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class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Academic_definition" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Academic_definition"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Academic definition</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Academic_definition-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-United_Kingdom_High_Courts'_definition" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_Kingdom_High_Courts'_definition"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>United Kingdom High Courts' definition</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-United_Kingdom_High_Courts'_definition-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Key_influences_of_radical_Islam" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Key_influences_of_radical_Islam"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Key influences of radical Islam</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Key_influences_of_radical_Islam-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Key influences of radical Islam subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Key_influences_of_radical_Islam-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Early_Islam" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_Islam"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Early Islam</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_Islam-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Kharijites" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kharijites"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.1</span> <span>Kharijites</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kharijites-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ibn_Taymiyyah" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ibn_Taymiyyah"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.2</span> <span>Ibn Taymiyyah</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ibn_Taymiyyah-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ottoman_Empire" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ottoman_Empire"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.3</span> <span>Ottoman Empire</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ottoman_Empire-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Modern_Islam" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Modern_Islam"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Modern Islam</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Modern_Islam-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Salafism_and_Wahhabism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Salafism_and_Wahhabism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.1</span> <span>Salafism and Wahhabism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Salafism_and_Wahhabism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Contemporary_Islam" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Contemporary_Islam"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Contemporary Islam</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Contemporary_Islam-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Muhammad_Abduh" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Muhammad_Abduh"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3.1</span> <span>Muhammad Abduh</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Muhammad_Abduh-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rashid_Rida" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rashid_Rida"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3.2</span> <span>Rashid Rida</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rashid_Rida-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hassan_al-Banna" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hassan_al-Banna"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3.3</span> <span>Hassan al-Banna</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hassan_al-Banna-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Abul_A'la_al-Maududi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Abul_A'la_al-Maududi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3.4</span> <span>Abul A'la al-Maududi</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Abul_A'la_al-Maududi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sayyid_Qutb" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sayyid_Qutb"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3.5</span> <span>Sayyid Qutb</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sayyid_Qutb-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Active_Islamic_extremist_groups" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Active_Islamic_extremist_groups"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span><span><span>Active Islamic extremist groups</span></span></span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Active_Islamic_extremist_groups-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle <span><span>Active Islamic extremist groups</span></span> subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Active_Islamic_extremist_groups-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Groups" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Groups"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Groups</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Groups-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Foreign_political_support" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Foreign_political_support"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Foreign political support</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Foreign_political_support-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet 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Available in 21 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-21" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">21 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%B7%D8%B1%D9%81_%D8%A5%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%8A" title="تطرف إسلامي – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="تطرف إسلامي" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%9B%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%95_%E0%A6%89%E0%A6%97%E0%A7%8D%E0%A7%B0%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A6" title="ইছলামিক উগ্ৰবাদ – Assamese" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="ইছলামিক উগ্ৰবাদ" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>অসমীয়া</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BF_%E0%A6%9A%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A5%E0%A6%BE" title="ইসলামি চরমপন্থা – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="ইসলামি চরমপন্থা" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%99%CF%83%CE%BB%CE%B1%CE%BC%CE%B9%CE%BA%CF%8C%CF%82_%CE%B5%CE%BE%CF%84%CF%81%CE%B5%CE%BC%CE%B9%CF%83%CE%BC%CF%8C%CF%82" title="Ισλαμικός εξτρεμισμός – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ισλαμικός εξτρεμισμός" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%81%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B7%E2%80%8C%DA%AF%D8%B1%D8%A7%DB%8C%DB%8C_%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%85%DB%8C" title="افراط‌گرایی اسلامی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="افراط‌گرایی اسلامی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9D%B4%EC%8A%AC%EB%9E%8C_%EA%B7%B9%EB%8B%A8%EC%A3%BC%EC%9D%98" title="이슬람 극단주의 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="이슬람 극단주의" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A6" title="इस्लामी अतिवाद – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="इस्लामी अतिवाद" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ekstremisme_Islam" title="Ekstremisme Islam – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Ekstremisme Islam" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%A1%D7%9C%D7%90%D7%9D_%D7%A7%D7%99%D7%A6%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%99" title="אסלאם קיצוני – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="אסלאם קיצוני" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ekstremisme_Islam" title="Ekstremisme Islam – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Ekstremisme Islam" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moslimextremisme" title="Moslimextremisme – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Moslimextremisme" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A4%E3%82%B9%E3%83%A9%E3%83%BC%E3%83%A0%E9%81%8E%E6%BF%80%E6%B4%BE" title="イスラーム過激派 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="イスラーム過激派" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%8A_%D8%A7%D9%81%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B7%DB%8C%D8%AA" title="اسلامي افراطیت – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="اسلامي افراطیت" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ekstremizmi_islam" title="Ekstremizmi islam – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Ekstremizmi islam" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%89%E0%B7%83%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%BD%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%B8%E0%B7%93%E0%B6%BA_%E0%B6%85%E0%B6%B1%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%AD%E0%B7%80%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%AF%E0%B6%BA" title="ඉස්ලාමීය අන්තවාදය – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="ඉස්ලාමීය අන්තවාදය" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_extremism" title="Islamic extremism – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Islamic extremism" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamski_ekstremizam" title="Islamski ekstremizam – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Islamski ekstremizam" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radikaali_islam" title="Radikaali islam – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Radikaali islam" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%86%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BC%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Ісламський радикалізм – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" 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.compact-ambox .ambox.mbox-small-left{font-size:100%;width:auto;margin:0}.mw-parser-output .compact-ambox .ambox .mbox-text{padding:0!important;margin:0!important}.mw-parser-output .compact-ambox .ambox .mbox-text-span{display:list-item;line-height:1.5em;list-style-type:disc}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .multiple-issues-text>.mw-collapsible-toggle,.mw-parser-output .compact-ambox .ambox .mbox-image,.mw-parser-output .compact-ambox .ambox .mbox-imageright,.mw-parser-output .compact-ambox .ambox .mbox-empty-cell,.mw-parser-output .compact-ambox .hide-when-compact{display:none}</style><table class="box-Multiple_issues plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-multiple_issues compact-ambox" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/40px-Ambox_important.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/60px-Ambox_important.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/80px-Ambox_important.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="40" data-file-height="40" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span"><div class="multiple-issues-text mw-collapsible"><b>This article has multiple issues.</b> Please help <b><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Islamic_extremism" title="Special:EditPage/Islamic extremism">improve it</a></b> or discuss these issues on the <b><a href="/wiki/Talk:Islamic_extremism" title="Talk:Islamic extremism">talk page</a></b>. <small><i>(<a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove these messages</a>)</i></small> <div class="mw-collapsible-content"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Globalize plainlinks 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src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Unbalanced_scales.svg/45px-Unbalanced_scales.svg.png" decoding="async" width="45" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Unbalanced_scales.svg/68px-Unbalanced_scales.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Unbalanced_scales.svg/90px-Unbalanced_scales.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="354" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">The <b><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Neutral_point_of_view" title="Wikipedia:Neutral point of view">neutrality</a> of this article is <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:NPOV_dispute" title="Wikipedia:NPOV dispute">disputed</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Relevant discussion may be found on the <a href="/wiki/Talk:Islamic_extremism" title="Talk:Islamic extremism">talk page</a>. Please do not remove this message until <a href="/wiki/Template:POV#When_to_remove" title="Template:POV">conditions to do so are met</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">July 2017</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> </div> </div><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:2012_Sydney_protest.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/2012_Sydney_protest.jpg/275px-2012_Sydney_protest.jpg" decoding="async" width="275" height="183" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/2012_Sydney_protest.jpg/413px-2012_Sydney_protest.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/2012_Sydney_protest.jpg/550px-2012_Sydney_protest.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1365" /></a><figcaption>Muslims protesting in <a href="/wiki/Sydney" title="Sydney">Sydney</a> against the release of <i><a href="/wiki/Innocence_of_Muslims" title="Innocence of Muslims">Innocence of Muslims</a></i> in 2012</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Islamic extremism</b> refers to extremist beliefs, behaviors and ideologies adhered to by some Muslims within <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a>. The term 'Islamic extremism' is contentious, encompassing a spectrum of definitions, ranging from academic interpretations of <a href="/wiki/Supremacism#Islamic" title="Supremacism">Islamic supremacy</a> to the notion that all ideologies other than Islam have failed and are inferior.<sup id="cite_ref-auto_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Islamic extremism is different from <a href="/wiki/Islamic_fundamentalism" title="Islamic fundamentalism">Islamic fundamentalism</a> or <a href="/wiki/Islamism" title="Islamism">Islamism</a>. Islamic fundamentalism refers to a movement among <a href="/wiki/Muslims" title="Muslims">Muslims</a> advocating a return to the fundamental principles of an <a href="/wiki/Islamic_state" title="Islamic state">Islamic state</a> in <a href="/wiki/Muslim-majority_countries" class="mw-redirect" title="Muslim-majority countries">Muslim-majority countries</a>. Meanwhile, Islamism constitutes a form of <a href="/wiki/Political_Islam" title="Political Islam">political Islam</a>. However, both Islamic fundamentalism and Islamism can also be classified as subsets of Islamic extremism. Acts of violence committed by <a href="/wiki/Islamic_terrorists" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic terrorists">Islamic terrorists</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jihadism" title="Jihadism">jihadists</a> are often associated with these extremist beliefs. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Definitions">Definitions</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Islamic_extremism&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Definitions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Academic_definition">Academic definition</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Islamic_extremism&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Academic definition"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The academic definition of radical Islam consists of two parts: </p> <ul><li>The first being: Islamic thought that states that all ideologies other than Islam, whether associated with the West (capitalism or democracy) or the East (communism or socialism) have failed and have demonstrated their bankruptcy.<sup id="cite_ref-auto_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The second being: Islamic thought that states that (semi)secular regimes are wrong because of their negligence of Islam.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="United_Kingdom_High_Courts'_definition"><span id="United_Kingdom_High_Courts.27_definition"></span>United Kingdom High Courts' definition</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Islamic_extremism&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: United Kingdom High Courts' definition"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>UK High Courts have ruled in two cases on Islamic extremism, and provided definition. </p><p>Aside from those, two major definitions have been offered for Islamic extremism, sometimes using overlapping but also distinct aspects of extreme interpretations and pursuits of <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islamic</a> ideology: </p> <ul><li>The use of violent tactics such as bombing and assassinations for achieving perceived Islamic goals (see <a href="/wiki/Jihadism" title="Jihadism">Jihadism</a>; or <a href="/wiki/Zeyno_Baran" title="Zeyno Baran">Zeyno Baran</a>, Senior Fellow and Director of the Center for Eurasian Policy at the <a href="/wiki/Hudson_Institute" title="Hudson Institute">Hudson Institute</a>, prefers the term <i><a href="/wiki/Islamism" title="Islamism">Islamist</a> extremism</i>)<sup id="cite_ref-Baran_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Baran-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>An extremely conservative view of Islam,<sup id="cite_ref-Farmer2007_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Farmer2007-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which does not necessarily entail violence<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (see also <a href="/wiki/Islamic_fundamentalism" title="Islamic fundamentalism">Islamic fundamentalism</a> [Baran again prefers the term <i>Islamism</i>]).<sup id="cite_ref-Baran_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Baran-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>In 2019, the United States Institute of Peace issued a report on extremism in <a href="/wiki/Fragile_state" title="Fragile state">fragile states</a>, advocating the establishment of a shared understanding, operational framework for prevention, and international cooperation.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Key_influences_of_radical_Islam">Key influences of radical Islam</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Islamic_extremism&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Key influences of radical Islam"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_Islam">Early Islam</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Islamic_extremism&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Early Islam"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>According to the academic definition of radical Islam, the second condition for something to be called radical Islam, is that it is antigovernmental. Consequently, a government is a condition for radical Islam. However, even though the <a href="/wiki/Peace_of_Westphalia" title="Peace of Westphalia">peace of Westphalia</a> was established in 1648 and thus introduced the <a href="/wiki/Nation_state" title="Nation state">nation state</a>, the writings of the <a href="/wiki/Early_history_of_Islam" class="mw-redirect" title="Early history of Islam">formative centuries of Islamic history</a> are influential to the contemporary writings that were coined radical after the concept of the nation state was established in the <a href="/wiki/Muslim_world" title="Muslim world">Muslim world</a> as well. Key influences of radical Islam that stem from early Islam include: </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Kharijites">Kharijites</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Islamic_extremism&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Kharijites"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Kharijites" title="Kharijites">Kharijites</a></div> <p>Islamic extremism dates back to the <a href="/wiki/Early_history_of_Islam" class="mw-redirect" title="Early history of Islam">early history of Islam</a> with the emergence of the <a href="/wiki/Kharijites" title="Kharijites">Kharijites</a> in the 7th century CE.<sup id="cite_ref-Izutsu_2006_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Izutsu_2006-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The original schism between <a href="/wiki/Kharijites" title="Kharijites">Kharijites</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sunni_Islam" title="Sunni Islam">Sunnīs</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Shia_Islam" title="Shia Islam">Shīʿas</a> among <a href="/wiki/Muslims" title="Muslims">Muslims</a> was disputed over the <a href="/wiki/Succession_to_Muhammad" title="Succession to Muhammad">political and religious succession</a> to the guidance of the <a href="/wiki/Ummah" title="Ummah">Muslim community</a> (<i>Ummah</i>) after the death of the <a href="/wiki/Islamic_prophet" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic prophet">Islamic prophet</a> <a href="/wiki/Muhammad" title="Muhammad">Muhammad</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Izutsu_2006_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Izutsu_2006-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> From their essentially political position, the Kharijites developed extreme doctrines that set them apart from both mainstream Sunnī and Shīʿa Muslims.<sup id="cite_ref-Izutsu_2006_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Izutsu_2006-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Shīʿas believe <a href="/wiki/Ali" title="Ali">ʿAlī ibn Abī Ṭālib</a> is the true successor to Muhammad, while Sunnīs consider <a href="/wiki/Abu_Bakr" title="Abu Bakr">Abu Bakr</a> to hold that position. The Kharijites broke away from both the Shīʿas and the Sunnīs during the <a href="/wiki/First_Fitna" title="First Fitna">First Fitna</a> (the first Islamic Civil War);<sup id="cite_ref-Izutsu_2006_7-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Izutsu_2006-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> they were particularly noted for adopting a radical approach to <i><a href="/wiki/Takfir" title="Takfir">takfīr</a></i> (excommunication), whereby they declared both Sunnī and Shīʿa Muslims to be either <a href="/wiki/Kafir" title="Kafir">infidels</a> (<i>kuffār</i>) or <a href="/wiki/Munafiq" title="Munafiq">false Muslims</a> (<i>munāfiḳūn</i>), and therefore deemed them <a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_Islam" title="Capital punishment in Islam">worthy of death</a> for their perceived <a href="/wiki/Apostasy_in_Islam" title="Apostasy in Islam">apostasy</a> (<i>ridda</i>).<sup id="cite_ref-Izutsu_2006_7-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Izutsu_2006-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Islamic tradition traces the origin of the Kharijities to the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Siffin" title="Battle of Siffin">battle between ʿAlī and Mu'awiya at Siffin</a> in 657 CE. When ʿAlī was faced with a military stalemate and agreed to submit the dispute to arbitration, some of his party withdrew their support from him. "Judgement belongs to God alone" (لاَ حُكْمَ إلَا لِلّهِ) became the slogan of these secessionists.<sup id="cite_ref-Izutsu_2006_7-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Izutsu_2006-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They also called themselves <i>al-Shurat</i> ("the Vendors"), to reflect their willingness to sell their lives in <a href="/wiki/Martyrdom_in_Islam" class="mw-redirect" title="Martyrdom in Islam">martyrdom</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>These original Kharijites opposed both ʿAlī and Mu'awiya, and appointed their own leaders. They were decisively defeated by ʿAlī, who was in turn assassinated by a Kharijite. Kharijites engaged in guerilla warfare against the <a href="/wiki/Umayyad_Caliphate" title="Umayyad Caliphate">Umayyads</a>, but only became a movement to be reckoned with during the <a href="/wiki/Second_Fitna" title="Second Fitna">Second Fitna</a> (the second Islamic Civil War) when they at one point controlled more territory than any of their rivals. The Kharijites were, in fact, one of the major threats to Ibn al-Zubayr's bid for the caliphate; during this time they controlled Yamama and most of southern Arabia, and captured the oasis town of al-Ta'if.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Azariqa, considered to be the extreme faction of the Kharijites, controlled parts of western Iran under the Umayyads until they were finally put down in 699 CE. The more moderate <a href="/wiki/Ibadi_Islam" title="Ibadi Islam">Ibadi</a> Kharijites were longer-lived, continuing to wield political power in North and East Africa and in eastern Arabia during the <a href="/wiki/Abbasid_Caliphate" title="Abbasid Caliphate">'Abbasid period</a>. Because of their readiness to declare any opponent as apostate, the extreme Kharijites tended to fragment into small groups. One of the few points that the various Kharijite splinter groups held in common was their view of the caliphate, which differed from other Muslim theories on two points. </p> <ul><li>First, they were principled egalitarians, holding that any pious Muslim ("even an <a href="/wiki/History_of_slavery_in_the_Muslim_world" title="History of slavery in the Muslim world">Ethiopian slave</a>") can become Caliph and that family or tribal affiliation is inconsequential. The only requirements for leadership are piety and acceptance by the community.</li> <li>Second, they agreed that it is the duty of the believers to depose any leader who falls into error. This second principle had profound implications for Kharijite theology. Applying these ideas to the early history of the caliphate, Kharijites only accept Abu Bakr and 'Umar as legitimate caliphs. Of 'Uthman's caliphate they recognize only the first six years as legitimate, and they reject 'Ali altogether.</li></ul> <p>By the time that Ibn al-Muqaffa' wrote his political treatise early in the 'Abbasid period, the Kharijites were no longer a significant political threat, at least in the <a href="/wiki/Early_Muslim_conquests" title="Early Muslim conquests">Islamic heartlands</a>. The memory of the menace they had posed to Muslim unity and of the moral challenge generated by their pious idealism still weighed heavily on Muslim political and religious thought, however. Even if the Kharijites could no longer threaten, their ghosts still had to be answered.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_10-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Ibadis are the only Kharijite group to survive into modern times. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Ibn_Taymiyyah">Ibn Taymiyyah</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Islamic_extremism&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Ibn Taymiyyah"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Ibn_Taymiyyah" class="mw-redirect" title="Ibn Taymiyyah">Ibn Taymiyyah</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Ottoman_Empire">Ottoman Empire</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Islamic_extremism&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Ottoman Empire"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Kadizadeli" title="Kadizadeli">Kadizadeli</a></div> <p><b>Kadızadelis</b> (also <i>Qādīzādali</i>) was a seventeenth-century puritanical reformist religious movement in the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a> that followed <a href="/wiki/Kad%C4%B1zade_Mehmed" title="Kadızade Mehmed">Kadızade Mehmed</a> (1582-1635), a revivalist Islamic preacher. Kadızade and his followers were determined rivals of <a href="/wiki/Sufism" title="Sufism">Sufism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Folk_religion#Folk_Islam" title="Folk religion">popular religion</a>. They condemned many of the Ottoman practices that Kadızade felt were <a href="/wiki/Bid%CA%BBah" class="mw-redirect" title="Bidʻah">bidʻah</a> "non-Islamic innovations", and passionately supported "reviving the beliefs and practices of the first Muslim generation in the first/seventh century" ("<a href="/wiki/Enjoining_good_and_forbidding_wrong" title="Enjoining good and forbidding wrong">enjoining good and forbidding wrong</a>").<sup id="cite_ref-Evstatiev-2016-213_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Evstatiev-2016-213-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Driven by zealous and fiery rhetoric, Kadızade Mehmed was able to inspire many followers to join in his cause and rid themselves of any and all corruption found inside the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a>. Leaders of the movement held official positions as preachers in the major mosques of Baghdad, and "combined popular followings with support from within the Ottoman state apparatus".<sup id="cite_ref-Cook-91_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cook-91-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Between 1630 and 1680 there were many violent quarrels that occurred between the Kadızadelis and those that they disapproved of. As the movement progressed, activists became "increasingly violent" and Kadızadelis were known to enter "mosques, <a href="/wiki/Khanqah" class="mw-redirect" title="Khanqah">tekkes</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_coffeehouse" title="Ottoman coffeehouse">Ottoman coffeehouses</a> in order to mete out punishments to those contravening their version of orthodoxy." </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Modern_Islam">Modern Islam</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Islamic_extremism&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Modern Islam"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Salafism_and_Wahhabism">Salafism and Wahhabism</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Islamic_extremism&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Salafism and Wahhabism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Salafi_movement" title="Salafi movement">Salafi movement</a> and <a href="/wiki/Wahhabism" title="Wahhabism">Wahhabism</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/International_propagation_of_Salafism_and_Wahhabism" class="mw-redirect" title="International propagation of Salafism and Wahhabism">International propagation of Salafism and Wahhabism</a>, <a href="/wiki/International_propagation_of_Salafism_and_Wahhabism_by_region" title="International propagation of Salafism and Wahhabism by region">International propagation of Salafism and Wahhabism by region</a>, <a 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class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks collapsible collapsed"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title" style="background-color:#CEF2CE;font-size:88%; line-height:200%;"><span style="font-size:115%;"><span class="nobold">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Sunni_Islamic_movements" title="Category:Sunni Islamic movements"><span style="color:blue">a series</span></a> on:</span></span> <br /><span style="font-size:200%;"><a href="/wiki/Salafi_movement" title="Salafi movement">Salafi movement</a></span></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:View_of_Lejbailat_and_State_Mosque.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/View_of_Lejbailat_and_State_Mosque.jpg/200px-View_of_Lejbailat_and_State_Mosque.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/View_of_Lejbailat_and_State_Mosque.jpg/300px-View_of_Lejbailat_and_State_Mosque.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/View_of_Lejbailat_and_State_Mosque.jpg/400px-View_of_Lejbailat_and_State_Mosque.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1647" data-file-height="1094" /></a></span><div class="sidebar-caption"><a href="/wiki/Imam_Muhammad_ibn_Abd_al-Wahhab_Mosque" title="Imam Muhammad ibn Abd al-Wahhab Mosque">Muhammad ibn Abd al-Wahhab Mosque</a>, Qatar</div></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color:#CEF2CE;background:#LightGreen;padding:0.2em;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Salafi_Theology" class="mw-redirect" title="Salafi Theology">Theology and Influences</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ahl_al-Hadith" title="Ahl al-Hadith">Ahl al-Hadith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Taymiyya" title="Ibn Taymiyya">Ibn Taymiyya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Qayyim_al-Jawziyya" title="Ibn Qayyim al-Jawziyya">Ibn Qayyim al-Jawziyya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Kathir" title="Ibn Kathir">Ibn Kathir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Dhahabi" title="Al-Dhahabi">Al-Dhahabi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Abd_al-Hadi" title="Ibn Abd al-Hadi">Ibn Abd al-Hadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Muflih" title="Ibn Muflih">Ibn Muflih</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohammad_Hayya_Al-Sindhi" class="mw-redirect" title="Mohammad Hayya Al-Sindhi">Muhammad Hayaat Al-Sindhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_ibn_Abd_al-Wahhab" title="Muhammad ibn Abd al-Wahhab">Ibn 'Abd al-Wahhab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shah_Ismail_Dehlvi" title="Shah Ismail Dehlvi">Ismail Dehlavi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Shawkani" title="Al-Shawkani">Al-Shawkani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Albani" title="Al-Albani">Al-Albani</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color:#CEF2CE;background:#LightGreen;padding:0.2em;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Salafi_movement" title="Salafi movement">Founders and key figures</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_ibn_Abd_al-Wahhab" title="Muhammad ibn Abd al-Wahhab">Ibn 'Abd al-Wahhab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rabee_al-Madkhali" title="Rabee al-Madkhali">Rabee al-Madkhali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syed_Nazeer_Husain" title="Syed Nazeer Husain">Syed Nazeer Husain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siddiq_Hasan_Khan" title="Siddiq Hasan Khan">Siddiq Hasan Khan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jamal_al-Din_Qasimi" class="mw-redirect" title="Jamal al-Din Qasimi">Jamal al-Din Qasimi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rashid_Rida" title="Rashid Rida">Rashid Rida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_ibn_Ibrahim_Al_ash-Sheikh" title="Muhammad ibn Ibrahim Al ash-Sheikh">Muhammad ibn Ibrahim Al ash-Sheikh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Baz" title="Ibn Baz">Ibn Baz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Uthaymin" title="Al-Uthaymin">Al-Uthaymin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Albani" title="Al-Albani">Al-Albani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saleh_Al-Fawzan" title="Saleh Al-Fawzan">Al-Fawzan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Jibrin" title="Ibn Jibrin">Ibn Jibrin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zubair_Ali_Zai" title="Zubair Ali Zai">Zubair Ali Zai</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Salafi_movement#Prominent_Salafis" title="Salafi movement">List of Salafi scholars</a></i></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color:#CEF2CE;background:#LightGreen;padding:0.2em;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Category:Salafi_Islamic_universities_and_colleges" title="Category:Salafi Islamic universities and colleges">Notable universities</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Umm_al-Qura_University" title="Umm al-Qura University">Umm al-Qura University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_University_of_Madinah" title="Islamic University of Madinah">Islamic University of Madinah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imam_Mohammad_Ibn_Saud_Islamic_University" title="Imam Mohammad Ibn Saud Islamic University">Imam Mohammad Ibn Saud Islamic University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jamia_Salafia,_Faisalabad" title="Jamia Salafia, Faisalabad">Jamia Salafia, Faisalabad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jamia_Salafia,_Varanasi" title="Jamia Salafia, Varanasi">Jamia Salafia, Varanasi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Islamic_University" title="International Islamic University">International Islamic University</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Category:Salafi_Islamic_universities_and_colleges" title="Category:Salafi Islamic universities and colleges">List of Salafi Islamic universities</a></i></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color:#CEF2CE;background:#LightGreen;padding:0.2em;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Salafi_movement#Trends_within_Salafism" title="Salafi movement">Related ideologies</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ahl-i_Hadith" title="Ahl-i Hadith">Ahl-i Hadith movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamism" title="Islamism">Islamism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_fundamentalism" title="Islamic fundamentalism">Islamic fundamentalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madkhalism" title="Madkhalism">Madkhalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manhaj" title="Manhaj">Manhaj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qutbism" title="Qutbism">Qutbism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sahwa_movement" title="Sahwa movement">Sahwa movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sailaifengye" title="Sailaifengye">Sailaifengye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salafi_jihadism" title="Salafi jihadism">Salafi jihadism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sufi-Salafi_relations" class="mw-redirect" title="Sufi-Salafi relations">Sufi-Salafi relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hazimism" title="Hazimism">Hazimism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wahhabism" title="Wahhabism">Wahhabism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/International_propagation_of_Salafism_and_Wahhabism" class="mw-redirect" title="International propagation of Salafism and Wahhabism">International propagation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_propagation_of_Salafism_and_Wahhabism_by_region" title="International propagation of Salafism and Wahhabism by region">by country/region</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_international_conference_on_Sunni_Islam_in_Grozny" title="2016 international conference on Sunni Islam in Grozny">Chechnya anti-Salafi Conference</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color:#CEF2CE;background:#LightGreen;padding:0.2em;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Islamic_political_parties" title="List of Islamic political parties">Associated organizations</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Al-Nour_Party" title="Al-Nour Party">Al-Nour Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Authenticity_Party" title="Authenticity Party">Authenticity Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People_Party" title="People Party">People Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salafist_Call" title="Salafist Call">Salafist Call</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salafist_Front" title="Salafist Front">Salafist Front</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color:#CEF2CE;background:#LightGreen;padding:0.2em;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Salafi_jihadism" title="Salafi jihadism"> Salafi jihadist groups</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Salafia_Jihadia" title="Salafia Jihadia">Salafia Jihadia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Takfir_wal-Hijra" title="Takfir wal-Hijra">Takfir wal-Hijra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_State_of_Iraq_and_the_Levant" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant">Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Qaeda" title="Al-Qaeda">al-Qaeda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salafist_Group_for_Preaching_and_Combat" title="Salafist Group for Preaching and Combat">Salafist Group for Preaching and Combat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salafi_Army_of_Abu_Bakr_Al-Siddiq" title="Salafi Army of Abu Bakr Al-Siddiq">Salafi Army of Abu Bakr Al-Siddiq</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below"> <p><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:A_coloured_voting_box.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/16px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/24px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/32px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="160" data-file-height="160" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Politics" title="Portal:Politics">Politics portal</a> </p> <span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Allah-green.svg/15px-Allah-green.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Allah-green.svg/23px-Allah-green.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Allah-green.svg/31px-Allah-green.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="206" data-file-height="215" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Islam" title="Portal:Islam">Islam portal</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Salafi" title="Template:Salafi"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Salafi" title="Template talk:Salafi"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Salafi" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Salafi"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Salafi_movement" title="Salafi movement"><i>Salafiyya</i> movement</a> is a conservative,<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i><a href="/wiki/Islah" title="Islah">Islahi</a></i> (reform)<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> movement within <a href="/wiki/Sunni_Islam" title="Sunni Islam">Sunnī Islam</a> that emerged in the second half of the 19th century and advocate a return to the traditions of the "devout ancestors" (<i><a href="/wiki/Salaf" title="Salaf">Salaf al-Salih</a></i>). It has been described as the "fastest-growing Islamic movement"; with each scholar expressing diverse views across social, theological, and political spectrum. Salafis follow a doctrine that can be summed up as taking "a <a href="/wiki/Islamic_fundamentalism" title="Islamic fundamentalism">fundamentalist approach to Islam</a>, emulating the Prophet <a href="/wiki/Muhammad" title="Muhammad">Muhammad</a> and his earliest followers—<i>al-salaf al-salih</i>, the 'pious forefathers'....They reject religious innovation, or <i><a href="/wiki/Bid%CA%BBah" class="mw-redirect" title="Bidʻah">bidʻah</a></i>, and support the implementation of <i><a href="/wiki/Sharia" title="Sharia">Sharia</a></i> (Islamic law)."<sup id="cite_ref-Economist27Jun15_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Economist27Jun15-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Salafi movement is often divided into three categories: the largest group are the purists (or <a href="/wiki/Political_quietism_in_Islam" title="Political quietism in Islam">quietists</a>), who avoid politics; the second largest group are the <a href="/wiki/Islamism" title="Islamism">militant activists</a>, who get involved in politics; the third and last group are the <a href="/wiki/Salafi_jihadism" title="Salafi jihadism">jihadists</a>, who constitute a minority.<sup id="cite_ref-Economist27Jun15_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Economist27Jun15-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Most of the violent Islamist groups come from the <a href="/wiki/Salafi_jihadism" title="Salafi jihadism">Salafi-Jihadist movement</a> and their subgroups.<sup id="cite_ref-Homegrown_2021_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Homegrown_2021-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In recent years, Jihadi-Salafist doctrines have often been associated with the armed insurgencies of Islamic extremist movements and <a href="/wiki/Islamic_terrorism" title="Islamic terrorism">terrorist organizations</a> targeting innocent civilians, both Muslims and Non-Muslims, such as <a href="/wiki/Al-Qaeda" title="Al-Qaeda">al-Qaeda</a>, <a href="/wiki/Islamic_State" title="Islamic State">ISIL/ISIS/IS/Daesh</a>, <a href="/wiki/Boko_Haram" title="Boko Haram">Boko Haram</a>, etc.<sup id="cite_ref-Sageman2011_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sageman2011-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Oliveti2002_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Oliveti2002-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Economist27Jun15_15-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Economist27Jun15-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Homegrown_2021_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Homegrown_2021-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The second largest group are the Salafi activists who have a long tradition of political activism, such as those that operate in organizations like the <a href="/wiki/Muslim_Brotherhood" title="Muslim Brotherhood">Muslim Brotherhood</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Arab_world" title="Arab world">Arab world</a>'s major <a href="/wiki/Islamism" title="Islamism">Islamist movement</a>. In the aftermath of widescale repressions after the <a href="/wiki/Arab_Spring" title="Arab Spring">Arab Spring</a>, accompanied by their political failures, the activist-Salafi movements have undergone a decline. The most numerous are the <a href="/wiki/Political_quietism_in_Islam" title="Political quietism in Islam">quietists</a>, who believe in disengagement from politics and accept allegiance to Muslim governments, no matter how tyrannical, to avoid <i><a href="/wiki/Fitna_(word)" title="Fitna (word)">fitna</a></i> (chaos).<sup id="cite_ref-Economist27Jun15_15-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Economist27Jun15-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Wahhabism" title="Wahhabism">Wahhabi movement</a> was founded and spearheaded by the <a href="/wiki/Hanbali" class="mw-redirect" title="Hanbali">Ḥanbalī</a> scholar and theologian <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_ibn_Abd_al-Wahhab" title="Muhammad ibn Abd al-Wahhab">Muhammad ibn ʿAbd al-Wahhab</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Peskes2012_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Peskes2012-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Bokhari-Senzai_2013_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bokhari-Senzai_2013-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Ágoston-Masters_2009_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ágoston-Masters_2009-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a religious preacher from the <a href="/wiki/Najd" title="Najd">Najd</a> region in <a href="/wiki/Arabian_Peninsula" title="Arabian Peninsula">central Arabia</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Wagemakers_2021_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wagemakers_2021-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Laoust2012_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Laoust2012-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Haykel2013_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Haykel2013-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Esposito2004_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Esposito2004-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Oxford2020_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Oxford2020-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and was instrumental in the rise of the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Saud" title="House of Saud">House of Saud</a> to power in the Arabian peninsula.<sup id="cite_ref-Peskes2012_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Peskes2012-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ibn ʿAbd al-Wahhab sought to <a href="/wiki/Islamic_revival" title="Islamic revival">revive</a> and purify <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a> from what he perceived as non-Islamic popular religious beliefs and practices by returning to what, he believed, were the <a href="/wiki/Islamic_fundamentalism" title="Islamic fundamentalism">fundamental principles of the Islamic religion</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Laoust2012_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Laoust2012-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Haykel2013_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Haykel2013-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Esposito2004_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Esposito2004-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Oxford2020_26-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Oxford2020-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His works were generally short, full of quotations from the <a href="/wiki/Quran" title="Quran">Quran</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hadith" title="Hadith"><i>Hadith</i> literature</a>, such as his main and foremost theological treatise, <i>Kitāb at-Tawḥīd</i> (<a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>: <span lang="ar" dir="rtl">كتاب التوحيد</span>; "The Book of Oneness").<sup id="cite_ref-Laoust2012_23-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Laoust2012-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Haykel2013_24-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Haykel2013-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Esposito2004_25-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Esposito2004-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Oxford2020_26-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Oxford2020-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He taught that the primary doctrine of Islam was the <a href="/wiki/Tawhid" title="Tawhid">uniqueness and oneness of God</a> (<i>tawḥīd</i>), and denounced what he held to be popular religious beliefs and practices among Muslims that he considered to be akin to <a href="/wiki/Bid%CA%BBah" class="mw-redirect" title="Bidʻah">heretical innovation</a> (<i>bidʿah</i>) and <a href="/wiki/Shirk_(Islam)" title="Shirk (Islam)">polytheism</a> (<i>shirk</i>).<sup id="cite_ref-Laoust2012_23-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Laoust2012-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Haykel2013_24-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Haykel2013-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Esposito2004_25-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Esposito2004-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Oxford2020_26-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Oxford2020-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Wahhabism has been described as a conservative, strict, and <a href="/wiki/Islamic_fundamentalism" title="Islamic fundamentalism">fundamentalist</a> branch of Sunnī Islam,<sup id="cite_ref-Musa_2018_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Musa_2018-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with <a href="/wiki/Puritanical" class="mw-redirect" title="Puritanical">puritan</a> views,<sup id="cite_ref-Musa_2018_27-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Musa_2018-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> believing in a literal interpretation of the Quran.<sup id="cite_ref-Peskes2012_19-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Peskes2012-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The terms "<a href="/wiki/Wahhabism" title="Wahhabism">Wahhabism</a>" and "<a href="/wiki/Salafism" class="mw-redirect" title="Salafism">Salafism</a>" are sometimes evoked interchangeably, although the designation "<a href="/wiki/Wahhabism#Definitions_and_etymology" title="Wahhabism">Wahhabi</a>" is specifically applied to the followers of Muhammad ibn ʿAbd al-Wahhab and his <a href="/wiki/Islah" title="Islah">reformist</a> doctrines.<sup id="cite_ref-Peskes2012_19-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Peskes2012-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The label "Wahhabi" was not claimed by his followers, who usually refer themselves as <i>al-Muwaḥḥidūn</i> ("affirmers of the singularity of God"), but is rather employed by Western scholars as well as his critics.<sup id="cite_ref-Peskes2012_19-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Peskes2012-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Bokhari-Senzai_2013_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bokhari-Senzai_2013-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Haykel2013_24-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Haykel2013-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Starting in the mid-1970s and 1980s, the <a href="/wiki/International_propagation_of_Salafism_and_Wahhabism" class="mw-redirect" title="International propagation of Salafism and Wahhabism">international propagation of Salafism and Wahhabism</a> within Sunnī Islam<sup id="cite_ref-Musa_2018_27-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Musa_2018-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> favored by the <a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabia" title="Saudi Arabia">Kingdom of Saudi Arabia</a><sup id="cite_ref-Wagemakers_2021_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wagemakers_2021-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and other <a href="/wiki/Arab_states_of_the_Persian_Gulf" title="Arab states of the Persian Gulf">Arab states of the Persian Gulf</a> has achieved what the French political scientist <a href="/wiki/Gilles_Kepel" title="Gilles Kepel">Gilles Kepel</a> defined as a "preeminent position of strength in the global expression of Islam."<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>22 months after the <a href="/wiki/September_11_attacks" title="September 11 attacks">September 11 attacks</a>, when the <a href="/wiki/Federal_Bureau_of_Investigation" title="Federal Bureau of Investigation">FBI</a> considered <a href="/wiki/Al-Qaeda" title="Al-Qaeda">al-Qaeda</a> as "the number one terrorist threat to the United States", journalist <a href="/wiki/Stephen_Suleyman_Schwartz" class="mw-redirect" title="Stephen Suleyman Schwartz">Stephen Schwartz</a> and U.S. Senator <a href="/wiki/Jon_Kyl" title="Jon Kyl">Jon Kyl</a> have explicitly stated during a hearing that occurred in June 2003 before the Subcommittee on Terrorism, Technology, and Homeland Security of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate" title="United States Senate">U.S. Senate</a> that "Wahhabism is the source of the <a href="/wiki/List_of_terrorist_incidents" title="List of terrorist incidents">overwhelming majority of terrorist atrocities in today's world</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-govinfo.gov_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-govinfo.gov-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As part of the global "<a href="/wiki/War_on_terror" title="War on terror">War on terror</a>", Wahhabism has been accused by the <a href="/wiki/European_Parliament" title="European Parliament">European Parliament</a>, various Western security analysts, and think tanks like the <a href="/wiki/RAND_Corporation" title="RAND Corporation">RAND Corporation</a>, as being "a source of global terrorism".<sup id="cite_ref-govinfo.gov_31-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-govinfo.gov-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Haider_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Haider-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Furthermore, Wahhabism has been accused of causing disunity in the <a href="/wiki/Ummah" title="Ummah">Muslim community</a> (<i>Ummah</i>) and criticized for its followers' <a href="/wiki/Destruction_of_early_Islamic_heritage_sites_in_Saudi_Arabia" title="Destruction of early Islamic heritage sites in Saudi Arabia">destruction of many Islamic, cultural, and historical sites</a> associated with the <a href="/wiki/Early_history_of_Islam" class="mw-redirect" title="Early history of Islam">early history of Islam</a> and the first generation of Muslims (<a href="/wiki/Ahl_al-Bayt" title="Ahl al-Bayt">Muhammad's family</a> and his <a href="/wiki/Companions_of_the_Prophet" title="Companions of the Prophet">companions</a>) in Saudi Arabia.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Rabasa_2004_103,_note_60_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rabasa_2004_103,_note_60-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-TI_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TI-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-finn-destruction_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-finn-destruction-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Contemporary_Islam">Contemporary Islam</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Islamic_extremism&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Contemporary Islam"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Political_aspects_of_Islam" title="Political aspects of Islam">Political aspects of Islam</a></div> <p>The contemporary period begins after 1924. With the <a href="/wiki/Defeat_and_dissolution_of_the_Ottoman_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Defeat and dissolution of the Ottoman Empire">defeat and dissolution of the Ottoman Empire</a> (1908–1922), the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Caliphate" title="Ottoman Caliphate">Ottoman Caliphate</a> was also <a href="/wiki/Abolition_of_the_Caliphate" title="Abolition of the Caliphate">abolished</a>. This event heavily influenced Islamic thinking in general, but also what would later be coined radical Islamic thought.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Key thinkers that wrote about Islam in the 20th century, and especially about <i><a href="/wiki/Jihad" title="Jihad">jihad</a></i>, include: </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Muhammad_Abduh">Muhammad Abduh</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Islamic_extremism&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Muhammad Abduh"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Abduh" title="Muhammad Abduh">Muhammad Abduh</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Rashid_Rida">Rashid Rida</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Islamic_extremism&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Rashid Rida"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Rashid_Rida" title="Rashid Rida">Rashid Rida</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Hassan_al-Banna">Hassan al-Banna</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Islamic_extremism&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Hassan al-Banna"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Hassan_al-Banna" title="Hassan al-Banna">Hassan al-Banna</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Abul_A'la_al-Maududi"><span id="Abul_A.27la_al-Maududi"></span>Abul A'la al-Maududi</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Islamic_extremism&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Abul A'la al-Maududi"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Abul_A%27la_Maududi" title="Abul A'la Maududi">Abul A'la Maududi</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Sayyid_Qutb">Sayyid Qutb</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Islamic_extremism&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Sayyid Qutb"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Sayyid_Qutb" title="Sayyid Qutb">Sayyid Qutb</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hamid_Mir_interviewing_Osama_bin_Laden_and_Ayman_al-Zawahiri_2001.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Hamid_Mir_interviewing_Osama_bin_Laden_and_Ayman_al-Zawahiri_2001.jpg/220px-Hamid_Mir_interviewing_Osama_bin_Laden_and_Ayman_al-Zawahiri_2001.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="152" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Hamid_Mir_interviewing_Osama_bin_Laden_and_Ayman_al-Zawahiri_2001.jpg/330px-Hamid_Mir_interviewing_Osama_bin_Laden_and_Ayman_al-Zawahiri_2001.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Hamid_Mir_interviewing_Osama_bin_Laden_and_Ayman_al-Zawahiri_2001.jpg/440px-Hamid_Mir_interviewing_Osama_bin_Laden_and_Ayman_al-Zawahiri_2001.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="882" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Osama_bin_Laden" title="Osama bin Laden">Osama bin Laden</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ayman_al-Zawahiri" title="Ayman al-Zawahiri">Ayman al-Zawahiri</a> of <a href="/wiki/Al-Qaeda" title="Al-Qaeda">al-Qaeda</a> have promoted the overthrow of secular governments.<sup id="cite_ref-Gallagher_2021_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gallagher_2021-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Aydinli_2018_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Aydinli_2018-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Moussalli_2012_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Moussalli_2012-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Sayyid_Qutb" title="Sayyid Qutb">Sayyid Qutb</a>, an Egyptian Islamist ideologue and prominent figurehead of the <a href="/wiki/Muslim_Brotherhood" title="Muslim Brotherhood">Muslim Brotherhood</a> in Egypt, was influential in promoting the <a href="/wiki/Pan-Islamism" title="Pan-Islamism">Pan-Islamist</a> ideology in the 1960s.<sup id="cite_ref-Polk_2018_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Polk_2018-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When he was executed by the <a href="/wiki/Egyptian_government" class="mw-redirect" title="Egyptian government">Egyptian government</a> under the <a href="/wiki/History_of_Egypt_under_Gamal_Abdel_Nasser" title="History of Egypt under Gamal Abdel Nasser">regime of Gamal Abdel Nasser</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ayman_al-Zawahiri" title="Ayman al-Zawahiri">Ayman al-Zawahiri</a> formed the organization <a href="/wiki/Egyptian_Islamic_Jihad" title="Egyptian Islamic Jihad">Egyptian Islamic Jihad</a> to replace the government with an Islamic state that would reflect Qutb's ideas for the <a href="/wiki/Islamic_revival" title="Islamic revival">Islamic revival</a> that he yearned for.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Qutbism" title="Qutbism">Qutbist ideology</a> has been influential on jihadist movements and <a href="/wiki/Islamic_terrorism" title="Islamic terrorism">Islamic terrorists</a> that seek to overthrow secular governments, most notably <a href="/wiki/Osama_bin_Laden" title="Osama bin Laden">Osama bin Laden</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ayman_al-Zawahiri" title="Ayman al-Zawahiri">Ayman al-Zawahiri</a> of <a href="/wiki/Al-Qaeda" title="Al-Qaeda">al-Qaeda</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Gallagher_2021_38-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gallagher_2021-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Aydinli_2018_39-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Aydinli_2018-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Moussalli_2012_40-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Moussalli_2012-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as well as the <a href="/wiki/Salafi_jihadism" title="Salafi jihadism">Salafi-jihadi</a> terrorist group <a href="/wiki/Islamic_State_of_Iraq_and_the_Levant" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant">ISIL/ISIS/IS/Daesh</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Baele_2019_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Baele_2019-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Moreover, Qutb's books have been frequently been cited by Osama bin Laden and <a href="/wiki/Anwar_al-Awlaki" title="Anwar al-Awlaki">Anwar al-Awlaki</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-NYT:_path_to_terror_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYT:_path_to_terror-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Irwin_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Irwin-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Sayyid_Qutb" title="Sayyid Qutb">Sayyid Qutb</a> could be said to have founded the actual movement of radical Islam.<sup id="cite_ref-Moussalli_2012_40-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Moussalli_2012-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Polk_2018_41-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Polk_2018-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Cook_2015_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cook_2015-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Unlike the other Islamic thinkers that have been mentioned above, Qutb was not an <a href="/wiki/Apologetics" title="Apologetics">apologist</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Cook_2015_50-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cook_2015-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was a prominent leader of the <a href="/wiki/Muslim_Brotherhood" title="Muslim Brotherhood">Muslim Brotherhood</a> and a highly influential Islamist ideologue,<sup id="cite_ref-Moussalli_2012_40-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Moussalli_2012-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Cook_2015_50-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cook_2015-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the first to articulate these anathemizing principles in his magnum opus <i>Fī ẓilāl al-Qurʾān</i> (<i>In the shade of the Qurʾān</i>) and his 1966 manifesto <i>Maʿālim fīl-ṭarīq</i> (<i><a href="/wiki/Milestones_(book)" title="Milestones (book)">Milestones</a></i>), which lead to his execution by the Egyptian government.<sup id="cite_ref-Cook_2015_50-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cook_2015-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other Salafi movements in the <a href="/wiki/Middle_East_and_North_Africa" title="Middle East and North Africa">Middle East and North Africa</a> and across the <a href="/wiki/Muslim_world" title="Muslim world">Muslim world</a> adopted many of his Islamist principles.<sup id="cite_ref-Moussalli_2012_40-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Moussalli_2012-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Cook_2015_50-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cook_2015-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to Qutb, the <a href="/wiki/Ummah" title="Ummah">Muslim community</a> (<i>Ummah</i>) has been extinct for several centuries and reverted to <i><a href="/wiki/Jahiliyah" class="mw-redirect" title="Jahiliyah">jahiliyah</a></i> (the pre-Islamic age of ignorance) because those who call themselves Muslims have failed to follow the <a href="/wiki/Sharia" title="Sharia"><i>sharia</i> law</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Moussalli_2012_40-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Moussalli_2012-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Cook_2015_50-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cook_2015-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> To <a href="/wiki/Islamic_revival" title="Islamic revival">restore Islam</a>, bring back its days of glory, and free the Muslims from the clasps of ignorance, Qutb proposed the shunning of modern society, establishing a vanguard modeled after the early Muslims, preaching, and bracing oneself for poverty or even death as preparation for <i><a href="/wiki/Jihad" title="Jihad">jihad</a></i> against what he perceived as <i>jahili</i> government/society, and overthrow them.<sup id="cite_ref-Moussalli_2012_40-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Moussalli_2012-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Cook_2015_50-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cook_2015-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Qutbism" title="Qutbism">Qutbism</a>, the radical Islamist ideology derived from the ideas of Qutb,<sup id="cite_ref-Moussalli_2012_40-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Moussalli_2012-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> was denounced by many prominent Muslim scholars as well as other members of the Muslim Brotherhood, like <a href="/wiki/Yusuf_al-Qaradawi" title="Yusuf al-Qaradawi">Yusuf al-Qaradawi</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Active_Islamic_extremist_groups"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238216509">.mw-parser-output .vanchor>:target~.vanchor-text{background-color:#b1d2ff}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .vanchor>:target~.vanchor-text{background-color:#0f4dc9}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .vanchor>:target~.vanchor-text{background-color:#0f4dc9}}</style><span class="vanchor"><span id="Active_Islamic_extremist_groups"></span><span id="Active_Islamic_Extremist_Groups"></span><span class="vanchor-text">Active Islamic extremist groups</span></span></h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Islamic_extremism&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Active Islamic extremist groups"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Groups">Groups</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Islamic_extremism&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Groups"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="plainlinks metadata ambox mbox-small-left ambox-notice" role="presentation" style="width: auto;"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1d/Information_icon4.svg/20px-Information_icon4.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1d/Information_icon4.svg/30px-Information_icon4.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1d/Information_icon4.svg/40px-Information_icon4.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="620" data-file-height="620" /></span></span></td><td class="mbox-text" style="width: auto;"><div class="mbox-text-span">This list is <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Lists#Incomplete_lists" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Lists">incomplete</a>; you can help by <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Islamic_extremism&action=edit">adding missing items</a>. <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">October 2016</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <table class="wikitable sortable" style="width:100%"> <tbody><tr> <th style="width:16%;">Group Name </th> <th style="width:5%;">Banner </th> <th style="width:8%;">Home Base </th> <th style="width:12%;">Leaders </th> <th style="width:8%;">Strength </th> <th style="width:8%;">Casualties </th> <th style="width:35%;">Ideology </th></tr> <tr> <td><b><a href="/wiki/Al-Qaeda" title="Al-Qaeda">Al-Qaeda</a></b> </td> <td style="text-align:center;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Jihad.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Flag_of_Jihad.svg/90px-Flag_of_Jihad.svg.png" decoding="async" width="90" height="45" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Flag_of_Jihad.svg/135px-Flag_of_Jihad.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Flag_of_Jihad.svg/180px-Flag_of_Jihad.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /></a></span> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Afghanistan" title="Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Middle_East_and_North_Africa" title="Middle East and North Africa">MENA region</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Osama_bin_Laden" title="Osama bin Laden">Osama bin Laden</a> <a href="/wiki/Killed_in_action" title="Killed in action"><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Old English Text MT',serif"><b>†</b></span></a> (1988–2011)<br /><a href="/wiki/Ayman_al-Zawahiri" title="Ayman al-Zawahiri">Ayman al-Zawahiri</a> <a href="/wiki/Killed_in_action" title="Killed in action"><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Old English Text MT',serif"><b>†</b></span></a> (2011–2022) <p><a href="/wiki/Saif_al-Adel" title="Saif al-Adel">Saif al-Adel</a> (<i>de facto</i>; 2022–present) </p> </td> <td>300–3,000<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>4,400 casualties<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Sunni_Islam" title="Sunni Islam">Sunnī</a> <a href="/wiki/Islamism" title="Islamism">Islamist</a> and <a href="/wiki/Militant" title="Militant">militant</a> <a href="/wiki/Terrorist_organization" class="mw-redirect" title="Terrorist organization">terrorist organization</a> which aims to "restore Islam" and establish "true <a href="/wiki/Islamic_state" title="Islamic state">Islamic states</a>", implement <a href="/wiki/Sharia_law" class="mw-redirect" title="Sharia law">Sharia law</a>, and rid the <a href="/wiki/Muslim_world" title="Muslim world">Muslim world</a> of any <a href="/wiki/Kafir" title="Kafir">Non-Muslim</a> influences by following the <a href="/wiki/Qutbism" title="Qutbism">doctrine and teachings</a> of the Egyptian Islamist ideologue and propagandist <a href="/wiki/Sayyid_Qutb" title="Sayyid Qutb">Sayyid Qutb</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The title translates to "Organization of the Base of Jihad". </td></tr> <tr> <td><b><a href="/wiki/Al-Qaeda_in_the_Islamic_Maghreb" title="Al-Qaeda in the Islamic Maghreb">Al-Qaeda in the Islamic Maghreb</a></b> </td> <td style="text-align:center;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Jihad.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Flag_of_Jihad.svg/90px-Flag_of_Jihad.svg.png" decoding="async" width="90" height="45" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Flag_of_Jihad.svg/135px-Flag_of_Jihad.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Flag_of_Jihad.svg/180px-Flag_of_Jihad.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /></a></span> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Kabylie" class="mw-redirect" title="Kabylie">Kabylie Mountains, Algeria</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Abdelmalek_Droukdel" title="Abdelmalek Droukdel">Abdelmalek Droukdel</a> </td> <td>800–1,000+<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>200+ </td> <td><b>AQIM</b> is a <a href="/wiki/Sunni_Islam" title="Sunni Islam">Sunnī</a> <a href="/wiki/Islamism" title="Islamism">Islamist</a> and <a href="/wiki/Militant" title="Militant">militant</a> <a href="/wiki/Terrorist_organization" class="mw-redirect" title="Terrorist organization">terrorist organization</a> which aims to overthrow the <a href="/wiki/Government_of_Algeria" class="mw-redirect" title="Government of Algeria">Government of Algeria</a> and replace it with an <a href="/wiki/Islamic_state" title="Islamic state">Islamic state</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td><b><a href="/wiki/Al-Mourabitoun_(militant_group)" title="Al-Mourabitoun (militant group)">Al-Mourabitoun</a></b><br />a.k.a. <b>al-Qaeda West Africa</b> </td> <td style="text-align:center;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Jihad.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Flag_of_Jihad.svg/90px-Flag_of_Jihad.svg.png" decoding="async" width="90" height="45" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Flag_of_Jihad.svg/135px-Flag_of_Jihad.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Flag_of_Jihad.svg/180px-Flag_of_Jihad.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /></a></span> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Mali" title="Mali">Mali</a>, <a href="/wiki/Niger" title="Niger">Niger</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Libya" title="Libya">Libya</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Mokhtar_Belmokhtar" title="Mokhtar Belmokhtar">Mokhtar Belmokhtar</a> </td> <td>Under 100 (French claim) </td> <td>Killed 27 in the <a href="/wiki/2015_Bamako_hotel_attack" class="mw-redirect" title="2015 Bamako hotel attack">2015 Bamako hotel attack</a>. </td> <td>Affiliated branch of <a href="/wiki/Al-Qaeda_in_the_Islamic_Maghreb" title="Al-Qaeda in the Islamic Maghreb">al-Qaeda in the Islamic Maghreb</a> listed above. </td></tr> <tr> <td><b><a href="/wiki/Ansar_al-Sharia_(Yemen)" title="Ansar al-Sharia (Yemen)">Ansar al-Sharia in Yemen</a></b><br />a.k.a. <b><a href="/wiki/Al-Qaeda_in_the_Arabian_Peninsula" title="Al-Qaeda in the Arabian Peninsula">Al-Qaeda in the Arabian Peninsula</a></b> </td> <td style="text-align:center;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Jihad.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Flag_of_Jihad.svg/90px-Flag_of_Jihad.svg.png" decoding="async" width="90" height="45" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Flag_of_Jihad.svg/135px-Flag_of_Jihad.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Flag_of_Jihad.svg/180px-Flag_of_Jihad.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /></a></span> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Yemen" title="Yemen">Yemen</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Nasir_al-Wuhayshi" title="Nasir al-Wuhayshi">Nasir al-Wuhayshi</a> <a href="/wiki/Killed_in_action" title="Killed in action"><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Old English Text MT',serif"><b>†</b></span></a> <small>(2011–15)</small><br /><a href="/wiki/Qasim_al-Raymi" title="Qasim al-Raymi">Qasim al-Raymi</a> <a href="/wiki/Killed_in_action" title="Killed in action"><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Old English Text MT',serif"><b>†</b></span></a> <small>(2015–2020)</small><sup id="cite_ref-confirmation_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-confirmation-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>2,000+ </td> <td>Over 250 killed in the <a href="/wiki/2012_Sana%27a_bombing" class="mw-redirect" title="2012 Sana'a bombing">2012 Sana'a bombing</a> and <a href="/wiki/2013_Sana%27a_attack" class="mw-redirect" title="2013 Sana'a attack">2013 Sana'a attack</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Kendall_2021_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kendall_2021-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td><b>AQAP</b> is considered the most active<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> of al-Qaeda's branches, or "<a href="/wiki/Franchising" title="Franchising">franchises</a>", that emerged due to weakening central leadership.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Federal_government_of_the_United_States" title="Federal government of the United States">U.S. Government</a> believes AQAP to be the most dangerous al-Qaeda branch due to its emphasis on attacking the "far enemy" and its reputation for plotting attacks on overseas targets.<sup id="cite_ref-Kendall_2021_58-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kendall_2021-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b><a href="/wiki/Al-Qaeda_in_the_Indian_Subcontinent" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Qaeda in the Indian Subcontinent">al-Qaeda in the Indian Subcontinent</a></b> </td> <td style="text-align:center;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_AQIS.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Flag_of_AQIS.jpg/90px-Flag_of_AQIS.jpg" decoding="async" width="90" height="53" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Flag_of_AQIS.jpg/135px-Flag_of_AQIS.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Flag_of_AQIS.jpg/180px-Flag_of_AQIS.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="350" /></a></span> </td> <td>India, <a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bangladesh" title="Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Myanmar" title="Myanmar">Myanmar</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Asim_Umar" title="Asim Umar">Asim Umar</a> </td> <td>300<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-The_Sunday_Guardian_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-The_Sunday_Guardian-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>Claims 6 killed in assassinations. Naval frigate hijacking attempted in 2014. </td> <td><b>AQIS</b> is a <a href="/wiki/Sunni_Islam" title="Sunni Islam">Sunnī</a> <a href="/wiki/Islamism" title="Islamism">Islamist</a> and <a href="/wiki/Militant" title="Militant">militant</a> <a href="/wiki/Terrorist_organization" class="mw-redirect" title="Terrorist organization">terrorist organization</a> which aims to overthrow the Governments of <a href="/wiki/Government_of_Pakistan" title="Government of Pakistan">Pakistan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Government_of_India" title="Government of India">India</a>, <a href="/wiki/Government_of_Myanmar" class="mw-redirect" title="Government of Myanmar">Myanmar</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Government_of_Bangladesh" title="Government of Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a> to establish an <a href="/wiki/Islamic_state" title="Islamic state">Islamic state</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td><b><a href="/wiki/Boko_Haram" title="Boko Haram">Boko Haram</a> – West Africa Province of the <a href="/wiki/Islamic_State_of_Iraq_and_the_Levant" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant">Islamic State Caliphate</a></b> </td> <td style="text-align:center;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Islamic_State_flag.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Islamic_State_flag.svg/90px-Islamic_State_flag.svg.png" decoding="async" width="90" height="68" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Islamic_State_flag.svg/135px-Islamic_State_flag.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Islamic_State_flag.svg/180px-Islamic_State_flag.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="750" /></a></span> </td> <td>Northeastern <a href="/wiki/Nigeria" title="Nigeria">Nigeria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chad" title="Chad">Chad</a>, <a href="/wiki/Niger" title="Niger">Niger</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mali" title="Mali">Mali</a>, and northern <a href="/wiki/Cameroon" title="Cameroon">Cameroon</a><sup id="cite_ref-Bacon-Warner_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bacon-Warner-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Mohammed_Yusuf_(Boko_Haram)" title="Mohammed Yusuf (Boko Haram)">Mohammed Yusuf</a> <a href="/wiki/Killed_in_action" title="Killed in action"><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Old English Text MT',serif"><b>†</b></span></a> (founder <p>2002 – 2009)<br /><a href="/wiki/Abubakar_Shekau" title="Abubakar Shekau">Abubakar Shekau</a> <a href="/wiki/Killed_in_action" title="Killed in action"><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Old English Text MT',serif"><b>†</b></span></a> (2009–2021) </p> </td> <td>Estimates range between 500 and 9,000<sup id="cite_ref-conflict-news.com_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-conflict-news.com-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-visionofhumanity.org-p53_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-visionofhumanity.org-p53-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>Since 2009, it has killed 20,000 and displaced 2.3 million. </td> <td>Title means "Western education is forbidden", founded as a <a href="/wiki/Sunni_Islam" title="Sunni Islam">Sunnī</a> <a href="/wiki/Islamic_fundamentalism" title="Islamic fundamentalism">Islamic fundamentalist sect</a> and influenced by the <a href="/wiki/Wahhabism" title="Wahhabism">Wahhabi doctrine</a>, advocating a strict form of <a href="/wiki/Sharia_law" class="mw-redirect" title="Sharia law">Sharia law</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Bacon-Warner_64-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bacon-Warner-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Since 2015 Boko Haram has pledged allegiance to the <a href="/wiki/Islamic_State_of_Iraq_and_the_Levant" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant">Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant</a> (ISIL), rebranding itself as <b><a href="/wiki/Islamic_State%27s_West_Africa_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic State's West Africa Province">Islamic State's West Africa Province</a></b> (ISWAP).<sup id="cite_ref-Bacon-Warner_64-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bacon-Warner-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b><a href="/wiki/Islamic_State_of_Iraq_and_the_Levant" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant">Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant</a></b> (commonly known as ISIS, ISIL, IS, or Daesh) </td> <td style="text-align:center;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Islamic_State_flag.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Islamic_State_flag.svg/90px-Islamic_State_flag.svg.png" decoding="async" width="90" height="68" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Islamic_State_flag.svg/135px-Islamic_State_flag.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Islamic_State_flag.svg/180px-Islamic_State_flag.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="750" /></a></span> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq">Iraq</a> and <a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a> (<a href="/wiki/Territory_of_the_Islamic_State" title="Territory of the Islamic State">occupied territories</a>) </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Abu_Musab_al-Zarqawi" title="Abu Musab al-Zarqawi">Abu Musab al-Zarqawi</a> <a href="/wiki/Killed_in_action" title="Killed in action"><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Old English Text MT',serif"><b>†</b></span></a> (founder 1999 – 2006)<br /><a href="/wiki/Abu_Bakr_al-Baghdadi" title="Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi">Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi</a> <a href="/wiki/Killed_in_action" title="Killed in action"><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Old English Text MT',serif"><b>†</b></span></a> (2010–2019)<br /><a href="/wiki/Abu_Ibrahim_al-Hashimi_al-Qurashi" title="Abu Ibrahim al-Hashimi al-Qurashi">Abu Ibrahimi al-Hashimi al-Qurashi</a> <a href="/wiki/Killed_in_action" title="Killed in action"><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Old English Text MT',serif"><b>†</b></span></a> (2019–2022)<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /><a href="/wiki/Abu_al-Hasan_al-Hashimi_al-Qurashi" title="Abu al-Hasan al-Hashimi al-Qurashi">Abu al-Hasan al-Hashimi al-Qurashi</a> (2022)<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><a href="/wiki/Abu_al-Hussein_al-Husseini_al-Qurashi" title="Abu al-Hussein al-Husseini al-Qurashi">Abu al-Hussein al-Husseini al-Qurashi</a> (2022–2023) <a href="/wiki/Abu_Hafs_al-Hashimi_al-Qurashi" title="Abu Hafs al-Hashimi al-Qurashi">Abu Hafs al-Hashimi al-Qurashi</a> (2023–present) </td> <td>40,000–200,000 at its height across all 'provinces'<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>30,000+ killed, including the <a href="/wiki/Genocide" title="Genocide">genocides</a> of <a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Shias_by_the_Islamic_State" title="Persecution of Shias by the Islamic State">Shīʿa Muslims</a>, <a href="/wiki/Genocide_of_Christians_by_the_Islamic_State" class="mw-redirect" title="Genocide of Christians by the Islamic State">Christians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Genocide_of_Yazidis_by_the_Islamic_State" class="mw-redirect" title="Genocide of Yazidis by the Islamic State">Yazidis</a>, other ethnic and religious minorities in the Middle East, and many others around the world by ISIL or groups associated or inspired by ISIL. Since 2015 includes <a href="/wiki/Boko_Haram" title="Boko Haram">Boko Haram</a>, rebranded as "<a href="/wiki/Islamic_State%27s_West_Africa_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic State's West Africa Province">Islamic State's West Africa Province</a>" (ISWAP).<sup id="cite_ref-Bacon-Warner_64-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bacon-Warner-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Salafi_jihadism" title="Salafi jihadism">Salafi-jihadist</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sunni_Islam" title="Sunni Islam">Sunnī</a> <a href="/wiki/Militant" title="Militant">militant</a> <a href="/wiki/Terrorist_organization" class="mw-redirect" title="Terrorist organization">terrorist organization</a> that follows the <a href="/wiki/Islamic_fundamentalism" title="Islamic fundamentalism">Islamic fundamentalist</a> <a href="/wiki/Wahhabism" title="Wahhabism">Wahhabi doctrine</a> of Sunnī Islam.<sup id="cite_ref-Wahhabism_73-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wahhabism-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Originated as the <a href="/wiki/Islamic_State_of_Iraq" title="Islamic State of Iraq">Islamic State of Iraq</a> (ISI). <a href="/wiki/Northern_Iraq_offensive_(June_2014)" title="Northern Iraq offensive (June 2014)">Gained large swathes of territory in Iraq in 2014</a> and is <a href="/wiki/Military_intervention_against_ISIL" class="mw-redirect" title="Military intervention against ISIL">currently at war</a> with <a href="/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq">Iraq</a>, <a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a>, and <a href="/wiki/CJTF-OIR" class="mw-redirect" title="CJTF-OIR">a coalition of 60 other countries</a> including the United States, United Kingdom, and France. </td></tr> <tr> <td><b><a href="/wiki/Jemaah_Islamiyah" title="Jemaah Islamiyah">Jemaah Islamiyah</a></b> </td> <td style="text-align:center;"> </td> <td>Southeast Asia: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malaysia" title="Malaysia">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippines</a></li> <li>Singapore</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thailand" title="Thailand">Thailand</a></li></ul> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Abu_Bakar_Bashir" class="mw-redirect" title="Abu Bakar Bashir">Abu Bakar Bashir</a> </td> <td>5,000<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>Over 250 killed in bombings throughout Indonesia since 2002 </td> <td>With a name meaning "Islamic Congregation" (frequently abbreviated <b>JI</b>),<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is a Southeast Asian <a href="/wiki/Sunni_Islam" title="Sunni Islam">Sunnī</a> <a href="/wiki/Islamism" title="Islamism">Islamist</a> and <a href="/wiki/Militant" title="Militant">militant</a> <a href="/wiki/Terrorist_organization" class="mw-redirect" title="Terrorist organization">terrorist organization</a> dedicated to the establishment of a <i>Daulah Islamiyah</i> (regional Islamic caliphate) in Southeast Asia.<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b><a href="/wiki/Tehrik-i-Taliban_Pakistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Tehrik-i-Taliban Pakistan">Tehrik-i-Taliban Pakistan</a></b><br />a.k.a. <b>Pakistani Taliban</b> </td> <td style="text-align:center;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Tehrik-i-Taliban.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Flag_of_Tehrik-i-Taliban.svg/90px-Flag_of_Tehrik-i-Taliban.svg.png" decoding="async" width="90" height="60" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Flag_of_Tehrik-i-Taliban.svg/135px-Flag_of_Tehrik-i-Taliban.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Flag_of_Tehrik-i-Taliban.svg/180px-Flag_of_Tehrik-i-Taliban.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> </td> <td>Northwest Pakistan </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Maulana_Fazlullah" class="mw-redirect" title="Maulana Fazlullah">Maulana Fazlullah</a> </td> <td>25,000<sup id="cite_ref-BBC-25_April_2014_77-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BBC-25_April_2014-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>hundreds </td> <td><b>TTP</b> is an umbrella organization of various <a href="/wiki/Sunni_Islam" title="Sunni Islam">Sunnī</a> <a href="/wiki/Islamism" title="Islamism">Islamist</a> and <a href="/wiki/Militant" title="Militant">militant</a> groups protecting foreign <a href="/wiki/Islamic_terrorism" title="Islamic terrorism">Islamic terrorists</a> hiding in the mountains of <a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a>. Not to be confused with the <a href="/wiki/Taliban" title="Taliban">Afghani Taliban</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td><b><a href="/wiki/Jaish-e-Mohammed" title="Jaish-e-Mohammed">Jaish-e-Mohammed</a></b> </td> <td style="text-align:center;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Jaishi-e-Mohammed.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Jaishi-e-Mohammed.svg/90px-Jaishi-e-Mohammed.svg.png" decoding="async" width="90" height="68" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Jaishi-e-Mohammed.svg/135px-Jaishi-e-Mohammed.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Jaishi-e-Mohammed.svg/180px-Jaishi-e-Mohammed.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1059" data-file-height="800" /></a></span> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Kashmir_Valley" title="Kashmir Valley">Kashmir, India</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Masood_Azhar" title="Masood Azhar">Masood Azhar</a> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>Aim is to annex <a href="/wiki/Jammu_and_Kashmir_(union_territory)" title="Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)">Jammu and Kashmir</a> to <a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a>. Operates primarily in Jammu and Kashmir. </td></tr> <tr> <td><b><a href="/wiki/Lashkar-e-Taiba" title="Lashkar-e-Taiba">Lashkar-e Tayyiba</a></b> <p>a.k.a. <b>LeT</b> </p> </td> <td style="text-align:center;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Lashkar-e-Taiba.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Flag_of_Lashkar-e-Taiba.svg/90px-Flag_of_Lashkar-e-Taiba.svg.png" decoding="async" width="90" height="60" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Flag_of_Lashkar-e-Taiba.svg/135px-Flag_of_Lashkar-e-Taiba.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Flag_of_Lashkar-e-Taiba.svg/180px-Flag_of_Lashkar-e-Taiba.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Kashmir_Valley" title="Kashmir Valley">Kashmir, India</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Hafiz_Saeed" title="Hafiz Saeed">Hafiz Saeed</a> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>Aim is to annex <a href="/wiki/Jammu_and_Kashmir_(union_territory)" title="Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)">Jammu and Kashmir</a> to <a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a> and, ultimately, install Islamic rule throughout South Asia. Operational throughout India, especially in the northern region of Jammu and Kashmir since at least 1993.<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b><a href="/wiki/National_Thowheeth_Jama%27ath" title="National Thowheeth Jama'ath">National Thowheeth Jama'ath</a></b> </td> <td style="text-align:center;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Islamic_State_flag.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Islamic_State_flag.svg/90px-Islamic_State_flag.svg.png" decoding="async" width="90" height="68" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Islamic_State_flag.svg/135px-Islamic_State_flag.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Islamic_State_flag.svg/180px-Islamic_State_flag.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="750" /></a></span> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Sri_Lanka" title="Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>269 (excluding 9 bombers) </td> <td>Convert Sri Lanka into an Islamic caliphate </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Foreign_political_support">Foreign political support</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Islamic_extremism&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Foreign political support"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>According to the British historian <a href="/wiki/Mark_Curtis_(British_author)" title="Mark Curtis (British author)"> Mark Curtis</a>, in his book <i><a href="/wiki/Secret_Affairs:_Britain%27s_Collusion_with_Radical_Islam" title="Secret Affairs: Britain's Collusion with Radical Islam">Secret Affairs: Britain's Collusion with Radical Islam</a></i>, Britain has been accused of consistently supporting radical Islam to combat secular nationalism. Because the secular nationalists threatened to seize the resources of their countries and use it for internal development, which was not accepted by England.<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The United States, like Britain before it, has been accused of historically supporting radical Islam in the face of secular nationalism, seen as a major threat to Western colonial dominance. Chomsky and coauthors accuse Israel of destroying Egypt and Syria in 1967, two bastions of secular Arab nationalism opposed to Saudi Arabia, which they view as the leader of radical Islam.<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Islamic_extremism&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1266661725">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid 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by Islamic extremists in Bangladesh">Attacks by Islamic extremists in Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_terrorism" title="Christian terrorism">Christian terrorism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_terrorism" title="Hindu terrorism">Hindu terrorism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hindutva" title="Hindutva">Hindutva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_nationalism" title="Hindu nationalism">Hindu nationalism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_and_other_religions" title="Islam and other religions">Islam and other religions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_and_secularism" title="Islam and secularism">Islam and secularism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_and_violence" title="Islam and violence">Islam and violence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_and_war" title="Islam and war">Islam and war</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Religious_violence#Islam" title="Religious violence">Religious violence#Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_war#Islam" title="Religious war">Holy war 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class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic extremism in the 20th-century Egypt">Islamic extremism in the 20th-century Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_extremism_in_the_United_States" title="Islamic extremism in the United States">Islamic extremism in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_terrorism" title="Islamic terrorism">Islamic terrorism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jihadism" title="Jihadism">Jihadism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamism" title="Islamism">Islamism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Post-Islamism" title="Post-Islamism">Post-Islamism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Islamist_terrorist_attacks" title="List of Islamist terrorist attacks">List of Islamist terrorist attacks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mujahideen" title="Mujahideen">Mujahideen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_minority_Muslim_groups" title="Persecution of minority Muslim groups">Persecution of minority Muslim groups</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petro-Islam" title="Petro-Islam">Petro-Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qutbism" title="Qutbism">Qutbism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_Muslim_communities" title="Racism in Muslim communities">Racism in Muslim communities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_fanaticism#Islam" title="Religious fanaticism">Religious fanaticism in Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salafi_movement" title="Salafi movement">Salafi movement</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/International_propagation_of_Salafism_and_Wahhabism" class="mw-redirect" title="International propagation of Salafism and Wahhabism">International propagation of Salafism and Wahhabism</a> (<a href="/wiki/International_propagation_of_Salafism_and_Wahhabism_by_region" title="International propagation of Salafism and Wahhabism by region">by region</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salafi_jihadism" title="Salafi jihadism">Salafi jihadism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wahhabism" title="Wahhabism">Wahhabism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sectarian_violence_among_Muslims" title="Sectarian violence among Muslims">Sectarian violence among Muslims</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Takfiri" title="Takfiri">Takfirism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Violence_against_Muslims_in_independent_India" title="Violence against Muslims in independent India">Violence against Muslims in independent India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Violent_extremism" title="Violent extremism">Violent extremism</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Islamic_extremism&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-auto-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-auto_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFCook2015" class="citation book cs1">Cook, David (2015). <i>Understanding Jihad</i>. University of California Press. p. 103. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780520287327" title="Special:BookSources/9780520287327"><bdi>9780520287327</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Understanding+Jihad&rft.pages=103&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=9780520287327&rft.aulast=Cook&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslamic+extremism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCook2015" class="citation book cs1">Cook, David (2015). <i>Understanding Jihad</i>. University of California Press. p. 107. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780520287327" title="Special:BookSources/9780520287327"><bdi>9780520287327</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Understanding+Jihad&rft.pages=107&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=9780520287327&rft.aulast=Cook&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslamic+extremism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Baran-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Baran_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Baran_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBaran2008" class="citation web cs1">Baran, Zeyno (10 July 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://fas.org/irp/congress/2008_hr/roots.pdf">"The Roots of Violent Islamist Extremism and Efforts to Counter It"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Senate Committee on Homeland Security and Governmental Affairs</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210301183116/https://fas.org/irp/congress/2008_hr/roots.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 1 March 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 November</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Senate+Committee+on+Homeland+Security+and+Governmental+Affairs&rft.atitle=The+Roots+of+Violent+Islamist+Extremism+and+Efforts+to+Counter+It&rft.date=2008-07-10&rft.aulast=Baran&rft.aufirst=Zeyno&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffas.org%2Firp%2Fcongress%2F2008_hr%2Froots.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslamic+extremism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Farmer2007-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Farmer2007_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrian_R._Farmer2007" class="citation book cs1">Brian R. Farmer (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=bIQ0hhu8l7IC&pg=PA36"><i>Understanding radical Islam: medieval ideology in the twenty-first century</i></a>. Peter Lang. p. 36. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8204-8843-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8204-8843-1"><bdi>978-0-8204-8843-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Understanding+radical+Islam%3A+medieval+ideology+in+the+twenty-first+century&rft.pages=36&rft.pub=Peter+Lang&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-8204-8843-1&rft.au=Brian+R.+Farmer&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DbIQ0hhu8l7IC%26pg%3DPA36&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslamic+extremism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJason_F._IsaacsonColin_Lewis_Rubenstein2002" class="citation book cs1">Jason F. Isaacson; Colin Lewis Rubenstein (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=krMEfM_YO3UC&pg=PA191"><i>Islam in Asia: changing political realities</i></a>. Transaction Publishers. p. 191. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7658-0769-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7658-0769-4"><bdi>978-0-7658-0769-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Islam+in+Asia%3A+changing+political+realities&rft.pages=191&rft.pub=Transaction+Publishers&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-7658-0769-4&rft.au=Jason+F.+Isaacson&rft.au=Colin+Lewis+Rubenstein&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DkrMEfM_YO3UC%26pg%3DPA191&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslamic+extremism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.usip.org/publications/2019/02/preventing-extremism-fragile-states-new-approach">"Preventing Extremism in Fragile States: A New Approach, Final Report of the Task Force on Extremism in Fragile States"</a>. United States Institute of Peace. February 2019. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220805013434/https://www.usip.org/publications/2019/02/preventing-extremism-fragile-states-new-approach">Archived</a> from the original on 5 August 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 August</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Preventing+Extremism+in+Fragile+States%3A+A+New+Approach%2C+Final+Report+of+the+Task+Force+on+Extremism+in+Fragile+States&rft.pub=United+States+Institute+of+Peace&rft.date=2019-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.usip.org%2Fpublications%2F2019%2F02%2Fpreventing-extremism-fragile-states-new-approach&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslamic+extremism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Izutsu_2006-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Izutsu_2006_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Izutsu_2006_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Izutsu_2006_7-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Izutsu_2006_7-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Izutsu_2006_7-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Izutsu_2006_7-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIzutsu2006" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Toshihiko_Izutsu" title="Toshihiko Izutsu">Izutsu, Toshihiko</a> (2006) [1965]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=PDxHG5MtLawC&pg=PA1">"The Infidel (<i>Kāfir</i>): The Khārijites and the origin of the problem"</a>. <i>The Concept of Belief in Islamic Theology: A Semantic Analysis of Imān and Islām</i>. Tokyo: Keio Institute of Cultural and Linguistic Studies at <a href="/wiki/Keio_University" title="Keio University">Keio University</a>. pp. <span class="nowrap">1–</span>20. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/983-9154-70-2" title="Special:BookSources/983-9154-70-2"><bdi>983-9154-70-2</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230124220134/https://books.google.com/books?id=PDxHG5MtLawC&pg=PA1">Archived</a> from the original on 24 January 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 October</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Infidel+%28K%C4%81fir%29%3A+The+Kh%C4%81rijites+and+the+origin+of+the+problem&rft.btitle=The+Concept+of+Belief+in+Islamic+Theology%3A+A+Semantic+Analysis+of+Im%C4%81n+and+Isl%C4%81m&rft.place=Tokyo&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1-%3C%2Fspan%3E20&rft.pub=Keio+Institute+of+Cultural+and+Linguistic+Studies+at+Keio+University&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=983-9154-70-2&rft.aulast=Izutsu&rft.aufirst=Toshihiko&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DPDxHG5MtLawC%26pg%3DPA1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslamic+extremism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKhan2018" class="citation news cs1">Khan, Sheema (12 May 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theglobeandmail.com/globe-debate/another-battle-with-islams-true-believers/article20802390/">"Another battle with Islam's 'true believers'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i>The Globe and Mail</i>. The Globe and Mail Opinion. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160119055307/http://www.theglobeandmail.com/globe-debate/another-battle-with-islams-true-believers/article20802390/">Archived</a> from the original on 19 January 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 April</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Globe+and+Mail&rft.atitle=Another+battle+with+Islam%27s+%27true+believers%27&rft.date=2018-05-12&rft.aulast=Khan&rft.aufirst=Sheema&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theglobeandmail.com%2Fglobe-debate%2Fanother-battle-with-islams-true-believers%2Farticle20802390%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslamic+extremism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHasan2012" class="citation web cs1">Hasan, Usama (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140802045255/http://www.quilliamfoundation.org/wp/wp-content/uploads/publications/free/the-balance-of-islam-in-challenging-extremism.pdf">"The Balance of Islam in Challenging Extremism"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Quiliam Foundation</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.quilliamfoundation.org/wp/wp-content/uploads/publications/free/the-balance-of-islam-in-challenging-extremism.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 2 August 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 November</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Quiliam+Foundation&rft.atitle=The+Balance+of+Islam+in+Challenging+Extremism&rft.date=2012&rft.aulast=Hasan&rft.aufirst=Usama&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.quilliamfoundation.org%2Fwp%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2Fpublications%2Ffree%2Fthe-balance-of-islam-in-challenging-extremism.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslamic+extremism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_10-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrown2017" class="citation book cs1">Brown, Daniel (2017). <i>A New Introduction to Islam</i> (3rd ed.). Oxford: John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. pp. <span class="nowrap">163–</span>169. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781118953464" title="Special:BookSources/9781118953464"><bdi>9781118953464</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+New+Introduction+to+Islam&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E163-%3C%2Fspan%3E169&rft.edition=3rd&rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons%2C+Ltd&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=9781118953464&rft.aulast=Brown&rft.aufirst=Daniel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslamic+extremism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Evstatiev-2016-213-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Evstatiev-2016-213_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEvstatiev2016" class="citation book cs1">Evstatiev, Simeon (2016). "8: The Qāḍīzādeli Movement and the Revival of takfīr in the Ottoman Age". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://brill.com/view/book/edcoll/9789004307834/B9789004307834_010.xml"><i>Accusations of Unbelief in Islam</i></a>. Brill. pp. <span class="nowrap">213–</span>14. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163%2F9789004307834_010">10.1163/9789004307834_010</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9004307834" title="Special:BookSources/978-9004307834"><bdi>978-9004307834</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 August</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=8%3A+The+Q%C4%81%E1%B8%8D%C4%ABz%C4%81deli+Movement+and+the+Revival+of+takf%C4%ABr+in+the+Ottoman+Age&rft.btitle=Accusations+of+Unbelief+in+Islam&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E213-%3C%2Fspan%3E14&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2016&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1163%2F9789004307834_010&rft.isbn=978-9004307834&rft.aulast=Evstatiev&rft.aufirst=Simeon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbrill.com%2Fview%2Fbook%2Fedcoll%2F9789004307834%2FB9789004307834_010.xml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslamic+extremism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Cook-91-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Cook-91_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCook2003" class="citation book cs1">Cook, Michael (2003). <i>Forbidding Wrong in Islam: An Introduction</i>. Cambridge University Press. p. 91.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Forbidding+Wrong+in+Islam%3A+An+Introduction&rft.pages=91&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.aulast=Cook&rft.aufirst=Michael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslamic+extremism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNaylor2015" class="citation book cs1">Naylor, Phillip (15 January 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=SSUKBgAAQBAJ&pg=PT302"><i>North Africa Revised</i></a>. University of Texas Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780292761926" title="Special:BookSources/9780292761926"><bdi>9780292761926</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230124220230/https://books.google.com/books?id=SSUKBgAAQBAJ&pg=PT302">Archived</a> from the original on 24 January 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 December</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=North+Africa+Revised&rft.pub=University+of+Texas+Press&rft.date=2015-01-15&rft.isbn=9780292761926&rft.aulast=Naylor&rft.aufirst=Phillip&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DSSUKBgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT302&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslamic+extremism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEsposito2004" class="citation book cs1">Esposito, John (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=6VeCWQfVNjkC&pg=PA275"><i>The Oxford Dictionary of Islam</i></a>. Oxford University Press. p. 275. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780195125597" title="Special:BookSources/9780195125597"><bdi>9780195125597</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 December</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Dictionary+of+Islam&rft.pages=275&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=9780195125597&rft.aulast=Esposito&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D6VeCWQfVNjkC%26pg%3DPA275&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslamic+extremism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Economist27Jun15-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Economist27Jun15_15-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Economist27Jun15_15-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Economist27Jun15_15-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Economist27Jun15_15-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.economist.com/news/middle-east-and-africa/21656189-islams-most-conservative-adherents-are-finding-politics-hard-it-beats">"Salafism: Politics and the puritanical"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Economist" title="The Economist">The Economist</a></i>. 27 June 2015. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150628193924/http://www.economist.com/news/middle-east-and-africa/21656189-islams-most-conservative-adherents-are-finding-politics-hard-it-beats">Archived</a> from the original on 28 June 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 June</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Economist&rft.atitle=Salafism%3A+Politics+and+the+puritanical&rft.date=2015-06-27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.economist.com%2Fnews%2Fmiddle-east-and-africa%2F21656189-islams-most-conservative-adherents-are-finding-politics-hard-it-beats&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslamic+extremism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Homegrown_2021-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Homegrown_2021_16-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Homegrown_2021_16-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMeleagrou-HitchensHughesClifford2021" class="citation book cs1">Meleagrou-Hitchens, Alexander; Hughes, Seamus; Clifford, Bennett (2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=T4vzDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA111">"The Ideologues"</a>. <i>Homegrown: ISIS in America</i> (1st ed.). London and New York City: <a href="/wiki/I.B._Tauris" title="I.B. Tauris">I.B. Tauris</a>. pp. <span class="nowrap">111–</span>148. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-7883-1485-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-7883-1485-5"><bdi>978-1-7883-1485-5</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230111173505/https://books.google.com/books?id=T4vzDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA111">Archived</a> from the original on 11 January 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 February</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Ideologues&rft.btitle=Homegrown%3A+ISIS+in+America&rft.place=London+and+New+York+City&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E111-%3C%2Fspan%3E148&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=I.B.+Tauris&rft.date=2021&rft.isbn=978-1-7883-1485-5&rft.aulast=Meleagrou-Hitchens&rft.aufirst=Alexander&rft.au=Hughes%2C+Seamus&rft.au=Clifford%2C+Bennett&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DT4vzDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA111&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslamic+extremism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sageman2011-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Sageman2011_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarc_Sageman2011" class="citation book cs1">Marc Sageman (21 September 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=iCoYDUv63L8C&pg=PA61"><i>Understanding Terror Networks</i></a>. University of Pennsylvania Press. pp. 61–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8122-0679-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8122-0679-1"><bdi>978-0-8122-0679-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Understanding+Terror+Networks&rft.pages=61-&rft.pub=University+of+Pennsylvania+Press&rft.date=2011-09-21&rft.isbn=978-0-8122-0679-1&rft.au=Marc+Sageman&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DiCoYDUv63L8C%26pg%3DPA61&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslamic+extremism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Oliveti2002-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Oliveti2002_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVincenzo_Oliveti2002" class="citation book cs1">Vincenzo Oliveti (January 2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=rYFtQgAACAAJ"><i>Terror's Source: The Ideology of Wahhabi-Salafism and Its Consequences</i></a>. Amadeus Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9543729-0-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-9543729-0-3"><bdi>978-0-9543729-0-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Terror%27s+Source%3A+The+Ideology+of+Wahhabi-Salafism+and+Its+Consequences&rft.pub=Amadeus+Books&rft.date=2002-01&rft.isbn=978-0-9543729-0-3&rft.au=Vincenzo+Oliveti&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DrYFtQgAACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslamic+extremism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Peskes2012-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Peskes2012_19-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Peskes2012_19-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Peskes2012_19-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Peskes2012_19-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Peskes2012_19-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPeskes2012" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Peskes, Esther (2012) [1993]. "Wahhabis". In <a href="/wiki/Peri_Bearman" title="Peri Bearman">Bearman, P. J.</a>; <a href="/wiki/Thierry_Bianquis" title="Thierry Bianquis">Bianquis, Th.</a>; <a href="/wiki/Clifford_Edmund_Bosworth" title="Clifford Edmund Bosworth">Bosworth, C. E.</a>; <a href="/wiki/Emeri_Johannes_van_Donzel" class="mw-redirect" title="Emeri Johannes van Donzel">van Donzel, E. J.</a>; <a href="/wiki/Wolfhart_Heinrichs" title="Wolfhart Heinrichs">Heinrichs, W. P.</a> (eds.). <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclopaedia_of_Islam#2nd_edition,_EI2" title="Encyclopaedia of Islam">Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/Leiden" title="Leiden">Leiden</a>: <a href="/wiki/Brill_Publishers" title="Brill Publishers">Brill Publishers</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163%2F1877-5888_rpp_SIM_224015">10.1163/1877-5888_rpp_SIM_224015</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9004161214" title="Special:BookSources/978-9004161214"><bdi>978-9004161214</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Wahhabis&rft.btitle=Encyclopaedia+of+Islam%2C+Second+Edition&rft.place=Leiden&rft.pub=Brill+Publishers&rft.date=2012&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1163%2F1877-5888_rpp_SIM_224015&rft.isbn=978-9004161214&rft.aulast=Peskes&rft.aufirst=Esther&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslamic+extremism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bokhari-Senzai_2013-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Bokhari-Senzai_2013_20-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bokhari-Senzai_2013_20-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBokhariSenzai2013" class="citation book cs1">Bokhari, Kamran; Senzai, Farid, eds. (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ThiuAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA81">"Conditionalist Islamists: The Case of the Salafis"</a>. <i>Political Islam in the Age of Democratization</i>. New York City: <a href="/wiki/Palgrave_Macmillan" title="Palgrave Macmillan">Palgrave Macmillan</a>. pp. <span class="nowrap">81–</span>100. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1057%2F9781137313492_5">10.1057/9781137313492_5</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-137-31349-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-137-31349-2"><bdi>978-1-137-31349-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Conditionalist+Islamists%3A+The+Case+of+the+Salafis&rft.btitle=Political+Islam+in+the+Age+of+Democratization&rft.place=New+York+City&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E81-%3C%2Fspan%3E100&rft.pub=Palgrave+Macmillan&rft.date=2013&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1057%2F9781137313492_5&rft.isbn=978-1-137-31349-2&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DThiuAgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA81&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslamic+extremism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ágoston-Masters_2009-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Ágoston-Masters_2009_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFÁgostonMasters2009" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Ágoston, Gábor; Masters, Bruce, eds. (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=QjzYdCxumFcC&pg=PA260">"Ibn Abd al-Wahhab, Muhammad"</a>. <i>Archived copy</i>. <i>Encyclopedia of the Ottoman Empire</i>. New York City: <a href="/wiki/Facts_On_File" class="mw-redirect" title="Facts On File">Facts On File</a>. pp. <span class="nowrap">260–</span>261. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0816062591" title="Special:BookSources/978-0816062591"><bdi>978-0816062591</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lccn.loc.gov/2008020716">2008020716</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230124220250/https://books.google.com/books?id=QjzYdCxumFcC&pg=PA260">Archived</a> from the original on 24 January 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 February</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Archived+copy&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+the+Ottoman+Empire&rft.place=New+York+City&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E260-%3C%2Fspan%3E261&rft.pub=Facts+On+File&rft.date=2009&rft_id=info%3Alccn%2F2008020716&rft.isbn=978-0816062591&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DQjzYdCxumFcC%26pg%3DPA260&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslamic+extremism" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_encyclopedia" title="Template:Cite encyclopedia">cite encyclopedia</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_archived_copy_as_title" title="Category:CS1 maint: archived copy as title">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Wagemakers_2021-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Wagemakers_2021_22-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wagemakers_2021_22-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWagemakers2021" class="citation book cs1">Wagemakers, Joas (2021). 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Vol. 21. <a href="/wiki/Leiden" title="Leiden">Leiden</a> and <a href="/wiki/Boston" title="Boston">Boston</a>: <a href="/wiki/Brill_Publishers" title="Brill Publishers">Brill Publishers</a>. pp. <span class="nowrap">333–</span>347. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163%2F9789004435544_019">10.1163/9789004435544_019</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-43554-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-43554-4"><bdi>978-90-04-43554-4</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1874-6691">1874-6691</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Part+3%3A+Fundamentalisms+and+Extremists+%E2%80%93+The+Citadel+of+Salafism&rft.btitle=Handbook+of+Islamic+Sects+and+Movements&rft.place=Leiden+and+Boston&rft.series=Brill+Handbooks+on+Contemporary+Religion&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E333-%3C%2Fspan%3E347&rft.pub=Brill+Publishers&rft.date=2021&rft.issn=1874-6691&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1163%2F9789004435544_019&rft.isbn=978-90-04-43554-4&rft.aulast=Wagemakers&rft.aufirst=Joas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslamic+extremism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Laoust2012-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Laoust2012_23-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Laoust2012_23-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Laoust2012_23-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Laoust2012_23-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLaoust2012" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Laoust, H. 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Singapore: <a href="/wiki/ISEAS_Publishing" class="mw-redirect" title="ISEAS Publishing">ISEAS Publishing</a>. pp. <span class="nowrap">63–</span>88. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1355%2F9789814818001-006">10.1355/9789814818001-006</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789814818001" title="Special:BookSources/9789814818001"><bdi>9789814818001</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:159438333">159438333</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Riyal+and+Ringgit+of+Petro-Islam%3A+Investing+Salafism+in+Education&rft.btitle=Islam+in+Southeast+Asia%3A+Negotiating+Modernity&rft.place=Singapore&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E63-%3C%2Fspan%3E88&rft.pub=ISEAS+Publishing&rft.date=2018&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A159438333%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1355%2F9789814818001-006&rft.isbn=9789814818001&rft.aulast=Musa&rft.aufirst=Mohd+Faizal&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslamic+extremism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHasan2010" class="citation journal cs1">Hasan, Noorhaidi (2010). "The Failure of the Wahhabi Campaign: Transnational Islam and the Salafi <i>madrasa</i> in post-9/11 Indonesia". <i>South East Asia Research</i>. <b>18</b> (4). <a href="/wiki/Taylor_%26_Francis" title="Taylor & Francis">Taylor & Francis</a> on behalf of the <a href="/wiki/SOAS_University_of_London" title="SOAS University of London">SOAS University of London</a>: <span class="nowrap">675–</span>705. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.5367%2Fsear.2010.0015">10.5367/sear.2010.0015</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2043-6874">2043-6874</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/23750964">23750964</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:147114018">147114018</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=South+East+Asia+Research&rft.atitle=The+Failure+of+the+Wahhabi+Campaign%3A+Transnational+Islam+and+the+Salafi+madrasa+in+post-9%2F11+Indonesia&rft.volume=18&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E675-%3C%2Fspan%3E705&rft.date=2010&rft.issn=2043-6874&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A147114018%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F23750964%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.5367%2Fsear.2010.0015&rft.aulast=Hasan&rft.aufirst=Noorhaidi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslamic+extremism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFInge2016" class="citation web cs1">Inge, Anabel (5 October 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://blog.oup.com/2016/10/6-misconceptions-salafi-muslims/">"6 common misconceptions about Salafi Muslims in the West"</a>. <i>OUPblog</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211104184236/https://blog.oup.com/2016/10/6-misconceptions-salafi-muslims/">Archived</a> from the original on 4 November 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 August</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=OUPblog&rft.atitle=6+common+misconceptions+about+Salafi+Muslims+in+the+West&rft.date=2016-10-05&rft.aulast=Inge&rft.aufirst=Anabel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fblog.oup.com%2F2016%2F10%2F6-misconceptions-salafi-muslims%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslamic+extremism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKepel2003" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Gilles_Kepel" title="Gilles Kepel">Kepel, Gilles</a> (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=OLvTNk75hUoC&q=%22petro-islam%22&pg=PA61"><i>Jihad: The Trail of Political Islam</i></a>. New York City: <a href="/wiki/I.B._Tauris" title="I.B. Tauris">I.B. Tauris</a>. pp. <span class="nowrap">61–</span>62. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781845112578" title="Special:BookSources/9781845112578"><bdi>9781845112578</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230124220249/https://books.google.com/books?id=OLvTNk75hUoC&q=%22petro-islam%22&pg=PA61">Archived</a> from the original on 24 January 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 February</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Jihad%3A+The+Trail+of+Political+Islam&rft.place=New+York+City&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E61-%3C%2Fspan%3E62&rft.pub=I.B.+Tauris&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=9781845112578&rft.aulast=Kepel&rft.aufirst=Gilles&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DOLvTNk75hUoC%26q%3D%2522petro-islam%2522%26pg%3DPA61&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslamic+extremism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-govinfo.gov-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-govinfo.gov_31-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-govinfo.gov_31-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/CHRG-108shrg91326/html/CHRG-108shrg91326.htm">"Terrorism: Growing Wahhabi Influence in the United States"</a>. <i>www.govinfo.gov</i>. Washington, D.C.: <a href="/wiki/United_States_Government_Publishing_Office" title="United States Government Publishing Office">United States Government Publishing Office</a>. 26 June 2003. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181215092631/https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/CHRG-108shrg91326/html/CHRG-108shrg91326.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 15 December 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 June</span> 2021</span>. <q>Nearly 22 months have passed since the atrocity of <a href="/wiki/September_11_attacks" title="September 11 attacks">11 September</a>. Since then, many questions have been asked about the role in that day's terrible events and in other challenges we face in the <a href="/wiki/War_on_terror" title="War on terror">war against terror</a> of <a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabia" title="Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a> and its official sect, a separatist, exclusionary and violent form of Islam known as Wahhabism. It is widely recognized that all of the <a href="/wiki/Hijackers_in_the_September_11_attacks" title="Hijackers in the September 11 attacks">19 suicide pilots</a> were Wahhabi followers. In addition, 15 of the 19 were Saudi subjects. Journalists and experts, as well as spokespeople of the world, have said that Wahhabism is the source of the overwhelming majority of terrorist atrocities in today's world, from <a href="/wiki/Morocco" title="Morocco">Morocco</a> to <a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a>, via Israel, Saudi Arabia, <a href="/wiki/Chechnya" title="Chechnya">Chechnya</a>. In addition, Saudi media sources have identified Wahhabi agents from Saudi Arabia as being responsible for terrorist attacks on <a href="/wiki/U.S._Invasion_of_Iraq" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Invasion of Iraq">U.S. troops in Iraq</a>. <i>The Washington Post</i> has confirmed Wahhabi involvement in attacks against U.S. forces in <a href="/wiki/Fallujah_during_the_Iraq_War" title="Fallujah during the Iraq War">Fallujah</a>. To examine the role of Wahhabism and terrorism is not to label all Muslims as extremists. Indeed, I want to make this point very, very clear. It is the exact opposite. Analyzing Wahhabism means identifying the extreme element that, although enjoying immense political and financial resources, thanks to support by a sector of the Saudi state, seeks to globally hijack Islam [...] The problem we are looking at today is the State-sponsored doctrine and funding of an extremist ideology that provides the recruiting grounds, support infrastructure and monetary life blood of today's international terrorists. The extremist ideology is Wahhabism, a major force behind terrorist groups, like <a href="/wiki/Al-Qaeda" title="Al-Qaeda">al Qaeda</a>, a group that, according to the <a href="/wiki/Federal_Bureau_of_Investigation" title="Federal Bureau of Investigation">FBI</a>, and I am quoting, is the "number one terrorist threat to the U.S. today".</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.govinfo.gov&rft.atitle=Terrorism%3A+Growing+Wahhabi+Influence+in+the+United+States&rft.date=2003-06-26&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.govinfo.gov%2Fcontent%2Fpkg%2FCHRG-108shrg91326%2Fhtml%2FCHRG-108shrg91326.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslamic+extremism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Haider-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Haider_32-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHaider2013" class="citation news cs1">Haider, Murtaza (22 July 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dawn.com/news/1029713">"European Parliament identifies Wahabi and Salafi roots of global terrorism"</a>. <i>Dawn</i>. Pakistan. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181226130328/https://www.dawn.com/news/1029713">Archived</a> from the original on 26 December 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 August</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Dawn&rft.atitle=European+Parliament+identifies+Wahabi+and+Salafi+roots+of+global+terrorism&rft.date=2013-07-22&rft.aulast=Haider&rft.aufirst=Murtaza&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dawn.com%2Fnews%2F1029713&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslamic+extremism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/Wahhabi">"Wahhābī (Islamic movement)"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica" title="Encyclopædia Britannica">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/Edinburgh" title="Edinburgh">Edinburgh</a>: <a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica,_Inc." title="Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.">Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.</a> 9 June 2020. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200626201633/https://www.britannica.com/topic/Wahhabi">Archived</a> from the original on 26 June 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 July</span> 2020</span>. <q>Because <a href="/wiki/Wahhabism" title="Wahhabism">Wahhābism</a> prohibits the veneration of shrines, tombs, and sacred objects, many sites associated with the <a href="/wiki/Early_history_of_Islam" class="mw-redirect" title="Early history of Islam">early history of Islam</a>, such as the homes and graves of companions of <a href="/wiki/Muhammad" title="Muhammad">Muhammad</a>, were demolished under Saudi rule. <a href="/wiki/Preservationist" title="Preservationist">Preservationists</a> have estimated that as many as 95 percent of the historic sites around <a href="/wiki/Mecca" title="Mecca">Mecca</a> and <a href="/wiki/Medina" title="Medina">Medina</a> have been razed.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Wahh%C4%81b%C4%AB+%28Islamic+movement%29&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.place=Edinburgh&rft.pub=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica%2C+Inc.&rft.date=2020-06-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Ftopic%2FWahhabi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslamic+extremism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Rabasa_2004_103,_note_60-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Rabasa_2004_103,_note_60_34-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRabasaBenard,_Cheryl2004" class="citation book cs1">Rabasa, Angel; Benard, Cheryl (2004). "The Middle East: Cradle of the Muslim World". <i>The Muslim World After 9/11</i>. Rand Corporation. p. 103, note 60. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8330-3712-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-8330-3712-9"><bdi>0-8330-3712-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Middle+East%3A+Cradle+of+the+Muslim+World&rft.btitle=The+Muslim+World+After+9%2F11&rft.pages=103%2C+note+60&rft.pub=Rand+Corporation&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=0-8330-3712-9&rft.aulast=Rabasa&rft.aufirst=Angel&rft.au=Benard%2C+Cheryl&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslamic+extremism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-TI-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-TI_35-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHowden2005" class="citation news cs1">Howden, Daniel (6 August 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111020143746/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/middle-east/the-destruction-of-mecca-saudi-hardliners-are-wiping-out-their-own-heritage-501647.html">"The destruction of Mecca: Saudi hardliners are wiping out their own heritage"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Independent" title="The Independent">The Independent</a></i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/middle-east/the-destruction-of-mecca-saudi-hardliners-are-wiping-out-their-own-heritage-501647.html">the original</a> on 20 October 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 December</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Independent&rft.atitle=The+destruction+of+Mecca%3A+Saudi+hardliners+are+wiping+out+their+own+heritage&rft.date=2005-08-06&rft.aulast=Howden&rft.aufirst=Daniel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.independent.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fworld%2Fmiddle-east%2Fthe-destruction-of-mecca-saudi-hardliners-are-wiping-out-their-own-heritage-501647.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslamic+extremism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-finn-destruction-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-finn-destruction_36-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFinn2002" class="citation web cs1">Finn, Helena Kane (8 October 2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140904022946/http://www.cfr.org/world/cultural-terrorism-wahhabi-islam/p5234">"Cultural Terrorism and Wahhabi Islam"</a>. <i>Council on Foreign Relations</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cfr.org/world/cultural-terrorism-wahhabi-islam/p5234">the original</a> on 4 September 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 August</span> 2014</span>. <q>It is the undisputed case that the Taliban justification for this travesty [the destruction of the Buddha statues at Bamiyan] can be traced to the Wahhabi indoctrination program prevalent in the Afghan refugee camps and Saudi-funded Islamic schools (madrasas) in Pakistan that produced the Taliban. ...In Saudi Arabia itself, the destruction has focused on the architectural heritage of Islam's two holiest cities, Mecca and Medina, where Wahhabi religious foundations, with state support, have systematically demolished centuries-old mosques and mausolea, as well as hundreds of traditional Hijazi mansions and palaces.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Council+on+Foreign+Relations&rft.atitle=Cultural+Terrorism+and+Wahhabi+Islam&rft.date=2002-10-08&rft.aulast=Finn&rft.aufirst=Helena+Kane&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cfr.org%2Fworld%2Fcultural-terrorism-wahhabi-islam%2Fp5234&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslamic+extremism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCook2015" class="citation book cs1">Cook, David (2015). <i>Understanding Jihad</i>. University of California Press. p. 93. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780520287327" title="Special:BookSources/9780520287327"><bdi>9780520287327</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Understanding+Jihad&rft.pages=93&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=9780520287327&rft.aulast=Cook&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslamic+extremism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gallagher_2021-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Gallagher_2021_38-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gallagher_2021_38-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGallagherWillsky-Ciollo2021" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Eugene_V._Gallagher" title="Eugene V. Gallagher">Gallagher, Eugene V.</a>; Willsky-Ciollo, Lydia, eds. (2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Id4aEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA13">"Al-Qaeda"</a>. <i>New Religions: Emerging Faiths and Religious Cultures in the Modern World</i>. Vol. 1. <a href="/wiki/Santa_Barbara,_California" title="Santa Barbara, California">Santa Barbara, California</a>: <a href="/wiki/ABC-CLIO" class="mw-redirect" title="ABC-CLIO">ABC-CLIO</a>. pp. <span class="nowrap">13–</span>15. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4408-6235-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4408-6235-9"><bdi>978-1-4408-6235-9</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230124220232/https://books.google.com/books?id=Id4aEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA13">Archived</a> from the original on 24 January 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 October</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Al-Qaeda&rft.btitle=New+Religions%3A+Emerging+Faiths+and+Religious+Cultures+in+the+Modern+World&rft.place=Santa+Barbara%2C+California&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E13-%3C%2Fspan%3E15&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2021&rft.isbn=978-1-4408-6235-9&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DId4aEAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA13&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslamic+extremism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Aydinli_2018-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Aydinli_2018_39-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Aydinli_2018_39-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAydınlı2018" class="citation book cs1">Aydınlı, Ersel (2018) [2016]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=hq1TDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA65">"The Jihadists pre-9/11"</a>. <i>Violent Non-State Actors: From Anarchists to Jihadists</i>. Routledge Studies on Challenges, Crises, and Dissent in World Politics (1st ed.). London and New York City: <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>. pp. <span class="nowrap">65–</span>109. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-315-56139-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-315-56139-4"><bdi>978-1-315-56139-4</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lccn.loc.gov/2015050373">2015050373</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230124220232/https://books.google.com/books?id=hq1TDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA65">Archived</a> from the original on 24 January 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 October</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Jihadists+pre-9%2F11&rft.btitle=Violent+Non-State+Actors%3A+From+Anarchists+to+Jihadists&rft.place=London+and+New+York+City&rft.series=Routledge+Studies+on+Challenges%2C+Crises%2C+and+Dissent+in+World+Politics&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E65-%3C%2Fspan%3E109&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2018&rft_id=info%3Alccn%2F2015050373&rft.isbn=978-1-315-56139-4&rft.aulast=Ayd%C4%B1nl%C4%B1&rft.aufirst=Ersel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dhq1TDAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA65&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslamic+extremism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Moussalli_2012-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Moussalli_2012_40-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Moussalli_2012_40-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Moussalli_2012_40-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Moussalli_2012_40-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Moussalli_2012_40-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Moussalli_2012_40-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Moussalli_2012_40-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Moussalli_2012_40-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMoussalli2012" class="citation book cs1">Moussalli, Ahmad S. (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=D-LfCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA9">"Sayyid Qutb: Founder of Radical Islamic Political Ideology"</a>. In Akbarzadeh, Shahram (ed.). <i>Routledge Handbook of Political Islam</i> (1st ed.). London and New York City: <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>. pp. <span class="nowrap">9–</span>26. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781138577824" title="Special:BookSources/9781138577824"><bdi>9781138577824</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lccn.loc.gov/2011025970">2011025970</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230124220249/https://books.google.com/books?id=D-LfCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA9">Archived</a> from the original on 24 January 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 October</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Sayyid+Qutb%3A+Founder+of+Radical+Islamic+Political+Ideology&rft.btitle=Routledge+Handbook+of+Political+Islam&rft.place=London+and+New+York+City&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E9-%3C%2Fspan%3E26&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2012&rft_id=info%3Alccn%2F2011025970&rft.isbn=9781138577824&rft.aulast=Moussalli&rft.aufirst=Ahmad+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DD-LfCgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslamic+extremism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Polk_2018-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Polk_2018_41-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Polk_2018_41-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPolk2018" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/William_R._Polk" title="William R. Polk">Polk, William R.</a> (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ozFDDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA370">"The Philosopher of the Muslim Revolt, Sayyid Qutb"</a>. <i>Crusade and Jihad: The Thousand-Year War Between the Muslim World and the Global North</i>. The Henry L. Stimson Lectures Series. <a href="/wiki/New_Haven,_Connecticut" title="New Haven, Connecticut">New Haven</a> and London: <a href="/wiki/Yale_University_Press" title="Yale University Press">Yale University Press</a>. pp. <span class="nowrap">370–</span>380. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2Fj.ctv1bvnfdq.40">10.2307/j.ctv1bvnfdq.40</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-300-22290-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-300-22290-6"><bdi>978-0-300-22290-6</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctv1bvnfdq.40">j.ctv1bvnfdq.40</a>. <a href="/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lccn.loc.gov/2017942543">2017942543</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230124220252/https://books.google.com/books?id=ozFDDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA370">Archived</a> from the original on 24 January 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 October</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Philosopher+of+the+Muslim+Revolt%2C+Sayyid+Qutb&rft.btitle=Crusade+and+Jihad%3A+The+Thousand-Year+War+Between+the+Muslim+World+and+the+Global+North&rft.place=New+Haven+and+London&rft.series=The+Henry+L.+Stimson+Lectures+Series&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E370-%3C%2Fspan%3E380&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=2018&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2Fj.ctv1bvnfdq.40&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2Fj.ctv1bvnfdq.40%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Alccn%2F2017942543&rft.isbn=978-0-300-22290-6&rft.aulast=Polk&rft.aufirst=William+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DozFDDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA370&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslamic+extremism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLawrence_Wright2006" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Lawrence_Wright" title="Lawrence Wright">Lawrence Wright</a> (2006). "2". <i><a href="/wiki/The_Looming_Tower" title="The Looming Tower">The Looming Tower</a></i>. Knopf. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-375-41486-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-375-41486-X"><bdi>0-375-41486-X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=2&rft.btitle=The+Looming+Tower&rft.pub=Knopf&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=0-375-41486-X&rft.au=Lawrence+Wright&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslamic+extremism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Baele_2019-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Baele_2019_43-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBaele2019" class="citation journal cs1">Baele, Stephane J. (October 2019). Giles, Howard (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ore.exeter.ac.uk/repository/bitstream/10871/37355/2/ConspiratorialNarratives_MainArticle_Resubmit_FINAL_CLEAN%20.pdf">"Conspiratorial Narratives in Violent Political Actors' Language"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Journal_of_Language_and_Social_Psychology" title="Journal of Language and Social Psychology">Journal of Language and Social Psychology</a></i>. <b>38</b> (<span class="nowrap">5–</span>6). <a href="/wiki/SAGE_Publications" class="mw-redirect" title="SAGE Publications">SAGE Publications</a>: <span class="nowrap">706–</span>734. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F0261927X19868494">10.1177/0261927X19868494</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/10871%2F37355">10871/37355</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1552-6526">1552-6526</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:195448888">195448888</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 January</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Language+and+Social+Psychology&rft.atitle=Conspiratorial+Narratives+in+Violent+Political+Actors%27+Language&rft.volume=38&rft.issue=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E5%E2%80%93%3C%2Fspan%3E6&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E706-%3C%2Fspan%3E734&rft.date=2019-10&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F10871%2F37355&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A195448888%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=1552-6526&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F0261927X19868494&rft.aulast=Baele&rft.aufirst=Stephane+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fore.exeter.ac.uk%2Frepository%2Fbitstream%2F10871%2F37355%2F2%2FConspiratorialNarratives_MainArticle_Resubmit_FINAL_CLEAN%2520.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslamic+extremism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NYT:_path_to_terror-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-NYT:_path_to_terror_44-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFScott_ShaneSouad_MekhennetRobert_F._Worth2010" class="citation news cs1">Scott Shane; Souad Mekhennet & Robert F. Worth (8 May 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2010/05/09/world/09awlaki.html?pagewanted=5&hp">"Imam's Path From Condemning Terror to Preaching Jihad"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100511083519/http://www.nytimes.com/2010/05/09/world/09awlaki.html?pagewanted=5&hp">Archived</a> from the original on 11 May 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 May</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Imam%27s+Path+From+Condemning+Terror+to+Preaching+Jihad&rft.date=2010-05-08&rft.au=Scott+Shane&rft.au=Souad+Mekhennet&rft.au=Robert+F.+Worth&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2010%2F05%2F09%2Fworld%2F09awlaki.html%3Fpagewanted%3D5%26hp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslamic+extremism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Irwin-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Irwin_45-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2001/nov/01/afghanistan.terrorism3">Robert Irwin, "Is this the man who inspired Bin Laden?"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221209042236/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2001/nov/01/afghanistan.terrorism3">Archived</a> 9 December 2022 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> <i><a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a></i> (1 November 2001).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2003/03/23/magazine/the-philosopher-of-islamic-terror.html">Paul Berman, "The Philosopher of Islamic Terror"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221209042239/https://www.nytimes.com/2003/03/23/magazine/the-philosopher-of-islamic-terror.html">Archived</a> 9 December 2022 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/New_York_Times_Magazine" class="mw-redirect" title="New York Times Magazine">New York Times Magazine</a></i> (23 March 2003).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pbs.org/weta/crossroads/incl/Out-of-the-Shadows.pdf">"Out of the Shadows: Getting ahead of prisoner radicalization"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i><a href="/wiki/PBS" title="PBS">PBS</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130423144416/http://www.pbs.org/weta/crossroads/incl/Out-of-the-Shadows.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 23 April 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 January</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=PBS&rft.atitle=Out+of+the+Shadows%3A+Getting+ahead+of+prisoner+radicalization&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pbs.org%2Fweta%2Fcrossroads%2Fincl%2FOut-of-the-Shadows.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslamic+extremism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTrevor_Stanley" class="citation web cs1">Trevor Stanley. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pwhce.org/evolutionofalqaeda.html">"The Evolution of Al-Qaeda: Osama bin Laden and Abu Musab al-Zarqawi"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220103022401/http://www.pwhce.org/evolutionofalqaeda.html">Archived</a> from the original on 3 January 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 February</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Evolution+of+Al-Qaeda%3A+Osama+bin+Laden+and+Abu+Musab+al-Zarqawi&rft.au=Trevor+Stanley&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pwhce.org%2Fevolutionofalqaeda.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslamic+extremism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.carlisle.army.mil/usawc/Parameters/07spring/eikmeier.htm">Qutbism: An Ideology of Islamic-Fascism</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070609120804/http://www.carlisle.army.mil/usawc/parameters/07spring/eikmeier.htm">Archived</a> 9 June 2007 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> by Dale C. Eikmeier. From <i><a href="/wiki/Parameters_(journal)" title="Parameters (journal)">Parameters</a></i>, Spring 2007, pp. 85–98.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Cook_2015-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Cook_2015_50-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cook_2015_50-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cook_2015_50-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cook_2015_50-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cook_2015_50-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cook_2015_50-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cook_2015_50-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCook2015" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/David_Cook_(historian)" title="David Cook (historian)">Cook, David</a> (2015) [2005]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=SqE2DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA102">"Radical Islam and Contemporary Jihad Theory"</a>. <i>Understanding Jihad</i> (2nd ed.). <a href="/wiki/Berkeley,_California" title="Berkeley, California">Berkeley</a>: <a href="/wiki/University_of_California_Press" title="University of California Press">University of California Press</a>. pp. <span class="nowrap">102–</span>110. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780520287327" title="Special:BookSources/9780520287327"><bdi>9780520287327</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.1525/j.ctv1xxt55.10">10.1525/j.ctv1xxt55.10</a>. <a href="/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lccn.loc.gov/2015010201">2015010201</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230124220253/https://books.google.com/books?id=SqE2DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA102">Archived</a> from the original on 24 January 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 April</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=How+many+al+Qaeda+operatives+are+now+left+in+Afghanistan%3F+%E2%80%93+Threat+Matrix&rft.pub=Longwarjournal.org&rft.date=2011-04-26&rft.au=Bill+Roggio&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.longwarjournal.org%2Fthreat-matrix%2Farchives%2F2011%2F04%2Fhow_many_al_qaeda_operatives_a.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslamic+extremism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121023084738/http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2012/10/21/al-qaeda-afghanistan-comeback_n_1997994.html">"Al Qaeda in Afghanistan Is Attempting A Comeback"</a>. <i>HuffPost</i>. 21 October 2012. 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Harvard University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780674008779" title="Special:BookSources/9780674008779"><bdi>9780674008779</bdi></a>. <q>Jihad: The Trail of Political Islam.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Jihad%3A+The+Trail+of+Political+Islam&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press.&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=9780674008779&rft.aulast=Kepel&rft.aufirst=Gilles&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fjihad00gill_0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslamic+extremism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-17308138">"Profile: Al-Qaeda in North Africa"</a>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 August</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Jemaah+Islamiyah+%28JI%29&rft.pub=About.com&rft.aulast=Zalman&rft.aufirst=Amy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fterrorism.about.com%2Fod%2Fgroupsleader1%2Fp%2FJemaah_Islamiya.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslamic+extremism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Counter-Society to Counter-State: Jemaah Islamiah According to Pupji</i>, p. 11., Elena Pavlova, The Institute of Defence and Strategic Studies, <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.ntu.edu.sg/rsis/publications/WorkingPapers/WP117.pdf">[1]</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090327002410/http://www3.ntu.edu.sg/rsis/publications/WorkingPapers/WP117.pdf">Archived</a> 27 March 2009 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-BBC-25_April_2014-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-BBC-25_April_2014_77-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBennett-Jones2014" class="citation news cs1">Bennett-Jones, Owen (25 April 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-27133865">"Pakistan army eyes Taliban talks with unease"</a>. <a href="/wiki/BBC_News" title="BBC News">BBC News</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140704104228/http://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-27133865">Archived</a> from the original on 4 July 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 July</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Pakistan+army+eyes+Taliban+talks+with+unease&rft.date=2014-04-25&rft.aulast=Bennett-Jones&rft.aufirst=Owen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Fworld-asia-27133865&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslamic+extremism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190111032110/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/396.html">"Field Listing :: Terrorist groups – foreign based – The World Factbook – Central Intelligence Agency"</a>. Central Intelligence Agency. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/396.html">the original</a> on 11 January 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 September</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Field+Listing+%3A%3A+Terrorist+groups+%E2%80%93+foreign+based+%E2%80%93+The+World+Factbook+%E2%80%93+Central+Intelligence+Agency&rft.pub=Central+Intelligence+Agency&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cia.gov%2Flibrary%2Fpublications%2Fthe-world-factbook%2Ffields%2F396.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslamic+extremism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChomskyVltchek2013" class="citation book cs1">Chomsky, Noam; Vltchek, Andre (2013). <i>On Western Terrorism: From Hiroshima to Drone Warfare</i>. Pluto Press. p. 115. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84964-937-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84964-937-7"><bdi>978-1-84964-937-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=On+Western+Terrorism%3A+From+Hiroshima+to+Drone+Warfare&rft.pages=115&rft.pub=Pluto+Press&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1-84964-937-7&rft.aulast=Chomsky&rft.aufirst=Noam&rft.au=Vltchek%2C+Andre&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslamic+extremism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChomskyWainwrightNir2018" class="citation journal cs1">Chomsky, Noam; Wainwright, Joel; Nir, Oded (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080/08935696.2018.1525966">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>"There Are Always Grounds for Seeking a World That Is More Free and More Just": An Interview with Noam Chomsky on Israel, Palestine, and Zionism"</a>. <i>Rethinking Marxism</i>. <b>30</b> (3): 357. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F08935696.2018.1525966">10.1080/08935696.2018.1525966</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:149553671">149553671</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Rethinking+Marxism&rft.atitle=%22There+Are+Always+Grounds+for+Seeking+a+World+That+Is+More+Free+and+More+Just%22%3A+An+Interview+with+Noam+Chomsky+on+Israel%2C+Palestine%2C+and+Zionism&rft.volume=30&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=357&rft.date=2018&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F08935696.2018.1525966&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A149553671%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Chomsky&rft.aufirst=Noam&rft.au=Wainwright%2C+Joel&rft.au=Nir%2C+Oded&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1080%2F08935696.2018.1525966&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslamic+extremism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Islamic_extremism&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMeleagrou-HitchensHughesClifford2021" class="citation book cs1">Meleagrou-Hitchens, Alexander; Hughes, Seamus; Clifford, Bennett (2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=T4vzDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA111">"The Ideologues"</a>. <i>Homegrown: ISIS in America</i> (1st ed.). London and New York City: <a href="/wiki/I.B._Tauris" title="I.B. Tauris">I.B. Tauris</a>. pp. <span class="nowrap">111–</span>148. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-7883-1485-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-7883-1485-5"><bdi>978-1-7883-1485-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Ideologues&rft.btitle=Homegrown%3A+ISIS+in+America&rft.place=London+and+New+York+City&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E111-%3C%2Fspan%3E148&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=I.B.+Tauris&rft.date=2021&rft.isbn=978-1-7883-1485-5&rft.aulast=Meleagrou-Hitchens&rft.aufirst=Alexander&rft.au=Hughes%2C+Seamus&rft.au=Clifford%2C+Bennett&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DT4vzDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA111&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslamic+extremism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNasr2007" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Vali_Nasr" title="Vali Nasr">Nasr, Vali</a> (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=BIXoGto8gTEC&pg=PA147">"Chapter 5: The Battle of Islamic Fundamentalisms"</a>. <i>The Shia Revival: How Conflicts Within Islam Will Shape the Future</i> (1st ed.). New York City and London: <a href="/wiki/W._W._Norton_%26_Company" title="W. W. Norton & Company">W. W. Norton & Company</a>. pp. <span class="nowrap">147–</span>168. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-393-06211-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-393-06211-3"><bdi>978-0-393-06211-3</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lccn.loc.gov/2006012361">2006012361</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Chapter+5%3A+The+Battle+of+Islamic+Fundamentalisms&rft.btitle=The+Shia+Revival%3A+How+Conflicts+Within+Islam+Will+Shape+the+Future&rft.place=New+York+City+and+London&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E147-%3C%2Fspan%3E168&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=W.+W.+Norton+%26+Company&rft.date=2007&rft_id=info%3Alccn%2F2006012361&rft.isbn=978-0-393-06211-3&rft.aulast=Nasr&rft.aufirst=Vali&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DBIXoGto8gTEC%26pg%3DPA147&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslamic+extremism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRamakrishna2022" class="citation book cs1">Ramakrishna, Kumar (2022). <i>Extremist Islam: Recognition and Response in Southeast Asia</i>. <a href="/wiki/Oxford" title="Oxford">Oxford</a> and New York City: <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Foso%2F9780197610961.001.0001">10.1093/oso/9780197610961.001.0001</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780197610961" title="Special:BookSources/9780197610961"><bdi>9780197610961</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1267403660">1267403660</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Extremist+Islam%3A+Recognition+and+Response+in+Southeast+Asia&rft.place=Oxford+and+New+York+City&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2022&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1267403660&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Foso%2F9780197610961.001.0001&rft.isbn=9780197610961&rft.aulast=Ramakrishna&rft.aufirst=Kumar&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslamic+extremism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShultz2008" class="citation book cs1">Shultz, Richard H. (April 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=0s0gAQAAIAAJ&pg=PA42">"A Global Salafi Jihad Insurgency: Myth or Reality?"</a>. <i>Global Insurgency Strategy and the Salafi Jihad Movement</i>. INSS Occasional Paper. Vol. 66. <a href="/wiki/Colorado_Springs,_Colorado" title="Colorado Springs, Colorado">Colorado Springs, Colorado</a>: USAF Institute for National Security Studies at the <a href="/wiki/USAF_Academy" class="mw-redirect" title="USAF Academy">USAF Academy</a>. pp. <span class="nowrap">42–</span>86.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=A+Global+Salafi+Jihad+Insurgency%3A+Myth+or+Reality%3F&rft.btitle=Global+Insurgency+Strategy+and+the+Salafi+Jihad+Movement&rft.place=Colorado+Springs%2C+Colorado&rft.series=INSS+Occasional+Paper&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E42-%3C%2Fspan%3E86&rft.pub=USAF+Institute+for+National+Security+Studies+at+the+USAF+Academy&rft.date=2008-04&rft.aulast=Shultz&rft.aufirst=Richard+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D0s0gAQAAIAAJ%26pg%3DPA42&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslamic+extremism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUllah2017" class="citation book cs1">Ullah, Haroon K. (2017). <i>Digital World War: Islamists, Extremists, and the Fight for Cyber Supremacy</i>. Yale University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0300231106" title="Special:BookSources/978-0300231106"><bdi>978-0300231106</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Digital+World+War%3A+Islamists%2C+Extremists%2C+and+the+Fight+for+Cyber+Supremacy&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-0300231106&rft.aulast=Ullah&rft.aufirst=Haroon+K.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslamic+extremism" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Islamic_extremism&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikiquote-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/13px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="13" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/20px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/27px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></a></span> Quotations related to <a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Special:Search/Islamic_extremism" class="extiw" title="wikiquote:Special:Search/Islamic extremism">Islamic extremism</a> at Wikiquote</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid 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.navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Islamic_extremism_by_country736" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:World_topic" title="Template:World topic"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:World_topic" title="Template talk:World topic"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:World_topic" title="Special:EditPage/Template:World topic"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Islamic_extremism_by_country736" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Islamic extremism by country</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_extremism_in_Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic extremism in Australia">Australia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_extremism_in_Azerbaijan" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic extremism in Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_extremism_in_Belgium" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic extremism in Belgium">Belgium</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_extremism_in_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic extremism in India">India</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_extremism_in_Italy" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic extremism in Italy">Italy</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_extremism_in_Maldives" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic extremism in Maldives">Maldives</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_extremism_in_Mali" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic extremism in Mali">Mali</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_extremism_in_the_Netherlands" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic extremism in the Netherlands">Netherlands</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_extremism_in_South_Africa" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic extremism in South Africa">South Africa</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_extremism_in_Spain" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic extremism in Spain">Spain</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_extremism_in_Sweden" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic extremism in Sweden">Sweden</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_extremism_in_the_United_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic extremism in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_extremism_in_the_United_States" title="Islamic extremism in the United States">United States</a></li></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Islamic_terrorism_in_Europe66" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Islamic_terrorism_in_Europe" title="Template:Islamic terrorism in Europe"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Islamic_terrorism_in_Europe" title="Template talk:Islamic terrorism in Europe"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Islamic_terrorism_in_Europe" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Islamic terrorism in Europe"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Islamic_terrorism_in_Europe66" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Islamic_terrorism_in_Europe" title="Islamic terrorism in Europe">Islamic terrorism in Europe</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Terrorism_in_Europe" title="Terrorism in Europe">Terrorism in Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_terrorism" title="Islamic terrorism">Islamic terrorism</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Islamic extremism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_and_violence" title="Islam and violence">Islam and violence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jihadism" title="Jihadism">Jihadism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spillover_of_the_Syrian_Civil_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Spillover of the Syrian Civil War">Spillover of the Syrian Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISIL-related_terrorist_attacks_in_France" class="mw-redirect" title="ISIL-related terrorist attacks in France">ISIL-related terrorist attacks in France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brussels_ISIL_terror_cell" class="mw-redirect" title="Brussels ISIL terror cell">Brussels ISIL terror cell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannes-Torcy_cell" title="Cannes-Torcy cell">Cannes-Torcy cell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insurgency_in_the_North_Caucasus" title="Insurgency in the North Caucasus">Insurgency in the North Caucasus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_State_of_Iraq_and_the_Levant" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant">Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Qaeda_activities_in_Europe" title="Al-Qaeda activities in Europe">Al-Qaeda involvement in Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lone_wolf_attacks" class="mw-redirect" title="Lone wolf attacks">Lone wolf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salafi_jihadism" title="Salafi jihadism">Salafi jihadism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Attacks</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">East</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2017_Saint_Petersburg_Metro_bombing" title="2017 Saint Petersburg Metro bombing">2017 Saint Petersburg Metro bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shchelkovo_Highway_police_station_attack" title="Shchelkovo Highway police station attack">Shchelkovo Highway police station attack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crocus_City_Hall_attack" title="Crocus City Hall attack">Crocus City Hall attack</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">North</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2010_Stockholm_bombings" title="2010 Stockholm bombings">2010 Stockholm bombings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2015_Copenhagen_shootings" title="2015 Copenhagen shootings">2015 Copenhagen shootings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2017_Stockholm_truck_attack" title="2017 Stockholm truck attack">2017 Stockholm truck attack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2017_Turku_attack" title="2017 Turku attack">2017 Turku attack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2022_Oslo_shooting" title="2022 Oslo shooting">2022 Oslo shooting</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="UnitedKingdom53" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Terrorism_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Terrorism in the United Kingdom">United<br />Kingdom</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/7_July_2005_London_bombings" title="7 July 2005 London bombings">2005 London bombings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glasgow_Airport_attack" class="mw-redirect" title="Glasgow Airport attack">Glasgow Airport attack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murder_of_Lee_Rigby" title="Murder of Lee Rigby">Murder of Lee Rigby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2017_Westminster_attack" title="2017 Westminster attack">2017 Westminster attack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manchester_Arena_bombing" title="Manchester Arena bombing">Manchester Arena bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2017_London_Bridge_attack" title="2017 London Bridge attack">2017 London Bridge attack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parsons_Green_train_bombing" title="Parsons Green train bombing">Parsons Green train bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2019_London_Bridge_stabbing" class="mw-redirect" title="2019 London Bridge stabbing">2019 London Bridge stabbing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2020_Streatham_stabbing" title="2020 Streatham stabbing">2020 Streatham stabbing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2020_Reading_stabbings" title="2020 Reading stabbings">2020 Reading stabbings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murder_of_David_Amess" title="Murder of David Amess">Murder of David Amess</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">South</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2003_Istanbul_bombings" title="2003 Istanbul bombings">2003 Istanbul bombings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2004_Madrid_train_bombings" title="2004 Madrid train bombings">2004 Madrid train bombings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2017_Barcelona_attacks" title="2017 Barcelona attacks">2017 Barcelona attacks</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">West</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2020_Vienna_attack" title="2020 Vienna attack">2020 Vienna attack</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Terrorist_activity_in_Belgium" title="Terrorist activity in Belgium">Belgium</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Museum_of_Belgium_shooting" title="Jewish Museum of Belgium shooting">Jewish Museum of Belgium shooting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_Brussels_bombings" title="2016 Brussels bombings">2016 Brussels bombings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_stabbing_of_Charleroi_police_officers" title="2016 stabbing of Charleroi police officers">2016 stabbing of Charleroi police officers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_stabbing_of_Brussels_police_officers" class="mw-redirect" title="2016 stabbing of Brussels police officers">2016 stabbing of Brussels police officers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/June_2017_Brussels_attack" class="mw-redirect" title="June 2017 Brussels attack">June 2017 Brussels attack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/August_2017_Brussels_attack" class="mw-redirect" title="August 2017 Brussels attack">August 2017 Brussels attack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2018_Li%C3%A8ge_attack" title="2018 Liège attack">2018 Liège attack</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_terrorist_incidents_in_France" title="List of terrorist incidents in France">France</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Air_France_Flight_8969" title="Air France Flight 8969">Air France Flight 8969</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1995_France_bombings" title="1995 France bombings">1995 bombings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toulouse_and_Montauban_shootings" title="Toulouse and Montauban shootings">Toulouse and Montauban shootings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2013_La_D%C3%A9fense_attack" title="2013 La Défense attack">2013 La Défense attack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2014_Tours_police_station_stabbing" title="2014 Tours police station stabbing">2014 Tours police station stabbing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/January_2015_%C3%8Ele-de-France_attacks" title="January 2015 Île-de-France attacks">2015 Île-de-France attacks</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Charlie_Hebdo_shooting" title="Charlie Hebdo shooting">Charlie Hebdo shooting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypercacher_kosher_supermarket_siege" title="Hypercacher kosher supermarket siege">Hypercacher siege</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2015_Nice_stabbing" title="2015 Nice stabbing">2015 Nice stabbing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint-Quentin-Fallavier_attack" class="mw-redirect" title="Saint-Quentin-Fallavier attack">Saint-Quentin-Fallavier attack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2015_Thalys_train_attack" title="2015 Thalys train attack">2015 Thalys train attack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/November_2015_Paris_attacks" title="November 2015 Paris attacks">2015 Paris attacks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/January_2016_Paris_police_station_attack" title="January 2016 Paris police station attack">2016 Paris police station attack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_Magnanville_stabbing" title="2016 Magnanville stabbing">2016 Magnanville stabbing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_Nice_truck_attack" title="2016 Nice truck attack">2016 Nice truck attack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_Normandy_church_attack" title="2016 Normandy church attack">2016 Normandy church attack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2017_Orly_Airport_attack" title="2017 Orly Airport attack">2017 Orly Airport attack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/April_2017_Champs-%C3%89lys%C3%A9es_attack" title="April 2017 Champs-Élysées attack">2017 Champs-Élysées attack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2017_Notre-Dame_de_Paris_attack" title="2017 Notre-Dame de Paris attack">2017 Notre Dame attack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/June_2017_Champs-%C3%89lys%C3%A9es_car_ramming_attack" title="June 2017 Champs-Élysées car ramming attack">2017 Champs-Élysées ramming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2017_Levallois-Perret_attack" title="2017 Levallois-Perret attack">Levallois-Perret attack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2017_Marseille_stabbing" title="2017 Marseille stabbing">2017 Marseille stabbing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carcassonne_and_Tr%C3%A8bes_attack" title="Carcassonne and Trèbes attack">Carcassonne and Trèbes attack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2018_Paris_knife_attack" title="2018 Paris knife attack">2018 Paris knife attack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2018_Strasbourg_attack" title="2018 Strasbourg attack">2018 Strasbourg attack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2019_Lyon_bombing" title="2019 Lyon bombing">2019 Lyon bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paris_police_headquarters_stabbing" title="Paris police headquarters stabbing">Paris police headquarters stabbing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2020_Romans-sur-Is%C3%A8re_knife_attack" title="2020 Romans-sur-Isère knife attack">2020 Romans-sur-Isère knife attack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2020_Paris_stabbing_attack" title="2020 Paris stabbing attack">2020 Paris stabbing attack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murder_of_Samuel_Paty" title="Murder of Samuel Paty">Murder of Samuel Paty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2020_Nice_stabbing" title="2020 Nice stabbing">2020 Nice stabbing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rambouillet_knife_attack" class="mw-redirect" title="Rambouillet knife attack">Rambouillet knife attack</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Terrorism_in_Germany" title="Terrorism in Germany">Germany</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2011_Frankfurt_Airport_shooting" title="2011 Frankfurt Airport shooting">2011 Frankfurt Airport shooting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hanover_stabbing" class="mw-redirect" title="Hanover stabbing">Hanover stabbing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/W%C3%BCrzburg_train_attack" title="Würzburg train attack">Würzburg train attack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_Ansbach_bombing" title="2016 Ansbach bombing">2016 Ansbach bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_Berlin_truck_attack" title="2016 Berlin truck attack">2016 Berlin truck attack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2017_Hamburg_knife_attack" class="mw-redirect" title="2017 Hamburg knife attack">2017 Hamburg knife attack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2020_Dresden_knife_attack" class="mw-redirect" title="2020 Dresden knife attack">2020 Dresden knife attack</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_terrorist_incidents_in_the_Netherlands" title="List of terrorist incidents in the Netherlands">Netherlands</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Theo_van_Gogh_(film_director)" title="Theo van Gogh (film director)">Murder of Theo van Gogh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2018_Amsterdam_stabbing_attack" title="2018 Amsterdam stabbing attack">2018 Amsterdam stabbing attack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Utrecht_tram_shooting" title="Utrecht tram shooting">2019 Utrecht tram shooting</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Counter-<br />terrorism</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Operations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Op%C3%A9ration_Sentinelle" title="Opération Sentinelle">Opération Sentinelle, France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Vigilant_Guardian" title="Operation Vigilant Guardian">Operation Vigilant Guardian, Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Temperer" title="Operation Temperer">Operation Temperer, UK</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Raids</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2014_Norway_terror_threat" title="2014 Norway terror threat">2014 anti-terrorism operations in Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/January_2015_anti-terrorism_operations_in_Belgium" class="mw-redirect" title="January 2015 anti-terrorism operations in Belgium">January 2015 anti-terrorism operations in Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brussels_lockdown" class="mw-redirect" title="Brussels lockdown">Brussels lockdown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_Brussels_police_raids" title="2016 Brussels police raids">2016 Brussels police raids</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2015_Saint-Denis_raid" title="2015 Saint-Denis raid">2015 Saint-Denis, France raid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2017_St._Petersburg_raid" title="2017 St. Petersburg raid">2017 Saint Petersburg raid</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Islam_topics273" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#dcf5dc;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Islam_topics" title="Template:Islam topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Islam_topics" title="Template talk:Islam topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Islam_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Islam topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Islam_topics273" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a> topics</div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background-color:#dcf5dc;"><div><b><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Islam" title="Outline of Islam">Outline of Islam</a></b></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background:#dcf5dc;"><a href="/wiki/Schools_of_Islamic_theology" title="Schools of Islamic theology">Beliefs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/God_in_Islam" title="God in Islam">God in Islam</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Allah" title="Allah">Allah</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tawhid" title="Tawhid">Tawhid</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad" title="Muhammad">Muhammad</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_in_Islam" title="Muhammad in Islam">In Islam</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prophets_and_messengers_in_Islam" title="Prophets and messengers in Islam">Prophets of Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angels_in_Islam" title="Angels in Islam">Angels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_holy_books" title="Islamic holy books">Revelation</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Predestination_in_Islam" title="Predestination in Islam">Qadar</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Day_of_Resurrection" class="mw-redirect" title="Day of Resurrection">Judgement Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holiest_sites_in_Islam" title="Holiest sites in Islam">Holiest sites</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background:#dcf5dc;"><a href="/wiki/Five_Pillars_of_Islam" title="Five Pillars of Islam">Five Pillars</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0;background-color:#f7fdf7;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Shahada" title="Shahada">Shahada</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Salah" title="Salah">Salah</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Fasting_in_Islam" title="Fasting in Islam">Sawm</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Zakat" title="Zakat">Zakat</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hajj" title="Hajj">Hajj</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background:#dcf5dc;"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Islam" title="History of Islam">History</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_religious_leaders" title="Islamic religious leaders">Leaders</a></li></ul></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_history_of_Islam" title="Timeline of the history of Islam">Timeline of the history of Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Succession_to_Muhammad" title="Succession to Muhammad">Succession to Muhammad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_Muslim_conquests" title="Early Muslim conquests">Early conquests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_Golden_Age" title="Islamic Golden Age">Golden Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historiography_of_early_Islam" title="Historiography of early Islam">Historiography</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Companions_of_the_Prophet" title="Companions of the Prophet">Sahaba</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ahl_al-Bayt" title="Ahl al-Bayt">Ahl al-Bayt</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imamate_in_Shia_doctrine" title="Imamate in Shia doctrine">Shi'a Imams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caliphate" title="Caliphate">Caliphates</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rashidun_Caliphate" title="Rashidun Caliphate"><i>Rashidun</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Umayyad_Caliphate" title="Umayyad Caliphate">Umayyad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abbasid_Caliphate" title="Abbasid Caliphate">Abbasid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caliphate_of_C%C3%B3rdoba" class="mw-redirect" title="Caliphate of Córdoba">Córdoba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fatimid_Caliphate" title="Fatimid Caliphate">Fatimid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Almohad_Caliphate" title="Almohad Caliphate">Almohad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sokoto_Caliphate" title="Sokoto Caliphate">Sokoto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Caliphate" title="Ottoman Caliphate">Ottoman</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background:#dcf5dc;"><a href="/wiki/Islamic_holy_books" title="Islamic holy books">Religious texts</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0;background-color:#f7fdf7;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Quran" title="Quran">Quran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hadith" title="Hadith">Hadith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tafsir" title="Tafsir">Tafsir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prophetic_biography" class="mw-redirect" title="Prophetic biography">Seerah</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Qisas_Al-Anbiya" class="mw-redirect" title="Qisas Al-Anbiya">Story of Prophets</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background:#dcf5dc;"><a href="/wiki/Islamic_schools_and_branches" title="Islamic schools and branches">Denominations</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sunni_Islam" title="Sunni Islam">Sunni</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ash%27arism" title="Ash'arism">Ash'arism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atharism" title="Atharism">Atharism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maturidism" title="Maturidism">Maturidism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mu%27tazili" class="mw-redirect" title="Mu'tazili">Mu'tazili</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salafi_movement" title="Salafi movement">Salafi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wahhabism" title="Wahhabism">Wahhabism</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sufism" title="Sufism">Sufi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shia_Islam" title="Shia Islam">Shia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Twelver_Shi%27ism" title="Twelver Shi'ism">Twelver Shi'ism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isma%27ilism" title="Isma'ilism">Isma'ilism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alawites" title="Alawites">Alawites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alevism" title="Alevism">Alevism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alevism" title="Alevism">Bektashi Alevism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zaydism" title="Zaydism">Zaydism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhakkima" title="Muhakkima">Muhakkima</a>/<a href="/wiki/Kharijites" title="Kharijites">Khawarij</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Azariqa" title="Azariqa">Azariqa</a></li> <li>Moderate Kharijites <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ibadi_Islam" title="Ibadi Islam">Ibadi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Azzabas" title="Azzabas">Azzabas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nukkari" title="Nukkari">Nukkari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibadi_Islam#Wahbi_school" title="Ibadi Islam">Wahbi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sufri" title="Sufri">Sufri</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Najdat" title="Najdat">Najdat</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nation_of_Islam" title="Nation of Islam">Nation of Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmadiyya" title="Ahmadiyya">Ahmadiyya</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lahore_Ahmadiyya_Movement_for_the_Propagation_of_Islam" class="mw-redirect" title="Lahore Ahmadiyya Movement for the Propagation of Islam">Lahori</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quranism" title="Quranism">Quranism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-denominational_Muslim" title="Non-denominational Muslim">Non-denominational</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background:#dcf5dc;"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Muslim_world" title="Muslim world">Life</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_culture" title="Islamic culture">Culture</a></li></ul></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0;background-color:#f7fdf7;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Animals_in_Islam" title="Animals in Islam">Animals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_art" title="Islamic art">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_association_football" class="mw-redirect" title="Islam in association football">Association football</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_calendar" title="Islamic calendar">Calendar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_and_children" title="Islam and children">Children</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_clothing" title="Islamic clothing">Clothing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_flags" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic flags">Flags</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_holidays" title="Islamic holidays">Holidays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mosque" title="Mosque">Mosques</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madrasa" title="Madrasa">Madrasas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morality_in_Islam" title="Morality in Islam">Moral teachings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_music" title="Islamic music">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_philosophy" title="Islamic philosophy">Philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_aspects_of_Islam" title="Political aspects of Islam">Political aspects</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Qurban_(Islamic_ritual_sacrifice)" title="Qurban (Islamic ritual sacrifice)">Qurbani</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_attitudes_towards_science" title="Islamic attitudes towards science">Science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_and_humanity" title="Islam and humanity">Social welfare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Islam" title="Women in Islam">Women</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_in_Islam" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT in Islam">LGBT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_by_country" title="Islam by country">Islam by country</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#dcf5dc;"><div id="LawJurisprudence273" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sharia" title="Sharia">Law</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Fiqh" title="Fiqh">Jurisprudence</a></li></ul></div></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background:#dcf5dc;"><a href="/wiki/Islamic_economics" title="Islamic economics">Economics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_banking_and_finance" title="Islamic banking and finance">Banking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Islamic_economics" title="History of Islamic economics">Economic history</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sukuk" title="Sukuk">Sukuk</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Takaful" title="Takaful">Takaful</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Murabaha" title="Murabaha">Murabaha</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Riba" title="Riba">Riba</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background:#dcf5dc;"><a href="/wiki/Islamic_hygienical_jurisprudence" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic hygienical jurisprudence">Hygiene</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0;background-color:#f7fdf7;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Ghusl" title="Ghusl">Ghusl</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Miswak" title="Miswak">Miswak</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Najis" title="Najis">Najis</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tayammum" title="Tayammum">Tayammum</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_toilet_etiquette" title="Islamic toilet etiquette">Toilet</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Wudu" title="Wudu">Wudu</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background:#dcf5dc;"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_family_jurisprudence" title="Islamic family jurisprudence">Family</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_marital_jurisprudence" title="Islamic marital jurisprudence">Marriage</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_sexual_jurisprudence" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic sexual jurisprudence">Sex</a></li></ul></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Haya_(Islam)" title="Haya (Islam)">Haya</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Islamic_marriage_contract" title="Islamic marriage contract">Marriage contract</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mahr" title="Mahr">Mahr</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mahram" title="Mahram">Mahram</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Marriage_in_Islam" title="Marriage in Islam">Nikah</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Nikah_mut%27ah" title="Nikah mut'ah">Nikah mut'ah</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Zina" title="Zina">Zina</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background:#dcf5dc;">Other aspects</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0;background-color:#f7fdf7;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Baligh" title="Baligh">Baligh</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_hygienical_jurisprudence" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic hygienical jurisprudence">Cleanliness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_criminal_jurisprudence" title="Islamic criminal jurisprudence">Criminal</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apostasy_in_Islam" title="Apostasy in Islam">Apostasy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_and_blasphemy" title="Islam and blasphemy">Blasphemy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_Islam" title="Capital punishment in Islam">Death penalty</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dhabihah" title="Dhabihah">Dhabiĥa</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dhimmi" title="Dhimmi">Dhimmi</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divorce_in_Islam" title="Divorce in Islam">Divorce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_dietary_laws" title="Islamic dietary laws">Diet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_ethics" title="Islamic ethics">Ethics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adab_(Islam)" title="Adab (Islam)">Etiquette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maisir" title="Maisir">Gambling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_and_gender_segregation" title="Islam and gender segregation">Gender segregation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_honorifics" title="Islamic honorifics">Honorifics</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hudud" title="Hudud">Hudud</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_inheritance_jurisprudence" title="Islamic inheritance jurisprudence">Inheritance</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Jizya" title="Jizya">Jizya</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_leadership" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic leadership">Leadership</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ma_malakat_aymanukum" class="mw-redirect" title="Ma malakat aymanukum">Ma malakat aymanukum</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_military_jurisprudence" title="Islamic military jurisprudence">Military</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prisoners_of_war_in_Islam" class="mw-redirect" title="Prisoners of war in Islam">POWs</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_views_on_slavery" title="Islamic views on slavery">Slavery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sources_of_sharia" class="mw-redirect" title="Sources of sharia">Sources of law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_theological_jurisprudence" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic theological jurisprudence">Theological</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Kalam" title="Kalam">Kalam</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madhhab" title="Madhhab">Schools of islamic jurisprudence</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#dcf5dc;"><div id="_Islamic_studies273" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span style="padding-left:2.5em;"> </span><a href="/wiki/Islamic_studies" title="Islamic studies">Islamic studies</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background:#dcf5dc;"><a href="/wiki/Islamic_art" title="Islamic art">Arts</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arabesque" title="Arabesque">Arabesque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_architecture" title="Islamic architecture">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_calligraphy" title="Islamic calligraphy">Calligraphy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oriental_rug" title="Oriental rug">Carpets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_garden" title="Islamic garden">Gardens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_geometric_patterns" title="Islamic geometric patterns">Geometric patterns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_music" title="Islamic music">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_pottery" title="Islamic pottery">Pottery</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background:#dcf5dc;"><a href="/wiki/Science_in_the_medieval_Islamic_world" title="Science in the medieval Islamic world">Medieval science</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0;background-color:#f7fdf7;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alchemy_and_chemistry_in_the_medieval_Islamic_world" class="mw-redirect" title="Alchemy and chemistry in the medieval Islamic world">Alchemy and chemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Astronomy_in_the_medieval_Islamic_world" title="Astronomy in the medieval Islamic world">Astronomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cosmology_in_medieval_Islam" class="mw-redirect" title="Cosmology in medieval Islam">Cosmology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_and_cartography_in_the_medieval_Islamic_world" title="Geography and cartography in the medieval Islamic world">Geography and cartography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mathematics_in_the_medieval_Islamic_world" title="Mathematics in the medieval Islamic world">Mathematics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medicine_in_the_medieval_Islamic_world" title="Medicine in the medieval Islamic world">Medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ophthalmology_in_the_medieval_Islamic_world" title="Ophthalmology in the medieval Islamic world">Ophthalmology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Physics_in_the_medieval_Islamic_world" title="Physics in the medieval Islamic world">Physics</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background:#dcf5dc;"><a href="/wiki/Islamic_philosophy" title="Islamic philosophy">Philosophy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Early_Islamic_philosophy" title="Early Islamic philosophy">Early</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contemporary_Islamic_philosophy" title="Contemporary Islamic philosophy">Contemporary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_eschatology" title="Islamic eschatology">Eschatology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalam" title="Kalam">Theological</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background:#dcf5dc;">Other areas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0;background-color:#f7fdf7;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Astrology_in_the_medieval_Islamic_world" title="Astrology in the medieval Islamic world">Astrology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_views_on_evolution" title="Islamic views on evolution">Creationism (evolution)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_feminism" title="Islamic feminism">Feminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_inventions_in_the_medieval_Islamic_world" title="List of inventions in the medieval Islamic world">Inventions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_and_progressivism_within_Islam" title="Liberalism and progressivism within Islam">Liberalism and progressivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_literature" title="Islamic literature">Literature</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_poetry" title="Islamic poetry">poetry</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychology_in_the_medieval_Islamic_world" title="Psychology in the medieval Islamic world">Psychology</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Shu%27ubiyya" title="Shu'ubiyya">Shu'ubiyya</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conversion_of_non-Islamic_places_of_worship_into_mosques" title="Conversion of non-Islamic places of worship into mosques">Conversion to mosques</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#dcf5dc;"><div id="_Other273" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span style="padding-left:2.5em;"> </span>Other</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background:#dcf5dc;"><a href="/wiki/Islam_and_other_religions" title="Islam and other religions">Other religions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_and_Islam" title="Christianity and Islam">Christianity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_and_Islam" title="Catholic Church and Islam">Catholicism</a></li> <li><a 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