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id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="//donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=20120521SB001&uselang=pt" class=""><span>Donativos</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Especial:Criar_conta&returnto=Esfero" title="É encorajado a criar uma conta e iniciar sessão; no entanto, não é obrigatório" class=""><span>Criar uma conta</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Especial:Entrar&returnto=Esfero" title="Aconselhamos-lhe a criar uma conta na Wikipédia, embora tal não seja obrigatório. [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Entrar</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Mais opções" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Ferramentas pessoais" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Ferramentas pessoais</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="Menu do utilizador" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="//donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=20120521SB001&uselang=pt"><span>Donativos</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Especial:Criar_conta&returnto=Esfero" title="É encorajado a criar uma conta e iniciar sessão; no entanto, não é obrigatório"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Criar uma conta</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Especial:Entrar&returnto=Esfero" title="Aconselhamos-lhe a criar uma conta na Wikipédia, embora tal não seja obrigatório. [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Entrar</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Páginas para editores sem sessão iniciada <a href="/wiki/Ajuda:Introduction" aria-label="Saiba mais sobre edição"><span>saber mais</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Especial:Minhas_contribui%C3%A7%C3%B5es" title="Uma lista de edições feitas a partir deste endereço IP [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Contribuições</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Especial:Minha_discuss%C3%A3o" title="Discussão sobre edições feitas a partir deste endereço IP [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Discussão</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"><div id="mw-dismissablenotice-anonplace"></div><script>(function(){var node=document.getElementById("mw-dismissablenotice-anonplace");if(node){node.outerHTML="\u003Cdiv class=\"mw-dismissable-notice\"\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\"mw-dismissable-notice-close\"\u003E[\u003Ca tabindex=\"0\" role=\"button\"\u003Eocultar\u003C/a\u003E]\u003C/div\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\"mw-dismissable-notice-body\"\u003E\u003C!-- CentralNotice --\u003E\u003Cdiv id=\"localNotice\" data-nosnippet=\"\"\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\"anonnotice\" lang=\"pt\" dir=\"ltr\"\u003E\u003C/div\u003E\u003C/div\u003E\u003C/div\u003E\u003C/div\u003E";}}());</script></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="''Site''"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Conteúdo" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Conteúdo</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">mover para a barra lateral</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">ocultar</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">Início</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Referências" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Referências"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Referências</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Referências-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Conteúdo" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Alternar o índice" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Alternar o índice</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Esfero</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Ir para um artigo noutra língua. Disponível em 14 línguas" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-14" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">14 línguas</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%81%D8%A7%D9%8A%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%B3" title="سفايروس — Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="سفايروس" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%84%D0%B5%D1%80_%D0%91%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8" title="Сфер Боспорски — búlgaro" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Сфер Боспорски" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="búlgaro" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esfer" title="Esfer — catalão" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Esfer" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="catalão" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A3%CF%86%CE%B1%CE%AF%CF%81%CE%BF%CF%82_(%CF%86%CE%B9%CE%BB%CF%8C%CF%83%CE%BF%CF%86%CE%BF%CF%82)" title="Σφαίρος (φιλόσοφος) — grego" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Σφαίρος (φιλόσοφος)" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="grego" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sphaerus" title="Sphaerus — inglês" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Sphaerus" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="inglês" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esfero_(fil%C3%B3sofo)" title="Esfero (filósofo) — espanhol" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Esfero (filósofo)" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="espanhol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext mw-list-item"><a href="https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esferu" title="Esferu — Extremaduran" lang="ext" hreflang="ext" data-title="Esferu" data-language-autonym="Estremeñu" data-language-local-name="Extremaduran" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Estremeñu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sfairos" title="Sfairos — finlandês" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Sfairos" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="finlandês" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sph%C3%A9ros" title="Sphéros — francês" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Sphéros" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="francês" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sfero_di_Boristene" title="Sfero di Boristene — italiano" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Sfero di Boristene" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="italiano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%84%D0%B5%D1%80_%D0%91%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Сфер Боспорский — russo" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Сфер Боспорский" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="russo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sfer_Bosporski" title="Sfer Bosporski — servo-croata" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Sfer Bosporski" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="servo-croata" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%84%D0%B5%D1%80_%D0%91%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%84%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8" title="Сфер Босфорски — sérvio" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Сфер Босфорски" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="sérvio" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%96%AF%E6%B3%95%E5%9F%83%E9%B2%81%E6%96%AF" title="斯法埃鲁斯 — chinês" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="斯法埃鲁斯" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="chinês" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q2311453#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Editar hiperligações interlínguas" class="wbc-editpage">Editar hiperligações</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Espaços nominais"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Esfero" title="Ver a página de conteúdo [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Artigo</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Discuss%C3%A3o:Esfero" rel="discussion" title="Discussão sobre o conteúdo da página [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Discussão</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Mudar a variante da língua" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">português</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Vistas"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Esfero"><span>Ler</span></a></li><li id="ca-ve-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Esfero&veaction=edit" title="Editar esta página [v]" accesskey="v"><span>Editar</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="collapsible vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Esfero&action=edit" title="Editar o código-fonte desta página [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Editar código-fonte</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Esfero&action=history" title="Edições anteriores desta página. [h]" accesskey="h"><span>Ver histórico</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Ferramentas de página"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Ferramentas" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Ferramentas</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Ferramentas</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">mover para a barra lateral</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">ocultar</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="Mais opções" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Operações </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Esfero"><span>Ler</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-ve-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Esfero&veaction=edit" title="Editar esta página [v]" accesskey="v"><span>Editar</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="collapsible vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Esfero&action=edit" title="Editar o código-fonte desta página [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Editar código-fonte</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Esfero&action=history"><span>Ver histórico</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Geral </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Especial:P%C3%A1ginas_afluentes/Esfero" title="Lista de todas as páginas que contêm hiperligações para esta [j]" accesskey="j"><span>Páginas afluentes</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Especial:Altera%C3%A7%C3%B5es_relacionadas/Esfero" rel="nofollow" title="Mudanças recentes nas páginas para as quais esta contém hiperligações [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Alterações relacionadas</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Carregar_ficheiro" title="Carregar ficheiros [u]" accesskey="u"><span>Carregar ficheiro</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Especial:P%C3%A1ginas_especiais" title="Lista de páginas especiais [q]" accesskey="q"><span>Páginas especiais</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Esfero&oldid=49249317" title="Hiperligação permanente para esta revisão desta página"><span>Hiperligação permanente</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Esfero&action=info" title="Mais informações sobre esta página"><span>Informações da página</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Especial:Citar&page=Esfero&id=49249317&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Informação sobre como citar esta página"><span>Citar esta página</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Especial:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FEsfero"><span>Obter URL encurtado</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Especial:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FEsfero"><span>Descarregar código QR</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Imprimir/exportar </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-create_a_book" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Especial:Livro&bookcmd=book_creator&referer=Esfero"><span>Criar um livro</span></a></li><li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Especial:DownloadAsPdf&page=Esfero&action=show-download-screen"><span>Descarregar como PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Esfero&printable=yes" title="Versão para impressão desta página [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Versão para impressão</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Noutros projetos </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q2311453" title="Hiperligação para o elemento do repositório de dados [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Elemento Wikidata</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Ferramentas de página"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Aspeto"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Aspeto</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">mover para a barra lateral</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">ocultar</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">Origem: Wikipédia, a enciclopédia livre.</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="pt" dir="ltr"><p><b>Esfero</b> (em <a href="/wiki/L%C3%ADngua_grega" title="Língua grega">grego</a>: <span lang="el" class="politonico">Σφαῖρος</span>; <a href="/wiki/Romaniza%C3%A7%C3%A3o_(lingu%C3%ADstica)" title="Romanização (linguística)">romaniz.</a>: <span lang="el-Latn" title="ISO 843 Greek" class="Unicode" style="white-space:normal; text-decoration: none">Sphaerus</span>; <a href="/wiki/Circa" title="Circa">ca.</a> <a href="/wiki/285_a.C." title="285 a.C.">285 a.C.</a> — ca. <a href="/wiki/210_a.C." title="210 a.C.">210 a.C.</a>) de <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bor%C3%ADstenes&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Borístenes (página não existe)">Borístenes</a><sup id="cite_ref-plutarch_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-plutarch-1"><span>[</span>1<span>]</span></a></sup> ou do <a href="/wiki/B%C3%B3sforo" title="Bósforo">Bósforo</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span>[</span>2<span>]</span></a></sup> foi um filósofo <a href="/wiki/Estoicismo" title="Estoicismo">estoico</a>. </p><p>Estudou primeiramente sob orientação de <a href="/wiki/Zen%C3%A3o_de_C%C3%ADtio" title="Zenão de Cítio">Zenão de Cítio</a>, e depois por <a href="/wiki/Cleantes_de_Assos" title="Cleantes de Assos">Cleantes de Assos</a>. Lecionou em <a href="/wiki/Esparta" title="Esparta">Esparta</a>, onde serviu como conselheiro de <a href="/wiki/Cle%C3%B3menes_III" class="mw-redirect" title="Cleómenes III">Cleómenes III</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-plutarch_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-plutarch-1"><span>[</span>1<span>]</span></a></sup> Depois, mudou para <a href="/wiki/Alexandria" title="Alexandria">Alexandria</a>, provavelmente quando Cleómenes também aí se exilou em <span style="white-space:nowrap;">222 a.C.</span>, onde viveu na corte de <a href="/wiki/Ptolemeu_IV_Fil%C3%B3pator" title="Ptolemeu IV Filópator">Ptolemeu IV Filópator</a>. Esfero tinha uma considerável reputação entre os estoicos devido à precisão das suas definições.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span>[</span>3<span>]</span></a></sup> </p> <h2 id="Referências" style="cursor: help;" title="Esta seção foi configurada para não ser editável diretamente. Edite a página toda ou a seção anterior em vez disso."><span id="Refer.C3.AAncias"></span>Referências</h2> <div class="reflist" style="list-style-type: decimal;"><div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-plutarch-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><i><b><a href="#cite_ref-plutarch_1-0">a</a></b></i></sup> <sup><i><b><a href="#cite_ref-plutarch_1-1">b</a></b></i></sup></span> <span class="reference-text">Plutarch, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://classics.mit.edu/Plutarch/cleomene.html"><i>Cleomenes</i></a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-2">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Diógenes Laércio, vii. 37, 177</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-3">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Cicero, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gutenberg.org/etext/14988"><i>Tusculan Disputations</i></a>, iv. 24.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Estoicismo" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div class="plainlinks hlist navbar mini"><ul><li class="nv-ver"><a href="/wiki/Predefini%C3%A7%C3%A3o:Estoicismo" title="Predefinição:Estoicismo"><abbr title="Ver esta predefinição" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none; padding:0;">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-discutir"><a href="/wiki/Predefini%C3%A7%C3%A3o_Discuss%C3%A3o:Estoicismo" title="Predefinição Discussão:Estoicismo"><abbr title="Discutir esta predefinição" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none; padding:0;">d</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-editar"><a class="external text" href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Predefini%C3%A7%C3%A3o:Estoicismo&action=edit"><abbr title="Editar esta predefinição" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none; padding:0;">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Estoicismo" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Estoicismo" title="Estoicismo">Estoicismo</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Filósofos</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;text-align:left"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #D2E7F0">Estoicismo<br />antigo</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Zen%C3%A3o_de_C%C3%ADtio" title="Zenão de Cítio">Zenão de Cítio</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perseu_de_C%C3%ADtio" title="Perseu de Cítio">Perseu de Cítio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ar%C3%ADston_de_Quio" title="Aríston de Quio">Aríston de Quio</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Esfero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H%C3%A9rilos_de_Cartago" title="Hérilos de Cartago">Hérilos</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Cleantes_de_Assos" title="Cleantes de Assos">Cleantes de Assos</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Crisipo_de_Solos" title="Crisipo de Solos">Crisipo de Solos</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zen%C3%A3o_de_Tarso" title="Zenão de Tarso">Zenão de Tarso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Di%C3%B3genes_da_Babil%C3%B4nia" title="Diógenes da Babilônia">Diógenes da Babilônia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apolodoro_de_Sel%C3%AAucia" title="Apolodoro de Selêucia">Apolodoro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ant%C3%ADpatro_de_Tarso" title="Antípatro de Tarso">Antípatro de Tarso</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #D2E7F0">Estoicismo<br />médio</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Pan%C3%A9cio_de_Rodes" title="Panécio de Rodes">Panécio de Rodes</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%C3%A1rdano_de_Atenas" title="Dárdano de Atenas">Dárdano de Atenas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mnesarco_de_Atenas" title="Mnesarco de Atenas">Mnesarco de Atenas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hecato_de_Rodes" title="Hecato de Rodes">Hecato de Rodes</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Posid%C3%B3nio" title="Posidónio">Posidónio</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Di%C3%B3doto" title="Diódoto">Diódoto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G%C3%AAmino" title="Gêmino">Gêmino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cat%C3%A3o,_o_Jovem" title="Catão, o Jovem">Catão, o Jovem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ant%C3%ADpatro_de_Tiro" title="Antípatro de Tiro">Antípatro de Tiro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atenodoro_de_Tarso" title="Atenodoro de Tarso">Atenodoro de Tarso</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #D2E7F0">Novo<br />estoicismo</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/S%C3%A9neca" title="Séneca">Séneca</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%C3%BAcio_Aneu_Cornuto" title="Lúcio Aneu Cornuto">Cornuto</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Caio_Mus%C3%B4nio_Rufo" title="Caio Musônio Rufo">Musónio Rufo</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eufrates_(fil%C3%B3sofo)" title="Eufrates (filósofo)">Eufrates</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Epiteto" title="Epiteto">Epiteto</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hi%C3%A9rocles_(estoico)" title="Hiérocles (estoico)">Hiérocles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexto_de_Queroneia" title="Sexto de Queroneia">Sexto de Queroneia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quinto_Junio_R%C3%BAstico" title="Quinto Junio Rústico">Júnio Rústico</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Marco_Aur%C3%A9lio" title="Marco Aurélio">Marco Aurélio</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Filosofia</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Estoicismo" title="Estoicismo">Estoicismo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paix%C3%B5es_estoicas" title="Paixões estoicas">Paixões estoicas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neoestoicismo" title="Neoestoicismo">Neoestoicismo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Conceitos</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adi%C3%A1fora" title="Adiáfora">Adiáfora</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Apatheia" title="Apatheia">Apatheia</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ataraxia" title="Ataraxia">Ataraxia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eudemonismo" title="Eudemonismo">Eudemonismo</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Catalepsia_(estoicismo)" title="Catalepsia (estoicismo)">Catalepsia</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Logos" title="Logos">Logos</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kathekon" title="Kathekon">Kathekon</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Physis" title="Physis">Physis</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pneuma_(estoicismo)" title="Pneuma (estoicismo)">Pneuma</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Prohairesis" title="Prohairesis">Prohairesis</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Obras</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even 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Você pode ajudar a Wikipédia <b><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Esfero&action=edit">expandindo-o</a></span></b>.</i></td> </tr></tbody></table>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Obtida de "<a dir="ltr" href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Esfero&oldid=49249317">https://pt.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Esfero&oldid=49249317</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Especial:Categorias" title="Especial:Categorias">Categorias</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Categoria:Nascidos_em_285_a.C." title="Categoria:Nascidos em 285 a.C.">Nascidos em 285 a.C.</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Categoria:Mortos_em_210_a.C." title="Categoria:Mortos em 210 a.C.">Mortos em 210 a.C.</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Categoria:Estoicos_da_Gr%C3%A9cia_Antiga" title="Categoria:Estoicos da Grécia Antiga">Estoicos da Grécia Antiga</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Categoria:Gregos_do_s%C3%A9culo_III_a.C." title="Categoria:Gregos do século III a.C.">Gregos do século III a.C.</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Categoria:Fil%C3%B3sofos_do_s%C3%A9culo_III_a.C." title="Categoria:Filósofos do século III a.C.">Filósofos do século III a.C.</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Categorias ocultas: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Categoria:!Esbo%C3%A7os_maiores_que_1000_bytes" title="Categoria:!Esboços maiores que 1000 bytes">!Esboços maiores que 1000 bytes</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Categoria:!Esbo%C3%A7os_sobre_filosofia" title="Categoria:!Esboços sobre filosofia">!Esboços sobre filosofia</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> Esta página foi editada pela última vez às 02h45min de 9 de julho de 2017.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Este texto é disponibilizado nos termos da licença <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.pt">Atribuição-CompartilhaIgual 4.0 Internacional (CC BY-SA 4.0) da Creative Commons</a>; pode estar sujeito a condições adicionais. 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