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class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Polar treks</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Polar_treks-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Polar treks subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Polar_treks-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Belgian_Antarctic_Expedition" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Belgian_Antarctic_Expedition"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Belgian Antarctic Expedition</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Belgian_Antarctic_Expedition-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_Northwest_Passage" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Northwest_Passage"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>The Northwest Passage</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_Northwest_Passage-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-South_Pole_Expedition" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#South_Pole_Expedition"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>South Pole Expedition</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-South_Pole_Expedition-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-North_Polar_Expeditions_and_the_Northeast_Passage" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#North_Polar_Expeditions_and_the_Northeast_Passage"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>North Polar Expeditions and the Northeast Passage</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-North_Polar_Expeditions_and_the_Northeast_Passage-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle North Polar Expeditions and the Northeast Passage subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-North_Polar_Expeditions_and_the_Northeast_Passage-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-The_Northeast_Passage" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Northeast_Passage"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>The Northeast Passage</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_Northeast_Passage-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Aerial_expeditions_to_the_North_Pole" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Aerial_expeditions_to_the_North_Pole"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Aerial expeditions to the North Pole</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Aerial_expeditions_to_the_North_Pole-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Controversy_over_Polar_Priority" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Controversy_over_Polar_Priority"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Controversy over Polar Priority</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Controversy_over_Polar_Priority-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Disappearance_and_death" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Disappearance_and_death"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Disappearance and death</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Disappearance_and_death-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Personal_life" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Personal_life"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Personal life</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Personal_life-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Orders_and_decorations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Orders_and_decorations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Orders and decorations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Orders_and_decorations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legacy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legacy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Legacy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Legacy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-European-Inuit_descendant_claims" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#European-Inuit_descendant_claims"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>European-Inuit descendant claims</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-European-Inuit_descendant_claims-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Works_by_Amundsen" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Works_by_Amundsen"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Works by Amundsen</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Works_by_Amundsen-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.1</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.2</span> <span>Citations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.3</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Roald Amundsen</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 155 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-155" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">155 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roald_Amundsen" title="Roald Amundsen – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Roald Amundsen" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roald_Amundsen" title="Roald Amundsen – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Roald Amundsen" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%88%A9%E1%8B%8B%E1%88%8D_%E1%8A%A0%E1%88%98%E1%8A%95%E1%88%B0%E1%8A%95" title="ሩዋል አመንሰን – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ሩዋል አመንሰን" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-anp mw-list-item"><a href="https://anp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A1_%E0%A4%8F%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%A8" title="रोआल्ड एमुन्डसन – Angika" lang="anp" hreflang="anp" data-title="रोआल्ड एमुन्डसन" data-language-autonym="अंगिका" data-language-local-name="Angika" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>अंगिका</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hroald_Amundsen" title="Hroald Amundsen – Old English" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Hroald Amundsen" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="Old English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ænglisc</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%84_%D8%A3%D9%85%D9%88%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%B3%D9%86" title="روال أموندسن – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="روال أموندسن" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roald_Amundsen" title="Roald Amundsen – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Roald Amundsen" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hyw mw-list-item"><a href="https://hyw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8C%D5%B8%D5%A1%D5%AC%D5%BF_%D4%B1%D5%B4%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6%D5%BF%D5%BD%D5%A8%D5%B6" title="Ռոալտ Ամունտսըն – Western Armenian" lang="hyw" hreflang="hyw" data-title="Ռոալտ Ամունտսըն" data-language-autonym="Արեւմտահայերէն" data-language-local-name="Western Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Արեւմտահայերէն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roald_Amundsen" title="Roald Amundsen – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Roald Amundsen" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-awa mw-list-item"><a href="https://awa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A1_%E0%A4%8F%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%A8" title="रोआल्ड एमन्डसन – Awadhi" lang="awa" hreflang="awa" data-title="रोआल्ड एमन्डसन" data-language-autonym="अवधी" data-language-local-name="Awadhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>अवधी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roald_Amundsen" title="Roald Amundsen – Guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Roald Amundsen" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="Guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Avañe'ẽ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roald_Amundsen" title="Roald Amundsen – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Roald Amundsen" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B2_%E0%A6%86%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%A8" title="রুয়াল আমুনসেন – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="রুয়াল আমুনসেন" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roald_Amundsen" title="Roald Amundsen – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Roald Amundsen" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D1%83%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C_%D0%90%D0%BC%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BD" title="Руаль Амундсен – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Руаль Амундсен" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D1%83%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C_%D0%90%D0%BC%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BD" title="Руаль Амундсен – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Руаль Амундсен" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D1%83%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C_%D0%90%D0%BC%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%81%D1%8D%D0%BD" title="Руаль Амундсэн – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Руаль Амундсэн" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D1%83%D0%B0%D0%BB_%D0%90%D0%BC%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BD" title="Руал Амундсен – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Руал Амундсен" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roald_Amundsen" title="Roald Amundsen – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Roald Amundsen" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Boarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roald_Amundsen" title="Roald Amundsen – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Roald Amundsen" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roald_Amundsen" title="Roald Amundsen – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Roald Amundsen" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D1%83%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C_%D0%90%D0%BC%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BD" title="Руаль Амундсен – Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Руаль Амундсен" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Буряад</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roald_Amundsen" title="Roald Amundsen – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Roald Amundsen" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D1%83%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C_%D0%90%D0%BC%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BD" title="Руаль Амундсен – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Руаль Амундсен" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roald_Amundsen" title="Roald Amundsen – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Roald Amundsen" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roald_Amundsen" title="Roald Amundsen – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Roald Amundsen" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roald_Amundsen" title="Roald Amundsen – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Roald Amundsen" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roald_Amundsen" title="Roald Amundsen – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Roald Amundsen" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roald_Amundsen" title="Roald Amundsen – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Roald Amundsen" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A1%CF%8C%CE%B1%CE%BB%CE%BD%CF%84_%CE%86%CE%BC%CE%BF%CF%85%CE%BD%CE%B4%CF%83%CE%B5%CE%BD" title="Ρόαλντ Άμουνδσεν – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ρόαλντ Άμουνδσεν" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roald_Amundsen" title="Roald Amundsen – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Roald Amundsen" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roald_Amundsen" title="Roald Amundsen – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Roald Amundsen" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roald_Amundsen" title="Roald Amundsen – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Roald Amundsen" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%A6%D8%A7%D9%84_%D8%A2%D9%85%D9%88%D9%86%D8%B3%D9%86" title="روئال آمونسن – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="روئال آمونسن" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roald_Amundsen" title="Roald Amundsen – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Roald Amundsen" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fiji Hindi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roald_Amundsen" title="Roald Amundsen – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Roald Amundsen" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Føroyskt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roald_Amundsen" title="Roald Amundsen – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Roald Amundsen" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roald_Amundsen" title="Roald Amundsen – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Roald Amundsen" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fur mw-list-item"><a href="https://fur.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roald_Amundsen" title="Roald Amundsen – Friulian" lang="fur" hreflang="fur" data-title="Roald Amundsen" data-language-autonym="Furlan" data-language-local-name="Friulian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Furlan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roald_Amundsen" title="Roald Amundsen – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Roald Amundsen" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roald_Amundsen" title="Roald Amundsen – Manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Roald Amundsen" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="Manx" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaelg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roald_Amundsen" title="Roald Amundsen – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Roald Amundsen" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roald_Amundsen" title="Roald Amundsen – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Roald Amundsen" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gan mw-list-item"><a href="https://gan.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%BE%85%E5%BE%B7%C2%B7%E9%98%BF%E9%96%80%E6%A3%AE" title="羅德·阿門森 – Gan" lang="gan" hreflang="gan" data-title="羅德·阿門森" data-language-autonym="贛語" data-language-local-name="Gan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>贛語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%A1%9C%EC%95%8C_%EC%95%84%EB%AC%B8%EC%84%BC" title="로알 아문센 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="로알 아문센" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roald_Amundsen" title="Roald Amundsen – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Roald Amundsen" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hausa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8C%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A1%D5%AC_%D4%B1%D5%B4%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6%D5%A4%D5%BD%D5%A5%D5%B6" title="Ռուալ Ամունդսեն – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ռուալ Ամունդսեն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%B2_%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%A8" title="रुआल आमुन्सन – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="रुआल आमुन्सन" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roald_Amundsen" title="Roald Amundsen – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Roald Amundsen" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roald_Amundsen" title="Roald Amundsen – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Roald Amundsen" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roald_Amundsen" title="Roald Amundsen – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Roald Amundsen" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ilokano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roald_Amundsen" title="Roald Amundsen – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Roald Amundsen" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roald_Amundsen" title="Roald Amundsen – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Roald Amundsen" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BC%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BD,_%D0%A0%D1%83%D0%B0%D0%BB" title="Амундсен, Руал – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Амундсен, Руал" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ирон</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roald_Amundsen" title="Roald Amundsen – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Roald Amundsen" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roald_Amundsen" title="Roald Amundsen – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Roald Amundsen" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%90%D7%9C%D7%93_%D7%90%D7%9E%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%93%D7%A1%D7%9F" title="רואלד אמונדסן – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="רואלד אמונדסן" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roald_Amundsen" title="Roald Amundsen – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Roald Amundsen" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbp mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roald_Amundsen" title="Roald Amundsen – Kabiye" lang="kbp" hreflang="kbp" data-title="Roald Amundsen" data-language-autonym="Kabɩyɛ" data-language-local-name="Kabiye" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kabɩyɛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%8A%E0%B2%86%E0%B2%B2%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%A1%E0%B3%8D_%E0%B2%85%E0%B2%AE%E0%B3%81%E0%B2%A8%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%A1%E0%B3%8D%E2%80%8D%E0%B2%B8%E0%B2%A8%E0%B3%8D" title="ರೊಆಲ್ಡ್ ಅಮುನ್ಡ್‍ಸನ್ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ರೊಆಲ್ಡ್ ಅಮುನ್ಡ್‍ಸನ್" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pam mw-list-item"><a href="https://pam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roald_Amundsen" title="Roald Amundsen – Pampanga" lang="pam" hreflang="pam" data-title="Roald Amundsen" data-language-autonym="Kapampangan" data-language-local-name="Pampanga" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kapampangan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A0%E1%83%A3%E1%83%90%E1%83%9A_%E1%83%90%E1%83%9B%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9C%E1%83%93%E1%83%A1%E1%83%94%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98" title="რუალ ამუნდსენი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="რუალ ამუნდსენი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D1%83%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C_%D0%90%D0%BC%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BD" title="Руаль Амундсен – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Руаль Амундсен" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roald_Amundsen" title="Roald Amundsen – Cornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Roald Amundsen" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Cornish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kernowek</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roald_Amundsen" title="Roald Amundsen – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Roald Amundsen" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-avk mw-list-item"><a href="https://avk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roald_Amundsen" title="Roald Amundsen – Kotava" lang="avk" hreflang="avk" data-title="Roald Amundsen" data-language-autonym="Kotava" data-language-local-name="Kotava" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kotava</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roald_Amundsen" title="Roald Amundsen – Guianan Creole" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="Roald Amundsen" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="Guianan Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kriyòl gwiyannen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roald_Amundsen" title="Roald Amundsen – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Roald Amundsen" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D1%83%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C_%D0%90%D0%BC%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BD" title="Руаль Амундсен – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Руаль Амундсен" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lad mw-list-item"><a href="https://lad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roald_Amundsen" title="Roald Amundsen – Ladino" lang="lad" hreflang="lad" data-title="Roald Amundsen" data-language-autonym="Ladino" data-language-local-name="Ladino" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ladino</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rodoaldus_Amundsen" title="Rodoaldus Amundsen – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Rodoaldus Amundsen" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roalds_Amundsens" title="Roalds Amundsens – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Roalds Amundsens" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roald_Amundsen" title="Roald Amundsen – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Roald Amundsen" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lez mw-list-item"><a href="https://lez.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D1%83%D0%B0%D0%BB_%D0%90%D0%BC%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BD" title="Руал Амундсен – Lezghian" lang="lez" hreflang="lez" data-title="Руал Амундсен" data-language-autonym="Лезги" data-language-local-name="Lezghian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Лезги</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roald_Amundsen" title="Roald Amundsen – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Roald Amundsen" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roald_Amundsen" title="Roald Amundsen – Ligurian" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Roald Amundsen" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="Ligurian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ligure</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roald_Amundsen" title="Roald Amundsen – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Roald Amundsen" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roald_Amundsen" title="Roald Amundsen – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Roald Amundsen" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roald_Amundsen" title="Roald Amundsen – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Roald Amundsen" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roald_Amundsen" title="Roald Amundsen – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Roald Amundsen" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mai mw-list-item"><a href="https://mai.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A1_%E0%A4%8F%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%A8" title="रोआल्ड एमन्डसन – Maithili" lang="mai" hreflang="mai" data-title="रोआल्ड एमन्डसन" data-language-autonym="मैथिली" data-language-local-name="Maithili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मैथिली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%BE%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B4_%D0%90%D0%BC%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BD" title="Роалд Амундсен – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Роалд Амундсен" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roald_Amundsen" title="Roald Amundsen – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Roald Amundsen" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8A%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%BE%E0%B5%BE%E0%B4%A1%E0%B5%8D_%E0%B4%86%E0%B4%AE%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%A3%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A1%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%86%E0%B5%BB" title="റൊവാൾഡ് ആമുണ്ഡ്സെൻ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="റൊവാൾഡ് ആമുണ്ഡ്സെൻ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A1_%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%A8" title="रोआल्ड आमुंडसन – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="रोआल्ड आमुंडसन" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A0%E1%83%A3%E1%83%90%E1%83%9A_%E1%83%90%E1%83%9B%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9C%E1%83%93%E1%83%A1%E1%83%94%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98" title="რუალ ამუნდსენი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="რუალ ამუნდსენი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF_%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%88%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%B3%D9%8A%D9%86" title="روالد اموندسين – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="روالد اموندسين" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roald_Amundsen" title="Roald Amundsen – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Roald Amundsen" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mwl mw-list-item"><a href="https://mwl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roald_Amundsen" title="Roald Amundsen – Mirandese" lang="mwl" hreflang="mwl" data-title="Roald Amundsen" data-language-autonym="Mirandés" data-language-local-name="Mirandese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Mirandés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D1%83%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C_%D0%90%D0%BC%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BD" title="Руаль Амундсен – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Руаль Амундсен" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%9B%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%A1%E1%80%AC_%E1%80%A1%E1%80%AC%E1%80%B8%E1%80%99%E1%80%94%E1%80%BA%E1%80%86%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA" title="ရိုအာ အားမန်ဆင် – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ရိုအာ အားမန်ဆင်" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nah mw-list-item"><a href="https://nah.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roald_Amundsen" title="Roald Amundsen – Nahuatl" lang="nah" hreflang="nah" data-title="Roald Amundsen" data-language-autonym="Nāhuatl" data-language-local-name="Nahuatl" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nāhuatl</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roald_Amundsen" title="Roald Amundsen – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Roald Amundsen" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%B2_%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%A8" title="रुआल आम्युनसन – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="रुआल आम्युनसन" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाल भाषा</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%AD%E3%82%A2%E3%83%BC%E3%83%AB%E3%83%BB%E3%82%A2%E3%83%A0%E3%83%B3%E3%82%BB%E3%83%B3" title="ロアール・アムンセン – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ロアール・アムンセン" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BC%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BD,_%D0%A0%D1%83%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C" title="Амундсен, Руаль – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Амундсен, Руаль" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Нохчийн</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roald_Amundsen" title="Roald Amundsen – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Roald Amundsen" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roald_Amundsen" title="Roald Amundsen – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Roald Amundsen" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roald_Amundsen" title="Roald Amundsen – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Roald Amundsen" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roald_Amundsen" title="Roald Amundsen – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Roald Amundsen" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%B0%E0%A9%81%E0%A8%86%E0%A8%B2_%E0%A8%86%E0%A8%AE%E0%A9%81%E0%A9%B0%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%A8" title="ਰੁਆਲ ਆਮੁੰਸਨ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਰੁਆਲ ਆਮੁੰਸਨ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pag mw-list-item"><a href="https://pag.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roald_Amundsen" title="Roald Amundsen – Pangasinan" lang="pag" hreflang="pag" data-title="Roald Amundsen" data-language-autonym="Pangasinan" data-language-local-name="Pangasinan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Pangasinan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%A2%D9%84_%D8%A2%D9%85%D9%88%D9%86%D8%B3%D9%86" title="روآل آمونسن – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="روآل آمونسن" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%84%DA%89_%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%88%D9%86%DA%89%D8%B3%D9%86" title="روالډ امونډسن – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="روالډ امونډسن" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jam mw-list-item"><a href="https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roald_Amundsen" title="Roald Amundsen – Jamaican Creole English" lang="jam" hreflang="jam" data-title="Roald Amundsen" data-language-autonym="Patois" data-language-local-name="Jamaican Creole English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Patois</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pcd mw-list-item"><a href="https://pcd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roald_Amundsen" title="Roald Amundsen – Picard" lang="pcd" hreflang="pcd" data-title="Roald Amundsen" data-language-autonym="Picard" data-language-local-name="Picard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Picard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roald_Amundsen" title="Roald Amundsen – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Roald Amundsen" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roald_Amundsen" title="Roald Amundsen – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Roald Amundsen" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roald_Amundsen" title="Roald Amundsen – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Roald Amundsen" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roald_Amundsen" title="Roald Amundsen – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Roald Amundsen" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roald_Amundsen" title="Roald Amundsen – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Roald Amundsen" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roald_Amundsen" title="Roald Amundsen – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Roald Amundsen" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D1%83%D0%B0%D0%BB_%D0%90%D0%BC%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BD" title="Руал Амундсен – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Руал Амундсен" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BC%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BD,_%D0%A0%D1%83%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C" title="Амундсен, Руаль – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Амундсен, Руаль" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D1%83%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C_%D0%90%D0%BC%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BD" title="Руаль Амундсен – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Руаль Амундсен" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sat mw-list-item"><a href="https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%A2%E1%B1%A9%E1%B1%B1%E1%B1%B0%E1%B1%A5%E1%B1%AE%E1%B1%B1,_%E1%B1%A8%E1%B1%9A%E1%B1%A3%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%9E%E1%B1%B0" title="ᱟᱢᱩᱱᱰᱥᱮᱱ, ᱨᱚᱣᱟᱞᱰ – Santali" lang="sat" hreflang="sat" data-title="ᱟᱢᱩᱱᱰᱥᱮᱱ, ᱨᱚᱣᱟᱞᱰ" data-language-autonym="ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ" data-language-local-name="Santali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roald_Amundsen" title="Roald Amundsen – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Roald Amundsen" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roald_Amundsen" title="Roald Amundsen – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Roald Amundsen" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roald_Amundsen" title="Roald Amundsen – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Roald Amundsen" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roald_Amundsen" title="Roald Amundsen – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Roald Amundsen" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roald_Amundsen" title="Roald Amundsen – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Roald Amundsen" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roald_Amundsen" title="Roald Amundsen – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Roald Amundsen" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roald_Amundsen" title="Roald Amundsen – Somali" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Roald Amundsen" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Somali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Soomaaliga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%95%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%84_%D8%A6%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%88%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%B3%D9%86" title="ڕوال ئاموندسن – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ڕوال ئاموندسن" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D1%83%D0%B0%D0%BB_%D0%90%D0%BC%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BD" title="Руал Амундсен – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Руал Амундсен" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roald_Amundsen" title="Roald Amundsen – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Roald Amundsen" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roald_Amundsen" title="Roald Amundsen – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Roald Amundsen" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi badge-Q17559452 badge-recommendedarticle mw-list-item" title="recommended article"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roald_Amundsen" title="Roald Amundsen – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Roald Amundsen" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roald_Amundsen" title="Roald Amundsen – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Roald Amundsen" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roald_Amundsen" title="Roald Amundsen – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Roald Amundsen" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%85%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D" title="ருவால் அமுன்சென் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="ருவால் அமுன்சென்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-roa-tara mw-list-item"><a href="https://roa-tara.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roald_Amundsen" title="Roald Amundsen – Tarantino" lang="nap-x-tara" hreflang="nap-x-tara" data-title="Roald Amundsen" data-language-autonym="Tarandíne" data-language-local-name="Tarantino" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tarandíne</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D1%83%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C_%D0%90%D0%BC%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BD" title="Руаль Амундсен – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Руаль Амундсен" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B9%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A5_%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B6%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%99" title="รูอาล อามึนเซิน – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="รูอาล อามึนเซิน" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D1%83%D0%B0%D0%BB_%D0%90%D0%BC%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BD" title="Руал Амундсен – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Руал Амундсен" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roald_Amundsen" title="Roald Amundsen – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Roald Amundsen" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tk mw-list-item"><a href="https://tk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rual_Amundsen" title="Rual Amundsen – Turkmen" lang="tk" hreflang="tk" data-title="Rual Amundsen" data-language-autonym="Türkmençe" data-language-local-name="Turkmen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkmençe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-udm mw-list-item"><a href="https://udm.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BC%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BD,_%D0%A0%D1%83%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C" title="Амундсен, Руаль – Udmurt" lang="udm" hreflang="udm" data-title="Амундсен, Руаль" data-language-autonym="Удмурт" data-language-local-name="Udmurt" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Удмурт</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D1%83%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C_%D0%90%D0%BC%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BD" title="Руаль Амундсен – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Руаль Амундсен" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%A2%D9%84_%D8%A2%D9%85%D9%88%D9%86%D8%B3%D9%86" title="روآل آمونسن – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="روآل آمونسن" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amundsen_Rual%27" title="Amundsen Rual' – Veps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Amundsen Rual'" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="Veps" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vepsän kel’</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roald_Amundsen" title="Roald Amundsen – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Roald Amundsen" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vo mw-list-item"><a href="https://vo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roald_Amundsen" title="Roald Amundsen – Volapük" lang="vo" hreflang="vo" data-title="Roald Amundsen" data-language-autonym="Volapük" data-language-local-name="Volapük" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Volapük</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amundseni_Roald" title="Amundseni Roald – Võro" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="Amundseni Roald" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="Võro" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Võro</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roald_Amundsen" title="Roald Amundsen – Walloon" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Roald Amundsen" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="Walloon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Walon</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roald_Amundsen" title="Roald Amundsen – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Roald Amundsen" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%BD%97%E5%B0%94%E5%BE%B7%C2%B7%E9%98%BF%E8%92%99%E6%A3%AE" title="罗尔德·阿蒙森 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="罗尔德·阿蒙森" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A8%D7%90%D7%90%D7%9C%D7%93_%D7%90%D7%9E%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%93%D7%A1%D7%A2%D7%9F" title="ראאלד אמונדסען – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="ראאלד אמונדסען" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roald_Amundsen" title="Roald Amundsen – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Roald Amundsen" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Yorùbá</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%BE%85%E7%88%BE%E5%BE%B7%C2%B7%E9%98%BF%E8%92%99%E6%A3%AE" title="羅爾德·阿蒙森 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="羅爾德·阿蒙森" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roald_Amundsen" title="Roald Amundsen – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Roald Amundsen" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zazaki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roalds_Amondsens" title="Roalds Amondsens – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Roalds Amondsens" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Žemaitėška</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%BD%97%E9%98%BF%E5%B0%94%C2%B7%E9%98%BF%E8%92%99%E6%A3%AE" title="罗阿尔·阿蒙森 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="罗阿尔·阿蒙森" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bew mw-list-item"><a href="https://bew.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roald_Amundsen" title="Roald Amundsen – Betawi" lang="bew" hreflang="bew" data-title="Roald Amundsen" data-language-autonym="Betawi" data-language-local-name="Betawi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Betawi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-btm mw-list-item"><a href="https://btm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roald_Amundsen" title="Roald Amundsen – Batak Mandailing" lang="btm" hreflang="btm" data-title="Roald Amundsen" data-language-autonym="Batak Mandailing" data-language-local-name="Batak Mandailing" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Batak Mandailing</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q926#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Roald_Amundsen" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Roald_Amundsen" rel="discussion" title="Discuss 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For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Roald_Amundsen_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Roald Amundsen (disambiguation)">Roald Amundsen (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Amundsen" redirects here. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Amundsen_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Amundsen (disambiguation)">Amundsen (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox biography vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;"><div class="fn">Roald Amundsen</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Amundsen_in_fur_skins.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Amundsen's face in a black-and-white photo" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Amundsen_in_fur_skins.jpg/220px-Amundsen_in_fur_skins.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="296" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Amundsen_in_fur_skins.jpg/330px-Amundsen_in_fur_skins.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Amundsen_in_fur_skins.jpg/440px-Amundsen_in_fur_skins.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2604" data-file-height="3503" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Amundsen <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1923</span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display:inline" class="nickname">Roald Engelbregt Gravning Amundsen</div><br /><span style="display:none">(<span class="bday">1872-07-16</span>)</span>16 July 1872<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /><div style="display:inline" class="birthplace"><a href="/wiki/Borge,_%C3%98stfold" title="Borge, Østfold">Borge, Østfold</a>, Norway</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Disappeared</th><td class="infobox-data">18 June 1928 (aged 55)<br /><a href="/wiki/Barents_Sea" title="Barents Sea">Barents Sea</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Occupation</th><td class="infobox-data role">Explorer</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Known for</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist" style="margin-left:1em;text-indent:-1em;"> <ul><li>First to reach the <a href="/wiki/South_Pole" title="South Pole">South Pole</a> and the <a href="/wiki/North_Pole" title="North Pole">North Pole</a></li> <li>First to navigate the <a href="/wiki/Northwest_Passage" title="Northwest Passage">Northwest Passage</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Awards</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Order_of_St._Olav" title="Order of St. Olav">Order of St. Olav</a> (1906)<sup id="cite_ref-norges1_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-norges1-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hubbard_Medal" title="Hubbard Medal">Hubbard Medal</a> (1907)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Order_of_Franz_Joseph" title="Order of Franz Joseph">Order of Franz Joseph</a> (1907)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_P._Daly_Medal" title="Charles P. Daly Medal">Charles P. Daly Medal</a> (1912)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vega_Medal" class="mw-redirect" title="Vega Medal">Vega Medal</a> (1913)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congressional_Gold_Medal" title="Congressional Gold Medal">Congressional Gold Medal</a> (1928)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Signature</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><span class="infobox-signature skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Roald_Amundsen_Signature.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Roald_Amundsen_Signature.svg/150px-Roald_Amundsen_Signature.svg.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="43" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Roald_Amundsen_Signature.svg/225px-Roald_Amundsen_Signature.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Roald_Amundsen_Signature.svg/300px-Roald_Amundsen_Signature.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="305" data-file-height="87" /></a></span></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Roald Engelbregt Gravning Amundsen</b> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small"><a href="/wiki/British_English" title="British English">UK</a>: </span><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="/ɑː/: 'a' in 'father'">ɑː</span><span title="'m' in 'my'">m</span><span title="/ʊ/: 'u' in 'push'">ʊ</span><span title="'n' in 'nigh'">n</span><span title="'d' in 'dye'">d</span><span title="'s' in 'sigh'">s</span><span title="/ən/: 'on' in 'button'">ən</span></span>/</a></span></span>, <span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1177148991"><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small"><a href="/wiki/American_English" title="American English">US</a>: </span><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/-<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="'m' in 'my'">m</span><span title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</span><span title="'n' in 'nigh'">n</span><span title="'s' in 'sigh'">s</span></span>-/</a></span></span>;<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1177148991"><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">Norwegian:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="no-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Norwegian" title="Help:IPA/Norwegian">[ˈrùːɑɫ<span class="wrap"> </span>ˈɑ̂mʉnsən]</a></span> <span class="noprint"><span class="ext-phonos"><span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-1" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/9\/90\/RoaldAmundsen.ogg\/RoaldAmundsen.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"RoaldAmundsen.ogg"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/9/90/RoaldAmundsen.ogg/RoaldAmundsen.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"><span class="oo-ui-iconElement-icon oo-ui-icon-volumeUp"></span><span class="oo-ui-labelElement-label"></span><span class="oo-ui-indicatorElement-indicator oo-ui-indicatorElement-noIndicator"></span></a></span><sup class="ext-phonos-attribution noexcerpt navigation-not-searchable"><a href="/wiki/File:RoaldAmundsen.ogg" title="File:RoaldAmundsen.ogg">ⓘ</a></sup></span></span>; 16 July 1872 – <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 18 June 1928</span>) was a <a href="/wiki/Norwegians" title="Norwegians">Norwegian</a> explorer of <a href="/wiki/Polar_region" class="mw-redirect" title="Polar region">polar regions</a>. He was a key figure of the period known as the <a href="/wiki/Heroic_Age_of_Antarctic_Exploration" title="Heroic Age of Antarctic Exploration">Heroic Age of Antarctic Exploration</a>. </p><p>Born in <a href="/wiki/Borge,_%C3%98stfold" title="Borge, Østfold">Borge, Østfold</a>, Norway, Amundsen began his career as a polar explorer as first mate on <a href="/wiki/Adrien_de_Gerlache" title="Adrien de Gerlache">Adrien de Gerlache</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Belgian_Antarctic_Expedition" title="Belgian Antarctic Expedition">Belgian Antarctic Expedition</a> of 1897–1899. From 1903 to 1906, he led the first expedition to successfully traverse the <a href="/wiki/Northwest_Passage" title="Northwest Passage">Northwest Passage</a> on the sloop <i><a href="/wiki/Gj%C3%B8a" title="Gjøa">Gjøa</a></i>. In 1909, Amundsen began planning for a <a href="/wiki/Amundsen%27s_South_Pole_expedition" title="Amundsen's South Pole expedition">South Pole expedition</a>. He left Norway in June 1910 on the ship <i><a href="/wiki/Fram_(ship)" title="Fram (ship)">Fram</a></i> and reached <a href="/wiki/Antarctica" title="Antarctica">Antarctica</a> in January 1911. His party established a <a href="/wiki/Framheim" title="Framheim">camp</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Bay_of_Whales" title="Bay of Whales">Bay of Whales</a> and a series of supply depots on the Barrier (now known as the <a href="/wiki/Ross_Ice_Shelf" title="Ross Ice Shelf">Ross Ice Shelf</a>) before setting out for the pole in October. The party of five, led by Amundsen, became the first to reach the South Pole on 14 December 1911. </p><p>Following a failed attempt in 1918 to reach the <a href="/wiki/North_Pole" title="North Pole">North Pole</a> by traversing the <a href="/wiki/Northern_Sea_Route" title="Northern Sea Route">Northeast Passage</a> on the ship <i><a href="/wiki/Maud_(ship)" title="Maud (ship)">Maud</a></i>, Amundsen began planning for an aerial expedition instead. On 12 May 1926, Amundsen and 15 other men in the airship <i><a href="/wiki/Norge_(airship)" title="Norge (airship)">Norge</a></i> became the first explorers verified to have reached the North Pole.<sup id="cite_ref-whowasfirstatthenorthpole_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-whowasfirstatthenorthpole-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-flyingtothenorthpole_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-flyingtothenorthpole-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Amundsen disappeared in June 1928 while flying on a rescue mission for the airship <a href="/wiki/Italia_(airship)" title="Italia (airship)"><i>Italia</i></a> in the Arctic. The search for his remains, which have not been found, was called off that September. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_life">Early life</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Roald_Amundsen&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Early life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Amundsenboy.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A young Roald Amundsen is depicted in 1875 during his childhood years." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Amundsenboy.jpg/220px-Amundsenboy.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="335" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Amundsenboy.jpg/330px-Amundsenboy.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Amundsenboy.jpg/440px-Amundsenboy.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2494" data-file-height="3797" /></a><figcaption>Roald Amundsen as a young boy in 1875</figcaption></figure> <p>Amundsen was born into a family of Norwegian shipowners and captains in <a href="/wiki/Borge,_%C3%98stfold" title="Borge, Østfold">Borge</a>, between the towns <a href="/wiki/Fredrikstad" title="Fredrikstad">Fredrikstad</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sarpsborg" title="Sarpsborg">Sarpsborg</a>. His parents were Jens Amundsen and Hanna Sahlqvist. Roald was the fourth son in the family. His mother wanted him to avoid the family maritime trade and encouraged him to become a doctor, a promise that Amundsen kept until his mother died when he was aged 21. He promptly quit university for a life at sea.<sup id="cite_ref-Thomas_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Thomas-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Amundsen was in the <a href="/wiki/Uranienborg,_Norway" title="Uranienborg, Norway">Uranienborg</a> neighbourhood an occasional childhood playmate of the pioneering Antarctica explorer <a href="/wiki/Carsten_Borchgrevink" title="Carsten Borchgrevink">Carsten Borchgrevink</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-k491_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-k491-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>When he was fifteen years old, Amundsen was enthralled by reading <a href="/wiki/John_Franklin" title="John Franklin">Sir John Franklin</a>'s narratives of his overland Arctic expeditions. Amundsen wrote "I read them with a fervid fascination which has shaped the whole course of my life".<sup id="cite_ref-Life_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Life-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Polar_treks">Polar treks</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Roald_Amundsen&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Polar treks"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Belgian_Antarctic_Expedition">Belgian Antarctic Expedition</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Roald_Amundsen&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Belgian Antarctic Expedition"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Belgica_schiff.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Belgica_schiff.jpg/220px-Belgica_schiff.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="155" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Belgica_schiff.jpg/330px-Belgica_schiff.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/80/Belgica_schiff.jpg 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="282" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/RV_Belgica_(1884)" title="RV Belgica (1884)">RV <i>Belgica</i></a> frozen in the ice, 1898</figcaption></figure> <p>Amundsen joined the <a href="/wiki/Belgian_Antarctic_Expedition" title="Belgian Antarctic Expedition">Belgian Antarctic Expedition</a> as first mate at the age of 25 in 1897. This expedition, led by <a href="/wiki/Adrien_de_Gerlache" title="Adrien de Gerlache">Adrien de Gerlache</a> using the ship the <a href="/wiki/RV_Belgica_(1884)" title="RV Belgica (1884)">RV <i>Belgica</i></a>, became the first expedition to overwinter in Antarctica.<sup id="cite_ref-Mifflin_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mifflin-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <i>Belgica</i>, whether by mistake or design, became locked in the sea ice at 70°30′S off <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Island" title="Alexander Island">Alexander Island</a>, west of the <a href="/wiki/Antarctic_Peninsula" title="Antarctic Peninsula">Antarctic Peninsula</a>. The crew endured a winter for which they were poorly prepared. </p><p>By Amundsen's own estimation, the doctor for the expedition, the American <a href="/wiki/Frederick_Cook" title="Frederick Cook">Frederick Cook</a>, probably saved the crew from <a href="/wiki/Scurvy" title="Scurvy">scurvy</a> by hunting for animals and feeding the crew fresh meat. In cases where citrus fruits are lacking, raw meat – particularly <a href="/wiki/Offal" title="Offal">offal</a> – from animals often contains enough <a href="/wiki/Vitamin_C" title="Vitamin C">vitamin C</a> to prevent scurvy.<sup id="cite_ref-Ferguson_2021_t544_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ferguson_2021_t544-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_Northwest_Passage">The Northwest Passage</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Roald_Amundsen&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: The Northwest Passage"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nlc_amundsen.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Nlc_amundsen.jpg/170px-Nlc_amundsen.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="239" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Nlc_amundsen.jpg/255px-Nlc_amundsen.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Nlc_amundsen.jpg/340px-Nlc_amundsen.jpg 2x" data-file-width="443" data-file-height="622" /></a><figcaption>Amundsen <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1908</span></figcaption></figure> <p>In 1903, Amundsen led the first expedition to traverse Canada's <a href="/wiki/Northwest_Passage" title="Northwest Passage">Northwest Passage</a> between the <a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Ocean" title="Atlantic Ocean">Atlantic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pacific_Ocean" title="Pacific Ocean">Pacific</a> oceans. He planned a small expedition of six men in a <span class="nowrap">45-ton</span> fishing vessel, <a href="/wiki/Gj%C3%B8a" title="Gjøa"><i>Gjøa</i></a>, to have flexibility. His ship had relatively shallow draft. His technique was to use a small ship and hug the coast. Amundsen had the ship outfitted with a small 13 horsepower single-screw paraffin (diesel) engine.<sup id="cite_ref-Derry_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Derry-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>They traveled via <a href="/wiki/Baffin_Bay" title="Baffin Bay">Baffin Bay</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Parry_Channel" title="Parry Channel">Parry Channel</a> and then south through <a href="/wiki/Peel_Sound" title="Peel Sound">Peel Sound</a>, <a href="/wiki/James_Ross_Strait" title="James Ross Strait">James Ross Strait</a>, <a href="/wiki/Simpson_Strait" title="Simpson Strait">Simpson Strait</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rae_Strait" title="Rae Strait">Rae Strait</a>. They spent two winters at <a href="/wiki/King_William_Island" title="King William Island">King William Island</a>, in the harbor of what is today <a href="/wiki/Gjoa_Haven,_Nunavut" class="mw-redirect" title="Gjoa Haven, Nunavut">Gjoa Haven</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Mifflin_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mifflin-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Derry_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Derry-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During this time, Amundsen and the crew learned from the local <a href="/wiki/Netsilik_Inuit" class="mw-redirect" title="Netsilik Inuit">Netsilik Inuit</a> about <a href="/wiki/Arctic" title="Arctic">Arctic</a> survival skills, which he found invaluable in his later expedition to the South Pole. For example, he learned to use sled dogs for the transport of goods and to wear animal skins in lieu of heavy, woolen parkas, which could not keep out the cold when wet. </p><p>Leaving Gjoa Haven, he sailed west and passed <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_Bay" title="Cambridge Bay">Cambridge Bay</a>, which had been reached from the west by <a href="/wiki/Richard_Collinson" title="Richard Collinson">Richard Collinson</a> in 1852. Continuing to the south of <a href="/wiki/Victoria_Island_(Canada)" class="mw-redirect" title="Victoria Island (Canada)">Victoria Island</a>, the ship cleared the <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Arctic_Archipelago" class="mw-redirect" title="Canadian Arctic Archipelago">Canadian Arctic Archipelago</a> on <span class="nowrap">17 August 1905</span>. It had to stop for the winter before going on to <a href="/wiki/Nome,_Alaska" title="Nome, Alaska">Nome</a> on Alaska's Pacific coast. The nearest telegraph station was 500 mi (800 km) away in <a href="/wiki/Eagle,_Alaska" title="Eagle, Alaska">Eagle</a>. Amundsen traveled there overland to wire a success message on 5 December, then returned to Nome in 1906. Later that year he was elected to the <a href="/wiki/American_Antiquarian_Society" title="American Antiquarian Society">American Antiquarian Society</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Amundsen learned of the <a href="/wiki/Dissolution_of_the_union_between_Norway_and_Sweden" title="Dissolution of the union between Norway and Sweden">dissolution of the union between Norway and Sweden</a>, and that he had a new king. The explorer sent the new king, <a href="/wiki/Haakon_VII_of_Norway" class="mw-redirect" title="Haakon VII of Norway">Haakon VII</a>, news that his traversing the Northwest Passage "was a great achievement for Norway".<sup id="cite_ref-explore_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-explore-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He said he hoped to do more and signed it "Your loyal subject, Roald Amundsen".<sup id="cite_ref-explore_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-explore-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The crew returned to Oslo in November 1906, after almost three and a half years abroad. <i>Gjøa</i> was returned to Norway in 1972. After a <span class="nowrap">45-day</span> trip from San Francisco on a bulk carrier, she was placed on land outside the <a href="/wiki/Fram_Museum" title="Fram Museum">Fram Museum</a> in Oslo, where she is now situated inside her own building at the museum.<sup id="cite_ref-explore_15-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-explore-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="South_Pole_Expedition">South Pole Expedition</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Roald_Amundsen&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: South Pole Expedition"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Amundsen%27s_South_Pole_expedition" title="Amundsen's South Pole expedition">Amundsen's South Pole expedition</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Aan_de_Zuidpool_-_p1913-160.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Aan_de_Zuidpool_-_p1913-160.jpg/260px-Aan_de_Zuidpool_-_p1913-160.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="173" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Aan_de_Zuidpool_-_p1913-160.jpg/390px-Aan_de_Zuidpool_-_p1913-160.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Aan_de_Zuidpool_-_p1913-160.jpg/520px-Aan_de_Zuidpool_-_p1913-160.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4920" data-file-height="3280" /></a><figcaption>Norwegian flag at the South Pole</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Three_Polar_Stars,_1913_(8889621500).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Photograph of Roald Amundsen, Ernest Shackleton and Peary" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/The_Three_Polar_Stars%2C_1913_%288889621500%29.jpg/260px-The_Three_Polar_Stars%2C_1913_%288889621500%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="208" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/The_Three_Polar_Stars%2C_1913_%288889621500%29.jpg/390px-The_Three_Polar_Stars%2C_1913_%288889621500%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/The_Three_Polar_Stars%2C_1913_%288889621500%29.jpg/520px-The_Three_Polar_Stars%2C_1913_%288889621500%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4548" data-file-height="3639" /></a><figcaption>The Three Polar Stars: Amundsen, <a href="/wiki/Ernest_Shackleton" title="Ernest Shackleton">Shackleton</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Robert_Peary" title="Robert Peary">Robert Peary</a>, are pictured in <a href="/wiki/Philadelphia" title="Philadelphia">Philadelphia</a> in January 1913</figcaption></figure> <p>Amundsen next planned to take an expedition to the North Pole and explore the <a href="/wiki/Arctic_Basin" title="Arctic Basin">Arctic Basin</a>. Finding it difficult to raise funds, when he heard in 1909 that the Americans Frederick Cook and <a href="/wiki/Robert_Peary" title="Robert Peary">Robert Peary</a> had claimed to reach the North Pole as a result of two different expeditions, he decided to reroute to Antarctica.<sup id="cite_ref-Simpson_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Simpson-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was not clear about his intentions, and <a href="/wiki/Robert_F._Scott" class="mw-redirect" title="Robert F. Scott">Robert F. Scott</a> and the Norwegian supporters felt misled.<sup id="cite_ref-Simpson_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Simpson-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Scott was planning his own expedition to the South Pole that year. Using the ship <a href="/wiki/Fram_(ship)" title="Fram (ship)"><i>Fram</i></a>, earlier used by <a href="/wiki/Fridtjof_Nansen" title="Fridtjof Nansen">Fridtjof Nansen</a>, Amundsen left Oslo for the south on 3 June 1910.<sup id="cite_ref-Simpson_16-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Simpson-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Amundsen_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Amundsen-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At <a href="/wiki/Madeira" title="Madeira">Madeira</a>, Amundsen alerted his men that they would be heading to Antarctica, and sent a telegram to Scott: "Beg to inform you <i>Fram</i> proceeding Antarctic – Amundsen."<sup id="cite_ref-Simpson_16-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Simpson-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Nearly six months later, the expedition arrived at the eastern edge of the <a href="/wiki/Ross_Ice_Shelf" title="Ross Ice Shelf">Ross Ice Shelf</a> (then known as "the Great Ice Barrier"), at a large inlet called the <a href="/wiki/Bay_of_Whales" title="Bay of Whales">Bay of Whales</a>, on 14 January 1911. Amundsen established his base camp there, calling it <a href="/wiki/Framheim" title="Framheim"><i>Framheim</i></a>. Amundsen eschewed the heavy wool clothing worn on earlier Antarctic attempts in favour of adopting <a href="/wiki/Inuit" title="Inuit">Inuit</a>-style furred skins.<sup id="cite_ref-Thomas_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Thomas-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Using skis and dog sleds for transportation, Amundsen and his men created supply depots at 80°, 81° and 82° South on the Barrier, along a line directly south to the Pole.<sup id="cite_ref-Thomas_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Thomas-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Amundsen also planned to kill most of his dogs on the way and use them as a source for fresh meat. As he went he butchered some of the dogs and fed them to the remaining dogs, as well as eating some himself.<sup id="cite_ref-Antarctic_Dogs_1903_j958_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Antarctic_Dogs_1903_j958-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A small group, including <a href="/wiki/Hjalmar_Johansen" title="Hjalmar Johansen">Hjalmar Johansen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kristian_Prestrud" title="Kristian Prestrud">Kristian Prestrud</a> and <a href="/wiki/J%C3%B8rgen_Stubberud" title="Jørgen Stubberud">Jørgen Stubberud</a>, set out on 8 September, but had to abandon their trek due to extreme temperatures. The painful retreat caused a quarrel within the group, and Amundsen sent Johansen and the other two men to explore <a href="/wiki/Edward_VII_Peninsula" class="mw-redirect" title="Edward VII Peninsula">King Edward VII Land</a>. </p><p>A second attempt, with a team of five made up of <a href="/wiki/Olav_Bjaaland" title="Olav Bjaaland">Olav Bjaaland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Helmer_Hanssen" title="Helmer Hanssen">Helmer Hanssen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sverre_Hassel" title="Sverre Hassel">Sverre Hassel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oscar_Wisting" title="Oscar Wisting">Oscar Wisting</a> and Amundsen, departed base camp on 19 October. They took four sledges and 52 dogs. Using a route along the previously unknown <a href="/wiki/Axel_Heiberg_Glacier" title="Axel Heiberg Glacier">Axel Heiberg Glacier</a>, they arrived at the edge of the Polar Plateau on 21 November after a four-day climb. The team and 16 dogs arrived at the pole on 14 December, a month before Scott's group.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Amundsen named their South Pole camp <a href="/wiki/Polheim" title="Polheim">Polheim</a>. Amundsen renamed the <a href="/wiki/Antarctic_Plateau" title="Antarctic Plateau">Antarctic Plateau</a> as King Haakon VII's Plateau. They left a small tent and letter stating their accomplishment, in case they did not return safely to Framheim. </p><p>The team arrived at Framheim on 25 January 1912, with 11 surviving dogs. They made their way off the continent and to <a href="/wiki/Hobart" title="Hobart">Hobart</a>, Australia, where Amundsen publicly announced his success on 7 March 1912. He telegraphed news to backers. </p><p>Amundsen's expedition benefited from his careful preparation, good equipment, appropriate clothing, a simple primary task, an understanding of dogs and their handling, and the effective use of skis. In contrast to the misfortunes of Scott's team, Amundsen's trek proved relatively smooth and uneventful. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="North_Polar_Expeditions_and_the_Northeast_Passage">North Polar Expeditions and the Northeast Passage</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Roald_Amundsen&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: North Polar Expeditions and the Northeast Passage"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_Northeast_Passage">The Northeast Passage</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Roald_Amundsen&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: The Northeast Passage"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Roald_Amundsen" title="Special:EditPage/Roald Amundsen">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">April 2021</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Polarskipet_Maud.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Polarskipet_Maud.jpg/220px-Polarskipet_Maud.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="169" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Polarskipet_Maud.jpg/330px-Polarskipet_Maud.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Polarskipet_Maud.jpg/440px-Polarskipet_Maud.jpg 2x" data-file-width="625" data-file-height="480" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Maud_(ship)" title="Maud (ship)"><i>Maud</i></a> in June 1918</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1918, an expedition Amundsen began with a new ship, <a href="/wiki/Maud_(ship)" title="Maud (ship)"><i>Maud</i></a>, lasted until 1925. <i>Maud</i> was carefully navigated through the ice west to east through the <a href="/wiki/Northern_Sea_Route" title="Northern Sea Route">Northeast Passage</a>. With him on this expedition were Oscar Wisting and Helmer Hanssen, both of whom had been part of the team to reach the South Pole. In addition, Henrik Lindstrøm was included as a cook. He suffered a stroke and was so physically reduced that he could not participate. </p><p>The goal of the expedition was to explore the unknown areas of the Arctic Ocean, strongly inspired by Fridtjof Nansen's earlier expedition with <i>Fram</i>. The plan was to sail along the coast of <a href="/wiki/Siberia" title="Siberia">Siberia</a> and go into the ice farther to the north and east than Nansen had. In contrast to Amundsen's earlier expeditions, this was expected to yield more material for academic research, and he carried the geophysicist <a href="/wiki/Harald_Sverdrup_(oceanographer)" title="Harald Sverdrup (oceanographer)">Harald Sverdrup</a> on board. </p><p>The voyage was to the northeasterly direction over the <a href="/wiki/Kara_Sea" title="Kara Sea">Kara Sea</a>. Amundsen planned to freeze the <i>Maud</i> into the <a href="/wiki/Arctic_ice_pack" title="Arctic ice pack">polar ice cap</a> and drift towards the North Pole – as Nansen had done with the <i>Fram</i> – and he did so off <a href="/wiki/Cape_Chelyuskin" title="Cape Chelyuskin">Cape Chelyuskin</a>. But, the ice became so thick that the ship was unable to break free, although it was designed for such a journey in heavy ice. In September 1919, the crew got the ship loose from the ice, but it froze again after eleven days somewhere between the <a href="/wiki/New_Siberian_Islands" title="New Siberian Islands">New Siberian Islands</a> and <a href="/wiki/Wrangel_Island" title="Wrangel Island">Wrangel Island</a>. </p><p>During this time, Amundsen suffered a broken arm and was attacked by a polar bear.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As a result, he participated little in the work outdoors, such as sleigh rides and hunting. He, Hanssen, and Wisting, along with two other men, embarked on an expedition by dog sled to Nome, Alaska, more than 1,000 kilometres (620 mi) away. But they found that the ice was not frozen solid in the <a href="/wiki/Bering_Strait" title="Bering Strait">Bering Strait</a>, and it could not be crossed. They sent a telegram from <a href="/wiki/Anadyr_(town)" title="Anadyr (town)">Anadyr</a> to signal their location. </p><p>After two winters frozen in the ice, without having achieved the goal of drifting over the North Pole, Amundsen decided to go to Nome to repair the ship and buy provisions. Several of the crew ashore there, including Hanssen, did not return on time to the ship. Amundsen considered Hanssen to be in breach of contract, and dismissed him from the crew. </p><p>During the third winter, <i>Maud</i> was frozen in the western Bering Strait. She finally became free and the expedition sailed south, reaching <a href="/wiki/Seattle" title="Seattle">Seattle</a>, in the American Pacific Northwest in 1921 for repairs. Amundsen returned to Norway, needing to put his finances in order. He took with him two young indigenous girls, a four-year-old he adopted, Kakonita, and her companion Camilla. When Amundsen went bankrupt two years later, however, he sent the girls to be cared for by Camilla's father, who lived in eastern Russia.<sup id="cite_ref-Amundsen_adoption_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Amundsen_adoption-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In June 1922, Amundsen returned to <i>Maud</i>, which had been sailed to Nome.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He decided to shift from the planned naval expedition to aerial ones, and arranged to charter a plane. He divided the expedition team in two: one part, led by him, was to winter over and prepare for an attempt to fly over the pole in 1923. The second team on <i>Maud</i>, under the command of Wisting, was to resume the original plan to drift over the North Pole in the ice. The ship drifted in the ice for three years east of the New Siberian Islands, never reaching the North Pole. It was finally seized by Amundsen's creditors as collateral for his mounting debt. </p><p>Although they were unable to reach the North Pole, the scientific results of the expedition, mainly the work of Sverdrup, have proven to be of considerable value. Much of the carefully collected scientific data was lost during the ill-fated journey of <a href="/wiki/Peter_Tessem_and_Paul_Knutsen" title="Peter Tessem and Paul Knutsen">Peter Tessem and Paul Knutsen</a>, two crew members sent on a mission by Amundsen. The scientific materials were later retrieved in 1922 by Russian scientist <a href="/wiki/Nikolay_Urvantsev" title="Nikolay Urvantsev">Nikolay Urvantsev</a> from where they had been abandoned on the shores of the <a href="/wiki/Kara_Sea" title="Kara Sea">Kara Sea</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Barr1919_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Barr1919-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Aerial_expeditions_to_the_North_Pole">Aerial expeditions to the North Pole</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Roald_Amundsen&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Aerial expeditions to the North Pole"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Roald_Amundsen_Svalbard_1925.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Roald_Amundsen_Svalbard_1925.jpg/310px-Roald_Amundsen_Svalbard_1925.jpg" decoding="async" width="310" height="202" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Roald_Amundsen_Svalbard_1925.jpg/465px-Roald_Amundsen_Svalbard_1925.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Roald_Amundsen_Svalbard_1925.jpg/620px-Roald_Amundsen_Svalbard_1925.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1218" data-file-height="794" /></a><figcaption>Amundsen and plane in <a href="/wiki/Svalbard" title="Svalbard">Svalbard</a> (1925)</figcaption></figure> <p>The 1923 attempt to fly over the Pole failed. Amundsen and <a href="/wiki/Oskar_Omdal" title="Oskar Omdal">Oskar Omdal</a>, of the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Norwegian_Navy" title="Royal Norwegian Navy">Royal Norwegian Navy</a>, tried to fly from <a href="/wiki/Wainwright,_Alaska" title="Wainwright, Alaska">Wainwright, Alaska</a>, to <a href="/wiki/Spitsbergen" title="Spitsbergen">Spitsbergen</a> across the North Pole. When their aircraft was damaged, they abandoned the journey. To raise additional funds, Amundsen traveled around the United States in 1924 on a lecture tour. </p><p>In 1925, accompanied by <a href="/wiki/Lincoln_Ellsworth" title="Lincoln Ellsworth">Lincoln Ellsworth</a>, pilot <a href="/wiki/Hjalmar_Riiser-Larsen" title="Hjalmar Riiser-Larsen">Hjalmar Riiser-Larsen</a>, flight mechanic <a href="/wiki/Karl_Feucht" title="Karl Feucht">Karl Feucht</a> and two other team members, Amundsen took two <a href="/wiki/Dornier_Do_J" class="mw-redirect" title="Dornier Do J">Dornier Do J</a> <a href="/wiki/Flying_boat" title="Flying boat">flying boats</a>, the N-24 and N-25, to 87° 44′ north. It was the northernmost latitude reached by plane up to that time. The aircraft landed a few miles apart without radio contact, yet the crews managed to reunite. The N-24 was damaged. Amundsen and his crew worked for more than three weeks to clean up an airstrip to take off from ice.<sup id="cite_ref-historynet_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-historynet-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They shovelled 600 tons of ice while consuming only one pound (450 g) of daily food rations. In the end, the six crew members were packed into the N-25. In a remarkable feat, Riiser-Larsen took off, and they barely became airborne over the cracking ice. They returned triumphant when everyone thought they had been lost forever. </p><p>In 1926, Amundsen and 15 other men (including Ellsworth, Riiser-Larsen, Oscar Wisting, and the Italian air crew led by aeronautical engineer <a href="/wiki/Umberto_Nobile" title="Umberto Nobile">Umberto Nobile</a>) made the first crossing of the Arctic in the <a href="/wiki/Airship" title="Airship">airship</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Norge_(airship)" title="Norge (airship)">Norge</a>,</i> designed by Nobile.<sup id="cite_ref-PBSorg_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PBSorg-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They left <a href="/wiki/Spitsbergen" title="Spitsbergen">Spitsbergen</a> on 11 May 1926, flew over the North Pole on 12 May,<sup id="cite_ref-dailytelegraph_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dailytelegraph-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and landed in Alaska the following day. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Controversy_over_Polar_Priority">Controversy over Polar Priority</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Roald_Amundsen&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Controversy over Polar Priority"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The three previous claims to have arrived at the North Pole, by the Americans <a href="/wiki/Frederick_Cook" title="Frederick Cook">Frederick Cook</a> in 1908; <a href="/wiki/Robert_Peary" title="Robert Peary">Robert Peary</a> in 1909; and <a href="/wiki/Richard_E._Byrd" title="Richard E. Byrd">Richard E. Byrd</a> in 1926 (just a few days before the <i>Norge</i>) are disputed by some, as being either of dubious accuracy or outrightly fraudulent.<sup id="cite_ref-Henderson2005_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Henderson2005-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Rawlins2000_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rawlins2000-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> If these other claims are false, the crew of the <i>Norge</i> would be the first explorers verified to have reached the North Pole, when they floated over it in the <i>Norge</i> in 1926.<sup id="cite_ref-whowasfirstatthenorthpole_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-whowasfirstatthenorthpole-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-dailytelegraph_27-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dailytelegraph-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> If the <i>Norge</i> expedition was the first to the North Pole, Amundsen and Oscar Wisting were the first men to have reached both geographical poles, by ground or by air. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Disappearance_and_death">Disappearance and death</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Roald_Amundsen&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Disappearance and death"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Latham_47_Roald_Amundsen_1928.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Latham_47_Roald_Amundsen_1928.jpg/220px-Latham_47_Roald_Amundsen_1928.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Latham_47_Roald_Amundsen_1928.jpg/330px-Latham_47_Roald_Amundsen_1928.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Latham_47_Roald_Amundsen_1928.jpg/440px-Latham_47_Roald_Amundsen_1928.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="425" /></a><figcaption>Amundsen's <a href="/wiki/Latham_47" title="Latham 47">Latham 47</a> flying boat</figcaption></figure> <p>Amundsen disappeared on 18 June 1928 while flying on a rescue mission in the Arctic. His team included Norwegian pilot <a href="/wiki/Leif_Dietrichson" title="Leif Dietrichson">Leif Dietrichson</a>, French pilot <a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Guilbaud" title="René Guilbaud">René Guilbaud</a>, and three more Frenchmen. They were seeking missing members of Nobile's crew, whose new airship <a href="/wiki/Italia_(airship)" title="Italia (airship)"><i>Italia</i></a> had crashed while returning from the North Pole. Amundsen's French <a href="/wiki/Latham_47" title="Latham 47">Latham 47</a> flying boat <a href="/wiki/List_of_aerial_disappearances" class="mw-redirect" title="List of aerial disappearances">never returned</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Later, a wing-float and bottom gasoline tank from the plane, which had been adapted as a replacement wing-float, were found near the <a href="/wiki/Troms%C3%B8" title="Tromsø">Tromsø</a> coast. It is assumed that the plane crashed in the <a href="/wiki/Barents_Sea" title="Barents Sea">Barents Sea</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and that Amundsen and his crew were killed in the wreck, or died shortly afterward. The search for Amundsen and team was called off in September 1928 by the Norwegian government, and the bodies were never found.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2004 and in late August 2009, the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Norwegian_Navy" title="Royal Norwegian Navy">Royal Norwegian Navy</a> used the <a href="/wiki/AUV" class="mw-redirect" title="AUV">unmanned submarine</a> <i>Hugin 1000</i> to search for the wreckage of Amundsen's plane. The searches focused on a 40-square-mile (100 km<sup>2</sup>) area of the sea floor, and were documented by the German production company ContextTV.<sup id="cite_ref-Rincon_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rincon-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-searchforamundsen_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-searchforamundsen-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They found nothing from the Amundsen flight. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Personal_life">Personal life</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Roald_Amundsen&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Personal life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Amundsen was a lifelong bachelor, but he had a long-time relationship with the Norwegian-born Kristine Elisabeth ('Kiss') Bennett, the wife of an Englishman, <a href="/wiki/Charles_Peto_Bennett" title="Charles Peto Bennett">Charles Peto Bennett</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Thyvold2012_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Thyvold2012-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He met her in London in 1907 and they remained close for many years; Amundsen kept the relationship a secret from everyone outside his intimate circle. Later, he became engaged to Bess Magids, an American divorcée whom he had met in Alaska.<sup id="cite_ref-Bomann-Larsen2011_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bomann-Larsen2011-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Though there is little evidence, it was said that Amundsen had a brief affair with his landlady in <a href="/wiki/Antwerp" title="Antwerp">Antwerp</a>—until he came home and found her dead after an apparent suicide.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His biographer Tor Bomann-Larsen also suggests a romantic relationship between Amundsen and Sigrid Castberg, wife of the lawyer Leif Castberg from <a href="/wiki/Gj%C3%B8vik" title="Gjøvik">Gjøvik</a>, in the years before the South Pole expedition, a relationship Amundsen broke off after that expedition in favour of Kiss Bennett.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Author Julian Sancton noted that in his younger years, Amundsen was said to have ignored romantic relationships in pursuit of his goals. He "found little use in activities that didn't help him fulfill his polar ambitions".<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Orders_and_decorations">Orders and decorations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Roald_Amundsen&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Orders and decorations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 25em;"> <ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Norway.svg/21px-Flag_of_Norway.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Norway.svg/32px-Flag_of_Norway.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Norway.svg/41px-Flag_of_Norway.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="372" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Norway" title="Norway">Norway</a>: <ul><li>Grand Cross of the Royal Norwegian <a href="/wiki/Order_of_Saint_Olav" class="mw-redirect" title="Order of Saint Olav">Order of Saint Olav</a>, <i>20 November 1906</i><sup id="cite_ref-norges1_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-norges1-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Pole_Medal" title="South Pole Medal">Commemorative Medal for the 1910–1911 <i>Fram</i> Expedition to the South Pole</a>, <i>20 August 1912</i><sup id="cite_ref-norges2_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-norges2-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medal_for_Outstanding_Civic_Service" title="Medal for Outstanding Civic Service">Medal for Outstanding Civic Service</a>, 1st Class (Gold), <i>1925</i></li></ul></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Flag_of_Austria-Hungary_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Austria-Hungary_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Flag_of_Austria-Hungary_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Austria-Hungary_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Flag_of_Austria-Hungary_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Austria-Hungary_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Austria-Hungary" title="Austria-Hungary">Austria-Hungary</a>: Grand Cross of the Imperial Austrian <a href="/wiki/Order_of_Franz_Joseph" title="Order of Franz Joseph">Order of Franz Joseph</a>, <i>1907</i><sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Belgium" title="Belgium">Belgium</a>: Knight of the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_Leopold_(Belgium)" title="Order of Leopold (Belgium)">Order of Leopold</a> (civil division)<sup id="cite_ref-norges2_41-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-norges2-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Flag_of_Denmark.svg/20px-Flag_of_Denmark.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Flag_of_Denmark.svg/31px-Flag_of_Denmark.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Flag_of_Denmark.svg/40px-Flag_of_Denmark.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="387" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Denmark" title="Denmark">Denmark</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Medal_of_Merit_(Denmark)" title="Medal of Merit (Denmark)">Medal of Merit</a>, in Gold and with Crown, <i>1907</i><sup id="cite_ref-norges2_41-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-norges2-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans_Egede_Medal" title="Hans Egede Medal">Hans Egede Medal</a>, <i>1925</i><sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul></li> <li><span data-sort-value="France"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/23px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/35px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/45px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/French_Third_Republic" title="French Third Republic">France</a></span>: <ul><li>Grand Officer of the <a href="/wiki/National_Order_of_the_Legion_of_Honour" class="mw-redirect" title="National Order of the Legion of Honour">National Order of the Legion of Honour</a><sup id="cite_ref-norges2_41-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-norges2-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grande_M%C3%A9daille_d%27Or_des_Explorations" title="Grande Médaille d'Or des Explorations">Grand Gold Medal of Exploration and Journeys of Discovery</a>, <i>1913</i><sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Italy_%281861-1946%29_crowned.svg/23px-Flag_of_Italy_%281861-1946%29_crowned.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Italy_%281861-1946%29_crowned.svg/35px-Flag_of_Italy_%281861-1946%29_crowned.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Italy_%281861-1946%29_crowned.svg/45px-Flag_of_Italy_%281861-1946%29_crowned.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Italy" title="Kingdom of Italy">Kingdom of Italy</a>: Grand Officer of the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Crown_of_Italy" title="Order of the Crown of Italy">Order of the Crown of Italy</a><sup id="cite_ref-norges2_41-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-norges2-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Flag_of_Prussia_%281892-1918%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Prussia_%281892-1918%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Flag_of_Prussia_%281892-1918%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Prussia_%281892-1918%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Flag_of_Prussia_%281892-1918%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Prussia_%281892-1918%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="540" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Prussia" title="Kingdom of Prussia">Kingdom of Prussia</a>:<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <ul><li>Knight of the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Crown_(Prussia)" title="Order of the Crown (Prussia)">Royal Order of the Crown</a>, 1st Class<sup id="cite_ref-norges1_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-norges1-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>1878 Alexander von Humboldt Medal, <i>1912</i><sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russian Empire</a>: Knight of the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_St._Anna" class="mw-redirect" title="Order of St. Anna">Imperial Order of Saint Anna</a>, 1st Class<sup id="cite_ref-norges2_41-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-norges2-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/23px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/35px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/46px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1000" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden">Sweden</a>:<sup id="cite_ref-norges2_41-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-norges2-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <ul><li>Commander Grand Cross of the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Polar_Star" title="Order of the Polar Star">Royal Order of the North Star</a>, <i>1912</i><sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vega_Medal" class="mw-redirect" title="Vega Medal">Vega Medal</a>, <i>1913</i><sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul></li> <li><span data-sort-value="United Kingdom"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></span>: <a href="/wiki/Livingstone_Medal" title="Livingstone Medal">Livingstone Medal</a>, <i>1925</i><sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></span></span></span> United States: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hubbard_Medal" title="Hubbard Medal">Hubbard Medal</a>, <i>1907</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_P._Daly_Medal" title="Charles P. Daly Medal">Charles P. Daly Medal</a>, <i>1912</i><sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congressional_Gold_Medal" title="Congressional Gold Medal">Congressional Gold Medal</a>, <i>29 May 1928</i><sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul></li></ul></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legacy">Legacy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Roald_Amundsen&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Legacy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_things_named_after_Roald_Amundsen" title="List of things named after Roald Amundsen">List of things named after Roald Amundsen</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Amundsen-scott-south_pole_station_2007.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Amundsen-scott-south_pole_station_2007.jpg/220px-Amundsen-scott-south_pole_station_2007.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Amundsen-scott-south_pole_station_2007.jpg/330px-Amundsen-scott-south_pole_station_2007.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Amundsen-scott-south_pole_station_2007.jpg/440px-Amundsen-scott-south_pole_station_2007.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Amundsen%E2%80%93Scott_South_Pole_Station" title="Amundsen–Scott South Pole Station">Amundsen–Scott South Pole Station</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Owing to Amundsen's numerous significant accomplishments in polar exploration, many places in both the Arctic and Antarctic are named after him. The <a href="/wiki/Amundsen%E2%80%93Scott_South_Pole_Station" title="Amundsen–Scott South Pole Station">Amundsen–Scott South Pole Station</a>, operated by the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Antarctic_Program" title="United States Antarctic Program">United States Antarctic Program</a>, was jointly named in honour of Amundsen and his British rival <a href="/wiki/Robert_Falcon_Scott" title="Robert Falcon Scott">Robert Falcon Scott</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Amundsen_(crater)" title="Amundsen (crater)">Amundsen</a> crater on the Moon was named after him; the rim of the crater is being considered by NASA as a potential landing location for their <a href="/wiki/Artemis_III" title="Artemis III">Artemis III</a> lunar lander.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Built in 1929 and opened in 1930, <a href="/wiki/Amundsen_High_School" title="Amundsen High School">Amundsen High School</a> opened its doors in <a href="/wiki/Chicago" title="Chicago">Chicago's</a> <a href="/wiki/Ravenswood,_Chicago" title="Ravenswood, Chicago">Ravenswood</a> neighborhood.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The 1969 film <i><a href="/wiki/The_Red_Tent_(film)" title="The Red Tent (film)">The Red Tent</a></i> tells the story of the Nobile expedition and Amundsen's disappearance. <a href="/wiki/Sean_Connery" title="Sean Connery">Sean Connery</a> plays Amundsen.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A book <i>Scott and Amundsen</i>, by <a href="/wiki/Roland_Huntford" title="Roland Huntford">Roland Huntford</a>, was adapted into the TV serial <i><a href="/wiki/The_Last_Place_on_Earth" title="The Last Place on Earth">The Last Place on Earth</a></i>. It aired in 1985 and features <a href="/wiki/Sverre_Anker_Ousdal" title="Sverre Anker Ousdal">Sverre Anker Ousdal</a> as Amundsen.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 15 February 2019, a biographic Norwegian film titled <i><a href="/wiki/Amundsen_(film)" title="Amundsen (film)">Amundsen</a></i>, directed by <a href="/wiki/Espen_Sandberg" title="Espen Sandberg">Espen Sandberg</a>, was released.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="European-Inuit_descendant_claims">European-Inuit descendant claims</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Roald_Amundsen&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: European-Inuit descendant claims"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>At least two Inuit in Gjøa Haven with European ancestry have claimed to be descendants of Amundsen, from the period of their extended winter stay on King William Island from 1903 to 1905.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Accounts by members of the expedition told of their relations with Inuit women, and historians have speculated that Amundsen might also have taken a partner,<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> although he wrote a warning against this.<sup id="cite_ref-fram_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fram-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Specifically, half-brothers Bob Konona and Paul Ikuallaq say that their father Luke Ikuallaq told them on his deathbed that he was the son of Amundsen. Konona said that their father Ikuallaq was left out on the ice to die after his birth, as his European ancestry made him illegitimate to the Inuit, threatening their community. His Inuit grandparents saved him. </p><p>In 2012, <a href="/wiki/Y-DNA" class="mw-redirect" title="Y-DNA">Y-DNA</a> analysis, with the families' permission, showed that Ikuallaq was not a match to the direct male line of Amundsen.<sup id="cite_ref-fram_61-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fram-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Not all descendants claiming European ancestry have been tested for a match to Amundsen, nor has there been a comparison of Ikuallaq's DNA to that of other European members of Amundsen's crew.<sup id="cite_ref-fram_61-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fram-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Works_by_Amundsen">Works by Amundsen</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Roald_Amundsen&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Works by Amundsen"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/roaldamundsensth01amun"><i>The North-West Passage; Being the Record of a Voyage of Exploration of the Ship "Gjöa"</i></a>. Vol. 1. New York: E.P. Dutton and Co. 1908. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/971379351">971379351</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+North-West+Passage%3B+Being+the+Record+of+a+Voyage+of+Exploration+of+the+Ship+%22Gj%C3%B6a%22&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=E.P.+Dutton+and+Co.&rft.date=1908&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F971379351&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Froaldamundsensth01amun&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoald+Amundsen" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/roaldamundsensth002amun"><i>The North-West Passage; Being the Record of a Voyage of Exploration of the Ship "Gjöa"</i></a>. Vol. 2. New York: E.P. Dutton and Co. 1908.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+North-West+Passage%3B+Being+the+Record+of+a+Voyage+of+Exploration+of+the+Ship+%22Gj%C3%B6a%22&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=E.P.+Dutton+and+Co.&rft.date=1908&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Froaldamundsensth002amun&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoald+Amundsen" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/southpoleaccount01"><i>South Pole: An Account of the Norwegian Antarctic Expedition in the "Fram"</i></a>. 1912. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/727260901">727260901</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=South+Pole%3A+An+Account+of+the+Norwegian+Antarctic+Expedition+in+the+%22Fram%22&rft.date=1912&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F727260901&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsouthpoleaccount01&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoald+Amundsen" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>Nordost Passagen: Maudfaerden Langs Asiens Kyst 1918–1920</i>. Kristiania: Gyldendal. 1921. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/576654047">576654047</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Nordost+Passagen%3A+Maudfaerden+Langs+Asiens+Kyst+1918%E2%80%931920&rft.place=Kristiania&rft.pub=Gyldendal&rft.date=1921&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F576654047&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoald+Amundsen" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/ourpolarflightam00amun"><i>Our Polar Flight: The Amundsen–Ellsworth Polar Flight</i></a>. New York: Dodd, Mead. 1926. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/918183295">918183295</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Our+Polar+Flight%3A+The+Amundsen%E2%80%93Ellsworth+Polar+Flight&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Dodd%2C+Mead&rft.date=1926&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F918183295&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fourpolarflightam00amun&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoald+Amundsen" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>The First Flight Across the Polar Sea</i>. London: Hutchinson. 1927. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1026703671">1026703671</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+First+Flight+Across+the+Polar+Sea&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Hutchinson&rft.date=1927&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1026703671&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoald+Amundsen" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/roaldamundsenmyl00amun_0"><i>My Life as an Explorer</i></a>. New York: Doubleday. 1927. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/3657624">3657624</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=My+Life+as+an+Explorer&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Doubleday&rft.date=1927&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F3657624&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Froaldamundsenmyl00amun_0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoald+Amundsen" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Roald_Amundsen&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_the_Amundsen_and_Scott_expeditions" title="Comparison of the Amundsen and Scott expeditions">Comparison of the Amundsen and Scott expeditions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_people_who_disappeared_mysteriously_at_sea" title="List of people who disappeared mysteriously at sea">List of people who disappeared mysteriously at sea</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Roald_Amundsen&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Notes">Notes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Roald_Amundsen&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> Some sources give the date as 15 December. <i>Fram</i> crossed the <a href="/wiki/International_Date_Line" title="International Date Line">International Date Line</a> shortly before arriving at the <a href="/wiki/Bay_of_Whales" title="Bay of Whales">Bay of Whales</a>, and thereby "lost" a day. Since the western and eastern hemispheres are conjoined at the South Pole, either date can be considered as correct, though Amundsen gives 14 December, both in his first telegraphed report on arrival in Hobart, and in his fuller account <i>The South Pole</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAmundsenVol._I,_p._xvii_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAmundsenVol._I,_p._xvii-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Returned on 24 October 1917 in protest of Germany's unrestricted submarine warfare.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Roald_Amundsen&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Citations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.arkivverket.no/URN:NBN:no-a1450-kb20060404040371.jpg">"Østfold county, Borge in Borge, Parish register (official) nr. I 6 (1861–1874), Birth and baptism records 1872, page 114"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131006224937/http://www.arkivverket.no/URN:NBN:no-a1450-kb20060404040371.jpg">Archived</a> from the original on 6 October 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 July</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%C3%98stfold+county%2C+Borge+in+Borge%2C+Parish+register+%28official%29+nr.+I+6+%281861%E2%80%931874%29%2C+Birth+and+baptism+records+1872%2C+page+114.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.arkivverket.no%2FURN%3ANBN%3Ano-a1450-kb20060404040371.jpg&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoald+Amundsen" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-norges1-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-norges1_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-norges1_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-norges1_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=iau.31858043122690&view=1up&seq=520&skin=2021">"Den kongelige norske Sanct Olavs Orden"</a>, <i>Norges Statskalender</i> (in Norwegian), 1910, pp. 907–08, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211117071447/https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=iau.31858043122690&view=1up&seq=520&skin=2021">archived</a> from the original on 17 November 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 November</span> 2021</span> – via hathitrust.org</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Den+kongelige+norske+Sanct+Olavs+Orden&rft.btitle=Norges+Statskalender&rft.pages=907-08&rft.date=1910&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbabel.hathitrust.org%2Fcgi%2Fpt%3Fid%3Diau.31858043122690%26view%3D1up%26seq%3D520%26skin%3D2021&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoald+Amundsen" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190308002950/https://en.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/us/amundsen,_roald">"Amundsen, Roald"</a> (US) and <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211107024918/https://www.lexico.com/definition/amundsen,_roald?s=t">"Amundsen, Roald"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Lexico" title="Lexico">Lexico</a> UK English Dictionary</i>. <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lexico.com/definition/Amundsen,+Roald">the original</a> on 7 November 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Amundsen%2C+Roald&rft.btitle=Lexico+UK+English+Dictionary&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.lexico.com%2Fdefinition%2FAmundsen%2C%2BRoald&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoald+Amundsen" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/Amundsen">"Amundsen"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Merriam-Webster" title="Merriam-Webster">Merriam-Webster.com Dictionary</a></i>. Merriam-Webster<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 March</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Merriam-Webster.com+Dictionary&rft.atitle=Amundsen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.merriam-webster.com%2Fdictionary%2FAmundsen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoald+Amundsen" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-whowasfirstatthenorthpole-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-whowasfirstatthenorthpole_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-whowasfirstatthenorthpole_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTierney2009" class="citation news cs1">Tierney, John (7 September 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://tierneylab.blogs.nytimes.com/2009/09/07/who-was-first-at-the-north-pole/">"Who Was First at the North Pole?"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220504010037/https://tierneylab.blogs.nytimes.com/2009/09/07/who-was-first-at-the-north-pole/">Archived</a> from the original on 4 May 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 March</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Who+Was+First+at+the+North+Pole%3F&rft.date=2009-09-07&rft.aulast=Tierney&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftierneylab.blogs.nytimes.com%2F2009%2F09%2F07%2Fwho-was-first-at-the-north-pole%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoald+Amundsen" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-flyingtothenorthpole-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-flyingtothenorthpole_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHolland2017" class="citation web cs1">Holland, Eva (18 August 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/flying-north-pole-airship-was-easy-returning-wouldnt-be-so-easy-180964560/">"Flying to the North Pole in an Airship Was Easy. Returning Wouldn't Be So Easy"</a>. Smithsonian Institution. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220504010034/https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/flying-north-pole-airship-was-easy-returning-wouldnt-be-so-easy-180964560/">Archived</a> from the original on 4 May 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 March</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Flying+to+the+North+Pole+in+an+Airship+Was+Easy.+Returning+Wouldn%27t+Be+So+Easy&rft.pub=Smithsonian+Institution&rft.date=2017-08-18&rft.aulast=Holland&rft.aufirst=Eva&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.smithsonianmag.com%2Fhistory%2Fflying-north-pole-airship-was-easy-returning-wouldnt-be-so-easy-180964560%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoald+Amundsen" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Thomas-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Thomas_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Thomas_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Thomas_7-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThomasDana_Lee_Thomas1972" class="citation book cs1">Thomas, Henry; Dana Lee Thomas (1972). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=FFXyKIa_-vgC"><i>Living Adventures in Science</i></a>. Ayer Publishing. pp. 196–201. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8369-2573-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8369-2573-9"><bdi>978-0-8369-2573-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Living+Adventures+in+Science&rft.pages=196-201&rft.pub=Ayer+Publishing&rft.date=1972&rft.isbn=978-0-8369-2573-9&rft.aulast=Thomas&rft.aufirst=Henry&rft.au=Dana+Lee+Thomas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DFFXyKIa_-vgC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoald+Amundsen" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-k491-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-k491_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://museumsvictoria.com.au/article/first-rock-from-antarctica/">"This small rock holds the story of Antarctic exploration before the Heroic Age"</a>. <i>Museums Victoria</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 June</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Museums+Victoria&rft.atitle=This+small+rock+holds+the+story+of+Antarctic+exploration+before+the+Heroic+Age&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmuseumsvictoria.com.au%2Farticle%2Ffirst-rock-from-antarctica%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoald+Amundsen" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Huntford (<i>Last Place on Earth</i>), p. 28</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Life-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Life_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAmundsen,_Roald1927" class="citation book cs1">Amundsen, Roald (1927). <i>My Life as an Explorer</i>. Garden City, NY: Doubleday, Page & company.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=My+Life+as+an+Explorer&rft.place=Garden+City%2C+NY&rft.pub=Doubleday%2C+Page+%26+company&rft.date=1927&rft.au=Amundsen%2C+Roald&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoald+Amundsen" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Mifflin-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Mifflin_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mifflin_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>The Houghton Mifflin Dictionary of Biography</i>. Houghton Mifflin Reference Books. 2003. pp. 43, 1696. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-618-25210-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-618-25210-7"><bdi>978-0-618-25210-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Houghton+Mifflin+Dictionary+of+Biography&rft.pages=43%2C+1696&rft.pub=Houghton+Mifflin+Reference+Books&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-618-25210-7&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoald+Amundsen" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ferguson_2021_t544-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Ferguson_2021_t544_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFerguson2021" class="citation web cs1">Ferguson, Donna (16 May 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2021/may/16/the-secret-of-how-amundsen-beat-scott-in-race-to-south-pole-a-diet-of-raw-penguin">"The secret of how Amundsen beat Scott in race to south pole? A diet of raw penguin"</a>. <i>The Guardian</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230604130201/https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2021/may/16/the-secret-of-how-amundsen-beat-scott-in-race-to-south-pole-a-diet-of-raw-penguin">Archived</a> from the original on 4 June 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 June</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=The+secret+of+how+Amundsen+beat+Scott+in+race+to+south+pole%3F+A+diet+of+raw+penguin&rft.date=2021-05-16&rft.aulast=Ferguson&rft.aufirst=Donna&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fenvironment%2F2021%2Fmay%2F16%2Fthe-secret-of-how-amundsen-beat-scott-in-race-to-south-pole-a-diet-of-raw-penguin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoald+Amundsen" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Derry-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Derry_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Derry_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDerry1979" class="citation book cs1">Derry, Thomas Kingston (1979). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=eDh5z2_K_S0C"><i>A History of Scandinavia: Norway, Sweden, Denmark, Finland, and Iceland</i></a>. University of Minnesota Press. p. 298. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8166-3799-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8166-3799-7"><bdi>978-0-8166-3799-7</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230119172237/https://books.google.com/books?id=eDh5z2_K_S0C">Archived</a> from the original on 19 January 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 September</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Scandinavia%3A+Norway%2C+Sweden%2C+Denmark%2C+Finland%2C+and+Iceland&rft.pages=298&rft.pub=University+of+Minnesota+Press&rft.date=1979&rft.isbn=978-0-8166-3799-7&rft.aulast=Derry&rft.aufirst=Thomas+Kingston&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DeDh5z2_K_S0C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoald+Amundsen" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.americanantiquarian.org/memberlista">"MemberListA | American Antiquarian Society"</a>. <i>www.americanantiquarian.org</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190403174851/https://www.americanantiquarian.org/memberlista">Archived</a> from the original on 3 April 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 June</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.americanantiquarian.org&rft.atitle=MemberListA+%26%23124%3B+American+Antiquarian+Society&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.americanantiquarian.org%2Fmemberlista&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoald+Amundsen" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-explore-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-explore_15-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-explore_15-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-explore_15-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><i><span></span></i>Roald Amundsen and the Exploration of the Northwest Passage<i><span></span></i>. Oslo: <a href="/wiki/Fram_Museum" title="Fram Museum">Fram Museum</a>. 2008. pp. 63–65. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8282350013" title="Special:BookSources/978-8282350013"><bdi>978-8282350013</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Roald+Amundsen+and+the+Exploration+of+the+Northwest+Passage&rft.place=Oslo&rft.pages=63-65&rft.pub=Fram+Museum&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-8282350013&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoald+Amundsen" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Simpson-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Simpson_16-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Simpson_16-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Simpson_16-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Simpson_16-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSimpson-Housley1992" class="citation book cs1">Simpson-Housley, Paul (1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=M1ql3mx8xYgC"><i>Antarctica: Exploration, Perception and Metaphor</i></a>. Routledge. pp. 24–37. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-08225-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-08225-9"><bdi>978-0-415-08225-9</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230502030121/https://books.google.com/books?id=M1ql3mx8xYgC">Archived</a> from the original on 2 May 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 January</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Antarctica%3A+Exploration%2C+Perception+and+Metaphor&rft.pages=24-37&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=978-0-415-08225-9&rft.aulast=Simpson-Housley&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DM1ql3mx8xYgC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoald+Amundsen" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Amundsen-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Amundsen_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAmundsen1913" class="citation book cs1">Amundsen, Roald (1913). <i>The South Pole: An Account of the Norwegian Antarctic Expedition ..</i>. L. Keedick. p. 1.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+South+Pole%3A+An+Account+of+the+Norwegian+Antarctic+Expedition+...&rft.pages=1&rft.pub=L.+Keedick&rft.date=1913&rft.aulast=Amundsen&rft.aufirst=Roald&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoald+Amundsen" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Antarctic_Dogs_1903_j958-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Antarctic_Dogs_1903_j958_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://antarcticdogs.canterburymuseum.com/themes/canine-companions">"Canine Companions"</a>. <i>Canterbury Museum</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 April</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Canterbury+Museum&rft.atitle=Canine+Companions&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fantarcticdogs.canterburymuseum.com%2Fthemes%2Fcanine-companions&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoald+Amundsen" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAmundsenVol._I,_p._xvii-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAmundsenVol._I,_p._xvii_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAmundsen">Amundsen</a>, Vol. I, p. xvii.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKarpoff" class="citation web cs1">Karpoff, Jonathan M. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130520123322/http://faculty.washington.edu/karpoff/Research/Amundsen.pdf">"Roald Amundsen: Essay prepared for The Encyclopedia of the Arctic"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. University of Washington. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://faculty.washington.edu/karpoff/Research/Amundsen.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 20 May 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 December</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Roald+Amundsen%3A+Essay+prepared+for+The+Encyclopedia+of+the+Arctic&rft.pub=University+of+Washington&rft.aulast=Karpoff&rft.aufirst=Jonathan+M.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ffaculty.washington.edu%2Fkarpoff%2FResearch%2FAmundsen.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoald+Amundsen" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Amundsen_adoption-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Amundsen_adoption_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.snl.no/.nbl_biografi/Roald_Amundsen/utdypning">Roald Amundsen</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121020151419/http://snl.no/.nbl_biografi/Roald_Amundsen/utdypning">Archived</a> 20 October 2012 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <i>Store Norske Leksikon</i>. Accessed 17 April 2011.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200819063102/https://static1.squarespace.com/static/5c60a493fd679375e23729d2/t/5cb243c2e5e5f08d01387aed/1555186626295/roald-amundsen.pdf">"The Northern Explorer Roald Amundsen"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sewardpeninsula.com/s/roald-amundsen.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 19 August 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 April</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Northern+Explorer+Roald+Amundsen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sewardpeninsula.com%2Fs%2Froald-amundsen.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoald+Amundsen" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Barr1919-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Barr1919_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarr1919" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/William_Barr_(Arctic_historian)" class="mw-redirect" title="William Barr (Arctic historian)">Barr, William</a> (1919). <i>The Last Journey of Peter Tessem and Paul Knutsen</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Last+Journey+of+Peter+Tessem+and+Paul+Knutsen&rft.date=1919&rft.aulast=Barr&rft.aufirst=William&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoald+Amundsen" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-historynet-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-historynet_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKenneth_P._Czech2006" class="citation web cs1">Kenneth P. Czech (12 June 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.historynet.com/roald-amundsen-and-the-1925-north-pole-expedition.htm">"Roald Amundsen and the 1925 North Pole Expedition"</a>. Aviation History magazine. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190516054457/https://www.historynet.com/roald-amundsen-and-the-1925-north-pole-expedition.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 16 May 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 March</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Roald+Amundsen+and+the+1925+North+Pole+Expedition&rft.pub=Aviation+History+magazine&rft.date=2006-06-12&rft.au=Kenneth+P.+Czech&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.historynet.com%2Froald-amundsen-and-the-1925-north-pole-expedition.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoald+Amundsen" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-PBSorg-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-PBSorg_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100115100611/http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/amex/ice/peopleevents/pandeAMEX87.html">"Roald Amundsen"</a>. PBS.org. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/amex/ice/peopleevents/pandeAMEX87.html">the original</a> on 15 January 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 March</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Roald+Amundsen&rft.pub=PBS.org&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pbs.org%2Fwgbh%2Famex%2Fice%2Fpeopleevents%2FpandeAMEX87.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoald+Amundsen" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-dailytelegraph-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-dailytelegraph_27-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-dailytelegraph_27-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTroy_Lennon2016" class="citation web cs1">Troy Lennon (12 May 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dailytelegraph.com.au/news/today-in-history/south-pole-conqueror-roald-amundsen-won-air-race-to-the-north-pole/news-story/37de4bb45a376ce3ff4c25c9d1b828ec">"South Pole conqueror Roald Amundsen won air race to the North Pole"</a>. The Daily Telegraph. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200819063103/https://www.dailytelegraph.com.au/news/today-in-history/south-pole-conqueror-roald-amundsen-won-air-race-to-the-north-pole/news-story/37de4bb45a376ce3ff4c25c9d1b828ec?nk=147d32152c356eb55e70be5a2bd5c81c-1597818663">Archived</a> from the original on 19 August 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 November</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=South+Pole+conqueror+Roald+Amundsen+won+air+race+to+the+North+Pole&rft.pub=The+Daily+Telegraph&rft.date=2016-05-12&rft.au=Troy+Lennon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dailytelegraph.com.au%2Fnews%2Ftoday-in-history%2Fsouth-pole-conqueror-roald-amundsen-won-air-race-to-the-north-pole%2Fnews-story%2F37de4bb45a376ce3ff4c25c9d1b828ec&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoald+Amundsen" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Henderson2005-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Henderson2005_28-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHenderson2005" class="citation book cs1">Henderson, Bruce (2005). <i>True North: Peary, Cook, and the Race to the Pole</i>. W. W. Norton and Company. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-393-32738-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-393-32738-0"><bdi>978-0-393-32738-0</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/63397177">63397177</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=True+North%3A+Peary%2C+Cook%2C+and+the+Race+to+the+Pole&rft.pub=W.+W.+Norton+and+Company&rft.date=2005&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F63397177&rft.isbn=978-0-393-32738-0&rft.aulast=Henderson&rft.aufirst=Bruce&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoald+Amundsen" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Rawlins2000-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Rawlins2000_29-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRawlins2000" class="citation journal cs1">Rawlins, Dennis (January 2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dioi.org/vols/wa0.pdf">"Byrd's Heroic 1926 Flight & Its Faked Last Leg"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>DIO, the International Journal of Scientific History</i>. <b>10</b>: 69–76, also pages 54, 84–88, 99, 105. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1041-5440">1041-5440</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120214012122/http://www.dioi.org/vols/wa0.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 14 February 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 July</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=DIO%2C+the+International+Journal+of+Scientific+History&rft.atitle=Byrd%27s+Heroic+1926+Flight+%26+Its+Faked+Last+Leg&rft.volume=10&rft.pages=69-76%2C+also+pages+54%2C+84-88%2C+99%2C+105&rft.date=2000-01&rft.issn=1041-5440&rft.aulast=Rawlins&rft.aufirst=Dennis&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dioi.org%2Fvols%2Fwa0.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoald+Amundsen" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.normandythenandnow.com/the-disastrous-latham-47-polar-rescue-from-caudebec-en-caux/">"The disastrous Latham-47 Polar rescue, from Caudebec-en-Caux"</a>. <i>Normandy Then and Now</i>. 1 July 2017. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210625141357/https://www.normandythenandnow.com/the-disastrous-latham-47-polar-rescue-from-caudebec-en-caux/">Archived</a> from the original on 25 June 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 November</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Normandy+Then+and+Now&rft.atitle=The+disastrous+Latham-47+Polar+rescue%2C+from+Caudebec-en-Caux&rft.date=2017-07-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.normandythenandnow.com%2Fthe-disastrous-latham-47-polar-rescue-from-caudebec-en-caux%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoald+Amundsen" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAlexis_S._Troubetzkoy2011" class="citation book cs1">Alexis S. Troubetzkoy (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ckZJZzRYCp4C&pg=PA232"><i>Arctic Obsession: The Lure of the Far North</i></a>. Dundurn. p. 232. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-55488-855-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-55488-855-9"><bdi>978-1-55488-855-9</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230502030119/https://books.google.com/books?id=ckZJZzRYCp4C&pg=PA232">Archived</a> from the original on 2 May 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 November</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Arctic+Obsession%3A+The+Lure+of+the+Far+North&rft.pages=232&rft.pub=Dundurn&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-1-55488-855-9&rft.au=Alexis+S.+Troubetzkoy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DckZJZzRYCp4C%26pg%3DPA232&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoald+Amundsen" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.antarctica21.com/journal/famous-antarctic-explorers-roald-amundsen/">"Famous Antarctic Explorers: Roald Amundsen"</a>. 20 October 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 April</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Famous+Antarctic+Explorers%3A+Roald+Amundsen&rft.date=2017-10-20&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.antarctica21.com%2Fjournal%2Ffamous-antarctic-explorers-roald-amundsen%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoald+Amundsen" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Rincon-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Rincon_33-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRincon2009" class="citation news cs1">Rincon, Paul (24 August 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/8214237.stm">"BBC"</a>. <i>BBC News</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120612224435/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/8214237.stm">Archived</a> from the original on 12 June 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 March</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=BBC&rft.date=2009-08-24&rft.aulast=Rincon&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F2%2Fhi%2Fscience%2Fnature%2F8214237.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoald+Amundsen" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-searchforamundsen-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-searchforamundsen_34-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100108014805/http://www.searchforamundsen.com/cms/">"Search for Amundsen"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.searchforamundsen.com/Home.html">the original</a> on 8 January 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 April</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Search+for+Amundsen&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.searchforamundsen.com%2FHome.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoald+Amundsen" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Thyvold2012-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Thyvold2012_35-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHans_Olav_Thyvold2012" class="citation book cs1">Hans Olav Thyvold (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=GrV7BAAAQBAJ&pg=PT46"><i>Roald Amundsen</i></a>. Font Forlag AS. p. 46. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-82-8169-179-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-82-8169-179-7"><bdi>978-82-8169-179-7</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230502030120/https://books.google.com/books?id=GrV7BAAAQBAJ&pg=PT46">Archived</a> from the original on 2 May 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 November</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Roald+Amundsen&rft.pages=46&rft.pub=Font+Forlag+AS&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-82-8169-179-7&rft.au=Hans+Olav+Thyvold&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DGrV7BAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT46&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoald+Amundsen" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bomann-Larsen2011-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Bomann-Larsen2011_36-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTor_Bomann-Larsen2011" class="citation book cs1">Tor Bomann-Larsen (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=0CI7AwAAQBAJ&pg=PA358"><i>Roald Amundsen</i></a>. History Press. pp. 189, 355–358. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7524-6682-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7524-6682-8"><bdi>978-0-7524-6682-8</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230502030120/https://books.google.com/books?id=0CI7AwAAQBAJ&pg=PA358">Archived</a> from the original on 2 May 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 November</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Roald+Amundsen&rft.pages=189%2C+355-358&rft.pub=History+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-7524-6682-8&rft.au=Tor+Bomann-Larsen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D0CI7AwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA358&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoald+Amundsen" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sancton, p. 149 <i>(footnote);</i> Bomann-Larsen, p. 20.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBomann-Larsen2006" class="citation book cs1">Bomann-Larsen, Tor (2006). <i>Roald Amundsen</i>. Phoenix Mill: Sutton Publishing. pp. 72–73, 117, 139. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7509-4343-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-7509-4343-2"><bdi>0-7509-4343-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Roald+Amundsen&rft.place=Phoenix+Mill&rft.pages=72-73%2C+117%2C+139&rft.pub=Sutton+Publishing&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=0-7509-4343-2&rft.aulast=Bomann-Larsen&rft.aufirst=Tor&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoald+Amundsen" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSancton2021" class="citation book cs1">Sancton, Julian (2021). <i>Madhouse at the End of the Earth</i>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 May</span> 2024</span>. <q>[In] the autumn of 1906...Amundsen received The Grand Cross of the Order of St Olav</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Fram+Museum&rft.atitle=Lindstr%C3%B8m%2C+Adolf+Henrik+%281866-1939%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fframmuseum.no%2Fpolar-history%2Fexplorers%2Fadolf-henrik-lindstrom-1866-1939%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoald+Amundsen" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-norges2-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-norges2_41-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-norges2_41-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-norges2_41-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-norges2_41-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-norges2_41-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-norges2_41-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-norges2_41-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=umn.31951001416649n&view=1up&seq=175&skin=2021">"Diktere, kunstnere og videnskapsmenn"</a>, <i>Norges Statskalender</i> (in Norwegian), 1922, pp. 253–54, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211118023810/https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=umn.31951001416649n&view=1up&seq=175&skin=2021">archived</a> from the original on 18 November 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 November</span> 2021</span> – via hathitrust.org</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Diktere%2C+kunstnere+og+videnskapsmenn&rft.btitle=Norges+Statskalender&rft.pages=253-54&rft.date=1922&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbabel.hathitrust.org%2Fcgi%2Fpt%3Fid%3Dumn.31951001416649n%26view%3D1up%26seq%3D175%26skin%3D2021&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoald+Amundsen" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://alex.onb.ac.at/cgi-content/alex?aid=shb&datum=1918&page=424&size=45">"Ritter-Orden"</a>, <i>Hof- und Staatshandbuch der Österreichisch-Ungarischen Monarchie</i>, 1918, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://alex.onb.ac.at/cgi-content/alex?aid=shb&datum=1918&page=638&size=45">264</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210410101436/https://alex.onb.ac.at/cgi-content/alex?aid=shb&datum=1918&page=424&size=45">archived</a> from the original on 10 April 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 April</span> 2021</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Ritter-Orden&rft.btitle=Hof-+und+Staatshandbuch+der+%C3%96sterreichisch-Ungarischen+Monarchie&rft.pages=264&rft.date=1918&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Falex.onb.ac.at%2Fcgi-content%2Falex%3Faid%3Dshb%26datum%3D1918%26page%3D424%26size%3D45&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoald+Amundsen" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170210042432/https://tidsskrift.dk/index.php/geografisktidsskrift/article/view/4567/8563">"Egede medaillen"</a>. <i>Geografisk Tidsskrift</i> (in Danish). <b>84</b>. 1984. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 November</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=NASA&rft.atitle=NASA+Identifies+Candidate+Regions+for+Landing+Next+Americans+on+Moon&rft.date=2022-08-19&rft.aulast=Potter&rft.aufirst=Sean&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nasa.gov%2Fpress-release%2Fnasa-identifies-candidate-regions-for-landing-next-americans-on-moon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoald+Amundsen" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.proquest.com/hnpchicagotribune/docview/181222488/C038DF3AA59C449DPQ/1?accountid=303&sourcetype=Historical%20Newspapers">"NEW AMUNDSEN JUNIOR SCHOOL P.-T. A. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 November</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ProQuest+Historical+Newspapers%3A+Chicago+Tribune&rft.atitle=NEW+AMUNDSEN+JUNIOR+SCHOOL+P.-T.+A.+IS+FORMED%3A+Mrs.+William+Knoorst+First+President.&rft.date=1931-06-14&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.proquest.com%2Fhnpchicagotribune%2Fdocview%2F181222488%2FC038DF3AA59C449DPQ%2F1%3Faccountid%3D303%26sourcetype%3DHistorical%2520Newspapers&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoald+Amundsen" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/the_red_tent">"The Red Tent (1971)"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190326214645/https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/the_red_tent">Archived</a> from the original on 26 March 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 March</span> 2019</span> – via www.rottentomatoes.com.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Red+Tent+%281971%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rottentomatoes.com%2Fm%2Fthe_red_tent&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoald+Amundsen" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFO'Connor1985" class="citation news cs1">O'Connor, John J. (20 October 1985). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1985/10/20/arts/tv-view-the-last-place-on-earth-not-just-about-the-antarctic.html">"Tv View; 'the Last Place on Earth' – Not Just About the Antarctic"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150524173313/http://www.nytimes.com/1985/10/20/arts/tv-view-the-last-place-on-earth-not-just-about-the-antarctic.html">Archived</a> from the original on 24 May 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 March</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Tv+View%3B+%27the+Last+Place+on+Earth%27+%E2%80%93+Not+Just+About+the+Antarctic&rft.date=1985-10-20&rft.aulast=O%27Connor&rft.aufirst=John+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1985%2F10%2F20%2Farts%2Ftv-view-the-last-place-on-earth-not-just-about-the-antarctic.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoald+Amundsen" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.filmweb.no/article1382770.ece"><i>Trailer (norsk tekst)</i></a> (in Norwegian), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190905182905/https://www.filmweb.no/article1382770.ece">archived</a> from the original on 5 September 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 February</span> 2019</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Trailer+%28norsk+tekst%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.filmweb.no%2Farticle1382770.ece&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoald+Amundsen" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/north/polar-explorer-s-descendant-finds-nunavut-relatives-1.669276">"Polar explorer's descendant finds Nunavut relatives | CBC News"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190414013620/https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/north/polar-explorer-s-descendant-finds-nunavut-relatives-1.669276">Archived</a> from the original on 14 April 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 April</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Polar+explorer%27s+descendant+finds+Nunavut+relatives+%26%23124%3B+CBC+News&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cbc.ca%2Fnews%2Fcanada%2Fnorth%2Fpolar-explorer-s-descendant-finds-nunavut-relatives-1.669276&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoald+Amundsen" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aftenposten.no/nyheter/iriks/article2081918.ece">"Vi er Amundsens etterkommere"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071104143441/http://www.aftenposten.no/nyheter/iriks/article2081918.ece">Archived</a> 4 November 2007 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <i>Aften Posten</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-fram-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-fram_61-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-fram_61-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-fram_61-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.frammuseum.no/news/ROALD-AMUNDSEN-DESCENDANTS-IN-GJOA-HAVEN-.aspx">"Roald Amundsen Descendants in Gjoa Haven?"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130416070253/http://www.frammuseum.no/News/ROALD-AMUNDSEN-DESCENDANTS-IN-GJOA-HAVEN-.aspx">Archived</a> 16 April 2013 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Fram Museum, 27 January 2012</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sources">Sources</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Roald_Amundsen&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAmundsen" class="citation book cs1"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Amundsen, Roald</a>; <a href="/wiki/Thorvald_Nilsen" title="Thorvald Nilsen">Nilsen, Thorvald</a>; <a href="/wiki/Kristian_Prestrud" title="Kristian Prestrud">Prestrud, Kristian</a>; Chater, A.G. (tr.) (1976) [1912]. <i>The South Pole: An Account of the Norwegian expedition in the </i>Fram<i>, 1910–12 </i>(Volumes I and II)<i><span></span></i>. London: C. Hurst & Company. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-903983-47-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-903983-47-1"><bdi>978-0-903983-47-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+South+Pole%3A+An+Account+of+the+Norwegian+expedition+in+the+Fram%2C+1910%E2%80%9312+%28Volumes+I+and+II%29&rft.place=London&rft.pub=C.+Hurst+%26+Company&rft.date=1976&rft.isbn=978-0-903983-47-1&rft.aulast=Amundsen&rft.aufirst=Roald&rft.au=Nilsen%2C+Thorvald&rft.au=Prestrud%2C+Kristian&rft.au=Chater%2C+A.G.+%28tr.%29&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoald+Amundsen" class="Z3988"></span> First published in 1912 by John Murray, London.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Roald_Amundsen&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Stephen Bown. <i>The Last Viking: The Life of Roald Amundsen: conqueror of the South Pole</i>. (London, Aurum Press, 2012)</li> <li>Tor Bomann-Larsen. <i>Roald Amundsen</i>. (Sutton Publishing, 2006)</li> <li>Garth Cameron. <i>From Pole to Pole: Roald Amundsen's Journey in Flight</i>. (New York, Skyhorse Publishing, 2014)</li> <li>Garth Cameron. <i>Umberto Nobile and the Arctic Search for the Airship Italia</i>. (Stroud, Fonthill Media, 2017)</li> <li>Hugo Decleir. <i>Roald Amundsen's Belgica Diary: the first Scientific Expedition to the Antarctic</i>. (Erskine Press, 1999)</li> <li>Roland Huntford. <i>The Last Place on Earth: Scott and Amundsen's Race to the South Pole</i>. (1979)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHuntford_(The_Last_Place_on_Earth)_1985" class="citation book cs1">Huntford, Roland (1985). <i>The Last Place on Earth</i>. London and Sydney: Pan Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-330-28816-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-330-28816-3"><bdi>978-0-330-28816-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Last+Place+on+Earth&rft.place=London+and+Sydney&rft.pub=Pan+Books&rft.date=1985&rft.isbn=978-0-330-28816-3&rft.aulast=Huntford&rft.aufirst=Roland&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoald+Amundsen" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Rainer-K. Langner. <i>Scott and Amundsen: Duel in the Ice</i>. (London, Haus Publishing, 2007)</li> <li>Julian Sancton. <i>Madhouse at the End of the Earth: The Belgica’s Journey into the Dark Antarctic Night.</i> (New York, Crown Publishing, 2021)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Roald_Amundsen&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output 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Amundsen</a></b></i>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/creator/2081">Works by Roald Amundsen</a> at <a href="/wiki/Biodiversity_Heritage_Library" title="Biodiversity Heritage Library">Biodiversity Heritage Library</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q926#P4081" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://librivox.org/author/4663">Works by Roald Amundsen</a> at <a href="/wiki/LibriVox" title="LibriVox">LibriVox</a> (public domain audiobooks) <span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/15px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/23px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/30px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://openlibrary.org/authors/OL985808A">Works by Roald Amundsen</a> at <a href="/wiki/Open_Library" title="Open Library">Open Library</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q926#P648" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/author/1189">Works by Roald Amundsen</a> at <a href="/wiki/Project_Gutenberg" title="Project Gutenberg">Project Gutenberg</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/search.php?query=%28%28subject%3A%22Amundsen%2C%20Roald%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22Roald%20Amundsen%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Amundsen%2C%20Roald%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Roald%20Amundsen%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Amundsen%2C%20R%2E%22%20OR%20title%3A%22Roald%20Amundsen%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Amundsen%2C%20Roald%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Roald%20Amundsen%22%29%20OR%20%28%221872-1928%22%20AND%20Amundsen%29%29%20AND%20%28-mediatype:software%29">Works by or about Roald Amundsen</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://purl.org/pressemappe20/folder/pe/000475">Newspaper clippings about Roald Amundsen</a> in the <a href="/wiki/20th_Century_Press_Archives" title="20th Century Press Archives">20th Century Press Archives</a> of the <a href="/wiki/German_National_Library_of_Economics" title="German National Library of Economics">ZBW</a></li></ul> <div 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abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Antarctica_topics" title="Template:Antarctica topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Antarctica_topics" title="Template talk:Antarctica topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Antarctica_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Antarctica topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Antarctica" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Antarctica" title="Antarctica">Antarctica</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Antarctica" title="Geography of Antarctica">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antarctic_sea_ice" title="Antarctic sea ice">Antarctic sea ice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_Antarctica" title="Climate of Antarctica">Climate</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_Antarctica" title="Climate change in Antarctica">Climate change</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2024_Antarctica_heat_wave" title="2024 Antarctica heat wave">Heat waves</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Antarctic_ice_shelves" title="List of Antarctic ice shelves">Ice shelves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geology_of_Antarctica" title="Geology of Antarctica">Geology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_glaciers_in_the_Antarctic" title="List of glaciers in the Antarctic">Glaciers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Ultras_of_Antarctica" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Ultras of Antarctica">Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tundra#Antarctic" title="Tundra">Tundra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_volcanoes_in_Antarctica" title="List of volcanoes in Antarctica">Volcanoes</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Regions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antarctic_realm" title="Antarctic realm">Biogeographic realm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antarctic_Peninsula" title="Antarctic Peninsula">Antarctic Peninsula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Antarctica" title="East Antarctica">East Antarctica</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/East_Antarctic_Ice_Sheet" title="East Antarctic Ice Sheet">ice sheet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Antarctic_Shield" title="East Antarctic Shield">shield</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extreme_points_of_Antarctica" title="Extreme points of Antarctica">Extreme points</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antarctic_Floristic_Kingdom" title="Antarctic Floristic Kingdom">Floristic Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Antarctic_and_subantarctic_islands" title="List of Antarctic and subantarctic islands">Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Pole" title="South Pole">South Pole</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/South_magnetic_pole" title="South magnetic pole">South magnetic pole</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Antarctica" title="West Antarctica">West Antarctica</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/West_Antarctic_Ice_Sheet" title="West Antarctic Ice Sheet">ice sheet</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Bodies of Water</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Ocean" title="Southern Ocean">Antarctic/Southern Ocean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lake_CECs" title="Lake CECs">Lake CECs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mercer_Lake_(Antarctica)" title="Mercer Lake (Antarctica)">Lake Mercer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lake_Vostok" title="Lake Vostok">Lake Vostok</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rivers_of_Antarctica" title="List of rivers of Antarctica">List of rivers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/McMurdo_Sound" title="McMurdo Sound">McMurdo Sound</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ross_Sea" title="Ross Sea">Ross Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weddell_Sea" title="Weddell Sea">Weddell Sea</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Life</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antarctic_flora" title="Antarctic flora">Flora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antarctic_microorganism" title="Antarctic microorganism">Microorganisms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wildlife_of_Antarctica" title="Wildlife of Antarctica">Wildlife</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_birds_of_Antarctica" title="List of birds of Antarctica">Birds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mammals_of_Antarctica" title="List of mammals of Antarctica">Mammals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antarctic_krill" title="Antarctic krill">Krill</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="5" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Antarctica" title="Antarctica"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Antarctica_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/100px-Antarctica_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Antarctica_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/150px-Antarctica_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 1.5x, 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title="COVID-19 pandemic in Antarctica">COVID-19 pandemic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_years_in_Antarctica" title="List of years in Antarctica">Years</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Politics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Managers_of_National_Antarctic_Programs" title="Council of Managers of National Antarctic Programs">Council of Managers of National Antarctic Programs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_activity_in_the_Antarctic" title="Military activity in the Antarctic">Military activity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Antarctic_Program" title="National Antarctic Program">National programs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Territorial_claims_in_Antarctica" title="Territorial claims in Antarctica">Territorial claims</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antarctic_Treaty_System" title="Antarctic Treaty System">Treaty System</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Society</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antarctica_Day" title="Antarctica Day">Antarctica Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antarctic_English" title="Antarctic English">Antarctic English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crime_in_Antarctica" title="Crime in Antarctica">Crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Antarctica" title="Demographics of Antarctica">Demographics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Antarctica" class="mw-redirect" title="Economy of Antarctica">Economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antarctic_field_camps" title="Antarctic field camps">Field camps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Firefighting_in_Antarctica" title="Firefighting in Antarctica">Firefighting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flags_of_Antarctica" class="mw-redirect" title="Flags of Antarctica">Flags</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antarctic_gateway_cities" title="Antarctic gateway cities">Gateway cities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Midwinter_Day" title="Midwinter Day">Midwinter Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antarctic_Protected_Area" title="Antarctic Protected Area">Protected areas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Antarctica" title="Religion in Antarctica">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Research_stations_in_Antarctica" title="Research stations in Antarctica">Research stations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Antarctica" title="Telecommunications in Antarctica">Telecommunications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Time_in_Antarctica" title="Time in Antarctica">Time</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Antarctica" title="Tourism in Antarctica">Tourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Antarctica" title="Transport in Antarctica">Transport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Antarctica" title="Women in Antarctica">Women</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Famous explorers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Roald Amundsen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_E._Byrd" title="Richard E. Byrd">Richard E. Byrd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Douglas_Mawson" title="Douglas Mawson">Douglas Mawson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ui-te-Rangiora" title="Ui-te-Rangiora">Ui-te-Rangiora</a> (legendary)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Clark_Ross" title="James Clark Ross">James Clark Ross</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Falcon_Scott" title="Robert Falcon Scott">Robert Falcon Scott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernest_Shackleton" title="Ernest Shackleton">Ernest Shackleton</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3" style="font-weight:bold;"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Antarctica" title="Category:Antarctica">Category</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Commons page"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Antarctica" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Antarctica">Commons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_Antarctica-related_articles" title="Index of Antarctica-related articles">Index</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Polar_exploration" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Polar_exploration" title="Template:Polar exploration"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Polar_exploration" title="Template talk:Polar exploration"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Polar_exploration" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Polar exploration"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Polar_exploration" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Polar_exploration" title="Polar exploration">Polar exploration</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Arctic" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Arctic_exploration" title="Arctic exploration">Arctic</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div id="*_Ocean_*_History_*_Expeditions_*_Research_stations"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arctic_Ocean" title="Arctic Ocean">Ocean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arctic_exploration" title="Arctic exploration">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Arctic_expeditions" title="List of Arctic expeditions">Expeditions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_research_stations_in_the_Arctic" title="List of research stations in the Arctic">Research stations</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Farthest_North" title="Farthest North">Farthest North</a><br /><a href="/wiki/North_Pole" title="North Pole">North Pole</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Willem_Barentsz" title="Willem Barentsz">Barentsz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacob_van_Heemskerck" title="Jacob van Heemskerck">Heemskerck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Hudson" title="Henry Hudson">Hudson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Marmaduke" title="Thomas Marmaduke">Marmaduke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joris_Carolus" title="Joris Carolus">Carolus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Edward_Parry" title="William Edward Parry">Parry</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/North_magnetic_pole" title="North magnetic pole">North magnetic pole</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_Ross_(Royal_Navy_officer)" title="John Ross (Royal Navy officer)">J. Ross</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Clark_Ross" title="James Clark Ross">J. C. Ross</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Abernethy_(explorer)" title="Thomas Abernethy (explorer)">Abernethy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elisha_Kent_Kane" title="Elisha Kent Kane">Kane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isaac_Israel_Hayes" title="Isaac Israel Hayes">Hayes</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Polaris_expedition" title="Polaris expedition"><i>Polaris</i> expedition</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/USS_Polaris_(1871)" title="USS Polaris (1871)"><i>Polaris</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Francis_Hall" title="Charles Francis Hall">C. F. Hall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emil_Bessels" title="Emil Bessels">Bessels</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/British_Arctic_Expedition" title="British Arctic Expedition">British Arctic Expedition</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/HMS_Alert_(1856)" title="HMS Alert (1856)">HMS <i>Alert</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Nares" title="George Nares">Nares</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HMS_Discovery_(1874)" title="HMS Discovery (1874)">HMS <i>Discovery</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Frederick_Stephenson" title="Henry Frederick Stephenson">Stephenson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_Hastings_Markham" title="Albert Hastings Markham">Markham</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Lady_Franklin_Bay_Expedition" title="Lady Franklin Bay Expedition">Lady Franklin Bay Expedition</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adolphus_Greely" title="Adolphus Greely">Greely</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_B._Lockwood" title="James B. Lockwood">Lockwood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_L._Brainard" title="David L. Brainard">Brainard</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Nansen%27s_Fram_expedition" title="Nansen's Fram expedition">Nansen's <i>Fram</i> expedition</a></b> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Fram_(ship)" title="Fram (ship)">Fram</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fridtjof_Nansen" title="Fridtjof Nansen">Nansen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hjalmar_Johansen" title="Hjalmar Johansen">Johansen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otto_Sverdrup" title="Otto Sverdrup">Sverdrup</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jason_(1881_ship)" title="Jason (1881 ship)"><i>Jason</i></a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prince_Luigi_Amedeo,_Duke_of_the_Abruzzi" title="Prince Luigi Amedeo, Duke of the Abruzzi">Amedeo</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9e%27s_Arctic_balloon_expedition" title="Andrée's Arctic balloon expedition">Andrée's balloon expedition</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Salomon_August_Andr%C3%A9e" title="Salomon August Andrée">S. A. Andrée</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_Cook" title="Frederick Cook">F. Cook</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/SS_Roosevelt_(1905)" title="SS Roosevelt (1905)">SS <i>Roosevelt</i></a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Peary" title="Robert Peary">Peary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthew_Henson" title="Matthew Henson">Henson</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgy_Sedov" title="Georgy Sedov">Sedov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_E._Byrd" title="Richard E. Byrd">Byrd</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Norge_(airship)" title="Norge (airship)"><i>Norge</i></a></b> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Amundsen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Umberto_Nobile" title="Umberto Nobile">Nobile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oscar_Wisting" title="Oscar Wisting">Wisting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hjalmar_Riiser-Larsen" title="Hjalmar Riiser-Larsen">Riiser-Larsen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lincoln_Ellsworth" title="Lincoln Ellsworth">Ellsworth</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Italia_(airship)" title="Italia (airship)"><i>Italia</i></a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/USS_O-12_(SS-73)" class="mw-redirect" title="USS O-12 (SS-73)"><i><b>Nautilus</b></i></a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hubert_Wilkins" title="Hubert Wilkins">Wilkins</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Tupolev_ANT-25" title="Tupolev ANT-25">ANT-25</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Valery_Chkalov" title="Valery Chkalov">Chkalov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgy_Baydukov" title="Georgy Baydukov">Baydukov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Vasilyevich_Belyakov" class="mw-redirect" title="Alexander Vasilyevich Belyakov">Belyakov</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Drifting_ice_station" title="Drifting ice station">Drifting ice stations</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/North_Pole-1" title="North Pole-1">NP-1</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ivan_Papanin" title="Ivan Papanin">Papanin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyotr_Shirshov" title="Pyotr Shirshov">Shirshov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yevgeny_Fyodorov_(scientist)" title="Yevgeny Fyodorov (scientist)">E. Fyodorov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernst_Krenkel" title="Ernst Krenkel">Krenkel</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/North_Pole-36" title="North Pole-36">NP-36</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/North_Pole-37" title="North Pole-37">NP-37</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Georgiy_Sedov_(1908_icebreaker)" title="Georgiy Sedov (1908 icebreaker)"><i>Georgiy Sedov</i></a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Konstantin_Badygin" title="Konstantin Badygin">Badygin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Wiese" title="Vladimir Wiese">Wiese</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/USS_Nautilus_(SSN-571)" title="USS Nautilus (SSN-571)">USS <i>Nautilus</i></a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/USS_Skate_(SSN-578)" title="USS Skate (SSN-578)">USS <i>Skate</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ralph_Plaisted" title="Ralph Plaisted">Plaisted</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wally_Herbert" title="Wally Herbert">Herbert</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Arktika_(1972_icebreaker)" title="Arktika (1972 icebreaker)">NS <i>Arktika</i></a></b></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Barneo" title="Barneo">Barneo</a></i></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Arktika_2007" title="Arktika 2007">Arktika 2007</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mir_(submersible)" title="Mir (submersible)"><i>Mir</i> submersibles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anatoly_Sagalevich" title="Anatoly Sagalevich">Sagalevich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artur_Chilingarov" title="Artur Chilingarov">Chilingarov</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Iceland" title="Iceland">Iceland</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Greenland" title="Greenland">Greenland</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pytheas" title="Pytheas">Pytheas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brendan_the_Navigator" title="Brendan the Navigator">Brendan</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Papar" title="Papar">Papar</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Viking_expansion" title="Viking expansion">Vikings</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naddodd" title="Naddodd">Naddodd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gar%C3%B0ar_Svavarsson" title="Garðar Svavarsson">Garðar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ing%C3%B3lfr_Arnarson" title="Ingólfr Arnarson">Ingólfr</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Norse_colonization_of_North_America" title="Norse colonization of North America">Norse colonization of North America</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gunnbj%C3%B6rn_Ulfsson" title="Gunnbjörn Ulfsson">Gunnbjörn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sn%C3%A6bj%C3%B6rn_galti" title="Snæbjörn galti">Snæbjörn galti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erik_the_Red" title="Erik the Red">Erik the Red</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Christian_IV%27s_expeditions_to_Greenland" title="Christian IV's expeditions to Greenland">Christian IV's expeditions</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/James_Hall_(explorer)" title="James Hall (explorer)">J. Hall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Cunningham_(explorer)" title="John Cunningham (explorer)">Cunningham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Godske_Lindenov" title="Godske Lindenov">Lindenov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carsten_Richardson" title="Carsten Richardson">C. Richardson</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Danish_colonization_of_the_Americas" title="Danish colonization of the Americas">Danish colonization</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hans_Egede" title="Hans Egede">Egede</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Scoresby" title="William Scoresby">Scoresby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jason_(1881_ship)" title="Jason (1881 ship)"><i>Jason</i></a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fridtjof_Nansen" title="Fridtjof Nansen">Nansen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otto_Sverdrup" title="Otto Sverdrup">Sverdrup</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Peary" title="Robert Peary">Peary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knud_Rasmussen" title="Knud Rasmussen">Rasmussen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Northwest_Passage" title="Northwest Passage">Northwest Passage</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Northern_Canada" title="Northern Canada">Northern Canada</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_Cabot" title="John Cabot">Cabot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaspar_Corte-Real" title="Gaspar Corte-Real">G. Corte-Real</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miguel_Corte-Real" title="Miguel Corte-Real">M. Corte-Real</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Frobisher" title="Martin Frobisher">Frobisher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humphrey_Gilbert" title="Humphrey Gilbert">Gilbert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Davis_(explorer)" title="John Davis (explorer)">Davis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Hudson" title="Henry Hudson">Hudson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discovery_(1602_ship)" title="Discovery (1602 ship)"><i>Discovery</i></a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Bylot" title="Robert Bylot">Bylot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Baffin" title="William Baffin">Baffin</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jens_Munk" title="Jens Munk">Munk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ivan_Fyodorov_(navigator)" title="Ivan Fyodorov (navigator)">I. Fyodorov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HMS_Resolution_(1771)" title="HMS Resolution (1771)">HMS <i>Resolution</i></a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/James_Cook" title="James Cook">J. Cook</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HMS_Discovery_(1774)" title="HMS Discovery (1774)">HMS <i>Discovery</i></a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Clerke" title="Charles Clerke">Clerke</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Mackenzie_(explorer)" title="Alexander Mackenzie (explorer)">Mackenzie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otto_von_Kotzebue" title="Otto von Kotzebue">Kotzebue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Ross_(Royal_Navy_officer)" title="John Ross (Royal Navy officer)">J. Ross</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HMS_Griper_(1813)" title="HMS Griper (1813)">HMS <i>Griper</i></a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/William_Edward_Parry" title="William Edward Parry">Parry</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HMS_Hecla_(1815)" title="HMS Hecla (1815)">HMS <i>Hecla</i></a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/George_Francis_Lyon" title="George Francis Lyon">Lyon</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HMS_Fury_(1814)" title="HMS Fury (1814)">HMS <i>Fury</i></a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Parkyns_Hoppner" title="Henry Parkyns Hoppner">Hoppner</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Crozier" title="Francis Crozier">Crozier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Clark_Ross" title="James Clark Ross">J. C. Ross</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Coppermine_expedition" title="Coppermine expedition">Coppermine expedition</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Franklin" title="John Franklin">Franklin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Back" title="George Back">Back</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Warren_Dease" title="Peter Warren Dease">Dease</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Simpson_(explorer)" title="Thomas Simpson (explorer)">Simpson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HMS_Blossom_(1806)" title="HMS Blossom (1806)">HMS <i>Blossom</i></a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_William_Beechey" title="Frederick William Beechey">Beechey</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Franklin%27s_lost_expedition" title="Franklin's lost expedition">Franklin's lost expedition</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/HMS_Erebus_(1826)" title="HMS Erebus (1826)">HMS <i>Erebus</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HMS_Terror_(1813)" title="HMS Terror (1813)">HMS <i>Terror</i></a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Collinson" title="Richard Collinson">Collinson</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Rae%E2%80%93Richardson_Arctic_expedition" title="Rae–Richardson Arctic expedition">Rae–Richardson expedition</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_Rae_(explorer)" title="John Rae (explorer)">Rae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Richardson_(naturalist)" title="John Richardson (naturalist)">J. Richardson</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horatio_Thomas_Austin" title="Horatio Thomas Austin">Austin</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/McClure_Arctic_expedition" title="McClure Arctic expedition">McClure expedition</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/HMS_Investigator_(1848)" title="HMS Investigator (1848)">HMS <i>Investigator</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_McClure" title="Robert McClure">McClure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HMS_Resolute_(1850)" title="HMS Resolute (1850)">HMS <i>Resolute</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Kellett" title="Henry Kellett">Kellett</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Belcher" title="Edward Belcher">Belcher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Kennedy_(explorer)" title="William Kennedy (explorer)">Kennedy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Ren%C3%A9_Bellot" title="Joseph René Bellot">Bellot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isabel_(1850_ship)" title="Isabel (1850 ship)"><i>Isabel</i></a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Augustus_Inglefield" title="Edward Augustus Inglefield">Inglefield</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Second_Grinnell_expedition" title="Second Grinnell expedition">2nd Grinnell expedition</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/USS_Advance_(1847)" title="USS Advance (1847)">USS <i>Advance</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elisha_Kent_Kane" title="Elisha Kent Kane">Kane</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fox_(ship)" title="Fox (ship)"><i>Fox</i></a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Leopold_McClintock" title="Leopold McClintock">McClintock</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/USS_Jeannette_(1878)" title="USS Jeannette (1878)">HMS <i>Pandora</i></a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Allen_Young" title="Allen Young">Young</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Fram_(ship)" title="Fram (ship)">Fram</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Otto_Sverdrup" title="Otto Sverdrup">Sverdrup</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Gj%C3%B8a" title="Gjøa">Gjøa</a></b></i> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Amundsen</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knud_Rasmussen" title="Knud Rasmussen">Rasmussen</a></li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Last_voyage_of_the_Karluk" title="Last voyage of the Karluk">Karluk</a></b></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vilhjalmur_Stefansson" title="Vilhjalmur Stefansson">Stefansson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Bartlett_(explorer)" title="Robert Bartlett (explorer)">Bartlett</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/St._Roch_(ship)" title="St. Roch (ship)"><i>St. Roch</i></a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Larsen_(explorer)" title="Henry Larsen (explorer)">H. Larsen</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Scott_Cowper" title="David Scott Cowper">Cowper</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Northern_Sea_Route" title="Northern Sea Route">North East Passage</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Far_North_(Russia)" title="Far North (Russia)">Russian Arctic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Pomors" title="Pomors">Pomors</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koch_(boat)" title="Koch (boat)">Koch boats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Willoughby" title="Hugh Willoughby">Willoughby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Chancellor" title="Richard Chancellor">Chancellor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Willem_Barentsz" title="Willem Barentsz">Barentsz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacob_van_Heemskerck" title="Jacob van Heemskerck">Heemskerck</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Mangazeya" title="Mangazeya">Mangazeya</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Hudson" title="Henry Hudson">Hudson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jonas_Poole" title="Jonas Poole">Poole</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Siberian_Cossacks" title="Siberian Cossacks">Siberian Cossacks</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ilya_Perfilyev" title="Ilya Perfilyev">Perfilyev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Stadukhin" title="Mikhail Stadukhin">Stadukhin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semyon_Dezhnev" title="Semyon Dezhnev">Dezhnev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fedot_Alekseyevich_Popov" title="Fedot Alekseyevich Popov">Popov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurbat_Ivanov" title="Kurbat Ivanov">Ivanov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merkury_Vagin" title="Merkury Vagin">Vagin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yakov_Permyakov" title="Yakov Permyakov">Permyakov</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Great_Northern_Expedition" title="Great Northern Expedition">Great Northern Expedition</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vitus_Bering" title="Vitus Bering">Bering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aleksei_Chirikov" title="Aleksei Chirikov">Chirikov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stepan_Malygin" title="Stepan Malygin">Malygin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dmitry_Ovtsyn" title="Dmitry Ovtsyn">Ovtsyn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fyodor_Minin" title="Fyodor Minin">Minin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vasili_Pronchishchev" title="Vasili Pronchishchev">V. Pronchishchev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maria_Pronchishcheva" title="Maria Pronchishcheva">M. Pronchishcheva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semyon_Chelyuskin" title="Semyon Chelyuskin">Chelyuskin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khariton_Laptev" title="Khariton Laptev">Kh. Laptev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dmitry_Laptev" title="Dmitry Laptev">D. Laptev</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vasily_Chichagov" title="Vasily Chichagov">Chichagov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ivan_Lyakhov" title="Ivan Lyakhov">Lyakhov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Billings" title="Joseph Billings">Billings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yakov_Sannikov" title="Yakov Sannikov">Sannikov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matvei_Gedenshtrom" title="Matvei Gedenshtrom">Gedenshtrom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_von_Wrangel" title="Ferdinand von Wrangel">Wrangel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fyodor_Matyushkin" title="Fyodor Matyushkin">Matyushkin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyotr_Anjou" title="Pyotr Anjou">Anjou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Benjamin_von_L%C3%BCtke" title="Friedrich Benjamin von Lütke">Litke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Lavrov" title="Mikhail Lavrov">Lavrov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyotr_Pakhtusov" title="Pyotr Pakhtusov">Pakhtusov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avgust_Tsivolko" title="Avgust Tsivolko">Tsivolko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_von_Middendorff" title="Alexander von Middendorff">Middendorff</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Austro-Hungarian_North_Pole_expedition" title="Austro-Hungarian North Pole expedition">Austro-Hungarian Expedition</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Weyprecht" title="Karl Weyprecht">Weyprecht</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julius_von_Payer" title="Julius von Payer">Payer</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Vega_Expedition" title="Vega Expedition"><i>Vega</i> Expedition</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adolf_Erik_Nordenski%C3%B6ld" title="Adolf Erik Nordenskiöld">A. E. Nordenskiöld</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Palander" title="Louis Palander">Palander</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Jeannette_expedition" title="Jeannette expedition"><i>Jeannette</i> expedition</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/USS_Jeannette_(1878)" title="USS Jeannette (1878)">USS <i>Jeannette</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_W._De_Long" title="George W. De Long">De Long</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_W._Melville" title="George W. Melville">Melville</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Yermak_(1898_icebreaker)" title="Yermak (1898 icebreaker)"><i>Yermak</i></a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stepan_Makarov" title="Stepan Makarov">Makarov</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Zarya_(polar_ship)" title="Zarya (polar ship)"><i>Zarya</i></a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eduard_von_Toll" title="Eduard von Toll">Toll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikolai_Kolomeitsev" title="Nikolai Kolomeitsev">Kolomeitsev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fyodor_Matisen" title="Fyodor Matisen">Matisen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Kolchak" title="Alexander Kolchak">Kolchak</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgy_Sedov" title="Georgy Sedov">Sedov</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Rusanov_expedition" title="Rusanov expedition">Rusanov expedition</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Rusanov" title="Vladimir Rusanov">Rusanov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Kuchin" title="Alexander Kuchin">Kuchin</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Brusilov_expedition" title="Brusilov expedition">Brusilov expedition</a></b> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Svyataya_Anna" title="Svyataya Anna">Sv. Anna</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgy_Brusilov" title="Georgy Brusilov">Brusilov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valerian_Albanov" title="Valerian Albanov">Albanov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Konrad" title="Alexander Konrad">Konrad</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Wiese" title="Vladimir Wiese">Wiese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jan_Nag%C3%B3rski" title="Jan Nagórski">Nagórski</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Taymyr_(1909_icebreaker)" title="Taymyr (1909 icebreaker)"><i>Taymyr</i></a></b> / <b><a href="/wiki/Vaygach_(1909_icebreaker)" title="Vaygach (1909 icebreaker)"><i>Vaygach</i></a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boris_Vilkitsky" title="Boris Vilkitsky">Vilkitsky</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Maud_(ship)" title="Maud (ship)"><i>Maud</i></a></b> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Amundsen</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Arctic_and_Antarctic_Research_Institute" title="Arctic and Antarctic Research Institute">AARI</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Samoylovich" title="Rudolf Samoylovich">Samoylovich</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikifor_Begichev" title="Nikifor Begichev">Begichev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikolay_Urvantsev" title="Nikolay Urvantsev">Urvantsev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sadko_(1913_icebreaker)" title="Sadko (1913 icebreaker)"><i>Sadko</i></a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Georgy_Ushakov" title="Georgy Ushakov">Ushakov</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Chief_Directorate_of_the_Northern_Sea_Route" title="Chief Directorate of the Northern Sea Route">Glavsevmorput</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Otto_Schmidt" title="Otto Schmidt">Schmidt</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Aviaarktika" title="Aviaarktika">Aviaarktika</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mark_Shevelev" title="Mark Shevelev">Shevelev</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A._Sibiryakov_(icebreaker)" title="A. Sibiryakov (icebreaker)"><i>A. Sibiryakov</i></a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Voronin_(captain)" title="Vladimir Voronin (captain)">Voronin</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SS_Chelyuskin" title="SS Chelyuskin"><i>Chelyuskin</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krassin_(1916_icebreaker)" title="Krassin (1916 icebreaker)"><i>Krassin</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yakov_Gakkel" title="Yakov Gakkel">Gakkel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear-powered_icebreaker" title="Nuclear-powered icebreaker">Nuclear-powered icebreakers</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lenin_(1957_icebreaker)" title="Lenin (1957 icebreaker)"><i>Lenin</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arktika-class_icebreaker" title="Arktika-class icebreaker"><i>Arktika</i>-class</a> <a href="/wiki/Icebreaker" title="Icebreaker">icebreaker</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Antarctic" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Antarctic_exploration" class="mw-redirect" title="Antarctic exploration">Antarctic</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div id="*_Continent_*_History_*_Expeditions"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antarctica" title="Antarctica">Continent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Antarctica" title="History of Antarctica">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Antarctic_expeditions" title="List of Antarctic expeditions">Expeditions</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Southern_Ocean" title="Southern Ocean">Antarctic/Southern Ocean</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anthony_de_la_Roch%C3%A9" title="Anthony de la Roché">Roché</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Baptiste_Charles_Bouvet_de_Lozier" title="Jean-Baptiste Charles Bouvet de Lozier">Bouvet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yves-Joseph_de_Kerguelen-Tr%C3%A9marec" title="Yves-Joseph de Kerguelen-Trémarec">Kerguelen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HMS_Resolution_(1771)" title="HMS Resolution (1771)">HMS <i>Resolution</i></a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/James_Cook" title="James Cook">J. Cook</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HMS_Adventure_(1771)" title="HMS Adventure (1771)">HMS <i>Adventure</i></a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tobias_Furneaux" title="Tobias Furneaux">Furneaux</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Smith_(mariner)" title="William Smith (mariner)">Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_Telmo_(Spanish_ship)" class="mw-redirect" title="San Telmo (Spanish ship)"><i>San Telmo</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vostok_(sloop-of-war)" title="Vostok (sloop-of-war)"><i>Vostok</i></a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fabian_Gottlieb_von_Bellingshausen" title="Fabian Gottlieb von Bellingshausen">Bellingshausen</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mirny_(sloop-of-war)" title="Mirny (sloop-of-war)"><i>Mirny</i></a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Lazarev" title="Mikhail Lazarev">Lazarev</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Bransfield" title="Edward Bransfield">Bransfield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nathaniel_Palmer" title="Nathaniel Palmer">Palmer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Davis_(sealer)" title="John Davis (sealer)">Davis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Weddell" title="James Weddell">Weddell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Morrell" title="Benjamin Morrell">Morrell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_ship_Astrolabe_(1811)" title="French ship Astrolabe (1811)"><i>Astrolabe</i></a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jules_Dumont_d%27Urville" title="Jules Dumont d'Urville">Dumont d'Urville</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/United_States_Exploring_Expedition" title="United States Exploring Expedition">United States Exploring Expedition</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/USS_Vincennes_(1826)" title="USS Vincennes (1826)">USS <i>Vincennes</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Wilkes" title="Charles Wilkes">Wilkes</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/USS_Porpoise_(1836)" title="USS Porpoise (1836)">USS <i>Porpoise</i></a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cadwalader_Ringgold" title="Cadwalader Ringgold">Ringgold</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Ross_expedition" title="Ross expedition">Ross expedition</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/HMS_Erebus_(1826)" title="HMS Erebus (1826)">HMS <i>Erebus</i></a> (<a href="/wiki/James_Clark_Ross" title="James Clark Ross">J. C. Ross</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Abernethy_(explorer)" title="Thomas Abernethy (explorer)">Abernethy</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/HMS_Terror_(1813)" title="HMS Terror (1813)">HMS <i>Terror</i></a> (<a href="/wiki/Francis_Crozier" title="Francis Crozier">Crozier</a>)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mercator_Cooper" title="Mercator Cooper">Cooper</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Challenger_expedition" title="Challenger expedition">Challenger expedition</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/HMS_Challenger_(1858)" title="HMS Challenger (1858)">HMS <i>Challenger</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Nares" title="George Nares">Nares</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Murray_(oceanographer)" title="John Murray (oceanographer)">Murray</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jason_(1881_ship)" title="Jason (1881 ship)"><i>Jason</i></a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Anton_Larsen" title="Carl Anton Larsen">C. A. Larsen</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><span class="nobold">"</span><a href="/wiki/Heroic_Age_of_Antarctic_Exploration" title="Heroic Age of Antarctic Exploration">Heroic Age</a><span class="nobold">"</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Belgian_Antarctic_Expedition" title="Belgian Antarctic Expedition">Belgian Antarctic Expedition</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/RV_Belgica_(1884)" title="RV Belgica (1884)"><i>Belgica</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adrien_de_Gerlache" title="Adrien de Gerlache">de Gerlache</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georges_Lecointe_(explorer)" title="Georges Lecointe (explorer)">Lecointe</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Amundsen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_Cook" title="Frederick Cook">Cook</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henryk_Arctowski" title="Henryk Arctowski">Arctowski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emil_Racovi%C8%9B%C4%83" title="Emil Racoviță">Racoviță</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antoni_Boles%C5%82aw_Dobrowolski" title="Antoni Bolesław Dobrowolski">Dobrowolski</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Southern_Cross_Expedition" title="Southern Cross Expedition">Southern Cross</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/SS_Southern_Cross_(1886)" title="SS Southern Cross (1886)"><i>Southern Cross</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carsten_Borchgrevink" title="Carsten Borchgrevink">Borchgrevink</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Discovery_Expedition" title="Discovery Expedition">Discovery</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/RRS_Discovery" title="RRS Discovery"><i>Discovery</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discovery_Hut" title="Discovery Hut">Discovery Hut</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Gauss_expedition" title="Gauss expedition">Gauss</a></b> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Gauss_(ship)" title="Gauss (ship)">Gauss</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erich_von_Drygalski" title="Erich von Drygalski">Drygalski</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Swedish_Antarctic_Expedition" title="Swedish Antarctic Expedition">Swedish Antarctic Expedition</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antarctic_(ship)" title="Antarctic (ship)"><i>Antarctic</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otto_Nordenskj%C3%B6ld" title="Otto Nordenskjöld">O. Nordenskjöld</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Anton_Larsen" title="Carl Anton Larsen">C. A. Larsen</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Scottish_National_Antarctic_Expedition" title="Scottish National Antarctic Expedition">Scottish Antarctic Expedition</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/William_Speirs_Bruce" title="William Speirs Bruce">Bruce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scotia_(barque)" title="Scotia (barque)"><i>Scotia</i></a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Orcadas_Base" title="Orcadas Base">Orcadas Base</a></i></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Nimrod_Expedition" title="Nimrod Expedition">Nimrod Expedition</a></b> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Nimrod_(1867_ship)" title="Nimrod (1867 ship)">Nimrod</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/French_Antarctic_Expedition" title="French Antarctic Expedition">French Antarctic Expeditions</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pourquoi-Pas_(1908)" title="Pourquoi-Pas (1908)"><i>Pourquoi-Pas</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Baptiste_Charcot" title="Jean-Baptiste Charcot">Charcot</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Japanese_Antarctic_Expedition" title="Japanese Antarctic Expedition">Japanese Antarctic Expedition</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nobu_Shirase" title="Nobu Shirase">Shirase</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Amundsen%27s_South_Pole_expedition" title="Amundsen's South Pole expedition">Amundsen's South Pole expedition</a></b> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Fram_(ship)" title="Fram (ship)">Fram</a></i></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Amundsen</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Framheim" title="Framheim">Framheim</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Polheim" title="Polheim">Polheim</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Terra_Nova_Expedition" title="Terra Nova Expedition">Terra Nova</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Terra_Nova_(ship)" title="Terra Nova (ship)"><i>Terra Nova</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Falcon_Scott" title="Robert Falcon Scott">Scott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Wilson_(explorer)" title="Edward Wilson (explorer)">Wilson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Evans,_1st_Baron_Mountevans" title="Edward Evans, 1st Baron Mountevans">E. R. Evans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tom_Crean_(explorer)" title="Tom Crean (explorer)">Crean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Lashly" title="William Lashly">Lashly</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Filchner" title="Wilhelm Filchner">Filchner</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Australasian_Antarctic_Expedition" title="Australasian Antarctic Expedition">Australasian Antarctic Expedition</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/SY_Aurora" title="SY Aurora">SY <i>Aurora</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Douglas_Mawson" title="Douglas Mawson">Mawson</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Far_Eastern_Party" title="Far Eastern Party">Far Eastern Party</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Imperial_Trans-Antarctic_Expedition" title="Imperial Trans-Antarctic Expedition">Imperial Trans-Antarctic Expedition</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Endurance_(1912_ship)" title="Endurance (1912 ship)"><i>Endurance</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernest_Shackleton" title="Ernest Shackleton">Shackleton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_Wild" title="Frank Wild">Wild</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Voyage_of_the_James_Caird" title="Voyage of the James Caird"><i>James Caird</i></a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Ross_Sea_party" title="Ross Sea party">Ross Sea party</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aeneas_Mackintosh" title="Aeneas Mackintosh">Mackintosh</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Shackleton%E2%80%93Rowett_Expedition" title="Shackleton–Rowett Expedition">Shackleton–Rowett Expedition</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Quest_(ship)" title="Quest (ship)"><i>Quest</i></a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/International_Polar_Year" title="International Polar Year">IPY</a> · <a href="/wiki/International_Geophysical_Year" title="International Geophysical Year">IGY</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Research_stations_in_Antarctica" title="Research stations in Antarctica">Modern research</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lars_Christensen" title="Lars Christensen">Christensen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_E._Byrd" title="Richard E. Byrd">Byrd</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/British_Australian_and_New_Zealand_Antarctic_Research_Expedition" title="British Australian and New Zealand Antarctic Research Expedition">BANZARE</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/British_Graham_Land_expedition" title="British Graham Land expedition">BGLE</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_Rymill" title="John Rymill">Rymill</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/New_Swabia" title="New Swabia">New Swabia</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Ritscher" title="Alfred Ritscher">Ritscher</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Operation_Tabarin" title="Operation Tabarin">Operation Tabarin</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/James_Marr_(biologist)" title="James Marr (biologist)">Marr</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Operation_Highjump" title="Operation Highjump">Operation Highjump</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Captain_Arturo_Prat_Base" title="Captain Arturo Prat Base">Captain Arturo Prat Base</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/British_Antarctic_Survey" title="British Antarctic Survey">British Antarctic Survey</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Operation_Windmill" title="Operation Windmill">Operation Windmill</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gerald_Ketchum" title="Gerald Ketchum">Ketchum</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Ronne_Antarctic_Research_Expedition" title="Ronne Antarctic Research Expedition">Ronne Expedition</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Finn_Ronne" title="Finn Ronne">F. Ronne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jackie_Ronne" title="Jackie Ronne">E. Ronne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isaac_Schlossbach" title="Isaac Schlossbach">Schlossbach</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Operation_Deep_Freeze" title="Operation Deep Freeze">Operation Deep Freeze</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/McMurdo_Station" title="McMurdo Station">McMurdo Station</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_Trans-Antarctic_Expedition" title="Commonwealth Trans-Antarctic Expedition">Commonwealth Trans-Antarctic Expedition</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Edmund_Hillary" title="Edmund Hillary">Hillary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vivian_Fuchs" title="Vivian Fuchs">V. Fuchs</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Soviet_Antarctic_Expedition" title="Soviet Antarctic Expedition">Soviet Antarctic Expeditions</a></b> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/1st_Soviet_Antarctic_Expedition" title="1st Soviet Antarctic Expedition">1st</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Somov" title="Mikhail Somov">Somov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maria_Klenova" title="Maria Klenova">Klenova</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mirny_Station" title="Mirny Station">Mirny</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/2nd_Soviet_Antarctic_Expedition" title="2nd Soviet Antarctic Expedition">2nd</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alexey_Tryoshnikov" title="Alexey Tryoshnikov">Tryoshnikov</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/3rd_Soviet_Antarctic_Expedition" title="3rd Soviet Antarctic Expedition">3rd</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yevgeny_Tolstikov" title="Yevgeny Tolstikov">Tolstikov</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Antarctic_Treaty_System" title="Antarctic Treaty System">Antarctic Treaty System</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Transglobe_Expedition" title="Transglobe Expedition">Transglobe Expedition</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ranulph_Fiennes" title="Ranulph Fiennes">Fiennes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_R._Burton" title="Charles R. Burton">Burton</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Lake_Vostok" title="Lake Vostok">Lake Vostok</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrey_Kapitsa" title="Andrey Kapitsa">Kapitsa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Farthest_South" title="Farthest South">Farthest South</a><br /><a href="/wiki/South_Pole" title="South Pole">South Pole</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/HMS_Resolution_(1771)" title="HMS Resolution (1771)">HMS <i>Resolution</i></a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/James_Cook" title="James Cook">J. Cook</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HMS_Adventure_(1771)" title="HMS Adventure (1771)">HMS <i>Adventure</i></a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tobias_Furneaux" title="Tobias Furneaux">Furneaux</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Weddell" title="James Weddell">Weddell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HMS_Erebus_(1826)" title="HMS Erebus (1826)">HMS <i>Erebus</i></a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/James_Clark_Ross" title="James Clark Ross">J. C. Ross</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HMS_Terror_(1813)" title="HMS Terror (1813)">HMS <i>Terror</i></a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Crozier" title="Francis Crozier">Crozier</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Southern_Cross_Expedition" title="Southern Cross Expedition">Southern Cross</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carsten_Borchgrevink" title="Carsten Borchgrevink">Borchgrevink</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Discovery_Expedition" title="Discovery Expedition">Discovery</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Barne" title="Michael Barne">Barne</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Nimrod_Expedition" title="Nimrod Expedition">Nimrod</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ernest_Shackleton" title="Ernest Shackleton">Shackleton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_Wild" title="Frank Wild">Wild</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eric_Marshall" title="Eric Marshall">Marshall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jameson_Adams" title="Jameson Adams">Adams</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/South_magnetic_pole" title="South magnetic pole">South magnetic pole</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Douglas_Mawson" title="Douglas Mawson">Mawson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edgeworth_David" title="Edgeworth David">David</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alistair_Mackay" title="Alistair Mackay">Mackay</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Amundsen%27s_South_Pole_expedition" title="Amundsen's South Pole expedition">Amundsen's South Pole expedition</a></b> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Fram_(ship)" title="Fram (ship)">Fram</a></i></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Amundsen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olav_Bjaaland" title="Olav Bjaaland">Bjaaland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helmer_Hanssen" title="Helmer Hanssen">Helmer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sverre_Hassel" title="Sverre Hassel">Hassel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oscar_Wisting" title="Oscar Wisting">Wisting</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Polheim" title="Polheim">Polheim</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Terra_Nova_Expedition" title="Terra Nova Expedition">Terra Nova</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Falcon_Scott" title="Robert Falcon Scott">Scott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edgar_Evans" title="Edgar Evans">E. Evans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lawrence_Oates" title="Lawrence Oates">Oates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Wilson_(explorer)" title="Edward Wilson (explorer)">Wilson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Robertson_Bowers" title="Henry Robertson Bowers">Bowers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apsley_Cherry-Garrard" title="Apsley Cherry-Garrard">Cherry-Garrard</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_E._Byrd" title="Richard E. Byrd">Byrd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernt_Balchen" title="Bernt Balchen">Balchen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashley_Chadbourne_McKinley" title="Ashley Chadbourne McKinley">McKinley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_J._Dufek" title="George J. Dufek">Dufek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amundsen%E2%80%93Scott_South_Pole_Station" title="Amundsen–Scott South Pole Station">Amundsen–Scott South Pole Station</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edmund_Hillary" title="Edmund Hillary">Hillary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vivian_Fuchs" title="Vivian Fuchs">V. Fuchs</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Pole_of_Cold" title="Pole of Cold">Pole of Cold</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vostok_Station" title="Vostok Station">Vostok Station</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Pole_of_inaccessibility" title="Pole of inaccessibility">Pole of inaccessibility</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pole_of_Inaccessibility_research_station" title="Pole of Inaccessibility research station">Pole of Inaccessibility research station</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yevgeny_Tolstikov" title="Yevgeny Tolstikov">Tolstikov</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_P._Crary" title="Albert P. Crary">Crary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arved_Fuchs" title="Arved Fuchs">A. Fuchs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reinhold_Messner" title="Reinhold Messner">Messner</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q926#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th 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style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/118502670">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n80025970">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12100328t">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12100328t">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00431420">Japan</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Amundsen, Roald"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" 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href="https://lod.nl.go.kr/resource/KAC199632591">Korea</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://libris.kb.se/fcrtxzkz08swbdk">Sweden</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810608798905606">Poland</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007280544905171">Israel</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cantic.bnc.cat/registre/981058517043706706">Catalonia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.kbr.be/LIBRARY/doc/AUTHORITY/14063346">Belgium</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Academics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA0193444X?l=en">CiNii</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Artists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.getty.edu/vow/ULANFullDisplay?find=&role=&nation=&subjectid=500674056">ULAN</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://rkd.nl/en/explore/artists/402052">RKD Artists</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://kulturnav.org/c39ba57b-2b35-40f0-9cb7-0483761c97d7">KulturNav</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.musee-orsay.fr/en/ressources/repertoire-artistes-personnalites/44282">Musée d'Orsay</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pic.nypl.org/constituents/10742">Photographers' Identities</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://trove.nla.gov.au/people/786934">Trove</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/pnd118502670.html?language=en">Deutsche Biographie</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-digitale-bibliothek.de/person/gnd/118502670">DDB</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/027375226">IdRef</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalog.archives.gov/id/10582138">NARA</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w6hj77z3">SNAC</a></span><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w6bg2mhp">2</a></span></li></ul></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://collections.tepapa.govt.nz/agent/60273">Te Papa (New Zealand)</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" 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