CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>Folklore studies - Wikipedia</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )enwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy", "wgMonthNames":["","January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"wgRequestId":"5954ae76-35bd-46ed-8fe3-92cf875a6b3e","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"Folklore_studies","wgTitle":"Folklore studies","wgCurRevisionId":1257315880,"wgRevisionId":1257315880,"wgArticleId":661507,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from November 2021","CS1 Spanish-language sources (es)","Wikipedia articles with style issues from April 2024","All articles with style issues","Articles with multiple maintenance issues","Articles with short description","Short description is different from Wikidata","Articles containing German-language text","Articles containing Norwegian-language text","Articles containing Swedish-language text", "All articles with unsourced statements","Articles with unsourced statements from July 2024","All articles with specifically marked weasel-worded phrases","Articles with specifically marked weasel-worded phrases from August 2018","Articles with unsourced statements from May 2021","Articles with unsourced statements from November 2021","Articles with specifically marked weasel-worded phrases from August 2023","CS1 German-language sources (de)","CS1 maint: location missing publisher","CS1 errors: missing periodical","Commons category link is on Wikidata","Webarchive template wayback links","Folklore studies"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"en","wgPageContentLanguage":"en","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"Folklore_studies","wgRelevantArticleId":661507,"wgIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRestrictionEdit":[],"wgRestrictionMove":[],"wgRedirectedFrom":"Folklorist","wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":false, "wgFlaggedRevsParams":{"tags":{"status":{"levels":1}}},"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"en","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"en"},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":false,"nearby":true},"wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":70000,"wgInternalRedirectTargetUrl":"/wiki/Folklore_studies","wgRelatedArticlesCompat":[],"wgCentralAuthMobileDomain":false,"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition":"interlanguage","wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false,"wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true,"wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false,"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q132116","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false,"wgGEStructuredTaskRejectionReasonTextInputEnabled":false, "wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false};RLSTATE={"ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.cite.styles":"ready","skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles":"ready","skins.vector.icons":"ready","jquery.makeCollapsible.styles":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready","ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready","ext.wikimediaBadges":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["mediawiki.action.view.redirect","ext.cite.ux-enhancements","mediawiki.page.media","ext.scribunto.logs","site","mediawiki.page.ready","jquery.makeCollapsible","mediawiki.toc","skins.vector.js","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.gadget.ReferenceTooltips","ext.gadget.switcher","ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","mmv.bootstrap","ext.popups", "ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.uls.quick.actions","wikibase.client.vector-2022","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession","wikibase.sidebar.tracking"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cjquery.makeCollapsible.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.4"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/20/Folklore2.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="1200"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="1599"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Folklore2.jpg/800px-Folklore2.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="800"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="1066"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Folklore2.jpg/640px-Folklore2.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="640"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="853"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="Folklore studies - Wikipedia"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Folklore_studies"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="Edit this page" href="/w/index.php?title=Folklore_studies&action=edit"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (en)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Folklore_studies"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Wikipedia Atom feed" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:RecentChanges&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-Folklore_studies rootpage-Folklore_studies skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Jump to content</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Main menu" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-menu mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-menu"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Main menu</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Main menu</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Navigation </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Main_Page" title="Visit the main page [z]" accesskey="z"><span>Main page</span></a></li><li id="n-contents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents" title="Guides to browsing Wikipedia"><span>Contents</span></a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events" title="Articles related to current events"><span>Current events</span></a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Random" title="Visit a randomly selected article [x]" accesskey="x"><span>Random article</span></a></li><li id="n-aboutsite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About" title="Learn about Wikipedia and how it works"><span>About Wikipedia</span></a></li><li id="n-contactpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us" title="How to contact Wikipedia"><span>Contact us</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-interaction" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-interaction" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Contribute </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Contents" title="Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia"><span>Help</span></a></li><li id="n-introduction" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" title="Learn how to edit Wikipedia"><span>Learn to edit</span></a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Community_portal" title="The hub for editors"><span>Community portal</span></a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChanges" title="A list of recent changes to Wikipedia [r]" accesskey="r"><span>Recent changes</span></a></li><li id="n-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_upload_wizard" title="Add images or other media for use on Wikipedia"><span>Upload file</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Main_Page" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <span class="mw-logo-container skin-invert"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="The Free Encyclopedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-en.svg" width="117" height="13" style="width: 7.3125em; height: 0.8125em;"> </span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Special:Search" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Search</span> </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia" aria-label="Search Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Personal tools"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Appearance" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Appearance</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en" class=""><span>Donate</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Folklore+studies" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" class=""><span>Create account</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Folklore+studies" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Log in</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Log in and more options" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Personal tools" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Personal tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en"><span>Donate</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Folklore+studies" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Create account</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Folklore+studies" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Log in</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages for logged out editors <a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" aria-label="Learn more about editing"><span>learn more</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyContributions" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Contributions</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Discussion about edits from this IP address [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contents" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contents</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Overview" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Overview"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Overview</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Overview-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Terminology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Terminology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Terminology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Terminology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Methodology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Methodology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Methodology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Methodology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle History subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-From_antiquities_to_lore" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#From_antiquities_to_lore"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>From antiquities to lore</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-From_antiquities_to_lore-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Aarne–Thompson_and_the_historic–geographic_method" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Aarne–Thompson_and_the_historic–geographic_method"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Aarne–Thompson and the historic–geographic method</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Aarne–Thompson_and_the_historic–geographic_method-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Great_Depression_and_the_Federal_Writers'_Project" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Great_Depression_and_the_Federal_Writers'_Project"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Great Depression and the Federal Writers' Project</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Great_Depression_and_the_Federal_Writers'_Project-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-German_folklore_in_the_Third_Reich" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#German_folklore_in_the_Third_Reich"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>German folklore in the Third Reich</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-German_folklore_in_the_Third_Reich-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-After_World_War_II" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#After_World_War_II"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.5</span> <span>After World War II</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-After_World_War_II-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Global_folklore_studies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Global_folklore_studies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Global folklore studies</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Global_folklore_studies-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Global folklore studies subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Global_folklore_studies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Folklore_studies_and_nationalism_in_Turkey" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Folklore_studies_and_nationalism_in_Turkey"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Folklore studies and nationalism in Turkey</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Folklore_studies_and_nationalism_in_Turkey-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Folklore_studies_in_Chile" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Folklore_studies_in_Chile"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Folklore studies in Chile</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Folklore_studies_in_Chile-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-21st_century" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#21st_century"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>21st century</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-21st_century-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle 21st century subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-21st_century-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Globalization" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Globalization"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Globalization</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Globalization-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Computerized_databases_and_big_data" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Computerized_databases_and_big_data"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Computerized databases and big data</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Computerized_databases_and_big_data-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Binary_thinking_of_the_computer_age" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Binary_thinking_of_the_computer_age"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3</span> <span>Binary thinking of the computer age</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Binary_thinking_of_the_computer_age-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Linear_and_non-linear_concepts_of_time" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Linear_and_non-linear_concepts_of_time"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.4</span> <span>Linear and non-linear concepts of time</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Linear_and_non-linear_concepts_of_time-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cybernetics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cybernetics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.5</span> <span>Cybernetics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cybernetics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Scholarly_organizations_and_journals" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Scholarly_organizations_and_journals"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Scholarly organizations and journals</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Scholarly_organizations_and_journals-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notable_folklorists" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notable_folklorists"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Notable folklorists</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notable_folklorists-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Associated_theories_and_methods" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Associated_theories_and_methods"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Associated theories and methods</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Associated_theories_and_methods-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>Citations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Folklore studies</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 45 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-45" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">45 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%AA_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AB_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B4%D8%B9%D8%A8%D9%8A" title="دراسات التراث الشعبي – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="دراسات التراث الشعبي" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%A5%E0%A6%BE_%E0%A6%85%E0%A6%A7%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%A8" title="লোককথা অধ্যয়ন – Assamese" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="লোককথা অধ্যয়ন" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>অসমীয়া</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Folklor%C5%9F%C3%BCnasl%C4%B1q" title="Folklorşünaslıq – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Folklorşünaslıq" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%9A%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BE" title="লোকাচারবিদ্যা – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="লোকাচারবিদ্যা" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8B%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8B%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Фалькларыстыка – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Фалькларыстыка" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%BB%D1%8F%D1%80%D1%8B%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8B%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Фальклярыстыка – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Фальклярыстыка" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Фолклористика – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Фолклористика" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Folkloristik" title="Folkloristik – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Folkloristik" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Folkloristika" title="Folkloristika – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Folkloristika" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B7%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%A7%D8%AA_%D9%81%D8%B1%D9%87%D9%86%DA%AF_%D9%85%D8%B1%D8%AF%D9%85" title="مطالعات فرهنگ مردم – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="مطالعات فرهنگ مردم" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Folkloristique" title="Folkloristique – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Folkloristique" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%AF%BC%EC%86%8D%ED%95%99" title="민속학 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="민속학" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B2%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%A1%D5%A3%D5%AB%D5%BF%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6" title="Բանագիտություն – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Բանագիտություն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%95-%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF_%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%A7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%A8" title="लोक-साहित्य अध्ययन – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="लोक-साहित्य अध्ययन" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Folkloristika" title="Folkloristika – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Folkloristika" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%9Ej%C3%B3%C3%B0fr%C3%A6%C3%B0i" title="Þjóðfræði – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Þjóðfræði" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A4%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9A%E1%83%99%E1%83%9A%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1%E1%83%A2%E1%83%98%E1%83%99%E1%83%90" title="ფოლკლორისტიკა – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ფოლკლორისტიკა" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Фольклористика – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Фольклористика" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Фольклористика – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Фольклористика" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Folkloristika" title="Folkloristika – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Folkloristika" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Folkloristika" title="Folkloristika – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Folkloristika" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Фолклористика – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Фолклористика" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B0%91%E4%BF%97%E5%AD%A6" title="民俗学 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="民俗学" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Folkloristikk" title="Folkloristikk – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Folkloristikk" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Folkloristikk" title="Folkloristikk – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Folkloristikk" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Folklorshunoslik" title="Folklorshunoslik – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Folklorshunoslik" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%B2%E0%A9%8B%E0%A8%95%E0%A8%A7%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%BE_%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%BC%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%A4%E0%A8%B0" title="ਲੋਕਧਾਰਾ ਸ਼ਾਸਤਰ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਲੋਕਧਾਰਾ ਸ਼ਾਸਤਰ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Folklorystyka" title="Folklorystyka – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Folklorystyka" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estudos_folcl%C3%B3ricos" title="Estudos folclóricos – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Estudos folclóricos" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Folcloristic%C4%83" title="Folcloristică – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Folcloristică" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Фольклористика – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Фольклористика" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Folkloristika" title="Folkloristika – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Folkloristika" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Folkloristika" title="Folkloristika – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Folkloristika" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Folkloristika" title="Folkloristika – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Folkloristika" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Folkloristika" title="Folkloristika – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Folkloristika" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Folkloristiikka" title="Folkloristiikka – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Folkloristiikka" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Folkloristik" title="Folkloristik – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Folkloristik" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Araling_tradisyong-pambayan" title="Araling tradisyong-pambayan – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Araling tradisyong-pambayan" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%B2" title="คติชนวิทยา – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="คติชนวิทยา" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Folkloristik" title="Folkloristik – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Folkloristik" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Фольклористика – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Фольклористика" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rahvaluul%C3%B5tiid%C3%BCs" title="Rahvaluulõtiidüs – Võro" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="Rahvaluulõtiidüs" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="Võro" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Võro</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B0%91%E4%BF%97%E5%AD%A6" title="民俗学 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="民俗学" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B0%91%E4%BF%97%E5%AD%B8" title="民俗學 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="民俗學" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B0%91%E4%BF%97%E5%AD%B8" title="民俗學 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="民俗學" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q132116#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Folklore_studies" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Folklore_studies" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content page [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Change language variant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">English</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Views"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Folklore_studies"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Folklore_studies&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Folklore_studies&action=history" title="Past revisions of this page [h]" accesskey="h"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tools" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Tools</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="More options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Actions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Folklore_studies"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Folklore_studies&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Folklore_studies&action=history"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> General </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Folklore_studies" title="List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [j]" accesskey="j"><span>What links here</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/Folklore_studies" rel="nofollow" title="Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Related changes</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard" title="Upload files [u]" accesskey="u"><span>Upload file</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:SpecialPages" title="A list of all special pages [q]" accesskey="q"><span>Special pages</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Folklore_studies&oldid=1257315880" title="Permanent link to this revision of this page"><span>Permanent link</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Folklore_studies&action=info" title="More information about this page"><span>Page information</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&page=Folklore_studies&id=1257315880&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Information on how to cite this page"><span>Cite this page</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FFolklore_studies"><span>Get shortened URL</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FFolklore_studies"><span>Download QR code</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Print/export </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=Folklore_studies&action=show-download-screen" title="Download this page as a PDF file"><span>Download as PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Folklore_studies&printable=yes" title="Printable version of this page [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Printable version</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> In other projects </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Folklore_studies" hreflang="en"><span>Wikimedia Commons</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q132116" title="Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Wikidata item</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"><span class="mw-redirectedfrom">(Redirected from <a href="/w/index.php?title=Folklorist&redirect=no" class="mw-redirect" title="Folklorist">Folklorist</a>)</span></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1248332772">.mw-parser-output .multiple-issues-text{width:95%;margin:0.2em 0}.mw-parser-output .multiple-issues-text>.mw-collapsible-content{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .compact-ambox .ambox{border:none;border-collapse:collapse;background-color:transparent;margin:0 0 0 1.6em!important;padding:0!important;width:auto;display:block}body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .compact-ambox .ambox.mbox-small-left{font-size:100%;width:auto;margin:0}.mw-parser-output .compact-ambox .ambox .mbox-text{padding:0!important;margin:0!important}.mw-parser-output .compact-ambox .ambox .mbox-text-span{display:list-item;line-height:1.5em;list-style-type:disc}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .multiple-issues-text>.mw-collapsible-toggle,.mw-parser-output .compact-ambox .ambox .mbox-image,.mw-parser-output .compact-ambox .ambox .mbox-imageright,.mw-parser-output .compact-ambox .ambox .mbox-empty-cell,.mw-parser-output .compact-ambox .hide-when-compact{display:none}</style><table class="box-Multiple_issues plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-multiple_issues compact-ambox" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/40px-Ambox_important.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/60px-Ambox_important.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/80px-Ambox_important.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="40" data-file-height="40" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span"><div class="multiple-issues-text mw-collapsible"><b>This article has multiple issues.</b> Please help <b><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Folklore_studies" title="Special:EditPage/Folklore studies">improve it</a></b> or discuss these issues on the <b><a href="/wiki/Talk:Folklore_studies" title="Talk:Folklore studies">talk page</a></b>. <small><i>(<a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove these messages</a>)</i></small> <div class="mw-collapsible-content"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Tone plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-style ambox-Tone" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/40px-Edit-clear.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/60px-Edit-clear.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/80px-Edit-clear.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article's <b>tone or style may not reflect the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Writing_better_articles#Tone" title="Wikipedia:Writing better articles">encyclopedic tone</a> used on Wikipedia</b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> See Wikipedia's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Writing_better_articles#Tone" title="Wikipedia:Writing better articles">guide to writing better articles</a> for suggestions.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">April 2024</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Essay-like plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-style ambox-essay-like" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/40px-Edit-clear.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/60px-Edit-clear.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/80px-Edit-clear.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article <b>is written like a <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:What_Wikipedia_is_not#Wikipedia_is_not_a_publisher_of_original_thought" title="Wikipedia:What Wikipedia is not">personal reflection, personal essay, or argumentative essay</a></b> that states a Wikipedia editor's personal feelings or presents an original argument about a topic.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Folklore_studies&action=edit">help improve it</a> by rewriting it in an <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Writing_better_articles#Information_style_and_tone" title="Wikipedia:Writing better articles">encyclopedic style</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">April 2024</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> </div> </div><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Branch of anthropology</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Folklore2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Folklore2.jpg/170px-Folklore2.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Folklore2.jpg/255px-Folklore2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Folklore2.jpg/340px-Folklore2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="839" data-file-height="1118" /></a><figcaption>Front cover of <i>Folklore</i>: "He loses his hat: Judith Philips riding a man", from: <i>The Brideling, Sadling, and Ryding, of a rich Churle in Hampshire</i> (1595)</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Folklore studies</b> (also known as <b>folkloristics,</b> <b>tradition studies</b> or <b>folk life studies</b> in the UK)<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWiddowson2016_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWiddowson2016-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is the branch of <a href="/wiki/Anthropology" title="Anthropology">anthropology</a> devoted to the study of <a href="/wiki/Folklore" title="Folklore">folklore</a>. This term, along with its synonyms,<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> gained currency in the 1950s to distinguish the academic study of traditional culture from the <a href="/wiki/Cultural_artifact" title="Cultural artifact">folklore artifacts</a> themselves. It became established as a field across both Europe and North America, coordinating with <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Volkskunde</i></span> (<a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a>), <span title="Norwegian-language text"><i lang="no">folkeminner</i></span> (<a href="/wiki/Norwegian_language" title="Norwegian language">Norwegian</a>), and <span title="Swedish-language text"><i lang="sv">folkminnen</i></span> (<a href="/wiki/Swedish_language" title="Swedish language">Swedish</a>), among others.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrunvand1996286_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrunvand1996286-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Overview">Overview</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Folklore_studies&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Overview"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A 1982 <a href="/wiki/UNESCO" title="UNESCO">UNESCO</a> document titled "Recommendation on the Safeguarding of Traditional Culture and Folklore" declared a global need to establish provisions protecting folklore from varying dangers identified in the document.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> UNESCO further published the <a href="/wiki/Convention_for_the_Safeguarding_of_the_Intangible_Cultural_Heritage" title="Convention for the Safeguarding of the Intangible Cultural Heritage">Convention for the Safeguarding of the Intangible Cultural Heritage</a> in 2003. The American Folklife Preservation Act (P.L. 94-201)<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> passed in 1976 by the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Congress" title="United States Congress">United States Congress</a> in conjunction with the Bicentennial Celebration included a definition of folklore, also called <a href="/wiki/Folklife" class="mw-redirect" title="Folklife">folklife</a>: </p> <blockquote><p>"...[Folklife] means the traditional expressive culture shared within the various groups in the United States: familial, ethnic, occupational, religious, regional; expressive culture includes a wide range of creative and symbolic forms such as custom, belief, technical skill, language, literature, art, architecture, music, play, dance, drama, ritual, pageantry, handicraft; these expressions are mainly learned orally, by imitation, or in performance, and are generally maintained without benefit of formal instruction or institutional direction." </p></blockquote> <p>This law in conjunction with other legislation was designed to protect the natural and cultural heritage of the United States in alignment with efforts to promote and protect the cultural diversity of the United States and recognize it as a national strength and a resource worthy of protection.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHufford1991_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHufford1991-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The term <i>folklore</i> contains component parts <i>folk</i> and <i>lore</i>. The word <i>folk</i> originally applied to rural, frequently poor and illiterate peasants.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> A contemporary definition of <i>folk</i> is a social group which includes two or more persons with common traits, who express their shared identity through distinctive traditions. "Folk is a flexible concept which can refer to a nation as in <a href="/wiki/Folklore_of_the_United_States" title="Folklore of the United States">American folklore</a> or to a <a href="/wiki/Family_folklore" title="Family folklore">single family.</a>"<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDundes196913footnote_34_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDundes196913footnote_34-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This expanded social definition of <i>folk</i> expands the material considered to be <i>folklore artifacts</i> to include "things people make with words (verbal lore), things they make with their hands (material lore), and things they make with their actions (customary lore)".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilson200685_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilson200685-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The folklorist studies the <a href="/wiki/Traditional" class="mw-redirect" title="Traditional">traditional</a> artifacts of a group and the groups within which these customs, traditions and beliefs are transmitted. </p><p>Transmission of <a href="/wiki/Cultural_artifact" title="Cultural artifact">folk artifacts</a> is necessary to their preservation over time outside of study by cultural archaeologist. Beliefs and customs are passed informally within a folk group mainly anonymously and in multiple variants. This is in contrast to <a href="/wiki/High_culture" title="High culture">high culture</a>, characterized by recognition by the elites of a given society and identified as specific works created by individuals. </p><p>The folklorist study the significance of these beliefs, customs and objects for the group. In folklore studies "folklore <i>means</i> something – to the tale teller, to the song singer, to the fiddler, and to the audience or addressees".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDundes2007273_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDundes2007273-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The field assumes cultural units<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDundes1972_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDundes1972-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> would not be passed along unless they had some continued relevance within the group, though their meaning can shift and morph with time. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_fairy_tales_of_the_Brothers_Grimm_(1916)_(14596242367).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/The_fairy_tales_of_the_Brothers_Grimm_%281916%29_%2814596242367%29.jpg/170px-The_fairy_tales_of_the_Brothers_Grimm_%281916%29_%2814596242367%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="235" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/The_fairy_tales_of_the_Brothers_Grimm_%281916%29_%2814596242367%29.jpg/255px-The_fairy_tales_of_the_Brothers_Grimm_%281916%29_%2814596242367%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/The_fairy_tales_of_the_Brothers_Grimm_%281916%29_%2814596242367%29.jpg/340px-The_fairy_tales_of_the_Brothers_Grimm_%281916%29_%2814596242367%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1490" data-file-height="2062" /></a><figcaption>Brothers Grimm (1916)</figcaption></figure> <p>Folklore is a naturally occurring and necessary component of any social group.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESimsStephens20057_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESimsStephens20057-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Folklore does not need to be old; it continues through the modern day. It is created, transmitted, and used to establish "us" and "them" within a given group. The unique nature of a culture's folklore requires the development of methods of study by the culture at hand for effective identification and research. As a modern academic discipline, folklore studies straddles the space between the <a href="/wiki/Social_science" title="Social science">social sciences</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Humanities" title="Humanities">humanities</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHufford1991_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHufford1991-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The study of folklore originated in Europe in the first half of the 19th century with a focus on the oral folklore of the rural peasant populations.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> The "<a href="/wiki/Kinder-_und_Hausm%C3%A4rchen" class="mw-redirect" title="Kinder- und Hausmärchen">Kinder- und Hausmärchen</a>" of the <a href="/wiki/Brothers_Grimm" title="Brothers Grimm">Brothers Grimm</a>, first published 1812, is the best known collection of the verbal folklore of the European peasantry. This interest in stories, sayings and songs, i.e. <i>verbal lore</i>, continued throughout the 19th century and aligned the fledgling discipline of folklore studies with <a href="/wiki/Literature" title="Literature">literature</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mythology" class="mw-redirect" title="Mythology">mythology</a>. By the turn into the 20th century, European folklorists remained focused on the oral folklore of the homogeneous peasant populations in their regions, while the American folklorists, led by <a href="/wiki/Franz_Boas" title="Franz Boas">Franz Boas</a>, chose to consider <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas" title="Indigenous peoples of the Americas">Native American</a> cultures in their research, and included the totality of their customs and beliefs as folklore.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> This distinction aligned American folklore studies with <a href="/wiki/Cultural_anthropology" title="Cultural anthropology">cultural anthropology</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ethnology" title="Ethnology">ethnology</a>. American folklorists thus used the same data collection techniques as these fields in their own <a href="/wiki/Field_research" title="Field research">field research</a>. This the diverse alliance of folklore studies with other academic fields offers a variety of theoretical vantage points and research tools to the field of folklore studies even as it continues to be a point of discussion within the field.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZumwaltDundes1988_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZumwaltDundes1988-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Public_folklore" title="Public folklore">Public folklore</a> is a relatively new offshoot of folklore studies, starting after the Second World War and modeled on the work of <a href="/wiki/Alan_Lomax" title="Alan Lomax">Alan Lomax</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ben_Botkin" class="mw-redirect" title="Ben Botkin">Ben Botkin</a> in the 1930s. Lomax and Botkin emphasized <a href="/wiki/Applied_folklore" title="Applied folklore">applied folklore</a>, with modern public sector folklorists working to document, preserve and present the beliefs and customs of diverse cultural groups in their region. These positions are often affiliated with museums, libraries, arts organizations, public schools, historical societies, etc. The most renowned of these is the <a href="/wiki/American_Folklife_Center" title="American Folklife Center">American Folklife Center</a> at the Smithsonian, which hosts the <a href="/wiki/Smithsonian_Folklife_Festival" title="Smithsonian Folklife Festival">Smithsonian Folklife Festival</a> every summer in Washington, DC. Public folklore differentiates itself from the academic folklore supported by universities, in which collection, research and analysis are primary goals.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHufford1991_9-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHufford1991-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Terminology">Terminology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Folklore_studies&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Terminology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The field of folklore studies uses a wide-variety of sometimes synonymous terms. <i>Folklore</i> was the original term used in this discipline.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Its synonym, <i>folklife</i>, came into circulation in the second half of the 20th century, at a time when some researchers felt that the term <i>folklore</i> was too closely tied exclusively to oral lore. The new term <i>folklife</i>, along with its synonym <i>folk culture</i>, is meant to include all aspects of a culture, not just the oral traditions. <a href="/wiki/Folk_process" title="Folk process">Folk process</a> is used to describe the refinement and creative change of artifacts by community members within the folk tradition that defines the folk process.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELevyMurphy199143_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELevyMurphy199143-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Professionals within this field, regardless of the other words they use, consider themselves to be folklorists. </p><p>Other terms which might be confused with folklore are <a href="/wiki/Popular_culture" title="Popular culture">popular culture</a> and <a href="/wiki/Vernacular_culture" title="Vernacular culture">vernacular culture</a>. However, pop culture tends to be in demand for a limited time, mass-produced and communicated using mass media. Individually, these tend to be labeled <a href="/wiki/Fads" class="mw-redirect" title="Fads">fads</a>, and disappear as quickly as they appear. The term <i>vernacular culture</i> differs from folklore in its overriding emphasis on a specific locality or region. For example, <a href="/wiki/Vernacular_architecture" title="Vernacular architecture">vernacular architecture</a> denotes the standard building form of a region, using the materials available and designed to address functional needs of the local economy. Folk architecture is a subset of this, in which the construction is not done by a professional architect or builder, but by an individual putting up a needed structure in the local style. Therefore, all folklore is vernacular culture, but not all vernacular culture necessarily folklore.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESimsStephens20057_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESimsStephens20057-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In addition to these terms, folklorism refers to "material or stylistic elements of folklore [presented] in a context which is foreign to the original tradition." This definition, offered by the folklorist Hermann Bausinger, does not discount the validity of meaning expressed in these "second hand" traditions.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEŠmidchens199952_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEŠmidchens199952-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many Walt Disney films and products belong in this category of folklorism; fairy tales become animated film characters, stuffed animals and bed linens. These manifestations of folklore traditions have their own significance for their audience. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Fakelore" class="mw-redirect" title="Fakelore">Fakelore</a> refers to artifacts which might be termed <i>pseudo-folklore</i>, manufactured items claiming to be traditional. The folklorist <a href="/wiki/Richard_Dorson" title="Richard Dorson">Richard Dorson</a> coined this word, clarifying it in his book "Folklore and Fakelore".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDorson1976_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDorson1976-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Current thinking within the discipline is that this term places undue emphasis on the origination of the artifact as a sign of authenticity of the tradition. Adjacently, the adjective <i>folkloric</i> is used to designate materials having the character of folklore or tradition, at the same time making no claim to authenticity. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Methodology">Methodology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Folklore_studies&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Methodology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There are several goals of active folklore research. The first objective is to identify tradition bearers within a social group and to collect their lore, preferably in situ. Once collected, these data need to be documented and preserved to enable further access and study. The documented lore is then available to be analyzed and interpreted by folklorists and other cultural historians, and can become the basis for studies of either individual customs or comparative studies. There are multiple venues, be they museums, journals or folk festivals to present the research results. The final step in this methodology involves advocating for these groups in their distinctiveness.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilson200681–106_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilson200681–106-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The specific tools needed by folklorists to do their research are manifold. </p> <ul><li>The researchers must be comfortable in fieldwork; going out to meet their informants where they live, work, and perform.</li> <li>They need to access archives housing a vast array of unpublished folklore collections.</li> <li>They will want work with folk museums, to both view the collections, and present their own findings.</li> <li>Bibliographies maintained by libraries and on line contain an important trove of articles from around the world.</li> <li>The use of indexes allow them to view and use the categorization of artifacts which have already been established.</li> <li>All work by a folklorist must be appropriately annotated in order to provide identifiable sources of the work.</li> <li>For all folklorists terminology becomes a skill to master as they rub elbows not only with related academic fields but also with the colloquial understanding (what exactly is a fairy tale?). This shared vocabulary, with varying and sometimes divergent shades of meaning, needs to be used thoughtfully and consistently.</li> <li>The use of printed sources to locate and identify further variants of a folk tradition is a necessary adjunct to the field research.</li> <li>Because the transmission of folk artifacts preceded and ignored the establishment of national and political boundaries, it is important to cultivate international connections to folklorists in neighboring countries and around the world to compare both the artifacts researched and the methodology used.</li> <li>A knowledge of the history of folklore studies is called for to identify the direction and more importantly the biases which the field has taken in the past, enabling us to temper the current analysis with more impartiality.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDorson19726_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDorson19726-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>The folklorist also rubs shoulders with researchers, tools and inquiries of neighboring fields: literature, anthropology, cultural history, linguistics, geography, musicology, sociology, psychology. This is just a partial list of the fields of study related to folklore studies, all of which are united by a common interest in subject matter.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaumanParedes1972xx_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaumanParedes1972xx-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Folklore_studies&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="From_antiquities_to_lore">From antiquities to lore</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Folklore_studies&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: From antiquities to lore"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>It is well-documented that the term <i>folklore</i> was coined in 1846 by the Englishman <a href="/wiki/William_Thoms" title="William Thoms">William Thoms</a>. He fabricated it for use in an article published in the August 22, 1846 issue of <a href="/wiki/The_Athenaeum_(British_magazine)" title="The Athenaeum (British magazine)"><i>The Athenaeum</i></a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGeorgesJones199535_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGeorgesJones199535-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Thoms consciously replaced the contemporary terminology of <i>popular antiquities</i> or <i>popular literature</i> with this new word. Folklore was to emphasize the study of a specific subset of the population: the rural, mostly illiterate peasantry.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESimsStephens200523_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESimsStephens200523-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In his published call for help in documenting antiquities, Thoms was echoing scholars from across the European continent to collect artifacts of older, mostly oral cultural traditions still flourishing among the rural populace. In Germany the <a href="/wiki/Brothers_Grimm" title="Brothers Grimm">Brothers Grimm</a> had first published their "<a href="/wiki/Kinder-_und_Hausm%C3%A4rchen" class="mw-redirect" title="Kinder- und Hausmärchen">Kinder- und Hausmärchen</a>" in 1812. They continued throughout their lives to collect <a href="/wiki/Volkskunde" class="mw-redirect" title="Volkskunde">German folk tales</a> to include in their collection. In <a href="/wiki/Danish_folklore#History" title="Danish folklore">Scandinavia</a>, intellectuals were also searching for their authentic <a href="/wiki/Teutons" title="Teutons">Teutonic roots</a> and had labeled their studies <i>Folkeminde</i> (Danish) or <i>Folkermimne</i> (Norwegian).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESimsStephens200522–23_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESimsStephens200522–23-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Throughout Europe and America, other early collectors of folklore were at work. <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Crofton_Croker" title="Thomas Crofton Croker">Thomas Crofton Croker</a> published fairy tales from southern Ireland and, together with his wife, documented <a href="/wiki/Keening" title="Keening">keening</a> and other Irish funeral customs. <a href="/wiki/Elias_L%C3%B6nnrot" title="Elias Lönnrot">Elias Lönnrot</a> is best known for his collection of epic Finnish poems published under the title <a href="/wiki/Kalevala" title="Kalevala">Kalevala</a>. <a href="/wiki/John_Fanning_Watson" title="John Fanning Watson">John Fanning Watson</a> in the United States published the "Annals of Philadelphia".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWatson1850–1860[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_November_2021]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i>[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(November_2021)">page&nbsp;needed</span>]]</i>&#93;</sup>_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWatson1850–1860[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_November_2021]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i>[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(November_2021)">page&nbsp;needed</span>]]</i>&#93;</sup>-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>With increasing industrialization, urbanization, and the rise in literacy throughout Europe in the 19th century, folklorists were concerned that the oral knowledge and beliefs, the <a href="/wiki/Oral_traditions" class="mw-redirect" title="Oral traditions">lore</a> of the rural folk would be lost. It was posited that the stories, beliefs and customs were surviving fragments of a cultural mythology of the region, pre-dating Christianity and rooted in pagan peoples and beliefs.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESimsStephens200523–24_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESimsStephens200523–24-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This thinking goes in lockstep with the rise of <a href="/wiki/Nationalism" title="Nationalism">nationalism</a> across Europe.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGeorgesJones199540_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGeorgesJones199540-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some British folklorists,<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Avoid_weasel_words" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Avoid weasel words"><span title="The material near this tag possibly uses too vague attribution or weasel words. (August 2018)">which?</span></a></i>]</sup> rather than lamenting or attempting to preserve rural or pre-industrial cultures, saw their work as a means of furthering industrialization, scientific rationalism, and <a href="/wiki/Disenchantment" title="Disenchantment">disenchantment</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJosephson-Storm2017129_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJosephson-Storm2017129-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As the need to collect these vestiges of rural traditions became more compelling, the need to formalize this new field of cultural studies became apparent. The British <i><a href="/wiki/Folklore_Society" class="mw-redirect" title="Folklore Society">Folklore Society</a></i> was established in 1878 and the <i><a href="/wiki/American_Folklore_Society" title="American Folklore Society">American Folklore Society</a></i> was established a decade later. These were just two of a plethora of academic societies founded in the latter half of the 19th century by educated members of the emerging middle class.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBronner198617_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBronner198617-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For literate, urban intellectuals and students of folklore the folk was someone else and the past was recognized as being something truly different.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGeorgesJones199532_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGeorgesJones199532-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Folklore became a measure of the <a href="/wiki/Social_progress" class="mw-redirect" title="Social progress">progress of society</a>, how far we had moved forward into the industrial present and indeed removed ourselves from a past marked by poverty, illiteracy and superstition. The task of both the professional folklorist and the amateur at the turn of the 20th century was to collect and classify cultural artifacts from the pre-industrial rural areas, parallel to the drive in the life sciences to do the same for the natural world.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> "Folk was a clear label to set materials apart from modern life…material specimens, which were meant to be classified in the natural history of civilization. Tales, originally dynamic and fluid, were given stability and concreteness by means of the printed page."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBronner198611_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBronner198611-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Viewed as fragments from a pre-literate culture, these stories and objects were collected without context to be displayed and studied in museums and anthologies, just as bones and potsherds were gathered for the life sciences. <a href="/wiki/Kaarle_Krohn" title="Kaarle Krohn">Kaarle Krohn</a> and <a href="/wiki/Antti_Aarne" title="Antti Aarne">Antti Aarne</a> were active collectors of folk poetry in Finland. The Scotsman <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Lang" title="Andrew Lang">Andrew Lang</a> is known for his 25 volumes of <a href="/wiki/Fairy_tales" class="mw-redirect" title="Fairy tales">Andrew Lang's Fairy Books</a> from around the world. <a href="/wiki/Francis_James_Child" title="Francis James Child">Francis James Child</a> was an American academic who collected English and Scottish popular ballads and their American variants, published as the <a href="/wiki/Child_Ballads" title="Child Ballads">Child Ballads</a>. In the United States, <a href="/wiki/Mark_Twain" title="Mark Twain">Mark Twain</a> was a charter member of the American Folklore Society.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDundes2005402_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDundes2005402-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Both he and <a href="/wiki/Washington_Irving" title="Washington Irving">Washington Irving</a> drew on folklore to write their stories.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBronner19865_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBronner19865-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBronner198621–22_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBronner198621–22-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The 1825 novel <i><a href="/wiki/Brother_Jonathan_(novel)" title="Brother Jonathan (novel)">Brother Jonathan</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/John_Neal_(writer)" title="John Neal (writer)">John Neal</a> is recognized as the most extensive literary use of American folklore of its time.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMorgan1988156_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorgan1988156-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Aarne–Thompson_and_the_historic–geographic_method"><span id="Aarne.E2.80.93Thompson_and_the_historic.E2.80.93geographic_method"></span>Aarne–Thompson and the historic–geographic method</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Folklore_studies&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Aarne–Thompson and the historic–geographic method"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>By the beginning of the 20th century these collections had grown to include artifacts from around the world and across several centuries. A system to organize and categorize them became necessary.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGeorgesJones199554_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGeorgesJones199554-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Antti Aarne published a first classification system for folktales in 1910. It was later expanded into the <a href="/wiki/Aarne%E2%80%93Thompson_classification_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Aarne–Thompson classification system">Aarne–Thompson classification system</a> by <a href="/wiki/Stith_Thompson" title="Stith Thompson">Stith Thompson</a> and remains the standard classification system for European folktales and other types of oral literature. As the number of classified artifacts grew, similarities were noted in items which had been collected from very different geographic regions, ethnic groups and epochs. </p><p>In an effort to understand and explain the similarities found in tales from different locations, the Finnish folklorists Julius and Kaarle Krohne developed the <a href="/wiki/Julius_Krohn#Scientific_work" title="Julius Krohn">Historical-Geographical method</a>, also called the Finnish method.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWolf-Knuts1999_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWolf-Knuts1999-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Using multiple variants of a tale, this investigative method attempted to work backwards in time and location to compile the original version from what they considered the incomplete fragments still in existence. This was the search for the "Urform",<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESimsStephens200523_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESimsStephens200523-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which by definition was more complete and more "authentic" than the newer, more scattered versions. The historic-geographic method has been succinctly described as a "quantitative mining of the resulting archive, and extraction of distribution patterns in time and space". It is based on the assumption that every text artifact is a variant of the original text. As a proponent of this method, <a href="/wiki/Walter_Anderson_(folklorist)" title="Walter Anderson (folklorist)">Walter Anderson</a> proposed additionally a Law of Self-Correction, i.e. a feedback mechanism which would keep the variants closer to the original form.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDorst2016131_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDorst2016131-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>It was during the first decades of the 20th century that Folklore Studies in Europe and America began to diverge. The Europeans continued with their emphasis on oral traditions of the pre-literate peasant, and remained connected to literary scholarship within the universities. By this definition, folklore was completely based in the European cultural sphere; any social group that did not originate in Europe was to be studied by <a href="/wiki/Ethnology" title="Ethnology">ethnologists</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cultural_anthropologists" class="mw-redirect" title="Cultural anthropologists">cultural anthropologists</a>. In this light, some twenty-first century scholars have interpreted European folkloristics as an instrument of <a href="/wiki/Internal_colonialism" title="Internal colonialism">internal colonialism</a>, in parallel with the imperialistic dimensions of early 20th century cultural anthropology and <a href="/wiki/Orientalism" title="Orientalism">Orientalism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJosephson-Storm2017128_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJosephson-Storm2017128-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Unlike contemporary anthropology, however, many early European folklorists were themselves members of the prioritized groups that folkloristics was intended to study; for instance, Andrew Lang and <a href="/wiki/James_George_Frazer" title="James George Frazer">James George Frazer</a> were both themselves Scotsmen and studied rural folktales from towns near where they grew up.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJosephson-Storm2017128–130_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJosephson-Storm2017128–130-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In contrast to this, American folklorists, under the influence of the German-American <a href="/wiki/Franz_Boas" title="Franz Boas">Franz Boas</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ruth_Benedict" title="Ruth Benedict">Ruth Benedict</a>, sought to incorporate other cultural groups living in their region into the study of folklore. This included not only customs brought over by northern European immigrants, but also African Americans, <a href="/wiki/Acadians" title="Acadians">Acadians</a> of eastern Canada, <a href="/wiki/Cajuns" title="Cajuns">Cajuns</a> of Louisiana, <a href="/wiki/Hispanics" class="mw-redirect" title="Hispanics">Hispanics</a> of the American southwest, and <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas" title="Indigenous peoples of the Americas">Native Americans</a>. Not only were these distinct cultural groups all living in the same regions, but their proximity to each other caused their traditions and customs to intermingle. The lore of these distinct social groups, all of them Americans, was considered the bailiwick of American folklorists, and aligned American folklore studies more with ethnology than with literary studies.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZumwaltDundes198816–20_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZumwaltDundes198816–20-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Federal_Writers%27_Project_Presentation.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Federal_Writers%27_Project_Presentation.jpg/220px-Federal_Writers%27_Project_Presentation.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="176" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Federal_Writers%27_Project_Presentation.jpg/330px-Federal_Writers%27_Project_Presentation.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Federal_Writers%27_Project_Presentation.jpg/440px-Federal_Writers%27_Project_Presentation.jpg 2x" data-file-width="960" data-file-height="768" /></a><figcaption>Federal Writers Project</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Great_Depression_and_the_Federal_Writers'_Project"><span id="Great_Depression_and_the_Federal_Writers.27_Project"></span>Great Depression and the Federal Writers' Project</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Folklore_studies&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Great Depression and the Federal Writers' Project"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Then came the 1930s and the worldwide <a href="/wiki/Great_Depression" title="Great Depression">Great Depression</a>. In the United States the <a href="/wiki/Federal_Writers%27_Project" title="Federal Writers' Project">Federal Writers' Project</a> was established as part of the <a href="/wiki/Works_Progress_Administration" title="Works Progress Administration">WPA</a>. Its goal was to offer paid employment to thousands of unemployed writers by engaging them in various cultural projects around the country. These white collar workers were sent out as field workers to collect the oral folklore of their regions, including stories, songs, idioms and dialects. The most famous of these collections is the <a href="/wiki/Slave_Narrative_Collection" title="Slave Narrative Collection">Slave Narrative Collection</a>. The folklore collected under the auspices of the Federal Writers Project during these years continues to offer a goldmine of primary source materials for folklorists and other cultural historians.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESimsStephens200510,_25_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESimsStephens200510,_25-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As chairman of the Federal Writers' Project between 1938 and 1942, <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_A._Botkin" title="Benjamin A. Botkin">Benjamin A. Botkin</a> supervised the work of these folklore field workers. Both Botkin and <a href="/wiki/John_Lomax" title="John Lomax">John Lomax</a> were particularly influential during this time in expanding folklore collection techniques to include more detailing of the interview context.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESimsStephens200525_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESimsStephens200525-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This was a significant move away from viewing the collected artifacts as isolated fragments, broken remnants of an incomplete pre-historic whole. Using these new interviewing techniques, the collected lore became embedded in and imbued with meaning within the framework of its contemporary practice. The emphasis moved from the lore to the folk, i.e. the groups and the people who gave this lore meaning within contemporary daily living. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="German_folklore_in_the_Third_Reich">German folklore in the Third Reich</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Folklore_studies&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: German folklore in the Third Reich"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In Europe during these same decades, folklore studies were drifting in a different direction. Throughout the 19th century folklore had been tied to romantic ideals of the soul of the people, in which folk tales and folksongs recounted the lives and exploits of ethnic folk heroes. Folklore chronicled the mythical origins of different peoples across Europe and established the beginnings of <a href="/wiki/Nationalism" title="Nationalism">national pride</a>. By the first decade of the 20th century there were scholarly societies as well as individual folklore positions within universities, academies, and museums. However, the study of German <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Volkskunde</i></span> had yet to be defined as an academic discipline.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Greater_Germanic_Reich.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Greater_Germanic_Reich.png/220px-Greater_Germanic_Reich.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="182" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Greater_Germanic_Reich.png/330px-Greater_Germanic_Reich.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Greater_Germanic_Reich.png/440px-Greater_Germanic_Reich.png 2x" data-file-width="950" data-file-height="785" /></a><figcaption>Greater Germanic Reich</figcaption></figure> <p>In the 1920s this originally apolitical movement<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> was coopted by nationalism in several European countries, including Germany,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDorson197215_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDorson197215-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBendix1998240_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBendix1998240-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> where it was absorbed into emerging <a href="/wiki/Nazi" class="mw-redirect" title="Nazi">Nazi</a> ideology. The vocabulary of German <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Volkskunde</i></span> such as <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Volk</i></span> (folk), <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Rasse</i></span> (race), <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Stamm</i></span> (tribe), and <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Erbe</i></span> (heritage) were frequently referenced by the Nazi Party. Their expressed goal was to re-establish what they perceived as the former purity of the Germanic peoples of Europe. The German anti-Nazi philosopher <a href="/wiki/Ernst_Bloch" title="Ernst Bloch">Ernst Bloch</a> was one of the main analysts and critics of this ideology.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> "Nazi ideology presented racial purity as the means to heal the wounds of the suffering German state following World War I. Hitler painted the ethnic heterogeneity of Germany as a major reason for the country's economic and political weakness, and he promised to restore a German realm based on a cleansed, and hence strong, German people. Racial or ethnic purity" was the goal of the Nazis, intent on forging a <a href="/wiki/Greater_Germanic_Reich" title="Greater Germanic Reich">Greater Germanic Reich</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBendix1997163_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBendix1997163-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the postwar years, departments of folklore were established in multiple German universities. However an analysis of just how folklore studies supported the policies of the Third Reich did not begin until 20 years after World War II in West Germany.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELixfeldDow1994_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELixfeldDow1994-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Particularly in the works of Hermann Bausinger and Wolfgang Emmerich in the 1960s, it was pointed out that the vocabulary current in <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Volkskunde</i></span> was ideally suited for the kind of ideology that the National Socialists had built up.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELixfeldDow199411_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELixfeldDow199411-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was then another 20 years before convening the 1986 Munich conference on folklore and National Socialism. This continues to be a difficult and painful discussion within the German folklore community.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELixfeldDow1994_53-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELixfeldDow1994-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="After_World_War_II">After World War II</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Folklore_studies&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: After World War II"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Following World War II, the discussion continued about whether to align folklore studies with literature or ethnology. Within this discussion, many voices were actively trying to identify the optimal approach to take in the analysis of folklore artifacts. One major change had already been initiated by Franz Boas. Culture was no longer viewed in evolutionary terms; each culture has its own integrity and completeness, and was not progressing either toward wholeness or toward fragmentation. Individual artifacts must have meaning within the culture and for individuals themselves in order to assume <a href="/wiki/Cultural_relativism" title="Cultural relativism">cultural relevance</a> and assure continued transmission. Because the European folklore movement had been primarily oriented toward oral traditions, a new term, <i><a href="/wiki/Folklife" class="mw-redirect" title="Folklife">folklife</a></i>, was introduced to represent the full range of traditional culture. This included <a href="/wiki/Music" title="Music">music</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dance" title="Dance">dance</a>, <a href="/wiki/Storytelling" title="Storytelling">storytelling</a>, <a href="/wiki/Crafts" class="mw-redirect" title="Crafts">crafts</a>, <a href="/wiki/Costume" title="Costume">costume</a>, <a href="/wiki/Foodways" title="Foodways">foodways</a> and more. </p><p>In this period, folklore came to refer to the event of doing something within a given context, for a specific audience, using artifacts as necessary props in the communication of traditions between individuals and within groups.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaumanParedes1972xv_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaumanParedes1972xv-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Beginning in the 1970s, these new areas of folklore studies became articulated in <a href="/wiki/Performance_studies" title="Performance studies">performance studies</a>, where traditional behaviors are evaluated and understood within the context of their performance. It is the meaning within the social group that becomes the focus for these folklorists, foremost among them <a href="/wiki/Richard_Bauman" title="Richard Bauman">Richard Baumann</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBauman1975_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBauman1975-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Barbara_Kirshenblatt-Gimblett" title="Barbara Kirshenblatt-Gimblett">Barbara Kirshenblatt-Gimblett</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKirshenblatt-Gimblett1999_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKirshenblatt-Gimblett1999-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Enclosing any performance is a framework which signals that the following is something outside of ordinary communication. For example, <a href="/wiki/Joke#Telling_jokes" title="Joke">"So, have you heard the one…"</a> automatically flags the following as a joke. A performance can take place either within a cultural group, re-iterating and re-enforcing the customs and beliefs of the group. Or it can be performance for an outside group, in which the first goal is to set the performers apart from the audience.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBauman197145_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBauman197145-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>This analysis then goes beyond the artifact itself, be it dance, music or story-telling. It goes beyond the performers and their message. As part of performance studies, the audience becomes part of the performance. If any folklore performance strays too far from audience expectations, it will likely be brought back by means of a negative feedback loop at the next iteration.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDorst2016139_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDorst2016139-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Both performer and audience are acting within the "Twin Laws" of <a href="/wiki/Folk_process" title="Folk process">folklore transmission</a>, in which novelty and innovation is balanced by the conservative forces of the familiar.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEToelken199639–40_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEToelken199639–40-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Even further, the presence of a <a href="/wiki/Participant_observation#Impact_of_researcher_involvement" title="Participant observation">folklore observer</a> at a performance of any kind will influence the performance itself in subtle and not-so-subtle ways. Because folklore is firstly an act of communication between parties, it is incomplete without inclusion of the reception in its analysis. The understanding of folklore performance as communication leads directly into <a href="/wiki/Linguistics#Anthropology" title="Linguistics">modern linguistic theory</a> and <a href="/wiki/Communication_studies" title="Communication studies">communication studies</a>. Words both reflect and shape our worldview. Oral traditions, particularly in their stability over generations and even centuries, provide significant insight into the ways in which insiders of a culture see, understand, and express their responses to the world around them.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEToelken1996226_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEToelken1996226-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:2015_Smithsonian_folklife_festival_DC_-_Cusco_Weavers_-_10.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/2015_Smithsonian_folklife_festival_DC_-_Cusco_Weavers_-_10.jpg/170px-2015_Smithsonian_folklife_festival_DC_-_Cusco_Weavers_-_10.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="215" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/2015_Smithsonian_folklife_festival_DC_-_Cusco_Weavers_-_10.jpg/255px-2015_Smithsonian_folklife_festival_DC_-_Cusco_Weavers_-_10.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/2015_Smithsonian_folklife_festival_DC_-_Cusco_Weavers_-_10.jpg/340px-2015_Smithsonian_folklife_festival_DC_-_Cusco_Weavers_-_10.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2848" data-file-height="3610" /></a><figcaption>2015 Smithsonian Folklife Festival</figcaption></figure> <p>Three major approaches to folklore interpretation were developed during the second half of the 20th century. <a href="/wiki/Structuralism#Structuralism_in_anthropology" title="Structuralism">Structuralism</a> in folklore studies attempts to define the structures underlying oral and customary folklore.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Once classified, it was easy for structural folklorists to lose sight of the overarching issue: what are the characteristics which keep a form constant and relevant over multiple generations? <a href="/wiki/Structural_functionalism" title="Structural functionalism">Functionalism</a> in folklore studies also came to the fore following World War II; as spokesman, <a href="/wiki/William_Bascom" title="William Bascom">William Bascom</a> formulated the <a href="/wiki/William_Bascom#Four_functions_of_folklore" title="William Bascom">4 functions of folklore</a>. This approach takes a more top-down approach to understand how a specific form fits into and expresses meaning within the culture as a whole.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A third method of folklore analysis, popular in the late 20th century, is the <a href="/wiki/Psychoanalytic_theory" title="Psychoanalytic theory">Psychoanalytic</a> Interpretation,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESimsStephens2005187ff._65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESimsStephens2005187ff.-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> championed by <a href="/wiki/Alan_Dundes" title="Alan Dundes">Alan Dundes</a>. His monographs, including a study of homoerotic subtext in American football<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDundes1978b_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDundes1978b-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and anal-erotic elements in German folklore,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDundes1984_67-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDundes1984-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> were not always appreciated and involved Dundes in several major folklore studies <a href="/wiki/Alan_Dundes#Controversy" title="Alan Dundes">controversies</a> during his career. True to each of these approaches, and any others one might want to employ (political, women's issues, material culture, urban contexts, non-verbal text, ad infinitum), whichever perspective is chosen will spotlight some features and leave other characteristics in the shadows. </p><p>With the passage in 1976 of the American Folklife Preservation Act, folklore studies in the United States came of age. This legislation follows in the footsteps of other legislation designed to safeguard more tangible aspects of our <a href="/wiki/Cultural_Heritage" class="mw-redirect" title="Cultural Heritage">national heritage</a> worthy of protection. This law also marks a shift in our national awareness; it gives voice to the national understanding that diversity within the country is a unifying feature, not something that separates us.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> "We no longer view cultural difference as a problem to be solved, but as a tremendous opportunity. In the diversity of American folklife we find a marketplace teeming with the exchange of traditional forms and cultural ideas, a rich resource for Americans".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHufford1991_9-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHufford1991-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This diversity is celebrated annually at the <a href="/wiki/Smithsonian_Folklife_Festival" title="Smithsonian Folklife Festival">Smithsonian Folklife Festival</a> and many other <a href="/wiki/List_of_folk_festivals" title="List of folk festivals">folklife festivals</a> around the country. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Global_folklore_studies">Global folklore studies</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Folklore_studies&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Global folklore studies"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Folklore_studies_and_nationalism_in_Turkey">Folklore studies and nationalism in Turkey</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Folklore_studies&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Folklore studies and nationalism in Turkey"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sinasi.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Sinasi.jpg/170px-Sinasi.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Sinasi.jpg/255px-Sinasi.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/dc/Sinasi.jpg 2x" data-file-width="337" data-file-height="436" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/%C4%B0brahim_%C5%9Einasi" title="İbrahim Şinasi">Sinasi</a> </figcaption></figure> <p>Folklore interest sparked in Turkey around the second half of the nineteenth century when the need to determine a national language came about. Their writings consisted of vocabulary and grammatical rule from the Arabic and Persian language. Although the Ottoman intellectuals were not affected by the communication gap, in 1839, the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Reform_Edict_of_1856" title="Ottoman Reform Edict of 1856">Tanzimat</a> reform introduced a change to <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman</a> literature. A new generation of writers with contact to the West, especially France, noticed the importance of literature and its role in the development of institutions. Following the models set by Westerners, the new generation of writers returned to Turkey bringing the ideologies of novels, short stories, plays and journalism with them. These new forms of literature were set to enlighten the people of Turkey, influencing political and social change within the country. However, the lack of understanding for the language of their writings limited their success in enacting change. </p><p>Using the language of the "common people" to create literature, influenced the Tanzimat writers to gain interest in folklore and folk literature. In 1859, writer <a href="/wiki/%C4%B0brahim_%C5%9Einasi" title="İbrahim Şinasi">Sinasi</a>, wrote a play in simple enough language that it could be understood by the masses. He later produced a collection of four thousand proverbs. Many other poets and writers throughout the Turkish nation began to join in on the movement including <a href="/wiki/Ahmet_Mithat" title="Ahmet Mithat">Ahmet Midhat Efendi</a> who composed short stories based on the proverbs written by Sinasi. These short stories, like many folk stories today, were intended to teach moral lessons to its readers. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Folklore_studies_in_Chile">Folklore studies in Chile</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Folklore_studies&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Folklore studies in Chile"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Rodolfo_Lenz_en_1915.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Rodolfo_Lenz_en_1915.JPG/170px-Rodolfo_Lenz_en_1915.JPG" decoding="async" width="170" height="181" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Rodolfo_Lenz_en_1915.JPG/255px-Rodolfo_Lenz_en_1915.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Rodolfo_Lenz_en_1915.JPG/340px-Rodolfo_Lenz_en_1915.JPG 2x" data-file-width="531" data-file-height="565" /></a><figcaption>Chilean folklorist Rodolfo Lenz in 1915</figcaption></figure> <p>The study of folklore in Chile was developed in a systematic and pioneering way since the late 19th century. In the work of compiling the popular traditions of the Chilean people and of the original peoples, they stood out, not only in the study of national folklore, but also in Latin America.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Ramón Laval, Julio Vicuña, Rodolfo Lenz, José Toribio Medina, Tomás Guevara, Félix de Augusta, and Aukanaw, among others, generated an important documentary and critical corpus around <a href="/wiki/Oral_literature" title="Oral literature">oral literature</a>, autochthonous languages, regional dialects, and peasant and indigenous customs. They published, mainly during the first decades of the 20th century, linguistic and philological studies, dictionaries, comparative studies between the national folklores of Ibero-America, compilations of stories, poetry, and religious traditions. In 1909, at the initiative of Laval, Vicuña and Lenz, the Chilean Folklore Society was founded, the first of its kind in America. Two years later, it would merge with the recently created Chilean Society of History and Geography.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="21st_century">21st century</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Folklore_studies&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: 21st century"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>With the advent of the <a href="/wiki/Digital_age" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital age">digital age</a>, the question once again foregrounds itself concerning the relevance of <a href="/wiki/Folklore" title="Folklore">folklore</a> in this new century. Although the profession in folklore grows and the articles and books on folklore topics proliferate, the traditional role of the folklorist is indeed changing. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Globalization">Globalization</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Folklore_studies&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Globalization"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The United States is known<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Unsupported_attributions" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch"><span title="The material near this tag may use weasel words or too-vague attribution. (August 2023)">by whom?</span></a></i>]</sup> as a land of immigrants; with the exception of the first <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas" title="Indigenous peoples of the Americas">Indian nations</a>, everyone originally came from somewhere else. Americans are proud of their <a href="/wiki/Cultural_diversity" title="Cultural diversity">cultural diversity</a>. For folklorists, this country represents a trove of cultures rubbing elbows with each other, mixing and matching into exciting combinations as new generations come up. It is in the study of their folklife that we begin to understand the cultural patterns underlying the different ethnic groups. Language and customs provide a window into their view of reality. "The study of varying worldviews among ethnic and national groups in America remains one of the most important unfinished tasks for folklorists and anthropologists."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEToelken1996297_70-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEToelken1996297-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Contrary to a widespread concern, we are not seeing a loss of diversity and increasing <a href="/wiki/Cultural_homogenization" title="Cultural homogenization">cultural homogenization</a> across the land.<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In fact, critics of this theory point out that as different cultures mix, the cultural landscape becomes multifaceted with the intermingling of customs. People become aware of other cultures and pick and choose different items to adopt from each other. One noteworthy example of this is the <a href="/wiki/Hanukkah_bush" title="Hanukkah bush">Jewish Christmas Tree</a>, a point of some contention among American Jews. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Public_folklore" title="Public folklore">Public sector folklore</a> was introduced into the <a href="/wiki/American_Folklore_Society" title="American Folklore Society">American Folklore Society</a> in the early 1970s. These public folklorists work in museums and cultural agencies to identify and document the diverse folk cultures and folk artists in their region. Beyond this, they provide performance venues for the artists, with the twin objectives of entertainment and education about different ethnic groups. Given the <a href="/wiki/List_of_folk_festivals" title="List of folk festivals">number of folk festivals</a> held around the world, it becomes clear that the cultural multiplicity of a region is presented with pride and excitement. Public folklorists are increasingly being involved in economic and community development projects to elucidate and clarify differing world views of the social groups impacted by the projects.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHufford1991_9-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHufford1991-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Computerized_databases_and_big_data">Computerized databases and big data</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Folklore_studies&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Computerized databases and big data"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Once folklore artifacts have been recorded on the World Wide Web, they can be collected in large electronic databases and even moved into collections of <a href="/wiki/Big_data" title="Big data">big data</a>. This compels folklorists to find new ways to collect and <a href="/wiki/Data_curation" title="Data curation">curate</a> these data.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDundes2005401_73-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDundes2005401-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Along with these new challenges, electronic data collections provide the opportunity to ask different questions, and combine with other academic fields to explore new aspects of traditional culture.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDorst2016142_74-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDorst2016142-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Computational_humor" title="Computational humor">Computational humor</a> is just one new field that has taken up the traditional oral forms of jokes and anecdotes for study, holding its first dedicated conference in 1996. This takes us beyond gathering and categorizing large joke collections. Scholars are using computers firstly to recognize jokes in context,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESacks1974337–353_75-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESacks1974337–353-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and further to attempt to create jokes using <a href="/wiki/Artificial_intelligence" title="Artificial intelligence">artificial intelligence</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Binary_thinking_of_the_computer_age">Binary thinking of the computer age</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Folklore_studies&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Binary thinking of the computer age"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>As we move forward in the digital age, the <a href="/wiki/Binary_opposition" title="Binary opposition">binary thinking</a> of the 20th century <a href="/wiki/Structuralism" title="Structuralism">structuralists</a> remains an important tool in the folklorist's toolbox.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESimsStephens2005184–187_76-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESimsStephens2005184–187-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This does not mean that binary thinking was invented in recent times along with computers; only that we became aware of both the power and the limitations of the "either/or" construction. In folklore studies, the multiple binaries underlying much of the theoretical thinking have been identified – {dynamicism : conservatism}, {anecdote : myth}, {process : structure}, {performance : tradition}, {improvisation : repetition}, {variation : traditionalism}, {repetition : innovation};<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDorst2016133_77-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDorst2016133-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> not to overlook the original binary of the first folklorists: {traditional : modern} or {old : new}. Bauman re-iterates this thought pattern in claiming that at the core of all folklore is the dynamic tension between tradition and variation (or creativity).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBauman200831–32_78-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBauman200831–32-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Noyes<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENoyes2003_79-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENoyes2003-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> uses similar vocabulary to define [folk] group as "the ongoing play and tension between, on the one hand, the fluid networks of relationship we constantly both produce and negotiate in everyday life and, on the other, the imagined communities we also create and enact but that serve as forces of stabilizing allegiance."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDorst2016134_80-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDorst2016134-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>This thinking only becomes problematic in light of the theoretical work done on <a href="/wiki/Binary_opposition" title="Binary opposition">binary opposition</a>, which exposes the values intrinsic to any binary pair. Typically, one of the two opposites assumes a role of dominance over the other. The categorization of binary oppositions is "often value-laden and ethnocentric", imbuing them with illusory order and superficial meaning.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGoody197736_81-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoody197736-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Linear_and_non-linear_concepts_of_time">Linear and non-linear concepts of time</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Folklore_studies&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Linear and non-linear concepts of time"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Another baseline of western thought has also been thrown into disarray in the recent past. In western culture, we live in a time of <a href="/wiki/Progress_(history)" class="mw-redirect" title="Progress (history)">progress</a>, moving forward from one moment to the next. The goal is to become better and better, culminating in perfection. In this model time is linear, with direct causality in the progression. "You reap what you sow", "A stitch in time saves nine", "Alpha and omega", the Christian concept of an <a href="/wiki/Afterlife" title="Afterlife">afterlife</a> all exemplify a cultural understanding of time as linear and progressive. In folklore studies, going backwards in time was also a valid avenue of exploration. The goal of the early folklorists of the <a href="/wiki/Folkloristics#Aarne–Thompson_and_the_historic–geographic_method" class="mw-redirect" title="Folkloristics">historic-geographic school</a> was to reconstruct from fragments of folk tales the Urtext of the original mythic (pre-Christian) world view. When and where was an artifact documented? Those were the important questions posed by early folklorists in their collections. Armed with these data points, a grid pattern of <a href="/wiki/Spacetime" title="Spacetime">time-space</a> coordinates for artifacts could be plotted.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEToelken1996271–274_82-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEToelken1996271–274-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDorst2016128–129_83-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDorst2016128–129-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Awareness has grown that different cultures have different concepts of time (and space). In his study "The American Indian Mind in a Linear World", Donald Fixico describes an alternate concept of time. "Indian thinking" involves "'seeing' things from a perspective emphasizing that circles and cycles are central to world and that all things are related within the Universe." He then suggests that "the concept of time for Indian people has been such a continuum that time becomes less relevant and the rotation of life or seasons of the year are stressed as important."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERouse20124_84-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERouse20124-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In a more specific example, the folklorist <a href="/wiki/Barre_Toelken" title="Barre Toelken">Barre Toelken</a> describes the Navajo as living in circular times, which is echoed and re-enforced in their sense of space, the traditional circular or multi-sided <a href="/wiki/Hogan" title="Hogan">hogan</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEToelken1996275ff_86-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEToelken1996275ff-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Lacking the European mechanistic devices of marking time (clocks, watches, calendars), they depended on the cycles of nature: sunrise to sunset, winter to summer. Their stories and histories are not marked by decades and centuries, but remain close in, as they circle around the constant rhythms of the natural world. </p><p>Within the last decades our time scale has expanded from unimaginably small (<a href="/wiki/Nanoseconds" class="mw-redirect" title="Nanoseconds">nanoseconds</a>) to unimaginably large (<a href="/wiki/Deep_time" title="Deep time">deep time</a>). In comparison, our working concept of time as {past : present : future} looks almost quaint. How do we map "tradition" into this multiplicity of time scales? Folklore studies has already acknowledged this in the study of traditions which are either done in an annual cycle of circular time (ex. Christmas, May Day), or in a life cycle of linear time (ex. baptisms, weddings, funerals). This needs to be expanded to other traditions of oral lore. For folk narrative is NOT a linear chain of isolated tellings, going from one single performance on our time-space grid to the next single performance. Instead it fits better into a non-linear system, where one performer varies the story from one telling to the next, and the performer's understudy starts to tell the story, also varying each performance in response to multiple factors.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDorst2016131–132_87-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDorst2016131–132-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cybernetics">Cybernetics</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Folklore_studies&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Cybernetics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Cybernetics" title="Cybernetics">Cybernetics</a> was first developed in the 20th century; it investigates the functions and processes of systems. The goal in cybernetics is to identify and understand a system's closed signaling loop, in which an action by the system generates a change in the environment, which in turn triggers feedback to the system and initiates a new action. The field has expanded from a focus on mechanistic and biological systems to an expanded recognition that these theoretical constructs can also be applied to many cultural and societal systems, including folklore.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDorst2016_88-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDorst2016-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Once divorced from a model of tradition that works solely on a linear time scale (i.e. moving from one folklore performance to the next), we begin to ask different questions about how these folklore artifacts maintain themselves over generations and centuries. </p><p>The oral tradition of <a href="/wiki/Jokes" class="mw-redirect" title="Jokes">jokes</a> as an example is found across all cultures, and is documented as early as 1600 B.C.<sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Whereas the subject matter varies widely to reflect its cultural context, the form of the joke remains remarkably consistent. According to the theories of cybernetics and its secondary field of <a href="/wiki/Autopoiesis" title="Autopoiesis">autopoiesis</a>, this can be attributed to a closed loop auto-correction built into the system maintenance of oral folklore. Auto-correction in oral folklore was first articulated by the folklorist <a href="/wiki/Walter_Anderson_(folklorist)" title="Walter Anderson (folklorist)">Walter Anderson</a> in his monograph on the <a href="/wiki/King_John_and_the_Bishop" title="King John and the Bishop">King and the Abbot</a> published 1923.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAnderson1923_42-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnderson1923-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> To explain the stability of the narrative, Anderson posited a “double redundancy”, in which the performer has heard the story from multiple other performers, and has himself performed it multiple times. This provides a feedback loop between repetitions at both levels to retain the essential elements of the tale, while at the same time allowing for the incorporation of new elements.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDorst2016132_90-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDorst2016132-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Another characteristic of cybernetics and autopoiesis is self-generation within a system. Once again looking to jokes, we find new jokes generated in response to events on a continuing basis. The folklorist Bill Ellis accessed internet humor message boards to observe in real time the creation of <a href="/wiki/Topical_joke" class="mw-redirect" title="Topical joke">topical jokes</a> following the 9/11 terrorist attack in the United States. "Previous folklore research has been limited to collecting and documenting successful jokes, and only after they had emerged and come to folklorists' attention. Now, an Internet-enhanced collection creates a time machine, as it were, where we can observe what happens in the period before the risible moment, when attempts at humour are unsuccessful.", that is before they have successfully mapped into the traditional joke format.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEllis20022_91-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEllis20022-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Second-order_cybernetics" title="Second-order cybernetics">Second-order cybernetics</a> states that the system observer affects the systemic interplay; this interplay has long been recognized as problematic by folklorists. The act of observing and noting any folklore performance raises without exception the performance from an unconscious habitual acting within a group, to and for themselves, to a performance for an outsider. "Naturally the researcher's presence changes things, in the way that any new entrant to a social setting changes things. When people of different backgrounds, agendas, and resources interact, there are social risks, and where representation and publication are taking place, these risks are exacerbated..."<sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Scholarly_organizations_and_journals">Scholarly organizations and journals</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Folklore_studies&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Scholarly organizations and journals"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 27em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Folklore_Society" title="American Folklore Society">American Folklore Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Society_for_Ethnology_and_Folklore" title="International Society for Ethnology and Folklore">International Society for Ethnology and Folklore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Journal_of_American_Folklore" title="Journal of American Folklore">Journal of American Folklore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Journal_of_Folklore_Research" title="Journal of Folklore Research">Journal of Folklore Research</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Society_for_Folk_Life_Studies" title="The Society for Folk Life Studies">The Society for Folk Life Studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Folklore_Society" title="The Folklore Society">The Folklore Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Folklore" title="Western Folklore">Western Folklore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_Analysis" class="mw-redirect" title="Cultural Analysis">Cultural Analysis</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notable_folklorists">Notable folklorists</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Folklore_studies&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Notable folklorists"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>For a list of notable folklorists, go to <a href="/wiki/Category:Folklorists" title="Category:Folklorists">the category list</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Associated_theories_and_methods">Associated theories and methods</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Folklore_studies&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Associated theories and methods"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 27em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_Heritage" class="mw-redirect" title="Cultural Heritage">Cultural Heritage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_Determinism" class="mw-redirect" title="Environmental Determinism">Environmental Determinism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnology" title="Ethnology">Ethnology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnopoetics" title="Ethnopoetics">Ethnopoetics</a>, a method of recording text versions of oral poetry or narrative performances (i.e., verbal lore)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fine_Art" class="mw-redirect" title="Fine Art">Fine Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Functionalism_(philosophy_of_mind)" title="Functionalism (philosophy of mind)">Functionalism (philosophy of mind)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mimesis" title="Mimesis">Mimesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Motif-Index_of_Folk-Literature" title="Motif-Index of Folk-Literature">Motif-Index of Folk-Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Museum_folklore" title="Museum folklore">Museum folklore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Performance_studies" title="Performance studies">Performance Studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romantic_Nationalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Romantic Nationalism">Romantic Nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_Evolution" title="Social Evolution">Social Evolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Structuralism" title="Structuralism">Structuralism</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Folklore_studies&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Memetics" title="Memetics">Memetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnomusicology" title="Ethnomusicology">Ethnomusicology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnography" title="Ethnography">Ethnography</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Folklore_studies&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 35em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">According to Alan Dundes, this term was first introduced in an address by <a href="/wiki/Charles_Leland" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles Leland">Charles Leland</a> in 1889. He spoke in German to the Hungarian Folklore Society and referenced "Die Folkloristik".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDundes2005386_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDundes2005386-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In contemporary scholarship, the word <i>Folkloristics</i> is favored by Alan Dundes, and used in the title of his publication.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDundes1978a_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDundes1978a-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The term <i>Folklore Studies</i> is defined and used by <a href="/wiki/Simon_Bronner" class="mw-redirect" title="Simon Bronner">Simon Bronner</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBronner1986xi_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBronner1986xi-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">In a more dramatic and less technical approach, Henry Glassie describes the tools of the folklore trade: "[Folklorists were the] hunters and gatherers of academe…still rooting about in reality, hunting down and gathering up facts that we brought back alive. In those days [the 1960s] … we were delighted to be allowed to enter the university, set up camp, and practice our humble, archaic trade. They had let us in and we honored the established disciplines around us by stealing all we could. While the more advanced people around us slept, we slid in the shadows past their fires, rifled their baggage, stole their books, learned their language, and came to be able to ape their culture in a way that we at least found convincing. In our excitement we did not stop to ponder whether their theories sorted well with our traditional preoccupations. We learned the schemes of those we perceived to be higher in the academic hierarchy than ourselves, then applied those schemes to our own topics. We felt mature.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGlassie1983128_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGlassie1983128-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Charles_Darwin" title="Charles Darwin">Charles Darwin</a> published <i><a href="/wiki/On_the_Origin_of_Species" title="On the Origin of Species">On the Origin of Species</a></i> in 1859.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Anderson is best known for his monograph <i><a href="/wiki/King_John_and_the_Bishop" title="King John and the Bishop">Kaiser und Abt</a></i> (Folklore Fellows' Communications 42, Helsinki 1923) on folktales of type AT 922.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAnderson1923_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnderson1923-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">In his study <i>Erbschaft dieser Zeit</i> (1935) (translation <i>Heritage of Our Times</i>, Polity, 1991) Ernst Bloch examined how the mythological way of scholarly thought of the 19th century was revived by the National Socialists.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">In his chapter "Folklore and Cultural Worldview", Toelken provides an illuminating comparison of the worldview of European Americans with Navajos. In the use of language, the two cultural groups express widely differing understandings of their spatial and temporal place in the universe.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">For example, a <a href="/wiki/Joke" title="Joke">joke</a> uses words within a specific and well-defined narrative structure to make people laugh. A <a href="/wiki/Fable" title="Fable">fable</a> uses anthropomorphized animals and natural features to illustrate a moral lesson, frequently concluding with a moral. These are just a few of the many formulaic structures used in oral traditions.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">An example of this are the <a href="/wiki/Joke#Joke_cycles" title="Joke">joke cycles</a> that spontaneously appear in response to a national or world tragedy or disaster.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See also <a href="#CITEREFDundes2005">Dundes (2005)</a>, p. 387. [Folklore studies is] "a discipline which has been ahead of its time in recognizing the importance of folklore in promoting ethnic pride and in providing invaluable data for the discovery of native cognitive categories and patterns of worldview and values."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The newness of this discussion can be seen in the references for <a href="/wiki/Cultural_homogenization" title="Cultural homogenization">Cultural homogenization</a>; all sources listed have been published in 21st century.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">This blanket interpretation has been questioned by some as too simplistic in its sweeping application to all Native American tribes. See <a href="#CITEREFRouse2012">Rouse (2012)</a>, p. 14ff.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The earliest recorded joke is on an Egyptian papyrus dated at 1600 B.C. See <a href="/wiki/Joke#History_in_print" title="Joke">Joke#History in print</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">For a further discussion of this, see also <a href="#CITEREFSchmidt-Lauber2012">Schmidt-Lauber (2012)</a>, p. 362ff.</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Citations">Citations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Folklore_studies&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Citations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 20em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWiddowson2016-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWiddowson2016_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWiddowson2016">Widdowson 2016</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDundes2005386-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDundes2005386_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDundes2005">Dundes 2005</a>, p. 386.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDundes1978a-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDundes1978a_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDundes1978a">Dundes 1978a</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBronner1986xi-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBronner1986xi_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBronner1986">Bronner 1986</a>, p. xi.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrunvand1996286-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrunvand1996286_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBrunvand1996">Brunvand 1996</a>, p. 286.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://portal.unesco.org/en/ev.php-URL_ID=13141&URL_DO=DO_TOPIC&URL_SECTION=201.html">"UNESCO Recommendation 1989"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=UNESCO+Recommendation+1989&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fportal.unesco.org%2Fen%2Fev.php-URL_ID%3D13141%26URL_DO%3DDO_TOPIC%26URL_SECTION%3D201.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFolklore+studies" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loc.gov/folklife/public_law.html">"Public Law 94-201 (The Creation of the American Folklife Center, Library of Congress)"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Library_of_Congress" title="Library of Congress">Library of Congress</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Library+of+Congress&rft.atitle=Public+Law+94-201+%28The+Creation+of+the+American+Folklife+Center%2C+Library+of+Congress%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.loc.gov%2Ffolklife%2Fpublic_law.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFolklore+studies" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHufford1991-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHufford1991_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHufford1991_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHufford1991_9-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHufford1991_9-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHufford1991_9-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHufford1991">Hufford 1991</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDundes196913footnote_34-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDundes196913footnote_34_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDundes1969">Dundes 1969</a>, p. 13, footnote 34.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilson200685-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilson200685_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWilson2006">Wilson 2006</a>, p. 85.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDundes2007273-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDundes2007273_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDundes2007">Dundes 2007</a>, p. 273.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDundes1972-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDundes1972_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDundes1972">Dundes 1972</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESimsStephens20057-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESimsStephens20057_14-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESimsStephens20057_14-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSimsStephens2005">Sims & Stephens 2005</a>, p. 7.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEZumwaltDundes1988-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZumwaltDundes1988_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFZumwaltDundes1988">Zumwalt & Dundes 1988</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELevyMurphy199143-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELevyMurphy199143_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLevyMurphy1991">Levy & Murphy 1991</a>, p. 43.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEŠmidchens199952-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEŠmidchens199952_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFŠmidchens1999">Šmidchens 1999</a>, p. 52.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDorson1976-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDorson1976_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDorson1976">Dorson 1976</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilson200681–106-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilson200681–106_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWilson2006">Wilson 2006</a>, pp. 81–106.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDorson19726-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDorson19726_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDorson1972">Dorson 1972</a>, p. 6.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGlassie1983128-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGlassie1983128_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGlassie1983">Glassie 1983</a>, p. 128.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaumanParedes1972xx-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaumanParedes1972xx_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBaumanParedes1972">Bauman & Paredes 1972</a>, p. xx.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGeorgesJones199535-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGeorgesJones199535_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGeorgesJones1995">Georges & Jones 1995</a>, p. 35.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESimsStephens200523-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESimsStephens200523_25-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESimsStephens200523_25-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSimsStephens2005">Sims & Stephens 2005</a>, p. 23.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESimsStephens200522–23-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESimsStephens200522–23_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSimsStephens2005">Sims & Stephens 2005</a>, pp. 22–23.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWatson1850–1860[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_November_2021]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i>[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(November_2021)">page&nbsp;needed</span>]]</i>&#93;</sup>-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWatson1850–1860[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_November_2021]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i>[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(November_2021)">page&nbsp;needed</span>]]</i>&#93;</sup>_27-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWatson1850–1860">Watson 1850–1860</a>, p. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (November 2021)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESimsStephens200523–24-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESimsStephens200523–24_28-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSimsStephens2005">Sims & Stephens 2005</a>, pp. 23–24.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGeorgesJones199540-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGeorgesJones199540_29-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGeorgesJones1995">Georges & Jones 1995</a>, p. 40.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJosephson-Storm2017129-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJosephson-Storm2017129_30-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJosephson-Storm2017">Josephson-Storm 2017</a>, p. 129.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBronner198617-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBronner198617_31-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBronner1986">Bronner 1986</a>, p. 17.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGeorgesJones199532-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGeorgesJones199532_32-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGeorgesJones1995">Georges & Jones 1995</a>, p. 32.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBronner198611-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBronner198611_34-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBronner1986">Bronner 1986</a>, p. 11.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDundes2005402-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDundes2005402_35-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDundes2005">Dundes 2005</a>, p. 402.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBronner19865-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBronner19865_36-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBronner1986">Bronner 1986</a>, p. 5.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBronner198621–22-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBronner198621–22_37-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBronner1986">Bronner 1986</a>, pp. 21–22.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorgan1988156-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMorgan1988156_38-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMorgan1988">Morgan 1988</a>, p. 156.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGeorgesJones199554-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGeorgesJones199554_39-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGeorgesJones1995">Georges & Jones 1995</a>, p. 54.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWolf-Knuts1999-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWolf-Knuts1999_40-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWolf-Knuts1999">Wolf-Knuts 1999</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDorst2016131-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDorst2016131_41-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDorst2016">Dorst 2016</a>, p. 131.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnderson1923-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAnderson1923_42-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAnderson1923_42-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAnderson1923">Anderson 1923</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJosephson-Storm2017128-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJosephson-Storm2017128_44-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJosephson-Storm2017">Josephson-Storm 2017</a>, p. 128.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJosephson-Storm2017128–130-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJosephson-Storm2017128–130_45-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJosephson-Storm2017">Josephson-Storm 2017</a>, pp. 128–130.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEZumwaltDundes198816–20-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZumwaltDundes198816–20_46-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFZumwaltDundes1988">Zumwalt & Dundes 1988</a>, pp. 16–20.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESimsStephens200510,_25-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESimsStephens200510,_25_47-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSimsStephens2005">Sims & Stephens 2005</a>, pp. 10, 25.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESimsStephens200525-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESimsStephens200525_48-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSimsStephens2005">Sims & Stephens 2005</a>, p. 25.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDorson197215-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDorson197215_49-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDorson1972">Dorson 1972</a>, p. 15.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBendix1998240-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBendix1998240_50-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBendix1998">Bendix 1998</a>, p. 240.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBendix1997163-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBendix1997163_52-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBendix1997">Bendix 1997</a>, p. 163.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELixfeldDow1994-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELixfeldDow1994_53-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELixfeldDow1994_53-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLixfeldDow1994">Lixfeld & Dow 1994</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELixfeldDow199411-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELixfeldDow199411_54-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLixfeldDow1994">Lixfeld & Dow 1994</a>, p. 11.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaumanParedes1972xv-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaumanParedes1972xv_55-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBaumanParedes1972">Bauman & Paredes 1972</a>, p. xv.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBauman1975-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBauman1975_56-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBauman1975">Bauman 1975</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKirshenblatt-Gimblett1999-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKirshenblatt-Gimblett1999_57-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKirshenblatt-Gimblett1999">Kirshenblatt-Gimblett 1999</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBauman197145-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBauman197145_58-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBauman1971">Bauman 1971</a>, p. 45.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDorst2016139-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDorst2016139_59-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDorst2016">Dorst 2016</a>, p. 139.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEToelken199639–40-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEToelken199639–40_60-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFToelken1996">Toelken 1996</a>, pp. 39–40.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEToelken1996226-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEToelken1996226_61-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFToelken1996">Toelken 1996</a>, p. 226.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESimsStephens2005187ff.-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESimsStephens2005187ff._65-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSimsStephens2005">Sims & Stephens 2005</a>, p. 187ff..</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDundes1978b-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDundes1978b_66-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDundes1978b">Dundes 1978b</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDundes1984-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDundes1984_67-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDundes1984">Dundes 1984</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200609072619/https://folkways.si.edu/mission-and-history">"Mission and History"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Smithsonian" class="mw-redirect" title="Smithsonian">Smithsonian</a></i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://folkways.si.edu/mission-history/smithsonian">the original</a> on 9 June 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Smithsonian&rft.atitle=Mission+and+History&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffolkways.si.edu%2Fmission-history%2Fsmithsonian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFolklore+studies" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.memoriachilena.cl/602/w3-article-97495.html">"Sociedad Chilena de Historia y Geografía"</a>. <i>Memoria Chilena</i> (in Spanish).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Memoria+Chilena&rft.atitle=Sociedad+Chilena+de+Historia+y+Geograf%C3%ADa&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.memoriachilena.cl%2F602%2Fw3-article-97495.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFolklore+studies" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEToelken1996297-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEToelken1996297_70-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFToelken1996">Toelken 1996</a>, p. 297.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDundes2005401-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDundes2005401_73-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDundes2005">Dundes 2005</a>, p. 401.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDorst2016142-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDorst2016142_74-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDorst2016">Dorst 2016</a>, p. 142.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESacks1974337–353-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESacks1974337–353_75-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSacks1974">Sacks 1974</a>, pp. 337–353.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESimsStephens2005184–187-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESimsStephens2005184–187_76-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSimsStephens2005">Sims & Stephens 2005</a>, pp. 184–187.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDorst2016133-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDorst2016133_77-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDorst2016">Dorst 2016</a>, p. 133.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBauman200831–32-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBauman200831–32_78-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBauman2008">Bauman 2008</a>, pp. 31–32.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENoyes2003-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENoyes2003_79-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNoyes2003">Noyes 2003</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDorst2016134-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDorst2016134_80-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDorst2016">Dorst 2016</a>, p. 134.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoody197736-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGoody197736_81-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGoody1977">Goody 1977</a>, p. 36.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEToelken1996271–274-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEToelken1996271–274_82-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFToelken1996">Toelken 1996</a>, pp. 271–274.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDorst2016128–129-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDorst2016128–129_83-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDorst2016">Dorst 2016</a>, pp. 128–129.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERouse20124-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERouse20124_84-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRouse2012">Rouse 2012</a>, p. 4.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEToelken1996275ff-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEToelken1996275ff_86-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFToelken1996">Toelken 1996</a>, pp. 275ff.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDorst2016131–132-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDorst2016131–132_87-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDorst2016">Dorst 2016</a>, pp. 131–132.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDorst2016-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDorst2016_88-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDorst2016">Dorst 2016</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDorst2016132-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDorst2016132_90-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDorst2016">Dorst 2016</a>, p. 132.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEllis20022-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEllis20022_91-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEllis2002">Ellis 2002</a>, p. 2.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.afsnet.org/default.asp?page=HumanSubjects">"AFS Position Statement on Research with Human Subjects"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/American_Folklore_Society" title="American Folklore Society">American Folklore Society</a></i>. 8 February 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=American+Folklore+Society&rft.atitle=AFS+Position+Statement+on+Research+with+Human+Subjects&rft.date=2021-02-08&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.afsnet.org%2Fdefault.asp%3Fpage%3DHumanSubjects&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFolklore+studies" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Folklore_studies&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 35em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAnderson1923" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Walter_Anderson_(folklorist)" title="Walter Anderson (folklorist)">Anderson, Walter</a> (1923). Anderson, Walter; <a href="/wiki/Johannes_Bolte" title="Johannes Bolte">Bolte, Johannes</a>; <a href="/wiki/Kaarle_Krohn" title="Kaarle Krohn">Krohn, Kaarle</a>; <a href="/wiki/Knut_Liest%C3%B8l" title="Knut Liestøl">Liestøl, Knut</a> & <a href="/wiki/Carl_Wilhelm_von_Sydow" title="Carl Wilhelm von Sydow">von Sydow, C. W.</a> (eds.). <i>Kaiser und Abt: die Geschichte eines Schwanks</i> [<i>Emperor and Abbot. The story of a farce</i>]. Folklore Fellows’ Communications (in German). Vol. 42. Helsinki: <a href="/wiki/Finnish_Academy_of_Science_and_Letters" title="Finnish Academy of Science and Letters">Finnish Academy of Science and Letters</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/10062%2F89331">10062/89331</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9916-21-798-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-9916-21-798-6"><bdi>978-9916-21-798-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Kaiser+und+Abt%3A+die+Geschichte+eines+Schwanks&rft.place=Helsinki&rft.series=Folklore+Fellows%E2%80%99+Communications&rft.pub=Finnish+Academy+of+Science+and+Letters&rft.date=1923&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F10062%2F89331&rft.isbn=978-9916-21-798-6&rft.aulast=Anderson&rft.aufirst=Walter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFolklore+studies" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAttardo2008" class="citation book cs1">Attardo, Salvatore (2008). "A primer for the Linguistics of Humor". In Raskin, Victor (ed.). <span class="id-lock-limited" title="Free access subject to limited trial, subscription normally required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/primerhumorresea00rask"><i>Primer of Humor Research: Humor Research 8</i></a></span>. Berlin, New York: <a href="/wiki/Mouton_de_Gruyter" class="mw-redirect" title="Mouton de Gruyter">Mouton de Gruyter</a>. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/primerhumorresea00rask/page/n107">101</a>–156.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=A+primer+for+the+Linguistics+of+Humor&rft.btitle=Primer+of+Humor+Research%3A+Humor+Research+8&rft.place=Berlin%2C+New+York&rft.pages=101-156&rft.pub=Mouton+de+Gruyter&rft.date=2008&rft.aulast=Attardo&rft.aufirst=Salvatore&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fprimerhumorresea00rask&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFolklore+studies" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBauman1971" class="citation journal cs1">Bauman, Richard (1971). "Differential Identity and the Social Base of Folklore". <i><a href="/wiki/The_Journal_of_American_Folklore" class="mw-redirect" title="The Journal of American Folklore">The Journal of American Folklore</a></i>. <b>84</b> (331): 31–41. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F539731">10.2307/539731</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/539731">539731</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+American+Folklore&rft.atitle=Differential+Identity+and+the+Social+Base+of+Folklore&rft.volume=84&rft.issue=331&rft.pages=31-41&rft.date=1971&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F539731&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F539731%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Bauman&rft.aufirst=Richard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFolklore+studies" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBauman2008" class="citation journal cs1">Bauman, Richard (2008). "The Philology of the Vernacular". <i><a href="/wiki/Journal_of_Folklore_Research" title="Journal of Folklore Research">Journal of Folklore Research</a></i>. <b>45</b> (1): 29–36. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2979%2FJFR.2008.45.1.29">10.2979/JFR.2008.45.1.29</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/40206961">40206961</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:144402948">144402948</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Folklore+Research&rft.atitle=The+Philology+of+the+Vernacular&rft.volume=45&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=29-36&rft.date=2008&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A144402948%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F40206961%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2979%2FJFR.2008.45.1.29&rft.aulast=Bauman&rft.aufirst=Richard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFolklore+studies" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBaumanParedes1972" class="citation book cs1">Bauman, Richard; Paredes, Americo, eds. (1972). <i>Toward New Perspectives in Folklore</i>. Bloomington, IN: Trickster Press. p. xv.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Toward+New+Perspectives+in+Folklore&rft.place=Bloomington%2C+IN&rft.pages=xv&rft.pub=Trickster+Press&rft.date=1972&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFolklore+studies" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBauman1975" class="citation journal cs1">Bauman, Richard (1975). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1525%2Faa.1975.77.2.02a00030">"Verbal Art as Performance"</a>. <i>American Anthropologist</i>. New Series. <b>77</b> (2): 290–311. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1525%2Faa.1975.77.2.02a00030">10.1525/aa.1975.77.2.02a00030</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/674535">674535</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Anthropologist&rft.atitle=Verbal+Art+as+Performance&rft.volume=77&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=290-311&rft.date=1975&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1525%2Faa.1975.77.2.02a00030&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F674535%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Bauman&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1525%252Faa.1975.77.2.02a00030&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFolklore+studies" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBen-Amos1985" class="citation journal cs1">Ben-Amos, Dan (1985). "On the Final [s] in 'Folkloristics'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>". <i>The Journal of American Folklore</i>. <b>98</b> (389): 334–336. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F539940">10.2307/539940</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/539940">539940</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+American+Folklore&rft.atitle=On+the+Final+%5Bs%5D+in+%27Folkloristics%27&rft.volume=98&rft.issue=389&rft.pages=334-336&rft.date=1985&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F539940&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F539940%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Ben-Amos&rft.aufirst=Dan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFolklore+studies" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBendix1998" class="citation journal cs1">Bendix, Regina (1998). "Of Names, Professional Identities, and Disciplinary Futures". <i>The Journal of American Folklore</i>. <b>111</b> (441): 235–246. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F541309">10.2307/541309</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/541309">541309</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+American+Folklore&rft.atitle=Of+Names%2C+Professional+Identities%2C+and+Disciplinary+Futures&rft.volume=111&rft.issue=441&rft.pages=235-246&rft.date=1998&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F541309&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F541309%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Bendix&rft.aufirst=Regina&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFolklore+studies" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBendix1997" class="citation book cs1">Bendix, Regina (1997). <i>In Search of Authenticity: The Formation of Folklore Studies</i>. Madison: <a href="/wiki/University_of_Wisconsin_Press" title="University of Wisconsin Press">University of Wisconsin Press</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=In+Search+of+Authenticity%3A+The+Formation+of+Folklore+Studies&rft.place=Madison&rft.pub=University+of+Wisconsin+Press&rft.date=1997&rft.aulast=Bendix&rft.aufirst=Regina&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFolklore+studies" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBlank2009" class="citation book cs1">Blank, Trevor J., ed. (2009). <i>Folklore and the Internet</i>. Logan, UT: <a href="/wiki/Utah_State_University_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="Utah State University Press">Utah State University Press</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Folklore+and+the+Internet&rft.place=Logan%2C+UT&rft.pub=Utah+State+University+Press&rft.date=2009&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFolklore+studies" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBronner1986" class="citation book cs1">Bronner, Simon J. (1986). <i>American Folklore Studies: An Intellectual History</i>. Lawrence, KS: <a href="/wiki/University_Press_of_Kansas" title="University Press of Kansas">University Press of Kansas</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=American+Folklore+Studies%3A+An+Intellectual+History&rft.place=Lawrence%2C+KS&rft.pub=University+Press+of+Kansas&rft.date=1986&rft.aulast=Bronner&rft.aufirst=Simon+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFolklore+studies" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBronner1998" class="citation book cs1">Bronner, Simon J. (1998). <i>Following Tradition: Folklore in the Discourse of American Culture</i>. Logan, UT: <a href="/wiki/Utah_State_University_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="Utah State University Press">Utah State University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87421-239-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-87421-239-6"><bdi>978-0-87421-239-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Following+Tradition%3A+Folklore+in+the+Discourse+of+American+Culture&rft.place=Logan%2C+UT&rft.pub=Utah+State+University+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0-87421-239-6&rft.aulast=Bronner&rft.aufirst=Simon+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFolklore+studies" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBronner2007" class="citation book cs1">Bronner, Simon J., ed. (2007). <i>The Meaning of folklore: the Analytical Essays of Alan Dundes</i>. Logan, UT: <a href="/wiki/Utah_State_University_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="Utah State University Press">Utah State University Press</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Meaning+of+folklore%3A+the+Analytical+Essays+of+Alan+Dundes&rft.place=Logan%2C+UT&rft.pub=Utah+State+University+Press&rft.date=2007&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFolklore+studies" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrunvand1968" class="citation book cs1">Brunvand, Jan Harald (1968). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/studyofamericanf00brun"><i>The Study of American Folklore</i></a></span>. New York, London: <a href="/wiki/W._W._Norton_%26_Company" title="W. W. Norton & Company">W. W. Norton & Company</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780393098037" title="Special:BookSources/9780393098037"><bdi>9780393098037</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Study+of+American+Folklore&rft.place=New+York%2C+London&rft.pub=W.+W.+Norton+%26+Company&rft.date=1968&rft.isbn=9780393098037&rft.aulast=Brunvand&rft.aufirst=Jan+Harald&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fstudyofamericanf00brun&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFolklore+studies" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrunvand1996" class="citation book cs1">Brunvand, Jan Harald, ed. (1996). <i>American Folklore, an Encyclopedia</i>. New York, London: Garland Publishing.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=American+Folklore%2C+an+Encyclopedia&rft.place=New+York%2C+London&rft.pub=Garland+Publishing&rft.date=1996&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFolklore+studies" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDowLixfeld1994" class="citation book cs1">Dow, James; Lixfeld, Hannjost (1994). <i>The Nazification of an Academic Discipline: Folklore in the Third Reich</i>. Indiana University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0253318213" title="Special:BookSources/978-0253318213"><bdi>978-0253318213</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Nazification+of+an+Academic+Discipline%3A+Folklore+in+the+Third+Reich&rft.pub=Indiana+University+Press&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-0253318213&rft.aulast=Dow&rft.aufirst=James&rft.au=Lixfeld%2C+Hannjost&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFolklore+studies" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBurns1977" class="citation journal cs1">Burns, Thomas A. (1977). "Folkloristics: A Conception of Theory". <i>Western Folklore</i>. <b>36</b> (2): 109–134. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1498964">10.2307/1498964</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1498964">1498964</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Western+Folklore&rft.atitle=Folkloristics%3A+A+Conception+of+Theory&rft.volume=36&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=109-134&rft.date=1977&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F1498964&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1498964%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Burns&rft.aufirst=Thomas+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFolklore+studies" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDel-Rio-Roberts2010" class="citation journal cs1">Del-Rio-Roberts, Maribel (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nova.edu/ssss/QR/QR15-3/fetterman.pdf">"A Guide to Conducting Ethnographic Research: A Review of Ethnography: Step-by-Step (3rd ed.) by David M. Fetterman"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>The Qualitative Report</i>. <b>15</b> (3): 737–749.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Qualitative+Report&rft.atitle=A+Guide+to+Conducting+Ethnographic+Research%3A+A+Review+of+Ethnography%3A+Step-by-Step+%283rd+ed.%29+by+David+M.+Fetterman&rft.volume=15&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=737-749&rft.date=2010&rft.aulast=Del-Rio-Roberts&rft.aufirst=Maribel&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nova.edu%2Fssss%2FQR%2FQR15-3%2Ffetterman.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFolklore+studies" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDeloria1994" class="citation book cs1">Deloria, Vine (1994). <i>God Is Red: A Native View of Religion</i>. Golden, CO: Fulcrum Publishing.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=God+Is+Red%3A+A+Native+View+of+Religion&rft.place=Golden%2C+CO&rft.pub=Fulcrum+Publishing&rft.date=1994&rft.aulast=Deloria&rft.aufirst=Vine&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFolklore+studies" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDorson1976" class="citation book cs1">Dorson, Richard (1976). <i>Folklore and Fakelore: Essays Toward a Discipline of Folk Studies</i>. Cambridge, London: <a href="/wiki/Harvard_University_Press" title="Harvard University Press">Harvard University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780674330207" title="Special:BookSources/9780674330207"><bdi>9780674330207</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Folklore+and+Fakelore%3A+Essays+Toward+a+Discipline+of+Folk+Studies&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+London&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=1976&rft.isbn=9780674330207&rft.aulast=Dorson&rft.aufirst=Richard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFolklore+studies" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDorson1972" class="citation book cs1">Dorson, Richard M., ed. (1972). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/folklorefolklife00dors"><i>Folklore and Folklife: An Introduction</i></a></span>. Chicago, IL: <a href="/wiki/University_of_Chicago_Press" title="University of Chicago Press">University of Chicago Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780226158709" title="Special:BookSources/9780226158709"><bdi>9780226158709</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Folklore+and+Folklife%3A+An+Introduction&rft.place=Chicago%2C+IL&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=1972&rft.isbn=9780226158709&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ffolklorefolklife00dors&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFolklore+studies" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDorst2016" class="citation journal cs1">Dorst, John (2016). "Folklore's Cybernetic Imaginary, or, Unpacking the Obvious". <i><a href="/wiki/Journal_of_American_Folklore" title="Journal of American Folklore">Journal of American Folklore</a></i>. <b>129</b> (512): 127–145. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.5406%2Fjamerfolk.129.512.0127">10.5406/jamerfolk.129.512.0127</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.5406/jamerfolk.129.512.0127">10.5406/jamerfolk.129.512.0127</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:148523716">148523716</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+American+Folklore&rft.atitle=Folklore%27s+Cybernetic+Imaginary%2C+or%2C+Unpacking+the+Obvious&rft.volume=129&rft.issue=512&rft.pages=127-145&rft.date=2016&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A148523716%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F10.5406%2Fjamerfolk.129.512.0127%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.5406%2Fjamerfolk.129.512.0127&rft.aulast=Dorst&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFolklore+studies" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDorst1990" class="citation journal cs1">Dorst, John (1990). "Tags and Burners, Cycles and Networks: Folklore in the Telectronic Age". <i><a href="/wiki/Journal_of_Folklore_Research" title="Journal of Folklore Research">Journal of Folklore Research</a></i>. <b>27</b> (3): 61–108.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Folklore+Research&rft.atitle=Tags+and+Burners%2C+Cycles+and+Networks%3A+Folklore+in+the+Telectronic+Age&rft.volume=27&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=61-108&rft.date=1990&rft.aulast=Dorst&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFolklore+studies" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDundes1969" class="citation journal cs1">Dundes, Alan (1969). "The Devolutionary Premise in Folklore Theory". <i>Journal of the Folklore Institute</i>. <b>6</b> (1): 5–19. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F3814118">10.2307/3814118</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3814118">3814118</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+Folklore+Institute&rft.atitle=The+Devolutionary+Premise+in+Folklore+Theory&rft.volume=6&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=5-19&rft.date=1969&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F3814118&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3814118%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Dundes&rft.aufirst=Alan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFolklore+studies" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDundes1978a" class="citation book cs1">Dundes, Alan (1978a). <i>Essays in Folkloristics</i>. Kirpa Dai series in folklore and anthropology. Meerut: Folklore Institute. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/5089016">5089016</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Essays+in+Folkloristics&rft.place=Meerut&rft.series=Kirpa+Dai+series+in+folklore+and+anthropology&rft.pub=Folklore+Institute&rft.date=1978&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F5089016&rft.aulast=Dundes&rft.aufirst=Alan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFolklore+studies" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDundes1971" class="citation journal cs1">Dundes, Alan (1971). "Folk Ideas as Units of Worldview". <i>The Journal of American Folklore</i>. <b>84</b> (331): 93–103. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F539737">10.2307/539737</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/539737">539737</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+American+Folklore&rft.atitle=Folk+Ideas+as+Units+of+Worldview&rft.volume=84&rft.issue=331&rft.pages=93-103&rft.date=1971&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F539737&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F539737%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Dundes&rft.aufirst=Alan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFolklore+studies" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDundes2005" class="citation journal cs1">Dundes, Alan (2005). "Folkloristics in the Twenty-First Century (AFS Invited Presidential Plenary Address, 2004)". <i>Journal of American Folklore</i>. <b>118</b> (470): 385–408. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1353%2Fjaf.2005.0044">10.1353/jaf.2005.0044</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/4137664">4137664</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:161269637">161269637</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+American+Folklore&rft.atitle=Folkloristics+in+the+Twenty-First+Century+%28AFS+Invited+Presidential+Plenary+Address%2C+2004%29&rft.volume=118&rft.issue=470&rft.pages=385-408&rft.date=2005&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A161269637%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F4137664%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1353%2Fjaf.2005.0044&rft.aulast=Dundes&rft.aufirst=Alan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFolklore+studies" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDundes2007" class="citation book cs1">Dundes, Alan (2007). "Getting the Folk and the Lore Together". In Bronner, Simon (ed.). <i>Meaning of Folklore: The Analytical Essays of Alan Dundes</i>. University Press of Colorado. pp. 273–284.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Getting+the+Folk+and+the+Lore+Together&rft.btitle=Meaning+of+Folklore%3A+The+Analytical+Essays+of+Alan+Dundes&rft.pages=273-284&rft.pub=University+Press+of+Colorado&rft.date=2007&rft.aulast=Dundes&rft.aufirst=Alan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFolklore+studies" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDundes1980" class="citation book cs1">Dundes, Alan (1980). "Texture, text and context". <i>Interpreting Folklore</i>. Bloomington and Indianapolis: Indiana University Press. pp. 20–32.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Texture%2C+text+and+context&rft.btitle=Interpreting+Folklore&rft.place=Bloomington+and+Indianapolis&rft.pages=20-32&rft.pub=Indiana+University+Press&rft.date=1980&rft.aulast=Dundes&rft.aufirst=Alan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFolklore+studies" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDundes1978b" class="citation journal cs1">Dundes, Alan (1978b). "Into the Endzone for a Touchdown: A Psychoanalytic Consideration of American Football". <i>Western Folklore</i>. <b>37</b> (2): 75–88. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1499315">10.2307/1499315</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1499315">1499315</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Western+Folklore&rft.atitle=Into+the+Endzone+for+a+Touchdown%3A+A+Psychoanalytic+Consideration+of+American+Football&rft.volume=37&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=75-88&rft.date=1978&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F1499315&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1499315%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Dundes&rft.aufirst=Alan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFolklore+studies" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDundes1984" class="citation book cs1">Dundes, Alan (1984). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/lifeislikechicke00dund"><i>Life Is like a Chicken Coop Ladder. A Portrait of German Culture through Folklore</i></a></span>. New York: Columbia University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780231054942" title="Special:BookSources/9780231054942"><bdi>9780231054942</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Life+Is+like+a+Chicken+Coop+Ladder.+A+Portrait+of+German+Culture+through+Folklore&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Columbia+University+Press&rft.date=1984&rft.isbn=9780231054942&rft.aulast=Dundes&rft.aufirst=Alan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Flifeislikechicke00dund&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFolklore+studies" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDundes1972" class="citation book cs1">Dundes, Alan (1972). "Folk ideas as units of World View". In Bauman, Richard; Paredes, Americo (eds.). <i>Toward New Perspectives in Folklore</i>. Bloomington, IN: Trickster Press. pp. 120–134.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Folk+ideas+as+units+of+World+View&rft.btitle=Toward+New+Perspectives+in+Folklore&rft.place=Bloomington%2C+IN&rft.pages=120-134&rft.pub=Trickster+Press&rft.date=1972&rft.aulast=Dundes&rft.aufirst=Alan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFolklore+studies" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEllis2002" class="citation journal cs1">Ellis, Bill (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161022152425/http://unix.temple.edu/~camille/bigapple/bigapple1.html">"Making a Big Apple Crumble"</a>. <i>New Directions in Folklore</i> (6). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://unix.temple.edu/~camille/bigapple/bigapple1.html">the original</a> on 2016-10-22<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2016-11-07</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New+Directions+in+Folklore&rft.atitle=Making+a+Big+Apple+Crumble&rft.issue=6&rft.date=2002&rft.aulast=Ellis&rft.aufirst=Bill&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Funix.temple.edu%2F~camille%2Fbigapple%2Fbigapple1.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFolklore+studies" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFixico2003" class="citation book cs1">Fixico, Donald L. (2003). <i>The American Indian Mind in a Linear World</i>. New York: Routledge.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+American+Indian+Mind+in+a+Linear+World&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2003&rft.aulast=Fixico&rft.aufirst=Donald+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFolklore+studies" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFrank2009" class="citation book cs1">Frank, Russel (2009). "The Forward as Folklore: Studying E-Mailed Humor". In Blank, Trevor J. (ed.). <span class="id-lock-limited" title="Free access subject to limited trial, subscription normally required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/folkloreinternet00blan_362"><i>Folklore and the Internet</i></a></span>. Logan, UT: Utah State University Press. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/folkloreinternet00blan_362/page/n108">98</a>–122.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Forward+as+Folklore%3A+Studying+E-Mailed+Humor&rft.btitle=Folklore+and+the+Internet&rft.place=Logan%2C+UT&rft.pages=98-122&rft.pub=Utah+State+University+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.aulast=Frank&rft.aufirst=Russel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ffolkloreinternet00blan_362&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFolklore+studies" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGenzuk2003" class="citation web cs1">Genzuk, Michael (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181023021956/http://www-bcf.usc.edu/~genzuk/Ethnographic_Research.html">"A Synthesis of Ethnographic Research"</a>. Center for Multilingual, Multicultural Research. University of Southern California. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www-bcf.usc.edu/~genzuk/Ethnographic_Research.html">the original</a> on 2018-10-23<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2011-12-10</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=A+Synthesis+of+Ethnographic+Research&rft.pub=Center+for+Multilingual%2C+Multicultural+Research.+University+of+Southern+California&rft.date=2003&rft.aulast=Genzuk&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww-bcf.usc.edu%2F~genzuk%2FEthnographic_Research.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFolklore+studies" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGeorgesJones1995" class="citation book cs1">Georges, Robert A.; Jones, Michael Owen (1995). <i>Folkloristics : an Introduction</i>. Bloomington and Indianapolis: Indiana University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Folkloristics+%3A+an+Introduction&rft.place=Bloomington+and+Indianapolis&rft.pub=Indiana+University+Press&rft.date=1995&rft.aulast=Georges&rft.aufirst=Robert+A.&rft.au=Jones%2C+Michael+Owen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFolklore+studies" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGlassie1983" class="citation journal cs1">Glassie, Henry (1983). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholarworks.iu.edu/dspace/bitstream/handle/2022/1873/16(2)%20123-151.pdf?sequence=1">"The Moral Lore of Folklore"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Folklore Forum</i>. <b>16</b> (2): 123–151.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Folklore+Forum&rft.atitle=The+Moral+Lore+of+Folklore&rft.volume=16&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=123-151&rft.date=1983&rft.aulast=Glassie&rft.aufirst=Henry&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fscholarworks.iu.edu%2Fdspace%2Fbitstream%2Fhandle%2F2022%2F1873%2F16%282%29%2520123-151.pdf%3Fsequence%3D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFolklore+studies" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGoody1977" class="citation book cs1">Goody, Jack (1977). <i>The Domestication of the Savage Mind</i>. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Domestication+of+the+Savage+Mind&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1977&rft.aulast=Goody&rft.aufirst=Jack&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFolklore+studies" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHufford1991" class="citation journal cs1">Hufford, Mary (1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loc.gov/folklife/cwc/?loclr=blogsig">"American Folklife: A Commonwealth of Cultures"</a>. <i>Publication of the American Folklife Center</i>. <b>17</b>: 1–23.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Publication+of+the+American+Folklife+Center&rft.atitle=American+Folklife%3A+A+Commonwealth+of+Cultures&rft.volume=17&rft.pages=1-23&rft.date=1991&rft.aulast=Hufford&rft.aufirst=Mary&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.loc.gov%2Ffolklife%2Fcwc%2F%3Floclr%3Dblogsig&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFolklore+studies" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJosephson-Storm2017" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Jason_Josephson_Storm" title="Jason Josephson Storm">Josephson-Storm, Jason</a> (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=xZ5yDgAAQBAJ"><i>The Myth of Disenchantment: Magic, Modernity, and the Birth of the Human Sciences</i></a>. University of Chicago Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-226-40336-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-226-40336-6"><bdi>978-0-226-40336-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Myth+of+Disenchantment%3A+Magic%2C+Modernity%2C+and+the+Birth+of+the+Human+Sciences&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-0-226-40336-6&rft.aulast=Josephson-Storm&rft.aufirst=Jason&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DxZ5yDgAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFolklore+studies" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKirshenblatt-Gimblett1985" class="citation journal cs1">Kirshenblatt-Gimblett, Barbara (1985). "Di folkloristik: A Good Yiddish Word". <i>The Journal of American Folklore</i>. <b>98</b> (389): 331–334. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F539939">10.2307/539939</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/539939">539939</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+American+Folklore&rft.atitle=Di+folkloristik%3A+A+Good+Yiddish+Word&rft.volume=98&rft.issue=389&rft.pages=331-334&rft.date=1985&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F539939&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F539939%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Kirshenblatt-Gimblett&rft.aufirst=Barbara&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFolklore+studies" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKirshenblatt-Gimblett1999" class="citation journal cs1">Kirshenblatt-Gimblett, Barbara (September 1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nyu.edu/classes/bkg/issues/rock2.htm">"Performance Studies"</a>. <i>Rockefeller Foundation, Culture and Creativity</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Rockefeller+Foundation%2C+Culture+and+Creativity&rft.atitle=Performance+Studies&rft.date=1999-09&rft.aulast=Kirshenblatt-Gimblett&rft.aufirst=Barbara&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nyu.edu%2Fclasses%2Fbkg%2Fissues%2Frock2.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFolklore+studies" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLevyMurphy1991" class="citation book cs1">Levy, Bronwen Ann; Murphy, Ffion (1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=5Rhqzx0oPOgC"><i>Story/telling</i></a>. Univ. Queensland Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780702232022" title="Special:BookSources/9780702232022"><bdi>9780702232022</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Story%2Ftelling&rft.pub=Univ.+Queensland+Press&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=9780702232022&rft.aulast=Levy&rft.aufirst=Bronwen+Ann&rft.au=Murphy%2C+Ffion&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D5Rhqzx0oPOgC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFolklore+studies" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLixfeldDow1994" class="citation book cs1">Lixfeld, Hannjost; Dow, James R. (1994). <i>The Nazification of an Academic Discipline: Folklore in the Third Reich</i>. Bloomington, IN: Indiana University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-253-31821-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-253-31821-3"><bdi>978-0-253-31821-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Nazification+of+an+Academic+Discipline%3A+Folklore+in+the+Third+Reich&rft.place=Bloomington%2C+IN&rft.pub=Indiana+University+Press&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-0-253-31821-3&rft.aulast=Lixfeld&rft.aufirst=Hannjost&rft.au=Dow%2C+James+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFolklore+studies" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMason1998" class="citation book cs1">Mason, Bruce Lionel (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://journal.oraltradition.org/issues/13ii/mason">"E-Texts: The Orality and Literacy Issue Revisited"</a>. <i>Oral Traditions</i>. Vol. 13. Columbia, MO: Center for Studies in Oral Tradition.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=E-Texts%3A+The+Orality+and+Literacy+Issue+Revisited&rft.btitle=Oral+Traditions&rft.place=Columbia%2C+MO&rft.pub=Center+for+Studies+in+Oral+Tradition&rft.date=1998&rft.aulast=Mason&rft.aufirst=Bruce+Lionel&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fjournal.oraltradition.org%2Fissues%2F13ii%2Fmason&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFolklore+studies" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMitscherlichMitscherlich1987" class="citation book cs1">Mitscherlich, Alexander; Mitscherlich, Margarete (1987). <i>Die Unfaehigkeit zu trauern. Grundlagen kollektiven Verhaltens</i>. Muenchen, Zurich.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Die+Unfaehigkeit+zu+trauern.+Grundlagen+kollektiven+Verhaltens&rft.place=Muenchen%2C+Zurich&rft.date=1987&rft.aulast=Mitscherlich&rft.aufirst=Alexander&rft.au=Mitscherlich%2C+Margarete&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFolklore+studies" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMorgan1988" class="citation book cs1">Morgan, Winifred (1988). <i>An American Icon: Brother Jonathan and American Identity</i>. Newark, New Jersey: University of Delaware Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87413-307-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-87413-307-6"><bdi>0-87413-307-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+American+Icon%3A+Brother+Jonathan+and+American+Identity&rft.place=Newark%2C+New+Jersey&rft.pub=University+of+Delaware+Press&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=0-87413-307-6&rft.aulast=Morgan&rft.aufirst=Winifred&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFolklore+studies" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNoyes2003" class="citation book cs1">Noyes, Dorothy (2003). "Group". In Feintuch, Burt (ed.). <i>Eight Words for the Study of Expressive Culture</i>. University of Illinois Press. pp. 7–41. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780252071096" title="Special:BookSources/9780252071096"><bdi>9780252071096</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.5406/j.ctt2ttc8f.5">10.5406/j.ctt2ttc8f.5</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Group&rft.btitle=Eight+Words+for+the+Study+of+Expressive+Culture&rft.pages=7-41&rft.pub=University+of+Illinois+Press&rft.date=2003&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F10.5406%2Fj.ctt2ttc8f.5%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.isbn=9780252071096&rft.aulast=Noyes&rft.aufirst=Dorothy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFolklore+studies" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRaskin2008" class="citation book cs1">Raskin, Victor, ed. (2008). <i>Primer of Humor Research: Humor Research 8</i>. Berlin, New York: Mouton de Gruyter.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Primer+of+Humor+Research%3A+Humor+Research+8&rft.place=Berlin%2C+New+York&rft.pub=Mouton+de+Gruyter&rft.date=2008&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFolklore+studies" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRouse2012" class="citation journal cs1">Rouse, Anderson (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/7329888">"Re-examining American Indian Time Consciousness"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Re-examining+American+Indian+Time+Consciousness&rft.date=2012&rft.aulast=Rouse&rft.aufirst=Anderson&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F7329888&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFolklore+studies" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_journal" title="Template:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment">Cite journal requires <code class="cs1-code">|journal=</code> (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#missing_periodical" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSacks1974" class="citation book cs1">Sacks, Harvey (1974). "An Analysis of the Course of a Joke's telling in Conversation". In Bauman, Richard; Sherzer, Joel (eds.). <i>Explorations in the Ethnography of Speaking</i>. Cambridge, UK: <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. pp. 337–353.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=An+Analysis+of+the+Course+of+a+Joke%27s+telling+in+Conversation&rft.btitle=Explorations+in+the+Ethnography+of+Speaking&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+UK&rft.pages=337-353&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1974&rft.aulast=Sacks&rft.aufirst=Harvey&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFolklore+studies" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSawinZumwalt2020" class="citation book cs1">Sawin, Patricia; <a href="/wiki/Rosemary_L%C3%A9vy_Zumwalt" title="Rosemary Lévy Zumwalt">Zumwalt, Rosemary</a> (2020). <i>Folklore in the United States and Canada: An Institutional History</i>. <a href="/wiki/Indiana_University_Press" title="Indiana University Press">Indiana University Press</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Folklore+in+the+United+States+and+Canada%3A+An+Institutional+History&rft.pub=Indiana+University+Press&rft.date=2020&rft.aulast=Sawin&rft.aufirst=Patricia&rft.au=Zumwalt%2C+Rosemary&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFolklore+studies" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchmidt-Lauber2012" class="citation book cs1">Schmidt-Lauber, Brigitta (2012). "Seeing, Hearing, Feeling, Writing: Approaches and Methods in Ethnographic Research from the Perspective of Ethnological Analyses of the Present". In Bendix, Regina; Hasan-Rokem, Galit (eds.). <i>A Companion to Folklore Studies</i>. pp. 559–578. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2F9781118379936.ch29">10.1002/9781118379936.ch29</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Seeing%2C+Hearing%2C+Feeling%2C+Writing%3A+Approaches+and+Methods+in+Ethnographic+Research+from+the+Perspective+of+Ethnological+Analyses+of+the+Present&rft.btitle=A+Companion+to+Folklore+Studies&rft.pages=559-578&rft.date=2012&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2F9781118379936.ch29&rft.aulast=Schmidt-Lauber&rft.aufirst=Brigitta&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFolklore+studies" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSimsStephens2005" class="citation book cs1">Sims, Martha; Stephens, Martine (2005). <i>Living Folklore: Introduction to the Study of People and their Traditions</i>. Logan, UT: <a href="/wiki/Utah_State_University_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="Utah State University Press">Utah State University Press</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Living+Folklore%3A+Introduction+to+the+Study+of+People+and+their+Traditions&rft.place=Logan%2C+UT&rft.pub=Utah+State+University+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.aulast=Sims&rft.aufirst=Martha&rft.au=Stephens%2C+Martine&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFolklore+studies" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFŠmidchens1999" class="citation journal cs1">Šmidchens, Guntis (1999). "Folklorism Revisited". <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Journal_of_American_Folklore_Research&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Journal of American Folklore Research (page does not exist)">Journal of American Folklore Research</a></i>. <b>36</b> (1): 51–70. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3814813">3814813</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+American+Folklore+Research&rft.atitle=Folklorism+Revisited&rft.volume=36&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=51-70&rft.date=1999&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3814813%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=%C5%A0midchens&rft.aufirst=Guntis&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFolklore+studies" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStahl1989" class="citation book cs1">Stahl, Sandra D. (1989). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/literaryfolklori00stah"><i>Literary Folkloristics and the Personal Narrative</i></a></span>. Bloomington: <a href="/wiki/Indiana_University_Press" title="Indiana University Press">Indiana University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0915305483" title="Special:BookSources/978-0915305483"><bdi>978-0915305483</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Literary+Folkloristics+and+the+Personal+Narrative&rft.place=Bloomington&rft.pub=Indiana+University+Press&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=978-0915305483&rft.aulast=Stahl&rft.aufirst=Sandra+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fliteraryfolklori00stah&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFolklore+studies" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFToelken1996" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Barre_Toelken" title="Barre Toelken">Toelken, Barre</a> (1996). <i>The Dynamics of Folklore</i>. Logan, UT: Utah State University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Dynamics+of+Folklore&rft.place=Logan%2C+UT&rft.pub=Utah+State+University+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.aulast=Toelken&rft.aufirst=Barre&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFolklore+studies" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWatson1850–1860" class="citation book cs1">Watson, John F. (1850–1860). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/annalsofphiladel01wats"><i>Annals of Philadelphia and Pennsylvania, in the olden time</i></a>. Philadelphia: The author.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Annals+of+Philadelphia+and+Pennsylvania%2C+in+the+olden+time&rft.place=Philadelphia&rft.pub=The+author&rft.date=1850%2F1860&rft.aulast=Watson&rft.aufirst=John+F.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fannalsofphiladel01wats&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFolklore+studies" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWiddowson2016" class="citation journal cs1">Widdowson, J. D. A. (2016). "England, National Folklore Survey". <i>Folklore</i>. <b>127</b> (3): 257–269. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F0015587X.2016.1198178">10.1080/0015587X.2016.1198178</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:151463190">151463190</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Folklore&rft.atitle=England%2C+National+Folklore+Survey&rft.volume=127&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=257-269&rft.date=2016&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F0015587X.2016.1198178&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A151463190%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Widdowson&rft.aufirst=J.+D.+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFolklore+studies" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilson2006" class="citation book cs1">Wilson, William (2006). "Essays on Folklore by William A. Wilson". In Rudy, Jill Terry; Call, Diane (eds.). <i>The Marrow of Human Experience: Essays on Folklore</i>. University Press of Colorado. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2Fj.ctt4cgkmk">10.2307/j.ctt4cgkmk</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780874216530" title="Special:BookSources/9780874216530"><bdi>9780874216530</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctt4cgkmk">j.ctt4cgkmk</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Essays+on+Folklore+by+William+A.+Wilson&rft.btitle=The+Marrow+of+Human+Experience%3A+Essays+on+Folklore&rft.pub=University+Press+of+Colorado&rft.date=2006&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2Fj.ctt4cgkmk%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2Fj.ctt4cgkmk&rft.isbn=9780874216530&rft.aulast=Wilson&rft.aufirst=William&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFolklore+studies" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWolf-Knuts1999" class="citation journal cs1">Wolf-Knuts, Ulrika (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hanko.uio.no/planses/Ulrika.html">"On the history of comparison in folklore studies"</a>. <i>Folklore Fellows' Summer School</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Folklore+Fellows%27+Summer+School&rft.atitle=On+the+history+of+comparison+in+folklore+studies&rft.date=1999&rft.aulast=Wolf-Knuts&rft.aufirst=Ulrika&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hanko.uio.no%2Fplanses%2FUlrika.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFolklore+studies" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZumwaltDundes1988" class="citation book cs1">Zumwalt, Rosemary Levy; Dundes, Alan (1988). <i>American Folklore Scholarship: A Dialogue of Dissent</i>. Indiana University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=American+Folklore+Scholarship%3A+A+Dialogue+of+Dissent&rft.pub=Indiana+University+Press&rft.date=1988&rft.aulast=Zumwalt&rft.aufirst=Rosemary+Levy&rft.au=Dundes%2C+Alan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFolklore+studies" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Folklore_studies&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Folklore_studies" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Folklore studies">Folklore studies</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nova.edu/ssss/QR/QR15-3/fetterman.pdf">A Guide to Conducting Ethnographic Research</a> (PDF). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160508231840/http://www.nova.edu/ssss/QR/QR15-3/fetterman.pdf">Archived</a> 2016-05-08 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120426041947/http://www.orasi.com/events/archivedevents/Documents/expert_series/cara_woodland_110904.pdf">Introduction to Ethnographic Research, 101: The Basics</a> (PDF) (archived 26 April 2012)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120426044413/http://folklore.usu.edu/what.aspx">"What is Folklore?" from Utah State University</a> (archived 26 April 2012)</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Folklore_genres_and_types" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Folklore" title="Template:Folklore"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Folklore" title="Template talk:Folklore"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Folklore" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Folklore"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Folklore_genres_and_types" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Folklore" title="Folklore">Folklore</a> genres and types</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Narrative</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Animal_tale" title="Animal tale">Animal tale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fable" title="Fable">Fable</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fairy_tale" title="Fairy tale">Fairy tale</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_fairy_tales" title="List of fairy tales">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legend" title="Legend">Legend</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tall_tales" class="mw-redirect" title="Tall tales">Tall tales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parable" title="Parable">Parable</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Personal_narrative" title="Personal narrative">Personal narrative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_legend" title="Urban legend">Urban legend</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Oral_tradition" title="Oral tradition">Oral tradition</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Folk_etymology" title="Folk etymology">Folk etymology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/False_etymology" title="False etymology">False</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joke" title="Joke">Joke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nursery_rhyme" title="Nursery rhyme">Nursery rhyme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proverb" title="Proverb">Proverb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Riddle" title="Riddle">Riddle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saying" title="Saying">Saying</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Word_game" title="Word game">Word game</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Folk_belief" title="Folk belief">Folk belief</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Birthstone" title="Birthstone">Birthstone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folk_religion" title="Folk religion">Folk religion</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Folk_saint" title="Folk saint">Folk saint</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghostlore" title="Ghostlore">Ghostlore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legend_tripping" title="Legend tripping">Legend tripping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luminous_gemstones" title="Luminous gemstones">Luminous gemstones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myth" title="Myth">Mythology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_wives%27_tale" title="Old wives' tale">Old wives' tale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ritual" title="Ritual">Ritual</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silver_bullet" title="Silver bullet">Silver bullet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weather_lore" title="Weather lore">Weather lore</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Folk_arts" title="Folk arts">Folk arts</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Folk_art" title="Folk art">Folk art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_world_folk-epics" title="List of world folk-epics">Folk epic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folk_dance" title="Folk dance">Folk dance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folk_instrument" title="Folk instrument">Folk instrument</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folk_music" title="Folk music">Folk music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folk_play" title="Folk play">Folk play</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folk_wrestling" title="Folk wrestling">Folk wrestling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foodways" title="Foodways">Foodways</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Society</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cunning_folk" title="Cunning folk">Cunning folk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fakelore" class="mw-redirect" title="Fakelore">Fakelore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folk_devil" title="Folk devil">Folk devil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folk_healer" title="Folk healer">Folk healer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folk_hero" title="Folk hero">Folk hero</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Folklore studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morphology_(folkloristics)" title="Morphology (folkloristics)">Morphology (folkloristics)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aarne%E2%80%93Thompson%E2%80%93Uther_Index" title="Aarne–Thompson–Uther Index">Aarne–Thompson–Uther Index</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Motif-Index_of_Folk-Literature" title="Motif-Index of Folk-Literature">Motif-Index of Folk-Literature</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Storytelling" title="Storytelling">Storytelling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tradition" title="Tradition">Tradition</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Traditional_knowledge" title="Traditional knowledge">Knowledge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditional_medicine" title="Traditional medicine">Medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditional_story" title="Traditional story">Story</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vernacular" title="Vernacular">Vernacular</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-label="Navbox" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a>: National <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q132116#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4329183-1">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85050150">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Folkloristes"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11954099r">France</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Folkloristes"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11954099r">BnF data</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00567699">Japan</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="folkloristika"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph120273&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007543199105171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Folklore_studies&oldid=1257315880">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Folklore_studies&oldid=1257315880</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Category</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Folklore_studies" title="Category:Folklore studies">Folklore studies</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_November_2021" title="Category:Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from November 2021">Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from November 2021</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_Spanish-language_sources_(es)" title="Category:CS1 Spanish-language sources (es)">CS1 Spanish-language sources (es)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_articles_with_style_issues_from_April_2024" title="Category:Wikipedia articles with style issues from April 2024">Wikipedia articles with style issues from April 2024</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_style_issues" title="Category:All articles with style issues">All articles with style issues</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_multiple_maintenance_issues" title="Category:Articles with multiple maintenance issues">Articles with multiple maintenance issues</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description is different from Wikidata">Short description is different from Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_German-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing German-language text">Articles containing German-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Norwegian-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Norwegian-language text">Articles containing Norwegian-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Swedish-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Swedish-language text">Articles containing Swedish-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_unsourced_statements" title="Category:All articles with unsourced statements">All articles with unsourced statements</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_July_2024" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from July 2024">Articles with unsourced statements from July 2024</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_specifically_marked_weasel-worded_phrases" title="Category:All articles with specifically marked weasel-worded phrases">All articles with specifically marked weasel-worded phrases</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_specifically_marked_weasel-worded_phrases_from_August_2018" title="Category:Articles with specifically marked weasel-worded phrases from August 2018">Articles with specifically marked weasel-worded phrases from August 2018</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_May_2021" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from May 2021">Articles with unsourced statements from May 2021</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_November_2021" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from November 2021">Articles with unsourced statements from November 2021</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_specifically_marked_weasel-worded_phrases_from_August_2023" title="Category:Articles with specifically marked weasel-worded phrases from August 2023">Articles with specifically marked weasel-worded phrases from August 2023</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_German-language_sources_(de)" title="Category:CS1 German-language sources (de)">CS1 German-language sources (de)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">CS1 maint: location missing publisher</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_errors:_missing_periodical" title="Category:CS1 errors: missing periodical">CS1 errors: missing periodical</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Commons_category_link_is_on_Wikidata" title="Category:Commons category link is on Wikidata">Commons category link is on Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Webarchive_template_wayback_links" title="Category:Webarchive template wayback links">Webarchive template wayback links</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 14 November 2024, at 08:24<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms of Use">Terms of Use</a> and <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy policy">Privacy Policy</a>. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/">Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.</a>, a non-profit organization.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-contact"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us">Contact Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code of Conduct</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Developers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.wikipedia.org">Statistics</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie statement</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Folklore_studies&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Mobile view</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" loading="lazy"></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" width="88" height="31" loading="lazy"></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-f69cdc8f6-9m94g","wgBackendResponseTime":202,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"1.300","walltime":"1.496","ppvisitednodes":{"value":11390,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":198014,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":24678,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":19,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":8,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":225272,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 1299.894 1 -total"," 21.80% 283.366 83 Template:Sfn"," 12.58% 163.471 40 Template:Cite_book"," 10.75% 139.744 2 Template:Reflist"," 9.36% 121.619 10 Template:Lang"," 8.52% 110.753 1 Template:Multiple_issues"," 8.50% 110.539 6 Template:Cite_web"," 6.96% 90.525 22 Template:Cite_journal"," 6.61% 85.984 10 Template:Fix"," 6.26% 81.344 1 Template:Folklore_genres"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"0.871","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":18534525,"limit":52428800},"limitreport-logs":"anchor_id_list = table#1 {\n [\"CITEREFAnderson1923\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAttardo2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBauman1971\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBauman1975\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBauman2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBaumanParedes1972\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBen-Amos1985\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBendix1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBendix1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBlank2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBronner1986\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBronner1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBronner2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBrunvand1968\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBrunvand1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBurns1977\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDel-Rio-Roberts2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDeloria1994\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDorson1972\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDorson1976\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDorst1990\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDorst2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDowLixfeld1994\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDundes1969\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDundes1971\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDundes1972\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDundes1978a\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDundes1978b\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDundes1980\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDundes1984\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDundes2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDundes2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEllis2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFixico2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFrank2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGenzuk2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGeorgesJones1995\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGlassie1983\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGoody1977\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHufford1991\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJosephson-Storm2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKirshenblatt-Gimblett1985\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKirshenblatt-Gimblett1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLevyMurphy1991\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLixfeldDow1994\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMason1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMitscherlichMitscherlich1987\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMorgan1988\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNoyes2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRaskin2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRouse2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSacks1974\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSawinZumwalt2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSchmidt-Lauber2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSimsStephens2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStahl1989\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFToelken1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWatson1850–1860\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWiddowson2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWilson2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWolf-Knuts1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFZumwaltDundes1988\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFŠmidchens1999\"] = 1,\n}\ntemplate_list = table#1 {\n [\"Authority control\"] = 1,\n [\"By whom\"] = 1,\n [\"Citation needed\"] = 7,\n [\"Cite book\"] = 40,\n [\"Cite journal\"] = 22,\n [\"Cite web\"] = 6,\n [\"Commonscat\"] = 1,\n [\"Div col\"] = 2,\n [\"Div col end\"] = 2,\n [\"Essay-like\"] = 1,\n [\"Folklore genres\"] = 1,\n [\"Harvp\"] = 3,\n [\"Lang\"] = 10,\n [\"Multiple issues\"] = 1,\n [\"Page needed\"] = 1,\n [\"Refbegin\"] = 1,\n [\"Refend\"] = 1,\n [\"Reflist\"] = 2,\n [\"Refn\"] = 13,\n [\"Sfn\"] = 83,\n [\"Short description\"] = 1,\n [\"Tone\"] = 1,\n [\"Webarchive\"] = 1,\n [\"Which\"] = 1,\n}\narticle_whitelist = table#1 {\n}\n"},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-api-ext.codfw.main-7556f8b5dd-4c48v","timestamp":"20241124161647","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Folklore studies","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Folklore_studies","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q132116","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q132116","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2004-05-17T21:00:24Z","dateModified":"2024-11-14T08:24:34Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/2\/20\/Folklore2.jpg","headline":"branch of anthropology devoted to the study of folklore"}</script> </body> </html>