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and pronunciation subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Writing_system_and_pronunciation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Consonants" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Consonants"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Consonants</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Consonants-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Vowels" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vowels"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Vowels</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vowels-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Grammar" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Grammar"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Grammar</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Grammar-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Grammar subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Grammar-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Personal_pronouns" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Personal_pronouns"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Personal pronouns</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Personal_pronouns-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tense-Aspect-Mood_markers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tense-Aspect-Mood_markers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Tense-Aspect-Mood markers</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tense-Aspect-Mood_markers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Possessives" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Possessives"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Possessives</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Possessives-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Vocabulary" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vocabulary"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Vocabulary</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vocabulary-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dialectology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dialectology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Dialectology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dialectology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Demographics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Demographics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Demographics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Demographics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Cook Islands Māori</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 41 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-41" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">41 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cookeilandse_M%C4%81ori" title="Cookeilandse Māori – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Cookeilandse Māori" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-anp mw-list-item"><a href="https://anp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%95_%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A1%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%93%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80" title="कुक आइलैंड्स माओरी – Angika" lang="anp" hreflang="anp" data-title="कुक आइलैंड्स माओरी" data-language-autonym="अंगिका" data-language-local-name="Angika" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>अंगिका</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maor%C3%AD_d%27as_Islas_Cook" title="Maorí d'as Islas Cook – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Maorí d'as Islas Cook" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rarotongeg" title="Rarotongeg – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Rarotongeg" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rarotonganische_Sprache" title="Rarotonganische Sprache – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Rarotonganische Sprache" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rarotonga_keel" title="Rarotonga keel – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Rarotonga keel" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idioma_rarotongano" title="Idioma rarotongano – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Idioma rarotongano" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cook_uharteetako_m%C4%81oriera" title="Cook uharteetako māoriera – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Cook uharteetako māoriera" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%88%D8%B1%DB%8C_%D8%AC%D8%B2%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%B1_%DA%A9%D9%88%DA%A9" title="مائوری جزایر کوک – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="مائوری جزایر کوک" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cook_Islands_Maori" title="Cook Islands Maori – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Cook Islands Maori" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fiji Hindi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maori_des_%C3%AEles_Cook" title="Maori des îles Cook – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Maori des îles Cook" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_maor%C3%AD_das_Illas_Cook" title="Lingua maorí das Illas Cook – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Lingua maorí das Illas Cook" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-haw mw-list-item"><a href="https://haw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CA%BB%C5%8Clelo_M%C4%81oli_K%C5%ABki_%27%C4%80ilani" title="ʻŌlelo Māoli Kūki 'Āilani – Hawaiian" lang="haw" hreflang="haw" data-title="ʻŌlelo Māoli Kūki 'Āilani" data-language-autonym="Hawaiʻi" data-language-local-name="Hawaiian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hawaiʻi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raroton%C5%A1ki_jezik" title="Rarotonški jezik – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Rarotonški jezik" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C4%81ori_ti_Is-isla_Cook" title="Māori ti Is-isla Cook – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Māori ti Is-isla Cook" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ilokano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahasa_Maori_Kepulauan_Cook" title="Bahasa Maori Kepulauan Cook – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Bahasa Maori Kepulauan Cook" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kv mw-list-item"><a href="https://kv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B0_%D0%BA%D1%8B%D0%B2" title="Раротонга кыв – Komi" lang="kv" hreflang="kv" data-title="Раротонга кыв" data-language-autonym="Коми" data-language-local-name="Komi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Коми</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuka_salu_m%C4%81ori_valoda" title="Kuka salu māori valoda – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Kuka salu māori valoda" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuko_Sal%C5%B3_maori%C5%B3_kalba" title="Kuko Salų maorių kalba – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Kuko Salų maorių kalba" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D1%98%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BA" title="Раротонгански јазик – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Раротонгански јазик" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mi mw-list-item"><a href="https://mi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reo_M%C4%81ori_Kuki_Airani" title="Reo Māori Kuki Airani – Māori" lang="mi" hreflang="mi" data-title="Reo Māori Kuki Airani" data-language-autonym="Māori" data-language-local-name="Māori" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Māori</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cookeilandmaori" title="Cookeilandmaori – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Cookeilandmaori" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%A9%E3%83%AD%E3%83%88%E3%83%B3%E3%82%AC%E8%AA%9E" title="ラロトンガ語 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ラロトンガ語" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rarotongaans" title="Rarotongaans – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Rarotongaans" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pih mw-list-item"><a href="https://pih.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dem_Kuuk_Ailen_Maaori" title="Dem Kuuk Ailen Maaori – Norfuk / Pitkern" lang="pih" hreflang="pih" data-title="Dem Kuuk Ailen Maaori" data-language-autonym="Norfuk / Pitkern" data-language-local-name="Norfuk / Pitkern" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norfuk / Pitkern</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rarotongesisk" title="Rarotongesisk – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Rarotongesisk" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lenga_Rarotongan" title="Lenga Rarotongan – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Lenga Rarotongan" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C4%99zyk_maoryski_Wysp_Cooka" title="Język maoryski Wysp Cooka – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Język maoryski Wysp Cooka" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%ADngua_maori_das_Ilhas_Cook" title="Língua maori das Ilhas Cook – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Língua maori das Ilhas Cook" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%83%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D1%8F%D0%B7%D1%8B%D0%BA" title="Кукский язык – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Кукский язык" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rarotongan_language" title="Rarotongan language – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Rarotongan language" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%B1%DB%8C%DB%8C_%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%88%D8%B1%DA%AF%DB%95%DA%A9%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C_%DA%A9%D9%88%D9%88%DA%A9" title="ماوریی دوورگەکانی کووک – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ماوریی دوورگەکانی کووک" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maorski_jezik_Kukovih_Ostrva" title="Maorski jezik Kukovih Ostrva – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Maorski jezik Kukovih Ostrva" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rarotongan_kieli" title="Rarotongan kieli – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Rarotongan kieli" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rarotongesiska" title="Rarotongesiska – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Rarotongesiska" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-to mw-list-item"><a href="https://to.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lea_faka-Lalotonga" title="Lea faka-Lalotonga – Tongan" lang="to" hreflang="to" data-title="Lea faka-Lalotonga" data-language-autonym="Lea faka-Tonga" data-language-local-name="Tongan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lea faka-Tonga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cook_Adalar%C4%B1_Maoricesi" title="Cook Adaları Maoricesi – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Cook Adaları Maoricesi" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%83%D0%BA%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Кукська мова – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Кукська мова" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a 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data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"><span class="mw-redirectedfrom">(Redirected from <a href="/w/index.php?title=Cook_Islands_M%C4%81ori_language&redirect=no" class="mw-redirect" title="Cook Islands Māori language">Cook Islands Māori language</a>)</span></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Eastern Polynesian language of the Cook Islands</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the language. For the people of the Cook Islands, the majority of whom are Cook Islands Māori, see <a href="/wiki/Cook_Islanders" title="Cook Islanders">Cook Islanders</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vevent infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above above" style="font-size:125%; color: black; background-color: pink;">Cook Islands Māori</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="font-size:110%; color: black; background-color: pink;">Māori, Maori Kuki Airani, Māori Kūki ʻĀirani</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Native to</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Cook_Islands" title="Cook Islands">Cook Islands</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand" title="New Zealand">New Zealand</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Region</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Polynesia" title="Polynesia">Polynesia</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Native speakers</div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;">13,620 in Cook Islands, 96% of ethnic population (2011 census)<sup id="cite_ref-e18_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-e18-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br />7,725 in New Zealand, 12% of ethnic population (2013)<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><span class="wrap"><a href="/wiki/Language_family" title="Language family">Language family</a></span></div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><div style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Austronesian_languages" title="Austronesian languages">Austronesian</a> <ul style="line-height:100%; margin-left:1.35em;padding-left:0"><li> <a href="/wiki/Malayo-Polynesian_languages" title="Malayo-Polynesian languages">Malayo-Polynesian</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><a href="/wiki/Oceanic_languages" title="Oceanic languages">Oceanic</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><a href="/wiki/Polynesian_languages" title="Polynesian languages">Polynesian</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Polynesian_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Polynesian languages">Eastern Polynesian</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><a href="/wiki/Tahitic_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Tahitic languages">Tahitic</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><b>Cook Islands Māori</b></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: black; background-color: pink;">Official status</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Official language in</div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Flag_of_the_Cook_Islands.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Cook_Islands.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Flag_of_the_Cook_Islands.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Cook_Islands.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Flag_of_the_Cook_Islands.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Cook_Islands.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Cook_Islands" title="Cook Islands">Cook Islands</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_language_regulators" title="List of language regulators">Regulated by</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;">Kopapa Reo</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: black; background-color: pink;">Language codes</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/ISO_639-2" title="ISO 639-2">ISO 639-2</a></span></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><code><span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loc.gov/standards/iso639-2/php/langcodes_name.php?code_ID=371">rar</a></span></code></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/ISO_639-3" title="ISO 639-3">ISO 639-3</a></span></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;">Variously:<br /><code><a href="https://iso639-3.sil.org/code/rar" class="extiw" title="iso639-3:rar">rar</a></code> – Rarotonga<br /><code><a href="https://iso639-3.sil.org/code/pnh" class="extiw" title="iso639-3:pnh">pnh</a></code> – Tongareva (Penrhyn)<br /><code><a href="https://iso639-3.sil.org/code/rkh" class="extiw" title="iso639-3:rkh">rkh</a></code> – Rakahanga-Manihiki</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><i><a href="/wiki/Glottolog" title="Glottolog">Glottolog</a></i></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><code><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/raro1241">raro1241</a></code>  Southern Cook Island Maori<br /><code><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/penr1237">penr1237</a></code>  Māngarongaro<br /><code><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/raka1237">raka1237</a></code>  Rakahanga-Manihiki</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><a href="/wiki/Endangered_Languages_Project" title="Endangered Languages Project">ELP</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.endangeredlanguages.com/lang/2519">Southern Cook Islands Maori</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><a href="/wiki/IETF_language_tag" title="IETF language tag">IETF</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><code>rar-CK<br />mi-CK</code></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Lang_Status_80-VU.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Lang_Status_80-VU.svg/320px-Lang_Status_80-VU.svg.png" decoding="async" width="320" height="96" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Lang_Status_80-VU.svg/480px-Lang_Status_80-VU.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Lang_Status_80-VU.svg/640px-Lang_Status_80-VU.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="153" /></a></span><div style="text-align:left;"><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><span style="font-size:85%;">Cook Islands Māori is classified as Vulnerable by the UNESCO <a href="/wiki/Atlas_of_the_World%27s_Languages_in_Danger" title="Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger">Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger</a></span></div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below noprint selfref" style="background-color:#E7E7FF;color:inherit;padding:0.3em 0.5em;text-align:left;line-height:1.3;"><b>This article contains <a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet" title="International Phonetic Alphabet">IPA</a> phonetic symbols.</b> Without proper <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA#Rendering_issues" title="Help:IPA">rendering support</a>, you may see <a href="/wiki/Specials_(Unicode_block)#Replacement_character" title="Specials (Unicode block)">question marks, boxes, or other symbols</a> instead of <a href="/wiki/Unicode" title="Unicode">Unicode</a> characters. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA" title="Help:IPA">Help:IPA</a>.</td></tr></tbody></table><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236303919">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds img{background:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds img{background:white}}</style> <p><b>Cook Islands Māori</b> is an <a href="/wiki/Polynesian_languages" title="Polynesian languages">Eastern Polynesian language</a> that is the <a href="/wiki/Official_language" title="Official language">official language</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Cook_Islands" title="Cook Islands">Cook Islands</a>. Cook Islands Māori is closely related to, but distinct from, <a href="/wiki/M%C4%81ori_language" title="Māori language">New Zealand Māori</a>. Cook Islands Māori is called just <b>Māori</b> when there is no need to distinguish it from <a href="/wiki/M%C4%81ori_language" title="Māori language">New Zealand Māori</a>. It is also known as <b>Māori Kūki ʻĀirani</b> (or <b>Maori Kuki Airani</b>), or as <b>Rarotongan</b> <sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many <a href="/wiki/Cook_Islanders" title="Cook Islanders">Cook Islanders</a> also call it <i>Te reo Ipukarea</i>, which translates as "the language of the ancestral homeland". </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Official_status">Official status</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cook_Islands_M%C4%81ori&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Official status"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>English is the official language of the Cook Islands.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Cook Islands Māori became an official language of the Cook Islands in 2003 as defined by the Te Reo Maori Act 2003.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Te_Reo_Maori_Act_definition">Te Reo Maori Act definition</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cook_Islands_M%C4%81ori&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Te Reo Maori Act definition"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Te Reo Maori Act 2003 states that Māori: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"> <div><ol style="list-style-type:lower-alpha"><li>means the Māori language (including its various dialects) as spoken or written in any island of the Cook Islands; and</li><li>Is deemed to include Pukapukan as spoken or written in Pukapuka; and</li><li>Includes Māori that conforms to the national standard for Māori approved by Kopapa Reo.</li></ol></div></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Writing_system_and_pronunciation">Writing system and pronunciation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cook_Islands_M%C4%81ori&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Writing system and pronunciation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There is a debate about the standardisation of the <a href="/wiki/Writing_system" title="Writing system">writing system</a>. Although usage of the <a href="/wiki/Macron_(diacritic)" title="Macron (diacritic)">macron</a> (־) <i>makarona</i> and the <a href="/wiki/Glottal_stop" title="Glottal stop">glottal stop</a> (ʻ) <i>amata</i> is recommended, most speakers do not use them in everyday writing. The Cook Islands Māori Revised New Testament uses a standardised <a href="/wiki/Orthography" title="Orthography">orthography</a> that includes the <i><a href="/wiki/%CA%BBokina" class="mw-redirect" title="ʻokina">ʻokina</a></i> and macron.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Consonants">Consonants</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cook_Islands_M%C4%81ori&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Consonants"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"> <tbody><tr> <th> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Labial_consonant" title="Labial consonant">Labial</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Alveolar_consonant" title="Alveolar consonant">Alveolar</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Velar_consonant" title="Velar consonant">Velar</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Glottal_consonant" title="Glottal consonant">Glottal</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Nasal_stop" class="mw-redirect" title="Nasal stop">Nasal</a> </th> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_bilabial_nasal" title="Voiced bilabial nasal">m</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_nasal" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar nasal">n</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_velar_nasal" title="Voiced velar nasal">ŋ</a></span> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Plosive" title="Plosive">Plosive</a> </th> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_bilabial_plosive" title="Voiceless bilabial plosive">p</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_plosive" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiceless alveolar plosive">t</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_velar_plosive" title="Voiceless velar plosive">k</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Glottal_stop" title="Glottal stop">ʔ</a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Flap_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Flap consonant">Tap</a> </th> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_dental_and_alveolar_taps_and_flaps" title="Voiced dental and alveolar taps and flaps">ɾ</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Fricative" title="Fricative">Fricative</a> </th> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_labiodental_fricative" title="Voiceless labiodental fricative">f</a></span><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_labiodental_fricative" title="Voiced labiodental fricative">v</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_fricative" title="Voiceless alveolar fricative">s</a></span><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_glottal_fricative" title="Voiceless glottal fricative">h</a></span><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>c<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Present only in Manihiki</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Present only in Penrhyn</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Present only in Manihiki and Penrhyn</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Vowels">Vowels</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cook_Islands_M%C4%81ori&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Vowels"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"> <tbody><tr> <th> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Front_vowel" title="Front vowel">Front</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Central_vowel" title="Central vowel">Central</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Back_vowel" title="Back vowel">Back</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Close_vowel" title="Close vowel">Close</a> </th> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Close_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Close front unrounded vowel">i</a></span> <span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Close_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Close front unrounded vowel">iː</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Close_back_rounded_vowel" title="Close back rounded vowel">u</a></span> <span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Close_back_rounded_vowel" title="Close back rounded vowel">uː</a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Close-mid_vowel" title="Close-mid vowel">Close-mid</a> </th> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Close-mid_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Close-mid front unrounded vowel">e</a></span> <span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Close-mid_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Close-mid front unrounded vowel">eː</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Close-mid_back_rounded_vowel" title="Close-mid back rounded vowel">o</a></span> <span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Close-mid_back_rounded_vowel" title="Close-mid back rounded vowel">oː</a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Open_vowel" title="Open vowel">Open</a> </th> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Open_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Open front unrounded vowel">a</a></span> <span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Open_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Open front unrounded vowel">aː</a></span> </td> <td> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Grammar">Grammar</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cook_Islands_M%C4%81ori&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Grammar"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Cook Islands Māori is an <a href="/wiki/Isolating_language" title="Isolating language">isolating language</a> with very little morphology. <a href="/wiki/Grammatical_case" title="Grammatical case">Case</a> is marked by the particle that initiates a noun phrase, and like most East Polynesian languages, Cook Islands Māori has <a href="/wiki/Nominative%E2%80%93accusative_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Nominative–accusative language">nominative-accusative</a> case marking. </p><p>The unmarked constituent order is predicate initial: that is, verb initial in verbal sentences and nominal-predicate initial in non-verbal sentences. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Personal_pronouns">Personal pronouns</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cook_Islands_M%C4%81ori&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Personal pronouns"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Austronesian_personal_pronouns" title="Austronesian personal pronouns">Austronesian personal pronouns</a></div> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:left"> <tbody><tr> <th>Person </th> <th>Singular </th> <th>Dual </th> <th>Plural </th></tr> <tr> <th>1st inclusive </th> <td rowspan="2">au</td> <td>tāua</td> <td>tātou<sup>1</sup> </td></tr> <tr> <th>1st exclusive </th> <td>māua</td> <td>mātou<sup>2</sup> </td></tr> <tr> <th>2nd </th> <td>koe</td> <td>kōrua</td> <td>kōtou </td></tr> <tr> <th>3rd </th> <td>aia</td> <td>rāua</td> <td>rātou </td></tr></tbody></table> <ol><li>you -2 or more- and I</li> <li>they and I</li></ol> <table class="wikitable collapsible collapsed" style="margin: 1em auto 1em auto" width="100%"> <caption>Singular pronoun examples </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Pronoun</th> <th width="33%">Cook Islands Maori</th> <th width="33%">English</th> <th width="33%">Word-to-word and gloss </th></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2">au </th> <td>Ka ʻaere au ki te ʻāpiʻi āpōpō <span class="noprint"><span class="ext-phonos"><span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-1" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-labelElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/e\/e7\/Rar-ka_%27aere_au_ki_te_%27%C4%81pi%27i_%C4%81p%C5%8Dp%C5%8D.ogg\/Rar-ka_%27aere_au_ki_te_%27%C4%81pi%27i_%C4%81p%C5%8Dp%C5%8D.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","label":{"html":"listen"},"data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Rar-ka 'aere au ki te '\u0101pi'i \u0101p\u014dp\u014d.ogg"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/e/e7/Rar-ka_%27aere_au_ki_te_%27%C4%81pi%27i_%C4%81p%C5%8Dp%C5%8D.ogg/Rar-ka_%27aere_au_ki_te_%27%C4%81pi%27i_%C4%81p%C5%8Dp%C5%8D.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"><span class="oo-ui-iconElement-icon oo-ui-icon-volumeUp"></span><span class="oo-ui-labelElement-label">listen</span><span class="oo-ui-indicatorElement-indicator oo-ui-indicatorElement-noIndicator"></span></a></span><sup class="ext-phonos-attribution noexcerpt navigation-not-searchable"><a href="/wiki/File:Rar-ka_%27aere_au_ki_te_%27%C4%81pi%27i_%C4%81p%C5%8Dp%C5%8D.ogg" title="File:Rar-ka 'aere au ki te 'āpi'i āpōpō.ogg">ⓘ</a></sup></span></span></td> <td>I'm going to school tomorrow.</td> <td>(unaccomplished asp.)/ go / I / (prep. goal/destination) / the / learn / tomorrow </td></tr> <tr> <td>Ka ʻārote au inanaʻi, nō te ua rā, kua ʻakakore au</td> <td>I was going to do the ploughing yesterday, but gave it up because of the rain. </td> <td>(unaccomplished asp.) / plough / I / yesterday / because (origin) / the / rain / day /(perfect asp.) / give up (litt. "do nothing") /I </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2">koe </th> <td>Kua kino iā koe tō mātou mōtokā</td> <td>You damaged our car.</td> <td>(perfect asp.) / bad / by / you /(possession)/we (exclusive) /car </td></tr> <tr> <td>Ko koe ʻoki, te tangata tā te ʻakavā e kimi nei</td> <td>You are the person the police are looking for.</td> <td>(subject marker) / you / also / the / man / (possession) / the / police / (progressive asp. with "nei") /look for/here and now. </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2">aia </th> <td>ʻEaʻa ʻaia i ʻaere mai ei</td> <td>Why did he/she come?</td> <td>why (ʻeaʻa... ei) / he or she / (accomplished asp) / go / towards me / </td></tr> <tr> <td>Kāre ʻaia i konei</td> <td>He/she is not here.</td> <td>(negation asp.) / he or she / (marking position) / here </td></tr></tbody></table> <table class="wikitable collapsible collapsed" style="margin: 1em auto 1em auto" width="100%"> <caption>Dual pronoun examples </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Pronoun</th> <th width="33%">Cook Islands Maori</th> <th width="33%">English</th> <th width="33%">Word-to-word and gloss </th></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2">Tāua </th> <td>ʻaere tāua !</td> <td>Let us go!</td> <td>go / we two (inclusive) </td></tr> <tr> <td>Ko tō tāua taeake tērā ake</td> <td>Here come our friends.</td> <td>(subject marker) / (possession) / we two (inclusive) / friend or relative of the same generation (brother, sister, cousin either sex) speaking, but not in laws./ that (deictic)/ a little time (or distance)away </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2">we two, us two (he/she and I) </th> <td>Ka ʻoki māua ko Taria ki te kāinga <span class="noprint"><span class="ext-phonos"><span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-2" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-labelElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/f\/f0\/Rar-ka_%27oki_m%C4%81ua_ko_Taria_ki_te_k%C4%81inga.ogg\/Rar-ka_%27oki_m%C4%81ua_ko_Taria_ki_te_k%C4%81inga.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","label":{"html":"listen"},"data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Rar-ka 'oki m\u0101ua ko Taria ki te k\u0101inga.ogg"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/f/f0/Rar-ka_%27oki_m%C4%81ua_ko_Taria_ki_te_k%C4%81inga.ogg/Rar-ka_%27oki_m%C4%81ua_ko_Taria_ki_te_k%C4%81inga.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"><span class="oo-ui-iconElement-icon oo-ui-icon-volumeUp"></span><span class="oo-ui-labelElement-label">listen</span><span class="oo-ui-indicatorElement-indicator oo-ui-indicatorElement-noIndicator"></span></a></span><sup class="ext-phonos-attribution noexcerpt navigation-not-searchable"><a href="/wiki/File:Rar-ka_%27oki_m%C4%81ua_ko_Taria_ki_te_k%C4%81inga.ogg" title="File:Rar-ka 'oki māua ko Taria ki te kāinga.ogg">ⓘ</a></sup></span></span></td> <td>Taria and I are going back home.</td> <td>(unaccomplished asp.)/ return / we two (exclusive) / with / Taria/ (prep. goal)/ the / home </td></tr> <tr> <td>To tāua taeake tērā ake</td> <td>Here come our friends.</td> <td>(subject marker) / possession / we two (exclusive) / friend / that (deictic)/ a little time (or distance away) </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2">Kōrua : you two </th> <td>ʻāe ! kua rongo kōrua i te nūti!</td> <td>Hey! Have you heard the news?</td> <td>hey (interj) / (perfect asp.) / hear / you two / (object marker) / the / news / </td></tr> <tr> <td>Na kōrua teia puka</td> <td>This book belongs to you two.</td> <td>(Possession) / you two / this (deictic) / book </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2">Rāua : they, them (the two of them) </th> <td>Tuatua muna tēia, ka akakite ʻua atu au kia rāua</td> <td>This is a confidential matter, I shall only tell it to those two.</td> <td>speak, speech / secret / this / (unaccomplished asp.) / reveal (make known) / only / away (from the speaker)/ I / (prep. ki+a)towards (someone)/ they two </td></tr> <tr> <td>No ʻea mai rāua ?</td> <td>Where have the two of them been? / What have they been doing?</td> <td>from / (time and space interr.) / (indicating progression of time towards present) / they two </td></tr></tbody></table> <table class="wikitable collapsible collapsed" style="margin: 1em auto 1em auto" width="100%"> <caption>Plural pronoun examples </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Pronoun</th> <th width="33%">Cook Islands Maori</th> <th width="33%">English</th> <th width="33%">Word-to-word and gloss </th></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2">Tātou : We, us (you -2 or more- and I) </th> <td>Koʻai tā tātou e tiaki nei</td> <td>Who are we waiting for?</td> <td>Who (subject marker+identity interr.) / (possession) / we, all of us (inclusive) / (progressive asp.) / wait for / here and now </td></tr> <tr> <td>Kāre ā tātou kai toe</td> <td>We have no more food.</td> <td>(Negation asp.) / (possession) / we, all of us (inclusive) / eat, food / remain, remaining, the rest </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2">Mātou : we, us (they and I) </th> <td>Ko mātou ma Tere mā i ʻaere mai ei</td> <td>We came with Tere and the others.</td> <td>(subject marker)/ we (exclusive) / with, and / Tere / (part used only after persons meaning those in company with / (accomplisshed asp.) / go / (movement towards speaker) / (emphasis marks) </td></tr> <tr> <td>Kua kite mai koe ia mātou</td> <td>You saw us.</td> <td>(perfect asp.) / see(towards speaker) / you / at someone (i+a) / we (exclusive) </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2">Kōtou : (all of you) </th> <td>E ʻaere atu kōtou, ka āru atu au</td> <td>You go on, and I'll follow.</td> <td>(imperative asp.)/ go / (away from the speaker) / you all / (unaccomplished asp.) / follow / go / (away from the speaker) / I </td></tr> <tr> <td>Ko kōtou koʻai mā i aere ei ki te tautai? <span class="noprint"><span class="ext-phonos"><span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-3" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-labelElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/4\/47\/Rar-ko_k%C5%8Dtou_ko%27ai_m%C4%81_i_aere_ei_ki_te_tautai.ogg\/Rar-ko_k%C5%8Dtou_ko%27ai_m%C4%81_i_aere_ei_ki_te_tautai.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","label":{"html":"listen"},"data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Rar-ko k\u014dtou ko'ai m\u0101 i aere ei ki te tautai.ogg"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/4/47/Rar-ko_k%C5%8Dtou_ko%27ai_m%C4%81_i_aere_ei_ki_te_tautai.ogg/Rar-ko_k%C5%8Dtou_ko%27ai_m%C4%81_i_aere_ei_ki_te_tautai.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"><span class="oo-ui-iconElement-icon oo-ui-icon-volumeUp"></span><span class="oo-ui-labelElement-label">listen</span><span class="oo-ui-indicatorElement-indicator oo-ui-indicatorElement-noIndicator"></span></a></span><sup class="ext-phonos-attribution noexcerpt navigation-not-searchable"><a href="/wiki/File:Rar-ko_k%C5%8Dtou_ko%27ai_m%C4%81_i_aere_ei_ki_te_tautai.ogg" title="File:Rar-ko kōtou ko'ai mā i aere ei ki te tautai.ogg">ⓘ</a></sup></span></span></td> <td>Who did you go fishing with?</td> <td>(Subject marker) / you all / who (identity interr.) / in company with / (accomplished asp.) / go / (emphasis) / (goal/destination) / the / fishing </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2">Rātou : they, them (more than two) </th> <td>Kua pekapeka rātou ko Tere</td> <td>They and Tere have quarrelled.</td> <td>(perfect asp.)/ trouble / they all / (subject marker)/ Tere </td></tr> <tr> <td>Nō rātou te pupu māroʻiroʻi</td> <td>They have the strongest team.</td> <td>(Possession) / they all / the / team (litt. group of people) / strong </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tense-Aspect-Mood_markers">Tense-Aspect-Mood markers</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cook_Islands_M%C4%81ori&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Tense-Aspect-Mood markers"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Marker </th> <th>Aspect </th> <th>Examples </th></tr> <tr> <th><span title="Cook Islands Māori-language text"><i lang="rar">Tē... nei</i></span> </th> <td>present continuous </td> <td> <p><span title="Cook Islands Māori-language text"><i lang="rar"><b>Tē</b> manako <b>nei</b> au i te ʻoki ki te ʻare</i></span> : I am thinking of going back to the house <br /> <span title="Cook Islands Māori-language text"><i lang="rar"><b>Tē</b> kata <b>nei</b> rātou</i></span> : They are laughing <br /> <span title="Cook Islands Māori-language text"><i lang="rar">Kāre au e tanu <b>nei</b> i te pia</i></span> : I'm not planting any arrowroot </p> </td></tr> <tr> <th><span title="Cook Islands Māori-language text"><i lang="rar">Kia</i></span> </th> <td>Mildly imperative or exhortatory, expressing a desire, a wish rather than a strong command. </td> <td> <p><span title="Cook Islands Māori-language text"><i lang="rar"><b>Kia</b> vave mai!</i></span> : be quick ! (don't be long!) <br /> <span title="Cook Islands Māori-language text"><i lang="rar"><b>Kia</b> viviki mai!</i></span> : be quick (don't dawdle!) <br /> <span title="Cook Islands Māori-language text"><i lang="rar"><b>Kia</b> manuia!</i></span> : good luck! <br /> <span title="Cook Islands Māori-language text"><i lang="rar"><b>Kia</b> rave ana koe i tēnā ʻangaʻanga</i></span>  : would you do that job <br /> <span title="Cook Islands Māori-language text"><i lang="rar"><b>Kia</b> tae mai ki te angaʻanga ā te pōpongi Mōnitē</i></span> : come to work on Monday morning <br /> <span title="Cook Islands Māori-language text"><i lang="rar">Teia te tātāpaka, <b>kia</b> kai koe</i></span> : Here's the breadfruit pudding, eat up </p> </td></tr> <tr> <th><span title="Cook Islands Māori-language text"><i lang="rar">e</i></span> </th> <td>Imperative, order </td> <td> <p><span title="Cook Islands Māori-language text"><i lang="rar">e ʻeke koe ki raro</i></span> : you get down <br /> <span title="Cook Islands Māori-language text"><i lang="rar">e tū ki kō</i></span> : stand over there </p> </td></tr> <tr> <th><span title="Cook Islands Māori-language text"><i lang="rar">Auraka</i></span> </th> <td>interdiction, don't </td> <td> <p><span title="Cook Islands Māori-language text"><i lang="rar"><b>Auraka</b> rava koe e ʻāmiri i tēia niuniu ora, ka ʻutiʻutiʻia koe</i></span> : don't on any account touch this live wire, you'll get a shock </p> </td></tr> <tr> <th><span title="Cook Islands Māori-language text"><i lang="rar">kāre</i></span> </th> <td>indicate the negation, not, nothing, nowhere </td> <td> <p><span title="Cook Islands Māori-language text"><i lang="rar"><b>Kāre</b> nō te ua</i></span> : It will not rain <br /> <span title="Cook Islands Māori-language text"><i lang="rar"><b>Kāre</b> a Tī tuatua</i></span> : Tī doesn't have anything to say </p> </td></tr> <tr> <th><span title="Cook Islands Māori-language text"><i lang="rar">e... ana</i></span> </th> <td>habitual action or state </td> <td> <p><span title="Cook Islands Māori-language text"><i lang="rar"><b>E</b> ʻaere <b>ana</b> koe ki te ʻura</i></span> : Do you go to the dance? <br /> <span title="Cook Islands Māori-language text"><i lang="rar"><b>E</b> noʻo <b>ana</b> aia ki Nikao i tē reira tuātau</i></span> : he used to live in Nikao at that time </p> </td></tr> <tr> <th><span title="Cook Islands Māori-language text"><i lang="rar">Ka</i></span> </th> <td>Refers prospectively to the commencement of an action or state. Often translatable as the English future tense or "going to" construction </td> <td> <p><span title="Cook Islands Māori-language text"><i lang="rar"><b>Ka</b> imene a Mere ākonei ite pō</i></span> : Mary is going to sing later on tonight <br /> <span title="Cook Islands Māori-language text"><i lang="rar">Kua kite au ē <b>ka</b> riri a Tere</i></span> : I know (or knew) that Tere will (or would) be angry </p> </td></tr> <tr> <th><span title="Cook Islands Māori-language text"><i lang="rar">Kua</i></span> </th> <td>translatable as the English simple past or present tense (with adjectives) </td> <td> <p><span title="Cook Islands Māori-language text"><i lang="rar"><b>Kua</b> kite mai koe ia mātou</i></span> : You saw us <br /> <span title="Cook Islands Māori-language text"><i lang="rar"><b>Kua</b> meitaki koe</i></span> ? : Are you better now? <br /> <span title="Cook Islands Māori-language text"><i lang="rar"><b>Kua</b> oti te tārekareka</i></span> : the match is over now </p> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Most of the preceding examples were taken from <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cook-islands-maori-dictionary.org">Cook Islands Maori Dictionary</a></i>, by Jasper Buse with Raututi Taringa edited by Bruce Biggs and Rangi Moekaʻa, Auckland, 1995. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Possessives">Possessives</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cook_Islands_M%C4%81ori&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Possessives"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Like most other <a href="/wiki/Polynesian_languages" title="Polynesian languages">Polynesian languages</a> (Tahitian, <a href="/wiki/M%C4%81ori_language" title="Māori language">New Zealand Māori</a>, Hawaiian, Samoan, Tongan ...), Cook Islands Māori has two categories of possessives, "a" and "o". </p><p>Generally, the "a" category is used when the possessor has or had control over the initiation of the possessive relationship. Usually this means that the possessor is superior or dominant to what is owned, or that the possession is considered as alienable. The "o" category is used when the possessor has or had no control over the initiation of the relationship. This usually means that the possessor is subordinate or inferior to what is owned, or that the possession is considered to be inalienable. </p><p>The following list indicates the types of things in the different categories: </p> <ul><li><i>a</i> is used in speaking of <ul><li>Movable property, instruments,</li> <li>Food and drink,</li> <li>Husband, wife, children, grandchildren, girlfriend, boyfriend,</li> <li>Animals and pets, (except for horses)</li> <li>People in an inferior position</li></ul></li></ul> <dl><dd>Te puaka a tērā vaʻine : the pig belonging to that woman;</dd> <dd>ā Tere tamariki : Tere's children;</dd> <dd>Kāre ā Tupe mā ika inapō : Tupe and the rest didn't get any fish last night</dd></dl> <dl><dd>Tāku ; Tāʻau ; Tāna ; Tā tāua ; Tā māua…. : my, mine ; your, yours ; his, her, hers, our ours…</dd></dl> <dl><dd>Ko tāku vaʻine tēia : This is my wife;</dd> <dd>Ko tāna tāne tērā : That's her husband;</dd> <dd>Tā kotou ʻapinga : your possession(s);</dd> <dd>Tā Tare ʻapinga : Tērā possession(s);</dd></dl> <ul><li><i>o</i> is used in speaking of <ul><li>Parts of anything</li> <li>Feelings</li> <li>Buildings and transport (including horses)</li> <li>Clothes</li> <li>Parents or other relatives (not husband, wife, children...)</li> <li>Superiors</li></ul></li></ul> <dl><dd>Te ʻare o Tere : The house belonging to Tere;</dd> <dd>ō Tere pare : Tere's hat;</dd> <dd>Kāre ō Tina noʻo anga e noʻo ei : Tina hasn't got anywhere to sit;</dd></dl> <dl><dd>Tōku ; Tōʻou ; Tōna ; Tō tāua ; Tō māua…: my, mine  ; your, yours ; his, her, hers ; our, ours …</dd></dl> <dl><dd>Ko tōku ʻare tēia : This is my house;</dd> <dd>I tōku manako, ka tika tāna : In my opinion, he'll be right;</dd> <dd>Tēia tōku, tērā tōʻou : This is mine here, that's yours over there</dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Vocabulary">Vocabulary</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cook_Islands_M%C4%81ori&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Vocabulary"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Pia : Polynesian arrowroot</li> <li>Kata : laugh at; laughter; <ul><li>kata ʻāviri : ridicule, jeer, mock</li></ul></li> <li>Tanu : to plant, cultivate land</li> <li>ʻangaʻanga : work, job</li> <li>Pōpongi : morning</li> <li>Tātāpaka : a kind of breadfruit pudding</li> <li>ʻura : dance, to dance</li> <li>Tuātau : time, period, season ; <ul><li>ē tuātau ʻua atu : forever</li></ul></li> <li>ʻīmene : to sing, song</li> <li>Riri : be angry with (ki)</li> <li>Tārekareka : entertain, amuse, match, game, play game</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Dialectology">Dialectology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cook_Islands_M%C4%81ori&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Dialectology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Although most words of the various dialects of Cook Islands Māori are identical, there are some differences: </p> <table class="wikitable" style="margin: 1em auto 1em auto"> <tbody><tr> <th>Rarotonga</th> <th>Aitutaki</th> <th>Mangaia</th> <th>Ngāputoru</th> <th>Manihiki</th> <th>Tongareva</th> <th>English </th></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Cook Islands Māori-language text"><i lang="rar">tuatua</i></span></td> <td><span title="Māori-language text"><i lang="mi-CK">ʻautara</i></span></td> <td><span title="Māori-language text"><i lang="mi-CK">taratara</i></span></td> <td><span title="Māori-language text"><i lang="mi-CK">araara</i></span></td> <td><span title="Rakahanga-Manihiki-language text"><i lang="rkh">vananga</i></span></td> <td><span title="Penrhyn-language text"><i lang="pnh">akaiti</i></span></td> <td>speak, speech </td></tr> <tr> <td>ʻānau</td> <td></td> <td>ʻānau</td> <td>ʻānau</td> <td>fanau</td> <td>hanau</td> <td>family </td></tr> <tr> <td>kūmara</td> <td>kūʻara</td> <td>kūʻara</td> <td>kūmara</td> <td>kūmara</td> <td>kumala</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Sweet_potato" title="Sweet potato">sweet potatoes</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>kāre</td> <td>kāʻore, ʻāʻore</td> <td>eʻi, ʻāore</td> <td>ʻāita, kāre</td> <td>kaua, kāre</td> <td>kore</td> <td>no, not </td></tr> <tr> <td>tātā</td> <td>kiriti</td> <td>tātā</td> <td>tātā</td> <td>tātā</td> <td>tata</td> <td>write </td></tr> <tr> <td>ʻura</td> <td>koni</td> <td>ʻura</td> <td>ʻingo, oriori, ʻura</td> <td>hupahupa</td> <td>kosaki</td> <td>dance </td></tr> <tr> <td>ʻakaipoipo</td> <td>ʻakaipoipo</td> <td>ʻāʻāipoipo</td> <td>ʻakaipoipo</td> <td>fakaipoipo</td> <td>selenga</td> <td>wedding </td></tr> <tr> <td>ʻīkoke</td> <td>koroio</td> <td>rakiki</td> <td>tūngāngā</td> <td>hikoke</td> <td>mokisi</td> <td>thin </td></tr> <tr> <td>ʻare</td> <td>ʻare</td> <td>ʻare</td> <td>ʻare</td> <td>fare</td> <td>hare</td> <td>house </td></tr> <tr> <td>maʻata</td> <td>ʻatupaka</td> <td>ngao</td> <td>nui, nunui, ranuinui</td> <td>kore reka</td> <td>polia</td> <td>big </td></tr> <tr> <td>matū, pete</td> <td>ngenengene</td> <td>pori</td> <td>poripori</td> <td>menemene</td> <td>suesue</td> <td>fat </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Demographics">Demographics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cook_Islands_M%C4%81ori&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Demographics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Place </th> <th>Cook Islands Māori-speaking population </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Cook_Islands" title="Cook Islands">Cook Islands</a> </td> <td>13,620 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/New_Zealand" title="New Zealand">New Zealand</a> </td> <td>7,725 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/New_South_Wales" title="New South Wales">New South Wales</a> </td> <td>1,612<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Queensland" title="Queensland">Queensland</a> </td> <td>1,609<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Victoria_(Australia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Victoria (Australia)">Victoria</a> </td> <td>1,468<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Western_Australia" title="Western Australia">Western Australia</a> </td> <td>308<sup id="cite_ref-auto_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/South_Australia" title="South Australia">South Australia</a> </td> <td>63<sup id="cite_ref-auto_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Australian_Capital_Territory" title="Australian Capital Territory">Australian Capital Territory</a> </td> <td>28<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Northern_Territory" title="Northern Territory">Northern Territory</a> </td> <td>21<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Tasmania" title="Tasmania">Tasmania</a> </td> <td>10<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cook_Islands_M%C4%81ori&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-e18-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-e18_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ethnologue.com/18/language/rar/">Rarotonga</a> at <i><a href="/wiki/Ethnologue" title="Ethnologue">Ethnologue</a></i> (18th ed., 2015) <span style="font-size:0.95em; font-size:95%; color: var( --color-subtle, #555 )">(subscription required)</span><br /><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ethnologue.com/18/language/pnh/">Tongareva (Penrhyn)</a> at <i><a href="/wiki/Ethnologue" title="Ethnologue">Ethnologue</a></i> (18th ed., 2015) <span style="font-size:0.95em; font-size:95%; color: var( --color-subtle, #555 )">(subscription required)</span><br /><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ethnologue.com/18/language/rkh/">Rakahanga-Manihiki</a> at <i><a href="/wiki/Ethnologue" title="Ethnologue">Ethnologue</a></i> (18th ed., 2015) <span style="font-size:0.95em; font-size:95%; color: var( --color-subtle, #555 )">(subscription required)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.stats.govt.nz/Census/2013-census/profile-and-summary-reports/ethnic-profiles.aspx">"2013 Census ethnic group profiles"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 December</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=2013+Census+ethnic+group+profiles&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.stats.govt.nz%2FCensus%2F2013-census%2Fprofile-and-summary-reports%2Fethnic-profiles.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACook+Islands+M%C4%81ori" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSally_Akevai_Nicholas2018" class="citation book cs1">Sally Akevai Nicholas (2018). "Language Contexts: Te Reo Māori o te Pae Tonga o te Kuki Airani also known as Southern Cook Islands Māori". In Peter K. Austin; Lauren Gawne (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mro.massey.ac.nz/bitstream/handle/10179/14495/ldd15_02.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y"><i>Language Documentation and Description</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Vol. 15. London: EL Publishing. pp. 36–37<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 January</span> 2021</span>. <q>This practice conflicts with that of community members, who use the name <i>Rarotongan</i> to specifically refer to the variety spoken in Rarotonga. Non-Rarotongan Cook Islands Māori speakers can be offended by this conflation... Therefore, the name "Rarotongan" should be only be used to refer to the Rarotongan variety and never to Cook Islands Māori as a whole.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Language+Contexts%3A+Te+Reo+M%C4%81ori+o+te+Pae+Tonga+o+te+Kuki+Airani+also+known+as+Southern+Cook+Islands+M%C4%81ori&rft.btitle=Language+Documentation+and+Description&rft.place=London&rft.pages=36-37&rft.pub=EL+Publishing&rft.date=2018&rft.au=Sally+Akevai+Nicholas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmro.massey.ac.nz%2Fbitstream%2Fhandle%2F10179%2F14495%2Fldd15_02.pdf%3Fsequence%3D1%26isAllowed%3Dy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACook+Islands+M%C4%81ori" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.paclii.org/ck/legis/num_act/trma2003130/">"Te Reo Maori Act 2003"</a>. Pacific Islands Legal Information Institute<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2019-01-20</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Te+Reo+Maori+Act+2003&rft.pub=Pacific+Islands+Legal+Information+Institute&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.paclii.org%2Fck%2Flegis%2Fnum_act%2Ftrma2003130%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACook+Islands+M%C4%81ori" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.paclii.org/ck/legis/num_act/trma2003130/">"Te Reo Maori Act 2003"</a>. Pacific Islands Legal Information Institute<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=profile.id.com.au&rft.atitle=Language+spoken+at+home+%26%23124%3B+Australia+%26%23124%3B+Community+profile&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fprofile.id.com.au%2Faustralia%2Flanguage%3FWebID%3D150&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACook+Islands+M%C4%81ori" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cook_Islands_M%C4%81ori&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.maori.org.ck">Cook Islands Maori Database Project</a></i>, An online project created to build a collection of Cook Islands Maori Words based on existing print dictionaries and other sources.</li> <li><i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cook-islands-maori-dictionary.org">Cook Islands Maori Dictionary</a></i>, by Jasper Buse with Raututi Taringa, edited by <a href="/wiki/Bruce_Biggs" title="Bruce Biggs">Bruce Biggs</a> and Rangi Moekaʻa, Auckland, 1995.</li> <li><i>A dictionary of the Maori Language of Rarotonga</i>, Manuscript by Stephen Savage, Suva : IPS, USP in association with the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.education.gov.ck">Ministry of Education</a> of the Cook Islands, 1983.</li> <li><i>Kai Korero : Cook Islands Maori Language Coursebook</i>, Tai Carpentier and Clive Beaumont, Pasifika Press, 1995. (A useful learning Method with oral skills cassette)</li> <li><i>Cook Islands Cook Book</i> by Taiora Matenga-Smith. Published by the Institute of Pacific Studies.</li> <li><i>Maori Lessons for the Cook Islands</i>, by <a href="/w/index.php?title=Taira_Rere&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Taira Rere (page does not exist)">Taira Rere</a>. Wellington, Islands Educational Division, Department of Education, 1960.</li> <li><i>Conversational Maori, Rarotongan Language</i>, by Taira Rere. Rarotonga, Government Printer. 1961.</li> <li><i>Some Maori Lessons</i>, by Taira Rere. Rarotonga. Curriculum Production Unit, Department of Education. 1976.</li> <li><i>More Maori Lessons</i>, by Taira Rere. Suva, <a href="/wiki/University_of_the_South_Pacific" title="University of the South Pacific">University of the South Pacific</a>.1976</li> <li><i>Maori Spelling: Notes for Teachers</i>, by Taira Rere. Rarotonga: Curriculum Production Unit, Education Department.1977.</li> <li><i>Traditions and Some Words of the Language of Danger or Pukapuka Island</i>. <a href="/wiki/Polynesian_Society" title="Polynesian Society">Journal of the Polynesian Society</a> 13:173-176.1904.</li> <li><i>Collection of Articles on Rarotonga Language</i>, by Jasper Buse. London: University of London, <a href="/wiki/School_of_Oriental_and_African_Studies" class="mw-redirect" title="School of Oriental and African Studies">School of Oriental and African Studies</a>. 1963.</li> <li><i>Manihikian Traditional Narratives: In English and Manihikian: Stories of the Cook Islands (Na fakahiti o Manihiki)</i>. Papatoetoe, New Zealand: Te Ropu Kahurangi.1988</li> <li><i>Te korero o Aitutaki, na te Are Korero o Aitutaki</i>, Ministry of Cultural Development, Rarotonga, Cook Islands. 1992</li> <li><i>Atiu nui Maruarua : E au tua taʻito</i>, Vainerere Tangatapoto et al. University of South Pacific, Suva 1984. (in Maori and English)</li> <li><i>Learning Rarotonga Maori</i>, by Makiʻuti Tongia, Ministry of <a href="/wiki/Sociocultural_evolution" title="Sociocultural evolution">Cultural Development</a>, Rarotonga 1999.</li> <li><i>Te uri Reo Maori (translating in Maori)</i>, by Makiʻuti Tongia, Punanga o te reo. 1996.</li> <li><i>Atiu, e enua e tona iti tangata</i>, te au tata tuatua Ngatupuna Kautai...(et al.), Suva, University of the South Pacific.1993. (Maori translation of <i>Atiu : an island Community</i>)</li> <li><i>A vocabulary of the Mangaian language</i> by Christian, F. W. 1924. Bernice P. Bishop Bulletin 2. Honolulu, Bernice P. <a href="/wiki/Bishop_Museum" title="Bishop Museum">Bishop Museum</a>.</li> <li>E au tuatua taʻito no Manihiki, <a href="/wiki/Kauraka_Kauraka" title="Kauraka Kauraka">Kauraka Kauraka</a>, IPS, USP, Suva. 1987.</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cook_Islands_M%C4%81ori&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Incubator-logo.svg/32px-Incubator-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Incubator-logo.svg/48px-Incubator-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Incubator-logo.svg/64px-Incubator-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="799" data-file-height="1000" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><i><b><a href="https://incubator.wikimedia.org/wiki/Wp/rar" class="extiw" title="incubator:Wp/rar">Cook Islands Māori test</a></b></i> of <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia" title="Wikipedia">Wikipedia</a> at <a href="https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Wikimedia_Incubator" class="extiw" title="meta:Wikimedia Incubator">Wikimedia Incubator</a></div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239549316"><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.maori.org.ck/">Cook Islands Maori Database</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cookislandsdictionary.com/">Dictionary of Cook Islands Languages.</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_86UTAAAAQAAJ">Te akataka reo Rarotonga; or, Rarotongan and English grammar by the Rev Aaron Buzacott of the London Missionary Society, Rarotonga. 1854. Old grammar in english and Rarotongan</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080913022059/http://www.tuatuamai.co.nz/">"Tuatua mai!" Learn Cook Islands Maori</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.paclii.org/ck/legis/num_act/trma2003130/">Te Reo Maori Act 2003</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sbs.com.au/yourlanguage/cookislands-maori/">SBS Cook Islands Maori Radio Program.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171126122252/http://www.sbs.com.au/yourlanguage/cookislands-maori/">Archived</a> 2017-11-26 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Updated each week</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cookislands.bishopmuseum.org/dictionaries.asp">Cook Islands Biodiversity : Natural History Māori Dictionaries</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110325181256/http://cookislands.bishopmuseum.org/dictionaries.asp">Archived</a> 2011-03-25 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cookislandsmaori.com/">Cook Islands Maori Dictionary</a> Online version of Jasper Buse and Raututi Taringa Dictionary</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.culture.gov.ck/">Cook Islands Ministry of Cultural Development</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20061107212110/http://www.culture.gov.ck/">Archived</a> 2006-11-07 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.minedu.govt.nz/web/downloadable/dl3550_v1/cookis.pdf">Te Reo Māori Kūki ʻĀirani i roto i te Kurakarāma o Aotearoa (Cook Islands Maori in the New Zealand Curriculum)</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070927223427/http://www.minedu.govt.nz/web/downloadable/dl3550_v1/cookis.pdf">Archived</a> 2007-09-27 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nzetc.victoria.ac.nz/tm/scholarly/tei-HutColl.html">Collected songs and legends from the southern Cook Islands (c. 1883–1912)</a> at the New Zealand Electronic Text Centre</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://hdl.handle.net/10125/32624">Box of 324 index cards of plant and animal names</a> archived with <a href="/wiki/Kaipuleohone" title="Kaipuleohone">Kaipuleohone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paradisec" class="mw-redirect" title="Paradisec">Paradisec</a> has <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalog.paradisec.org.au/collections/SN1">an open access collection of Cook Island Maori materials</a></li> <li>Materials on Cook Islands Maori are included in the open access [Arthur Capell] collection (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalog.paradisec.org.au/collections/AC1">AC1</a>) held by Paradisec.</li></ul> </div> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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Zealand">Languages</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Realm_of_New_Zealand" title="Realm of New Zealand">Realm of New Zealand</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Major language</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_English" title="New Zealand English">New Zealand English</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Indigenous languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">New Zealand</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/M%C4%81ori_language" title="Māori language">New Zealand Māori</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moriori_language" title="Moriori language">Moriori</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Cook Islands</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Cook Islands Māori</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penrhyn_language" title="Penrhyn language">Penrhyn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pukapukan_language" title="Pukapukan language">Pukapukan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rakahanga-Manihiki_language" title="Rakahanga-Manihiki language">Rakahanga-Manihiki</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Niue</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Niuean_language" title="Niuean language">Niuean</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Tokelau</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tokelauan_language" title="Tokelauan language">Tokelauan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sign languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_Sign_Language" title="New Zealand Sign Language">New Zealand Sign Language</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Languages_of_French_Polynesia" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Languages_of_French_Polynesia" title="Template:Languages of French Polynesia"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Languages_of_French_Polynesia" title="Template talk:Languages of French Polynesia"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Languages_of_French_Polynesia" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Languages of French Polynesia"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Languages_of_French_Polynesia" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_French_Polynesia" class="mw-redirect" title="Languages of French Polynesia">Languages of French Polynesia</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Official languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tahitian_language" title="Tahitian language">Tahitian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Indigenous languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mangareva_language" title="Mangareva language">Mangarevan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marquesan_language" title="Marquesan language">Marquesan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pukapukan_language" title="Pukapukan language">Pukapukan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rapa_language" title="Rapa language">Rapan</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Rarotongan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austral_language" title="Austral language">Tubuaian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuamotuan_language" title="Tuamotuan language">Tuamotuan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Central_Pacific_languages" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Central_Pacific_languages" title="Template:Central Pacific languages"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Central_Pacific_languages" title="Template talk:Central Pacific languages"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Central_Pacific_languages" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Central Pacific languages"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Central_Pacific_languages" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Central_Pacific_languages" title="Central Pacific languages">Central Pacific languages</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">West</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rotuman_language" title="Rotuman language">Rotuman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Namosi-Naitasiri-Serua_language" title="Namosi-Naitasiri-Serua language">Namosi-Naitasiri-Serua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Fijian_language" title="Western Fijian language">Western Fijian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">East</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fijian_language" title="Fijian language">Fijian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gone_Dau_language" title="Gone Dau language">Gone Dau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lauan_language" title="Lauan language">Lauan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lomaiviti_language" title="Lomaiviti language">Lomaiviti</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Polynesian_languages" title="Polynesian languages">Polynesian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_Polynesian_languages" title="Nuclear Polynesian languages">Nuclear<br />Polynesian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tuvaluan_language" title="Tuvaluan language">Tuvaluan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikaiana_language" title="Sikaiana language">Sikaiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ontong_Java_language" title="Ontong Java language">Ontong Java</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nukumanu_language" title="Nukumanu language">Nukumanu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Takuu_language" title="Takuu language">Takuu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuguria_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Nuguria language">Nuguria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kapingamarangi_language" title="Kapingamarangi language">Kapingamarangi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nukuoro_language" title="Nukuoro language">Nukuoro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pukapukan_language" title="Pukapukan language">Pukapukan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Samoic_languages" title="Samoic languages">Samoic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Samoan_language" title="Samoan language">Samoan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tokelauan_language" title="Tokelauan language">Tokelauan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niuatoputapu_language" title="Niuatoputapu language">Niuatoputapu</a> †</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Eastern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hawaiian_language" title="Hawaiian language">Hawaiian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marquesan_language" title="Marquesan language">Marquesan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mangareva_language" title="Mangareva language">Mangarevan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tahitian_language" title="Tahitian language">Tahitian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austral_language" title="Austral language">Austral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rapa_language" title="Rapa language">Rapa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuamotuan_language" title="Tuamotuan language">Tuamotuan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cook_Islands_M%C4%81ori_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Cook Islands Māori language">Cook Islands Māori</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rakahanga-Manihiki_language" title="Rakahanga-Manihiki language">Rakahanga-Manihiki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tongareva_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Tongareva language">Tongareva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C4%81ori_language" title="Māori language">Māori</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Moriori_language" title="Moriori language">Moriori</a> †</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rapa_Nui_language" title="Rapa Nui language">Rapa Nui</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Futunic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wallisian_language" title="Wallisian language">Wallisian (East Uvean)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Uvean_language" title="West Uvean language">West Uvean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Futunan_language" title="Futunan language">Futunan (East Futunan)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Futuna-Aniwa" class="mw-redirect" title="Futuna-Aniwa">Futuna-Aniwa (West Futunan)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pukapukan_language" title="Pukapukan language">Pukapukan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anuta_language" title="Anuta language">Anuta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rennellese_language" title="Rennellese language">Rennellese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tikopia_language" title="Tikopia language">Tikopia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mele-Fila_language" title="Mele-Fila language">Mele-Fila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emae_language" title="Emae language">Emae</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Tongic_languages" title="Tongic languages">Tongic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tongan_language" title="Tongan language">Tongan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niuean_language" title="Niuean language">Niuean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niuafo%27ou_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Niuafo'ou language">Niuafo'ou</a> ?</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li>* indicates proposed status</li> <li>? indicates classification dispute</li> <li>† indicates <a href="/wiki/Language_death" title="Language death">extinct status</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Austronesian_languages" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Austronesian_languages" title="Template:Austronesian languages"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Austronesian_languages" title="Template talk:Austronesian languages"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Austronesian_languages" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Austronesian languages"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Austronesian_languages" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Austronesian_languages" title="Austronesian languages">Austronesian languages</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Formosan_languages" title="Formosan languages">Formosan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rukai_language" title="Rukai language">Rukai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tsouic_languages" title="Tsouic languages">Tsouic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Formosan_languages" title="Northern Formosan languages">Northern Formosan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Formosan_languages" title="East Formosan languages">East Formosan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Malayo-Polynesian_languages" title="Malayo-Polynesian languages">Malayo-Polynesian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Western</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Sumatran*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northwest_Sumatra%E2%80%93Barrier_Islands_languages" title="Northwest Sumatra–Barrier Islands languages">Northwest Sumatra–Barrier Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nasal_language" title="Nasal language">Nasal</a>?</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lampung_language" title="Lampung language">Lampung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Javanese_language" title="Javanese language">Javanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madurese_language" title="Madurese language">Madurese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bali%E2%80%93Sasak%E2%80%93Sumbawa_languages" title="Bali–Sasak–Sumbawa languages">Bali–Sasak–Sumbawa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Philippine_languages" title="Philippine languages">Philippine</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Batanic_languages" title="Batanic languages">Batanic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Luzon_languages" title="Northern Luzon languages">Northern Luzon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Luzon_languages" title="Central Luzon languages">Central Luzon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Mindoro_languages" title="Northern Mindoro languages">Northern Mindoro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Central_Philippine_languages" title="Greater Central Philippine languages">Greater Central Philippine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalamian_languages" title="Kalamian languages">Kalamian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Mindanao_languages" title="South Mindanao languages">South Mindanao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sangiric_languages" title="Sangiric languages">Sangiric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minahasan_languages" title="Minahasan languages">Minahasan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Greater Barito*</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Barito_languages" title="Barito languages">Barito</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basap_language" title="Basap language">Basap</a>*</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Greater_North_Borneo_languages" title="Greater North Borneo languages">Greater North Borneo</a>*</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>North Borneo * <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sabahan_languages" title="Sabahan languages">Sabahan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Sarawakan_languages" title="North Sarawakan languages">North Sarawakan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melanau%E2%80%93Kajang_languages" title="Melanau–Kajang languages">Melanau–Kajang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kayan%E2%80%93Murik_languages" title="Kayan–Murik languages">Kayan–Murik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Land_Dayak_languages" title="Land Dayak languages">Land Dayak</a></li> <li>Malayo–Chamic *</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sundanese_language" title="Sundanese language">Sundanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rejang_language" title="Rejang language">Rejang</a>?</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moklenic_languages" title="Moklenic languages">Moklenic</a>?</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Celebic_languages" title="Celebic languages">Celebic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bungku%E2%80%93Tolaki_languages" title="Bungku–Tolaki languages">Bungku–Tolaki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muna%E2%80%93Buton_languages" title="Muna–Buton languages">Muna–Buton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saluan%E2%80%93Banggai_languages" title="Saluan–Banggai languages">Saluan–Banggai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tomini%E2%80%93Tolitoli_languages" title="Tomini–Tolitoli languages">Tomini–Tolitoli</a>*</li> <li>Kaili–Wolio*</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/South_Sulawesi_languages" title="South Sulawesi languages">South Sulawesi</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Makassar_languages" title="Makassar languages">Makassar</a></li> <li>Seko–Badaic*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_South_Sulawesi_languages" title="Northern South Sulawesi languages">Northern South Sulawesi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Central_Malayo-Polynesian_languages" title="Central Malayo-Polynesian languages">Central</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bima_language" title="Bima language">Bima</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sumba%E2%80%93Flores_languages" title="Sumba–Flores languages">Sumba–Flores</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flores%E2%80%93Lembata_languages" title="Flores–Lembata languages">Flores–Lembata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Selaru_languages" title="Selaru languages">Selaru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kei%E2%80%93Tanimbar_languages" title="Kei–Tanimbar languages">Kei–Tanimbar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aru_languages" title="Aru languages">Aru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timoric_languages" title="Timoric languages">Timoric</a></li> <li>Kowiai?</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Maluku_languages" title="Central Maluku languages">Central Maluku</a>*</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Central%E2%80%93Eastern_Malayo-Polynesian_languages" title="Central–Eastern Malayo-Polynesian languages">Eastern</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/South_Halmahera%E2%80%93West_New_Guinea_languages" title="South Halmahera–West New Guinea languages">SHWNG</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Raja_Ampat%E2%80%93South_Halmahera_languages" title="Raja Ampat–South Halmahera languages">Halmahera Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cenderawasih_languages" title="Cenderawasih languages">Cenderawasih</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Oceanic_languages" title="Oceanic languages">Oceanic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Admiralty_Islands_languages" title="Admiralty Islands languages">Admiralty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St._Matthias_languages" title="St. Matthias languages">St. Matthias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temotu_languages" title="Temotu languages">Temotu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southeast_Solomonic_languages" title="Southeast Solomonic languages">Southeast Solomonic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Micronesian_languages" title="Micronesian languages">Micronesian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Pacific_languages" title="Central Pacific languages">Central Pacific</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Western_Oceanic_languages" title="Western Oceanic languages">Western</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Meso-Melanesian_languages" title="Meso-Melanesian languages">Meso-Melanesian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_New_Guinea_languages" title="North New Guinea languages">North New Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papuan_Tip_languages" title="Papuan Tip languages">Papuan Tip</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Southern_Oceanic_languages" title="Southern Oceanic languages">Southern</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Vanuatu <ul><li><a href="/wiki/North_Vanuatu_languages" title="North Vanuatu languages">North</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Vanuatu_languages" title="Central Vanuatu languages">Central</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Vanuatu_languages" title="South Vanuatu languages">South</a></li></ul></li> <li>Loyalties–New Caledonia</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li>* indicates proposed status</li> <li>? indicates classification dispute</li> <li>† indicates <a href="/wiki/Language_death" title="Language death">extinct status</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link 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