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class="vector-toc-link" href="#Theorieën"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Theorieën</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Theorieën-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bedreiging" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bedreiging"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Bedreiging</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bedreiging-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Drang_tot_expressie" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Drang_tot_expressie"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Drang tot expressie</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Drang_tot_expressie-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" 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class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Grotschildering</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Ga naar een artikel in een andere taal. Beschikbaar in 54 talen" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-54" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">54 talen</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grotkuns" title="Grotkuns – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Grotkuns" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%B6hlenmalerei" title="Höhlenmalerei – Zwitserduits" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Höhlenmalerei" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Zwitserduits" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D8%B3%D9%88%D9%85_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%83%D9%87%D9%88%D9%81" title="رسوم الكهوف – Arabisch" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="رسوم الكهوف" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ma%C4%9Fara_r%C9%99smi" title="Mağara rəsmi – Azerbeidzjaans" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Mağara rəsmi" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbeidzjaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%8F%D1%87%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BD%D1%8B_%D0%B6%D1%8B%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BF%D1%96%D1%81" title="Пячорны жывапіс – Belarussisch" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Пячорны жывапіс" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarussisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%97%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%9A%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0" title="গুহাচিত্র – Bengaals" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="গুহাচিত্র" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bengaals" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeskynn%C3%AD_mal%C3%AD%C5%99stv%C3%AD" title="Jeskynní malířství – Tsjechisch" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Jeskynní malířství" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Tsjechisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hulemaleri" title="Hulemaleri – Deens" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Hulemaleri" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Deens" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%B6hlenmalerei" title="Höhlenmalerei – Duits" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Höhlenmalerei" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="Duits" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%96%CF%89%CE%B3%CF%81%CE%B1%CF%86%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AE_%CF%83%CF%80%CE%B7%CE%BB%CE%B1%CE%AF%CE%BF%CF%85" title="Ζωγραφική σπηλαίου – Grieks" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ζωγραφική σπηλαίου" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Grieks" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cave_painting" title="Cave painting – Engels" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Cave painting" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="Engels" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prahomaj_pentra%C4%B5oj" title="Prahomaj pentraĵoj – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Prahomaj pentraĵoj" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pintura_rupestre_en_cuevas" title="Pintura rupestre en cuevas – Spaans" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Pintura rupestre en cuevas" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koopamaaling" title="Koopamaaling – Estisch" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Koopamaaling" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haitzulo_pintura" title="Haitzulo pintura – Baskisch" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Haitzulo pintura" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Baskisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%BA%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%86%DA%AF%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%87" title="غارنگاره – Perzisch" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="غارنگاره" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Perzisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Art_pari%C3%A9tal" title="Art pariétal – Frans" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Art pariétal" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="Frans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grotskildering" title="Grotskildering – Fries" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Grotskildering" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Fries" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A6%D7%99%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%99_%D7%9E%D7%A2%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%AA" title="ציורי מערות – Hebreeuws" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="ציורי מערות" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebreeuws" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%AB%E0%A4%BC%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0" title="गुफ़ा चित्र – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="गुफ़ा चित्र" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barlangrajz" title="Barlangrajz – Hongaars" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Barlangrajz" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hongaars" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%94%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%B1%D5%A1%D5%BE%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%AB%D5%B6_%D5%B6%D5%AF%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%B9%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6" title="Քարանձավային նկարչություն – Armeens" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Քարանձավային նկարչություն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armeens" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lukisan_gua" title="Lukisan gua – Indonesisch" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Lukisan gua" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kavern-arto" title="Kavern-arto – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Kavern-arto" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hellam%C3%A1lverk" title="Hellamálverk – IJslands" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Hellamálverk" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="IJslands" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B4%9E%E7%AA%9F%E5%A3%81%E7%94%BB" title="洞窟壁画 – Japans" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="洞窟壁画" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%99%E1%83%9A%E1%83%93%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%9B%E1%83%AE%E1%83%90%E1%83%A2%E1%83%95%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9D%E1%83%91%E1%83%90" title="კლდის მხატვრობა – Georgisch" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="კლდის მხატვრობა" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%8F%99%EA%B5%B4%EB%B2%BD%ED%99%94" title="동굴벽화 – Koreaans" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="동굴벽화" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Koreaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grotsj%C3%A8ldering" title="Grotsjèldering – Limburgs" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Grotsjèldering" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgs" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urv%C5%B3_pie%C5%A1iniai" title="Urvų piešiniai – Litouws" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Urvų piešiniai" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Litouws" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lukisan_guo" title="Lukisan guo – Minangkabau" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Lukisan guo" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="Minangkabau" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Minangkabau</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE" title="आदिमानवांची चित्रकला – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="आदिमानवांची चित्रकला" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lukisan_gua" title="Lukisan gua – Maleis" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Lukisan gua" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Maleis" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%B2lem%C3%A5leri" title="Hòlemåleri – Noors - Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Hòlemåleri" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Noors - Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hulemaleri" title="Hulemaleri – Noors - Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Hulemaleri" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Noors - Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Art_parietau" title="Art parietau – Occitaans" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Art parietau" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pap mw-list-item"><a href="https://pap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pintura_di_kueba" title="Pintura di kueba – Papiaments" lang="pap" hreflang="pap" data-title="Pintura di kueba" data-language-autonym="Papiamentu" data-language-local-name="Papiaments" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Papiamentu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malarstwo_jaskiniowe" title="Malarstwo jaskiniowe – Pools" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Malarstwo jaskiniowe" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Pools" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%89%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%B6%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%8C" title="Пещерная живопись – Russisch" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Пещерная живопись" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%9C%E0%B7%94%E0%B7%84%E0%B7%8F_%E0%B7%83%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%AD%E0%B7%94%E0%B7%80%E0%B6%B8%E0%B7%8A" title="ගුහා සිතුවම් – Singalees" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="ගුහා සිතුවම්" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Singalees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cave_painting" title="Cave painting – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Cave painting" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaskynn%C3%A1_ma%C4%BEba" title="Jaskynná maľba – Slowaaks" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Jaskynná maľba" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slowaaks" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamske_poslikave" title="Jamske poslikave – Sloveens" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Jamske poslikave" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Sloveens" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pe%C4%87insko_slikarstvo" title="Pećinsko slikarstvo – Servisch" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Pećinsko slikarstvo" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Servisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grottm%C3%A5lning" title="Grottmålning – Zweeds" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" 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</div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">Uit Wikipedia, de vrije encyclopedie</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="nl" dir="ltr"><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Bestand:LascauxStier.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/LascauxStier.jpg/260px-LascauxStier.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="175" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/bb/LascauxStier.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="295" data-file-height="199" /></a><figcaption>Een stier uit de 'Grot der Stieren' in <a href="/wiki/Lascaux_(grotten)" class="mw-redirect" title="Lascaux (grotten)">Lascaux</a>.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Bestand:Grotta_de_Levanzo.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Grotta_de_Levanzo.jpg/260px-Grotta_de_Levanzo.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="342" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Grotta_de_Levanzo.jpg/390px-Grotta_de_Levanzo.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Grotta_de_Levanzo.jpg 2x" data-file-width="504" data-file-height="662" /></a><figcaption>Mensachtige schilderijen in de <i>Grotta de Levanzo</i> in <a href="/wiki/Itali%C3%AB" title="Italië">Italië</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Een <b>grotschildering</b> is een vorm van <a href="/wiki/Rotstekening" title="Rotstekening">rotstekening</a> waarbij een schildering aangebracht is op de wanden en plafonds van een <a href="/wiki/Grot" title="Grot">grot</a>. Beide benamingen, grotschildering en rotstekening, worden in het bijzonder gebruikt voor kunstwerken die in de <a href="/wiki/Prehistorie" title="Prehistorie">prehistorie</a> zijn gemaakt. De mens maakte al tekeningen en schilderkunst voordat het <a href="/wiki/Schrift" title="Schrift">schrift</a> was uitgevonden. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="De_eerste_grotschilderingen">De eerste grotschilderingen</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Grotschildering&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Bewerk dit kopje: De eerste grotschilderingen" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Grotschildering&action=edit&section=1" title="De broncode bewerken van de sectie: De eerste grotschilderingen"><span>brontekst bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>De oudste tot nog toe gevonden dierentekeningen bevinden zich in grotten in de buurt van <a href="/wiki/Maros" title="Maros">Maros</a> op het <a href="/wiki/Indonesi%C3%AB" title="Indonesië">Indonesische</a> eiland <a href="/wiki/Sulawesi" title="Sulawesi">Sulawesi</a>. Daar werd in 2014 in een grot een tekening van een <a href="/wiki/Gouden_babiroessa" class="mw-redirect" title="Gouden babiroessa">hertzwijn</a> gevonden, die op 35.400 jaar oud werd geschat. In deze grotten zijn ook talrijke handstencils aangetroffen, waarvan de oudste minstens 39.900 jaar geleden werd aangebracht.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Eind 2019 zijn er tekeningen gevonden van minstens 43.900 jaar oud. Dit waren afbeeldingen van vier dwergbuffels, <a href="/wiki/Anoa" title="Anoa">anoa’s</a>, twee wilde varkens met daarbij acht kleine mensen, sommige met speren of touwen. De varkens zijn 123 en 84 centimeter breed, de buffels iets kleiner, en de mensjes zijn vier tot acht centimeter hoog.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Tevens zijn er <a href="/wiki/Theriantropie" title="Theriantropie">theriantropische</a> figuren afgebeeld.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2020/2021 is een tekening van een <a href="/wiki/Celebeswrattenzwijn" title="Celebeswrattenzwijn">Celebeswrattenzwijn</a> gevonden, die minstens 45.500 jaar oud is. De tekening van het zwijn met zijn karakteristieke gezichtswratten en zijn korte poten meet 136×54 cm.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>De <a href="/wiki/Cro-magnonmens" title="Cro-magnonmens">Cro-magnonmens</a>, in <a href="/wiki/Frankrijk" title="Frankrijk">Frankrijk</a>, was de eerste <a href="/wiki/Europa_(werelddeel)" title="Europa (werelddeel)">Europese</a> mens in de prehistorie die voorwerpen uit zijn leefmilieu, hoofdzakelijk jachtdieren, weergaf door graveringen in de wanden van holen en spelonken. Thans kent men vele honderden graveringen in rotswanden, meestal in grotten. Voor de tekeningen gemaakt tijdens de <a href="/wiki/Weichselien" title="Weichselien">ijstijd</a> geldt dat de weergegeven dieren uit de ijstijd goed zijn te herkennen. Er zijn tekeningen van <a href="/wiki/Mammoeten" title="Mammoeten">mammoeten</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oeros" title="Oeros">oerossen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wolharige_neushoorn" title="Wolharige neushoorn">wolharige neushoorns</a>, <a href="/wiki/Paard_(dier)" title="Paard (dier)">paarden</a>, <a href="/wiki/Stier_(rund)" title="Stier (rund)">stieren</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hertachtigen" title="Hertachtigen">herten</a> en meer gevonden, daterend tussen de 36.000 en enige duizenden jaren geleden. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Voorbeelden">Voorbeelden</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Grotschildering&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Bewerk dit kopje: Voorbeelden" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Grotschildering&action=edit&section=2" title="De broncode bewerken van de sectie: Voorbeelden"><span>brontekst bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Men vond in een <a href="/wiki/Altamira_(grot)" title="Altamira (grot)">grot in Altamira</a>, in de Spaanse <a href="/wiki/Pyrenee%C3%ABn" title="Pyreneeën">Pyreneeën</a>, de reproductie van een <a href="/wiki/Bison_(geslacht)" title="Bison (geslacht)">bizon</a> op de tegen de bovenkant aan geschilderd in helder rood, bruin en zwart. Waarschijnlijk waren ze maar weinig vervaagd sinds ze op de rotswand werden aangebracht. Gedeeltelijk is dit te danken aan de duisternis en de gelijkmatige temperatuur. </p><p>In de <a href="/wiki/Cueva_de_Nerja" title="Cueva de Nerja">grotten van Nerja</a> werden in 2012<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> een aantal schilderingen in de grot gedateerd op minstens 42.000 jaar oud. Daarmee zijn het de oudst bekende kunstwerken die de mensheid heeft voortgebracht. </p><p>In veel <a href="/wiki/Lijst_van_grotten_in_de_Dordogne" title="Lijst van grotten in de Dordogne">grotten in de Dordogne</a>, bijvoorbeeld van <a href="/wiki/Grotten_van_Lascaux" title="Grotten van Lascaux">Lascaux</a> bij <a href="/wiki/Montignac_(Dordogne)" class="mw-redirect" title="Montignac (Dordogne)">Montignac</a>, zijn ook muurschilderingen ontdekt, van bizons, paarden en herten in zwart, geel en rood. Men heeft in andere grotten afbeeldingen van hele jachttaferelen gevonden. Merkwaardig is dat de mens zelf maar een hele enkele keer en zeer schematisch is getekend, terwijl de dieren vaak zeer levensecht en in karakteristieke houdingen en soms zelfs in kleur zijn afgebeeld. De vroegste afbeeldingen van mensen op rots zijn gevonden in de <a href="/wiki/Sahara" title="Sahara">Sahara</a> en dateren uit de zogenaamde 'Rondkop-periode', die ongeveer 10.000 jaar geleden begon. </p><p>In de <a href="/wiki/Grot_van_Pech_Merle" title="Grot van Pech Merle">grot van Pech Merle</a> is de bekendste afbeelding die van het gestippelde paard, <i>Cheval de Pomelé</i>. De negatieve handafdruk met de dertien stippen is ook erg bijzonder. </p><p>Op andere continenten bestaan ook zeer oude rotstekeningen en -schilderingen, bijvoorbeeld in <a href="/wiki/Australi%C3%AB_(continent)" title="Australië (continent)">Australië</a>, in de <a href="/wiki/Sahara" title="Sahara">Sahara</a>, en in <a href="/wiki/Noord-Amerika" title="Noord-Amerika">Noord-Amerika</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Techniek">Techniek</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Grotschildering&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Bewerk dit kopje: Techniek" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Grotschildering&action=edit&section=3" title="De broncode bewerken van de sectie: Techniek"><span>brontekst bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>De verf werd op verschillende manieren aangebracht: met de vingers en tenen in de rode leem gedoopt, met eenvoudige kwasten, maar ook werd de verf in de mond genomen en op de rotswand gespuwd. Soms werd het pigment in rieten pijpjes verzameld en op een vochtig oppervlak geblazen. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Theorieën"><span id="Theorie.C3.ABn"></span>Theorieën</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Grotschildering&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Bewerk dit kopje: Theorieën" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Grotschildering&action=edit&section=4" title="De broncode bewerken van de sectie: Theorieën"><span>brontekst bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Het veel verschillende theorieën over de betekenis van dergelijke schilderingen voor de oorspronkelijke makers. Aangezien geen een ervan toetsbaar is, we kunnen het de holbewoners niet meer vragen, zal dit ook niet snel veranderen. Sommigen veronderstellen dat de reden tot het afbeelden van de dieren angst voor deze dieren was. Om deze angst te bezweren vroeg men aan de beste tekenaar van de stam het dier op een rots te tekenen met houtskool dan wel kleurstoffen met een medium als binder. Kortom het bezweren van het angstaanjagende en hen omringende vond in deze archaïsche tijden vorm op deze wanden. Anderen hebben gesteld dat het afbeelden van prooidieren deel uitmaakte van magische jachtrituelen. </p><p>In de documentaire <i>How art Made the World: The Day Pictures Were Born</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> wordt beschreven dat rotstekeningen dingen laten zien die mensen in een <a href="/wiki/Trance_(bewustzijn)" title="Trance (bewustzijn)">trance</a> hebben gezien. Mensen in trance komen in een 'spirituele wereld' en zien dan onder andere dieren. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bedreiging">Bedreiging</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Grotschildering&veaction=edit&section=5" title="Bewerk dit kopje: Bedreiging" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Grotschildering&action=edit&section=5" title="De broncode bewerken van de sectie: Bedreiging"><span>brontekst bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Door de grote publieke belangstelling voor dergelijke grotten veranderen de omstandigheden er: de vochtigheid en temperatuur nemen toe, evenals het koolzuurgehalte. Een aantal schilderingen is daardoor dermate bedreigd dat ze inmiddels niet meer zijn te bezichtigen. Van de grot van Lascaux, een van de mooiste, is in drie jaar een exacte replica gemaakt, die door duizenden toeristen per week wordt bezocht. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Drang_tot_expressie">Drang tot expressie</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Grotschildering&veaction=edit&section=6" title="Bewerk dit kopje: Drang tot expressie" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Grotschildering&action=edit&section=6" title="De broncode bewerken van de sectie: Drang tot expressie"><span>brontekst bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Samen met de drang om te versieren, heeft de mens steeds de behoefte gehad om zich uit te drukken. Dat zoiets op rotswanden gebeurde was een vanzelfsprekendheid, want dergelijke dragers waren er in overvloed. Het was geen vanzelfsprekendheid om dat in een donkere onbekende ruimte te gaan doen, want de mens was en is nog steeds bang in het donker. Afdalen in een donkere grot met een paar walmende <a href="/wiki/Fakkel" title="Fakkel">fakkels</a> om zich creatief te gaan uitleven, lijkt minder waarschijnlijk. Afbeeldingen ontstonden waarschijnlijk naar aanleiding van <a href="/wiki/Rite_(religie)" title="Rite (religie)">riten</a> in verband met dood, jacht, vruchtbaarheid en het afweren van het boze. Behalve de eerder besproken afbeeldingen van dieren, werden er ook <a href="/wiki/Teken_(symbool)" title="Teken (symbool)">tekens</a> aangebracht. Deze tekens kunnen nu worden onderverdeeld in vrouwelijke en mannelijke tekens. De zones rond de ingang van de grot, werden met mannelijke tekens gevuld, naar het midden van de grot toe, worden vrouwelijke symbolen aangetroffen, evenwel vergezeld van mannelijke. </p><p>De Franse prehistoricus <a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Leroi-Gourhan" title="André Leroi-Gourhan">André Leroi-Gourhan</a>, beweert bovendien dat ook de afgebeelde dieren een seksuele betekenis hebben. Die hypothese wordt gesteund door de plaatsing op de rotswand van de groepen mannelijke en vrouwelijke dieren. </p><p>Teken- en schilderkunst ontstonden dus al zeer vroeg, hoewel er een aantal prehistorische gesneden beeldjes bekend is dat op ongeveer dezelfde <a href="/wiki/Leeftijd" title="Leeftijd">ouderdom</a> is gedateerd. </p> <div class="toccolours appendix" role="presentation" style="font-size:90%; margin:1em 0 -0.5em; clear:both;"> <div></div> <p><b>Voetnoten</b> </p> <div class="reflist" style="list-style-type: decimal;"><div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-1">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Knack_(tijdschrift)" title="Knack (tijdschrift)">Knack</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.knack.be/nieuws/wereld/oudste-rotsschilderingen-gevonden-in-sulawesi-video/article-normal-435545.html">Oudste rotsschilderingen gevonden in Sulawesi</a>, 10 oktober 2014. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220129024227/https://www.knack.be/nieuws/wereld/oudste-rotsschilderingen-gevonden-in-sulawesi-video/article-normal-435545.html">Gearchiveerd</a> op 29 januari 2022.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-2">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/NRC_Handelsblad" class="mw-redirect" title="NRC Handelsblad">NRC Handelsblad</a>. Kunst ontdekt van 43.900 jaar oud, 11 december 2019.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-3">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r67679320">.mw-parser-output .taalaanduiding{font-family:sans-serif;font-size:85%;cursor:help;color:var(--color-subtle,#555)}.mw-parser-output .taalaanduiding span{border-bottom:1px dotted var(--color-subtle,#555)}</style><span class="taalaanduiding" title="Taal: Engels">(<span>en</span>) </span> <a href="/wiki/The_Guardian_(krant)" class="mw-redirect" title="The Guardian (krant)">The Guardian</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/science/2019/dec/11/earliest-known-cave-art-by-modern-humans-found-in-indonesia">Earliest known cave art by modern humans found in Indonesia</a>, 11 december 2019. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230625210759/https://www.theguardian.com/science/2019/dec/11/earliest-known-cave-art-by-modern-humans-found-in-indonesia">Gearchiveerd</a> op 25 juni 2023.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-4">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">NRC Handelsblad. Oud, oudere, oudste rotstekening in een Indonesische grot, 17 januari 2021.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-5">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r67679320"><span class="taalaanduiding" title="Taal: Spaans">(<span>es</span>) </span> <a href="/wiki/El_Mundo" title="El Mundo">El Mundo</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.elmundo.es/elmundo/2012/02/07/ciencia/1328619357.html">¿La obra de arte más antigua de la Humanidad?</a>, 7 februari 2012. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230313172240/https://www.elmundo.es/elmundo/2012/02/07/ciencia/1328619357.html">Gearchiveerd</a> op 13 maart 2023.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-6">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r67679320"><span class="taalaanduiding" title="Taal: Engels">(<span>en</span>) </span> <a href="/wiki/YouTube" title="YouTube">YouTube</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/results?search_query=How+art+Made+the+World%3A+The+Day+Pictures+Were+Born">How art Made the World: The Day Pictures Were Born</a>.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <p><b>Bronvermelding</b> </p> <ul><li>Dit artikel of een eerdere versie ervan is (gedeeltelijk) afgesplitst vanaf <span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rotstekening&oldid=43250087">een ander artikel</a> op de Nederlandstalige Wikipedia, dat onder de licentie <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/">Creative Commons Naamsvermelding/Gelijk delen</a> valt. Zie <a class="external text" href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rotstekening&offset=&action=history">deze pagina</a></span> voor de bewerkingsgeschiedenis.</li></ul> </div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Overgenomen van "<a dir="ltr" href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Grotschildering&oldid=67405378">https://nl.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Grotschildering&oldid=67405378</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Categorie:Alles" title="Categorie:Alles">Categorieën</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Categorie:Laat-paleolithische_kunst" title="Categorie:Laat-paleolithische kunst">Laat-paleolithische kunst</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Categorie:Rotstekeningen" title="Categorie:Rotstekeningen">Rotstekeningen</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Categorie:Speleologie" title="Categorie:Speleologie">Speleologie</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> Deze pagina is voor het laatst bewerkt op 19 apr 2024 om 19:38.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">De tekst is beschikbaar onder de licentie <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.nl">Creative Commons Naamsvermelding/Gelijk delen</a>, er kunnen aanvullende voorwaarden van toepassing zijn. 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mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-history"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only mw-watchlink" id="ca-watchstar-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="watch-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-star mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-star"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-ve-edit-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ve-edit-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-edit mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-edit"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-edit-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="wikitext-edit-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikiText mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-wikiText"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-viewsource-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ve-edit-protected-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-editLock mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-editLock"></span> <span></span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-buttons"> <button class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet mw-interlanguage-selector" id="p-lang-btn-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-language"></span> <span>54 talen</span> </button> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive" id="ca-addsection-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="addsection-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-speechBubbleAdd-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-speechBubbleAdd-progressive"></span> <span>Onderwerp toevoegen</span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icon-end"> <div class="vector-user-links"> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> 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