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href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leslie-Lautsprecher" title="Leslie-Lautsprecher – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Leslie-Lautsprecher" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Altavoz_Leslie" title="Altavoz Leslie – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Altavoz Leslie" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%84%D9%86%D8%AF%DA%AF%D9%88%DB%8C_%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%84%DB%8C" title="بلندگوی لسلی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="بلندگوی لسلی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cabine_Leslie" title="Cabine Leslie – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Cabine Leslie" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leslie_(musica)" title="Leslie (musica) – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Leslie (musica)" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lesliespeaker" title="Lesliespeaker – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Lesliespeaker" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%AD%E3%83%BC%E3%82%BF%E3%83%AA%E3%83%BC%E3%82%B9%E3%83%94%E3%83%BC%E3%82%AB%E3%83%BC" title="ロータリースピーカー – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ロータリースピーカー" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Altifalante_Leslie" title="Altifalante Leslie – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Altifalante Leslie" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%9B%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B8" title="Колонка Лесли – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Колонка Лесли" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leslie-kaiutin" title="Leslie-kaiutin – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Leslie-kaiutin" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leslieh%C3%B6gtalare" title="Lesliehögtalare – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Lesliehögtalare" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q1820781#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit 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Click here for more information." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/19px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/29px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/39px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Electric amplifier and loudspeaker</div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Leslie_Speaker.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Leslie_Speaker.jpg/250px-Leslie_Speaker.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="326" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Leslie_Speaker.jpg/375px-Leslie_Speaker.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Leslie_Speaker.jpg/500px-Leslie_Speaker.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="2607" /></a><figcaption>A Leslie speaker in a clear plastic cabinet</figcaption></figure> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1096940132">.mw-parser-output .listen .side-box-text{line-height:1.1em}.mw-parser-output .listen-plain{border:none;background:transparent}.mw-parser-output .listen-embedded{width:100%;margin:0;border-width:1px 0 0 0;background:transparent}.mw-parser-output .listen-header{padding:2px}.mw-parser-output .listen-embedded .listen-header{padding:2px 0}.mw-parser-output .listen-file-header{padding:4px 0}.mw-parser-output .listen .description{padding-top:2px}.mw-parser-output .listen .mw-tmh-player{max-width:100%}@media(max-width:719px){.mw-parser-output .listen{clear:both}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .listen:not(.listen-noimage){width:320px}.mw-parser-output .listen-left{overflow:visible;float:left}.mw-parser-output .listen-center{float:none;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right listen noprint"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg/50px-Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg/75px-Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg/100px-Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="160" data-file-height="160" /></span><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><div class="haudio"> <div class="listen-file-header"><a href="/wiki/File:LeslieCabinetSlowFastSlow.ogg" title="File:LeslieCabinetSlowFastSlow.ogg">Leslie Sound</a></div> <div><span typeof="mw:File"><span><audio id="mwe_player_0" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="232" style="width:232px;" data-durationhint="27" data-mwtitle="LeslieCabinetSlowFastSlow.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d7/LeslieCabinetSlowFastSlow.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/d/d7/LeslieCabinetSlowFastSlow.ogg/LeslieCabinetSlowFastSlow.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio></span></span></div> <div class="description">A chord is played on the organ while the Leslie speaker is switched from "chorale" to "tremolo" and back again</div></div></div></div> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"><hr /><i class="selfreference">Problems playing this file? See <a href="/wiki/Help:Media" title="Help:Media">media help</a>.</i></div> </div> <p>The <b>Leslie speaker</b> is a combined <a href="/wiki/Amplifier" title="Amplifier">amplifier</a> and <a href="/wiki/Loudspeaker" title="Loudspeaker">loudspeaker</a> that projects the signal from an electric or electronic instrument and modifies the sound by rotating a baffle chamber ("drum") in front of the loudspeakers. A similar effect is provided by a rotating system of horns in front of the treble driver. It is most commonly associated with the <a href="/wiki/Hammond_organ" title="Hammond organ">Hammond organ</a>, though it was later used for the <a href="/wiki/Electric_guitar" title="Electric guitar">electric guitar</a> and other instruments. A typical Leslie speaker contains an amplifier, a treble horn and a bass speaker—though specific components depend upon the model. A musician controls the Leslie speaker by either an external switch or pedal that alternates between a slow and fast speed setting, known as "<a href="/wiki/Chorus_effect" class="mw-redirect" title="Chorus effect">chorale</a>" and "<a href="/wiki/Tremolo" title="Tremolo">tremolo</a>". </p><p>The speaker is named after its inventor, <a href="/wiki/Donald_Leslie" title="Donald Leslie">Donald Leslie</a>, who began working in the late 1930s to get a speaker for a Hammond organ that better emulated a <a href="/wiki/Pipe_organ" title="Pipe organ">pipe</a> or <a href="/wiki/Theatre_organ" title="Theatre organ">theatre organ</a>, and discovered that baffles rotating along the axis of the speaker cone gave the best sound effect. Hammond was not interested in marketing or selling the speakers, so Leslie sold them himself as an add-on, targeting other organs as well as Hammond. Leslie made the first speaker in 1941. The sound of the organ being played through his speaker received national radio exposure across the US, and it became a commercial and critical success. It soon became an essential tool for most jazz organists. In 1965, Leslie sold his business to <a href="/wiki/CBS" title="CBS">CBS</a> who, in 1980, sold it to Hammond. <a href="/wiki/Suzuki_Musical_Instrument_Corporation" title="Suzuki Musical Instrument Corporation">Suzuki Musical Instrument Corporation</a> subsequently acquired the Hammond and Leslie brands. </p><p>Because the Leslie is a sound modification device in its own right, various attempts have been made to simulate the <a href="/wiki/Doppler_effect#Audio" title="Doppler effect">effect</a> using electronic <a href="/wiki/Effect_unit" class="mw-redirect" title="Effect unit">effect units</a>. These include the <a href="/wiki/Uni-Vibe" title="Uni-Vibe">Uni-Vibe</a>, the Neo Ventilator, or Hammond-Suzuki's own simulator in a box. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Leslie_speaker&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Leslie_21H_plate_(close_up).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Leslie_21H_plate_%28close_up%29.jpg/220px-Leslie_21H_plate_%28close_up%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="139" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Leslie_21H_plate_%28close_up%29.jpg/330px-Leslie_21H_plate_%28close_up%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Leslie_21H_plate_%28close_up%29.jpg/440px-Leslie_21H_plate_%28close_up%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1722" data-file-height="1089" /></a><figcaption>Identification plate with the slogan "Pipe Voice of the Electric Organ"<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFaragher2011108_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFaragher2011108-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>Leslie worked as a radio service engineer at Barker Brothers Department Store in Los Angeles, which sold and repaired Hammond organs.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVail2002129_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVail2002129-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He bought one in 1937, hoping it would be a suitable substitute for a <a href="/wiki/Pipe_organ" title="Pipe organ">pipe organ</a>. He was disappointed, however, with the sound in his home compared to the large showroom where he originally heard it. Consequently, he attempted to design a speaker to overcome this. He initially tried making a cabinet similar to Hammond's, but soon concluded that pipe organs produced a spatially varied sound because of the different location of each pipe. He set out to emulate this by making a moving speaker. He tried various combinations of speakers and speeds, and discovered that a single one running at what's now known as the "tremolo" speed worked best. After further experimentation, he decided that splitting the signal into a rotating drum and horn helped accentuate bass and treble frequencies.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVail2002129–130_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVail2002129–130-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>By 1940, Leslie decided his prototype was ready to market, and went to the Hammond Organ Company to demonstrate it. Laurens Hammond, however, was not impressed with Leslie's attempt to better his own organ design, and declined to market it.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVail2002130_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVail2002130-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The company even changed the speaker interface on their organs to make them "Leslie-proof," though Leslie quickly worked around this.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVail2002131_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVail2002131-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Leslie began manufacturing the speaker in 1941—initially under a variety of names, including <i>Vibratone</i>, <i>Brittain Speakers</i>, <i>Hollywood Speakers</i>, and <i>Crawford Speakers</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-latimes_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-latimes-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He returned to the name "Leslie Vibratone" in 1947.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFaragher2011108_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFaragher2011108-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> To counteract Hammond's slogan "Music's Most Glorious Voice," Leslie added a similar slogan, "Pipe Voice of the Electric Organ" to the plates.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFaragher2011108_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFaragher2011108-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He eventually owned nearly 50 <a href="/wiki/Patent" title="Patent">patents</a> on the speaker.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVail2002131_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVail2002131-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Leslie manufactured the speaker to work with other organs besides Hammond, including <a href="/wiki/Wurlitzer_organ" class="mw-redirect" title="Wurlitzer organ">Wurlitzer</a>, <a href="/wiki/C.G._Conn" class="mw-redirect" title="C.G. Conn">Conn</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Organ_Company" title="Thomas Organ Company">Thomas</a> and <a href="/wiki/Baldwin_Piano_Company" title="Baldwin Piano Company">Baldwin</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-latimes_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-latimes-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He never particularly liked Hammond organs, once remarking "I hate those damn things."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFaragher2011126_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFaragher2011126-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1965, Leslie sold his Electro Music company to <a href="/wiki/CBS" title="CBS">CBS</a>, which had also acquired the <a href="/wiki/Fender_Musical_Instruments_Corporation" class="mw-redirect" title="Fender Musical Instruments Corporation">Fender</a> guitar company.<sup id="cite_ref-Billboard_Sep_1965_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Billboard_Sep_1965-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFaragher2011100_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFaragher2011100-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1980, the Hammond Corporation finally bought Electro Music and the Leslie name from CBS.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVail2002131_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVail2002131-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After Hammond went out of business in 1986, a former engineer re-established Electro Music, licensing the name from Noel Crabbe, who had acquired the rights to Hammond.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFaragher2011162_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFaragher2011162-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was subsequently sold to Suzuki in 1992, who continue to manufacture the speaker.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFaragher201114_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFaragher201114-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Features">Features</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Leslie_speaker&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Features"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Leslie_speaker_(mechanical_diagram).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Leslie_speaker_%28mechanical_diagram%29.svg/300px-Leslie_speaker_%28mechanical_diagram%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Leslie_speaker_%28mechanical_diagram%29.svg/450px-Leslie_speaker_%28mechanical_diagram%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Leslie_speaker_%28mechanical_diagram%29.svg/600px-Leslie_speaker_%28mechanical_diagram%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1400" data-file-height="700" /></a><figcaption>A diagram showing the key components of a Leslie speaker</figcaption></figure> <p>A Leslie speaker consists of a number of individual components. The audio signal enters the amplifier from the instrument. Once amplified, the signal travels to an <a href="/wiki/Audio_crossover" title="Audio crossover">audio crossover</a>, which splits it into separate frequency bands that can be individually routed to each loudspeaker. Different models have different combinations of speakers, but the most common model, the 122, consists of a single <a href="/wiki/Woofer" title="Woofer">woofer</a> for bass and a single <a href="/wiki/Compression_driver" title="Compression driver">compression driver</a> and <a href="/wiki/Acoustic_horn" class="mw-redirect" title="Acoustic horn">acoustic horn</a> for treble.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFaragher2011103_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFaragher2011103-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The audio emitted by the speakers is isolated inside an enclosure, aside from a number of outlets that lead towards either a rotating horn or drum. An <a href="/wiki/Electric_motor" title="Electric motor">electric motor</a> rotates both horn and drum at a variable speed.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFaragher2011103_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFaragher2011103-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The only control common to all Leslie speakers is a dial that controls the master volume. This is normally set up once and then left, since the organ's <a href="/wiki/Expression_pedal" title="Expression pedal">expression pedal</a> normally controls the volume. Leslie recommended playing the organ at full volume with all <a href="/wiki/Organ_stop" title="Organ stop">stops</a> (drawbars) pulled out and adjusting the volume just before <a href="/wiki/Overdrive_(music)" class="mw-redirect" title="Overdrive (music)">distortion</a> occurs.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, the distorted sound of an overdriven <a href="/wiki/Vacuum_tube" title="Vacuum tube">vacuum tube</a> amplifier can be a desirable sound,<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> to the extent that modern Leslie simulators have an explicit "overdrive" setting.<sup id="cite_ref-lesliepedal_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lesliepedal-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Half-Moon_Switch.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Half-Moon_Switch.jpg/250px-Half-Moon_Switch.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="188" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Half-Moon_Switch.jpg/375px-Half-Moon_Switch.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Half-Moon_Switch.jpg/500px-Half-Moon_Switch.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="480" /></a><figcaption>The half-moon switch on a <a href="/wiki/Hammond_organ" title="Hammond organ">Hammond organ</a> that changes setting on the Leslie speaker between "chorale" and "tremolo"</figcaption></figure> <p>Control of a Leslie speaker is normally catered for by an external two way switch, between two settings marked "chorale" and "tremolo". The switch is mounted onto the controlling instrument, so the player can easily switch settings. Some earlier models were limited to "off" and "tremolo", and some later models had all three settings.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFaragher2011102_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFaragher2011102-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The switch can be used while notes are being played, and the sound of changing between the two settings is part of the characteristic sound.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFaragher2011103_12-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFaragher2011103-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On both settings, the treble horn rotates slightly faster than the bass woofer; about 50 <a href="/wiki/Revolutions_per_minute" title="Revolutions per minute">revolutions per minute</a> (rpm) for "chorale" and 400 rpm for "tremolo", compared to the woofer's 40 rpm and 340 rpm respectively.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Unlike most popular music amplifiers, that use <a href="/wiki/Jack_plug" class="mw-redirect" title="Jack plug">jack plugs</a> to connect to instruments, Leslie speakers use an <a href="/wiki/Amphenol_connector" title="Amphenol connector">amphenol connector</a> to interface directly to an organ via a console connector. The type and design of the connector depends on the organ and model of Leslie speaker.<sup id="cite_ref-825manual_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-825manual-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Older models that used tube power amplifiers use a variety of six-pin connectors, while later models use nine-pin connectors.<sup id="cite_ref-olsen_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-olsen-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In all cases, for a single organ – Leslie configuration, the <a href="/wiki/Mains_electricity" title="Mains electricity">mains power</a>, audio and control signals are all carried on the connector, and the design of the pin layouts varies between organs and speakers. Care is taken when attempting to service them since an incorrectly or poorly wired cable can cause permanent damage to the organ or speaker, or result in <a href="/wiki/Electrocution" title="Electrocution">electrocution</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVail2002150_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVail2002150-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is also possible to connect multiple Leslie speakers to a single organ, by using a power relay that provides the necessary AC current.<sup id="cite_ref-825manual_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-825manual-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A separate device, known as the <i>combo preamp</i>, is necessary to connect a vintage Leslie to another instrument such as a guitar. This combines a separate AC input and <a href="/wiki/Line_level" title="Line level">line level</a> input onto a single amphenol connector, and provide a footswitch to select between the speeds of the Leslie.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFaragher2011124_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFaragher2011124-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Modern products such as the Trek II UC-1A allow any instrument with a phone jack connection to use a variety of Leslie speakers.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Modern Leslie speakers have 11-pin interfaces that are safer to service, as the mains power is carried separately using standard <a href="/wiki/IEC_60320" title="IEC 60320">IEC mains connectors</a>. The Hammond-Suzuki Leslie 2101 also includes <a href="/wiki/Line_in" class="mw-redirect" title="Line in">line in</a> and <a href="/wiki/Line_out_(signal)" class="mw-redirect" title="Line out (signal)">line out</a> jacks, so a combo preamp is no longer required. Its settings can also be controlled via <a href="/wiki/MIDI" title="MIDI">MIDI</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-xk3_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-xk3-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Models">Models</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Leslie_speaker&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Models"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Single_speed">Single speed</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Leslie_speaker&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Single speed"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The initial models of Leslie speakers did not have the "chorale" setting. The control switch was simply a choice between "off" and "tremolo". The first model of Leslie produced was the 30A. It emulated Hammond's DXR-20 tone cabinet, which used moving drums but only produced amplitude modulation, not frequency modulation. It contained a 15-inch (380 mm) drum and the power amplifier was housed in the top of the unit, to allow easy repair.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFaragher2011106–107_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFaragher2011106–107-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This was superseded between 1947 and 1949 by the 31H, also known as the "Tall Boy". It was similar in appearance to the 30A, but contained additional louvres along the top of the cabinet. Also, reflectors were placed on the end of the horn, to allow the treble signal to exit the unit through the sides, rather than on the top.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFaragher2011107–108_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFaragher2011107–108-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The next models Leslie produced were the 21H and the 22H, which had a cabinet in a similar styling to the better known 122, with the same dimensions and louvres. They were powered by a 40 watt tube amplifier.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFaragher2011108–109_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFaragher2011108–109-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Dual_speed">Dual speed</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Leslie_speaker&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Dual speed"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Leslie_122.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Leslie_122.jpg/170px-Leslie_122.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="268" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Leslie_122.jpg/255px-Leslie_122.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Leslie_122.jpg/340px-Leslie_122.jpg 2x" data-file-width="854" data-file-height="1348" /></a><figcaption>A Leslie 122 speaker</figcaption></figure> <p>The 122 is the most popular Leslie. It was specifically designed for the Hammond organ and is the model most commonly identified with it. It is 41 inches (1,000 mm) high, offers two different speeds for <i>chorale</i> and <i>tremolo</i>, and has a 40 watt tube amplifier. The 122 is the most adaptable to being recorded, as it has a <a href="/wiki/Balanced_audio" title="Balanced audio">balanced signal</a> which eliminates <a href="/wiki/Mains_hum" title="Mains hum">mains hum</a> and other noise.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFaragher2011109_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFaragher2011109-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The 122RV was the same model, but with an additional <a href="/wiki/Reverb" class="mw-redirect" title="Reverb">reverb</a> amplifier, which fed through to a separate static speaker.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFaragher2011110_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFaragher2011110-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A slightly smaller version, the 33-inch (840 mm) 142 was available.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hammond-Suzuki currently manufacture the 122A, a straight reissue of the 122, and the 122XB, which contains a modern 11-pin adapter, an IECC mains adaptor, line-in, and a jack socket for a footswitch to control the speed. This eliminates the need for a combo preamp.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The 147 is the "universal" version of the 122, designed for many organs, and has a different amplifier input and motor speed control, but is otherwise identical.<sup id="cite_ref-goff_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-goff-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The signal input is unbalanced, allowing a simpler connection to organs that have a built-in speaker system, such as the Hammond A100, or a Wurlitzer. The motor speed switching uses a separate <a href="/wiki/AC_power" title="AC power">AC</a> signal, rather than the <a href="/wiki/Direct_current" title="Direct current">DC</a> voltage control of the 122. In operation, the noticeable differences between the 122 and the 147 are the 122's lower susceptibility to induced noise, and a delay between operation of the speed control and the actual change in speed. As with the 122 and 142, the 145 is identical to the 147, except that it is housed in a 33-inch (840 mm) cabinet, and thus slightly easier to move.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFaragher2011111_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFaragher2011111-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As with the 122, Hammond-Suzuki manufactures a modern replacement, the 147A.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFaragher2011164_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFaragher2011164-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The model X-77, released in 1968, was designed to accompany Hammond's new tonewheel / transistor organ, the X-66. It contained seven different tab controls and six speakers. It has a completely different interface from other Leslies, using a 12-pin amphenol connector.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFaragher201193_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFaragher201193-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pro-Line">Pro-Line</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Leslie_speaker&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Pro-Line"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Fender_Vibratone.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Fender_Vibratone.jpg/170px-Fender_Vibratone.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="213" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Fender_Vibratone.jpg/255px-Fender_Vibratone.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Fender_Vibratone.jpg/340px-Fender_Vibratone.jpg 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="502" /></a><figcaption>Fender Vibratone reissue of the Leslie 16</figcaption></figure> <p>By the late 1960s, gigging musicians were finding that older Leslies like the 122 were not loud enough for large venues, which led to the introduction of the "Pro Line" series. These Leslies had louder solid-state power amplifiers, and were mounted on casters for ease of portability. The first models Leslie manufactured were the 900 and 910,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVail2002141_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVail2002141-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which contained a 100 watt, three-channel power amplifier. Both could split into two sections.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFaragher2011121_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFaragher2011121-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The most popular version of the Pro-Line series was the 760. It was a smaller version of the 900 and 910, and contained a 40 watt treble and 50 watt bass amplifier.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFaragher2011117,_121_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFaragher2011117,_121-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A smaller, more portable version of the 760 is the 820. It is a solid-state cabinet like the 760, and it connects to the organ with a 9-pin connector as well. However, it is only 31 inches (790 mm) high and has only a single rotor with a full-range 12-inch speaker.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFaragher2011120_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFaragher2011120-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Pro-Line series was durable and fault-tolerant, with many models lasting for years.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFaragher2011117_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFaragher2011117-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, because they used solid-state amplifiers, they are not as highly regarded as the older tube-based Leslies, because they lack the characteristic sound when the amp is overdriven.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFaragher2011119_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFaragher2011119-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The smallest Leslie is the Model 16, made in 1970. It has a <a href="/wiki/Fender_Musical_Instruments_Corporation" class="mw-redirect" title="Fender Musical Instruments Corporation">Fender</a>-like speaker body and a rotating foam dispersion block. It was built for guitarists, portable, and had "Leslie" written on the front.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFaragher2011120_40-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFaragher2011120-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It contained just a single 10-inch speaker, and was designed to be powered by an external amplifier, and contained an additional output for an extension speaker. Control of the speaker was via two switches, one of which controlled the speed and one switched the rotors on and off. It was also released later as the <a href="/wiki/Fender_Vibratone" class="mw-redirect" title="Fender Vibratone">Fender Vibratone</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hammond-Suzuki">Hammond-Suzuki</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Leslie_speaker&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Hammond-Suzuki"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>As well as the 122A and 147A reissues, Hammond-Suzuki now makes smaller and transportable Leslies using modern technology. The 2101 is 20 inches (520 mm) high and has a rotating horn as found on the 122 and 147, along with a pair of 2-inch (51 mm) compression drivers and two 5-inch (130 mm) woofers. The unit provides two separate inputs so different instruments can be plugged into the rotary and stationary components respectively. The 2121 is a 15-inch (380 mm) stationary speaker that uses <a href="/wiki/Digital_signal_processing" title="Digital signal processing">digital signal processing</a> to emulate the rotating drum found in older Leslies.<sup id="cite_ref-xk3_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-xk3-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The 3300 is the same as the 2121, but with a 300 watt power amplifier.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sound_generation">Sound generation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Leslie_speaker&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Sound generation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lesliebox_Animation.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Lesliebox_Animation.gif/200px-Lesliebox_Animation.gif" decoding="async" width="200" height="234" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Lesliebox_Animation.gif/300px-Lesliebox_Animation.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Lesliebox_Animation.gif/400px-Lesliebox_Animation.gif 2x" data-file-width="680" data-file-height="794" /></a><figcaption>An animation showing the behavior of a Leslie speaker when running.<br />1 = Horn enclosure<br />2 = Compression driver<br />3 = Treble motor<br />4 = Crossover<br />5 = Bass motor<br />6 = Woofer<br />7 = Drum enclosure<br />8 = Drum<br />9 = Cabinet<br />Amplifier not pictured</figcaption></figure> <p>The Leslie is specifically designed, via reproduction of the <a href="/wiki/Doppler_effect" title="Doppler effect">Doppler effect</a>, to alter or modify sound. As the sound source is rotated around a specific pivot point, it produces <a href="/wiki/Tremolo" title="Tremolo">tremolo</a> (the modulation of amplitude) and a variation in pitch. This produces a sequence of <a href="/wiki/Frequency_modulation" title="Frequency modulation">frequency modulated</a> sidebands.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> To stop a Leslie's rotor, a special brake circuit was added to the Leslie motor controls, that incorporated an electronic <a href="/wiki/Relay" title="Relay">relay</a> by producing a half-wave of <a href="/wiki/Direct_current" title="Direct current">direct current</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFaragher2011101_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFaragher2011101-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Much of the Leslie's unique tone is due to the fact that the system is at least partially enclosed, whereby linear louvres along the sides and front of the unit can vent the sound from within the box after the sound has bounced around inside, mellowing it.<sup id="cite_ref-henricksen_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-henricksen-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The crossover is deliberately set to 800 Hz to give the optimum balance between the horn and the drum, and is considered an integral part of the speaker.<sup id="cite_ref-goff_33-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-goff-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The tone is also affected by the <a href="/wiki/Wood" title="Wood">wood</a> used. Tone differences, due to cost cutting using <a href="/wiki/Particle_board" title="Particle board">particle board</a> for speaker and rotor shelves instead of the previous <a href="/wiki/Plywood" title="Plywood">plywood</a>, are evident in the Leslie's sound. The thinner ply of the top of the cabinet adds a certain resonance as well. Like an acoustic instrument, a Leslie's tone is uniquely defined by its cabinet design and construction, the amplifier, crossover and speakers used, and the motors—not merely by the spinning of rotors.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFaragher2011104_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFaragher2011104-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Miking">Miking</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Leslie_speaker&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Miking"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Because a Leslie speaker modifies as well as amplifies the sound, the output cannot simply be connected to a larger <a href="/wiki/Public_address_system" title="Public address system">PA system</a> if the volume onstage from the built-in amplifier is too quiet. This is particularly problematic for an older Leslie like the 122 or 147, which only has a 40 watt RMS power amplifier.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVail2002155_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVail2002155-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Instead, <a href="/wiki/Microphone" title="Microphone">microphones</a> are placed around the Leslie, and the output from these is connected to the PA. A typical setup for onstage miking is to use two microphones placed on opposite sides of the horn and a single microphone on the drum.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Miking a Leslie is also important in a recording studio, as the choice and positioning of microphones determines the overall recorded sound. A popular recommendation is two <a href="/wiki/Shure_SM57" title="Shure SM57">Shure SM57s</a> on the horn and a <a href="/wiki/Sennheiser_MD_421" title="Sennheiser MD 421">Sennheiser MD 421</a> on the drum.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVail2002152_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVail2002152-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-sosmike_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sosmike-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Recording Magazine's Dave Martin suggests a similar setup, with various microphone models used as stereo pairs on the horn but using an <a href="/wiki/Electro-Voice_RE20" title="Electro-Voice RE20">Electro-Voice RE20</a> on the drum instead.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Keith_Emerson" title="Keith Emerson">Keith Emerson</a> recorded his Leslie using a single mic each on the horn and the drum, but with the covers removed.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVail2002153_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVail2002153-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Clones_and_simulations">Clones and simulations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Leslie_speaker&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Clones and simulations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Shin-ei_Uni-Vibe_(1968),_Jimi_Hendrix,_EMP_Museum.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Shin-ei_Uni-Vibe_%281968%29%2C_Jimi_Hendrix%2C_EMP_Museum.jpg/220px-Shin-ei_Uni-Vibe_%281968%29%2C_Jimi_Hendrix%2C_EMP_Museum.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Shin-ei_Uni-Vibe_%281968%29%2C_Jimi_Hendrix%2C_EMP_Museum.jpg/330px-Shin-ei_Uni-Vibe_%281968%29%2C_Jimi_Hendrix%2C_EMP_Museum.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Shin-ei_Uni-Vibe_%281968%29%2C_Jimi_Hendrix%2C_EMP_Museum.jpg/440px-Shin-ei_Uni-Vibe_%281968%29%2C_Jimi_Hendrix%2C_EMP_Museum.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1944" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Uni-Vibe" title="Uni-Vibe">Uni-Vibe</a> was an early adaptation as an <a href="/wiki/Effects_pedal" class="mw-redirect" title="Effects pedal">effects pedal</a>. This model was once used by <a href="/wiki/Jimi_Hendrix" title="Jimi Hendrix">Jimi Hendrix</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>While the Leslie speaker is still made and sold, similar effects can now be obtained via analogue electronic devices and digital emulation. <a href="/wiki/Chorus_effect" class="mw-redirect" title="Chorus effect">Chorus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Phase_shifting" class="mw-redirect" title="Phase shifting">phase shifter</a> devices can give an approximation of the sounds produced by a Leslie speaker. The Uni-Vibe, a four-stage phase shifter, was specifically marketed as a low-cost Leslie substitute for guitarists, and used a foot-operated fast/slow switch similar to the combo preamp. The pedal was popular, and notable users included <a href="/wiki/Jimi_Hendrix" title="Jimi Hendrix">Jimi Hendrix</a>, <a href="/wiki/David_Gilmour" title="David Gilmour">David Gilmour</a> and <a href="/wiki/Robin_Trower" title="Robin Trower">Robin Trower</a>, but vintage units tend not to be in good condition now due to the degradation of capacitors in the unit.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although the sound of a Leslie speaker heard in person is quite distinct, digital clones have become increasingly better at emulating it.<sup id="cite_ref-henricksen_48-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-henricksen-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Most modern keyboards that emulate the Hammond organ also include a Leslie simulator, including Hammond's own XK-3c and the <a href="/wiki/Nord_Electro" title="Nord Electro">Nord Electro</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-keyboardmag_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-keyboardmag-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, there is still a market for standalone simulators. <a href="/wiki/Hughes_%26_Kettner" title="Hughes & Kettner">Hughes & Kettner</a>'s Rotosphere has received good reviews for accurately producing the sound of a Leslie speaker with a tube amplifier.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Neo Ventilator has been particularly praised for its accuracy in emulating the sound of a Leslie. <i><a href="/wiki/Sound_on_Sound" title="Sound on Sound">Sound on Sound</a></i><span class="nowrap" style="padding-left:0.1em;">'</span>s Mark Ashfield described it as "quite simply the best Leslie speaker simulator to date",<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while a <i>Keyboard Magazine</i> reviewer was "blown away by how authentic the Ventilator sounds".<sup id="cite_ref-keyboardmag_57-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-keyboardmag-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2013, Hammond-Suzuki started manufacturing their own Leslie simulator in a <a href="/wiki/Effects_unit" title="Effects unit">stomp box</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> California based company Strymon released the Lex pedal, a rotary speaker emulator pedal, suitable for a variety of applications, including guitar. </p> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notable_users">Notable users</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Leslie_speaker&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Notable users"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_adopters">Early adopters</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Leslie_speaker&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Early adopters"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Leslie never advertised his speakers. After demonstrating a prototype with <a href="/wiki/Robert_Mitchell_(organist)" title="Robert Mitchell (organist)">Bob Mitchell</a>, an organist with radio station <a href="/wiki/KFI" title="KFI">KFI</a> in <a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles" title="Los Angeles">Los Angeles</a>, a contract was made to install another prototype in the station's studios, where Mitchell would be the only organist authorized to use it. Mitchell was so impressed that he tried to patent the speaker, but discovered that he could not. Soon afterwards, Mitchell became an organist with the <a href="/wiki/Mutual_Broadcasting_System" title="Mutual Broadcasting System">Mutual Broadcasting System</a>, and played a Hammond with the Leslie on its shows, ensuring national exposure for the sound.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Leslie was subsequently a standard component of several notable jazz organists, including <a href="/wiki/Jimmy_Smith_(musician)" title="Jimmy Smith (musician)">Jimmy Smith</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jack_McDuff" title="Jack McDuff">Jack McDuff</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jimmy_McGriff" title="Jimmy McGriff">Jimmy McGriff</a> and <a href="/wiki/Shirley_Scott" title="Shirley Scott">Shirley Scott</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Graham_Bond" title="Graham Bond">Graham Bond</a> was the first notable British organist to play a Hammond through a Leslie.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pioneering_usages">Pioneering usages</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Leslie_speaker&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Pioneering usages"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Although <a href="/wiki/The_Beatles" title="The Beatles">the Beatles</a> are often credited as such, they were not the first to experiment with processing other sounds through a Leslie speaker.<sup id="cite_ref-Everett2009_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Everett2009-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Producer <a href="/wiki/Lou_Adler" title="Lou Adler">Lou Adler</a> had been experimenting with the technique as early as 1963,<sup id="cite_ref-projects_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-projects-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and one of the first recordings to feature vocals recorded through a Leslie speaker was the 1964 single "She Rides with Me", written by <a href="/wiki/Beach_Boys" class="mw-redirect" title="Beach Boys">Beach Boys</a> leader <a href="/wiki/Brian_Wilson" title="Brian Wilson">Brian Wilson</a> and performed by singer <a href="/wiki/Paul_Petersen" title="Paul Petersen">Paul Petersen</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-GV_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GV-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to Petersen, "I got a call from Lou Adler on New Years Eve 1963 in Las Vegas. He asked me to come to LA right away to cut a Brian Wilson song. When I got to RCA's studio, the track had already been cut by Brian. The only people there were Lou and two engineers. Lou rigged up the Leslie organ sound for the vocals, and that was it."<sup id="cite_ref-projects_65-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-projects-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Adler also used the effect on the simultaneously released "He Don't Love Me" by <a href="/wiki/Shelley_Fabares" title="Shelley Fabares">Shelley Fabares</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-projects_65-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-projects-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Wilson himself used the effect on the guitar sound for <a href="/wiki/The_Beach_Boys" title="The Beach Boys">the Beach Boys</a>' July 1965 song "<a href="/wiki/You%27re_So_Good_to_Me" title="You're So Good to Me">You're So Good to Me</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-Leaf1990StacTracks_67-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Leaf1990StacTracks-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Although "She Rides with Me" was not a hit record, Leslie-processed sounds soon became a prominent feature of <a href="/wiki/Psychedelic_music" title="Psychedelic music">psychedelic music</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-GV_66-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GV-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Beatles first recorded with a Leslie in June 1965 when <a href="/wiki/George_Harrison" title="George Harrison">George Harrison</a> was overdubbing one of his lead guitar parts on "<a href="/wiki/It%27s_Only_Love" title="It's Only Love">It's Only Love</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to author <a href="/wiki/Andy_Babiuk" title="Andy Babiuk">Andy Babiuk</a>, the band's "<a href="/wiki/Tomorrow_Never_Knows" title="Tomorrow Never Knows">Tomorrow Never Knows</a>" (1966) marked the first time that a vocal was recorded using a microphone wired directly into the input of a Leslie,<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> after <a href="/wiki/John_Lennon" title="John Lennon">John Lennon</a> had asked for his voice to sound "as though I'm the <a href="/wiki/Dalai_Lama" title="Dalai Lama">Dalai Lama</a> singing from the highest mountain top".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBromell200295_70-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBromell200295-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They went on to use a Leslie throughout the sessions for <i><a href="/wiki/Revolver_(Beatles_album)" title="Revolver (Beatles album)">Revolver</a></i> in 1966.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBromell200295_70-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBromell200295-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Beatles inspired others to use the speaker. Harrison played through a Leslie in his guest appearance on <a href="/wiki/Cream_(band)" title="Cream (band)">Cream</a>'s song "<a href="/wiki/Badge_(song)" title="Badge (song)">Badge</a>" (1969), and <a href="/wiki/Richard_Wright_(musician)" title="Richard Wright (musician)">Richard Wright</a> used a similar setup when recording with <a href="/wiki/Pink_Floyd" title="Pink Floyd">Pink Floyd</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Leslie_speaker&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sharma_speaker" title="Sharma speaker">Sharma speaker</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Leslie_speaker&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFaragher2011108-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFaragher2011108_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFaragher2011108_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFaragher2011108_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFaragher2011">Faragher 2011</a>, p. 108.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVail2002129-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVail2002129_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFVail2002">Vail 2002</a>, p. 129.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVail2002129–130-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVail2002129–130_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFVail2002">Vail 2002</a>, pp. 129–130.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVail2002130-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVail2002130_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFVail2002">Vail 2002</a>, p. 130.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVail2002131-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVail2002131_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVail2002131_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVail2002131_5-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFVail2002">Vail 2002</a>, p. 131.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-latimes-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-latimes_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-latimes_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFOliver2004" class="citation news cs1">Oliver, Myrna (7 September 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2004-sep-07-me-leslie7-story.html">"Donald Leslie, 93; His Namesake Speaker Influenced Music"</a>. <i>Los Angeles Times</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 September</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Los+Angeles+Times&rft.atitle=Donald+Leslie%2C+93%3B+His+Namesake+Speaker+Influenced+Music&rft.date=2004-09-07&rft.aulast=Oliver&rft.aufirst=Myrna&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.latimes.com%2Farchives%2Fla-xpm-2004-sep-07-me-leslie7-story.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeslie+speaker" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFaragher2011126-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFaragher2011126_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFaragher2011">Faragher 2011</a>, p. 126.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Billboard_Sep_1965-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Billboard_Sep_1965_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=GikEAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA6">"Electro Music Purchased by Columbia Distribution"</a>. <i>Billboard</i>. Vol. 77, no. 38. Cincinnati, Ohio: Billboard Publishing. September 18, 1965. p. 6.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Billboard&rft.atitle=Electro+Music+Purchased+by+Columbia+Distribution&rft.volume=77&rft.issue=38&rft.pages=6&rft.date=1965-09-18&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DGikEAAAAMBAJ%26pg%3DPA6&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeslie+speaker" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFaragher2011100-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFaragher2011100_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFaragher2011">Faragher 2011</a>, p. 100.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFaragher2011162-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFaragher2011162_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFaragher2011">Faragher 2011</a>, p. 162.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFaragher201114-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFaragher201114_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFaragher2011">Faragher 2011</a>, p. 14.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFaragher2011103-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFaragher2011103_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFaragher2011103_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFaragher2011103_12-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFaragher2011">Faragher 2011</a>, p. 103.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.synthfool.com/docs/Leslie/Leslie_122_122V_122RV_142_222_222RV_User_And_Servicemanual/Leslie_122_122V_122RV_142_222_222RV_page3.GIF">"Leslie 122 / 122RV service manual"</a>. Electro Music: 3<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 September</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Leslie+122+%2F+122RV+service+manual&rft.pages=3&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.synthfool.com%2Fdocs%2FLeslie%2FLeslie_122_122V_122RV_142_222_222RV_User_And_Servicemanual%2FLeslie_122_122V_122RV_142_222_222RV_page3.GIF&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeslie+speaker" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_journal" title="Template:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment">Cite journal requires <code class="cs1-code">|journal=</code> (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#missing_periodical" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBoulanger2000" class="citation book cs1">Boulanger, Richard Charles, ed. (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=szwfRU9DqwYC&pg=PA209"><i>The Csound Book: Perspectives in Software Synthesis, Sound Design, Signal Processing, and Programming</i></a>. MIT Press. p. 209. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-262-52261-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-262-52261-8"><bdi>978-0-262-52261-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Csound+Book%3A+Perspectives+in+Software+Synthesis%2C+Sound+Design%2C+Signal+Processing%2C+and+Programming&rft.pages=209&rft.pub=MIT+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-262-52261-8&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DszwfRU9DqwYC%26pg%3DPA209&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeslie+speaker" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=p0p6jL-u3T4C&pg=PT107"><i>The Foundations of Rock: From "Blue Suede Shoes" to "Suite: Judy Blue Eyes"</i></a>. Oxford University Press. 2008-11-07. p. 107. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-971870-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-971870-2"><bdi>978-0-19-971870-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Foundations+of+Rock%3A+From+%22Blue+Suede+Shoes%22+to+%22Suite%3A+Judy+Blue+Eyes%22&rft.pages=107&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2008-11-07&rft.isbn=978-0-19-971870-2&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dp0p6jL-u3T4C%26pg%3DPT107&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeslie+speaker" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-lesliepedal-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-lesliepedal_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131031160259/http://hammondorganco.com/hammond-usa-announces-first-ever-digital-leslie-pedal/">"Hammond USA Announces First-ever Digital Leslie Pedal"</a>. Hammond-Suzuki USA. January 22, 2013. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://hammondorganco.com/hammond-usa-announces-first-ever-digital-leslie-pedal/">the original</a> on 31 October 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 September</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Hammond+USA+Announces+First-ever+Digital+Leslie+Pedal&rft.pub=Hammond-Suzuki+USA&rft.date=2013-01-22&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhammondorganco.com%2Fhammond-usa-announces-first-ever-digital-leslie-pedal%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeslie+speaker" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFaragher2011102-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFaragher2011102_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFaragher2011">Faragher 2011</a>, p. 102.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.harmonycentral.com/articles/rotary-speaker-cabinet-miking">"Article: Rotary Speaker Cabinet Miking"</a>. Harmony Central<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 30,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Article%3A+Rotary+Speaker+Cabinet+Miking&rft.pub=Harmony+Central&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.harmonycentral.com%2Farticles%2Frotary-speaker-cabinet-miking&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeslie+speaker" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-825manual-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-825manual_19-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-825manual_19-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.synthfool.com/docs/Leslie/Leslie_825_User_And_Servicemanual/Leslie_825_User_Service_Manualp4.JPG">"Leslie 825 Service Manual"</a>. Electro Music: 4<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 June</span> 2006</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Uncle+Harvey%27s+Guide+to+Leslie+Pinouts&rft.date=2006&rft.aulast=Olsen&rft.aufirst=Harvey&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.captain-foldback.com%2FLeslie_sub%2Fpinouts.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeslie+speaker" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.synthfool.com/docs/Leslie/Leslie_760_User_And_Servicemanual/Leslie_760_User_Service_Manual06.jpg">"Leslie 760 User Service Manual"</a>. Electro Music: 6<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 September</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Leslie+760+User+Service+Manual&rft.pages=6&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.synthfool.com%2Fdocs%2FLeslie%2FLeslie_760_User_And_Servicemanual%2FLeslie_760_User_Service_Manual06.jpg&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeslie+speaker" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_journal" title="Template:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment">Cite journal requires <code class="cs1-code">|journal=</code> (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#missing_periodical" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVail2002150-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVail2002150_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFVail2002">Vail 2002</a>, p. 150.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFaragher2011124-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFaragher2011124_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFaragher2011">Faragher 2011</a>, p. 124.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120115144857/http://www.trekii.com/UC1A.html">"UC-1A Combo Pre Amp"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.trekii.com/UC1A.html">the original</a> on 2012-01-15<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 September</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Sound+on+Sound&rft.atitle=Hammond+XK3%2FXLK3+%26+Leslie+2121%2F2101&rft.date=2005-07&rft.aulast=Robjohns&rft.aufirst=Hugh&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.soundonsound.com%2Fsos%2Fjul05%2Farticles%2Fhammondxk3.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeslie+speaker" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFaragher2011106–107-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFaragher2011106–107_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFaragher2011">Faragher 2011</a>, pp. 106–107.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFaragher2011107–108-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFaragher2011107–108_27-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFaragher2011">Faragher 2011</a>, pp. 107–108.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFaragher2011108–109-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFaragher2011108–109_28-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFaragher2011">Faragher 2011</a>, pp. 108–109.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFaragher2011109-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFaragher2011109_29-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFaragher2011">Faragher 2011</a>, p. 109.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFaragher2011110-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFaragher2011110_30-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFaragher2011">Faragher 2011</a>, p. 110.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=g-o8AQAAIAAJ&q=leslie+speaker+122">"Jargon Jockey"</a>. <i>Keyboard Magazine</i>. Vol. 32, no. 7–12. 2006. p. 136.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Keyboard+Magazine&rft.atitle=Jargon+Jockey&rft.volume=32&rft.issue=7%E2%80%9312&rft.pages=136&rft.date=2006&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dg-o8AQAAIAAJ%26q%3Dleslie%2Bspeaker%2B122&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeslie+speaker" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131007131458/http://hammondorganco.com/products/leslie/122xb/">"122XB"</a>. Hammond-Suzuki USA. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://hammondorganco.com/products/leslie/122xb/">the original</a> on 7 October 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 September</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Leslie+122A+Speaker&rft.pub=Goff+Professional&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.goffprof.com%2Fshopping.jsp%3Fp%3D3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeslie+speaker" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFaragher2011111-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFaragher2011111_34-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFaragher2011">Faragher 2011</a>, p. 111.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFaragher2011164-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFaragher2011164_35-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFaragher2011">Faragher 2011</a>, p. 164.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFaragher201193-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFaragher201193_36-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFaragher2011">Faragher 2011</a>, p. 93.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVail2002141-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVail2002141_37-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFVail2002">Vail 2002</a>, p. 141.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFaragher2011121-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFaragher2011121_38-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFaragher2011">Faragher 2011</a>, p. 121.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFaragher2011117,_121-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFaragher2011117,_121_39-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFaragher2011">Faragher 2011</a>, pp. 117, 121.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFaragher2011120-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFaragher2011120_40-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFaragher2011120_40-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFaragher2011">Faragher 2011</a>, p. 120.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFaragher2011117-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFaragher2011117_41-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFaragher2011">Faragher 2011</a>, p. 117.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFaragher2011119-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFaragher2011119_42-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFaragher2011">Faragher 2011</a>, p. 119.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHunter2013" class="citation book cs1">Hunter, Dave (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=GZgOo8qmQDUC&q=fender+vibratone&pg=PT56"><i>365 Guitars, Amps & Effects You Must Play: The Most Sublime, Bizarre and Outrageous Gear Ever</i></a>. Voyageur Press. p. 56. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7603-4366-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7603-4366-1"><bdi>978-0-7603-4366-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=365+Guitars%2C+Amps+%26+Effects+You+Must+Play%3A+The+Most+Sublime%2C+Bizarre+and+Outrageous+Gear+Ever&rft.pages=56&rft.pub=Voyageur+Press&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-0-7603-4366-1&rft.aulast=Hunter&rft.aufirst=Dave&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DGZgOo8qmQDUC%26q%3Dfender%2Bvibratone%26pg%3DPT56&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeslie+speaker" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVail2000" class="citation book cs1">Vail, Mark (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=tNci9y0jlRgC&q=leslie+speaker+vibratone&pg=PA260"><i>Keyboard Magazine Presents Vintage Synthesizers: Pioneering Designers, Groundbreaking Instruments, Collecting Tips, Mutants of Technology</i></a>. Backbeat Books. pp. 260–261. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87930-603-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-87930-603-8"><bdi>978-0-87930-603-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Keyboard+Magazine+Presents+Vintage+Synthesizers%3A+Pioneering+Designers%2C+Groundbreaking+Instruments%2C+Collecting+Tips%2C+Mutants+of+Technology&rft.pages=260-261&rft.pub=Backbeat+Books&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-87930-603-8&rft.aulast=Vail&rft.aufirst=Mark&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DtNci9y0jlRgC%26q%3Dleslie%2Bspeaker%2Bvibratone%26pg%3DPA260&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeslie+speaker" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130811094503/http://hammondorgan.co.uk/page5/page5.html">"Leslie"</a>. Hammond Organ UK. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://hammondorgan.co.uk/page5/page5.html">the original</a> on 11 August 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 September</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Leslie&rft.pub=Hammond+Organ+UK&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhammondorgan.co.uk%2Fpage5%2Fpage5.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeslie+speaker" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrice2001" class="citation book cs1">Brice, Richard (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ufVVgLwkcQwC&q=%22leslie+speaker%22&pg=PA427"><i>Music Engineering</i></a>. Newnes. p. 427. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7506-5040-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7506-5040-3"><bdi>978-0-7506-5040-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Music+Engineering&rft.pages=427&rft.pub=Newnes&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-7506-5040-3&rft.aulast=Brice&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DufVVgLwkcQwC%26q%3D%2522leslie%2Bspeaker%2522%26pg%3DPA427&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeslie+speaker" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFaragher2011101-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFaragher2011101_47-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFaragher2011">Faragher 2011</a>, p. 101.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-henricksen-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-henricksen_48-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-henricksen_48-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFClifford_A._Henricksen1981" class="citation web cs1">Clifford A. Henricksen (April 1981). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://theatreorgans.com/hammond/faq/mystery/mystery.html">"<i>UNEARTHING THE MYSTERIES OF THE LESLIE CABINET</i>"</a>. Recording Engineer/Producer magazine.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=UNEARTHING+THE+MYSTERIES+OF+THE+LESLIE+CABINET&rft.pub=Recording+Engineer%2FProducer+magazine&rft.date=1981-04&rft.au=Clifford+A.+Henricksen&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftheatreorgans.com%2Fhammond%2Ffaq%2Fmystery%2Fmystery.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeslie+speaker" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFaragher2011104-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFaragher2011104_49-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFaragher2011">Faragher 2011</a>, p. 104.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVail2002155-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVail2002155_50-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFVail2002">Vail 2002</a>, p. 155.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEvans2011" class="citation book cs1">Evans, Bill (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=dWILAAAAQBAJ&q=leslie+miking+PA&pg=PA20"><i>Live Sound Fundamentals</i></a>. Cengage Learning. p. 20. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4354-5603-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4354-5603-7"><bdi>978-1-4354-5603-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Live+Sound+Fundamentals&rft.pages=20&rft.pub=Cengage+Learning&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-1-4354-5603-7&rft.aulast=Evans&rft.aufirst=Bill&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DdWILAAAAQBAJ%26q%3Dleslie%2Bmiking%2BPA%26pg%3DPA20&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeslie+speaker" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVail2002152-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVail2002152_52-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFVail2002">Vail 2002</a>, p. 152.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-sosmike-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-sosmike_53-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWhiteRobjohns2008" class="citation magazine cs1">White, Paul; Robjohns, Hugh (April 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.soundonsound.com/sos/apr08/articles/qa0408_5.htm">"How do you record a Leslie speaker?"</a>. <i>Sound on Sound</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 September</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Sound+on+Sound&rft.atitle=How+do+you+record+a+Leslie+speaker%3F&rft.date=2008-04&rft.aulast=White&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft.au=Robjohns%2C+Hugh&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.soundonsound.com%2Fsos%2Fapr08%2Farticles%2Fqa0408_5.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeslie+speaker" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMartin" class="citation journal cs1">Martin, Dave. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130801225004/http://www.recordingmag.com/resources/resourceDetail/197.html">"Miking the Hammond and Leslie"</a>. Recording Magazine. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.recordingmag.com/resources/resourceDetail/197.html">the original</a> on 1 August 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 September</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Miking+the+Hammond+and+Leslie&rft.aulast=Martin&rft.aufirst=Dave&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.recordingmag.com%2Fresources%2FresourceDetail%2F197.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeslie+speaker" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_journal" title="Template:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment">Cite journal requires <code class="cs1-code">|journal=</code> (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#missing_periodical" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVail2002153-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVail2002153_55-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFVail2002">Vail 2002</a>, p. 153.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGallagher2012" class="citation book cs1">Gallagher, Mitch (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=6XALAAAAQBAJ&q=uni-vibe&pg=PA264"><i>Guitar Tone:: Pursuing the Ultimate Guitar Sound</i></a>. Cengage Learning. p. 264. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4354-5621-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4354-5621-1"><bdi>978-1-4354-5621-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Guitar+Tone%3A%3A+Pursuing+the+Ultimate+Guitar+Sound&rft.pages=264&rft.pub=Cengage+Learning&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-1-4354-5621-1&rft.aulast=Gallagher&rft.aufirst=Mitch&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D6XALAAAAQBAJ%26q%3Duni-vibe%26pg%3DPA264&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeslie+speaker" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-keyboardmag-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-keyboardmag_57-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-keyboardmag_57-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130601001226/http://www.keyboardmag.com/article/2066">"Neo Instruments Ventilator Best Rotary Stompbox Yet"</a>. <i>Keyboard Magazine</i>. 1 May 2010. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 September</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Keyboard+Magazine&rft.atitle=Neo+Instruments+Ventilator+Best+Rotary+Stompbox+Yet&rft.date=2010-05-01&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.keyboardmag.com%2Farticle%2F2066&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeslie+speaker" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.musicradar.com/news/guitars/the-33-best-modulation-and-filter-pedals-of-all-time-423333">"The 33 best modulation and filter pedals of all time"</a>. <i>Music radar</i>. April 14, 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 September</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Sound+on+Sound&rft.atitle=Neo+Instruments+Ventilator&rft.date=2011-12&rft.aulast=Ashfield&rft.aufirst=Mark&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.soundonsound.com%2Fsos%2Fdec11%2Farticles%2Fneo-instruments-ventilator.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeslie+speaker" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://hammondorganco.com/products/leslie/">"Leslie (product range)"</a>. Hammond USA<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 August</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Leslie+%28product+range%29&rft.pub=Hammond+USA&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhammondorganco.com%2Fproducts%2Fleslie%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeslie+speaker" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=1XVYAAAAMAAJ&q=%22leslie+speaker%22+%22bob+mitchell%22">"Theatre Organ: Journal of the American Theatre Organ Society"</a>. <b>31</b>. American Theatre Organ Society. 1989: 17<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 September</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Theatre+Organ%3A+Journal+of+the+American+Theatre+Organ+Society&rft.volume=31&rft.pages=17&rft.date=1989&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D1XVYAAAAMAAJ%26q%3D%2522leslie%2Bspeaker%2522%2B%2522bob%2Bmitchell%2522&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeslie+speaker" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_journal" title="Template:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment">Cite journal requires <code class="cs1-code">|journal=</code> (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#missing_periodical" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBearman2003" class="citation book cs1">Bearman, Noah (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=hhpQzHvIr80C&q=%22jimmy+smith%22+%22leslie+speaker%22&pg=PA51"><i>The Big Book of Jazz Piano Improvisation: Tools and Inspiration for Creative Soloing</i></a>. Alfred Music Publishing. p. 51. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7390-3171-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7390-3171-1"><bdi>978-0-7390-3171-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Big+Book+of+Jazz+Piano+Improvisation%3A+Tools+and+Inspiration+for+Creative+Soloing&rft.pages=51&rft.pub=Alfred+Music+Publishing&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-7390-3171-1&rft.aulast=Bearman&rft.aufirst=Noah&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DhhpQzHvIr80C%26q%3D%2522jimmy%2Bsmith%2522%2B%2522leslie%2Bspeaker%2522%26pg%3DPA51&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeslie+speaker" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLarkin1998" class="citation book cs1">Larkin, Colin (1998). <i>The Virgin encyclopedia of the blues</i>. Virgin Books. p. 42. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7535-0226-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7535-0226-6"><bdi>978-0-7535-0226-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Virgin+encyclopedia+of+the+blues&rft.pages=42&rft.pub=Virgin+Books&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0-7535-0226-6&rft.aulast=Larkin&rft.aufirst=Colin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeslie+speaker" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Everett2009-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Everett2009_64-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEverett2009" class="citation book cs1">Everett, Walter (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=PH88DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA52"><i>The Foundations of Rock: From "Blue Suede Shoes" to "Suite: Judy Blue Eyes"</i></a>. Oxford University Press, USA. p. 52. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-531023-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-531023-8"><bdi>978-0-19-531023-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Foundations+of+Rock%3A+From+%22Blue+Suede+Shoes%22+to+%22Suite%3A+Judy+Blue+Eyes%22&rft.pages=52&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press%2C+USA&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-19-531023-8&rft.aulast=Everett&rft.aufirst=Walter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DPH88DwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA52&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeslie+speaker" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-projects-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-projects_65-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-projects_65-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-projects_65-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation AV-media-notes cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://albumlinernotes.com/Pet_Projects.html"><i>Pet Projects</i></a> (Media notes).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Pet+Projects&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Falbumlinernotes.com%2FPet_Projects.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeslie+speaker" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-GV-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-GV_66-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-GV_66-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLambert2016" class="citation book cs1">Lambert, Philip (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=eplFDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA120"><i>Good Vibrations: Brian Wilson and the Beach Boys in Critical Perspective</i></a>. University of Michigan Press. p. 120. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-472-12227-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-472-12227-1"><bdi>978-0-472-12227-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Good+Vibrations%3A+Brian+Wilson+and+the+Beach+Boys+in+Critical+Perspective&rft.pages=120&rft.pub=University+of+Michigan+Press&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-0-472-12227-1&rft.aulast=Lambert&rft.aufirst=Philip&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DeplFDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA120&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeslie+speaker" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Leaf1990StacTracks-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Leaf1990StacTracks_67-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLeaf1990" class="citation AV-media-notes cs1"><a href="/wiki/David_Leaf" title="David Leaf">Leaf, David</a> (1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://albumlinernotes.com/Party_Stack-O-Tracks.html"><i>Party/Stack-O-Tracks</i></a> (CD Liner). <a href="/wiki/The_Beach_Boys" title="The Beach Boys">The Beach Boys</a>. <a href="/wiki/Capitol_Records" title="Capitol Records">Capitol Records</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Party%2FStack-O-Tracks&rft.pub=Capitol+Records&rft.date=1990&rft.aulast=Leaf&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Falbumlinernotes.com%2FParty_Stack-O-Tracks.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeslie+speaker" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKruth2015" class="citation book cs1">Kruth, John (2015). <i>This Bird Has Flown: The Enduring Beauty of Rubber Soul, Fifty Years On</i>. Milwaukee, WI: Backbeat Books. pp. 57–58. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-61713-573-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-61713-573-6"><bdi>978-1-61713-573-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=This+Bird+Has+Flown%3A+The+Enduring+Beauty+of+Rubber+Soul%2C+Fifty+Years+On&rft.place=Milwaukee%2C+WI&rft.pages=57-58&rft.pub=Backbeat+Books&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-1-61713-573-6&rft.aulast=Kruth&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeslie+speaker" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBabiuk2002" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Andy_Babiuk" title="Andy Babiuk">Babiuk, Andy</a> (2002). <i>Beatles Gear: All the Fab Four's Instruments, from Stage to Studio</i>. San Francisco, CA: Backbeat Books. p. 184. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87930-731-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-87930-731-8"><bdi>978-0-87930-731-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Beatles+Gear%3A+All+the+Fab+Four%27s+Instruments%2C+from+Stage+to+Studio&rft.place=San+Francisco%2C+CA&rft.pages=184&rft.pub=Backbeat+Books&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-87930-731-8&rft.aulast=Babiuk&rft.aufirst=Andy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeslie+speaker" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBromell200295-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBromell200295_70-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBromell200295_70-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBromell2002">Bromell 2002</a>, p. 95.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPovey2007" class="citation book cs1">Povey, Glenn (2007). <i>Echoes: The Complete History of Pink Floyd</i>. Mind Head Publishing. p. 161. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9554624-0-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-9554624-0-5"><bdi>978-0-9554624-0-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Echoes%3A+The+Complete+History+of+Pink+Floyd&rft.pages=161&rft.pub=Mind+Head+Publishing&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-9554624-0-5&rft.aulast=Povey&rft.aufirst=Glenn&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeslie+speaker" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <dl><dt>Books</dt></dl> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBromell2002" class="citation book cs1">Bromell, Nick (2002). <i>Tomorrow Never Knows: Rock and Psychedelics in the 1960s</i>. University of Chicago Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-226-07562-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-226-07562-4"><bdi>978-0-226-07562-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Tomorrow+Never+Knows%3A+Rock+and+Psychedelics+in+the+1960s&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-226-07562-4&rft.aulast=Bromell&rft.aufirst=Nick&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeslie+speaker" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVail2002" class="citation book cs1">Vail, Mark (2002). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/hammondorganbeau00vail/page/129"><i>The Hammond Organ – Beauty in The B</i></a></span>. Backbeat Books. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/hammondorganbeau00vail/page/129">129–131</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87930-705-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-87930-705-6"><bdi>0-87930-705-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Hammond+Organ+%E2%80%93+Beauty+in+The+B&rft.pages=129-131&rft.pub=Backbeat+Books&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=0-87930-705-6&rft.aulast=Vail&rft.aufirst=Mark&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhammondorganbeau00vail%2Fpage%2F129&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeslie+speaker" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFaragher2011" class="citation book cs1">Faragher, Scott (2011). <i>The Hammond Organ: An introduction to the instrument and the players who made it famous</i>. Hal Leonard Corporation. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4584-0287-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4584-0287-5"><bdi>978-1-4584-0287-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Hammond+Organ%3A+An+introduction+to+the+instrument+and+the+players+who+made+it+famous&rft.pub=Hal+Leonard+Corporation&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-1-4584-0287-5&rft.aulast=Faragher&rft.aufirst=Scott&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeslie+speaker" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Leslie_speaker&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Leslie_speakers" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Leslie speakers">Leslie speakers</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><span class="official-website"><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://hammondorganco.com/products/leslie/">Official website</a></span></span> – US</li> <li><span class="official-website"><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://hammondorgan.co.uk/page5/page5.html">Official website</a></span></span> – UK</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nmia.com/~vrbass/vibratone/">Inside the Fender Vibratone</a> – the history and workings of the Fender Vibratone cabinet (and similar boxes)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://theatreorgans.com/hammond/faq/mystery/mystery.html">Unearthing the Mysteries of the Leslie Speaker</a> – A more technical in-depth analysis of the Leslie.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.namm.org/library/oral-history/don-leslie">Don Leslie Interview</a> at <a href="/wiki/NAMM_Oral_History_Program" title="NAMM Oral History Program">NAMM Oral History Collection</a> (May 13, 2001)</li></ul> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output 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class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Layouts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Enharmonic_keyboard" title="Enharmonic keyboard">Enharmonic keyboard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Generalized_keyboard" title="Generalized keyboard">Generalized keyboard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isomorphic_keyboard" title="Isomorphic keyboard">Isomorphic keyboard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jank%C3%B3_keyboard" title="Jankó keyboard">Jankó keyboard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Short_octave" title="Short octave">Short octave</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Key_(instrument)" title="Key (instrument)">Keys</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Piano_key_frequencies" title="Piano key frequencies">Frequencies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manual_(music)" title="Manual (music)">Manual keyboard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Split_sharp" title="Split sharp">Split sharp</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Piano_pedals" title="Piano pedals">Pedals</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Expression_pedal" title="Expression pedal">Expression</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soft_pedal" title="Soft pedal">Soft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustain_pedal" title="Sustain pedal">Sustain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pedal_keyboard" title="Pedal keyboard">Pedal keyboard</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Piano construction</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Piano_acoustics" title="Piano acoustics">Acoustics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Innovations_in_the_piano" title="Innovations in the piano">Innovations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piano_wire" title="Piano wire">Wiring</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aliquot_stringing" title="Aliquot stringing">Aliquot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cross-stringing" title="Cross-stringing">Cross</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Piano_maintenance" title="Piano maintenance">Maintenance</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Action_(piano)" title="Action (piano)">Action</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piano_Technicians_Guild" title="Piano Technicians Guild">Piano Technicians Guild</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piano_tuning" title="Piano tuning">Tuning</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tuning_wrench" title="Tuning wrench">Wrench</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Amplifiers, speakers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Keyboard_amplifier" title="Keyboard amplifier">Keyboard amplifier</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Leslie speaker</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Miscellaneous</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prepared_piano" title="Prepared piano">Prepared piano</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" 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