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class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Classification & Distribution</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Classification_&_Distribution-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Classification & Distribution subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Classification_&_Distribution-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Geographic_distribution" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Geographic_distribution"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Geographic distribution</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Geographic_distribution-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Phonology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Phonology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Phonology</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Phonology-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Phonology subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Phonology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Vowels" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vowels"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Vowels</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vowels-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Consonants" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Consonants"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Consonants</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Consonants-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Phonotactics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Phonotactics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Phonotactics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Phonotactics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Spelling_systems" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Spelling_systems"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Spelling systems</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Spelling_systems-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Spelling systems subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Spelling_systems-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Comparison_table_of_various_spelling_systems_for_Batsbi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Comparison_table_of_various_spelling_systems_for_Batsbi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Comparison table of various spelling systems for Batsbi</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Comparison_table_of_various_spelling_systems_for_Batsbi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Morphosyntax" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Morphosyntax"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Morphosyntax</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Morphosyntax-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Morphosyntax subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Morphosyntax-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Pronouns" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pronouns"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Pronouns</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pronouns-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Personal_pronouns_-_first_and_second_persons" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Personal_pronouns_-_first_and_second_persons"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1.1</span> <span>Personal pronouns - first and second persons</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Personal_pronouns_-_first_and_second_persons-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Third_person_pronouns/Demonstratives" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Third_person_pronouns/Demonstratives"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1.2</span> <span>Third person pronouns/Demonstratives</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Third_person_pronouns/Demonstratives-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Adnominal_demonstratives" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Adnominal_demonstratives"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1.3</span> <span>Adnominal demonstratives</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Adnominal_demonstratives-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Interrogative_pronouns" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Interrogative_pronouns"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1.4</span> <span>Interrogative pronouns</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Interrogative_pronouns-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Noun_classes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Noun_classes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Noun classes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Noun_classes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Number_of_classes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Number_of_classes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2.1</span> <span>Number of classes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Number_of_classes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Exceptions_and_Nouns_without_inherent_gender" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Exceptions_and_Nouns_without_inherent_gender"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2.2</span> <span>Exceptions and Nouns without inherent gender</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Exceptions_and_Nouns_without_inherent_gender-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gender_agreement_in_adjectives" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gender_agreement_in_adjectives"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2.3</span> <span>Gender agreement in adjectives</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gender_agreement_in_adjectives-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Grammatical_number_and_case" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Grammatical_number_and_case"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Grammatical number and case</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Grammatical_number_and_case-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Verbs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Verbs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4</span> <span>Verbs</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Verbs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Postpositions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Postpositions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.5</span> <span>Postpositions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Postpositions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Numerals" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Numerals"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Numerals</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Numerals-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Bats language</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 34 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-34" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">34 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%AA%D8%B3%DB%8C_%D8%AF%DB%8C%D9%84%DB%8C" title="بتسی دیلی – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="بتسی دیلی" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B1%D0%B8%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BA" title="Бацбийски език – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Бацбийски език" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batseg" title="Batseg – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Batseg" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-se mw-list-item"><a href="https://se.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batsigiella" title="Batsigiella – Northern Sami" lang="se" hreflang="se" data-title="Batsigiella" data-language-autonym="Davvisámegiella" data-language-local-name="Northern Sami" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Davvisámegiella</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batsische_Sprache" title="Batsische Sprache – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Batsische Sprache" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batsbi_keel" title="Batsbi keel – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Batsbi keel" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacba_lingvo" title="Bacba lingvo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Bacba lingvo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B2%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%A8%D8%AA%D8%B3%DB%8C" title="زبان بتسی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="زبان بتسی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bats_(langue)" title="Bats (langue) – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Bats (langue)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%B0%94%EC%B8%A0%EC%96%B4" title="바츠어 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="바츠어" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacbijski_jezik" title="Bacbijski jezik – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Bacbijski jezik" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ig mw-list-item"><a href="https://ig.wikipedia.org/wiki/As%E1%BB%A5s%E1%BB%A5_%E1%BB%A5s%E1%BB%A5" title="Asụsụ ụsụ – Igbo" lang="ig" hreflang="ig" data-title="Asụsụ ụsụ" data-language-autonym="Igbo" data-language-local-name="Igbo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Igbo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_bats" title="Lingua bats – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Lingua bats" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%91%D7%90%D7%A6%D7%91%D7%99%D7%AA" title="באצבית – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="באצבית" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%91%E1%83%90%E1%83%AA%E1%83%91%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98_%E1%83%94%E1%83%9C%E1%83%90" title="ბაცბური ენა – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ბაცბური ენა" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D1%98%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BA" title="Батски јазик – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Батски јазик" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%91%E1%83%90%E1%83%AA%E1%83%91%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98_%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%90" title="ბაცბური ნინა – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ბაცბური ნინა" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%90%E3%83%84%E8%AA%9E" title="バツ語 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="バツ語" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%BE%D0%B9%D0%BD_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%82%D1%82" title="Бацойн мотт – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Бацойн мотт" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Нохчийн</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batsisk" title="Batsisk – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Batsisk" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batsisk" title="Batsisk – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Batsisk" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bats" title="Bats – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Bats" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lenga_Bats" title="Lenga Bats – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Lenga Bats" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C4%99zyk_bacbijski" title="Język bacbijski – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Język bacbijski" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%ADngua_bats" title="Língua bats – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Língua bats" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B1%D0%B8%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D1%8F%D0%B7%D1%8B%D0%BA" title="Бацбийский язык – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Бацбийский язык" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bats_language" title="Bats language – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Bats language" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl mw-list-item"><a href="https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacbisk%C5%8F_g%C5%8Fdka" title="Bacbiskŏ gŏdka – Silesian" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" data-title="Bacbiskŏ gŏdka" data-language-autonym="Ślůnski" data-language-local-name="Silesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ślůnski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B1%D0%B8%D1%98%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D1%98%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BA" title="Бацбијски језик – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Бацбијски језик" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batsin_kieli" title="Batsin kieli – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Batsin kieli" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bats_(spr%C3%A5k)" title="Bats (språk) – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Bats (språk)" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A0%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A9%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%AA%E0%B9%8C" title="ภาษาบัตส์ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ภาษาบัตส์" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bats%C3%A7a" title="Batsça – Turkish" lang="tr" 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.navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vevent infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above above" style="font-size:125%; color: black; background-color: lightgreen;">Bats</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="font-size:110%; color: black; background-color: lightgreen;"><span title="Bats-language text"><span lang="bbl">ბაცბა მოტტ</span></span><br /><span title="Bats-language romanization"><i lang="bbl-Latn">Batsba Moṭṭ</i></span><br /><span title="Bats-language romanization"><i lang="bbl-Latn">batsba motjiti</i></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Pronunciation</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[batsʰba<span class="wrap"> </span>motʼː]</span><br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[batsbur<span class="wrap"> </span>mɔt’ː]</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Native to</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/North_Caucasus" title="North Caucasus">North Caucasus</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Region</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;">Zemo-Alvani in <a href="/wiki/Kakheti" title="Kakheti">Kakheti</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Ethnicity</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Bats_people" title="Bats people">Bats people</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Native speakers</div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;">(500 cited 1997)<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br />far fewer than 3,000 active (2007)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><span class="wrap"><a href="/wiki/Language_family" title="Language family">Language family</a></span></div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><div style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Northeast_Caucasian_languages" title="Northeast Caucasian languages">Northeast Caucasian</a> <ul style="line-height:100%; margin-left:1.35em;padding-left:0"><li> <a href="/wiki/Nakh_languages" title="Nakh languages">Nakh</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><b>Bats</b></li></ul></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><span class="wrap"><a href="/wiki/Writing_system" title="Writing system">Writing system</a></span></div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Georgian_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Georgian script">Georgian script</a><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: black; background-color: lightgreen;">Language codes</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/ISO_639-3" title="ISO 639-3">ISO 639-3</a></span></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><code><a href="https://iso639-3.sil.org/code/bbl" class="extiw" title="iso639-3:bbl">bbl</a></code></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><i><a href="/wiki/Glottolog" title="Glottolog">Glottolog</a></i></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><code><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/bats1242">bats1242</a></code></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><a href="/wiki/Endangered_Languages_Project" title="Endangered Languages Project">ELP</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.endangeredlanguages.com/lang/1124">Batsbi</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Northeast_Caucasus_languages_map_en.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Northeast_Caucasus_languages_map_en.svg/320px-Northeast_Caucasus_languages_map_en.svg.png" decoding="async" width="320" height="334" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Northeast_Caucasus_languages_map_en.svg/480px-Northeast_Caucasus_languages_map_en.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Northeast_Caucasus_languages_map_en.svg/640px-Northeast_Caucasus_languages_map_en.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1133" data-file-height="1183" /></a></span><div style="text-align:left;"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#54D500; color:black;"> </span> Bats</div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below noprint selfref" style="background-color:#E7E7FF;color:inherit;padding:0.3em 0.5em;text-align:left;line-height:1.3;"><b>This article contains <a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet" title="International Phonetic Alphabet">IPA</a> phonetic symbols.</b> Without proper <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA#Rendering_issues" title="Help:IPA">rendering support</a>, you may see <a href="/wiki/Specials_(Unicode_block)#Replacement_character" title="Specials (Unicode block)">question marks, boxes, or other symbols</a> instead of <a href="/wiki/Unicode" title="Unicode">Unicode</a> characters. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA" title="Help:IPA">Help:IPA</a>.</td></tr></tbody></table><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236303919">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds img{background:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds img{background:white}}</style> <p><b>Bats</b> (<i>Batsbur Mott, or Batsba Moṭṭ</i> ბაცბა მოტტ, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/batsʰba<span class="wrap"> </span>motʼː/</span>), also known as <b>Batsbi</b>, Batsi, Batsb, Batsaw, or <b>Tsova-Tush</b>) is the <a href="/wiki/Endangered_language" title="Endangered language">endangered language</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Bats_people" title="Bats people">Bats people</a>, a <a href="/wiki/North_Caucasian_languages" title="North Caucasian languages">North Caucasian</a> minority group living in the <a href="/wiki/Georgia_(country)" title="Georgia (country)">Republic of Georgia</a>. Batsbi is part of the <a href="/wiki/Nakh_languages" title="Nakh languages">Nakh branch</a> of <a href="/wiki/Northeast_Caucasian_languages" title="Northeast Caucasian languages">Northeast Caucasian languages</a>. It had 2,500 to 3,000 speakers in 1975, with only one dialect. Batsbi is only used for spoken communication, as Bats people tend to use <a href="/wiki/Georgian_language" title="Georgian language">Georgian</a> when writing. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bats_language&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Bats_language" title="Special:EditPage/Bats language">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">October 2023</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Tusheti, the northeastern mountainous region of Georgia, is home to four tribes that consider themselves <a href="/wiki/Tushetians" title="Tushetians">Tushetians</a>: the Batsbi (also known as Tsovatush), the Gometsari, the Piriqiti, and the Chagma-Tush. Tsovatush people make up 50% of Tushetians. Only several hundred Tsovatush people speak Bats, whereas the other tribes (Gometsari, Piriqiti and Chagma-Tush) have lost the language. Evidence from <a href="/wiki/Toponymics" class="mw-redirect" title="Toponymics">toponymics</a> indicates that the other three Tushetian tribes formerly spoke Bats, suggesting that all Tushetians once did and over time the Georgian language replaced Bats. </p><p>The mountainous terrain preserved the culture and traditions of Tushetians, but the history of isolation makes it more difficult to document them as only a few records exist. </p><p>The first grammar of Bats, <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Über die Thusch-Sprache</i></span>, was compiled by the <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">German</a> <a href="/wiki/Oriental_studies" title="Oriental studies">orientalist</a> <a href="/wiki/Anton_Schiefner" class="mw-redirect" title="Anton Schiefner">Anton Schiefner</a> (1817–1879), making it into the first grammar of an indigenous Caucasian language based on sound scientific principles.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Classification_&_Distribution"><span id="Classification_.26_Distribution"></span>Classification & Distribution</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bats_language&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Classification & Distribution"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Batsbi belongs to the <a href="/wiki/Nakh_languages" title="Nakh languages">Nakh</a> branch of the <a href="/wiki/Northeast_Caucasian_languages" title="Northeast Caucasian languages">Northeast Caucasian language</a> family. The language is not <a href="/wiki/Mutually_intelligible" class="mw-redirect" title="Mutually intelligible">mutually intelligible</a> with either <a href="/wiki/Chechen_language" title="Chechen language">Chechen</a> or <a href="/wiki/Ingush_language" title="Ingush language">Ingush</a>, the other two Nakh languages. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Geographic_distribution">Geographic distribution</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bats_language&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Geographic distribution"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Most speakers of Bats live in the village of <a href="/w/index.php?title=Zemo-Alvani&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Zemo-Alvani (page does not exist)">Zemo-Alvani</a>, on the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kakhetia_Plain&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kakhetia Plain (page does not exist)">Kakheti Plain</a>, in the <a href="/wiki/Akhmeta_Municipality" title="Akhmeta Municipality">Akhmeta Municipality</a> of Georgia. There are some families of Bats in <a href="/wiki/Tbilisi" title="Tbilisi">Tbilisi</a> and other bigger towns in Georgia. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Phonology">Phonology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bats_language&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Phonology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Vowels">Vowels</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bats_language&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Vowels"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Bats has a <a href="/wiki/Linguistic_typology" title="Linguistic typology">typologically common</a> five-vowel system. Although some authors claim that all vowels but /u/ contrast in <a href="/wiki/Vowel_length" title="Vowel length">length</a>, no <a href="/wiki/Minimal_pair" title="Minimal pair">minimal pairs</a> are given in any studies of Batsbi, nor are examples of long vowels available in the literature. </p> <table class="wikitable IPA" border="1" style="text-align: center"> <tbody><tr> <th> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Front_vowel" title="Front vowel">Front</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Back_vowel" title="Back vowel">Back</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/High_vowel" class="mw-redirect" title="High vowel">High</a> </th> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Close_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Close front unrounded vowel">i</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Close_back_rounded_vowel" title="Close back rounded vowel">u</a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Mid_vowel" title="Mid vowel">Mid</a> </th> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Open-mid_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Open-mid front unrounded vowel">ɛ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Open-mid_back_rounded_vowel" title="Open-mid back rounded vowel">ɔ</a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Low_vowel" class="mw-redirect" title="Low vowel">Low</a> </th> <td colspan="2"><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Open_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Open front unrounded vowel">a</a></span>     <span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Open_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Open front unrounded vowel">aː</a></span> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Bats also has the following <a href="/wiki/Diphthong" title="Diphthong">diphthongs</a>: <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ei/</span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ui/</span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/oi/</span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ai/</span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ou/</span>, and <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/au/</span>.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>All vowels and diphthongs have <a href="/wiki/Nasalization" title="Nasalization">nasalised</a> <a href="/wiki/Allophone" title="Allophone">allophones</a> that are the result of <a href="/wiki/Phonetics" title="Phonetics">phonetic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Morphophonology" title="Morphophonology">morphophonemic</a> processes: [ ĩ ẽ ã õ ũ ]. Nasalised vowels are represented in the <a href="/wiki/Georgian_scripts" title="Georgian scripts">Mkhedruli script</a> via a superscript ⟨ნ⟩ following the vowel in question, as in კნათ<b>ე<sup>ნ</sup></b> for [k’nat<b>ẽ</b>] <span class="gloss-quot">'</span><span class="gloss-text">boy-<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="genitive case" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">GEN</abbr></span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Consonants">Consonants</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bats_language&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Consonants"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Batsbi has a large <a href="/wiki/Consonant" title="Consonant">consonant inventory</a>, relatively typical for a Nakh-Dagestanian language, containing <a href="/wiki/Ejective_consonant" title="Ejective consonant">ejectives</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pharyngeal_consonant" title="Pharyngeal consonant">pharyngeals</a> and <a href="/wiki/Uvular_consonant" title="Uvular consonant">uvulars</a>. Unlike its close Nakh relatives, <a href="/wiki/Chechen_language" title="Chechen language">Chechen</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ingush_language" title="Ingush language">Ingush</a>, Batsbi has on the other hand retained the voiceless <a href="/wiki/Lateral_consonant" title="Lateral consonant">lateral</a> fricative <a href="/wiki/Voiceless_dental_and_alveolar_lateral_fricatives" title="Voiceless dental and alveolar lateral fricatives">/ɬ/</a>. Also notable is the presence of two <a href="/wiki/Gemination" title="Gemination">geminate</a> ejectives, /tːʼ/ and /qːʼ/, which are cross-linguistically rare.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable IPA" border="1" style="text-align: center"> <caption>Consonant Phonemes of Bats<sup id="cite_ref-HG1994_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HG1994-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="3"> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Labial_consonant" title="Labial consonant">Labial</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Dental_consonant" title="Dental consonant">Dental</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Alveolar_consonant" title="Alveolar consonant">Alveolar</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Palatal_consonant" title="Palatal consonant">Palatal</a>(<a href="/wiki/Palatalization_(phonetics)" title="Palatalization (phonetics)">ized</a>) </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Velar_consonant" title="Velar consonant">Velar</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Uvular_consonant" title="Uvular consonant">Uvular</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Pharyngeal_consonant" title="Pharyngeal consonant">Pharyngeal</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Glottal_consonant" title="Glottal consonant">Glottal</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3"><a href="/wiki/Nasal_consonant" title="Nasal consonant">Nasal</a> </th> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_bilabial_nasal" title="Voiced bilabial nasal">m</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_nasal" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar nasal">n</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="5"><a href="/wiki/Plosive_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Plosive consonant">Plosive</a> </th> <th><small><a href="/wiki/Aspirated_consonant" title="Aspirated consonant">aspirated</a></small> </th> <th><small><a href="/wiki/Fortis_and_lenis" title="Fortis and lenis">lenis</a></small> </th> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Aspirated_consonant" title="Aspirated consonant">pʰ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Aspirated_consonant" title="Aspirated consonant">tʰ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Aspirated_consonant" title="Aspirated consonant">t͜sʰ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Aspirated_consonant" title="Aspirated consonant">t͡ʃʰ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Aspirated_consonant" title="Aspirated consonant">kʰ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Aspirated_consonant" title="Aspirated consonant">qʰ</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Glottal_stop" title="Glottal stop">ʔ</a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th><small><a href="/wiki/Voicelessness" title="Voicelessness">voiceless</a></small> </th> <th><small><a href="/wiki/Fortis_and_lenis" title="Fortis and lenis">fortis</a></small> </th> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_plosive" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiceless alveolar plosive">tː</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_uvular_plosive" title="Voiceless uvular plosive">qː</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2"><small><a href="/wiki/Voice_(phonetics)" title="Voice (phonetics)">voiced</a></small> </th> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_bilabial_plosive" title="Voiced bilabial plosive">b</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_plosive" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar plosive">d</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_affricate" title="Voiced alveolar affricate">d͜z</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_postalveolar_affricate" title="Voiced postalveolar affricate">d͡ʒ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_velar_plosive" title="Voiced velar plosive">g</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2"><small><a href="/wiki/Ejective_consonant" title="Ejective consonant">ejective</a></small> </th> <th><small><a href="/wiki/Fortis_and_lenis" title="Fortis and lenis">lenis</a></small> </th> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Bilabial_ejective_stop" title="Bilabial ejective stop">pʼ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Alveolar_ejective_stop" class="mw-redirect" title="Alveolar ejective stop">tʼ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Alveolar_ejective_affricate" title="Alveolar ejective affricate">t͜sʼ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Palato-alveolar_ejective_affricate" title="Palato-alveolar ejective affricate">t͡ʃʼ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Velar_ejective_stop" title="Velar ejective stop">kʼ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Uvular_ejective_stop" title="Uvular ejective stop">qʼ</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th><small><a href="/wiki/Fortis_and_lenis" title="Fortis and lenis">fortis</a></small> </th> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Alveolar_ejective_stop" class="mw-redirect" title="Alveolar ejective stop">tːʼ</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Uvular_ejective_stop" title="Uvular ejective stop">qːʼ</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="4"><a href="/wiki/Fricative_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Fricative consonant">Fricative</a> </th> <th rowspan="3"><small><a href="/wiki/Voicelessness" title="Voicelessness">voiceless</a></small> </th> <th><small><a href="/wiki/Fortis_and_lenis" title="Fortis and lenis">lenis</a></small> </th> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_fricative" title="Voiceless alveolar fricative">s</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_postalveolar_fricative" title="Voiceless postalveolar fricative">ʃ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_velar_fricative" title="Voiceless velar fricative">x</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_pharyngeal_fricative" title="Voiceless pharyngeal fricative">ħ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_glottal_fricative" title="Voiceless glottal fricative">h</a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th><small><a href="/wiki/Fortis_and_lenis" title="Fortis and lenis">fortis</a></small> </th> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_fricative" title="Voiceless alveolar fricative">sː</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_velar_fricative" title="Voiceless velar fricative">xː</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th><small><a href="/wiki/Lateral_consonant" title="Lateral consonant">lateral</a></small> </th> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_lateral_fricative" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiceless alveolar lateral fricative">ɬ</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2"><small><a href="/wiki/Voice_(phonetics)" title="Voice (phonetics)">voiced</a></small> </th> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_labiodental_fricative" title="Voiced labiodental fricative">v</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_fricative" title="Voiced alveolar fricative">z</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_postalveolar_fricative" title="Voiced postalveolar fricative">ʒ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_velar_fricative" title="Voiced velar fricative">ɣ</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td rowspan="2"><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_pharyngeal_fricative" title="Voiced pharyngeal fricative">ʕ</a></span> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Approximant_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Approximant consonant">Approximant</a> </th> <th><small><a href="/wiki/Fortis_and_lenis" title="Fortis and lenis">lenis</a></small> </th> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_lateral_approximant" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar lateral approximant">l</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_palatal_approximant" title="Voiced palatal approximant">j</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th><small><a href="/wiki/Fortis_and_lenis" title="Fortis and lenis">fortis</a></small> </th> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_lateral_approximant" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar lateral approximant">lː</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3"><a href="/wiki/Flap_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Flap consonant">Flap</a> </th> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_dental_and_alveolar_taps_and_flaps" title="Voiced dental and alveolar taps and flaps">ɾ</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Phonotactics">Phonotactics</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bats_language&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Phonotactics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The most common syllable type in Batsbi is CVC.<sup id="cite_ref-HG1994_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HG1994-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, Batsbi words commonly contain sequences of two consonants, the second of which is often a fricative.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Stop-stop clusters often contain an <a href="/wiki/Ejective_consonant" title="Ejective consonant">ejective</a>. Those two-consonant clusters can occur in any position within the word, although less commonly word-finally. Sequences of three consonants do occur as well, although many are borrowings from <a href="/wiki/Georgian_language" title="Georgian language">Georgian</a>. Like many clusters in non-<a href="/wiki/Indo-European_languages" title="Indo-European languages">Indo-European</a> languages,<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> consonant sequences in Batsbi often fail to conform to the <a href="/wiki/Sonority_sequencing_principle" title="Sonority sequencing principle">sonority sequencing principle</a>. </p> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Word-initial Two-consonant Clusters<sup id="cite_ref-HG1994_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HG1994-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>C1 </th> <th>C2 </th> <th colspan="2" rowspan="2">Example </th> <th rowspan="2">English </th></tr> <tr> <td><b>Stop</b> </td> <td><b>Fricative</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td>b </td> <td>ʒ </td> <td><b>bʒ</b>ã </td> <td>ბჟა<sup>ნ</sup> </td> <td><i>livestok</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td>p </td> <td>ħ </td> <td><b>pħ</b>e </td> <td>ფჰჾე </td> <td><i>village</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td>tʃ </td> <td>x </td> <td><b>tʃx</b>otʼ </td> <td>ჩხოტ </td> <td><i>waterfall</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td>kʼ </td> <td>ʕ </td> <td><b>kʼʕ</b>okʼ </td> <td>კჺოკ </td> <td><i>hole</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td>m </td> <td>ʕ </td> <td><b>mʕ</b>al </td> <td>მჺალ </td> <td><i>common</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>Stop</b> </td> <td><b>Stop</b> </td> <td colspan="2"><b>Example</b> </td> <td><b>English</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td>tʼ </td> <td>qʼ </td> <td><b>tʼqʼ</b>a </td> <td>ტყა </td> <td><i>twenty</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td>kʼ </td> <td>n </td> <td><b>kʼn</b>atẽ </td> <td>კნათე<sup>ნ</sup> </td> <td><i>boy</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td>tʃʼ </td> <td>qʼ </td> <td><b>tʃʼq</b>ʼempʼʷ </td> <td>ჭყემფუ </td> <td><i>throat</i> </td></tr></tbody></table> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Word-initial Three-consonant Clusters<sup id="cite_ref-HG1994_6-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HG1994-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>C1 </th> <th>C2 </th> <th>C3 </th> <th colspan="2">Example </th> <th>English </th></tr> <tr> <td>p </td> <td>s </td> <td>t’ </td> <td><b>pst’</b>u </td> <td>ფსტუ </td> <td><i>wife</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td>t </td> <td>x </td> <td>ɾ </td> <td><b>txɾ</b>il </td> <td>თხრილ </td> <td><i>ditch</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td>t’ </td> <td>k’ </td> <td>m </td> <td><b>t’k’m</b>el </td> <td>ტკმელ </td> <td><i>dust</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td>t’ </td> <td>q’ </td> <td>v </td> <td><b>t’q’v</b>e </td> <td>თყვე </td> <td><i>prisoner</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td>g </td> <td>ɾ </td> <td>d </td> <td><b>gɾd</b>eml </td> <td>გრდემლ </td> <td><i>anvil</i> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Of the words containing three-consonant onsets above, all but /pst<b>’</b>u/ “wife” and /t’k’mel/ “dust” are native to Batsbi, the other ones being <a href="/wiki/Loanword" title="Loanword">loanwords</a> from Georgian. </p> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Word-final clusters </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>C1 </th> <th>C2 </th> <th colspan="2">Example </th> <th>English </th></tr> <tr> <td>ɾ </td> <td>k’ </td> <td>tsa<b>ɾk</b>ʼ </td> <td>ცარკ </td> <td><i>tooth</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td>p </td> <td>x </td> <td>ve<b>px</b> </td> <td>ვეფხ </td> <td><i>tiger</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td>t </td> <td>x </td> <td>ma<b>tx</b> </td> <td>მათხ </td> <td><i>sun</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td>v </td> <td>r </td> <td>skʼi<b>vɾ</b> </td> <td>სკივრ </td> <td><i>skunk</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td>n </td> <td>t’ </td> <td>abʒo<b>nt’</b> </td> <td>აბჟონტ </td> <td><i>stirrup</i> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Spelling_systems">Spelling systems</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bats_language&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Spelling systems"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Comparison_table_of_various_spelling_systems_for_Batsbi">Comparison table of various spelling systems for Batsbi</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bats_language&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Comparison table of various spelling systems for Batsbi"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th rowspan="2">Schiefner, 1856<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <th colspan="2">Imnaishvili, 1977 </th> <th colspan="2">Kadagidze, 1984 </th> <th colspan="2">Mikeladze, 2012 </th> <th rowspan="2">Desheriev, 1953 </th> <th rowspan="2">Chrelashvili, 1999 </th> <th rowspan="2">IPA </th></tr> <tr> <th>Georgian<br />transcription </th> <th>Latin<br />transcription </th> <th>Georgian<br />transcription </th> <th>Latin<br />transcription </th> <th>Georgian<br />transcription </th> <th>Latin<br />transcription </th></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="6">a </td> <td rowspan="2">ა </td> <td rowspan="2">a </td> <td rowspan="2">ა </td> <td rowspan="2">a </td> <td>ა, <small>⁀</small>ა </td> <td>A a, <small>⁀</small>A <small>⁀</small>a </td> <td>а </td> <td>а </td> <td><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">IPA:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA" title="Help:IPA">[a]</a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td>Ǎ ǎ, â </td> <td>а͏̆ </td> <td>а͏̆ </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1177148991"><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">IPA:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA" title="Help:IPA">[ă]</a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2"> </td> <td rowspan="2">ā </td> <td rowspan="2"> </td> <td rowspan="2">ā </td> <td> </td> <td>Ā ā </td> <td rowspan="2">а̄ </td> <td rowspan="2">а̄ </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1177148991"><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">IPA:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA" title="Help:IPA">[aː]</a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td>ā̄ </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1177148991"><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">IPA:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA" title="Help:IPA">[aː]</a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2">აჼ </td> <td rowspan="2">aⁿ </td> <td rowspan="2">აჼ </td> <td rowspan="2">aⁿ </td> <td>აჼ, <small>⁀</small>აჼ </td> <td>Ã ã, <small>⁀</small>Ã <small>⁀</small>ã </td> <td rowspan="2">а̃ </td> <td rowspan="2">а̃ </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1177148991"><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">IPA:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA" title="Help:IPA">[ã]</a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td>Ā̃ ā̃ </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1177148991"><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">IPA:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA" title="Help:IPA">[ãː]</a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>b </td> <td>ბ </td> <td>b </td> <td>ბ </td> <td>b </td> <td>ბ </td> <td>B b </td> <td>б </td> <td>б </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1177148991"><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">IPA:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA" title="Help:IPA">[b]</a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>g </td> <td>გ </td> <td>g </td> <td>გ </td> <td>g </td> <td>გ </td> <td>G g </td> <td>г </td> <td>г </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1177148991"><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">IPA:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA" title="Help:IPA">[ɡ]</a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>d </td> <td>დ </td> <td>d </td> <td>დ </td> <td>d </td> <td>დ </td> <td>D d </td> <td>д </td> <td>д </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1177148991"><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">IPA:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA" title="Help:IPA">[d]</a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="5">e </td> <td rowspan="2">ე </td> <td rowspan="2">e </td> <td rowspan="2">ე </td> <td rowspan="2">e </td> <td>ე </td> <td>E e </td> <td rowspan="2">е, э </td> <td>е </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1177148991"><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">IPA:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA" title="Help:IPA">[e]</a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><small>⁀</small> </td> <td>Ē ē, <small>⁀</small>Ē <small>⁀</small>ē </td> <td>е̄ </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1177148991"><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">IPA:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA" title="Help:IPA">[eː]</a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td>ĕ </td> <td> </td> <td>ĕ </td> <td> </td> <td>ě, ê </td> <td>е͏̆ </td> <td>е͏̆ </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1177148991"><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">IPA:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA" title="Help:IPA">[ĕ]</a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2">ეჼ </td> <td rowspan="2">eⁿ </td> <td rowspan="2">ეჼ </td> <td rowspan="2">eⁿ </td> <td>ეჼ </td> <td>Ẽ ẽ </td> <td rowspan="2">е̃ </td> <td rowspan="2">е̃ </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1177148991"><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">IPA:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA" title="Help:IPA">[ẽ]</a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td>Ē̃ ē̃ </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1177148991"><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">IPA:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA" title="Help:IPA">[ẽː]</a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>w </td> <td>ვ </td> <td>v </td> <td>ვ </td> <td>v </td> <td>ვ </td> <td>V v </td> <td>в </td> <td>в </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1177148991"><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">IPA:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA" title="Help:IPA">[v]</a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>z </td> <td>ზ </td> <td>z </td> <td>ზ </td> <td>z </td> <td>ზ </td> <td>Z z </td> <td>з </td> <td>з </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1177148991"><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">IPA:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA" title="Help:IPA">[z]</a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2">t̔ </td> <td>თ </td> <td>t </td> <td>თ </td> <td>t </td> <td>თ </td> <td>T t </td> <td>т </td> <td>т </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1177148991"><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">IPA:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA" title="Help:IPA">[tʰ]</a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>თთ </td> <td>tt </td> <td>თჾ </td> <td>tჾ </td> <td>თჾ </td> <td>tჾ </td> <td>тт </td> <td>тт </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1177148991"><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">IPA:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA" title="Help:IPA">[tː]</a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="5">i </td> <td rowspan="2">ი </td> <td rowspan="2">i </td> <td rowspan="2">ი </td> <td rowspan="2">i </td> <td>ი, <small>⁀</small>ი </td> <td>I i, <small>⁀</small>I<small> ⁀</small>i </td> <td>и </td> <td>и </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1177148991"><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">IPA:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA" title="Help:IPA">[i]</a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td>Ī ī </td> <td>ӣ </td> <td>ӣ </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1177148991"><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">IPA:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA" title="Help:IPA">[iː]</a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td>ĭ </td> <td> </td> <td>ĭ </td> <td> </td> <td>î </td> <td>и͏̆ </td> <td>и͏̆ </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1177148991"><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">IPA:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA" title="Help:IPA">[ĭ]</a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2">იჼ </td> <td rowspan="2">iⁿ </td> <td rowspan="2">იჼ </td> <td rowspan="2">iⁿ </td> <td>იჼ </td> <td>Ĩ ĩ </td> <td rowspan="2">и̃ </td> <td rowspan="2">и̃ </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1177148991"><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">IPA:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA" title="Help:IPA">[ĩ]</a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td>Ī̃ ī̃ </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1177148991"><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">IPA:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA" title="Help:IPA">[ĩː]</a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>k </td> <td>კ </td> <td>ḳ </td> <td>კ </td> <td>ḳ </td> <td>კ </td> <td>Ḳ ḳ </td> <td>кӀ </td> <td>кӀ </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1177148991"><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">IPA:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA" title="Help:IPA">[kʼ]</a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2">l </td> <td>ლ </td> <td>l </td> <td>ლ </td> <td>l </td> <td>ლ </td> <td>L l </td> <td>л </td> <td>л </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1177148991"><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">IPA:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA" title="Help:IPA">[l]</a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>ლლ </td> <td>ll </td> <td>ლჾ </td> <td>lჾ </td> <td>ლჾ </td> <td>lჾ </td> <td>лл </td> <td>лл </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1177148991"><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">IPA:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA" title="Help:IPA">[lː]</a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>l͓ </td> <td>ლʻ </td> <td>lʻ </td> <td>ლʻ </td> <td>lʻ </td> <td>ლʻ </td> <td>lʻ </td> <td>лъ </td> <td>лъ </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1177148991"><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">IPA:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA" title="Help:IPA">[ɬ]</a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>m </td> <td>მ </td> <td>m </td> <td>მ </td> <td>m </td> <td>მ </td> <td>M m </td> <td>м </td> <td>м </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1177148991"><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">IPA:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA" title="Help:IPA">[m]</a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>n </td> <td>ნ </td> <td>n </td> <td>ნ </td> <td>n </td> <td>ნ </td> <td>N n </td> <td>н </td> <td>н </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1177148991"><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">IPA:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA" title="Help:IPA">[n]</a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2">j </td> <td rowspan="2">ჲ </td> <td rowspan="2">j </td> <td rowspan="2">ჲ </td> <td rowspan="2">j </td> <td>ჲ </td> <td>J j </td> <td rowspan="2">й </td> <td rowspan="2">й </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1177148991"><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">IPA:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA" title="Help:IPA">[j]</a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>ჲჼ </td> <td>j̇̃ </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1177148991"><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">IPA:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA" title="Help:IPA">[j̃]</a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="6">o </td> <td rowspan="3">ო </td> <td rowspan="3">o </td> <td rowspan="3">ო </td> <td rowspan="3">o </td> <td>ო, <small>⁀</small>ო </td> <td>O o, <small>⁀</small>O <small>⁀</small>o </td> <td>о </td> <td>о </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1177148991"><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">IPA:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA" title="Help:IPA">[o]</a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td>Ō ō </td> <td rowspan="2">о̄ </td> <td rowspan="2">о̄ </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1177148991"><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">IPA:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA" title="Help:IPA">[oː]</a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td>ō̄ </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1177148991"><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">IPA:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA" title="Help:IPA">[oː]</a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td>ŏ </td> <td> </td> <td>ŏ </td> <td> </td> <td>ǒ, ô </td> <td>о͏̆ </td> <td>о͏̆ </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1177148991"><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">IPA:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA" title="Help:IPA">[ŏ]</a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2">ოჼ </td> <td rowspan="2">oⁿ </td> <td rowspan="2">ოჼ </td> <td rowspan="2">oⁿ </td> <td>ოჼ </td> <td>Õ õ </td> <td rowspan="2">о̃ </td> <td rowspan="2">о̃ </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1177148991"><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">IPA:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA" title="Help:IPA">[õ]</a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td>Ō̃ ō̃ </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1177148991"><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">IPA:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA" title="Help:IPA">[õː]</a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>p </td> <td>პ </td> <td>p̣ </td> <td>პ </td> <td>p̣ </td> <td>პ </td> <td>P̣ p̣ </td> <td>пӀ </td> <td>пӀ </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1177148991"><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">IPA:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA" title="Help:IPA">[pʼ]</a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>z̔ </td> <td>ჟ </td> <td>ž </td> <td>ჟ </td> <td>ž </td> <td>ჟ </td> <td>Ž ž </td> <td>ж </td> <td>ж </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1177148991"><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">IPA:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA" title="Help:IPA">[ʒ]</a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2">r </td> <td>რ </td> <td>r </td> <td rowspan="2">რ </td> <td rowspan="2">r </td> <td>რ </td> <td>R r </td> <td rowspan="2">р </td> <td rowspan="2">р </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1177148991"><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">IPA:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA" title="Help:IPA">[ɾ]</a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>რʻ </td> <td>rʻ </td> <td>რʻ </td> <td>rʻ </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1177148991"><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">IPA:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA" title="Help:IPA">[ɾ̥]</a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2">s </td> <td>ს </td> <td>s </td> <td>ს </td> <td>s </td> <td>ს </td> <td>S s </td> <td>с </td> <td>с </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1177148991"><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">IPA:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA" title="Help:IPA">[s]</a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>სს </td> <td>ss </td> <td>სჾ </td> <td>sჾ </td> <td>სჾ </td> <td>sჾ </td> <td>сс </td> <td>сс </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1177148991"><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">IPA:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA" title="Help:IPA">[sː]</a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2">t </td> <td>ტ </td> <td>ṭ </td> <td>ტ </td> <td>ṭ </td> <td>ტ </td> <td>Ṭ ṭ </td> <td>тӀ </td> <td>тӀ </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1177148991"><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">IPA:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA" title="Help:IPA">[tʼ]</a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>ტტ </td> <td>ṭṭ </td> <td>ტჾ </td> <td>ṭჾ </td> <td>ტჾ </td> <td>ṭჾ </td> <td>тӀтӀ </td> <td>тӀтӀ </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1177148991"><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">IPA:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA" title="Help:IPA">[tʼː]</a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="4">u </td> <td rowspan="2">უ </td> <td rowspan="2">u </td> <td rowspan="2">უ </td> <td rowspan="2">u </td> <td>უ, <small>⁀</small>უ </td> <td>U u, <small>⁀</small>U <small>⁀</small>u </td> <td rowspan="2">у </td> <td>у </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1177148991"><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">IPA:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA" title="Help:IPA">[u]</a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td>Ū ū </td> <td>ӯ </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1177148991"><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">IPA:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA" title="Help:IPA">[uː]</a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td>ŭ </td> <td> </td> <td>ŭ </td> <td> </td> <td>Ǔ ǔ, û </td> <td>у͏̆ </td> <td>у͏̆ </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1177148991"><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">IPA:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA" title="Help:IPA">[ŭ]</a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>უჼ </td> <td>uⁿ </td> <td>უჼ </td> <td>uⁿ </td> <td>უჼ, <small>⁀</small>უჼ </td> <td>Ũ ũ, <small>⁀</small>Ũ <small>⁀</small>ũ </td> <td>у̃ </td> <td>у̃ </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1177148991"><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">IPA:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA" title="Help:IPA">[ũ]</a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>p̔ </td> <td>ფ </td> <td>p </td> <td>ფ </td> <td>p </td> <td>ფ </td> <td>P p </td> <td>п </td> <td>п </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1177148991"><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">IPA:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA" title="Help:IPA">[pʰ]</a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>k̔ </td> <td>ქ </td> <td>k </td> <td>ქ </td> <td>k </td> <td>ქ </td> <td>K k </td> <td>к </td> <td>к </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1177148991"><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">IPA:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA" title="Help:IPA">[kʰ]</a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>g̔ </td> <td>ღ </td> <td>ɣ </td> <td>ღ </td> <td>ɣ </td> <td>ღ </td> <td>Ɣ ɣ </td> <td>гӀ </td> <td>гӀ </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1177148991"><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">IPA:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA" title="Help:IPA">[ɣ]</a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2">q </td> <td>ყ </td> <td>q̣ </td> <td>ყ </td> <td>q̣ </td> <td>ყ </td> <td>Q̣ q̣ </td> <td>къ </td> <td>къ </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1177148991"><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">IPA:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA" title="Help:IPA">[qʼ]</a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>ყყ </td> <td>q̣q̣ </td> <td>ყჾ </td> <td>q̣ჾ </td> <td>ყჾ </td> <td>q̣ჾ </td> <td>къкъ </td> <td>къкъ </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1177148991"><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">IPA:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA" title="Help:IPA">[qʼː]</a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2">s̔ </td> <td rowspan="2">შ </td> <td rowspan="2">š </td> <td rowspan="2">შ </td> <td rowspan="2">š </td> <td>შ </td> <td>Š š </td> <td rowspan="2">ш </td> <td rowspan="2">ш </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1177148991"><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">IPA:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA" title="Help:IPA">[ʃ]</a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>შჾ </td> <td>šჾ </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1177148991"><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">IPA:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA" title="Help:IPA">[ʃː]</a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>c̔ </td> <td>ჩ </td> <td>č </td> <td>ჩ </td> <td>č </td> <td>ჩ </td> <td>Č č </td> <td>ч </td> <td>ч </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1177148991"><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">IPA:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA" title="Help:IPA">[t͡ʃʰ]</a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>c </td> <td>ც </td> <td>c </td> <td>ც </td> <td>c </td> <td>ც </td> <td>C c </td> <td>ц </td> <td>ц </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1177148991"><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">IPA:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA" title="Help:IPA">[t͡sʰ]</a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>ʒ </td> <td>ძ </td> <td>ʒ </td> <td>ძ </td> <td>ʒ </td> <td>ძ </td> <td>Ʒ ʒ </td> <td>дз </td> <td>дз </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1177148991"><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">IPA:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA" title="Help:IPA">[d͡z]</a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>c̣ </td> <td>წ </td> <td>c̣ </td> <td>წ </td> <td>c̣ </td> <td>წ </td> <td>C̣ c̣ </td> <td>цӀ </td> <td>цӀ </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1177148991"><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">IPA:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA" title="Help:IPA">[t͡sʼ]</a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>c̣̔ </td> <td>ჭ </td> <td>č̣ </td> <td>ჭ </td> <td>č̣ </td> <td>ჭ </td> <td>Č̣ č̣ </td> <td>чӀ </td> <td>чӀ </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1177148991"><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">IPA:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA" title="Help:IPA">[t͡ʃʼ]</a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2">x </td> <td>ხ </td> <td>x </td> <td>ხ </td> <td>x </td> <td>ხ </td> <td>X x </td> <td>х </td> <td>х </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1177148991"><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">IPA:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA" title="Help:IPA">[x]</a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>ხხ </td> <td>xx </td> <td>ხჾ </td> <td>xჾ </td> <td>ხჾ </td> <td>xჾ </td> <td>хх </td> <td>хх </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1177148991"><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">IPA:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA" title="Help:IPA">[xː]</a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2">q </td> <td>ჴ </td> <td>q </td> <td>ჴ </td> <td>q </td> <td>ჴ </td> <td>Q q </td> <td>кх </td> <td>кх </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1177148991"><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">IPA:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA" title="Help:IPA">[qʰ]</a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>ჴჴ </td> <td>qq </td> <td>ჴჾ </td> <td>qჾ </td> <td>ჴჾ </td> <td>qჾ </td> <td>ккх </td> <td>кхкх </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1177148991"><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">IPA:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA" title="Help:IPA">[qː]</a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>ʒ̔ </td> <td>ჯ </td> <td>ǯ </td> <td>ჯ </td> <td>ǯ </td> <td>ჯ </td> <td>Ǯ ǯ </td> <td>дж </td> <td>дж </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1177148991"><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">IPA:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA" title="Help:IPA">[d͡ʒ]</a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>x̣ </td> <td>ჰ </td> <td>h </td> <td>ჰ </td> <td>h </td> <td>ჰ </td> <td>H h </td> <td>хӀ </td> <td>хӀ </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1177148991"><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">IPA:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA" title="Help:IPA">[h]</a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2">ḥ </td> <td>ჰჾ </td> <td>hჾ </td> <td>ჰ<sub>⌝</sub> </td> <td>h<sub>⌝</sub> </td> <td>ჰ⁊ </td> <td>H⁊ h⁊/Ⱨ ⱨ </td> <td>хь </td> <td>хь </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1177148991"><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">IPA:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA" title="Help:IPA">[ħ]</a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>ჵ </td> <td>ꞷ </td> <td>ჵ </td> <td> </td> <td>ჵ </td> <td>ꞷ </td> <td>Ӏъ </td> <td>Ӏъ </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1177148991"><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">IPA:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA" title="Help:IPA">[ʡ]</a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>ʼ </td> <td>ʻ </td> <td>ʻ </td> <td>ჺ </td> <td>ʻ </td> <td>ჺ/ع </td> <td>ʻ </td> <td>Ӏ </td> <td>Ӏ </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1177148991"><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">IPA:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA" title="Help:IPA">[ʕ]</a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>— </td> <td>ʼ </td> <td>ʼ </td> <td>ჸ </td> <td>ʼ </td> <td>ჸ </td> <td>ʼ </td> <td>ʼ </td> <td>ъ </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1177148991"><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">IPA:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA" title="Help:IPA">[ʔ]</a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>— </td> <td>— </td> <td>— </td> <td>— </td> <td>— </td> <td>— </td> <td>— </td> <td>ф </td> <td>— </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1177148991"><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">IPA:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA" title="Help:IPA">[f]</a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>— </td> <td> </td> <td>w </td> <td>— </td> <td>— </td> <td>— </td> <td>— </td> <td>— </td> <td>— </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1177148991"><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">IPA:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA" title="Help:IPA">[w]</a></span> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Morphosyntax">Morphosyntax</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bats_language&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Morphosyntax"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Batsbi is an <a href="/wiki/SOV_language" class="mw-redirect" title="SOV language">SOV language</a> with <a href="/wiki/Ergative%E2%80%93absolutive_alignment" title="Ergative–absolutive alignment">ergative-absolutive</a> alignment which makes extensive use of bound <a href="/wiki/Morphological_derivation" title="Morphological derivation">morphological derivation</a> and <a href="/wiki/Inflection" title="Inflection">inflection</a>. It has both <a href="/wiki/Grammatical_gender" title="Grammatical gender">grammatical gender</a> (i.e. noun classes) and several <a href="/wiki/Grammatical_case" title="Grammatical case">grammatical cases</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pronouns">Pronouns</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bats_language&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Pronouns"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Personal_pronouns_-_first_and_second_persons">Personal pronouns - first and second persons</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bats_language&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Personal pronouns - first and second persons"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Batsbi <a href="/wiki/Pronoun" title="Pronoun">pronouns</a> encode three persons, two numbers, and clusivity for first person plural (“you and us” <i>vs</i>. “us but not you”). <a href="/wiki/Demonstrative" title="Demonstrative">Demonstratives</a> work as third person pronouns. First and second person pronouns are shown below in the <a href="/wiki/Absolutive_case" title="Absolutive case">absolutive</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ergative_case" title="Ergative case">ergative</a> cases.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable"> <caption> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th> </th> <th colspan="2">Singular </th> <th colspan="3">Plural </th></tr> <tr> <th> </th> <th>First </th> <th>Second </th> <th>First <p>Inclusive </p> </th> <th>First <p>Exclusive </p> </th> <th>Second </th></tr> <tr> <td><b>Absolutive</b> </td> <td>სო <p>so </p> </td> <td>ჰჾო <p>ħo </p> </td> <td>თხო <p>txo </p> </td> <td>ვე/ვაი <p>ve/vai </p> </td> <td>შუ <p>šu </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>Ergative</b> </td> <td>ას <p>as </p> </td> <td>აჰჾ <p>aħ </p> </td> <td>ათხ <p>atx </p> </td> <td>ვე <p>ve </p> </td> <td>ეშ <p>eš </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td><i>I</i> </td> <td><i>You (Thou)</i> </td> <td><i>You and us</i> </td> <td><i>Us but not you</i> </td> <td><i>You (Ye)</i> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Third_person_pronouns/Demonstratives"><span id="Third_person_pronouns.2FDemonstratives"></span>Third person pronouns/Demonstratives</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bats_language&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Third person pronouns/Demonstratives"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Batsbi does not encode gender in pronouns. Gender is indexed instead on verbs and adjectives. </p> <table class="wikitable"> <caption> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th> </th> <th>Singular </th> <th>Plural </th></tr> <tr> <td><b>Absolutive</b> </td> <td>ო <p>o </p> </td> <td>ობი <p>obi </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>Ergative</b> </td> <td>ოჴუს <p>oqus </p> </td> <td>ოჴარ <p>oqar </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td><i>s/he</i> </td> <td><i>they</i> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Adnominal_demonstratives">Adnominal demonstratives</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bats_language&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Adnominal demonstratives"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable"> <caption> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th> </th> <th>Proximal </th> <th>Medial </th> <th>Distal </th></tr> <tr> <td><b>Absolutive</b> </td> <td>ე <p>e </p> </td> <td>ის <p>is </p> </td> <td>ო <p>o </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>Oblique</b> </td> <td>ეჴ <p>eq </p> </td> <td>იცხ <p>icx </p> </td> <td>ოჴ <p>oq </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td><i>this</i> </td> <td><i>that</i> </td> <td><i>that yonder</i> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Adnominal demonstratives code no gender in Batsbi. </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1209690778">.mw-parser-output .interlinear .bold{font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .interlinear .smallcaps{text-transform:uppercase;font-size:smaller}</style><div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:4em"><div style="position:absolute;left:1em">1a</div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">ე</p><p style="margin: 0px;">e</p><p style="margin: 0px;">DEM.proximal</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">ფსტუიჩოვ</p><p style="margin: 0px;">pstʼuinčov</p><p style="margin: 0px;">woman-ERG</p></div><p style="display: none;">ე ფსტუიჩოვ</p><p style="display: none;">e pstʼuinčov</p><p style="display: none;">DEM.proximal woman-ERG</p><p style="clear: left;">"This woman"</p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:4em"><div style="position:absolute;left:1em">1b</div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">ე</p><p style="margin: 0px;">e</p><p style="margin: 0px;">DEM.proximal</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">სტაკოვ</p><p style="margin: 0px;">stʼakʼov</p><p style="margin: 0px;">man-ERG</p></div><p style="display: none;">ე სტაკოვ</p><p style="display: none;">e stʼakʼov</p><p style="display: none;">DEM.proximal man-ERG</p><p style="clear: left;">"This man</p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:4em"><div style="position:absolute;left:1em">1c</div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">ო</p><p style="margin: 0px;">o</p><p style="margin: 0px;">DEM.distal</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">სტაკოვ</p><p style="margin: 0px;">stʼakʼov</p><p style="margin: 0px;">man-ERG</p></div><p style="display: none;">ო სტაკოვ</p><p style="display: none;">o stʼakʼov</p><p style="display: none;">DEM.distal man-ERG</p><p style="clear: left;">"That man over there"</p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Interrogative_pronouns">Interrogative pronouns</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bats_language&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Interrogative pronouns"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable"> <caption> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th> </th> <th>who? </th> <th>what? </th> <th>when? </th> <th>how much? </th> <th>where? </th> <th>which one? </th></tr> <tr> <td><b>Absolutive</b> </td> <td>მე<sup>ნ</sup> <p>mẽ </p> </td> <td>ვუხ <p>vux </p> </td> <td rowspan="2">მაცა<sup>ნ</sup> <p>macã </p> </td> <td rowspan="2">მელʻ <p>meɬ </p> </td> <td rowspan="2">მიჩ, მიჩა <p>mič, miča </p> </td> <td>მენუხ <p>menux </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>Ergative</b> </td> <td>ჰჾა<sup>ნ</sup> <p>ħã </p> </td> <td>სტევ <p>st’ev </p> </td> <td>მენხუიჩოვ <p>menxuičov </p> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Noun_classes">Noun classes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bats_language&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Noun classes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>As in other Nakh languages, Batsbi has several <a href="/wiki/Noun_class" title="Noun class">noun classes</a> (grammatical genders) that are indexed through class <a href="/wiki/Prefix" title="Prefix">prefixes</a> on some vowel-initial verbs, adjectives, numerals, and a few other words.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> That is, nouns themselves show no morphologically marks for gender. Gender indexing is highly complex in the language, with subject gender agreement on <a href="/wiki/Intransitive_verb" title="Intransitive verb">intransitive verbs</a> (absolutive), but object agreement on transitive verbs. The table below shows gender agreement on verbs for three of the noun classes: </p> <table class="wikitable"> <caption><sup id="cite_ref-HG1994_6-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HG1994-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th rowspan="2">Noun class </th> <th>Subject </th> <th>Verb group </th> <th>Translation </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="3"><b>Intransitive (subject agreement)</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>M</b> </td> <td>ვაშუ <p>vašu </p> </td> <td><b>ვ</b>ახე<sup>ნ</sup> <p><b>v-</b>axẽ </p> </td> <td><i>Brother</i> M-<i>left</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>F</b> </td> <td>ჲაშუ <p>jašu </p> </td> <td><b>ჲ</b>ახე<sup>ნ</sup> <p><b>j-</b>axẽ </p> </td> <td><i>Sister</i> F-<i>left</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>D</b> </td> <td>ბადერ <p>bader </p> </td> <td><b>დ</b>ახე<sup>ნ</sup> <p><b>d</b>-axẽ </p> </td> <td><i>The child D-left</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>Bd</b> </td> <td>ფჰჾუ <p>pħu </p> </td> <td><b>ბ</b>ახე<sup>ნ</sup> <p><b>b</b>-axẽ </p> </td> <td><i>The dog</i> Bd<i>-left</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td colspan="3"><b>Transitive (object agreement)</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>M</b> </td> <td>ნანას <p>nanas </p> </td> <td>ვაშუ <b>ვ</b>იკე<sup>ნ</sup> <p>vašu <b>v</b>-ik’ẽ </p> </td> <td><i>Mother</i> M-<i>took brother</i> <p>(lit. “Mother brother took”) </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>F</b> </td> <td>დადას <p>dadas </p> </td> <td>ჲაშუ <b>ჲ</b>იკე<sup>ნ</sup> <p>jašu <b>j</b>-ik’ẽ </p> </td> <td><i>Father</i> F-<i>took sister</i> <p>(lit. “Father sister took”) </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>D</b> </td> <td>ნანას <p>nanas </p> </td> <td>ბადერ <b>დ</b>იკე<sup>ნ</sup> <p>bader <b>d</b>-ik’ẽ </p> </td> <td><i>Mother</i> D-<i>took the child</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>Bd</b> </td> <td>დადას <p>dadas </p> </td> <td>ფჰჾუ <b>ბ</b>იკე<sup>ნ</sup> <p>pħu <b>b-</b>ik’ẽ </p> </td> <td><i>Father</i> Bd<i>-took the dog</i> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Number_of_classes">Number of classes</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bats_language&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Number of classes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Holisky and Gagua (1994) analyse Batsbi as having five noun classes,<sup id="cite_ref-HG1994_6-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HG1994-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> whereas Alice Harris posits that Batsbi has eight genders in total, based on the behaviour of words that fail to conform to the patterns of the five major classes.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_7-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The breakdown below follows Harris: </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Label</th> <th>Singular</th> <th>Plural</th> <th>Description</th> <th>Nouns </th> <th>Adjective <p>“big” </p> </th> <th>Verb To Be </th> <th>English </th></tr> <tr> <td>M</td> <td><b>v-</b></td> <td><b>b-</b> </td> <td>male humans </td> <td><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li>მარ <span title="Bats-language romanization"><i lang="bbl-Latn">mar</i></span></li> <li>ჺუვ <span title="Bats-language romanization"><i lang="bbl-Latn">ʕuv</i></span></li> <li>ვოჰჾ <span title="Bats-language romanization"><i lang="bbl-Latn">voħ</i></span></li></ul> </div> </td> <td><b>ვ</b>აჴჴო<sup>ნ</sup> <p><b>v-</b>aqqõ </p> </td> <td><b>ვ</b>ა <p><b>v</b>-a </p> </td> <td>“the husband is big” <p>“the shepherd is big” </p><p>“the son is big” </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td>F</td> <td><b>j-</b></td> <td><b>d-</b> </td> <td>female humans </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li>ნან <span title="Bats-language romanization"><i lang="bbl-Latn">nan</i></span></li> <li>ფსტუ <span title="Bats-language romanization"><i lang="bbl-Latn">pstʼu</i></span></li> <li>ჲოჰჾ <span title="Bats-language romanization"><i lang="bbl-Latn">joħ</i></span></li></ul> </div> </td> <td><b>ჲ</b>აჴჴო<sup>ნ</sup> <p><b>j-</b>aqqõ </p> </td> <td><b>ჲ</b>ა <p><b>j</b>-a </p> </td> <td>“the mother is big” <p>“the wife is big” </p><p>“the daughter is big” </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td>D</td> <td colspan="2"><b>d-</b> </td> <td>various, default class <p>for unknown gender<sup id="cite_ref-:0_7-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li>ბადერ <span title="Bats-language romanization"><i lang="bbl-Latn">bader</i></span></li> <li>კუიტი <span title="Bats-language romanization"><i lang="bbl-Latn">kʼuit’i</i></span></li> <li>დოკ <span title="Bats-language romanization"><i lang="bbl-Latn">dokʼ</i></span></li> <li>დითხ <span title="Bats-language romanization"><i lang="bbl-Latn">ditx</i></span></li></ul> </div> </td> <td><b>დ</b>აჴჴო<sup>ნ</sup> <p><b>d-</b>aqqõ </p> </td> <td><b>დ</b>ა <p><b>d</b>-a </p> </td> <td>“the child is big” <p>“the cat is big” </p><p>“the heart is big” </p><p>“the meat is big” </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Bd</td> <td><b>b-</b></td> <td><b>d-</b> </td> <td>animals </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li>ფჰჾუ <span title="Bats-language romanization"><i lang="bbl-Latn">pħu</i></span></li></ul> <ul><li>ჩა <span title="Bats-language romanization"><i lang="bbl-Latn">ča</i></span></li></ul> <p><br /> </p> </div> </td> <td><b>ბ</b>აჴჴო<sup>ნ</sup> <p><b>b-</b>aqqõ </p> </td> <td><b>ბ</b>ა <p><b>b</b>-a </p> </td> <td>“the dog is big” <p>“the bread is big” “the bear is big” </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td>J</td> <td colspan="2"><b>j-</b> </td> <td>various </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li>ცარკ <span title="Bats-language romanization"><i lang="bbl-Latn">carkʼ</i></span></li> <li>მაიჴი <span title="Bats-language romanization"><i lang="bbl-Latn">maiqi</i></span></li> <li>ყარ <span title="Bats-language romanization"><i lang="bbl-Latn">q'ar</i></span></li></ul> </div> </td> <td><b>ჲ</b>აჴჴო<sup>ნ</sup><b>j</b>-aqqõ <p><b>ჲ</b>-ავი<sup>ნ</sup> </p><p><b>j</b>-avĩ </p> </td> <td><b>ჲ</b>ა <p><b>j</b>-a </p> </td> <td>“the tooth is big” <p>“the milk is light” “the rain is light” </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td>*Bd</td> <td><b>b-</b></td> <td><b>d-</b> </td> <td>body parts (15 nouns) </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li>ბაქ <span title="Bats-language romanization"><i lang="bbl-Latn">bak</i></span></li> <li>ბჺარკ <span title="Bats-language romanization"><i lang="bbl-Latn">bʕarkʼ</i></span></li> <li>ჭყემპუ <span title="Bats-language romanization"><i lang="bbl-Latn">čʼqʼempʼʷ</i></span></li></ul> </div> </td> <td><b>ბ</b>აჴჴო<sup>ნ</sup><b>b</b>-aqqõ </td> <td><b>ბ</b>ა <p><b>b</b>-a </p> </td> <td>“it is a big fist” <p>“the eye is big” throat is </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td>*D/J</td> <td><b>d-</b></td> <td><b>j-</b> </td> <td>body parts (4 nouns) </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li>ბატრ <span title="Bats-language romanization"><i lang="bbl-Latn">batʼr</i></span></li> <li>ლარკ <span title="Bats-language romanization"><i lang="bbl-Latn">larkʼ</i></span></li> <li>ტოტ <span title="Bats-language romanization"><i lang="bbl-Latn">tʼotʼ</i></span></li> <li>ჭამაღ <span title="Bats-language romanization"><i lang="bbl-Latn">čʼamaǧ</i></span></li></ul> </div> </td> <td> </td> <td><b>d</b>-a <i>is</i> </td> <td>lip is <p>ear is hand is cheek is </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td>*B/B</td> <td colspan="2"><b>b-</b> </td> <td>only 3 nouns </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li>ბორაგ <span title="Bats-language romanization"><i lang="bbl-Latn">borag</i></span></li> <li>ჩექამ <span title="Bats-language romanization"><i lang="bbl-Latn">čekam</i></span></li> <li>ქაქამ <span title="Bats-language romanization"><i lang="bbl-Latn">kakam</i></span></li></ul> </div> </td> <td> </td> <td><b>b</b>-a <i>is/are</i> </td> <td>knit slipper <p>boot autum wool </p> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Exceptions_and_Nouns_without_inherent_gender">Exceptions and Nouns without inherent gender</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bats_language&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Exceptions and Nouns without inherent gender"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>According to Holisky and Gagua (1994), the class with the largest number of nouns is the D-class (e.g. <i><b>d</b>a</i> “it is”), followed by the J-class (e.g. <i><b>j</b>a</i> “it is”). Class D markers are also used when the noun class is unknown (as in open interrogatives, see 1a) and in clauses with mixed genders (1d). </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:4em"><div style="position:absolute;left:1em">2a</div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">ვუხ</p><p style="margin: 0px;">vux</p><p style="margin: 0px;">what</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">და</p><p style="margin: 0px;">d-a</p><p style="margin: 0px;">Cl.D-be</p></div><p style="display: none;">ვუხ და</p><p style="display: none;">vux d-a</p><p style="display: none;">what Cl.D-be</p><p style="clear: left;">"What is it?"</p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:4em"><div style="position:absolute;left:1em">2b</div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">ღოჭ</p><p style="margin: 0px;">ǧočʼ</p><p style="margin: 0px;">stick</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">ჲა</p><p style="margin: 0px;">j-a</p><p style="margin: 0px;">Cl.J-be</p></div><p style="display: none;">ღოჭ ჲა</p><p style="display: none;">ǧočʼ j-a</p><p style="display: none;">stick Cl.J-be</p><p style="clear: left;">"It is a stick"</p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:4em"><div style="position:absolute;left:1em">2c</div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">ნექ</p><p style="margin: 0px;">nek</p><p style="margin: 0px;">knife</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">და</p><p style="margin: 0px;">d-a</p><p style="margin: 0px;">Cl.D-be</p></div><p style="display: none;">ნექ და</p><p style="display: none;">nek d-a</p><p style="display: none;">knife Cl.D-be</p><p style="clear: left;">"It is a knife"</p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:4em"><div style="position:absolute;left:1em">2d</div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">ღოჭე</p><p style="margin: 0px;">ǧočʼe</p><p style="margin: 0px;">stick-and</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">ნექე</p><p style="margin: 0px;">neke</p><p style="margin: 0px;">knife-and</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">და</p><p style="margin: 0px;">d-a</p><p style="margin: 0px;">Cl.D-be</p></div><p style="display: none;">ღოჭე ნექე და</p><p style="display: none;">ǧočʼe neke d-a</p><p style="display: none;">stick-and knife-and Cl.D-be</p><p style="clear: left;">"It is both a stick and knife"</p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> <p>Additionally, some nouns referring to humans have no inherent gender, so that class agreement is contextual. These includes the words for “teacher” (უჩიტელ <i>učitʼel</i>), “friend” (ნაყბისტ <i>naq’bist’</i>), “enemy” (მასთხოვ <i>mastxov</i>), “neighbor” (მეზობელ <i>mezobel</i>) and others.<sup id="cite_ref-HG1994_6-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HG1994-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:4em"><div style="position:absolute;left:1em">3a</div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">უჩიტელ</p><p style="margin: 0px;">učitʼel</p><p style="margin: 0px;">teacher</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;"><b>ვ</b>ა</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><b>v</b>-a</p><p style="margin: 0px;">Cl.M-is</p></div><p style="display: none;">უჩიტელ <b>ვ</b>ა</p><p style="display: none;">učitʼel <b>v</b>-a</p><p style="display: none;">teacher Cl.M-is</p><p style="clear: left;">"He is a teacher"</p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:4em"><div style="position:absolute;left:1em">3b</div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">უჩიტელ</p><p style="margin: 0px;">učitʼel</p><p style="margin: 0px;">teacher</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;"><b>ჲ</b>ა</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><b>j</b>-a</p><p style="margin: 0px;">Cl.F-is</p></div><p style="display: none;">უჩიტელ <b>ჲ</b>ა</p><p style="display: none;">učitʼel <b>j</b>-a</p><p style="display: none;">teacher Cl.F-is</p><p style="clear: left;">"She is a teacher"</p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> <p>Gender is lexicalized in a few words such as <i><b>v</b>ašu</i> (<b>ვ</b>აშუ “brother”) vs. <i><b>j</b>ašu</i> (<b>ჲ</b>აშუ “sister”),in that -<i>ašu</i> could be translated as “sibling”. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Gender_agreement_in_adjectives">Gender agreement in adjectives</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bats_language&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Gender agreement in adjectives"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Only eight vowel-initial adjectives agree in gender with the noun they modify:<sup id="cite_ref-HG1994_6-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HG1994-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Adjective agreement (singular) </caption> <tbody><tr> <th rowspan="2">Gender <p>(sg/pl) </p> </th> <th><b>-aqqõ</b> </th> <th>-ut’q’ĩ </th> <th>-avĩ </th> <th>-acĩ </th> <th>-uq’ĩ </th> <th>-asẽ </th> <th>-acũ </th> <th>-axxẽ </th></tr> <tr> <td>-აჴჴო<sup>ნ</sup> </td> <td>-უტყი<sup>ნ</sup> </td> <td>-ავი<sup>ნ</sup> </td> <td>-აცი<sup>ნ</sup> </td> <td>-უყი<sup>ნ</sup> </td> <td>-ასე<sup>ნ</sup> </td> <td>-აცუ<sup>ნ</sup> </td> <td>-ახხე<sup>ნ</sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>M (v-/b-) </td> <td><b>v</b>-aqqõ </td> <td><b>v</b>-ut’q’ĩ </td> <td><b>v</b>-avĩ </td> <td><b>v</b>-acĩ </td> <td><b>v-</b>uq’ĩ </td> <td><b>v</b>-asẽ </td> <td><b>v</b>-acũ </td> <td><b>v</b>-axxẽ </td></tr> <tr> <td>F (j-/d-) </td> <td><b>j</b>-aqqõ </td> <td><b>j</b>-ut’q’ĩ </td> <td><b>j</b>-avĩ </td> <td><b>j</b>-acĩ </td> <td><b>j-</b>uq’ĩ </td> <td><b>j</b>-asẽ </td> <td><b>j</b>-acũ </td> <td><b>j</b>-axxẽ </td></tr> <tr> <td>D (d-) </td> <td><b>d</b>-aqqõ </td> <td><b>d</b>-ut’q’ĩ </td> <td><b>d-</b>avĩ </td> <td><b>d</b>-acĩ </td> <td><b>d</b>-uq’ĩ </td> <td><b>d</b>-asẽ </td> <td><b>d</b>-acũ </td> <td><b>d</b>-axxẽ </td></tr> <tr> <td>J (j-) </td> <td><b>j</b>-aqqõ </td> <td><b>j</b>-ut’q’ĩ </td> <td><b>j-</b>avĩ </td> <td><b>j</b>-acĩ </td> <td><b>j</b>-uq’ĩ </td> <td><b>j</b>-asẽ </td> <td><b>j</b>-acũ </td> <td><b>j</b>-axxẽ </td></tr> <tr> <td>Bd (b-/d-) </td> <td><b>b-</b>aqqõ </td> <td><b>b</b>-ut’q’ĩ </td> <td><b>b-</b>avĩ </td> <td><b>b-</b>acĩ </td> <td><b>b</b>-uq’ĩ </td> <td><b>b</b>-asẽ </td> <td><b>b</b>-acũ </td> <td><b>b</b>-axxẽ </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>English</b> </td> <td><i>“big”</i> </td> <td><i>“small”</i> </td> <td><i>“light”</i> </td> <td><i>“heavy”</i> </td> <td><i>“thick”</i> </td> <td><i>“empty”</i> </td> <td><i>“short”</i> </td> <td><i>“long”</i> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Grammatical_number_and_case">Grammatical number and case</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bats_language&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Grammatical number and case"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Batsbi nouns are <a href="/wiki/Inflection" title="Inflection">inflected</a> for two <a href="/wiki/Grammatical_number" title="Grammatical number">numbers</a>, singular and plural, and nine cases. Number inflection occurs via <a href="/wiki/Suffix" title="Suffix">suffixation</a> and/or root changes, and is chiefly unpredictable. Harris (ms) identifies nine suffixes for plural marking in the nominative case; note that vowel changes (i.e. <a href="/wiki/Indo-European_ablaut" title="Indo-European ablaut">ablaut</a>) may also affect the root of the plural form. </p> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Nominative </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Suffix </th> <th>Nom-Singular </th> <th>Nom-Plural </th> <th>English </th></tr> <tr> <td>-i </td> <td>საგ <p>sag </p> </td> <td>საგ<b>ი</b> <p>sag-<b>i</b> </p> </td> <td><i>deer</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td>-iš </td> <td>ნიყ <p>niq’ </p> </td> <td>ნიყ<b>იშ</b> <p>niq’-<b>iš</b> </p> </td> <td><i>road(s)</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td>-bi </td> <td>ხე<sup>ნ</sup> <p>xẽ </p> </td> <td>ხენ<b>ბი</b> <p>xen-<b>bi</b> </p> </td> <td><i>tree(s)</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td>-mi </td> <td>დოკ <p>dok’ </p> </td> <td>დ<b>ა</b>კ<b>მი</b> <p>d<b>a</b>k’-<b>mi</b> </p> </td> <td><i>heart(s)</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td>-arč </td> <td>ფჰჾუ <p>pḥu </p> </td> <td>ფჰჾ<b>არჩ</b> <p>pḥ-<b>arč</b> </p> </td> <td><i>dog(s)</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td>-erč </td> <td>ტჺირ <p>tʼʕir </p> </td> <td>ტჺირ<b>ერჩ</b> <p>tʼʕir-<b>erč</b> </p> </td> <td><i>star(s)</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td>-ar </td> <td>კეჭ <p>kʼeč̣ </p> </td> <td>კ<b>ა</b>ჭ<b>არ</b> <p>kʼ<b>a</b>č̣-<b>ar</b> </p> </td> <td><i>bundle(s)</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td>-er </td> <td>ჲოპყ <p>jopʼqʼ </p> </td> <td><b>ა</b>პყ<b>ერ</b> <p><b>a</b>pʼqʼ<b>-er</b> </p> </td> <td><i>ash(es)</i> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p><br /> Batsbi makes use of nine <a href="/wiki/Noun_case" class="mw-redirect" title="Noun case">noun cases</a> total. In the majority of nouns, the <a href="/wiki/Ergative_case" title="Ergative case">ergative</a> and <a href="/wiki/Instrumental_case" title="Instrumental case">instrumental</a> cases have a common form. </p> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"> <tbody><tr> <th> </th> <th colspan="2">ნეკ <p><span title="Bats-language romanization"><i lang="bbl-Latn">nekʼ</i></span><br /><span class="gloss-quot">'</span><span class="gloss-text">knife</span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span> </p> </th> <th colspan="2">ცოკალ <p><span title="Bats-language romanization"><i lang="bbl-Latn">t͜sʰokʼal</i></span><br /><span class="gloss-quot">'</span><span class="gloss-text">fox</span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span> </p> </th> <th colspan="2">დოკ <p><i>dok’</i> </p><p>'heart' </p> </th></tr> <tr> <th> </th> <th>Singular</th> <th>Plural </th> <th>Singular</th> <th>Plural </th> <th>Singular </th> <th>Plural </th></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Nominative_case" title="Nominative case">Nominative</a> </th> <td>nekʼ</td> <td>nekʼi</td> <td>t͜sʰokʼal</td> <td>t͜sʰokʼli </td> <td>dok’ </td> <td>dak’bi </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Genitive_case" title="Genitive case">Genitive</a> </th> <td>nekʼẽ</td> <td>nekʼã</td> <td>t͜sʰokʼlẽ</td> <td>t͜sʰokʼlã </td> <td>dak’ĩ </td> <td>dak’bĩ </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Dative_case" title="Dative case">Dative</a> </th> <td>nekʼen</td> <td>nekʼin</td> <td>t͜sʰokʼlen</td> <td>t͜sʰokʼlin </td> <td>dak’an </td> <td>dak’bin </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Ergative_case" title="Ergative case">Ergative</a>/<a href="/wiki/Instrumental_case" title="Instrumental case">Instrumental</a> </th> <td>nekʼev</td> <td>nekʼiv</td> <td>t͜sʰokʼlev</td> <td>t͜sʰokʼliv </td> <td>dak’av </td> <td>dak’bav </td></tr> <tr> <th>Contacting </th> <td>nek’ex</td> <td>nekʼax</td> <td>t͜sʰokʼlex</td> <td>t͜sʰokʼlax </td> <td>dak’ox </td> <td>dak’bax </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Allative_case" title="Allative case">Allative</a> </th> <td>nekʼegʷ</td> <td>nekʼigʷ</td> <td>t͜sʰokʼlegʷ</td> <td>t͜sʰokʼligʷ </td> <td>dak’ogʷ </td> <td>dak’bigʷ </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Adverbial_case" title="Adverbial case">Adverbial</a> </th> <td>nekʼeɣ</td> <td>nekʼiɣ</td> <td>t͜sʰokʼleɣ</td> <td>t͜sʰokʼliɣ </td> <td>dak’oɣ </td> <td>dak’biɣ </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Comitative_case" title="Comitative case">Comitative</a> </th> <td>nekʼt͜sʰĩ, <p>nekʼet͜sʰĩ </p> </td> <td>nekʼicĩ</td> <td>t͜sʰokʼlet͜sʰĩ</td> <td>t͜sʰokʼlit͜sʰĩ </td> <td colspan="2"> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Verbs">Verbs</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bats_language&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Verbs"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Verds in Batsbi encode not only tense, and aspect, but also gender, person, mood, and other categories. Person suffixes also encode whether the subject of the verb is ergative or absolutive. Person suffixes for are shown in the table below. Note that Batsbi verbs also agree with the object through a prefix denoting a noun class, not shown in the table that follows. </p> <table class="wikitable"> <caption> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th> </th> <th> </th> <th>Singular </th> <th>Plural </th></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2"><b>First</b> </td> <td><b>Ergative</b> <p><i>to cut</i> </p> </td> <td>თეტო<b>ს</b> <p>tet’o-<b>s</b> </p> </td> <td>თეტო<b>თხ</b> <p>tet’o-<b>tx</b> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>Absolutive</b> <p><i>to take</i> </p> </td> <td>-იკე<b>სუ</b> <p>-ikʼe-<b>sʷ</b> </p> </td> <td>-იკესთ<b>ხუ</b> <p>-ikʼe-<b>txʷ</b> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2"><b>Second</b> </td> <td><b>Ergative</b> <p><i>to cut</i> </p> </td> <td>თეტო<b>ჰჾ</b> <p>tet’o-<b>ħ</b> </p> </td> <td>თეტუ<b>იშ</b> <p>tet’w-<b>iš</b> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>Absolutive</b> <p><i>to take</i> </p> </td> <td>-ისკე<b>ჰჾუ</b> <p>-ikʼe-<b>ħʷ</b> </p> </td> <td>-ისკე<b>შუ</b> <p>-ikʼe-<b>šʷ</b> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2"><b>Third</b> </td> <td><b>Ergative</b> <p><i>to cut</i> </p> </td> <td colspan="2">თეცტ<sup>უ</sup> <p>tet’ʷ </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>Absolutive</b> <p><i>to take</i> </p> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Batsbi has explicit inflections for <a href="/wiki/Agent_(grammar)" title="Agent (grammar)">agentivity</a> of a verb; it makes a distinction between: </p> <dl><dd><span title="Bats-language romanization"><i lang="bbl-Latn"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">as<span class="wrap"> </span>woʒe</span></i></span> (I fell down through no fault of my own)</dd> <dd><span title="Bats-language romanization"><i lang="bbl-Latn"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">so<span class="wrap"> </span>woʒe</span></i></span> (I fell down and it was my own fault)</dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Postpositions">Postpositions</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bats_language&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Postpositions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In Batsbi, a number of spatial and time relations are expressed via <a href="/wiki/Adposition" title="Adposition">postpositions</a>. In many cases, the nouns that precede the postposition occur in the <a href="/wiki/Dative_case" title="Dative case">dative case</a>, although there are exceptions. </p> <table class="wikitable"> <caption> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Postposition </th> <th>Example </th> <th>English </th></tr> <tr> <td>მაქ <p>mak </p> </td> <td rowspan="2">ტივენ <b>მაქ</b> ბა <p>t’iv-en <b>mak</b> ba </p> </td> <td rowspan="2"><i>They</i> (M) <i>are on the bridge</i> <p>(lit. <i>bridge on they.are</i>) </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td>‘<i>on’</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td>კიკელ <p>kʼikʼel </p> </td> <td rowspan="2">ტივენ <b>კიკელ</b> ვაიხნას <p>tʼiv-en <b>kʼikʼel</b> vaixnas </p> </td> <td rowspan="2"><i>I</i> (M) <i>walked under the bridge</i> <p>(lit. <i>bridge under I walked</i>) </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>‘under’</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td>ფეხ <p>pex </p> </td> <td rowspan="2">ნანენ <b>ფეხ</b> <p>nan-en <b>pex</b> </p> </td> <td rowspan="2"><i>Next to mother</i> <p>(lit. <i>mother next to</i>) </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td>‘<i>next to’</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td>ჰჾათხ(ე) <p>ħatx(e) </p> </td> <td rowspan="2">წენინ <b>ჰჾათხე</b> <p>c’en-in <b>ħatxe</b> </p> </td> <td rowspan="2"><i>In front of the house</i> <p>(lit. house in front of) </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td>‘<i>in front of’</i> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Note that some of the directions or states which in English and Indo-European languages are expressed via prepositions, are in Batsbi expressed via <a href="/wiki/Locative_case" title="Locative case">locative</a> cases. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Numerals">Numerals</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bats_language&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Numerals"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Like most of its relatives, Bats' numerals are <a href="/wiki/Vigesimal" title="Vigesimal">vigesimal</a>, using 20 as a common base. This is mainly evident in the construction of higher decads, so: </p> <dl><dd>40 (<span title="Bats-language romanization"><i lang="bbl-Latn">šauztʼqʼ</i></span>) is formed from 2 <span class="nowrap"> × </span> 20</dd> <dd>200 (<span title="Bats-language romanization"><i lang="bbl-Latn">icʼatʼqʼ</i></span>) formed from is 10 <span class="nowrap"> × </span> 20<sup id="cite_ref-HG1994_6-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HG1994-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd></dl> <p>When modifying nominals, the numeral precedes the noun it modifies. </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1215345927">@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .multicol-float{width:auto!important}}.mw-parser-output .multicol-float{clear:none;float:left}.mw-parser-output .multicol-float-clear{clear:both}</style><div class="multicol-float" style=""> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align: right;"> <caption>Basic numbers </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>1 </th> <td><span title="Bats-language romanization"><i lang="bbl-Latn">cħa</i></span> </td> <th>11 </th> <td><span title="Bats-language romanization"><i lang="bbl-Latn">cħajtʼtʼ</i></span> </td> <td>1+10 </td></tr> <tr> <th>2 </th> <td><span title="Bats-language romanization"><i lang="bbl-Latn">ši</i></span> </td> <th>12 </th> <td><span title="Bats-language romanization"><i lang="bbl-Latn">šiitʼtʼ</i></span> </td> <td>2+10 </td></tr> <tr> <th>3 </th> <td><span title="Bats-language romanization"><i lang="bbl-Latn">qo</i></span> </td> <th>13 </th> <td><span title="Bats-language romanization"><i lang="bbl-Latn">qoitʼtʼ</i></span> </td> <td>3+10 </td></tr> <tr> <th>4 </th> <td><span title="Bats-language romanization"><i lang="bbl-Latn">Dʕivʔ</i></span> </td> <th>14 </th> <td><span title="Bats-language romanization"><i lang="bbl-Latn">Dʕevajtʼtʼ</i></span> </td> <td>4+10 </td></tr> <tr> <th>5 </th> <td><span title="Bats-language romanization"><i lang="bbl-Latn">pxi</i></span> </td> <th>15 </th> <td><span title="Bats-language romanization"><i lang="bbl-Latn">pxiitʼtʼ</i></span> </td> <td>5+10 </td></tr> <tr> <th>6 </th> <td><span title="Bats-language romanization"><i lang="bbl-Latn">jetx</i></span> </td> <th>16 </th> <td><span title="Bats-language romanization"><i lang="bbl-Latn">jetxajtʼː</i></span> </td> <td>6+10 </td></tr> <tr> <th>7 </th> <td><span title="Bats-language romanization"><i lang="bbl-Latn">vorɬ</i></span> </td> <th>17 </th> <td><span title="Bats-language romanization"><i lang="bbl-Latn">vorɬajtʼtʼ</i></span> </td> <td>7+10 </td></tr> <tr> <th>8 </th> <td><span title="Bats-language romanization"><i lang="bbl-Latn">barɬ</i></span> </td> <th>18 </th> <td><span title="Bats-language romanization"><i lang="bbl-Latn">barɬajtʼtʼ</i></span> </td> <td>8+10 </td></tr> <tr> <th>9 </th> <td><span title="Bats-language romanization"><i lang="bbl-Latn">isː</i></span> </td> <th>19 </th> <td><span title="Bats-language romanization"><i lang="bbl-Latn">tʼqʼexc’</i></span> </td> <td>20–1 </td></tr> <tr> <th>10 </th> <td><span title="Bats-language romanization"><i lang="bbl-Latn">itʼtʼ</i></span> </td> <th>20 </th> <td><span title="Bats-language romanization"><i lang="bbl-Latn">tʼqʼa</i></span> </td> <td> </td></tr></tbody></table> </div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215345927"><div class="multicol-float" style=""> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align: right;"> <caption>Higher decads </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>21 </th> <td><span title="Bats-language romanization"><i lang="bbl-Latn">tʼqʼacħa</i></span> </td> <td>20+1 </td></tr> <tr> <th>22 </th> <td><span title="Bats-language romanization"><i lang="bbl-Latn">tʼqʼaš</i></span> </td> <td>20+2 </td></tr> <tr> <th>30 </th> <td><span title="Bats-language romanization"><i lang="bbl-Latn">tʼqʼaitʼtʼ</i></span> </td> <td>20+10 </td></tr> <tr> <th>31 </th> <td><span title="Bats-language romanization"><i lang="bbl-Latn">tʼqʼacħaitʼtʼ</i></span> </td> <td>(20+1)+10 </td></tr> <tr> <th>32 </th> <td><span title="Bats-language romanization"><i lang="bbl-Latn">tʼqʼašiitʼtʼ</i></span> </td> <td>(20+2)+10 </td></tr> <tr> <th>40 </th> <td><span title="Bats-language romanization"><i lang="bbl-Latn">šauztʼqʼ</i></span> </td> <td>2×20 </td></tr> <tr> <th>50 </th> <td><span title="Bats-language romanization"><i lang="bbl-Latn">šauztʼqʼaitʼtʼ</i></span> </td> <td>(2×20)+10 </td></tr> <tr> <th>60 </th> <td><span title="Bats-language romanization"><i lang="bbl-Latn">qouztʼqʼ</i></span> </td> <td>3×20 </td></tr> <tr> <th>70 </th> <td><span title="Bats-language romanization"><i lang="bbl-Latn">qouztʼqʼaitʼtʼ</i></span> </td> <td>(3×20)+10 </td></tr> <tr> <th>80 </th> <td><span title="Bats-language romanization"><i lang="bbl-Latn">Dʕe(v)uztʼqʼ</i></span> </td> <td>4×20 </td></tr> <tr> <th>90 </th> <td><span title="Bats-language romanization"><i lang="bbl-Latn">Dʕe(v)uztʼqʼaitʼtʼ</i></span> </td> <td>(4×20)+10 </td></tr> <tr> <th>100 </th> <td><span title="Bats-language romanization"><i lang="bbl-Latn">pxauztʼqʼ</i></span> </td> <td>5×20 </td></tr> <tr> <th>120 </th> <td><span title="Bats-language romanization"><i lang="bbl-Latn">jexcʼatʼqʼ</i></span> </td> <td>from <span title="Bats-language romanization"><i lang="bbl-Latn">jetxcʼatʼqʼ</i></span> 6x20 </td></tr> <tr> <th>160 </th> <td><span title="Bats-language romanization"><i lang="bbl-Latn">barɬcʼatʼqʼ</i></span> </td> <td>8×20 </td></tr> <tr> <th>200 </th> <td><span title="Bats-language romanization"><i lang="bbl-Latn">icʼatʼqʼ</i></span> </td> <td>from <span title="Bats-language romanization"><i lang="bbl-Latn">itʼːcʼatʼqʼ</i></span> 10x20 </td></tr> <tr> <th>1000 </th> <td><span title="Bats-language romanization"><i lang="bbl-Latn">atas</i></span> </td> <td>from Georgian </td></tr></tbody></table> </div><div class="multicol-float-clear" style=""></div> <p>In Bats, as in its closest relatives <a href="/wiki/Chechen_language" title="Chechen language">Chechen</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ingush_language" title="Ingush language">Ingush</a>, the number four (<span title="Bats-language romanization"><i lang="bbl-Latn">Dʕivʔ</i></span>) begins with a noun-<a href="/wiki/Class_marker_(morphology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Class marker (morphology)">class marker</a>, represented by <i>D</i> (by default, or another <a href="/wiki/Capital_letter" class="mw-redirect" title="Capital letter">capital letter</a> for the other classes). This marker will agree in class with the class of the nominal which the number modifies, even if that nominal is not overtly expressed and is only apparent through pragmatic or discursive context, as in <span title="Bats-language romanization"><i lang="bbl-Latn">Vʕivʔev</i></span> (four (males)). This is seen in the word 'four' itself as well as its derivatives. </p> <dl><dd></dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bats_language&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.unesco.org/culture/languages-atlas/en/atlasmap/language-id-1041.html">"UNESCO Atlas of the World's Languages in danger"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/UNESCO" title="UNESCO">UNESCO</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2018-04-17</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=UNESCO&rft.atitle=UNESCO+Atlas+of+the+World%27s+Languages+in+danger&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.unesco.org%2Fculture%2Flanguages-atlas%2Fen%2Fatlasmap%2Flanguage-id-1041.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABats+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.omniglot.com/writing/batsbi.htm">"Batsbi alphabet, pronunciation and language"</a>. Omniglot.com<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 4,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Batsbi+alphabet%2C+pronunciation+and+language&rft.pub=Omniglot.com&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.omniglot.com%2Fwriting%2Fbatsbi.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABats+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Kevin_Tuite" title="Kevin Tuite">Kevin Tuite</a> (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mapageweb.umontreal.ca/tuitekj/caucasus/IberoCaucasian.pdf">The rise and fall and revival of the Ibero-Caucasian hypothesis</a>, pp. 7-8. <i>Historiographia Linguistica</i>, 35 #1.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">HG1994<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#What_information_to_include" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="A complete citation is needed. (September 2013)">full citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHaukHakim2019" class="citation journal cs1">Hauk, Bryn; Hakim, Jacob (Summer 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.internationalphoneticassociation.org/icphs-proceedings/ICPhS2019/papers/ICPhS_3532.pdf">"Acoustic properties of singleton and geminate ejectives in Tsova-Tush"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>ICPhS 2019 Conference Proceedings</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=ICPhS+2019+Conference+Proceedings&rft.atitle=Acoustic+properties+of+singleton+and+geminate+ejectives+in+Tsova-Tush&rft.ssn=summer&rft.date=2019&rft.aulast=Hauk&rft.aufirst=Bryn&rft.au=Hakim%2C+Jacob&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.internationalphoneticassociation.org%2Ficphs-proceedings%2FICPhS2019%2Fpapers%2FICPhS_3532.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABats+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-HG1994-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-HG1994_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-HG1994_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-HG1994_6-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-HG1994_6-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-HG1994_6-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-HG1994_6-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-HG1994_6-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-HG1994_6-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-HG1994_6-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Holisky, Dee Ann and Gagua, Rusudan, 1994. "Tsova-Tush (Batsbi)", in <i>The indigenous languages of the Caucasus</i> Vol 4, Rieks Smeets, editor. Caravan Books, pp. 147-212</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_7-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_7-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_7-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarris" class="citation book cs1">Harris, Alice. <i>Batsbi Sketch Grammar</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Batsbi+Sketch+Grammar&rft.aulast=Harris&rft.aufirst=Alice&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABats+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEasterday2019" class="citation book cs1">Easterday, Shelece (2019-07-04). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://zenodo.org/record/3268721"><i>Highly complex syllable structure: A typological and diachronic study</i></a>. [object Object]. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.5281%2Fzenodo.3268721">10.5281/zenodo.3268721</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Highly+complex+syllable+structure%3A+A+typological+and+diachronic+study&rft.pub=%5Bobject+Object%5D&rft.date=2019-07-04&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.5281%2Fzenodo.3268721&rft.aulast=Easterday&rft.aufirst=Shelece&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fzenodo.org%2Frecord%2F3268721&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABats+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchiefner1856" class="citation book cs1">Schiefner, Anton (1856). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.digitale-sammlungen.de/en/view/bsb10522443"><i>Versuch über die Thusch-Sprache oder die khistische Mundart in Thuschetien</i></a>. St. Petersburg.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Versuch+%C3%BCber+die+Thusch-Sprache+oder+die+khistische+Mundart+in+Thuschetien&rft.place=St.+Petersburg&rft.date=1856&rft.aulast=Schiefner&rft.aufirst=Anton&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.digitale-sammlungen.de%2Fen%2Fview%2Fbsb10522443&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABats+language" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFИмнайшвили1977" class="citation book cs1">Имнайшвили, Давид Силибистрович (1977). <i>Историко-сравнительный анализ фонетики нахских языков</i>. 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(2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191106143649/http://dspace.nplg.gov.ge/bitstream/1234/295254/1/Wovatushur_Qartul_Rusul_Inglisuri_Leqsikoni_Tomi_I.pdf"><i>Цоватушинско-грузинско-русско-английский словарь</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Тбилиси. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dspace.nplg.gov.ge/bitstream/1234/295254/1/Wovatushur_Qartul_Rusul_Inglisuri_Leqsikoni_Tomi_I.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 2019-11-06.</cite><span 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href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bats_language&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Incubator-logo.svg/32px-Incubator-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Incubator-logo.svg/48px-Incubator-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Incubator-logo.svg/64px-Incubator-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="799" data-file-height="1000" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><i><b><a href="https://incubator.wikimedia.org/wiki/Wp/bbl" class="extiw" title="incubator:Wp/bbl">Bats language test</a></b></i> of <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia" title="Wikipedia">Wikipedia</a> at <a href="https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Wikimedia_Incubator" class="extiw" title="meta:Wikimedia Incubator">Wikimedia Incubator</a></div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.eki.ee/books/redbook/bats.shtml">The Red Book of Peoples of the Russian Empire: The Bats</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://languageserver.uni-graz.at/ls/lang?id=3048">Languages of the World report</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060222211424/http://languageserver.uni-graz.at/ls/lang?id=3048">Archived</a> 2006-02-22 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://starling.rinet.ru/cgi-bin/response.cgi?root=new100&morpho=0&basename=new100\ncc\nah&limit=-1&encoding=utf-eng">Bats basic lexicon at the Global Lexicostatistical Database</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="North_Caucasian_languages" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:North_Caucasian_languages" title="Template:North Caucasian languages"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:North_Caucasian_languages" title="Template talk:North Caucasian languages"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:North_Caucasian_languages" title="Special:EditPage/Template:North Caucasian languages"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="North_Caucasian_languages" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/North_Caucasian_languages" title="North Caucasian languages">North Caucasian languages</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div>The proposed <a href="/wiki/North_Caucasian_languages" title="North Caucasian languages">North Caucasian language</a> family comprises the <a href="/wiki/Northeast_Caucasian_languages" title="Northeast Caucasian languages">Northeast</a> and <a href="/wiki/Northwest_Caucasian_languages" title="Northwest Caucasian languages">Northwest Caucasian</a> language families.</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Northwest_Caucasian_languages" title="Northwest Caucasian languages">Northwest</a><br />(Pontic)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abazgi_languages" title="Abazgi languages">Abazgi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abaza_language" title="Abaza language">Abaza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abkhaz_language" title="Abkhaz language">Abkhaz</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Circassian_languages" title="Circassian languages">Circassian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adyghe_language" title="Adyghe language">Adyghe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kabardian_language" title="Kabardian language">Kabardian</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hattic_language" title="Hattic language">Hattic</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Northwest_Caucasian_languages#Connections_to_Hattic" title="Northwest Caucasian languages">proposed</a>)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ubykh_language" title="Ubykh language">Ubykh</a></i></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="2" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Caucasic_languages.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Caucasic_languages.svg/250px-Caucasic_languages.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="149" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Caucasic_languages.svg/375px-Caucasic_languages.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Caucasic_languages.svg/500px-Caucasic_languages.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="840" data-file-height="500" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Northeast_Caucasian_languages" title="Northeast Caucasian languages">Northeast</a><br />(Caspian)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Avar%E2%80%93Andic_languages" title="Avar–Andic languages">Avar–Andic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Andic_languages" title="Andic languages">Andic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Andi_language" title="Andi language">Andi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akhvakh_language" title="Akhvakh language">Akhvakh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bagvalal_language" title="Bagvalal language">Bagvalal</a>–<a href="/wiki/Tindi_language" title="Tindi language">Tindi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Botlikh_language" title="Botlikh language">Botlix</a>–<a href="/wiki/Godoberi_language" title="Godoberi language">Godoberi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chamalal_language" title="Chamalal language">Chamalal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karata_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Karata language">Karata</a>-<a href="/w/index.php?title=Tukita_language&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tukita language (page does not exist)">Tukita</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%83%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82_%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE_%D1%8F%D0%B7%D1%8B%D0%BA%D0%B0" class="extiw" title="ru:Тукитинский диалект каратинского языка">ru</a>]</span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avar_language" title="Avar language">Avar</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Dargin_languages" title="Dargin languages">Dargic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chirag_language" title="Chirag language">Chirag</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">North-Central</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mehweb_language" title="Mehweb language">Mehweb</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gapshima_language&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gapshima language (page does not exist)">Gapshima</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Muira_language&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Muira language (page does not exist)">Muira</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D1%83%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D1%8F%D0%B7%D1%8B%D0%BA" class="extiw" title="ru:Муиринский язык">ru</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tsudaqar_language" title="Tsudaqar language">Tsudaqar</a>–<a href="/w/index.php?title=Usisha%E2%80%93Butri_language&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Usisha–Butri language (page does not exist)">Usisha–Butri</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Northern_Dargwa_language&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Northern Dargwa language (page does not exist)">Northern Dargwa</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D1%8F%D0%B7%D1%8B%D0%BA" class="extiw" title="ru:Севернодаргинский язык">ru</a>]</span> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aqusha_dialect&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Aqusha dialect (page does not exist)">Aqusha</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BA%D1%83%D1%88%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B5_%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%87%D0%B8%D0%B5" class="extiw" title="ru:Акушинское наречие">ru</a>]</span> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dargwa_language" title="Dargwa language">Literary Dargwa</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Murego%E2%80%93Gubden_dialect&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Murego–Gubden dialect (page does not exist)">Murego–Gubden</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D1%8E%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B3%D0%BE-%D0%93%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0" class="extiw" title="uk:Мюрего-Губденська мова">uk</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kadar_dialect" title="Kadar dialect">Kadar</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mugi_dialect&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mugi dialect (page does not exist)">Mugi</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D1%83%D0%B3%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B5_%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%87%D0%B8%D0%B5" class="extiw" title="ru:Мугинское наречие">ru</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Upper_Mulebki_dialect&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Upper Mulebki dialect (page does not exist)">Upper Mulebki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urakhi_dialect" title="Urakhi dialect">Urakhi</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Southern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ashti_language&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ashti language (page does not exist)">Ashti</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%88%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D1%8F%D0%B7%D1%8B%D0%BA" class="extiw" title="ru:Аштинский язык">ru</a>]</span>–<a href="/wiki/Kubachi_language" title="Kubachi language">Kubachi</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sanzhi_language&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sanzhi language (page does not exist)">Sanzhi</a>–<a href="/wiki/Itsari_language" title="Itsari language">Itsari</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Amuzgi%E2%80%93Shiri_language&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Amuzgi–Shiri language (page does not exist)">Amuzgi–Shiri</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sanakari%E2%80%93Chakhrizhi_language&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sanakari–Chakhrizhi language (page does not exist)">Sanakari–Chakhrizhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southwestern_Dargwa_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Southwestern Dargwa language">Southwestern Dargwa</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sirhwa_dialect&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sirhwa dialect (page does not exist)">Sirhwa</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://lez.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B8%D1%80%D1%85%D0%B8_%D1%87%D3%80%D0%B0%D0%BB" class="extiw" title="lez:Сирхи чӀал">lez</a>; <a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%96%D1%80%D1%85%D1%96%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0" class="extiw" title="uk:Сірхінська мова">uk</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tanti_dialect&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tanti dialect (page does not exist)">Tanti</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Upper_Vurqni_dialect&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Upper Vurqni dialect (page does not exist)">Upper Vurqni</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Kaitag–Shari</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kaitag_language" title="Kaitag language">Kaitag</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shari_language&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Shari language (page does not exist)">Shari</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Tsezic_languages" title="Tsezic languages">Tsezic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bezhta_language" title="Bezhta language">Bezhta</a>–<a href="/wiki/Hunzib_language" title="Hunzib language">Hunzib</a>–<a href="/wiki/Khwarshi_language" title="Khwarshi language">Khwarshi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Inkhoqwari_language" title="Inkhoqwari language">Inkhoqwari</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hinuq_language" title="Hinuq language">Hinukh</a>–<a href="/wiki/Tsez_language" title="Tsez language">Tsez</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Lezgic_languages" title="Lezgic languages">Lezgic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Archi_language" title="Archi language">Archi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Samur</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Eastern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aghul_language" title="Aghul language">Aghul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lezgian_language" title="Lezgian language">Lezgian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tabasaran_language" title="Tabasaran language">Tabasaran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Udi_language" title="Udi language">Udi</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Caucasian_Albanian_language" title="Caucasian Albanian language">Caucasian Albanian</a></i></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Southern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Budukh_language" title="Budukh language">Budukh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kryts_language" title="Kryts language">Kryts</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Western</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rutul_language" title="Rutul language">Rutul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tsakhur_language" title="Tsakhur language">Tsakhur</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nakh_languages" title="Nakh languages">Nakh</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Bats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vainakh_languages" title="Vainakh languages">Vainakh</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chechen_language" title="Chechen language">Chechen</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aukh_dialect" title="Aukh dialect">Aukh</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ingush_language" title="Ingush language">Ingush</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Khinalug_language" title="Khinalug language">Khinalug</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lak_language" title="Lak language">Lak</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div><i>Italics</i> indicate <a href="/wiki/Language_death" title="Language death">extinct languages</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Languages_of_the_Caucasus" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Languages_of_the_Caucasus" title="Template:Languages of the Caucasus"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Languages_of_the_Caucasus" title="Template talk:Languages of the Caucasus"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Languages_of_the_Caucasus" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Languages of the Caucasus"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Languages_of_the_Caucasus" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_the_Caucasus" title="Languages of the Caucasus">Languages of the</a> <a href="/wiki/Caucasus" title="Caucasus">Caucasus</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_the_Caucasus#Families_indigenous_to_the_Caucasus" title="Languages of the Caucasus">Caucasian</a><br /><i>(areal)</i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Kartvelian_languages" title="Kartvelian languages">South</a><br />(Kartvelian)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Karto-Zan_languages" title="Karto-Zan languages">Karto-Zan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Georgian_language" title="Georgian language">Georgian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Judaeo-Georgian" title="Judaeo-Georgian">Judaeo-Georgian</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Old_Georgian" title="Old Georgian">Old Georgian</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zan_languages" title="Zan languages">Zan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Laz_language" title="Laz language">Laz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mingrelian_language" title="Mingrelian language">Mingrelian</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Svan_language" title="Svan language">Svan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Northeast_Caucasian_languages" title="Northeast Caucasian languages">Northeast</a><br />(Caspian)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Avar%E2%80%93Andic_languages" title="Avar–Andic languages">Avar–Andic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Andic_languages" title="Andic languages">Andic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Andi_language" title="Andi language">Andi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akhvakh_language" title="Akhvakh language">Akhvakh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bagvalal_language" title="Bagvalal language">Bagvalal</a>–<a href="/wiki/Tindi_language" title="Tindi language">Tindi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Botlikh_language" title="Botlikh language">Botlikh</a>–<a href="/wiki/Godoberi_language" title="Godoberi language">Godoberi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chamalal_language" title="Chamalal language">Chamalal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karata-Tukita_language" title="Karata-Tukita language">Karata</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avar_language" title="Avar language">Avar</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Dargin_languages" title="Dargin languages">Dargin</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chirag_language" title="Chirag language">Chirag</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">North-Central</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mehweb_language" title="Mehweb language">Mehweb</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gapshima_language&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gapshima language (page does not exist)">Gapshima</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Muira_language&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Muira language (page does not exist)">Muira</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D1%83%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D1%8F%D0%B7%D1%8B%D0%BA" class="extiw" title="ru:Муиринский язык">ru</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tsudaqar_language" title="Tsudaqar language">Tsudaqar</a>–<a href="/w/index.php?title=Usisha%E2%80%93Butri_language&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Usisha–Butri language (page does not exist)">Usisha–Butri</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Northern_Dargwa_language&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Northern Dargwa language (page does not exist)">Northern Dargwa</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D1%8F%D0%B7%D1%8B%D0%BA" class="extiw" title="ru:Севернодаргинский язык">ru</a>]</span> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aqusha_dialect&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Aqusha dialect (page does not exist)">Aqusha</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BA%D1%83%D1%88%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B5_%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%87%D0%B8%D0%B5" class="extiw" title="ru:Акушинское наречие">ru</a>]</span> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dargwa_language" title="Dargwa language">Literary Dargwa</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Murego%E2%80%93Gubden_dialect&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Murego–Gubden dialect (page does not exist)">Murego–Gubden</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D1%8E%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B3%D0%BE-%D0%93%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0" class="extiw" title="uk:Мюрего-Губденська мова">uk</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kadar_dialect" title="Kadar dialect">Kadar</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mugi_dialect&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mugi dialect (page does not exist)">Mugi</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D1%83%D0%B3%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B5_%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%87%D0%B8%D0%B5" class="extiw" title="ru:Мугинское наречие">ru</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Upper_Mulebki_dialect&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Upper Mulebki dialect (page does not exist)">Upper Mulebki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urakhi_dialect" title="Urakhi dialect">Urakhi</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Southern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ashti_language&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ashti language (page does not exist)">Ashti</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%88%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D1%8F%D0%B7%D1%8B%D0%BA" class="extiw" title="ru:Аштинский язык">ru</a>]</span>–<a href="/wiki/Kubachi_language" title="Kubachi language">Kubachi</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sanzhi_language&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sanzhi language (page does not exist)">Sanzhi</a>–<a href="/wiki/Itsari_language" title="Itsari language">Itsari</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Amuzgi%E2%80%93Shiri_language&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Amuzgi–Shiri language (page does not exist)">Amuzgi–Shiri</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sanakari%E2%80%93Chakhrizhi_language&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sanakari–Chakhrizhi language (page does not exist)">Sanakari–Chakhrizhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southwestern_Dargwa_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Southwestern Dargwa language">Southwestern Dargwa</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sirhwa_dialect&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sirhwa dialect (page does not exist)">Sirhwa</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://lez.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B8%D1%80%D1%85%D0%B8_%D1%87%D3%80%D0%B0%D0%BB" class="extiw" title="lez:Сирхи чӀал">lez</a>; <a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%96%D1%80%D1%85%D1%96%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0" class="extiw" title="uk:Сірхінська мова">uk</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tanti_dialect&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tanti dialect (page does not exist)">Tanti</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Upper_Vurqni_dialect&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Upper Vurqni dialect (page does not exist)">Upper Vurqni</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Kaitag–Shari</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kaitag_language" title="Kaitag language">Kaitag</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shari_language&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Shari language (page does not exist)">Shari</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Lezgic_languages" title="Lezgic languages">Lezgic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Archi_language" title="Archi language">Archi</a></li> <li>Samur <ul><li>Eastern <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aghul_language" title="Aghul language">Aghul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lezgian_language" title="Lezgian language">Lezgin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tabasaran_language" title="Tabasaran language">Tabasaran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Udi_language" title="Udi language">Udi</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Caucasian_Albanian_language" title="Caucasian Albanian language">Caucasian Albanian</a></i></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li>Southern <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Budukh_language" title="Budukh language">Budukh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kryts_language" title="Kryts language">Kryts</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jek_language" title="Jek language">Jek</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li>Western <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rutul_language" title="Rutul language">Rutul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tsakhur_language" title="Tsakhur language">Tsakhur</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nakh_languages" title="Nakh languages">Nakh</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Bats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vainakh_languages" title="Vainakh languages">Vainakh</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chechen_language" title="Chechen language">Chechen</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aukh_dialect" title="Aukh dialect">Aukh</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ingush_language" title="Ingush language">Ingush</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Tsezic_languages" title="Tsezic languages">Tsezic</a> (Didoic)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bezhta_language" title="Bezhta language">Bezhta</a>–<a href="/wiki/Hunzib_language" title="Hunzib language">Hunzib</a>–<a href="/wiki/Khwarshi_language" title="Khwarshi language">Khwarshi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hinuq_language" title="Hinuq language">Hinukh</a>–<a href="/wiki/Tsez_language" title="Tsez language">Tsez</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Khinalug_language" title="Khinalug language">Khinalug</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lak_language" title="Lak language">Lak</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Northwest_Caucasian_languages" title="Northwest Caucasian languages">Northwest</a><br />(Pontic)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abazgi_languages" title="Abazgi languages">Abazgi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abaza_language" title="Abaza language">Abaza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abkhaz_language" title="Abkhaz language">Abkhaz</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Circassian_languages" title="Circassian languages">Circassian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adyghe_language" title="Adyghe language">Adyghe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kabardian_language" title="Kabardian language">Kabardian</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ubykh_language" title="Ubykh language">Ubykh</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="4" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Caucasus-ethnic_en.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Caucasus-ethnic_en.svg/250px-Caucasus-ethnic_en.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="284" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Caucasus-ethnic_en.svg/375px-Caucasus-ethnic_en.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Caucasus-ethnic_en.svg/500px-Caucasus-ethnic_en.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="977" data-file-height="1111" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Indo-European_languages" title="Indo-European languages">Indo-<br />European</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Iranian_languages" title="Iranian languages">Iranian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kurdish_language" title="Kurdish language">Kurdish</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kurmanji" title="Kurmanji">Kurmanji</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ossetian_language" title="Ossetian language">Ossetian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persian_language" title="Persian language">Persian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Talysh_language" title="Talysh language">Talysh</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Kilit_dialect" title="Kilit dialect">Kilit</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tat_language_(Caucasus)" title="Tat language (Caucasus)">Tat</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Tat" title="Judeo-Tat">Judeo-Tat</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Slavic_languages" title="Slavic languages">Slavic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_language" title="Ukrainian language">Ukrainian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_language" title="Armenian language">Armenian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Armenian" title="Eastern Armenian">Eastern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Armenian" title="Western Armenian">Western</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caucasus_Germans" title="Caucasus Germans">German</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pontic_Greek" title="Pontic Greek">Pontic Greek</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Turkic_languages" title="Turkic languages">Turkic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Kipchak_languages" title="Kipchak languages">Kipchak</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Karachay-Balkar" title="Karachay-Balkar">Karachay-Balkar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kumyk_language" title="Kumyk language">Kumyk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nogai_language" title="Nogai language">Nogai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urum_language" title="Urum language">Urum</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Oghuz_languages" title="Oghuz languages">Oghuz</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijani_language" title="Azerbaijani language">Azerbaijani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_language" title="Turkish language">Turkish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkmen_language" title="Turkmen language">Turkmen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kalmyk_Oirat" title="Kalmyk Oirat">Kalmyk Oirat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lomavren_language" title="Lomavren language">Lomavren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northeastern_Neo-Aramaic" title="Northeastern Neo-Aramaic">Northeastern Neo-Aramaic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Suret" class="mw-redirect" title="Suret">Assyrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Aramaic_dialect_of_Bohtan" title="Neo-Aramaic dialect of Bohtan">Bohtan</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Shirvani_Arabic" title="Shirvani Arabic">Shirvani Arabic</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><i>Italics</i> indicate <a href="/wiki/Language_death" title="Language death">extinct languages</a></li> <li>Languages between parentheses are <a href="/wiki/Variety_(linguistics)" title="Variety (linguistics)">varieties</a> of the language on their left.</li></ul> <dl><dt>See also</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Armenia" title="Languages of Armenia">Languages of Armenia</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Azerbaijan" title="Languages of Azerbaijan">Languages of Azerbaijan</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Georgia_(country)" class="mw-redirect" title="Languages of Georgia (country)">Languages of Georgia</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Russia" title="Languages of Russia">Languages of Russia</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div 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