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<span>Purpose</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Purpose-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Relationship_with_other_legal_subjects" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Relationship_with_other_legal_subjects"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Relationship with other legal subjects</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Relationship_with_other_legal_subjects-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Classifications_of_legal_systems" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Classifications_of_legal_systems"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Classifications of legal systems</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Classifications_of_legal_systems-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only 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href="#Zweigert_and_Kötz"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Zweigert and Kötz</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Zweigert_and_Kötz-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Glenn" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Glenn"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>Glenn</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Glenn-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Professional_associations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Professional_associations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Professional associations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Professional_associations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Comparative_law_periodicals" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Comparative_law_periodicals"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Comparative law periodicals</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Comparative_law_periodicals-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.2</span> <span>Citations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.3</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Comparative law</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 33 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-33" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">33 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%82%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%88%D9%86_%D9%85%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%86" title="قانون مقارن – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="قانون مقارن" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Derechu_compar%C3%A1u" title="Derechu comparáu – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Derechu comparáu" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%BCqayis%C9%99li_h%C3%BCquq" title="Müqayisəli hüquq – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Müqayisəli hüquq" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%BD%D0%BE_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BE" title="Сравнително право – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Сравнително право" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Komparativ_ret" title="Komparativ ret – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Komparativ ret" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vergleichende_Rechtswissenschaft" title="Vergleichende Rechtswissenschaft – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Vergleichende Rechtswissenschaft" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C3%B5rdlev_%C3%B5igusteadus" title="Võrdlev õigusteadus – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Võrdlev õigusteadus" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A3%CF%85%CE%B3%CE%BA%CF%81%CE%B9%CF%84%CE%B9%CE%BA%CF%8C_%CE%B4%CE%AF%CE%BA%CE%B1%CE%B9%CE%BF" title="Συγκριτικό δίκαιο – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Συγκριτικό δίκαιο" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Derecho_comparado" title="Derecho comparado – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Derecho comparado" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AD%D9%82%D9%88%D9%82_%D8%AA%D8%B7%D8%A8%DB%8C%D9%82%DB%8C" title="حقوق تطبیقی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="حقوق تطبیقی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Droit_compar%C3%A9" title="Droit comparé – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Droit comparé" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%B9%84%EA%B5%90_%EB%B2%95%ED%95%99" title="비교 법학 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="비교 법학" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%80%D5%A1%D5%B4%D5%A5%D5%B4%D5%A1%D5%BF%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%B6_%D5%AB%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%BE%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6%D6%84" title="Համեմատական իրավունք – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Համեմատական իրավունք" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%95_%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0" title="तुलनात्मक विधिशास्त्र – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="तुलनात्मक विधिशास्त्र" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diritto_comparato" title="Diritto comparato – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Diritto comparato" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%A9%D7%A4%D7%98_%D7%94%D7%A9%D7%95%D7%95%D7%90%D7%AA%D7%99" title="משפט השוואתי – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="משפט השוואתי" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lyginamoji_teis%C4%97tyra" title="Lyginamoji teisėtyra – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Lyginamoji teisėtyra" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rechtsvergelijking" title="Rechtsvergelijking – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Rechtsvergelijking" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%AF%94%E8%BC%83%E6%B3%95%E5%AD%A6" title="比較法学 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="比較法学" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Komparatystyka_prawnicza" title="Komparatystyka prawnicza – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Komparatystyka prawnicza" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Direito_comparado" title="Direito comparado – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Direito comparado" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drept_comparat" title="Drept comparat – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Drept comparat" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B5_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5" title="Сравнительное правоведение – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Сравнительное правоведение" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pr%C3%A1vna_komparatistika" title="Právna komparatistika – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Právna komparatistika" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%BE_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BE" title="Упоредно право – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Упоредно право" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vertaileva_oikeustiede" title="Vertaileva oikeustiede – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Vertaileva oikeustiede" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Komparativ_r%C3%A4tt" title="Komparativ rätt – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Komparativ rätt" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%92%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%80%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D" title="ஒப்பீட்டுச் சட்டம் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="ஒப்பீட்டுச் சட்டம்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kar%C5%9F%C4%B1la%C5%9Ft%C4%B1rmal%C4%B1_hukuk" title="Karşılaştırmalı hukuk – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Karşılaştırmalı hukuk" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a 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src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Map_of_the_Legal_systems_of_the_world_%28en%29.png/220px-Map_of_the_Legal_systems_of_the_world_%28en%29.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="115" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Map_of_the_Legal_systems_of_the_world_%28en%29.png/330px-Map_of_the_Legal_systems_of_the_world_%28en%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Map_of_the_Legal_systems_of_the_world_%28en%29.png/440px-Map_of_the_Legal_systems_of_the_world_%28en%29.png 2x" data-file-width="3564" data-file-height="1870" /></a><figcaption>Legal Systems of the World</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Comparative law</b> is the study of differences and similarities between the <a href="/wiki/Law" title="Law">law</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_national_legal_systems" title="List of national legal systems">legal systems</a>) of different countries. More specifically, it involves the study of the different legal "systems" (or "families") in existence in the world, including the <a href="/wiki/Common_law" title="Common law">common law</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Civil_law_(legal_system)" title="Civil law (legal system)">civil law</a>, <a href="/wiki/Socialist_law" title="Socialist law">socialist law</a>, <a href="/wiki/Canon_law" title="Canon law">Canon law</a>, <a href="/wiki/Halakha" title="Halakha">Jewish Law</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sharia" title="Sharia">Islamic law</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hindu_law" title="Hindu law">Hindu law</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Chinese_law" title="Chinese law">Chinese law</a>. It includes the description and analysis of foreign legal systems, even where no explicit comparison is undertaken. The importance of comparative law has increased enormously in the present age of internationalism, <a href="/wiki/Economic_globalization" title="Economic globalization">economic globalization</a>, and democratization. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Comparative_law&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The origins of modern Comparative Law can be traced back to <a href="/wiki/Gottfried_Wilhelm_Leibniz" title="Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz">Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz</a> in 1667 in his Latin-language book <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">Nova Methodus Discendae Docendaeque Iurisprudentiae</i></span> (New Methods of Studying and Teaching Jurisprudence).<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Chapter 7 (Presentation of Law as the Project for all Nations, Lands and Times) introduces the idea of classifying Legal Systems into several families. A few years later, Leibniz introduced an idea of Language families.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p> Although every Legal System is unique, Comparative Law through studies of their similarities and differences allows for classification of Legal Systems, wherein Law Families is the basic level of the classification. The main differences between Law Families are found in the source(s) of Law, the role of court precedents, the origin and development of the Legal System. <a href="/wiki/Montesquieu" title="Montesquieu">Montesquieu</a> is generally regarded as an early founding figure of comparative law. His comparative approach is obvious in the following excerpt from Chapter III of Book I of his masterpiece, <i><a href="/wiki/De_l%27esprit_des_lois" class="mw-redirect" title="De l'esprit des lois">De l'esprit des lois</a></i> (1748; first translated by Thomas Nugent, 1750):<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style></p><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>[T]he political and civil laws of each nation ... should be adapted in such a manner to the people for whom they are framed that it should be a great chance if those of one nation suit another. </p><p>They should be in relation to the nature and principle of each government: whether they form it, as may be said of politic laws; or whether they support it, as in the case of civil institutions. </p><p> They should be in relation to the climate of each country, to the quality of its soil, to its situation and extent, to the principal occupation of the natives, whether husbandmen, huntsmen, or shepherds: they should have relation to the degree of liberty which the constitution will bear; to the religion of the inhabitants, to their inclinations, riches, numbers, commerce, manners, and customs.</p></blockquote> <p>Also, in Chapter XI (entitled 'How to compare two different Systems of Laws') of Book XXIX, discussing the French and English systems for punishment of false witnesses, he advises that "to determine which of those systems is most agreeable to reason, we must take them each as a whole and compare them in their entirety." Yet another place where Montesquieu's comparative approach is evident is the following, from Chapter XIII of Book XXIX: </p> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:HSMaine.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/HSMaine.jpg/150px-HSMaine.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="210" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/HSMaine.jpg/225px-HSMaine.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/HSMaine.jpg/300px-HSMaine.jpg 2x" data-file-width="336" data-file-height="471" /></a><figcaption>Sir <a href="/wiki/Henry_James_Sumner_Maine" title="Henry James Sumner Maine">Henry James Sumner Maine</a>, British jurist and first professor of comparative law at <a href="/wiki/University_of_Oxford" title="University of Oxford">Oxford</a></figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>As the civil laws depend on the political institutions, because they are made for the same society, whenever there is a design of adopting the civil law of another nation, it would be proper to examine beforehand whether they have both the same institutions and the same political law.</p></blockquote> <p>The modern founding figure of comparative and <a href="/wiki/Legal_anthropology" title="Legal anthropology">anthropological</a> jurisprudence was Sir <a href="/wiki/Henry_Maine" class="mw-redirect" title="Henry Maine">Henry Maine</a>, a British jurist and legal historian.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In his 1861 work <i><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Law" title="Ancient Law">Ancient Law: Its Connection with the Early History of Society, and Its Relation to Modern Ideas</a></i>, he set out his views on the development of legal institutions in primitive societies and engaged in a comparative discussion of <a href="/wiki/Far_East" title="Far East">Eastern</a> and <a href="/wiki/Western_culture" title="Western culture">Western</a> legal traditions. This work placed comparative law in its historical context and was widely read and influential. </p><p>The first university course on the subject was established at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Oxford" title="University of Oxford">University of Oxford</a> in 1869, with Maine taking up the position of professor.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Comparative law in the US was brought by a legal scholar fleeing persecution in Germany, <a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Schlesinger" title="Rudolf Schlesinger">Rudolf Schlesinger</a>. Schlesinger eventually became professor of comparative law at <a href="/wiki/Cornell_Law_School" title="Cornell Law School">Cornell Law School</a> helping to spread the discipline throughout the US.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Purpose">Purpose</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Comparative_law&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Purpose"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-One_source plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-one_source" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>relies largely or entirely on a <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Articles_with_a_single_source" title="Wikipedia:Articles with a single source">single source</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Relevant discussion may be found on the <a href="/wiki/Talk:Comparative_law##" title="Talk:Comparative law">talk page</a>. Please help <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Comparative_law&action=edit">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">introducing citations to additional sources</a>.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Comparative+law%22">"Comparative law"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Comparative+law%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Comparative+law%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Comparative+law%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Comparative+law%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Comparative+law%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">June 2023</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Comparative law is an academic discipline that involves the study of legal systems, including their constitutive elements and how they differ,<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and how their elements combine into a system. </p><p>Several disciplines have developed as separate branches of comparative law, including comparative <a href="/wiki/Constitutional_law" title="Constitutional law">constitutional law</a>, comparative <a href="/wiki/Administrative_law" title="Administrative law">administrative law</a>, comparative <a href="/wiki/Civil_law_(private_law)" class="mw-redirect" title="Civil law (private law)">civil law</a> (in the sense of the law of <a href="/wiki/Tort" title="Tort">torts</a>, <a href="/wiki/Contract" title="Contract">contracts</a>, <a href="/wiki/Property_law" title="Property law">property</a> and <a href="/wiki/Law_of_obligations" title="Law of obligations">obligations</a>), comparative <a href="/wiki/Commercial_law" title="Commercial law">commercial law</a> (in the sense of <a href="/wiki/Companies_law" class="mw-redirect" title="Companies law">business organisations</a> and trade), and comparative <a href="/wiki/Criminal_law" title="Criminal law">criminal law</a>. Studies of these specific areas may be viewed as micro- or macro-comparative legal analysis, i.e. detailed comparisons of two countries, or broad-ranging studies of several countries. Comparative civil law studies, for instance, show how the law of private relations is organised, interpreted and used in different systems or countries. The purposes of comparative law are: </p> <ul><li>To attain a deeper knowledge of the legal systems in effect</li> <li>To perfect the legal systems in effect</li> <li>Possibly, to contribute to a unification of legal systems, of a smaller or larger scale (cf. for instance, the <a href="/wiki/UNIDROIT" title="UNIDROIT">UNIDROIT</a> initiative)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Relationship_with_other_legal_subjects">Relationship with other legal subjects</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Comparative_law&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Relationship with other legal subjects"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Comparative law is different from general <a href="/wiki/Jurisprudence" title="Jurisprudence">jurisprudence</a> (i.e. legal theory) and from <a href="/wiki/Public_international_law" class="mw-redirect" title="Public international law">public</a> and <a href="/wiki/Private_international_law" class="mw-redirect" title="Private international law">private</a> international law. However, it helps inform all of these areas of normativity. </p><p>For example, comparative law can help international legal institutions, such as those of the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_System" title="United Nations System">United Nations System</a>, in analyzing the laws of different countries regarding their treaty obligations. Comparative law would be applicable to private international law when developing an approach to interpretation in a conflicts analysis. Comparative law may contribute to legal theory by creating categories and concepts of general application. Comparative law may also provide insights into the question of <a href="/wiki/Legal_transplants" class="mw-redirect" title="Legal transplants">legal transplants</a>, i.e. the transplanting of law and legal institutions from one system to another. The notion of <a href="/wiki/Legal_transplants" class="mw-redirect" title="Legal transplants">legal transplants</a> was coined by <a href="/wiki/Alan_Watson_(legal_scholar)" title="Alan Watson (legal scholar)">Alan Watson</a>, one of the world's renowned legal scholars specializing in comparative law. <a href="/wiki/Gunther_Teubner" title="Gunther Teubner">Gunther Teubner</a> expanded the notion of legal transplantation to include <i>legal irritation</i>: Rather than smoothly integrating into domestic legal systems, a foreign rule disrupts established norms and societal arrangements. This disruption sparks an evolution where the external rule's meaning is redefined and where significant transformations within the internal context are triggered.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Lasse Schuldt added that irritation is not spontaneous, but requires institutional drivers.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><br /> Also, the usefulness of comparative law for <a href="/wiki/Sociology_of_law" title="Sociology of law">sociology of law</a> and <a href="/wiki/Law_and_economics" title="Law and economics">law and economics</a> (and vice versa) is very large. The comparative study of the various legal systems may show how different legal regulations for the same problem function in practice. Conversely, sociology of law and law & economics may help comparative law answer questions, such as: </p> <ul><li>How do regulations in different legal systems really function in the respective societies?</li> <li>Are legal rules comparable?</li> <li>How do the similarities and differences between legal systems get explained?</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Classifications_of_legal_systems">Classifications of legal systems</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Comparative_law&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Classifications of legal systems"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="David">David</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Comparative_law&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: David"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_David" title="René David">René David</a><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> proposed the classification of legal systems, according to the different ideology inspiring each one, into five groups or families:<sup id="cite_ref-VARGA-p54-DAVID_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-VARGA-p54-DAVID-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Western_world" title="Western world">Western</a> laws, a group subdivided into the: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Civil_law_(legal_system)" title="Civil law (legal system)">Civil law subgroup</a> (whose jurisprudence is based on post-classical <a href="/wiki/Roman_Law" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Law">Roman Law</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Common_law" title="Common law">Common law subgroup</a> (originating in <a href="/wiki/English_law" title="English law">English law</a>)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Law of the Soviet Union">Soviet Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sharia" title="Sharia">Muslim Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_law" title="Hindu law">Hindu Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_law" title="Chinese law">Chinese Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Law" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish Law">Jewish Law</a></li></ul> <p>Especially with respect to the aggregating by David of the Civil and Common laws into a single family, David argued that the antithesis between the Common law and Civil law systems, is of a technical rather than of an ideological nature. Of a different kind is, for instance, the antithesis between, say, Italian and American laws, and of a different kind than between the Soviet, Muslim, Hindu, or Chinese laws. According to David, the Civil law legal systems included those countries where legal science was formulated according to Roman law, whereas Common law countries are those dominated by judge-made law. The characteristics that he believed uniquely differentiate the Western legal family from the other four are: </p> <ul><li>liberal democracy</li> <li>capitalist economy</li> <li>Christian religion</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Arminjon,_Nolde,_and_Wolff"><span id="Arminjon.2C_Nolde.2C_and_Wolff"></span>Arminjon, Nolde, and Wolff</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Comparative_law&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Arminjon, Nolde, and Wolff"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Arminjon, Nolde, and Wolff<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> believed that, for purposes of classifying the (then) contemporary legal systems of the world, it was required that those systems <i>per se</i> get studied, irrespective of external factors, such as geographical ones. They proposed the classification of legal system into seven groups, or so-called 'families', in particular the:<sup id="cite_ref-VARGA-p59-WOLFF_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-VARGA-p59-WOLFF-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Law_of_France" title="Law of France">French group</a>, under which they also included the countries that codified their law either in 19th or in the first half of the 20th century, using the <a href="/wiki/Napoleonic_code" class="mw-redirect" title="Napoleonic code">Napoleonic <i>code civil</i></a> of year 1804 as a model; this includes countries and jurisdictions such as Italy, Portugal, Spain, Romania, <a href="/wiki/Louisiana" title="Louisiana">Louisiana</a>, various South American states such as Brazil, <a href="/wiki/Quebec" title="Quebec">Quebec</a>, <a href="/wiki/Saint_Lucia" title="Saint Lucia">Saint Lucia</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Ionian_Islands" title="Ionian Islands">Ionian Islands</a>, Egypt, and <a href="/wiki/Lebanon" title="Lebanon">Lebanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_of_Germany" title="Law of Germany">German group</a></li> <li>Scandinavian group, comprising the laws of Denmark, Norway, Sweden, Finland, and Iceland</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Common_law" title="Common law">English group</a>, including, <i>inter alia</i>, England, the United States, Canada, Australia, and New Zealand</li> <li>Russian group</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sharia" title="Sharia">Islamic group</a> (used in the <a href="/wiki/Muslim_world" title="Muslim world">Muslim world</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_law" title="Hindu law">Hindu group</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Zweigert_and_Kötz"><span id="Zweigert_and_K.C3.B6tz"></span>Zweigert and Kötz</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Comparative_law&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Zweigert and Kötz"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Konrad Zweigert and <a href="/wiki/Hein_K%C3%B6tz" title="Hein Kötz">Hein Kötz</a><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> propose a different, multidimensional methodology for categorizing laws, i.e. for ordering families of laws. They maintain that, to determine such families, five criteria should be taken into account, in particular: the historical background, the characteristic way of thought, the different institutions, the recognized sources of law, and the dominant ideology. Using the aforementioned criteria, they classify the legal systems of the world into six families:<sup id="cite_ref-VARGA-p63-KOTZ_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-VARGA-p63-KOTZ-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Roman_law" title="Roman law">Roman family</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_of_Germany" title="Law of Germany">German family</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Common_law" title="Common law">Common law family</a></li> <li>Nordic family</li> <li>Family of the laws of the <a href="/wiki/Far_East" title="Far East">Far East</a> (China and Japan)</li> <li>Religious family (Jewish, Muslim, and Hindu law)</li></ul> <p>Up to the second German edition of their introduction to comparative law, Zweigert and Kötz also used to mention <a href="/wiki/Socialist_law" title="Socialist law">Soviet or socialist law</a> as another family of laws.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Glenn">Glenn</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Comparative_law&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Glenn"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/H._Patrick_Glenn" title="H. Patrick Glenn">H. Patrick Glenn</a><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> proposed the classification of legal systems places national laws in the broader context of major legal tradition:<sup id="cite_ref-VARGA-p68-GLENN_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-VARGA-p68-GLENN-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>Chthonic (or indigenous) law</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Talmudic_law" title="Talmudic law">Talmudic law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_law" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic law">Islamic law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_law" title="Hindu law">Hindu law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_law#Confucianism" title="Chinese law">Confucianism law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_law_(legal_system)" title="Civil law (legal system)">Civil law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Common_law" title="Common law">Common law</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Professional_associations">Professional associations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Comparative_law&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Professional associations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Association_of_Law_Libraries" title="American Association of Law Libraries">American Association of Law Libraries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Society_of_Comparative_Law" title="American Society of Comparative Law">American Society of Comparative Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Association_of_Judicial_Independence_and_World_Peace" title="International Association of Judicial Independence and World Peace">International Association of Judicial Independence and World Peace</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=International_Association_of_Procedural_Law&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="International Association of Procedural Law (page does not exist)">International Association of Procedural Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Law_Association" title="International Law Association">International Law Association</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Comparative_law_periodicals">Comparative law periodicals</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Comparative_law&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Comparative law periodicals"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/American_Journal_of_Comparative_Law" title="American Journal of Comparative Law">American Journal of Comparative Law</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/German_Law_Journal" title="German Law Journal">German Law Journal</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Journal_of_Comparative_Legislation_and_International_Law" class="mw-redirect" title="Journal of Comparative Legislation and International Law">Journal of Comparative Legislation and International Law</a></i></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wildy.com/isbn/1477-0814/journal-of-comparative-law-annual-subscription"><i>The Journal of Comparative Law</i></a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Comparative_law&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Annual_Bulletin_(Comparative_Law_Bureau)" title="Annual Bulletin (Comparative Law Bureau)"><i>Annual Bulletin</i> of the Comparative Law Bureau</a> (American Bar Association: 1908–1914, 1933), the first comparative law journal in the U.S.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparative_criminal_justice" title="Comparative criminal justice">Comparative criminal justice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparative_law_wiki" title="Comparative law wiki">Comparative law wiki</a>, online wikis where jurists can complete questionnaires regarding their home legal system</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Carl_von_Savigny" title="Friedrich Carl von Savigny">Friedrich Carl von Savigny</a> (1779–1861) – a German legal scholar who wrote on comparative law</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_national_legal_systems" title="List of national legal systems">List of national legal systems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rule_according_to_higher_law" title="Rule according to higher law">Rule according to higher law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rule_of_law" title="Rule of law">Rule of law</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Comparative_law&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Notes">Notes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Comparative_law&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 20em;"> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Comparative_law&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Citations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 20em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">English translation: Leibniz (2017)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Leibniz, <i>Dissertatio de origine Germanorum</i> (1697), <i>Epistolica de Historia Etymologica Dissertatio</i>, (1712).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFBaron_De_Montesquieu1949" class="citation book cs1">Baron De Montesquieu (1949). <i>The Spirit of Law</i>. New York: Hafner.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Spirit+of+Law&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Hafner&rft.date=1949&rft.au=Baron+De+Montesquieu&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AComparative+law" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRaymond_Cocks2004" class="citation book cs1">Raymond Cocks (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=iEk-Fpdw4MYC"><i>Sir Henry Maine: A Study in Victorian Jurisprudence</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. p. 34. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780521524964" title="Special:BookSources/9780521524964"><bdi>9780521524964</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sir+Henry+Maine%3A+A+Study+in+Victorian+Jurisprudence&rft.pages=34&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=9780521524964&rft.au=Raymond+Cocks&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DiEk-Fpdw4MYC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AComparative+law" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/358681/Sir-Henry-Maine">"Sir Henry Maine"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2012-12-17</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Sir+Henry+Maine&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2FEBchecked%2Ftopic%2F358681%2FSir-Henry-Maine&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AComparative+law" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See, e.g., Kristoffel Grechenig & Martin Gelter, The Transatlantic Divergence in Legal Thought: American Law and Economics vs. German Doctrinalism, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ssrn.com/abstract=1161168"><i>Hastings International and Comparative Law Review 2008, vol. 31, p. 295-360</i></a> comparing German style and U.S. style legal scholarship</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTeubner1998" class="citation journal cs1">Teubner, Gunther (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=876950">"Legal Irritants: Good Faith in British Law or How Unifying Law Ends Up in New Divergences"</a>. <i>The Modern Law Review</i>. <b>61</b> (1): 11–32. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2F1468-2230.00125">10.1111/1468-2230.00125</a>. <a href="/wiki/SSRN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="SSRN (identifier)">SSRN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=876950">876950</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Modern+Law+Review&rft.atitle=Legal+Irritants%3A+Good+Faith+in+British+Law+or+How+Unifying+Law+Ends+Up+in+New+Divergences&rft.volume=61&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=11-32&rft.date=1998&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpapers.ssrn.com%2Fsol3%2Fpapers.cfm%3Fabstract_id%3D876950%23id-name%3DSSRN&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2F1468-2230.00125&rft.aulast=Teubner&rft.aufirst=Gunther&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpapers.ssrn.com%2Fsol3%2Fpapers.cfm%3Fabstract_id%3D876950&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AComparative+law" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchuldt2023" class="citation journal cs1">Schuldt, Lasse (2023-09-25). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/asian-journal-of-comparative-law/article/driving-irritation-thailands-supreme-court-and-the-english-roots-of-corporate-criminal-liability/A5C74EAC37FB689A03E54F5EBB6B1409/share/bb0af930ebdb2439ba3e100ae30a2ee0cf5d32ab19310b744e9142b2f1e3b2c5">"Driving Irritation: Thailand's Supreme Court and the English Roots of Corporate Criminal Liability"</a>. <i>Asian Journal of Comparative Law</i>. <b>19</b>: 142–158. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2Fasjcl.2023.29">10.1017/asjcl.2023.29</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2194-6078">2194-6078</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:263007531">263007531</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Asian+Journal+of+Comparative+Law&rft.atitle=Driving+Irritation%3A+Thailand%27s+Supreme+Court+and+the+English+Roots+of+Corporate+Criminal+Liability&rft.volume=19&rft.pages=142-158&rft.date=2023-09-25&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A263007531%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=2194-6078&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2Fasjcl.2023.29&rft.aulast=Schuldt&rft.aufirst=Lasse&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cambridge.org%2Fcore%2Fjournals%2Fasian-journal-of-comparative-law%2Farticle%2Fdriving-irritation-thailands-supreme-court-and-the-english-roots-of-corporate-criminal-liability%2FA5C74EAC37FB689A03E54F5EBB6B1409%2Fshare%2Fbb0af930ebdb2439ba3e100ae30a2ee0cf5d32ab19310b744e9142b2f1e3b2c5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AComparative+law" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Traité élémentaire de droit civil comparé : Introduction à l'étude des droits étrangers et à la méthode comparative</i> - in French; Paris, 1950</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-VARGA-p54-DAVID-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-VARGA-p54-DAVID_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVarga2012" class="citation book cs1">Varga, Csaba (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://philarchive.org/archive/VARCLC"><i>COMPARATIVE LEGAL CULTURES</i></a>. Budapest. pp. 54–55. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789632773377" title="Special:BookSources/9789632773377"><bdi>9789632773377</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=COMPARATIVE+LEGAL+CULTURES&rft.place=Budapest&rft.pages=54-55&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=9789632773377&rft.aulast=Varga&rft.aufirst=Csaba&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fphilarchive.org%2Farchive%2FVARCLC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AComparative+law" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Traité de droit comparé</i> – in French; Paris 1950–1952</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-VARGA-p59-WOLFF-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-VARGA-p59-WOLFF_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVarga2012" class="citation book cs1">Varga, Csaba (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://philarchive.org/archive/VARCLC"><i>COMPARATIVE LEGAL CULTURES</i></a>. Budapest. p. 59. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789632773377" title="Special:BookSources/9789632773377"><bdi>9789632773377</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=COMPARATIVE+LEGAL+CULTURES&rft.place=Budapest&rft.pages=59&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=9789632773377&rft.aulast=Varga&rft.aufirst=Csaba&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fphilarchive.org%2Farchive%2FVARCLC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AComparative+law" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Konrad Zweigert, Hein Kötz: <i>An Introduction to Comparative Law</i>, translation from the German original: <i>Einführung in die Rechtsvergleichung auf dem Gebiete des Privatrechts</i> by Tony Weir, 3rd edition; Oxford, 1998. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780198268598" title="Special:BookSources/9780198268598">9780198268598</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-VARGA-p63-KOTZ-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-VARGA-p63-KOTZ_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVarga2012" class="citation book cs1">Varga, Csaba (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://philarchive.org/archive/VARCLC"><i>COMPARATIVE LEGAL CULTURES</i></a>. Budapest. pp. 63–64. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789632773377" title="Special:BookSources/9789632773377"><bdi>9789632773377</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=COMPARATIVE+LEGAL+CULTURES&rft.place=Budapest&rft.pages=63-64&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=9789632773377&rft.aulast=Varga&rft.aufirst=Csaba&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fphilarchive.org%2Farchive%2FVARCLC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AComparative+law" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Konrad Zweigert, Hein Kötz: <i>Einführung in die Rechtsvergleichung</i>. 3rd edition. 1996. Mohr Siebeck. Tübingen. 1996. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-16-146548-2" title="Special:BookSources/3-16-146548-2">3-16-146548-2</a> (Hein Kötz mentions in the preface to the third edition on page V that the fall of "soviet communism" also made an end to the "soviet family of laws", which made it possible to save some 60 pages as compared to the 2nd edition).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Legal Traditions of the World</i> - Oxford University Press, 2000</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-VARGA-p68-GLENN-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-VARGA-p68-GLENN_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVarga2012" class="citation book cs1">Varga, Csaba (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://philarchive.org/archive/VARCLC"><i>COMPARATIVE LEGAL CULTURES</i></a>. Budapest. p. 68. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789632773377" title="Special:BookSources/9789632773377"><bdi>9789632773377</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=COMPARATIVE+LEGAL+CULTURES&rft.place=Budapest&rft.pages=68&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=9789632773377&rft.aulast=Varga&rft.aufirst=Csaba&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fphilarchive.org%2Farchive%2FVARCLC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AComparative+law" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sources">Sources</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Comparative_law&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Billis, Emmanouil. 'On the methodology of comparative criminal law research: Paradigmatic approaches to the research method of functional comparison and the heuristic device of ideal types', <i>Maastricht Journal of European and Comparative Law</i> 6 (2017): 864–881.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/H_Collins" class="mw-redirect" title="H Collins">H Collins</a>, 'Methods and Aims of Comparative Contract Law' (1989) 11 OJLS 396.</li> <li>Cotterrell, Roger (2006). <i>Law, Culture and Society: Legal Ideas in the Mirror of Social Theory</i>. Aldershot: Ashgate.</li> <li>De Cruz, Peter (2007) <i>Comparative Law in a Changing World</i>, 3rd edn (1st edn 1995). London: Routledge-Cavendish.</li> <li>Donahue, Charles (2008) 'Comparative Law before the "Code Napoléon"' in <i>The Oxford Handbook of Comparative Law</i>. Eds. Mathias Reimann & Reinhard Zimmermann. Oxford: Oxford University Press.</li> <li>Glanert, Simone (2008) 'Speaking Language to Law: The Case of Europe', <i>Legal Studies</i> 28: 161–171.</li> <li>Hamza, Gabor (1991). <i>Comparative Law and Antiquity</i>. Budapest: Akademiai Kiado.</li> <li>Husa, Jaakko. <i>A New Introduction to Comparative Law</i>. Oxford–Portland (Oregon): Hart, 2015.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/O_Kahn-Freund" class="mw-redirect" title="O Kahn-Freund">O Kahn-Freund</a>, 'Comparative Law as an Academic Subject' (1966) 82 LQR 40.</li> <li>Kischel, Uwe. <i>Comparative Law</i>. Trans. Andrew Hammel. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2019.</li> <li>Legrand, Pierre (1996). 'European Legal Systems Are Not Converging', <i>International and Comparative Law Quarterly</i> 45: 52–81.</li> <li>Legrand, Pierre (1997). 'Against a European Civil Code', <i>Modern Law Review</i> 60: 44–63.</li> <li>Legrand, Pierre and Roderick Munday, eds. (2003). <i>Comparative Legal Studies: Traditions and Transitions</i>. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.</li> <li>Legrand, Pierre (2003). 'The Same and the Different', in <i>Comparative Legal Studies: Traditions and Transitions</i>. Eds. Pierre Legrand & Roderick Munday. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.</li> <li>Leibniz, Gottffried Wilhelm (2017) <i>The New Method of Learning and Teaching Jurisprudence... Translation of the 1667 Frankfurt Edition</i>. Clark, NJ: Talbot Publishing.</li> <li>Lundmark, Thomas, Charting the divide between common and civil law, Oxford University Press, 2012.</li> <li>MacDougal, M.S. 'The Comparative Study of Law for Policy Purposes: Value Clarification as an Instrument of Democratic World Order' (1952) 61 Yale Law Journal 915 (difficulties and requirements of good comparative law).</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMatteiTeemu_RuskolaAntonio_Gidi2009" class="citation book cs1">Mattei, Ugo; Teemu Ruskola; Antonio Gidi (2009). <i>Schlesinger's Comparative Law: Cases, Text, Materials</i>. London: Foundation. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-58778-591-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-58778-591-7"><bdi>978-1-58778-591-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Schlesinger%27s+Comparative+Law%3A+Cases%2C+Text%2C+Materials&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Foundation&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-1-58778-591-7&rft.aulast=Mattei&rft.aufirst=Ugo&rft.au=Teemu+Ruskola&rft.au=Antonio+Gidi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AComparative+law" class="Z3988"></span>.</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Menski_Werner&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Menski Werner (page does not exist)">Menski Werner</a> (2006) <i>Comparative Law in a Global Context: the Legal Traditions of Asia and Africa</i>. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.</li> <li>Orucu, Esin and David Nelken, eds. <i>Comparative Law: A Handbook</i>. Oxford: Hart, 2007.</li> <li>Reimann, Mathias & Reinhard Zimmermann, eds. <i>The Oxford Handbook of Comparative Law</i>, 2nd edn. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2019 (1st edn. 2008).</li> <li>Samuel, Geoffrey. <i>An Introduction to Comparative Law Theory and Method</i>. Oxford: Hart, 2014.</li> <li>Siems, Mathias. <i>Comparative Law</i>. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2014.</li> <li>Watson, Alan. <i>Legal Transplants: An Approach to Comparative Law</i>, 2nd edn. University of Georgia Press, 1993.</li> <li>Zweigert, Konrad & Hein Kötz. <i>An Introduction to Comparative Law</i>, 3rd edn. Trans. Tony Weir. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1998.</li></ul> <dl><dt>Legal systems</dt></dl> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavidBrierley,_John_E._C.1985" class="citation book cs1">David, René; Brierley, John E. C. (1985). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/majorlegalsystem00davi"><i>Major Legal Systems in the World Today: An Introduction to the Comparative Study of Law</i></a></span>. London: Stevens. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-420-47340-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-420-47340-8"><bdi>0-420-47340-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Major+Legal+Systems+in+the+World+Today%3A+An+Introduction+to+the+Comparative+Study+of+Law&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Stevens&rft.date=1985&rft.isbn=0-420-47340-8&rft.aulast=David&rft.aufirst=Ren%C3%A9&rft.au=Brierley%2C+John+E.+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmajorlegalsystem00davi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AComparative+law" class="Z3988"></span>.</li> <li>Glendon, Mary Ann, Paolo G. Carozza, & Colin B. Picker. <i>Comparative Legal Traditions in a Nutshell</i>, 4th edn. West Academic Publishing, 2015.</li> <li>Glendon, Mary Ann, Paolo G. Carozza, & Colin B. Picker (2014). <i>Comparative Legal Traditions: Text, Materials and Cases on Western Law</i>, 4th edn. West Academic Publishing.</li> <li>Glenn, H. Patrick. <i>Legal Traditions of the World</i>, 5th edn. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2014 (1st edn 2000).</li></ul> <dl><dt>Fields</dt></dl> <ul><li>Bignami, Fracesca & David Zaring, eds. <i>Comparative Law and Regulation: Understanding the Global Regulatory Process</i>. Edward Elgar, 2018.</li> <li>Graziano, Thomas Kadner. <i>Comparative Contract Law: Cases, Materials and Exercises</i>, 2nd edn. Edward Elgar, 2019.</li> <li>Kozolchyk, Boris. <i>Comparative Commercial Contracts: Law, Culture and Economic Development</i>, 2nd edn. West Academic Publishing, 2018.</li> <li>Nelken, David, ed. <i>Contrasting Criminal Justice: Getting from Here to There</i>. Aldershot: Ashgate/Dartmouth, 2000.</li> <li>Roberts, Anthea et al., eds. <i>Comparative International Law</i>. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2018.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Comparative_law&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190809113731/http://www.alanwatson.org/">Alan Watson Foundation</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://law.tulane.edu/centers/eason">Eason Weinmann Center for International and Comparative Law at Tulane University Law School</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://n-lex.europa.eu/n-lex/index?lang=en">European Union national law portal</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.global-regulation.com/">Global-Regulation search engine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100130093740/http://www.iuscomparatum.org/AIDC">International Academy of Comparative Law</a> <span class="languageicon">(in French)</span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iacl-aidc.org">International Association of Constitutional Law</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.internationalconstitutionallaw.net">International Constitutional Law</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210518150439/http://internationalconstitutionallaw.net/">Archived</a> 2021-05-18 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190422114950/http://www.juriglobe.ca/eng/index.php">JuriGlobe</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mpil.de/en/pub/news.cfm">Max Planck Institute for 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title="Ratification">Ratification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Repeal" title="Repeal">Repeal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty" title="Treaty">Treaty</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Concordat" title="Concordat">Concordat</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statutory_law" class="mw-redirect" title="Statutory law">Statutory law</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Statute" title="Statute">Statute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Act_of_parliament" title="Act of parliament">Act of parliament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Act_of_Congress" title="Act of Congress">Act of Congress</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basic_structure_doctrine" title="Basic structure doctrine">Basic structure doctrine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_national_legal_systems" title="List of national legal systems">Legal systems</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Civil_law_(legal_system)" title="Civil law (legal system)">Civil law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Common_law" title="Common law">Common law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_law" title="Chinese law">Chinese law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legal_pluralism" title="Legal pluralism">Legal pluralism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_law" title="Religious law">Religious law</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Canon_law" title="Canon law">Canon law</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Canon_law_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="Canon law of the Catholic Church">Catholic canon law</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_law" title="Hindu law">Hindu law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jain_law" title="Jain law">Jain law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halakha" title="Halakha">Jewish law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parsi_law" title="Parsi law">Parsi law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sharia" title="Sharia">Sharia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_law" title="Roman law">Roman law</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_law" title="Byzantine law">Byzantine law</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_law" title="Socialist law">Socialist law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statutory_law" class="mw-redirect" title="Statutory law">Statutory law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xeer" title="Xeer">Xeer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yassa" title="Yassa">Yassa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%">Legal theory</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anarchist_law" title="Anarchist law">Anarchist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contract_theory" title="Contract theory">Contract theory</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Comparative law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expressive_function_of_law" title="Expressive function of law">Expressive function</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_legal_theory" title="Feminist legal theory">Feminist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_and_economics" title="Law and economics">Law and economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legal_formalism" title="Legal formalism">Legal formalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legal_history" title="Legal history">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_theories_of_law" title="Libertarian theories of law">Libertarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_legal_theories" title="International legal theories">International legal theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legality" title="Legality">Principle of legality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principle_of_typicality" title="Principle of typicality">Principle of typicality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pseudolaw" title="Pseudolaw">Pseudolaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rule_of_law" title="Rule of law">Rule of law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rule_of_man" title="Rule of man">Rule of man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociology_of_law" title="Sociology of law">Sociology</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Jurisprudence" title="Jurisprudence">Jurisprudence</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adjudication" title="Adjudication">Adjudication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Administration_of_justice" title="Administration of justice">Administration of justice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitutionalism" title="Constitutionalism">Constitutionalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criminal_justice" title="Criminal justice">Criminal justice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Court-martial" title="Court-martial">Court-martial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dispute_resolution" title="Dispute resolution">Dispute resolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fiqh" title="Fiqh">Fiqh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lawsuit" title="Lawsuit">Lawsuit/Litigation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legal_opinion" title="Legal opinion">Legal opinion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legal_remedy" title="Legal remedy">Legal remedy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judge" title="Judge">Judge</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Justice_of_the_peace" title="Justice of the peace">Justice of the peace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magistrate" title="Magistrate">Magistrate</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judgment_(law)" title="Judgment (law)">Judgment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judicial_review" title="Judicial review">Judicial review</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jurisdiction" title="Jurisdiction">Jurisdiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jury" title="Jury">Jury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Justice" title="Justice">Justice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Practice_of_law" title="Practice of law">Practice of law</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Attorney_at_law" title="Attorney at law">Attorney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barrister" 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