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href="https://independent.academia.edu/IngerErixonArreman">Inger Erixon Arreman</a></div></div><div class="suggested-user-card"><div class="suggested-user-card__avatar social-profile-avatar-container"><a href="https://uio.academia.edu/KristinHelstad"><img class="profile-avatar u-positionAbsolute" border="0" alt="" src="//a.academia-assets.com/images/s200_no_pic.png" /></a></div><div class="suggested-user-card__user-info"><a class="suggested-user-card__user-info__header ds2-5-body-sm-bold ds2-5-body-link" href="https://uio.academia.edu/KristinHelstad">Kristin Helstad</a><p class="suggested-user-card__user-info__subheader ds2-5-body-xs">University of Oslo</p></div></div></ul></div><div class="ri-section"><div class="ri-section-header"><span>Interests</span></div><div class="ri-tags-container"><a data-click-track="profile-user-info-expand-research-interests" data-has-card-for-ri-list="5124709" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Computer_Science"><div 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data-dom-id="Pill-react-component-00ec77e7-0063-4f58-b98e-4101119f28ea"></div> <div id="Pill-react-component-00ec77e7-0063-4f58-b98e-4101119f28ea"></div> </a><a data-click-track="profile-user-info-expand-research-interests" data-has-card-for-ri-list="5124709" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Applied_Mathematics"><div class="js-react-on-rails-component" style="display:none" data-component-name="Pill" data-props="{"color":"gray","children":["Applied Mathematics"]}" data-trace="false" data-dom-id="Pill-react-component-3c0e1d2b-82e5-42c2-8508-65ffcbc2a241"></div> <div id="Pill-react-component-3c0e1d2b-82e5-42c2-8508-65ffcbc2a241"></div> </a></div></div></div></div><div class="right-panel-container"><div class="user-content-wrapper"><div class="uploads-container" id="social-redesign-work-container"><div class="upload-header"><h2 class="ds2-5-heading-sans-serif-xs">Uploads</h2></div><div class="documents-container backbone-social-profile-documents" style="width: 100%;"><div class="u-taCenter"></div><div class="profile--tab_content_container js-tab-pane tab-pane active" id="all"><div class="profile--tab_heading_container js-section-heading" data-section="Papers" id="Papers"><h3 class="profile--tab_heading_container">Papers by Ankan Biswas</h3></div><div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="80529643"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/80529643/Control_of_Alpha_Rhythm_8_13_Hz_Using_Neurofeedback"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Control of Alpha Rhythm (8–13 Hz) Using Neurofeedback" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/86880747/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/80529643/Control_of_Alpha_Rhythm_8_13_Hz_Using_Neurofeedback">Control of Alpha Rhythm (8–13 Hz) Using Neurofeedback</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>Journal of the Indian Institute of Science</span><span>, 2017</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">Alpha is a prominent rhythm occurring between 8 and 13 Hz in brain signals that is often linked t...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">Alpha is a prominent rhythm occurring between 8 and 13 Hz in brain signals that is often linked to a relaxed mental state. Some studies have shown that individuals can learn to control their own alpha rhythm if provided with a contingent feedback. However, investigations till date in alpha neurofeedback have provided contrasting views regarding the enhancement of alpha power. In this review, we discuss various aspects of this controversy and highlight some issues with past approaches of neurofeedback driven alpha enhancement. In particular, we discuss possible modifications in future investigations which would address some of the concerns.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="67cf67af6a0b9b817e079113b8f593c0" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":86880747,"asset_id":80529643,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/86880747/download_file?s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="80529643"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="80529643"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 80529643; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=80529643]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=80529643]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 80529643; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='80529643']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-a9bf3a2bc8c89fa2a77156577594264ee8a0f214d74241bc0fcd3f69f8d107ac.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (true){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); 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$(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="65599740"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/65599740/Alpha_neurofeedback_has_a_positive_effect_for_participants_who_are_unable_to_sustain_their_alpha_activity"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Alpha neurofeedback has a positive effect for participants who are unable to sustain their alpha activity" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/77125410/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/65599740/Alpha_neurofeedback_has_a_positive_effect_for_participants_who_are_unable_to_sustain_their_alpha_activity">Alpha neurofeedback has a positive effect for participants who are unable to sustain their alpha activity</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>eneuro</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">Alpha rhythm (8-13 Hz) is linked to relaxed mental state in humans. Earlier reports have shown th...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">Alpha rhythm (8-13 Hz) is linked to relaxed mental state in humans. Earlier reports have shown that individuals can increase their alpha power if provided with a valid feedback, compared to controls who are provided invalid feedback. However, these results remain controversial, partly because controls may be in a different behavioral state, making it difficult to directly compare their alpha power with the valid group. We here address this issue by using an experimental paradigm in which an invalid feedback is given on a fraction of trials, such that both valid and invalid conditions can be obtained from the same participant. Using electroencephalography (EEG), we recorded alpha power from the occipital area from 24 humans (nine females) and played a feedback tone which could be valid (tone frequency proportional to alpha power), invalid (tone sequence from a previous valid trial; participants were unaware of this condition), or neutral (constant tone frequency). We found that during eyes closed-state, neurofeedback did not enhance alpha activity beyond pre-trained state within the experimental duration, probably because of saturation of alpha rhythmicity. However, for participants whose alpha power decreased over time within a trial, valid feedback helped them to sustain alpha more than invalid feedback. Further, alpha increase showed a weak negative correlation with their self-reported attentional load but was uncorrelated with relaxation levels. Our results reconcile many conflicting reports in the neurofeedback literature, and show that even under most stringent control, valid neurofeedback can help participants who are otherwise unable to sustain their alpha activity.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="704c7f2717f0f9a8eeb44cabeb4a3a94" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":77125410,"asset_id":65599740,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/77125410/download_file?s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="65599740"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="65599740"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 65599740; 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$(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> </div><div class="profile--tab_content_container js-tab-pane tab-pane" data-section-id="13412184" id="papers"><div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="80529643"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/80529643/Control_of_Alpha_Rhythm_8_13_Hz_Using_Neurofeedback"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Control of Alpha Rhythm (8–13 Hz) Using Neurofeedback" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/86880747/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/80529643/Control_of_Alpha_Rhythm_8_13_Hz_Using_Neurofeedback">Control of Alpha Rhythm (8–13 Hz) Using Neurofeedback</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>Journal of the Indian Institute of Science</span><span>, 2017</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">Alpha is a prominent rhythm occurring between 8 and 13 Hz in brain signals that is often linked t...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">Alpha is a prominent rhythm occurring between 8 and 13 Hz in brain signals that is often linked to a relaxed mental state. Some studies have shown that individuals can learn to control their own alpha rhythm if provided with a contingent feedback. However, investigations till date in alpha neurofeedback have provided contrasting views regarding the enhancement of alpha power. In this review, we discuss various aspects of this controversy and highlight some issues with past approaches of neurofeedback driven alpha enhancement. In particular, we discuss possible modifications in future investigations which would address some of the concerns.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="67cf67af6a0b9b817e079113b8f593c0" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":86880747,"asset_id":80529643,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/86880747/download_file?s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="80529643"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="80529643"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 80529643; 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$(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="65599740"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/65599740/Alpha_neurofeedback_has_a_positive_effect_for_participants_who_are_unable_to_sustain_their_alpha_activity"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Alpha neurofeedback has a positive effect for participants who are unable to sustain their alpha activity" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/77125410/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/65599740/Alpha_neurofeedback_has_a_positive_effect_for_participants_who_are_unable_to_sustain_their_alpha_activity">Alpha neurofeedback has a positive effect for participants who are unable to sustain their alpha activity</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>eneuro</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">Alpha rhythm (8-13 Hz) is linked to relaxed mental state in humans. Earlier reports have shown th...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">Alpha rhythm (8-13 Hz) is linked to relaxed mental state in humans. Earlier reports have shown that individuals can increase their alpha power if provided with a valid feedback, compared to controls who are provided invalid feedback. However, these results remain controversial, partly because controls may be in a different behavioral state, making it difficult to directly compare their alpha power with the valid group. We here address this issue by using an experimental paradigm in which an invalid feedback is given on a fraction of trials, such that both valid and invalid conditions can be obtained from the same participant. Using electroencephalography (EEG), we recorded alpha power from the occipital area from 24 humans (nine females) and played a feedback tone which could be valid (tone frequency proportional to alpha power), invalid (tone sequence from a previous valid trial; participants were unaware of this condition), or neutral (constant tone frequency). We found that during eyes closed-state, neurofeedback did not enhance alpha activity beyond pre-trained state within the experimental duration, probably because of saturation of alpha rhythmicity. However, for participants whose alpha power decreased over time within a trial, valid feedback helped them to sustain alpha more than invalid feedback. Further, alpha increase showed a weak negative correlation with their self-reported attentional load but was uncorrelated with relaxation levels. Our results reconcile many conflicting reports in the neurofeedback literature, and show that even under most stringent control, valid neurofeedback can help participants who are otherwise unable to sustain their alpha activity.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="704c7f2717f0f9a8eeb44cabeb4a3a94" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":77125410,"asset_id":65599740,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/77125410/download_file?s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="65599740"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="65599740"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 65599740; 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