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<div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Disruption in blood supply to an arm or leg</div> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Medical condition</div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="background:#ccc">Limb infarction</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Arterial_thrombosis_causing_cyanosis.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Arterial_thrombosis_causing_cyanosis.jpg/220px-Arterial_thrombosis_causing_cyanosis.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="183" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Arterial_thrombosis_causing_cyanosis.jpg/330px-Arterial_thrombosis_causing_cyanosis.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Arterial_thrombosis_causing_cyanosis.jpg/440px-Arterial_thrombosis_causing_cyanosis.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3012" data-file-height="2508" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Arterial thrombosis causing cyanosis (right leg)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Medical_specialty" title="Medical specialty">Specialty</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Vascular_surgery" title="Vascular surgery">Vascular surgery</a></td></tr></tbody></table><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236303919">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds img{background:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds img{background:white}}</style> <p>A <b>limb infarction</b> is an <a href="/wiki/Infarction" title="Infarction">area of tissue death</a> of an <a href="/wiki/Arm" title="Arm">arm</a> or <a href="/wiki/Leg" title="Leg">leg</a>. It may cause <i>skeletal muscle infarction</i>, <a href="/wiki/Avascular_necrosis" title="Avascular necrosis">avascular necrosis</a> of bones, or necrosis of a part of or an entire limb. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Signs_and_symptoms">Signs and symptoms</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Limb_infarction&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Signs and symptoms"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Early symptoms of an arterial embolism in the arms or legs appear as soon as there is <a href="/wiki/Ischemia" title="Ischemia">ischemia</a> of the tissue, even before any frank infarction has begun. Such symptoms may include: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ul><li>Coldness in a leg, arm, hand or fingers<sup id="cite_ref-medlineplus_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-medlineplus-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-mdguidelines_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mdguidelines-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Decreased or no pulse in an arm or leg beyond the site of blockage<sup id="cite_ref-medlineplus_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-medlineplus-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-mdguidelines_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mdguidelines-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Pain in the affected area<sup id="cite_ref-medlineplus_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-medlineplus-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-mdguidelines_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mdguidelines-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Muscle spasm in the affected area<sup id="cite_ref-medlineplus_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-medlineplus-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Numbness and tingling in an arm or leg<sup id="cite_ref-medlineplus_1-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-medlineplus-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-mdguidelines_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mdguidelines-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Paleness (<a href="/wiki/Pallor" title="Pallor">pallor</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-medlineplus_1-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-medlineplus-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-mdguidelines_2-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mdguidelines-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> of the skin of the arm or leg</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muscle_weakness" title="Muscle weakness">Muscle weakness</a> of an arm or leg,<sup id="cite_ref-medlineplus_1-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-medlineplus-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-mdguidelines_2-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mdguidelines-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> possibly to the grade of <a href="/wiki/Paralysis" title="Paralysis">paralysis</a><sup id="cite_ref-mdguidelines_2-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mdguidelines-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>Later symptoms are closely related to <a href="/wiki/Infarction" title="Infarction">infarction</a> of the tissue supplied by the occluded artery: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blister" title="Blister">Blisters</a> of the skin in the affected area<sup id="cite_ref-medlineplus_1-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-medlineplus-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Shedding of skin (<a href="/wiki/Desquamation" title="Desquamation">desquamation</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-medlineplus_1-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-medlineplus-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Skin erosion (<a href="/wiki/Ulcer_(dermatology)" title="Ulcer (dermatology)">ulceration</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-medlineplus_1-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-medlineplus-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Discoloration (<a href="/wiki/Mottling" class="mw-redirect" title="Mottling">mottling</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-mdguidelines_2-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mdguidelines-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Cyanosis" title="Cyanosis">cyanosis</a><sup id="cite_ref-mdguidelines_2-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mdguidelines-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or darkening<sup id="cite_ref-medlineplus_1-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-medlineplus-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) of the skin following necrosis. The discoloration usually has a distinct demarcation at the blockage.<sup id="cite_ref-mdguidelines_2-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mdguidelines-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul></div> <p>A major presentation of diabetic <i>skeletal muscle infarction</i> is painful thigh or leg swelling.<sup id="cite_ref-Grigoriadis_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Grigoriadis-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Affected_tissues">Affected tissues</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Limb_infarction&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Affected tissues"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The major tissues affected are nerves and muscles, where irreversible damage starts to occur after 4–6 hours of cessation of blood supply.<sup id="cite_ref-bergqvist_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bergqvist-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Skeletal_muscle" title="Skeletal muscle">Skeletal muscle</a>, the major tissue affected, is still relatively resistant to infarction compared to the heart and brain because its ability to rely on <a href="/wiki/Anaerobic_metabolism" class="mw-redirect" title="Anaerobic metabolism">anaerobic metabolism</a> by <a href="/wiki/Glycogen" title="Glycogen">glycogen</a> stored in the cells may supply the muscle tissue long enough for any clot to dissolve, either by intervention or the body's own system for thrombus breakdown. In contrast, brain tissue (in <a href="/wiki/Cerebral_infarction" title="Cerebral infarction">cerebral infarction</a>) does not store glycogen, and the heart (in <a href="/wiki/Myocardial_infarction" title="Myocardial infarction">myocardial infarction</a>) is so specialized on aerobic metabolism that not enough energy can be liberated by <a href="/wiki/Lactic_acid#Exercise_and_lactate" title="Lactic acid">lactate production</a> to sustain its needs.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Bone" title="Bone">Bone</a> is more susceptible to ischemia, with <a href="/wiki/Hematopoietic_cell" class="mw-redirect" title="Hematopoietic cell">hematopoietic cells</a> usually dying within 2 hours, and other <a href="/wiki/Bone_cell" class="mw-redirect" title="Bone cell">bone cells</a> (<a href="/wiki/Osteocyte" title="Osteocyte">osteocytes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Osteoclast" title="Osteoclast">osteoclasts</a>, <a href="/wiki/Osteoblast" title="Osteoblast">osteoblasts</a> etc.) within 12–20 hours.<sup id="cite_ref-nawazkhan_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nawazkhan-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On the other hand, it has better regenerative capacity once blood supply is reestablished, as the remaining dead inorganic <a href="/wiki/Osseous_tissue" class="mw-redirect" title="Osseous tissue">osseous tissue</a> forms a framework upon which immigrating cells can reestablish functional bone tissue in optimal conditions.<sup id="cite_ref-nawazkhan_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nawazkhan-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Causes">Causes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Limb_infarction&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Causes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Causes include: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thrombosis" title="Thrombosis">Thrombosis</a> (approximately 40%<sup id="cite_ref-Campbell_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Campbell-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> of cases)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arterial_embolism" title="Arterial embolism">Arterial embolism</a> (approximately 40%<sup id="cite_ref-Campbell_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Campbell-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arteriosclerosis_obliterans" title="Arteriosclerosis obliterans">arteriosclerosis obliterans</a><sup id="cite_ref-aho_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-aho-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>Another cause of limb infarction is <i>skeletal muscle infarction</i> as a rare complication of long standing, poorly controlled <a href="/wiki/Diabetes_mellitus" class="mw-redirect" title="Diabetes mellitus">diabetes mellitus</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Grigoriadis_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Grigoriadis-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Diagnosis">Diagnosis</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Limb_infarction&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Diagnosis"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In addition to evaluating the symptoms described above, <a href="/wiki/Angiography" title="Angiography">angiography</a> can distinguish between cases caused by <a href="/wiki/Arteriosclerosis_obliterans" title="Arteriosclerosis obliterans">arteriosclerosis obliterans</a> (displaying abnormalities in other vessels and <a href="/wiki/Collateral_circulation" title="Collateral circulation">collateral circulations</a>) from those caused by emboli.<sup id="cite_ref-aho_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-aho-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Magnetic_resonance_imaging" title="Magnetic resonance imaging">Magnetic resonance imaging</a> (MRI) is the preferred test for diagnosing <i>skeletal muscle infarction</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Grigoriadis_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Grigoriadis-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Treatment">Treatment</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Limb_infarction&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Treatment"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Fasciotomy_(Post_Skin-Graft).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Fasciotomy_%28Post_Skin-Graft%29.jpg/150px-Fasciotomy_%28Post_Skin-Graft%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Fasciotomy_%28Post_Skin-Graft%29.jpg/225px-Fasciotomy_%28Post_Skin-Graft%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Fasciotomy_%28Post_Skin-Graft%29.jpg/300px-Fasciotomy_%28Post_Skin-Graft%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="1600" /></a><figcaption>Wound covered with a skin graft after pressure was relieved by <a href="/wiki/Fasciotomy" title="Fasciotomy">fasciotomy</a>. <span style="font-size:87%;">(Underlying disease not specified for this picture)</span></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Protein_PLAT_PDB_1a5h.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Protein_PLAT_PDB_1a5h.png/220px-Protein_PLAT_PDB_1a5h.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="137" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Protein_PLAT_PDB_1a5h.png/330px-Protein_PLAT_PDB_1a5h.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Protein_PLAT_PDB_1a5h.png/440px-Protein_PLAT_PDB_1a5h.png 2x" data-file-width="1107" data-file-height="691" /></a><figcaption>Protein PLAT</figcaption></figure> <p>Oxygen consumption of skeletal muscle is approximately 50 times larger while contracting than in the resting state.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Thus, resting the affected limb should delay onset of infarction substantially after arterial occlusion. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Low_molecular_weight_heparin" class="mw-redirect" title="Low molecular weight heparin">Low molecular weight heparin</a> is used to reduce or at least prevent enlargement of a thrombus, and is also indicated before any surgery.<sup id="cite_ref-aho_8-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-aho-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the legs, below the inguinal ligament, percutaneous <a href="/wiki/Aspiration_thrombectomy" class="mw-redirect" title="Aspiration thrombectomy">aspiration thrombectomy</a> is a rapid and effective way of removing thromboembolic occlusions.<sup id="cite_ref-Oguzkurt_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Oguzkurt-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Balloon_thrombectomy" class="mw-redirect" title="Balloon thrombectomy">Balloon thrombectomy</a> using a <a href="/wiki/Fogarty_catheter" class="mw-redirect" title="Fogarty catheter">Fogarty catheter</a> may also be used.<sup id="cite_ref-aho_8-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-aho-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the arms, balloon thrombectomy is an effective treatment for thromboemboli as well.<sup id="cite_ref-Magishi_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Magishi-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, local thrombi from atherosclerotic plaque are harder to treat than embolized ones.<sup id="cite_ref-aho_8-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-aho-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> If results are not satisfying, another angiography should be performed.<sup id="cite_ref-aho_8-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-aho-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Thrombolysis" title="Thrombolysis">Thrombolysis</a> using analogs of <a href="/wiki/Tissue_plasminogen_activator" class="mw-redirect" title="Tissue plasminogen activator">tissue plasminogen activator</a> (tPA) may be used as an alternative or complement to surgery.<sup id="cite_ref-aho_8-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-aho-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Where there is extensive vascular damage, <a href="/wiki/Coronary_artery_bypass_surgery" title="Coronary artery bypass surgery">bypass surgery</a> of the vessels may be necessary to establish other ways to supply the affected parts.<sup id="cite_ref-aho_8-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-aho-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Swelling of the limb may cause inhibited flow by increased pressure, and in the legs (but very rarely in the arms), this may indicate a <a href="/wiki/Fasciotomy" title="Fasciotomy">fasciotomy</a>, opening up all four <a href="/wiki/Fascial_compartments_of_leg" title="Fascial compartments of leg">leg compartments</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-aho_8-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-aho-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Because of the high recurrence rates of thromboembolism, it is necessary to administer <a href="/wiki/Anticoagulant" title="Anticoagulant">anticoagulant</a> therapy as well.<sup id="cite_ref-Magishi_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Magishi-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Aspirin" title="Aspirin">Aspirin</a> and <a href="/wiki/Low_molecular_weight_heparin" class="mw-redirect" title="Low molecular weight heparin">low molecular weight heparin</a> should be administered, and possibly <a href="/wiki/Warfarin" title="Warfarin">warfarin</a> as well.<sup id="cite_ref-aho_8-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-aho-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Follow-up includes checking <a href="/w/index.php?title=Peripheral_pulse&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Peripheral pulse (page does not exist)">peripheral pulses</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Arm-leg_blood_pressure_gradient" class="mw-redirect" title="Arm-leg blood pressure gradient">arm-leg blood pressure gradient</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-aho_8-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-aho-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Prognosis">Prognosis</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Limb_infarction&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Prognosis"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>With treatment, approximately 80% of patients are alive<sup id="cite_ref-aho_8-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-aho-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (approx. 95% after surgery<sup id="cite_ref-aho_8-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-aho-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) and approximately 70% of infarcted limbs remain vital after 6 months.<sup id="cite_ref-aho_8-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-aho-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Limb_infarction&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-medlineplus-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-medlineplus_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-medlineplus_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-medlineplus_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-medlineplus_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-medlineplus_1-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-medlineplus_1-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-medlineplus_1-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-medlineplus_1-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-medlineplus_1-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-medlineplus_1-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-medlineplus_1-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/001102.htm">MedlinePlus > Arterial embolism</a> Sean O. Stitham, MD and David C. Dugdale III, MD. Also reviewed by David Zieve, MD. Reviewed last on: 5/8/2008. Alternative link: <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.umm.edu/ency/article/001102.htm">[1]</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-mdguidelines-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-mdguidelines_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-mdguidelines_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-mdguidelines_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-mdguidelines_2-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-mdguidelines_2-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-mdguidelines_2-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-mdguidelines_2-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-mdguidelines_2-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-mdguidelines_2-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-mdguidelines_2-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mdguidelines.com/arterial-embolism-and-thrombosis">MDGuidelines > Arterial Embolism And Thrombosis</a> From <i>The Medical Disability Advisor</i> by Presley Reed, MD. Retrieved on April 30, 2010</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Grigoriadis-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Grigoriadis_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Grigoriadis_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Grigoriadis_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFGrigoriadisFamStarokAng2000" class="citation journal cs1">Grigoriadis E, Fam AG, Starok M, Ang LC (April 2000). "Skeletal muscle infarction in diabetes mellitus". <i>Journal of Rheumatology</i>. <b>27</b> (4): <span class="nowrap">1063–</span>8. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10782838">10782838</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Rheumatology&rft.atitle=Skeletal+muscle+infarction+in+diabetes+mellitus&rft.volume=27&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1063-%3C%2Fspan%3E8&rft.date=2000-04&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F10782838&rft.aulast=Grigoriadis&rft.aufirst=E&rft.au=Fam%2C+AG&rft.au=Starok%2C+M&rft.au=Ang%2C+LC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALimb+infarction" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-bergqvist-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-bergqvist_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.internetmedicin.se/dyn_main.asp?page=1529">internetmedicin.se > Artäremboli / thrombos</a> Professor David Bergqvist. Reviewed by Professor lashylash. Updated 2007-11-10</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ganong, Review of Medical Physiology, 22nd Edition.Specialized form of muscle that is peculiar to the vertebrate heart.p81</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-nawazkhan-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-nawazkhan_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-nawazkhan_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/387545-overview">eMedicine Specialties > Bone Infarct</a> Author: Ali Nawaz Khan. Coauthors: Mohammed Jassim Al-Salman, Muthusamy Chandramohan, Sumaira MacDonald, Charles Edward Hutchinson</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Campbell-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Campbell_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Campbell_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCampbellRidlerSzymanska1998" class="citation journal cs1">Campbell WB, Ridler BM, Szymanska TH (November 1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1046%2Fj.1365-2168.1998.00906.x">"Current management of acute leg ischaemia: results of an audit by the Vascular Surgical Society of Great Britain and Ireland"</a>. <i>British Journal of Surgery</i>. <b>85</b> (11): <span class="nowrap">1498–</span>503. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1046%2Fj.1365-2168.1998.00906.x">10.1046/j.1365-2168.1998.00906.x</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9823910">9823910</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=British+Journal+of+Surgery&rft.atitle=Current+management+of+acute+leg+ischaemia%3A+results+of+an+audit+by+the+Vascular+Surgical+Society+of+Great+Britain+and+Ireland&rft.volume=85&rft.issue=11&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1498-%3C%2Fspan%3E503&rft.date=1998-11&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1046%2Fj.1365-2168.1998.00906.x&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F9823910&rft.aulast=Campbell&rft.aufirst=WB&rft.au=Ridler%2C+BM&rft.au=Szymanska%2C+TH&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1046%252Fj.1365-2168.1998.00906.x&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALimb+infarction" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-aho-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-aho_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-aho_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-aho_8-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-aho_8-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-aho_8-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-aho_8-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-aho_8-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-aho_8-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-aho_8-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-aho_8-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-aho_8-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-aho_8-11"><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-aho_8-12"><sup><i><b>m</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-aho_8-13"><sup><i><b>n</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Kirurgiska åtgärder vid akut ischemi i nedre extremitet</i>. (Google Translate: <i>Surgical measures in acute ischemia of lower extremities</i>.) Pekka Aho och Pirkka Vikatmaa. Finska Läkaresällskapets Handlingar (Finnish Medical Society Documents). No. 1, 2003</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cvphysiology.com/CAD/CAD003.htm">Cardiovascular Physiology Concepts > Myocardial Oxygen Demand</a> Richard E. Klabunde, PhD</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Oguzkurt-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Oguzkurt_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFOğuzkurtOzkanGümüşCoşkun2010" class="citation journal cs1">Oğuzkurt L, Ozkan U, Gümüş B, Coşkun I, Koca N, Gülcan O (March 2010). "Percutaneous aspiration thrombectomy in the treatment of lower extremity thromboembolic occlusions". <i>Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology</i>. <b>16</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">79–</span>83. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.4261%2F1305-3825.DIR.2654-09.1">10.4261/1305-3825.DIR.2654-09.1</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20044798">20044798</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Diagnostic+and+Interventional+Radiology&rft.atitle=Percutaneous+aspiration+thrombectomy+in+the+treatment+of+lower+extremity+thromboembolic+occlusions&rft.volume=16&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E79-%3C%2Fspan%3E83&rft.date=2010-03&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.4261%2F1305-3825.DIR.2654-09.1&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F20044798&rft.aulast=O%C4%9Fuzkurt&rft.aufirst=L&rft.au=Ozkan%2C+U&rft.au=G%C3%BCm%C3%BC%C5%9F%2C+B&rft.au=Co%C5%9Fkun%2C+I&rft.au=Koca%2C+N&rft.au=G%C3%BClcan%2C+O&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALimb+infarction" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Magishi-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Magishi_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Magishi_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMagishiIzumiShimizu2010" class="citation journal cs1">Magishi K, Izumi Y, Shimizu N (August 2010). "Short- and long-term outcomes of acute upper extremity arterial thromboembolism". <i>Annals of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery</i>. <b>16</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">31–</span>4. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20190707">20190707</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Annals+of+Thoracic+and+Cardiovascular+Surgery&rft.atitle=Short-+and+long-term+outcomes+of+acute+upper+extremity+arterial+thromboembolism&rft.volume=16&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E31-%3C%2Fspan%3E4&rft.date=2010-08&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F20190707&rft.aulast=Magishi&rft.aufirst=K&rft.au=Izumi%2C+Y&rft.au=Shimizu%2C+N&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALimb+infarction" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 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disease">Heart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ischemic_colitis" title="Ischemic colitis">Large intestine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mesenteric_ischemia" class="mw-redirect" title="Mesenteric ischemia">Small intestine</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Infarction" title="Infarction">Infarction</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Types <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anemic_infarct" title="Anemic infarct">Anemic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hemorrhagic_infarct" title="Hemorrhagic infarct">Hemorrhagic</a></li></ul></li> <li>Location <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Myocardial_infarction" title="Myocardial infarction">Heart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cerebral_infarction" title="Cerebral infarction">Brain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Splenic_infarction" title="Splenic infarction">Spleen</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink 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