" title="Scottish Pagan Federation">Paganism (modern)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikhism_in_Scotland" title="Sikhism in Scotland">Sikhism</a></li></ul> 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