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class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Apostolic_era_and_papacy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 Apostolic era and papacy </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Apostolic_era_and_papacy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Antiquity_and_Roman_Empire" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Antiquity_and_Roman_Empire"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2 Antiquity and Roman Empire </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Antiquity_and_Roman_Empire-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Middle_Ages_and_Renaissance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Middle_Ages_and_Renaissance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3 Middle Ages and Renaissance </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Middle_Ages_and_Renaissance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Age_of_Discovery" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Age_of_Discovery"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.4 Age of Discovery </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Age_of_Discovery-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Protestant_Reformation_and_Counter-Reformation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Protestant_Reformation_and_Counter-Reformation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.5 Protestant Reformation and Counter-Reformation </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Protestant_Reformation_and_Counter-Reformation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Enlightenment_and_modern_period" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Enlightenment_and_modern_period"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.6 Enlightenment and modern period </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Enlightenment_and_modern_period-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-20th_century" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#20th_century"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.7 20th century </div> </a> <ul id="toc-20th_century-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-21st_century" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#21st_century"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.8 21st century </div> </a> <ul id="toc-21st_century-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Organization" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Organization"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Organization </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Organization-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Organization subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Organization-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Holy_See,_papacy,_Roman_Curia,_and_College_of_Cardinals" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Holy_See,_papacy,_Roman_Curia,_and_College_of_Cardinals"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 Holy See, papacy, Roman Curia, and College of Cardinals </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Holy_See,_papacy,_Roman_Curia,_and_College_of_Cardinals-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Canon_law" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Canon_law"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 Canon law </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Canon_law-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Latin_and_Eastern_churches" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Latin_and_Eastern_churches"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3 Latin and Eastern churches </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Latin_and_Eastern_churches-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dioceses,_parishes,_organizations,_and_institutes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dioceses,_parishes,_organizations,_and_institutes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.4 Dioceses, parishes, organizations, and institutes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dioceses,_parishes,_organizations,_and_institutes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Membership" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Membership"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.5 Membership </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Membership-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Doctrine" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Doctrine"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Doctrine </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Doctrine-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Doctrine subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Doctrine-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Nature_of_God" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nature_of_God"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 Nature of God </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nature_of_God-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Nature_of_the_church" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nature_of_the_church"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 Nature of the church </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nature_of_the_church-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Final_judgement" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Final_judgement"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3 Final judgement </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Final_judgement-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Saints_and_devotions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Saints_and_devotions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.4 Saints and devotions </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Saints_and_devotions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Virgin_Mary" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Virgin_Mary"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.5 Virgin Mary </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Virgin_Mary-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sacraments" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sacraments"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Sacraments </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Sacraments-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Sacraments subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Sacraments-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Sacraments_of_initiation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sacraments_of_initiation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 Sacraments of initiation </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sacraments_of_initiation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Baptism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Baptism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1.1 Baptism </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Baptism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Confirmation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Confirmation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1.2 Confirmation </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Confirmation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Eucharist" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Eucharist"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1.3 Eucharist </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Eucharist-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sacraments_of_healing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sacraments_of_healing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2 Sacraments of healing </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sacraments_of_healing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Penance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Penance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2.1 Penance </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Penance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Anointing_of_the_sick" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Anointing_of_the_sick"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2.2 Anointing of the sick </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Anointing_of_the_sick-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sacraments_at_the_service_of_communion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sacraments_at_the_service_of_communion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.3 Sacraments at the service of communion </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sacraments_at_the_service_of_communion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Holy_Orders" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Holy_Orders"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.3.1 Holy Orders </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Holy_Orders-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Matrimony" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Matrimony"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.3.2 Matrimony </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Matrimony-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Liturgy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Liturgy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Liturgy </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Liturgy-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Liturgy subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Liturgy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Western_rites" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Western_rites"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1 Western rites </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Western_rites-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Eastern_rites" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Eastern_rites"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.2 Eastern rites </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Eastern_rites-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Social_and_cultural_issues" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Social_and_cultural_issues"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Social and cultural issues </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Social_and_cultural_issues-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Social and cultural issues subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Social_and_cultural_issues-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Catholic_social_teaching" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Catholic_social_teaching"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.1 Catholic social teaching </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Catholic_social_teaching-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Social_services" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Social_services"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.2 Social services </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Social_services-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sexual_morality" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sexual_morality"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.3 Sexual morality </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sexual_morality-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Homosexuality" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Homosexuality"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.3.1 Homosexuality </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Homosexuality-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Divorce_and_declarations_of_nullity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Divorce_and_declarations_of_nullity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.3.2 Divorce and declarations of nullity </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Divorce_and_declarations_of_nullity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Contraception" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Contraception"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.3.3 Contraception </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Contraception-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Death_penalty_and_euthanasia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Death_penalty_and_euthanasia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.4 Death penalty and euthanasia </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Death_penalty_and_euthanasia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Holy_orders_and_women" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Holy_orders_and_women"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.5 Holy orders and women </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Holy_orders_and_women-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sexual_abuse_cases" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sexual_abuse_cases"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.6 Sexual abuse cases </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sexual_abuse_cases-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 Notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 Bibliography </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Catholic Church</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 173 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-173" aria-hidden="true" > 173 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ace mw-list-item"><a href="https://ace.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geurija_Katolik_Roma" title="Geurija Katolik Roma – Acehnese" lang="ace" hreflang="ace" data-title="Geurija Katolik Roma" data-language-autonym="Acèh" data-language-local-name="Acehnese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Acèh</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rooms-Katolieke_Kerk" title="Rooms-Katolieke Kerk – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Rooms-Katolieke Kerk" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%B6misch-katholische_Kirche" title="Römisch-katholische Kirche – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Römisch-katholische Kirche" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Alemannisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8B%A8%E1%88%AE%E1%88%9B_%E1%8A%AB%E1%89%B6%E1%88%8A%E1%8A%AD_%E1%89%A4%E1%89%B0_%E1%8A%AD%E1%88%AD%E1%88%B5%E1%89%B2%E1%8B%AB%E1%8A%95" title="የሮማ ካቶሊክ ቤተ ክርስቲያን – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="የሮማ ካቶሊክ ቤተ ክርስቲያን" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target">አማርኛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/Remisc_Cirice" title="Remisc Cirice – Old English" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Remisc Cirice" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="Old English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ænglisc</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%83%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%B3%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%83%D8%A7%D8%AB%D9%88%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%83%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="الكنيسة الرومانية الكاثوليكية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="الكنيسة الرومانية الكاثوليكية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ilesia_Catolica" title="Ilesia Catolica – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Ilesia Catolica" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aragonés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arc mw-list-item"><a href="https://arc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DC%A5%DC%95%DC%AC%DC%90_%DC%A9%DC%AC%DC%98%DC%A0%DC%9D%DC%A9%DC%9D_%DC%95%DC%AA%DC%97%DC%98%DC%A1%DC%9D%DC%90" title="ܥܕܬܐ ܩܬܘܠܝܩܝ ܕܪܗܘܡܝܐ – Aramaic" lang="arc" hreflang="arc" data-title="ܥܕܬܐ ܩܬܘܠܝܩܝ ܕܪܗܘܡܝܐ" data-language-autonym="ܐܪܡܝܐ" data-language-local-name="Aramaic" class="interlanguage-link-target">ܐܪܡܝܐ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hyw mw-list-item"><a href="https://hyw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BF%D5%A1%D5%A9%D5%B8%D5%AC%D5%AB%D5%AF_%D5%A5%D5%AF%D5%A5%D5%B2%D5%A5%D6%81%D5%AB" title="Կաթոլիկ եկեղեցի – Western Armenian" lang="hyw" hreflang="hyw" data-title="Կաթոլիկ եկեղեցի" data-language-autonym="Արեւմտահայերէն" data-language-local-name="Western Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Արեւմտահայերէն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-roa-rup mw-list-item"><a href="https://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bisearic%C3%A3_C%C3%A3tulic%C3%A3" title="Bisearicã Cãtulicã – Aromanian" lang="rup" hreflang="rup" data-title="Bisearicã Cãtulicã" data-language-autonym="Armãneashti" data-language-local-name="Aromanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Armãneashti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frp mw-list-item"><a href="https://frp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89gll%C3%A9se_catolica_rom%C3%A8na" title="Égllése catolica romèna – Arpitan" lang="frp" hreflang="frp" data-title="Égllése catolica romèna" data-language-autonym="Arpetan" data-language-local-name="Arpitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Arpetan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ilesia_Cat%C3%B3lica" title="Ilesia Católica – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Ilesia Católica" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tup%C3%A3rape_Oparupigua" title="Tupãrape Oparupigua – Guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Tupãrape Oparupigua" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="Guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Avañe'ẽ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roma-Katolik_kils%C9%99si" title="Roma-Katolik kilsəsi – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Roma-Katolik kilsəsi" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D8%A7%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%84%DB%8C%DA%A9_%DA%A9%DB%8C%D9%84%DB%8C%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%B3%DB%8C" title="کاتولیک کیلیساسی – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="کاتولیک کیلیساسی" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A5%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%95_%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%A3%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A1%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%80" title="ক্যাথলিক মণ্ডলী – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="ক্যাথলিক মণ্ডলী" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thian-ch%C3%BA-k%C3%A0u" title="Thian-chú-kàu – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Thian-chú-kàu" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-map-bms mw-list-item"><a href="https://map-bms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gereja_Katolik_Roma" title="Gereja Katolik Roma – Banyumasan" lang="jv-x-bms" hreflang="jv-x-bms" data-title="Gereja Katolik Roma" data-language-autonym="Basa Banyumasan" data-language-local-name="Banyumasan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Basa Banyumasan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA_%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%BA%D3%99%D2%AF%D0%B5" title="Католик сиркәүе – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Католик сиркәүе" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target">Башҡортса</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D1%8B%D0%BC%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0-%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%96%D1%86%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%A6%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Рымска-Каталіцкая Царква – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Рымска-Каталіцкая Царква" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%96%D1%86%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%A6%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Каталіцкая Царква – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Каталіцкая Царква" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simbahan_Katoliko" title="Simbahan Katoliko – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Simbahan Katoliko" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bikol Central</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D1%86%D1%8A%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Католическа църква – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Католическа църква" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Remisch-katholische_Kira" title="Remisch-katholische Kira – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Remisch-katholische Kira" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Boarisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rimokatoli%C4%8Dka_crkva" title="Rimokatolička crkva – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Rimokatolička crkva" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iliz_katolik_roman" title="Iliz katolik roman – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Iliz katolik roman" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA_%D1%81%D2%AF%D0%BC%D1%8D" title="Католик сүмэ – Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Католик сүмэ" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target">Буряад</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esgl%C3%A9sia_Cat%C3%B2lica_Romana" title="Església Catòlica Romana – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Església Catòlica Romana" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simbahang_Katoliko_Romano" title="Simbahang Katoliko Romano – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Simbahang Katoliko Romano" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cebuano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katolick%C3%A1_c%C3%ADrkev" title="Katolická církev – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Katolická církev" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cbk-zam mw-list-item"><a href="https://cbk-zam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iglesia_romano_catolico" title="Iglesia romano catolico – Chavacano" lang="cbk" hreflang="cbk" data-title="Iglesia romano catolico" data-language-autonym="Chavacano de Zamboanga" data-language-local-name="Chavacano" class="interlanguage-link-target">Chavacano de Zamboanga</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yr_Eglwys_Gatholig_Rufeinig" title="Yr Eglwys Gatholig Rufeinig – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Yr Eglwys Gatholig Rufeinig" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dag mw-list-item"><a href="https://dag.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_cheechi" title="Roman cheechi – Dagbani" lang="dag" hreflang="dag" data-title="Roman cheechi" data-language-autonym="Dagbanli" data-language-local-name="Dagbani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dagbanli</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romerskkatolske_kirke" title="Romerskkatolske kirke – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Romerskkatolske kirke" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-se mw-list-item"><a href="https://se.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katolala%C5%A1_girku" title="Katolalaš girku – Northern Sami" lang="se" hreflang="se" data-title="Katolalaš girku" data-language-autonym="Davvisámegiella" data-language-local-name="Northern Sami" class="interlanguage-link-target">Davvisámegiella</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pdc mw-list-item"><a href="https://pdc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gedollische_Kaerich" title="Gedollische Kaerich – Pennsylvania German" lang="pdc" hreflang="pdc" data-title="Gedollische Kaerich" data-language-autonym="Deitsch" data-language-local-name="Pennsylvania German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deitsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%B6misch-katholische_Kirche" title="Römisch-katholische Kirche – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Römisch-katholische Kirche" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nv mw-list-item"><a href="https://nv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89%C3%A9%CA%BC_neishoodii" title="Ééʼ neishoodii – Navajo" lang="nv" hreflang="nv" data-title="Ééʼ neishoodii" data-language-autonym="Diné bizaad" data-language-local-name="Navajo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Diné bizaad</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katoliku_kirik" title="Katoliku kirik – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Katoliku kirik" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A1%CF%89%CE%BC%CE%B1%CE%B9%CE%BF%CE%BA%CE%B1%CE%B8%CE%BF%CE%BB%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AE_%CE%95%CE%BA%CE%BA%CE%BB%CE%B7%CF%83%CE%AF%CE%B1" title="Ρωμαιοκαθολική Εκκλησία – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ρωμαιοκαθολική Εκκλησία" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eml mw-list-item"><a href="https://eml.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ce%E1%B9%A1a_Cat%C3%B2lica" title="Ceṡa Catòlica – Emiliano-Romagnolo" lang="egl" hreflang="egl" data-title="Ceṡa Catòlica" data-language-autonym="Emiliàn e rumagnòl" data-language-local-name="Emiliano-Romagnolo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Emiliàn e rumagnòl</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iglesia_cat%C3%B3lica" title="Iglesia católica – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Iglesia católica" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katolika_Eklezio" title="Katolika Eklezio – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Katolika Eklezio" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext mw-list-item"><a href="https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/El%C3%A9sia_cat%C3%B3lica" title="Elésia católica – Extremaduran" lang="ext" hreflang="ext" data-title="Elésia católica" data-language-autonym="Estremeñu" data-language-local-name="Extremaduran" class="interlanguage-link-target">Estremeñu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erromatar_Eliza_Katolikoa" title="Erromatar Eliza Katolikoa – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Erromatar Eliza Katolikoa" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D9%84%DB%8C%D8%B3%D8%A7%DB%8C_%DA%A9%D8%A7%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%84%DB%8C%DA%A9" title="کلیسای کاتولیک – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="کلیسای کاتولیک" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Church" title="Roman Catholic Church – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Roman Catholic Church" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Fiji Hindi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%B3mversk-kat%C3%B3lska_kirkjan" title="Rómversk-katólska kirkjan – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Rómversk-katólska kirkjan" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Føroyskt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89glise_catholique" title="Église catholique – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Église catholique" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roomsk-Katolike_Tsjerke" title="Roomsk-Katolike Tsjerke – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Roomsk-Katolike Tsjerke" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Frysk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/An_Eaglais_Chaitliceach_R%C3%B3mh%C3%A1nach" title="An Eaglais Chaitliceach Rómhánach – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="An Eaglais Chaitliceach Rómhánach" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eaglais_Chaitligeach" title="Eaglais Chaitligeach – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Eaglais Chaitligeach" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gàidhlig</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Igrexa_cat%C3%B3lica" title="Igrexa católica – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Igrexa católica" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gom mw-list-item"><a href="https://gom.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katolik_firgoz" title="Katolik firgoz – Goan Konkani" lang="gom" hreflang="gom" data-title="Katolik firgoz" data-language-autonym="गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni" data-language-local-name="Goan Konkani" class="interlanguage-link-target">गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thi%C3%AAn-ch%C3%BA-kau" title="Thiên-chú-kau – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Thiên-chú-kau" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%A1%9C%EB%A7%88_%EA%B0%80%ED%86%A8%EB%A6%AD%EA%B5%90%ED%9A%8C" title="로마 가톨릭교회 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="로마 가톨릭교회" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cocin_katolika" title="Cocin katolika – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Cocin katolika" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hausa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BF%D5%A1%D5%A9%D5%B8%D5%AC%D5%AB%D5%AF_%D5%A5%D5%AF%D5%A5%D5%B2%D5%A5%D6%81%D5%AB" title="Կաթոլիկ եկեղեցի – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Կաթոլիկ եկեղեցի" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%A5%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95_%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%98%E0%A4%B0" title="कैथोलिक गिरजाघर – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="कैथोलिक गिरजाघर" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katoli%C4%8Dka_Crkva" title="Katolička Crkva – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Katolička Crkva" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katolik_eklezio" title="Katolik eklezio – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Katolik eklezio" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simbaan_a_Katoliko" title="Simbaan a Katoliko – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Simbaan a Katoliko" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ilokano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gereja_Katolik_Roma" title="Gereja Katolik Roma – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Gereja Katolik Roma" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecclesia_Catholic" title="Ecclesia Catholic – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Ecclesia Catholic" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingua</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ie mw-list-item"><a href="https://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eclesie_Catolic" title="Eclesie Catolic – Interlingue" lang="ie" hreflang="ie" data-title="Eclesie Catolic" data-language-autonym="Interlingue" data-language-local-name="Interlingue" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingue</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%B3mversk-ka%C3%BE%C3%B3lska_kirkjan" title="Rómversk-kaþólska kirkjan – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Rómversk-kaþólska kirkjan" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chiesa_cattolica" title="Chiesa cattolica – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Chiesa cattolica" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%9B%D7%A0%D7%A1%D7%99%D7%99%D7%94_%D7%94%D7%A7%D7%AA%D7%95%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%AA" title="הכנסייה הקתולית – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="הכנסייה הקתולית" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gr%C3%A9ja_Katulik" title="Gréja Katulik – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Gréja Katulik" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Jawa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbp mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katoliki_Cejewiye" title="Katoliki Cejewiye – Kabiye" lang="kbp" hreflang="kbp" data-title="Katoliki Cejewiye" data-language-autonym="Kabɩyɛ" data-language-local-name="Kabiye" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kabɩyɛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%95%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%AF%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%A5%E0%B3%8B%E0%B2%B2%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%95%E0%B3%8D_%E0%B2%9A%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%9A%E0%B3%8D" title="ಕ್ಯಾಥೋಲಿಕ್ ಚರ್ಚ್ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಕ್ಯಾಥೋಲಿಕ್ ಚರ್ಚ್" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target">ಕನ್ನಡ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%99%E1%83%90%E1%83%97%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98%E1%83%99%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98_%E1%83%94%E1%83%99%E1%83%9A%E1%83%94%E1%83%A1%E1%83%98%E1%83%90" title="რომის კათოლიკური ეკლესია – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="რომის კათოლიკური ეკლესია" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-csb mw-list-item"><a href="https://csb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katol%C3%ABcczi_K%C3%B2sc%C3%B3%C5%82" title="Katolëcczi Kòscół – Kashubian" lang="csb" hreflang="csb" data-title="Katolëcczi Kòscół" data-language-autonym="Kaszëbsczi" data-language-local-name="Kashubian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kaszëbsczi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA_%D1%88%D1%96%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%B5%D1%83%D1%96" title="Католик шіркеуі – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Католик шіркеуі" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eglos_Katholik_Romanek" title="Eglos Katholik Romanek – Cornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Eglos Katholik Romanek" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Cornish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kernowek</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanisa_Katoliki" title="Kanisa Katoliki – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Kanisa Katoliki" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legliz_Katolik" title="Legliz Katolik – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Legliz Katolik" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kreyòl ayisyen</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%A9gliz_katolik" title="Légliz katolik – Guianan Creole" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="Légliz katolik" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="Guianan Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kriyòl gwiyannen</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C3%AAra_katol%C3%AEk" title="Dêra katolîk – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Dêra katolîk" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kurdî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lld mw-list-item"><a href="https://lld.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dlijia_catolica" title="Dlijia catolica – Ladin" lang="lld" hreflang="lld" data-title="Dlijia catolica" data-language-autonym="Ladin" data-language-local-name="Ladin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ladin</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lad mw-list-item"><a href="https://lad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kilisia_Katolika" title="Kilisia Katolika – Ladino" lang="lad" hreflang="lad" data-title="Kilisia Katolika" data-language-autonym="Ladino" data-language-local-name="Ladino" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ladino</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecclesia_Catholica_Romana" title="Ecclesia Catholica Romana – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Ecclesia Catholica Romana" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romas_Kato%C4%BCu_bazn%C4%ABca" title="Romas Katoļu baznīca – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Romas Katoļu baznīca" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kathoulesch_Kierch" title="Kathoulesch Kierch – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Kathoulesch Kierch" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lëtzebuergesch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romos_Katalik%C5%B3_Ba%C5%BEny%C4%8Dia" title="Romos Katalikų Bažnyčia – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Romos Katalikų Bažnyčia" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roems-Kathelieke_K%C3%A8rk" title="Roems-Kathelieke Kèrk – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Roems-Kathelieke Kèrk" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Limburgs</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ln mw-list-item"><a href="https://ln.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ekel%C3%A9ziya_katolike" title="Ekeléziya katolike – Lingala" lang="ln" hreflang="ln" data-title="Ekeléziya katolike" data-language-autonym="Lingála" data-language-local-name="Lingala" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lingála</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eglesa_Catolica" title="Eglesa Catolica – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Eglesa Catolica" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lingua Franca Nova</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%B3mai_katolikus_egyh%C3%A1z" title="Római katolikus egyház – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Római katolikus egyház" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mai mw-list-item"><a href="https://mai.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A5%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95_%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9A" title="रोमन क्याथोलिक चर्च – Maithili" lang="mai" hreflang="mai" data-title="रोमन क्याथोलिक चर्च" data-language-autonym="मैथिली" data-language-local-name="Maithili" class="interlanguage-link-target">मैथिली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D1%86%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Римокатоличка црква – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Римокатоличка црква" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eglizy_kat%C3%B4lika_r%C3%B4manina" title="Eglizy katôlika rômanina – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Eglizy katôlika rômanina" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malagasy</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%B2%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B8%E0%B4%AD" title="കത്തോലിക്കാസഭ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="കത്തോലിക്കാസഭ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mt mw-list-item"><a href="https://mt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knisja_Kattolika" title="Knisja Kattolika – Maltese" lang="mt" hreflang="mt" data-title="Knisja Kattolika" data-language-autonym="Malti" data-language-local-name="Maltese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%85%E0%A4%A5%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95_%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9A" title="कॅथलिक चर्च – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="कॅथलिक चर्च" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%83%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%B3%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%85_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%83%D8%A7%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%83" title="كنيسة الروم الكاتوليك – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="كنيسة الروم الكاتوليك" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D8%A7%D8%AA%D9%84%DB%8C%DA%A9_%DA%A9%D9%87%E2%80%8C%D9%86%DB%8C%D8%B4%D8%AA" title="کاتلیک که‌نیشت – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="کاتلیک که‌نیشت" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target">مازِرونی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gereja_Katolik" title="Gereja Katolik – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Gereja Katolik" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gereja_Katolik_Roma" title="Gereja Katolik Roma – Minangkabau" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Gereja Katolik Roma" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="Minangkabau" class="interlanguage-link-target">Minangkabau</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%B2%CC%A4-m%C4%81-ti%C4%95ng-ci%C5%8D-g%C3%A1u" title="Lò̤-mā-tiĕng-ciō-gáu – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Lò̤-mā-tiĕng-ciō-gáu" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mwl mw-list-item"><a href="https://mwl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eigreija_Cat%C3%B3lica" title="Eigreija Católica – Mirandese" lang="mwl" hreflang="mwl" data-title="Eigreija Católica" data-language-autonym="Mirandés" data-language-local-name="Mirandese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Mirandés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%80%E1%80%80%E1%80%BA%E1%80%9E%E1%80%9C%E1%80%85%E1%80%BA_%E1%80%A1%E1%80%9E%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8%E1%80%90%E1%80%B1%E1%80%AC%E1%80%BA" title="ကက်သလစ် အသင်းတော် – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ကက်သလစ် အသင်းတော်" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target">မြန်မာဘာသာ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nah mw-list-item"><a href="https://nah.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catolicismo_Romano" title="Catolicismo Romano – Nahuatl" lang="nah" hreflang="nah" data-title="Catolicismo Romano" data-language-autonym="Nāhuatl" data-language-local-name="Nahuatl" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nāhuatl</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rooms-Katholieke_Kerk" title="Rooms-Katholieke Kerk – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Rooms-Katholieke Kerk" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rooms-Katholieke_Karke" title="Rooms-Katholieke Karke – Low Saxon" lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL" data-title="Rooms-Katholieke Karke" data-language-autonym="Nedersaksies" data-language-local-name="Low Saxon" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nedersaksies</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A5%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95_%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9A" title="क्याथोलिक चर्च – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="क्याथोलिक चर्च" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%AB%E3%83%88%E3%83%AA%E3%83%83%E3%82%AF%E6%95%99%E4%BC%9A" title="カトリック教会 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="カトリック教会" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nap mw-list-item"><a href="https://nap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chiesia_cattoleca" title="Chiesia cattoleca – Neapolitan" lang="nap" hreflang="nap" data-title="Chiesia cattoleca" data-language-autonym="Napulitano" data-language-local-name="Neapolitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Napulitano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr badge-Q70894304 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%B6%C3%B6ms-Katuulsk_Sark" title="Rööms-Katuulsk Sark – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Rööms-Katuulsk Sark" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nordfriisk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Den_katolske_kirke" title="Den katolske kirke – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Den katolske kirke" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Den_katolske_kyrkja" title="Den katolske kyrkja – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Den katolske kyrkja" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nrm mw-list-item"><a href="https://nrm.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89glise_catholique" title="Église catholique – Norman" lang="nrf" hreflang="nrf" data-title="Église catholique" data-language-autonym="Nouormand" data-language-local-name="Norman" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nouormand</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gl%C3%A8isa_Catolica_Romana" title="Glèisa Catolica Romana – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Glèisa Catolica Romana" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katolik_cherkovi" title="Katolik cherkovi – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Katolik cherkovi" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%95%E0%A9%88%E0%A8%A5%E0%A9%8B%E0%A8%B2%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%95_%E0%A8%97%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%9C%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%98%E0%A8%B0" title="ਕੈਥੋਲਿਕ ਗਿਰਜਾਘਰ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਕੈਥੋਲਿਕ ਗਿਰਜਾਘਰ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%DB%8C%D8%AA%DA%BE%D9%88%D9%84%DA%A9_%DA%86%D8%B1%DA%86" title="کیتھولک چرچ – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="کیتھولک چرچ" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pap mw-list-item"><a href="https://pap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iglesia_Catolico_Romano" title="Iglesia Catolico Romano – Papiamento" lang="pap" hreflang="pap" data-title="Iglesia Catolico Romano" data-language-autonym="Papiamentu" data-language-local-name="Papiamento" class="interlanguage-link-target">Papiamentu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D8%A7%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%84%DB%8C%DA%A9%D9%87_%DA%A9%D9%84%DB%8C%D8%B3%D8%A7" title="کاتولیکه کلیسا – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="کاتولیکه کلیسا" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target">پښتو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jam mw-list-item"><a href="https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruoman_Kiaklik_Choch" title="Ruoman Kiaklik Choch – Jamaican Creole English" lang="jam" hreflang="jam" data-title="Ruoman Kiaklik Choch" data-language-autonym="Patois" data-language-local-name="Jamaican Creole English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Patois</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-km mw-list-item"><a href="https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%9E%96%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%9A%E1%9F%87%E1%9E%9F%E1%9E%A0%E1%9E%82%E1%9E%98%E1%9E%93%E1%9F%8D%E1%9E%80%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%8F%E1%9E%BC%E1%9E%9B%E1%9E%B7%E1%9E%80" title="ព្រះសហគមន៍កាតូលិក – Khmer" lang="km" hreflang="km" data-title="ព្រះសហគមន៍កាតូលិក" data-language-autonym="ភាសាខ្មែរ" data-language-local-name="Khmer" class="interlanguage-link-target">ភាសាខ្មែរ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pcd mw-list-item"><a href="https://pcd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89glise_Catolike" title="Église Catolike – Picard" lang="pcd" hreflang="pcd" data-title="Église Catolike" data-language-autonym="Picard" data-language-local-name="Picard" class="interlanguage-link-target">Picard</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms badge-Q70894304 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cesa_Cat%C3%B2lica" title="Cesa Catòlica – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Cesa Catòlica" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Piemontèis</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%B6%C3%B6msch-kathoolsche_Kark" title="Röömsch-kathoolsche Kark – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Röömsch-kathoolsche Kark" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Plattdüütsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ko%C5%9Bci%C3%B3%C5%82_katolicki" title="Kościół katolicki – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Kościół katolicki" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Igreja_Cat%C3%B3lica" title="Igreja Católica – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Igreja Católica" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biserica_Catolic%C4%83" title="Biserica Catolică – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Biserica Catolică" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rm mw-list-item"><a href="https://rm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baselgia_catolica_romana" title="Baselgia catolica romana – Romansh" lang="rm" hreflang="rm" data-title="Baselgia catolica romana" data-language-autonym="Rumantsch" data-language-local-name="Romansh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Rumantsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kathuliku_Inlisya" title="Kathuliku Inlisya – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Kathuliku Inlisya" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Runa Simi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%86%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D1%86%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2" title="Римокатолицька церьков – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Римокатолицька церьков" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русиньскый</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%86%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%8C" title="Католическая церковь – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Католическая церковь" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA_%D0%A2%D0%B0%D2%A5%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0_%D0%B4%D1%8C%D0%B8%D1%8D%D1%82%D1%8D" title="Католик Таҥара дьиэтэ – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Католик Таҥара дьиэтэ" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target">Саха тыла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catholic_Kirk" title="Catholic Kirk – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Catholic Kirk" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target">Scots</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-stq mw-list-item"><a href="https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katoolske_S%C3%A4%C3%A4rke" title="Katoolske Säärke – Saterland Frisian" lang="stq" hreflang="stq" data-title="Katoolske Säärke" data-language-autonym="Seeltersk" data-language-local-name="Saterland Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Seeltersk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kisha_Katolike" title="Kisha Katolike – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Kisha Katolike" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chiesa_Catt%C3%B2lica_Rumana" title="Chiesa Cattòlica Rumana – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Chiesa Cattòlica Rumana" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sicilianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%9A%E0%B6%AD%E0%B7%9D%E0%B6%BD%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%9A_%E0%B7%83%E0%B6%B7%E0%B7%8F%E0%B7%80" title="කතෝලික සභාව – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="කතෝලික සභාව" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target">සිංහල</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Catholic Church" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katol%C3%ADcka_cirkev_(latinsk%C3%A1_cirkev_a_v%C3%BDchodn%C3%A9_katol%C3%ADcke_cirkvi)" title="Katolícka cirkev (latinská cirkev a východné katolícke cirkvi) – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Katolícka cirkev (latinská cirkev a východné katolícke cirkvi)" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rimskokatoli%C5%A1ka_cerkev" title="Rimskokatoliška cerkev – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Rimskokatoliška cerkev" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl mw-list-item"><a href="https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rzimskokatolicki_ko%C5%9B%C4%87%C5%AF%C5%82" title="Rzimskokatolicki kośćůł – Silesian" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" data-title="Rzimskokatolicki kośćůł" data-language-autonym="Ślůnski" data-language-local-name="Silesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ślůnski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%DA%B5%DB%8E%D8%B3%D8%A7%DB%8C_%DA%A9%D8%A7%D8%AA%DB%86%D9%84%DB%8C%DA%A9" title="کڵێسای کاتۆلیک – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="کڵێسای کاتۆلیک" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D1%86%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Католичка црква – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Католичка црква" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katoli%C4%8Dka_crkva" title="Katolička crkva – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Katolička crkva" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gereja_Katolik_Roma" title="Gereja Katolik Roma – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Gereja Katolik Roma" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sunda</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katolinen_kirkko" title="Katolinen kirkko – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Katolinen kirkko" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romersk-katolska_kyrkan" title="Romersk-katolska kyrkan – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Romersk-katolska kyrkan" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simbahang_Katolikong_Romano" title="Simbahang Katolikong Romano – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Simbahang Katolikong Romano" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8B%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95_%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%88" title="கத்தோலிக்க திருச்சபை – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="கத்தோலிக்க திருச்சபை" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katolik_%C3%A7irk%C3%A4w" title="Katolik çirkäw – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Katolik çirkäw" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Татарча / tatarça</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%95%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%A5%E0%B0%B2%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%95%E0%B1%8D_%E0%B0%9A%E0%B0%B0%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%9A%E0%B0%BF" title="కాథలిక్ చర్చి – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="కాథలిక్ చర్చి" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target">తెలుగు</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%81" title="โรมันคาทอลิก – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="โรมันคาทอลิก" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%B8_%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D3%A3" title="Калисои католикӣ – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Калисои католикӣ" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target">Тоҷикӣ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katolik_Kilisesi" title="Katolik Kilisesi – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Katolik Kilisesi" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kcg mw-list-item"><a href="https://kcg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sot_%C3%81%CC%B1nietkhwi_Katolika" title="Sot Á̱nietkhwi Katolika – Tyap" lang="kcg" hreflang="kcg" data-title="Sot Á̱nietkhwi Katolika" data-language-autonym="Tyap" data-language-local-name="Tyap" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tyap</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%86%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D1%86%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Католицька церква – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Католицька церква" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D8%A7%D8%AA%DA%BE%D9%88%D9%84%DA%A9_%DA%A9%D9%84%DB%8C%D8%B3%DB%8C%D8%A7" title="کاتھولک کلیسیا – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="کاتھولک کلیسیا" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a 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For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Catholic Church (disambiguation)">Catholic Church (disambiguation)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Catholic_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Catholic (disambiguation)">Catholic (disambiguation)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Catholicism_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Catholicism (disambiguation)">Catholicism (disambiguation)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Roman Catholic (disambiguation)">Roman Catholic (disambiguation)</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Church_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Roman Catholic Church (disambiguation)">Roman Catholic Church (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output 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style="width: 24em;"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;"><a href="/wiki/File:Emblem_of_the_Papacy_SE.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Emblem of the Holy See" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Emblem_of_the_Papacy_SE.svg/25px-Emblem_of_the_Papacy_SE.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="34" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Emblem_of_the_Papacy_SE.svg/38px-Emblem_of_the_Papacy_SE.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Emblem_of_the_Papacy_SE.svg/50px-Emblem_of_the_Papacy_SE.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="815" data-file-height="1105" /></a> Catholic Church</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader">Ecclesia Catholica</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Saint_Peter%27s_Basilica_facade,_Rome,_Italy.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Saint Peter's Basilica" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Saint_Peter%27s_Basilica_facade%2C_Rome%2C_Italy.jpg/300px-Saint_Peter%27s_Basilica_facade%2C_Rome%2C_Italy.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Saint_Peter%27s_Basilica_facade%2C_Rome%2C_Italy.jpg/450px-Saint_Peter%27s_Basilica_facade%2C_Rome%2C_Italy.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Saint_Peter%27s_Basilica_facade%2C_Rome%2C_Italy.jpg/600px-Saint_Peter%27s_Basilica_facade%2C_Rome%2C_Italy.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4470" data-file-height="2975" /></a><div class="infobox-caption"><a href="/wiki/St._Peter%27s_Basilica" title="St. Peter's Basilica">St. Peter's Basilica</a> in Vatican City, the largest Catholic church building in the world</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">Classification</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Catholicity" title="Catholicity">Catholic</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Religious_text" title="Religious text">Scripture</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Bible" title="Catholic Bible">Catholic Bible</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">Theology</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Catholic_theology" title="Catholic theology">Catholic theology</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Ecclesiastical_polity" title="Ecclesiastical polity">Polity</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Episcopal_polity" title="Episcopal polity">Episcopal</a><a href="#cite_note-Episcopal_Polity-1">[1]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Ecclesiastical_polity" title="Ecclesiastical polity">Governance</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Holy_See" title="Holy See">Holy See</a> and <a href="/wiki/Roman_Curia" title="Roman Curia">Roman Curia</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Pope" title="Pope">Pope</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Pope_Francis" title="Pope Francis">Francis</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Catholic_particular_churches_and_liturgical_rites" title="Catholic particular churches and liturgical rites">Particular churches sui iuris</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Latin_Church" title="Latin Church">Latin Church</a> and 23 <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Catholic_Churches" title="Eastern Catholic Churches">Eastern Catholic Churches</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Catholic_dioceses_(structured_view)" title="List of Catholic dioceses (structured view)">Dioceses</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li>Archdioceses: <a href="/wiki/List_of_Catholic_archdioceses" title="List of Catholic archdioceses">640</a></li> <li>Dioceses: <a href="/wiki/List_of_Catholic_dioceses_(alphabetical)" title="List of Catholic dioceses (alphabetical)">2,851</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Parish_in_the_Catholic_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Parish in the Catholic Church">Parishes</a></th><td class="infobox-data">221,700 approx.</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">Region</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_by_country" title="Catholic Church by country">Worldwide</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">Language</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Ecclesiastical_Latin" title="Ecclesiastical Latin">Ecclesiastical Latin</a> and <a href="/wiki/Native_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Native languages">native languages</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">Liturgy</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Catholic_particular_churches_and_liturgical_rites#Rites" title="Catholic particular churches and liturgical rites">Western and Eastern</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">Headquarters</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Vatican_City" title="Vatican City">Vatican City</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">Founder</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jesus_in_Christianity" title="Jesus in Christianity">Jesus</a>, according to</li><li><a href="/wiki/Sacred_tradition#In_the_Catholic_and_Orthodox_churches" title="Sacred tradition">sacred tradition</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">Origin</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_1st_century" title="Christianity in the 1st century">1st century</a> <a href="/wiki/Judaea_(Roman_province)" title="Judaea (Roman province)">Judaea</a>, <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman Empire</a><a href="#cite_note-RCC-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBokenkotter200418-3">[3]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">Separations</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Protestantism" title="Protestantism">Protestantism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Catholic_Churches" class="mw-redirect" title="Old Catholic Churches">Old Catholic Churches</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independent_Catholicism" title="Independent Catholicism">Independent Catholicism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sedevacantism" title="Sedevacantism">Sedevacantism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">Members</th><td class="infobox-data">1.28 billion according to World Christian Database (2024)<a href="#cite_note-WorldChristianDatabase-4">[4]</a> 1.39 billion according to <a href="/wiki/Annuario_Pontificio" title="Annuario Pontificio">Annuario Pontificio</a> (2022)<a href="#cite_note-Yearbook_4/4/2024-5">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-Vatican_News_4/4/2024-6">[6]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Hierarchy_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="Hierarchy of the Catholic Church">Clergy</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bishop_in_the_Catholic_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Bishop in the Catholic Church">Bishops</a>: 5,353</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Priesthood_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Priesthood in the Catholic Church">Priests</a>: 407,730</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deacon" title="Deacon">Deacons</a>: 50,150</li> <li>(2022)<a href="#cite_note-Yearbook_4/4/2024-5">[5]</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">Hospitals</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_and_health_care" title="Catholic Church and health care">5,500</a><a href="#cite_note-World_Development_p.40-7">[7]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Primary_education" title="Primary education">Primary schools</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Catholic_school" title="Catholic school">95,200</a><a href="#cite_note-Vermont_winter-8">[8]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Secondary_education" title="Secondary education">Secondary schools</a></th><td class="infobox-data">43,800</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">Official website</th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vatican.va/">vatican.va</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline 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src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Emblem_of_the_Papacy_SE.svg/25px-Emblem_of_the_Papacy_SE.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="34" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Emblem_of_the_Papacy_SE.svg/38px-Emblem_of_the_Papacy_SE.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Emblem_of_the_Papacy_SE.svg/50px-Emblem_of_the_Papacy_SE.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="815" data-file-height="1105" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle-with-top-image">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Catholic_Church" title="Category:Catholic Church">a series</a> on the</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Catholic Church</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Basilica_di_San_Pietro_in_Vaticano_September_2015-1a.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="St. Peter's Basilica" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Basilica_di_San_Pietro_in_Vaticano_September_2015-1a.jpg/220px-Basilica_di_San_Pietro_in_Vaticano_September_2015-1a.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="115" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Basilica_di_San_Pietro_in_Vaticano_September_2015-1a.jpg/330px-Basilica_di_San_Pietro_in_Vaticano_September_2015-1a.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Basilica_di_San_Pietro_in_Vaticano_September_2015-1a.jpg/440px-Basilica_di_San_Pietro_in_Vaticano_September_2015-1a.jpg 2x" data-file-width="13066" data-file-height="6823" /></a><div class="sidebar-caption"><a href="/wiki/St._Peter%27s_Basilica" title="St. Peter's Basilica">St. Peter's Basilica</a>, Vatican City</div></td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background-color:gold"> <a href="/wiki/Outline_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="Outline of the Catholic Church">Overview</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pope" title="Pope">Pope</a>: <a href="/wiki/Pope_Francis" title="Pope Francis">Francis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hierarchy_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="Hierarchy of the Catholic Church">Hierarchy</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="History of the Catholic Church">History</a> (<a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="Timeline of the Catholic Church">timeline</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_theology" title="Catholic theology">Theology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_liturgy" title="Catholic liturgy">Liturgy</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sacraments_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="Sacraments of the Catholic Church">Sacraments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Mariology" title="Catholic Mariology">Mary</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Background</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jesus_in_Christianity" title="Jesus in Christianity">Jesus</a> <a href="/wiki/Christ_(title)" title="Christ (title)">Christ</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Crucifixion_of_Jesus" title="Crucifixion of Jesus">Crucifixion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resurrection_of_Jesus" title="Resurrection of Jesus">Resurrection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ascension_of_Jesus" title="Ascension of Jesus">Ascension</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_Christianity" title="Early Christianity">Early Christianity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Peter" title="Saint Peter">Peter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_the_Apostle" title="Paul the Apostle">Paul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_Fathers" title="Church Fathers">Fathers</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="History of the Catholic Church">History of the Catholic Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_papacy" title="History of the papacy">History of the papacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecumenical_council" title="Ecumenical council">Ecumenical councils</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magisterium" title="Magisterium">Magisterium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Four_Marks_of_the_Church" title="Four Marks of the Church">Four Marks of the Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/One_true_church" title="One true church">One true church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apostolic_succession" title="Apostolic succession">Apostolic succession</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Hierarchy_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="Hierarchy of the Catholic Church">Organisation</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Holy_See" title="Holy See">Holy See</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Curia" title="Roman Curia">Roman Curia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/College_of_Cardinals" title="College of Cardinals">College of Cardinals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_ecumenical_councils" title="Catholic ecumenical councils">Ecumenical councils</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Episcopal_polity" title="Episcopal polity">Episcopal polity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latin_Church" title="Latin Church">Latin Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Catholic_Churches" title="Eastern Catholic Churches">Eastern Churches</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canon_law_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="Canon law of the Catholic Church">Canon law</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_theology" title="Catholic theology">Theologies</a></li><li>Doctrine</li></ul></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="padding-bottom:0;"> <a href="/wiki/God_in_Christianity" title="God in Christianity">God</a> <ul><li class="mw-empty-elt"></li></ul></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="padding-top:0;"> <li><a href="/wiki/Trinity" title="Trinity">Trinity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/God_the_Father" title="God the Father">Father</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/God_the_Son" title="God the Son">Son</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_Spirit_in_Christianity" title="Holy Spirit in Christianity">Holy Ghost</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consubstantiality" title="Consubstantiality">Consubstantialitas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Filioque" title="Filioque">Filioque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divinum_illud_munus" title="Divinum illud munus">Divinum illud munus</a></li></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="padding-bottom:0;"> <a href="/wiki/Divine_law" title="Divine law">Divine law</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="padding-top:0;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ten_Commandments_in_Catholic_theology" title="Ten Commandments in Catholic theology">Decalogus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papal_infallibility" title="Papal infallibility">Ex Cathedra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divinization_(Christian)" title="Divinization (Christian)">Deificatio</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="padding-bottom:0;"> <a href="/wiki/Churches_Militant,_Penitent,_and_Triumphant" title="Churches Militant, Penitent, and Triumphant">Realms beyond the States of the Church</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="padding-top:0;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Heaven_in_Christianity" title="Heaven in Christianity">Heaven</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Purgatory" title="Purgatory">Purgatory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Limbo" title="Limbo">Limbo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hell_in_Christianity#Roman_Catholicism" title="Hell in Christianity">Hell</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="padding-bottom:0;"> <a href="/wiki/Paschal_mystery" title="Paschal mystery">Paschal mystery</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="padding-top:0;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Passion_of_Jesus" title="Passion of Jesus">Passion of Jesus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crucifixion_of_Jesus" title="Crucifixion of Jesus">Crucifixion of Jesus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harrowing_of_Hell" title="Harrowing of Hell">Harrowing of Hell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resurrection_of_Jesus" title="Resurrection of Jesus">Resurrection of Jesus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ascension_of_Jesus" title="Ascension of Jesus">Ascension of Jesus</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="padding-bottom:0;"> <a href="/wiki/Mary,_mother_of_Jesus" title="Mary, mother of Jesus">Blessed Virgin Mary</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="padding-top:0;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Mariology" title="Catholic Mariology">Mariology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Veneration_of_Mary_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Veneration of Mary in the Catholic Church">Veneration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immaculate_Conception" title="Immaculate Conception">Immaculate Conception</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theotokos" title="Theotokos">Mater Dei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perpetual_virginity_of_Mary" title="Perpetual virginity of Mary">Perpetual virginity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assumption_of_Mary" title="Assumption of Mary">Assumption</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dormition_of_the_Mother_of_God" title="Dormition of the Mother of God">Dormition</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Titles_of_Mary" class="mw-redirect" title="Titles of Mary">Titles</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Queen_of_Heaven" title="Queen of Heaven">Queen</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marian_apparition" title="Marian apparition">Apparition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mediatrix" title="Mediatrix">Mediatrix</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="padding-bottom:0;"> <a href="/wiki/Salvation_in_Christianity" title="Salvation in Christianity">Salvation</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="padding-top:0;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baptism_of_desire" title="Baptism of desire">Baptism of desire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baptism_of_blood" title="Baptism of blood">Baptism of blood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grace_in_Christianity" title="Grace in Christianity">Divine grace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extra_Ecclesiam_nulla_salus" title="Extra Ecclesiam nulla salus">Outside the Church there is no salvation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infused_righteousness" title="Infused righteousness">Infused righteousness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Invincible_ignorance_(Catholic_theology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Invincible ignorance (Catholic theology)">Invincible ignorance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Justification_(theology)" title="Justification (theology)">Justification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Means_of_grace" title="Means of grace">Means of grace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merit_(Christianity)" title="Merit (Christianity)">Merit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mortal_sin" title="Mortal sin">Mortal sin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satisfaction_theory_of_atonement" title="Satisfaction theory of atonement">Satisfaction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moral_influence_theory_of_atonement" title="Moral influence theory of atonement">Moral influence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanctification_in_Christianity" title="Sanctification in Christianity">Sanctification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Synergism" title="Synergism">Synergism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venial_sin" title="Venial sin">Venial sin</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="padding-bottom:0;"> <a href="/wiki/Catholic_ecclesiology" title="Catholic ecclesiology">Ecclesiology</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="padding-top:0;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/College_of_Bishops" title="College of Bishops">College of Bishops</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deposit_of_faith" title="Deposit of faith">Deposit of faith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infallibility_of_the_Church" title="Infallibility of the Church">Infallibility of the Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mystici_corporis_Christi" class="mw-redirect" title="Mystici corporis Christi">Mystical Body of Christ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papal_primacy" title="Papal primacy">Papal primacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People_of_God" title="People of God">People of God</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communitas_perfecta" title="Communitas perfecta">Perfect community</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subsistit_in" title="Subsistit in">Subsistit in</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="padding-bottom:0;"> <a href="/wiki/Catechism_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="Catechism of the Catholic Church">Other teachings</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="padding-top:0;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Josephology" title="Josephology">Josephology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_moral_theology" title="Catholic moral theology">Morality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_theology_of_the_body" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholic theology of the body">Body</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Theology_of_the_Body" title="Theology of the Body">Lectures</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_theology_of_sexuality" title="Catholic theology of sexuality">Sexuality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_apologetics" title="Christian apologetics">Apologetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amillennialism" title="Amillennialism">Amillennialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Original_sin" title="Original sin">Original sin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypostatic_union" title="Hypostatic union">Hypostatic union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Predestination#Catholicism" title="Predestination">Predestination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seven_deadly_sins" title="Seven deadly sins">Seven deadly sins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beatific_vision" title="Beatific vision">Beatific vision</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint" title="Saint">Saints</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dogma_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Dogma in the Catholic Church">Dogma</a></li></ul></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Religious_text" title="Religious text">Texts</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bible" title="Bible">Bible</a></li></ul> <ul><li><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Old_Testament" title="Old Testament">Old Testament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Testament" title="New Testament">New Testament</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li>Official Bible</li></ul> <ul><li><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vulgate" title="Vulgate">Vulgate</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sixtine_Vulgate" title="Sixtine Vulgate">Sixtine Vulgate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sixto-Clementine_Vulgate" title="Sixto-Clementine Vulgate">Sixto-Clementine Vulgate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nova_Vulgata" title="Nova Vulgata">Nova Vulgata</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peshitta" title="Peshitta">Peshitta</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apostles%27_Creed" title="Apostles' Creed">Apostles' Creed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicene_Creed" title="Nicene Creed">Nicene Creed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Athanasian_Creed" title="Athanasian Creed">Athanasian Creed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catechism_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="Catechism of the Catholic Church">Catechism of the Catholic Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papal_bull" title="Papal bull">Papal bull</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apostolic_exhortation" title="Apostolic exhortation">Apostolic exhortation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Encyclical" title="Encyclical">Epistula Encyclica</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Philosophy</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cardinal_Virtues" class="mw-redirect" title="Cardinal Virtues">Cardinal Virtues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Just_war_theory#Catholic_doctrine" title="Just war theory">Just war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_law" title="Natural law">Natural law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_moral_theology" title="Catholic moral theology">Catholic ethics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Personalism#Catholic_personalism" title="Personalism">Personalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_probabilism" title="Catholic probabilism">Probabilism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_social_teaching" title="Catholic social teaching">Social teaching</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy,_theology,_and_fundamental_theory_of_Catholic_canon_law" title="Philosophy, theology, and fundamental theory of Catholic canon law">Philosophy of canon law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Catholic_philosophers_and_theologians" title="List of Catholic philosophers and theologians">Philosophers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virtue_ethics" title="Virtue ethics">Virtue ethics</a></li></ul> Schools <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Augustinianism" title="Augustinianism">Augustinianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scholasticism" title="Scholasticism">Scholasticism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thomism" title="Thomism">Thomism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scotism" title="Scotism">Scotism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occamism" title="Occamism">Occamism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_humanism" title="Christian humanism">Christian humanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molinism" title="Molinism">Molinism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-scholasticism" title="Neo-scholasticism">Neo-scholasticism</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Worship</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_liturgy" title="Catholic liturgy">Liturgy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Catholic_liturgy" title="Eastern Catholic liturgy">Eastern Catholic liturgy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Mass in the Catholic Church">Mass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divine_Liturgy" title="Divine Liturgy">Divine Liturgy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_Qurbana" title="Holy Qurbana">Holy Qurbana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_Qurbono" class="mw-redirect" title="Holy Qurbono">Holy Qurbono</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liturgy_of_the_Hours" title="Liturgy of the Hours">Liturgy of the Hours</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liturgical_year" title="Liturgical year">Liturgical year</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sacraments_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="Sacraments of the Catholic Church">Sacraments</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baptism" title="Baptism">Baptism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacrament_of_Penance" title="Sacrament of Penance">Penance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eucharist_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Eucharist in the Catholic Church">Eucharist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confirmation_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Confirmation in the Catholic Church">Confirmation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anointing_of_the_Sick_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Anointing of the Sick in the Catholic Church">Anointing of the Sick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marriage_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Marriage in the Catholic Church">Matrimony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_orders_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Holy orders in the Catholic Church">Holy orders</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prayer_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Prayer in the Catholic Church">Prayer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_devotions" title="Catholic devotions">Devotions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Bible" title="Catholic Bible">Bible</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_canon" title="Biblical canon">Biblical canon</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Catholic_particular_churches_and_liturgical_rites" title="Catholic particular churches and liturgical rites">Rites</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Latin_liturgical_rites" title="Latin liturgical rites">Latin liturgy</a>:</li></ul> </div><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Rite" title="Roman Rite">Roman</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mass_of_Paul_VI" title="Mass of Paul VI">Post-Vatican II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tridentine_Mass" title="Tridentine Mass">Tridentine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Use_of_Sarum" title="Use of Sarum">Use of Sarum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglican_Use" title="Anglican Use">Anglican Use</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zaire_Use" title="Zaire Use">Zaire Use</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gallican_Rite" title="Gallican Rite">Gallican</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ambrosian_Rite" title="Ambrosian Rite">Ambrosian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rite_of_Braga" title="Rite of Braga">Braga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mozarabic_Rite" title="Mozarabic Rite">Mozarabic</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Catholic_liturgy" title="Eastern Catholic liturgy">Eastern Catholic liturgy</a>:</li></ul> </div><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alexandrian_Rite" class="mw-redirect" title="Alexandrian Rite">Alexandrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antiochene_Rite" title="Antiochene Rite">Antiochene</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/West_Syriac_Rite" title="West Syriac Rite">West Syriac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malankara_Rite" title="Malankara Rite">Malankara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Syriac_Rite" title="East Syriac Rite">East Syriac</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_Rite" title="Armenian Rite">Armenian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Rite" title="Byzantine Rite">Byzantine</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Miscellaneous</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antipope" title="Antipope">Antipopes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Catholicism" title="Anti-Catholicism">Anti-Catholicism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="Criticism of the Catholic Church">Criticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_and_Deism" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholic Church and Deism">Deism</a>/<a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_and_Pandeism" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholic Church and Pandeism">Pandeism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_and_ecumenism" title="Catholic Church and ecumenism">Ecumenism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_order_(Catholic)" title="Religious order (Catholic)">Monasticism</a></li></ul> Relations with: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_and_Islam" title="Catholic Church and Islam">Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_and_Judaism" title="Catholic Church and Judaism">Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic%E2%80%93Eastern_Orthodox_relations" title="Catholic–Eastern Orthodox relations">Orthodoxy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic-Protestant_relations" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholic-Protestant relations">Protestantism</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Societal issues</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_art" title="Catholic art">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolution_and_the_Catholic_Church" title="Evolution and the Catholic Church">Evolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_and_health_care" title="Catholic Church and health care">Health care</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_and_HIV/AIDS" title="Catholic 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href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle" style="background: #efefef">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Christianity" title="Category:Christianity">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="background: #efefef"><a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><a href="/wiki/Christian_cross" title="Principal symbol of Christianity"><img alt="Principal symbol of Christianity" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Christian_cross.svg/50px-Christian_cross.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="70" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Christian_cross.svg/75px-Christian_cross.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Christian_cross.svg/100px-Christian_cross.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="404" 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class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #efefef;background:#efefef;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Christian_theology" title="Christian theology">Theology</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/God_in_Christianity" title="God in Christianity">God</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trinity" title="Trinity">Trinity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/God_the_Father_(Christianity)" class="mw-redirect" title="God the Father (Christianity)">Father</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Son_of_God_(Christianity)" title="Son of God (Christianity)">Son</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_Spirit_in_Christianity" title="Holy Spirit in Christianity">Holy Spirit</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_apologetics" title="Christian apologetics">Apologetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baptism" title="Baptism">Baptism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christology" title="Christology">Christology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Christian_theology" title="History of Christian theology">History of theology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_mission" title="Christian mission">Mission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salvation_in_Christianity" title="Salvation in Christianity">Salvation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_universalism" title="Christian universalism">Universalism</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #efefef;background:#efefef;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Christianity" title="History of Christianity">History</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_tradition" title="Christian tradition">Tradition</a></li></ul></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apostles_in_the_New_Testament" title="Apostles in the New Testament">Apostles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Peter" title="Saint Peter">Peter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_the_Apostle" title="Paul the Apostle">Paul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary,_mother_of_Jesus" title="Mary, mother of Jesus">Mary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_Christianity" title="Early Christianity">Early Christianity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_Fathers" title="Church Fathers">Church Fathers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constantine_the_Great" title="Constantine the Great">Constantine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecumenical_council" title="Ecumenical council">Councils</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augustine_of_Hippo" title="Augustine of Hippo">Augustine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ignatius_of_Antioch" title="Ignatius of Antioch">Ignatius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East%E2%80%93West_Schism" title="East–West Schism">East–West Schism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crusades" title="Crusades">Crusades</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Aquinas" title="Thomas Aquinas">Aquinas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reformation" title="Reformation">Reformation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther" title="Martin Luther">Luther</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content-with-subgroup"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #efefef;background:#efefef;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_denomination" title="Christian denomination">Denominations</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Christian_denominations" title="List of Christian denominations">(full list)</a></li></ul></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"><table class="sidebar-subgroup"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="padding-bottom:0;"> <a href="/wiki/Nicene_Christianity" title="Nicene Christianity">Nicene</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="padding-top:0;"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Catholic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Latin_Church" title="Latin Church">Latin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Catholic_Churches" title="Eastern Catholic Churches">Eastern</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Catholic_Church" title="Old Catholic Church">Old Catholic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independent_Catholicism" title="Independent Catholicism">Independent Catholic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sedevacantism" title="Sedevacantism">Sedevacantism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodoxy" title="Eastern Orthodoxy">Eastern Orthodox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oriental_Orthodoxy" class="mw-redirect" title="Oriental Orthodoxy">Oriental Orthodox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_of_the_East" title="Church of the East">Church of the East</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protestantism" title="Protestantism">Protestant</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adventism" title="Adventism">Adventist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anabaptism" title="Anabaptism">Anabaptist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglicanism" title="Anglicanism">Anglican</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baptists" title="Baptists">Baptist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evangelicalism" title="Evangelicalism">Free Evangelical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lutheranism" title="Lutheranism">Lutheran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methodism" title="Methodism">Methodist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moravian_Church" title="Moravian Church">Moravian [Hussite]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pentecostalism" title="Pentecostalism">Pentecostal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plymouth_Brethren" title="Plymouth Brethren">Plymouth Brethren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quakers" title="Quakers">Quaker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reformed_Christianity" title="Reformed Christianity">Reformed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_and_uniting_churches" title="United and uniting churches">United Protestant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waldensians" title="Waldensians">Waldensian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nondenominational_Christianity" class="mw-redirect" title="Nondenominational Christianity">Nondenominational Christianity</a></li></ul></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="padding-bottom:0;"> <a href="/wiki/Restorationism" title="Restorationism">Restorationist</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="padding-top:0;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christadelphians" title="Christadelphians">Christadelphians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iglesia_ni_Cristo" title="Iglesia ni Cristo">Iglesia ni Cristo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Apostolic_Church" title="Catholic Apostolic Church">Irvingians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jehovah%27s_Witnesses" title="Jehovah's Witnesses">Jehovah's Witnesses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latter_Day_Saint_movement" title="Latter Day Saint movement">Latter Day Saints</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Members_Church_of_God_International" title="Members Church of God International">Members Church of God International</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Church_of_Jesus_Christ_of_Latter-day_Saints" title="The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints">The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_New_Church_(Swedenborgian)" title="The New Church (Swedenborgian)">The New Church (Swedenborgian)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Unitarian,_Universalist,_and_Unitarian_Universalist_churches" title="List of Unitarian, Universalist, and Unitarian Universalist churches">Unitarians and Universalists</a></li></ul></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #efefef;background:#efefef;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Related topics</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Role_of_Christianity_in_civilization" title="Role of Christianity in civilization">Civilization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_Christianity" title="Criticism of Christianity">Criticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_culture" title="Christian culture">Culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecumenism" title="Ecumenism">Ecumenism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_Christianity" title="Glossary of Christianity">Glossary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_Christianity-related_articles" title="Index of Christianity-related articles">Index</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_liturgy" title="Christian liturgy">Liturgy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_and_other_religions" title="Christianity and other religions">Other religions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_prayer" title="Christian prayer">Prayer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sermon" title="Sermon">Sermon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_symbolism" title="Christian symbolism">Symbolism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_worship" title="Christian worship">Worship</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_Christianity" title="Glossary of Christianity">Glossary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_Christianity-related_articles" title="Index of Christianity-related articles">Index</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Christianity" title="Outline of Christianity">Outline</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/File:P_christianity.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Christian cross"><img alt="Christian cross" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/P_christianity.svg/20px-P_christianity.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/P_christianity.svg/30px-P_christianity.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/P_christianity.svg/40px-P_christianity.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="360" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Christianity" title="Portal:Christianity">Christianity portal</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Christianity_sidebar" title="Template:Christianity sidebar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Christianity_sidebar" title="Template talk:Christianity sidebar"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Christianity_sidebar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Christianity sidebar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> The Catholic Church, also known as the Roman Catholic Church, is the <a href="/wiki/List_of_Christian_denominations_by_number_of_members" title="List of Christian denominations by number of members">largest Christian church</a>, with 1.28 to 1.39 billion <a href="/wiki/Baptized" class="mw-redirect" title="Baptized">baptized</a> Catholics <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_by_country" title="Catholic Church by country">worldwide</a> as of 2024.<a href="#cite_note-WorldChristianDatabase-4">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-Yearbook_4/4/2024-5">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a> It is among the world's oldest and largest international institutions and has played a prominent role in the history and development of <a href="/wiki/Western_civilization" class="mw-redirect" title="Western civilization">Western civilization</a>.<a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a><a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a><a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a><a href="#cite_note-O'CollinsPref-13">[13]</a> The church consists of 24 <a href="/wiki/Catholic_particular_churches_and_liturgical_rites#Churches" title="Catholic particular churches and liturgical rites">sui iuris churches</a>, including the <a href="/wiki/Latin_Church" title="Latin Church">Latin Church</a> and 23 <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Catholic_Churches" title="Eastern Catholic Churches">Eastern Catholic Churches</a>, which comprise almost 3,500 <a href="/wiki/Diocese" title="Diocese">dioceses</a> and <a href="/wiki/Eparchy" title="Eparchy">eparchies</a> <a href="/wiki/List_of_Catholic_dioceses_(structured_view)" title="List of Catholic dioceses (structured view)">around the world</a>.<a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Pope" title="Pope">pope</a>, who is the bishop of Rome, is the <a href="/wiki/Papal_supremacy" title="Papal supremacy">chief pastor</a> of the church.<a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Diocese_of_Rome" title="Diocese of Rome">Diocese of Rome</a>, known as the <a href="/wiki/Holy_See" title="Holy See">Holy See</a>, is the central governing authority of the church. The administrative body of the Holy See, the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Curia" title="Roman Curia">Roman Curia</a>, has its principal offices in <a href="/wiki/Vatican_City" title="Vatican City">Vatican City</a>, which is a small, independent <a href="/wiki/City-state" title="City-state">city-state</a> and <a href="/wiki/Enclave" class="mw-redirect" title="Enclave">enclave</a> within the city of <a href="/wiki/Rome" title="Rome">Rome</a>, of which the pope is <a href="/wiki/Head_of_state" title="Head of state">head of state</a>. The core beliefs of Catholicism are found in the <a href="/wiki/Nicene_Creed" title="Nicene Creed">Nicene Creed</a>. The Catholic Church teaches that it is the <a href="/wiki/Four_Marks_of_the_Church" title="Four Marks of the Church">one, holy, catholic and apostolic</a> church founded by <a href="/wiki/Jesus_in_Christianity" title="Jesus in Christianity">Jesus Christ</a> in his <a href="/wiki/Great_Commission" title="Great Commission">Great Commission</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Catholic_News_Service-16">[16]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBokenkotter20047-17">[17]</a><a href="#cite_note-20">[note 1]</a> that its <a href="/wiki/Bishop_(Catholicism)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bishop (Catholicism)">bishops</a> are the <a href="/wiki/Apostolic_succession" title="Apostolic succession">successors</a> of Christ's <a href="/wiki/Apostles_in_the_New_Testament" title="Apostles in the New Testament">apostles</a>, and that the pope is the <a href="/wiki/Successor_to_Saint_Peter" class="mw-redirect" title="Successor to Saint Peter">successor</a> to <a href="/wiki/Saint_Peter" title="Saint Peter">Saint Peter</a>, upon whom <a href="/wiki/Primacy_of_Peter" title="Primacy of Peter">primacy</a> was conferred by Jesus Christ.<a href="#cite_note-21">[20]</a> It maintains that it practises the original Christian faith taught by the apostles, preserving the faith <a href="/wiki/Infallibility_of_the_Church" title="Infallibility of the Church">infallibly</a> through <a href="/wiki/Biblical_canon" title="Biblical canon">scripture</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sacred_tradition" title="Sacred tradition">sacred tradition</a> as authentically interpreted through the <a href="/wiki/Magisterium" title="Magisterium">magisterium</a> of the church.<a href="#cite_note-CCC_890-22">[21]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Roman_Rite" title="Roman Rite">Roman Rite</a> and <a href="/wiki/Latin_liturgical_rites" title="Latin liturgical rites">others</a> of the Latin Church, the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Catholic_liturgy" title="Eastern Catholic liturgy">Eastern Catholic liturgies</a>, and institutes such as <a href="/wiki/Mendicant_orders" title="Mendicant orders">mendicant orders</a>, <a href="/wiki/Enclosed_religious_orders" title="Enclosed religious orders">enclosed monastic orders</a> and <a href="/wiki/Third_order" title="Third order">third orders</a> reflect a <a href="/wiki/Catholic_particular_churches_and_liturgical_rites" title="Catholic particular churches and liturgical rites">variety</a> of <a href="/wiki/Theology" title="Theology">theological</a> and <a href="/wiki/Catholic_spirituality" title="Catholic spirituality">spiritual</a> emphases in the church.<a href="#cite_note-23">[22]</a><a href="#cite_note-Gunton2-24">[23]</a> Of its <a href="/wiki/Sacraments_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="Sacraments of the Catholic Church">seven sacraments</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Eucharist_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Eucharist in the Catholic Church">Eucharist</a> is the principal one, celebrated <a href="/wiki/Catholic_liturgy" title="Catholic liturgy">liturgically</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Mass_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Mass in the Catholic Church">Mass</a>.<a href="#cite_note-25">[24]</a> The church teaches that through <a href="/wiki/Consecration#Eucharist" class="mw-redirect" title="Consecration">consecration</a> by a <a href="/wiki/Priesthood_(Catholic_Church)" class="mw-redirect" title="Priesthood (Catholic Church)">priest</a>, the sacrificial <a href="/wiki/Sacramental_bread" title="Sacramental bread">bread</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sacramental_wine" title="Sacramental wine">wine</a> become the <a href="/wiki/Transubstantiation" title="Transubstantiation">body and blood of Christ</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Virgin_Mary" class="mw-redirect" title="Virgin Mary">Virgin Mary</a> is <a href="/wiki/Veneration_of_Mary_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Veneration of Mary in the Catholic Church">venerated</a> as the <a href="/wiki/Perpetual_Virgin" class="mw-redirect" title="Perpetual Virgin">Perpetual Virgin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mother_of_God" class="mw-redirect" title="Mother of God">Mother of God</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Queen_of_Heaven" title="Queen of Heaven">Queen of Heaven</a>; she is honoured in <a href="/wiki/Mariology_of_the_Catholic_Church#Dogmatic_teachings" class="mw-redirect" title="Mariology of the Catholic Church">dogmas</a> and <a href="/wiki/Marian_devotions" title="Marian devotions">devotions</a>.<a href="#cite_note-marian_dogmas-26">[25]</a> <a href="/wiki/Catholic_social_teaching" title="Catholic social teaching">Catholic social teaching</a> emphasizes voluntary support for the sick, the poor, and the afflicted through the <a href="/wiki/Works_of_mercy" title="Works of mercy">corporal and spiritual works of mercy</a>. The Catholic Church operates tens of thousands of Catholic schools, <a href="/wiki/Catholic_higher_education" title="Catholic higher education">universities and colleges</a>, <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_and_health_care" title="Catholic Church and health care">hospitals</a>, and orphanages around the world, and is the largest non-government provider of <a href="/wiki/Catholic_school" title="Catholic school">education</a> and health care in the world.<a href="#cite_note-Geopolitics-27">[26]</a> Among its other social services are numerous charitable and humanitarian organizations. The Catholic Church has profoundly influenced <a href="/wiki/Western_philosophy" title="Western philosophy">Western philosophy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Western_culture" title="Western culture">culture</a>, <a href="/wiki/Western_art" class="mw-redirect" title="Western art">art</a>, <a href="/wiki/Western_literature" title="Western literature">literature</a>, <a href="/wiki/Western_classical_music" class="mw-redirect" title="Western classical music">music</a>, <a href="/wiki/Western_law" title="Western law">law</a>,<a href="#cite_note-28">[27]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Science_and_the_Catholic_Church" title="Science and the Catholic Church">science</a>.<a href="#cite_note-O'CollinsPref-13">[13]</a> Catholics live all over the world through <a href="/wiki/Catholic_missions" title="Catholic missions">missions</a>, <a href="/wiki/Immigration" title="Immigration">immigration</a>, <a href="/wiki/Diaspora" title="Diaspora">diaspora</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Conversion_to_Christianity" title="Conversion to Christianity">conversions</a>. Since the 20th century, the majority have resided in the <a href="/wiki/Global_South" class="mw-redirect" title="Global South">Global South</a>, partially due to <a href="/wiki/Postchristianity" title="Postchristianity">secularization</a> in Europe and North America. The Catholic Church shared <a href="/wiki/Full_communion" title="Full communion">communion</a> with the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="Eastern Orthodox Church">Eastern Orthodox Church</a> until the <a href="/wiki/East%E2%80%93West_Schism" title="East–West Schism">East–West Schism</a> in 1054, disputing particularly the <a href="/wiki/Papal_supremacy" title="Papal supremacy">authority of the pope</a>. Before the <a href="/wiki/Council_of_Ephesus" title="Council of Ephesus">Council of Ephesus</a> in AD 431, the <a href="/wiki/Church_of_the_East" title="Church of the East">Church of the East</a> also shared in this communion, as did the <a href="/wiki/Oriental_Orthodox_Churches" title="Oriental Orthodox Churches">Oriental Orthodox Churches</a> before the <a href="/wiki/Council_of_Chalcedon" title="Council of Chalcedon">Council of Chalcedon</a> in AD 451; all separated primarily over <a href="/wiki/Chalcedonian_Definition" title="Chalcedonian Definition">differences in</a> <a href="/wiki/Christology" title="Christology">Christology</a>. The Eastern Catholic Churches, who have a combined membership of approximately 18 million, represent a body of <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Christianity" title="Eastern Christianity">Eastern Christians</a> who returned or remained in communion with the pope during or following these <a href="/wiki/Schism_in_Christianity" title="Schism in Christianity">schisms</a> for a variety of historical circumstances. In the 16th century, the <a href="/wiki/Reformation" title="Reformation">Reformation</a> led to the formation of separate, <a href="/wiki/Protestantism" title="Protestantism">Protestant</a> groups. From the late 20th century, the Catholic Church has been <a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="Criticism of the Catholic Church">criticized</a> for its <a href="/wiki/Catholic_theology_of_sexuality" title="Catholic theology of sexuality">teachings on sexuality</a>, its <a href="/wiki/Ordination_of_women_and_the_Catholic_Church" title="Ordination of women and the Catholic Church">doctrine against ordaining women</a>, and its handling of <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_sexual_abuse_cases" title="Catholic Church sexual abuse cases">sexual abuse cases</a> involving clergy. <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886046785">.mw-parser-output .toclimit-2 .toclevel-1 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-3 .toclevel-2 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-4 .toclevel-3 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-5 .toclevel-4 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-6 .toclevel-5 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-7 .toclevel-6 ul{display:none}</style><div class="toclimit-3"><meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Name">Name</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Catholic_(term)" title="Catholic (term)">Catholic (term)</a> and <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_(term)" title="Roman Catholic (term)">Roman Catholic (term)</a></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ignatius_of_Antiochie,_poss._by_Johann_Apakass_(17th_c.,_Pushkin_museum).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Ignatius_of_Antiochie%2C_poss._by_Johann_Apakass_%2817th_c.%2C_Pushkin_museum%29.jpg/190px-Ignatius_of_Antiochie%2C_poss._by_Johann_Apakass_%2817th_c.%2C_Pushkin_museum%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="190" height="253" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Ignatius_of_Antiochie%2C_poss._by_Johann_Apakass_%2817th_c.%2C_Pushkin_museum%29.jpg/286px-Ignatius_of_Antiochie%2C_poss._by_Johann_Apakass_%2817th_c.%2C_Pushkin_museum%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Ignatius_of_Antiochie%2C_poss._by_Johann_Apakass_%2817th_c.%2C_Pushkin_museum%29.jpg/381px-Ignatius_of_Antiochie%2C_poss._by_Johann_Apakass_%2817th_c.%2C_Pushkin_museum%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1129" data-file-height="1500" /></a><figcaption>The first use of the term "Catholic Church", meaning "universal church", was by the <a href="/wiki/Church_father" class="mw-redirect" title="Church father">church father</a> Saint <a href="/wiki/Ignatius_of_Antioch" title="Ignatius of Antioch">Ignatius of Antioch</a> in his <a href="/wiki/Epistle_of_Ignatius_to_the_Smyrnaeans" title="Epistle of Ignatius to the Smyrnaeans">Letter to the Smyrnaeans</a> in c. 110 AD.<a href="#cite_note-29">[28]</a> Ignatius of Antioch also is credited with the first recorded use of the term <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a> ten years earlier, in c. 100 AD.<a href="#cite_note-30">[29]</a> He died in Rome, with his <a href="/wiki/Relic" title="Relic">relics</a> located in <a href="/wiki/San_Clemente_al_Laterano" title="San Clemente al Laterano">San Clemente al Laterano</a>.</figcaption></figure> Catholic (from <a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a>: καθολικός, <a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Greek" title="Romanization of Greek">romanized</a>: katholikos, <a href="/wiki/Literal_translation" title="Literal translation">lit.</a> 'universal') was first used to describe the church in the early 2nd century.<a href="#cite_note-31">[30]</a> The first known use of the phrase "the catholic church" (<a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a>: καθολικὴ ἐκκλησία, <a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Greek" title="Romanization of Greek">romanized</a>: katholikḕ ekklēsía) occurred in the letter written about 110 AD from <a href="/wiki/Saint_Ignatius_of_Antioch" class="mw-redirect" title="Saint Ignatius of Antioch">Saint Ignatius of Antioch</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Smyrna" title="Smyrna">Smyrnaeans</a>,<a href="#cite_note-32">[note 2]</a> which read: "Wheresoever the bishop shall appear, there let the people be, even as where Jesus may be, there is the universal [katholike] Church."<a href="#cite_note-CathEnc1910_Catholic-33">[31]</a> In the Catechetical Lectures (c. 350) of <a href="/wiki/Saint_Cyril_of_Jerusalem" class="mw-redirect" title="Saint Cyril of Jerusalem">Saint Cyril of Jerusalem</a>, the name "Catholic Church" was used to distinguish it from other groups that also called themselves "the church".<a href="#cite_note-CathEnc1910_Catholic-33">[31]</a><a href="#cite_note-34">[32]</a> The "Catholic" notion was further stressed in the edict <a href="/wiki/Edict_of_Thessalonica" title="Edict of Thessalonica">De fide Catolica</a> issued 380 by <a href="/wiki/Theodosius_I" title="Theodosius I">Theodosius I</a>, the last emperor to rule over both the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Roman_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Roman Empire">eastern</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Western_Roman_Empire" title="Western Roman Empire">western</a> halves of the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman Empire</a>, when establishing the <a href="/wiki/State_church_of_the_Roman_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="State church of the Roman Empire">state church of the Roman Empire</a>.<a href="#cite_note-35">[33]</a> Since the <a href="/wiki/East%E2%80%93West_Schism" title="East–West Schism">East–West Schism</a> of 1054, the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="Eastern Orthodox Church">Eastern Orthodox Church</a> has taken the adjective Orthodox as its distinctive epithet; its official name continues to be the Orthodox Catholic Church.<a href="#cite_note-36">[34]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Latin_Church" title="Latin Church">Latin Church</a> was described as Catholic, with that description also denominating those in communion with the <a href="/wiki/Holy_See" title="Holy See">Holy See</a> after the <a href="/wiki/Protestant_Reformation" class="mw-redirect" title="Protestant Reformation">Protestant Reformation</a> of the 16th century, when those who ceased to be in communion became known as Protestants.<a href="#cite_note-37">[35]</a><a href="#cite_note-McBrien-38">[36]</a> While the Roman Church has been used to describe the pope's <a href="/wiki/Diocese_of_Rome" title="Diocese of Rome">Diocese of Rome</a> since the <a href="/wiki/Fall_of_the_Western_Roman_Empire" title="Fall of the Western Roman Empire">Fall of the Western Roman Empire</a> and into the <a href="/wiki/Early_Middle_Ages" title="Early Middle Ages">Early Middle Ages</a> (6th–10th century), Roman Catholic Church has been applied to the whole church in the English language since the Protestant Reformation in the late 16th century.<a href="#cite_note-39">[37]</a> Further, some will refer to the Latin Church as Roman Catholic in distinction from the Eastern Catholic churches.<a href="#cite_note-40">[38]</a> "Roman Catholic" has occasionally appeared also in documents produced both by the Holy See,<a href="#cite_note-RCHolySeeR-41">[note 3]</a> and notably used by certain national <a href="/wiki/Episcopal_conference" title="Episcopal conference">episcopal conferences</a> and local dioceses.<a href="#cite_note-RCbishop-42">[note 4]</a> The name Catholic Church for the whole church is used in the <a href="/wiki/Catechism_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="Catechism of the Catholic Church">Catechism of the Catholic Church</a> (1990) and the <a href="/wiki/1983_Code_of_Canon_Law" title="1983 Code of Canon Law">Code of Canon Law</a> (1983). "Catholic Church" is also used in the documents of the <a href="/wiki/Second_Vatican_Council" title="Second Vatican Council">Second Vatican Council</a> (1962–1965),<a href="#cite_note-43">[39]</a> the <a href="/wiki/First_Vatican_Council" title="First Vatican Council">First Vatican Council</a> (1869–1870),<a href="#cite_note-44">[40]</a> the <a href="/wiki/Council_of_Trent" title="Council of Trent">Council of Trent</a> (1545–1563),<a href="#cite_note-45">[41]</a> and numerous other official documents.<a href="#cite_note-46">[42]</a><a href="#cite_note-47">[43]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="History of the Catholic Church">History of the Catholic Church</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For a chronological guide, see <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="Timeline of the Catholic Church">Timeline of the Catholic Church</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Historiography_of_early_Christianity" title="Historiography of early Christianity">Historiography of early Christianity</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Apostolic_era_and_papacy">Apostolic era and papacy</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Apostolic_Age" class="mw-redirect" title="Apostolic Age">Apostolic Age</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Perugino_-_Entrega_de_las_llaves_a_San_Pedro_(Capilla_Sixtina,_1481-82).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Painting a haloed Jesus Christ passing keys to a kneeling man." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Perugino_-_Entrega_de_las_llaves_a_San_Pedro_%28Capilla_Sixtina%2C_1481-82%29.jpg/220px-Perugino_-_Entrega_de_las_llaves_a_San_Pedro_%28Capilla_Sixtina%2C_1481-82%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="136" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Perugino_-_Entrega_de_las_llaves_a_San_Pedro_%28Capilla_Sixtina%2C_1481-82%29.jpg/330px-Perugino_-_Entrega_de_las_llaves_a_San_Pedro_%28Capilla_Sixtina%2C_1481-82%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Perugino_-_Entrega_de_las_llaves_a_San_Pedro_%28Capilla_Sixtina%2C_1481-82%29.jpg/440px-Perugino_-_Entrega_de_las_llaves_a_San_Pedro_%28Capilla_Sixtina%2C_1481-82%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3055" data-file-height="1893" /></a><figcaption>A <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1481–1482 <a href="/wiki/Fresco" title="Fresco">fresco</a> by <a href="/wiki/Pietro_Perugino" title="Pietro Perugino">Pietro Perugino</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Sistine_Chapel" title="Sistine Chapel">Sistine Chapel</a> showing <a href="/wiki/Jesus" title="Jesus">Jesus</a> giving the <a href="/wiki/Keys_of_Heaven" title="Keys of Heaven">keys of heaven</a> to <a href="/wiki/Saint_Peter" title="Saint Peter">Saint Peter</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%C3%9Altima_Cena_-_Da_Vinci_5.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/%C3%9Altima_Cena_-_Da_Vinci_5.jpg/220px-%C3%9Altima_Cena_-_Da_Vinci_5.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/%C3%9Altima_Cena_-_Da_Vinci_5.jpg/330px-%C3%9Altima_Cena_-_Da_Vinci_5.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/%C3%9Altima_Cena_-_Da_Vinci_5.jpg/440px-%C3%9Altima_Cena_-_Da_Vinci_5.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5193" data-file-height="2926" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/The_Last_Supper_(Leonardo)" title="The Last Supper (Leonardo)">The Last Supper</a>, a late 1490s mural painting by <a href="/wiki/Leonardo_da_Vinci" title="Leonardo da Vinci">Leonardo da Vinci</a>, depicting the <a href="/wiki/Last_Supper" title="Last Supper">Last Supper</a> of Jesus and his <a href="/wiki/Apostles_in_the_New_Testament" title="Apostles in the New Testament">twelve apostles</a> on the eve of his <a href="/wiki/Crucifixion_of_Jesus" title="Crucifixion of Jesus">crucifixion</a>. Most of Jesus' apostles are buried in <a href="/wiki/Rome" title="Rome">Rome</a>, including Saint Peter.</figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/New_Testament" title="New Testament">New Testament</a>, in particular the <a href="/wiki/Gospels" class="mw-redirect" title="Gospels">Gospels</a>, records Jesus' activities and teaching, his appointment of the Twelve Apostles and his <a href="/wiki/Great_Commission" title="Great Commission">Great Commission</a> of the apostles, instructing them to continue his work.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBokenkotter200430-48">[44]</a><a href="#cite_note-Kreeft98O-49">[45]</a> The book <a href="/wiki/Acts_of_Apostles" class="mw-redirect" title="Acts of Apostles">Acts of Apostles</a>, tells of the founding of the Christian church and the spread of its message to the Roman Empire.<a href="#cite_note-50">[46]</a> The Catholic Church teaches that its public ministry began on <a href="/wiki/Pentecost" title="Pentecost">Pentecost</a>, occurring fifty days following the date Christ is believed to have <a href="/wiki/Resurrection_of_Christ" class="mw-redirect" title="Resurrection of Christ">resurrected</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Barry48-51">[47]</a> At Pentecost, the apostles are believed to have received the Holy Spirit, preparing them for their mission in leading the church.<a href="#cite_note-52">[48]</a><a href="#cite_note-53">[49]</a> The Catholic Church teaches that the <a href="/wiki/College_of_bishops" class="mw-redirect" title="College of bishops">college of bishops</a>, led by the <a href="/wiki/Bishop_of_Rome" class="mw-redirect" title="Bishop of Rome">bishop of Rome</a> are the <a href="/wiki/Apostolic_succession" title="Apostolic succession">successors</a> to the Apostles.<a href="#cite_note-54">[50]</a> In the account of the <a href="/wiki/Confession_of_Peter" title="Confession of Peter">Confession of Peter</a> found in the <a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_Matthew" title="Gospel of Matthew">Gospel of Matthew</a>, Christ designates Peter as the "rock" upon which Christ's church will be built.<a href="#cite_note-55">[51]</a><a href="#cite_note-56">[52]</a> The Catholic Church considers the bishop of Rome, the pope, to be the successor to <a href="/wiki/Saint_Peter" title="Saint Peter">Saint Peter</a>.<a href="#cite_note-57">[53]</a> Some scholars state Peter was the first bishop of Rome.<a href="#cite_note-JoyceCE1913-58">[54]</a> Others[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Unsupported_attributions" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch">who?</a>] say that the institution of the papacy is not dependent on the idea that Peter was bishop of Rome or even on his ever having been in Rome.<a href="#cite_note-59">[55]</a> Many scholars hold that a church structure of plural presbyters/bishops persisted in Rome until the mid-2nd century, when the structure of a single bishop and plural presbyters was adopted,<a href="#cite_note-REB-60">[56]</a> and that later writers retrospectively applied the term "bishop of Rome" to the most prominent members of the clergy in the earlier period and also to Peter himself.<a href="#cite_note-REB-60">[56]</a> On this basis protestant scholars <a href="/wiki/Oscar_Cullmann" title="Oscar Cullmann">Oscar Cullmann</a>,<a href="#cite_note-61">[57]</a> <a href="/wiki/Henry_Chadwick_(theologian)" title="Henry Chadwick (theologian)">Henry Chadwick</a>,<a href="#cite_note-62">[58]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bart_D._Ehrman" title="Bart D. Ehrman">Bart D. Ehrman</a><a href="#cite_note-ehrman-63">[59]</a> question whether there was a formal link between Peter and the modern papacy. <a href="/wiki/Raymond_E._Brown" title="Raymond E. Brown">Raymond E. Brown</a> also says that it is anachronistic to speak of Peter in terms of local bishop of Rome, but that Christians of that period would have looked on Peter as having "roles that would contribute in an essential way to the development of the role of the papacy in the subsequent church". These roles, Brown says, "contributed enormously to seeing the bishop of Rome, the bishop of the city where Peter died and where Paul witnessed the truth of Christ, as the successor of Peter in care for the church universal".<a href="#cite_note-REB-60">[56]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Antiquity_and_Roman_Empire">Antiquity and Roman Empire</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Early_Christianity" title="Early Christianity">Early Christianity</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pentarchy" title="Pentarchy">Pentarchy</a>, and <a href="/wiki/List_of_heresies_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="List of heresies in the Catholic Church">List of heresies in the Catholic Church</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Old_St_Peter%27s_Basilica,_Rome,_about_the_year_1450_restored_from_ancient_authorities.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Old_St_Peter%27s_Basilica%2C_Rome%2C_about_the_year_1450_restored_from_ancient_authorities.jpg/220px-Old_St_Peter%27s_Basilica%2C_Rome%2C_about_the_year_1450_restored_from_ancient_authorities.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="134" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Old_St_Peter%27s_Basilica%2C_Rome%2C_about_the_year_1450_restored_from_ancient_authorities.jpg/330px-Old_St_Peter%27s_Basilica%2C_Rome%2C_about_the_year_1450_restored_from_ancient_authorities.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Old_St_Peter%27s_Basilica%2C_Rome%2C_about_the_year_1450_restored_from_ancient_authorities.jpg/440px-Old_St_Peter%27s_Basilica%2C_Rome%2C_about_the_year_1450_restored_from_ancient_authorities.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="611" /></a><figcaption>A 19th-century drawing by <a href="/wiki/Henry_William_Brewer" title="Henry William Brewer">Henry William Brewer</a> of <a href="/wiki/Old_St._Peter%27s_Basilica" title="Old St. Peter's Basilica">Old St. Peter's Basilica</a>, built in 318 by <a href="/wiki/Constantine_the_Great" title="Constantine the Great">Constantine the Great</a></figcaption></figure> Conditions in the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman Empire</a> facilitated the spread of new ideas. The empire's network of roads and waterways facilitated travel, and the <a href="/wiki/Pax_Romana" title="Pax Romana">Pax Romana</a> made travelling safe. The empire encouraged the spread of a common culture with Greek roots, which allowed ideas to be more easily expressed and understood.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBokenkotter200424-64">[60]</a> Unlike most religions in the Roman Empire, however, Christianity required its adherents to renounce all other gods, a practice adopted from Judaism (see <a href="/wiki/Idolatry" title="Idolatry">Idolatry</a>). The Christians' refusal to join <a href="/wiki/Paganism" title="Paganism">pagan</a> celebrations meant they were unable to participate in much of public life, which caused non-Christians—including government authorities—to fear that the Christians were angering the gods and thereby threatening the peace and prosperity of the Empire. The <a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Christians_in_the_Roman_Empire" title="Persecution of Christians in the Roman Empire">resulting persecutions</a> were a defining feature of Christian self-understanding until Christianity was legalized in the 4th century.<a href="#cite_note-macculloch155and164-65">[61]</a> In 313, <a href="/wiki/Constantine_I_and_Christianity" class="mw-redirect" title="Constantine I and Christianity">Emperor Constantine I</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Edict_of_Milan" title="Edict of Milan">Edict of Milan</a> legalized Christianity, and in 330 Constantine moved the imperial capital to <a href="/wiki/Constantinople" title="Constantinople">Constantinople</a>, modern <a href="/wiki/Istanbul,_Turkey" class="mw-redirect" title="Istanbul, Turkey">Istanbul, Turkey</a>. In 380 the <a href="/wiki/Edict_of_Thessalonica" title="Edict of Thessalonica">Edict of Thessalonica</a> made <a href="/wiki/Nicene_Christianity" title="Nicene Christianity">Nicene Christianity</a> the <a href="/wiki/State_church_of_the_Roman_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="State church of the Roman Empire">state church of the Roman Empire</a>, a position that within the diminishing territory of the <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Byzantine Empire</a> would persist until the empire itself ended in the <a href="/wiki/Fall_of_Constantinople" title="Fall of Constantinople">fall of Constantinople</a> in 1453, while elsewhere the church was independent of the empire, as became particularly clear with the <a href="/wiki/East%E2%80%93West_Schism" title="East–West Schism">East–West Schism</a>. During the period of the <a href="/wiki/Seven_Ecumenical_Councils" class="mw-redirect" title="Seven Ecumenical Councils">Seven Ecumenical Councils</a>, five primary sees emerged, an arrangement formalized in the mid-6th century by Emperor <a href="/wiki/Justinian_I" title="Justinian I">Justinian I</a> as the <a href="/wiki/Pentarchy" title="Pentarchy">pentarchy</a> of Rome, <a href="/wiki/Ecumenical_Patriarch_of_Constantinople" title="Ecumenical Patriarch of Constantinople">Constantinople</a>, <a href="/wiki/Patriarch_of_Antioch" title="Patriarch of Antioch">Antioch</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jerusalem_in_Christianity" title="Jerusalem in Christianity">Jerusalem</a> and <a href="/wiki/Patriarch_of_Alexandria" title="Patriarch of Alexandria">Alexandria</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Valliere2012-66">[62]</a><a href="#cite_note-Bartholomew2008-67">[63]</a> In 451 the <a href="/wiki/Council_of_Chalcedon" title="Council of Chalcedon">Council of Chalcedon</a>, in a canon of disputed validity,<a href="#cite_note-Michalopulos-68">[64]</a> elevated the <a href="/wiki/See_of_Constantinople" class="mw-redirect" title="See of Constantinople">see of Constantinople</a> to a position "second in eminence and power to the bishop of Rome".<a href="#cite_note-Noble214-69">[65]</a> From <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 350 – c. 500, the bishops, or popes, of Rome, steadily increased in authority through their consistent intervening in support of <a href="/wiki/Episcopal_see#Catholic_Church" title="Episcopal see">orthodox leaders</a> in theological disputes, which encouraged appeals to them.<a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-70">[66]</a> Emperor <a href="/wiki/Justinian" class="mw-redirect" title="Justinian">Justinian</a>, who in the areas under his control definitively established a form of <a href="/wiki/Caesaropapism" title="Caesaropapism">caesaropapism</a>,<a href="#cite_note-71">[67]</a> in which "he had the right and duty of regulating by his laws the minutest details of worship and discipline, and also of dictating the theological opinions to be held in the Church",<a href="#cite_note-72">[68]</a> re-established imperial power over Rome and other parts of the West, initiating the period termed the <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Papacy" title="Byzantine Papacy">Byzantine Papacy</a> (537–752), during which the bishops of Rome, or popes, required approval from the emperor in Constantinople or from his representative in Ravenna for consecration, and most were selected by the emperor from his Greek-speaking subjects,<a href="#cite_note-73">[69]</a> resulting in a "melting pot" of Western and Eastern Christian traditions in art as well as liturgy.<a href="#cite_note-74">[70]</a> Most of the Germanic tribes who in the following centuries invaded the Roman Empire had adopted Christianity in its <a href="/wiki/Arianism" title="Arianism">Arian</a> form, which the <a href="/wiki/First_Council_of_Nicaea" title="First Council of Nicaea">Council of Nicaea</a> declared <a href="/wiki/Christian_heresy" class="mw-redirect" title="Christian heresy">heretical</a>.<a href="#cite_note-75">[71]</a> The resulting religious discord between Germanic rulers and Catholic subjects<a href="#cite_note-76">[72]</a> was avoided when, in 497, <a href="/wiki/Clovis_I" title="Clovis I">Clovis I</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Franks" title="Franks">Frankish</a> ruler, converted to orthodox Catholicism, allying himself with the papacy and the monasteries.<a href="#cite_note-77">[73]</a> The Visigoths in Spain followed his lead in 589,<a href="#cite_note-78">[74]</a> and the Lombards in Italy in the course of the 7th century.<a href="#cite_note-79">[75]</a> <a href="/wiki/Western_Christianity" title="Western Christianity">Western Christianity</a>, particularly through its <a href="/wiki/Western_monasticism" class="mw-redirect" title="Western monasticism">monasteries</a>, was a major factor in preserving <a href="/wiki/Classical_antiquity" title="Classical antiquity">classical civilization</a>, with its art (see <a href="/wiki/Illuminated_manuscript" title="Illuminated manuscript">Illuminated manuscript</a>) and literacy.<a href="#cite_note-Cahill_Thomas-80">[76]</a> Through his <a href="/wiki/Rule_of_Saint_Benedict" title="Rule of Saint Benedict">Rule</a>, <a href="/wiki/Benedict_of_Nursia" title="Benedict of Nursia">Benedict of Nursia</a> (c. 480–543), one of the founders of <a href="/wiki/Western_monasticism" class="mw-redirect" title="Western monasticism">Western monasticism</a>, exerted an enormous influence on European culture through the appropriation of the monastic spiritual heritage of the early Catholic Church and, with the spread of the Benedictine tradition, through the preservation and transmission of ancient culture. During this period, monastic Ireland became a centre of learning and early Irish missionaries such as <a href="/wiki/Columbanus" title="Columbanus">Columbanus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Columba" title="Columba">Columba</a> spread Christianity and established monasteries across continental Europe.<a href="#cite_note-Cahill_Thomas-80">[76]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Middle_Ages_and_Renaissance">Middle Ages and Renaissance</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/History_of_Christianity_during_the_Middle_Ages" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Christianity during the Middle Ages">History of Christianity during the Middle Ages</a> and <a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_16th_century#Renaissance_Church" title="Christianity in the 16th century">Christianity in the 16th century § Renaissance Church</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Chartres_Cath%2BGare.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Chartres_Cath%2BGare.JPG/220px-Chartres_Cath%2BGare.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="186" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Chartres_Cath%2BGare.JPG/330px-Chartres_Cath%2BGare.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Chartres_Cath%2BGare.JPG/440px-Chartres_Cath%2BGare.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2121" data-file-height="1793" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Chartres_Cathedral" title="Chartres Cathedral">Chartres Cathedral</a> in <a href="/wiki/Chartres" title="Chartres">Chartres</a>, France, completed in 1220</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lightmatter_Sistine_Chapel_ceiling.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Lightmatter_Sistine_Chapel_ceiling.jpg/220px-Lightmatter_Sistine_Chapel_ceiling.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Lightmatter_Sistine_Chapel_ceiling.jpg/330px-Lightmatter_Sistine_Chapel_ceiling.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Lightmatter_Sistine_Chapel_ceiling.jpg/440px-Lightmatter_Sistine_Chapel_ceiling.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2044" data-file-height="1533" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Sistine_Chapel_ceiling" title="Sistine Chapel ceiling">Sistine Chapel ceiling</a>, painted by <a href="/wiki/Michelangelo" title="Michelangelo">Michelangelo</a>; the <a href="/wiki/Renaissance" title="Renaissance">Renaissance</a> period of the 15th and 16th centuries was a golden age for <a href="/wiki/Catholic_art" title="Catholic art">Catholic art</a>.</figcaption></figure> The Catholic Church was the dominant influence on Western civilization from <a href="/wiki/Late_Antiquity" class="mw-redirect" title="Late Antiquity">Late Antiquity</a> to the dawn of the modern age.<a href="#cite_note-O'CollinsPref-13">[13]</a> It was the primary sponsor of Romanesque, Gothic, Renaissance, Mannerist and Baroque styles in art, architecture and music.<a href="#cite_note-81">[77]</a> Renaissance figures such as <a href="/wiki/Raphael" title="Raphael">Raphael</a>, <a href="/wiki/Michelangelo" title="Michelangelo">Michelangelo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Leonardo_da_Vinci" title="Leonardo da Vinci">Leonardo da Vinci</a>, <a href="/wiki/Botticelli" class="mw-redirect" title="Botticelli">Botticelli</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fra_Angelico" title="Fra Angelico">Fra Angelico</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tintoretto" title="Tintoretto">Tintoretto</a>, <a href="/wiki/Titian" title="Titian">Titian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bernini" class="mw-redirect" title="Bernini">Bernini</a> and <a href="/wiki/Caravaggio" title="Caravaggio">Caravaggio</a> are examples of the numerous visual artists sponsored by the church.<a href="#cite_note-82">[78]</a> Historian Paul Legutko of <a href="/wiki/Stanford_University" title="Stanford University">Stanford University</a> said the Catholic Church is "at the center of the development of the values, ideas, science, laws, and institutions which constitute what we call <a href="/wiki/Western_civilization" class="mw-redirect" title="Western civilization">Western civilization</a>".<a href="#cite_note-83">[79]</a> In Western <a href="/wiki/Christendom" title="Christendom">Christendom</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Medieval_university" title="Medieval university">first universities in Europe</a> were established by monks.<a href="#cite_note-84">[80]</a><a href="#cite_note-85">[81]</a><a href="#cite_note-86">[82]</a> Beginning in the 11th century, several older cathedral schools became universities, such as the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Oxford" title="University of Oxford">University of Oxford</a>, <a href="/wiki/University_of_Paris" title="University of Paris">University of Paris</a>, and <a href="/wiki/University_of_Bologna" title="University of Bologna">University of Bologna</a>. Higher education before then had been the domain of Christian cathedral schools or monastic schools, led by <a href="/wiki/Monk" title="Monk">monks</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nun" title="Nun">nuns</a>. Evidence of such schools dates back to the 6th century CE.<a href="#cite_note-auto-87">[83]</a> These new universities expanded the curriculum to include academic programs for clerics, lawyers, civil servants, and physicians.<a href="#cite_note-88">[84]</a> The university is generally regarded as an institution that has its origin in the <a href="/wiki/History_of_Christianity" title="History of Christianity">Medieval Christian</a> setting.<a href="#cite_note-verger1999-89">[85]</a><a href="#cite_note-90">[86]</a><a href="#cite_note-Rüegg,_Walter_1992,_pp._XIX-91">[87]</a> The massive Islamic invasions of the <a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_7th_century" title="Christianity in the 7th century">mid-7th century</a> began a long struggle between <a href="/wiki/Christianity_and_Islam" title="Christianity and Islam">Christianity and Islam</a> throughout the Mediterranean Basin. The Byzantine Empire soon lost the lands of the eastern <a href="/wiki/Patriarchate" title="Patriarchate">patriarchates</a> of <a href="/wiki/Greek_Orthodox_Patriarch_of_Jerusalem" title="Greek Orthodox Patriarch of Jerusalem">Jerusalem</a>, Alexandria and Antioch and was reduced to that of Constantinople, the empire's capital. As a result of <a href="/wiki/Early_Muslim_conquests" title="Early Muslim conquests">Islamic domination of the Mediterranean</a>, the Frankish state, centred away from that sea, was able to evolve as the dominant power that shaped the Western Europe of the Middle Ages.<a href="#cite_note-92">[88]</a> The battles of <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Toulouse_(721)" title="Battle of Toulouse (721)">Toulouse</a> and <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Poitiers_(732)" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Poitiers (732)">Poitiers</a> halted the Islamic advance in the West and the failed <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Constantinople_(717%E2%80%93718)" title="Siege of Constantinople (717–718)">siege of Constantinople</a> halted it in the East. Two or three decades later, in 751, the Byzantine Empire lost to the Lombards the city of Ravenna from which it <a href="/wiki/Exarchate_of_Ravenna" title="Exarchate of Ravenna">governed</a> the small fragments of Italy, including Rome, that acknowledged its sovereignty. The fall of Ravenna meant that confirmation by a no longer existent exarch was not asked for during the election in 752 of <a href="/wiki/Pope_Stephen_II" title="Pope Stephen II">Pope Stephen II</a> and that the papacy was forced to look elsewhere for a civil power to protect it.<a href="#cite_note-93">[89]</a> In 754, at the urgent request of Pope Stephen, the Frankish king <a href="/wiki/Pepin_the_Short" title="Pepin the Short">Pepin the Short</a> conquered the Lombards. He then <a href="/wiki/Donation_of_Pepin" title="Donation of Pepin">gifted</a> the lands of the former exarchate to the pope, thus initiating the <a href="/wiki/Papal_States" title="Papal States">Papal States</a>. Rome and the Byzantine East would delve into further conflict during the <a href="/wiki/Photian_schism" title="Photian schism">Photian schism</a> of the 860s, when <a href="/wiki/Photios_I_of_Constantinople" title="Photios I of Constantinople">Photius</a> criticized the Latin west of adding of the <a href="/wiki/Filioque" title="Filioque">filioque</a> clause after being excommunicated by <a href="/wiki/Pope_Nicholas_I" title="Pope Nicholas I">Nicholas I</a>. Though the schism was reconciled, unresolved issues would lead to further division.<a href="#cite_note-94">[90]</a> In the 11th century, the efforts of <a href="/wiki/Hildebrand_of_Sovana" class="mw-redirect" title="Hildebrand of Sovana">Hildebrand of Sovana</a> led to the creation of the <a href="/wiki/College_of_Cardinals" title="College of Cardinals">College of Cardinals</a> to elect new popes, starting with <a href="/wiki/Pope_Alexander_II" title="Pope Alexander II">Pope Alexander II</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Papal_election,_1061" class="mw-redirect" title="Papal election, 1061">papal election of 1061</a>. When Alexander II died, Hildebrand was elected to succeed him, as <a href="/wiki/Pope_Gregory_VII" title="Pope Gregory VII">Pope Gregory VII</a>. The basic election system of the College of Cardinals which Gregory VII helped establish has continued to function into the 21st century. Pope Gregory VII further initiated the <a href="/wiki/Gregorian_Reforms" class="mw-redirect" title="Gregorian Reforms">Gregorian Reforms</a> regarding the independence of the clergy from secular authority. This led to the <a href="/wiki/Investiture_Controversy" title="Investiture Controversy">Investiture Controversy</a> between the church and the <a href="/wiki/Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Holy Roman Emperor">Holy Roman Emperors</a>, over which had the authority to appoint bishops and popes.<a href="#cite_note-Vidmar107-95">[91]</a><a href="#cite_note-Duffy78-96">[92]</a> In 1095, Byzantine emperor <a href="/wiki/Alexios_I_Komnenos" title="Alexios I Komnenos">Alexius I</a> appealed to <a href="/wiki/Pope_Urban_II" title="Pope Urban II">Pope Urban II</a> for help against renewed Muslim invasions in the <a href="/wiki/Byzantine%E2%80%93Seljuk_Wars" class="mw-redirect" title="Byzantine–Seljuk Wars">Byzantine–Seljuk Wars</a>,<a href="#cite_note-rileysmith-97">[93]</a> which caused Urban to launch the <a href="/wiki/First_Crusade" title="First Crusade">First Crusade</a> aimed at aiding the Byzantine Empire and returning the <a href="/wiki/Holy_Land" title="Holy Land">Holy Land</a> to Christian control.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBokenkotter2004140–41-98">[94]</a> In the <a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_11th_century" title="Christianity in the 11th century">11th century</a>, strained relations between the primarily Greek church and the Latin Church separated them in the East–West Schism, partially due to conflicts over <a href="/wiki/Papal" class="mw-redirect" title="Papal">papal</a> authority. The <a href="/wiki/Fourth_Crusade" title="Fourth Crusade">Fourth Crusade</a> and the sacking of Constantinople by renegade crusaders proved the final breach.<a href="#cite_note-99">[95]</a> In this age great gothic cathedrals in France were an expression of popular pride in the Christian faith. In the early 13th century <a href="/wiki/Mendicant_orders" title="Mendicant orders">mendicant orders</a> were founded by <a href="/wiki/Francis_of_Assisi" title="Francis of Assisi">Francis of Assisi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Saint_Dominic" title="Saint Dominic">Dominic de Guzmán</a>. The studia conventualia and <a href="/wiki/Studium_generale" title="Studium generale">studia generalia</a> of the mendicant orders played a large role in the transformation of church-sponsored cathedral schools and palace schools, such as that of <a href="/wiki/Charlemagne" title="Charlemagne">Charlemagne</a> at <a href="/wiki/Aachen" title="Aachen">Aachen</a>, into the prominent universities of Europe.<a href="#cite_note-100">[96]</a> <a href="/wiki/Scholasticism" title="Scholasticism">Scholastic</a> theologians and philosophers such as the Dominican priest <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Aquinas" title="Thomas Aquinas">Thomas Aquinas</a> studied and taught at these studia. Aquinas' Summa Theologica was an intellectual milestone in its synthesis of the legacy of <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_philosophy" title="Ancient Greek philosophy">ancient Greek philosophers</a> such as Plato and Aristotle with the content of Christian revelation.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBokenkotter2004158–59-101">[97]</a> A growing sense of church-state conflicts marked the 14th century. To escape instability in Rome, <a href="/wiki/Pope_Clement_V" title="Pope Clement V">Clement V</a> in 1309 became the first of seven popes to reside in the fortified city of <a href="/wiki/Avignon" title="Avignon">Avignon</a> in southern France<a href="#cite_note-Duffy122-102">[98]</a> during a period known as the <a href="/wiki/Avignon_Papacy" title="Avignon Papacy">Avignon Papacy</a>. The Avignon Papacy ended in 1376 when the pope returned to Rome,<a href="#cite_note-McManners232-103">[99]</a> but was followed in 1378 by the 38-year-long <a href="/wiki/Western_Schism" title="Western Schism">Western schism</a>, with claimants to the papacy in Rome, Avignon and (after 1409) Pisa.<a href="#cite_note-McManners232-103">[99]</a> The matter was largely resolved in 1415–17 at the <a href="/wiki/Council_of_Constance" title="Council of Constance">Council of Constance</a>, with the claimants in Rome and Pisa agreeing to resign and the third claimant excommunicated by the cardinals, who held a new election naming <a href="/wiki/Pope_Martin_V" title="Pope Martin V">Martin V</a> pope.<a href="#cite_note-McManners240-104">[100]</a> In 1438, the <a href="/wiki/Council_of_Florence" title="Council of Florence">Council of Florence</a> convened, which featured a strong dialogue focussed on understanding the theological differences between the East and West, with the hope of reuniting the Catholic and Orthodox churches.<a href="#cite_note-105">[101]</a> Several eastern churches reunited, forming the majority of the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Catholic_Churches" title="Eastern Catholic Churches">Eastern Catholic Churches</a>.<a href="#cite_note-106">[102]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Age_of_Discovery">Age of Discovery</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_and_the_Age_of_Discovery" title="Catholic Church and the Age of Discovery">Catholic Church and the Age of Discovery</a></div> The <a href="/wiki/Age_of_Discovery" title="Age of Discovery">Age of Discovery</a> beginning in the 15th century saw the expansion of Western Europe's political and cultural influence worldwide. Because of the prominent role the strongly Catholic nations of Spain and Portugal played in Western colonialism, Catholicism was spread to the Americas, Asia and Oceania by explorers, conquistadors, and missionaries, as well as by the transformation of societies through the socio-political mechanisms of colonial rule. <a href="/wiki/Pope_Alexander_VI" title="Pope Alexander VI">Pope Alexander VI</a> had awarded colonial rights over most of the newly discovered lands to <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Empire" title="Spanish Empire">Spain</a> and <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Empire" title="Portuguese Empire">Portugal</a><a href="#cite_note-Koschorke13-107">[103]</a> and the ensuing <a href="/wiki/Patronato_real" title="Patronato real">patronato</a> system allowed state authorities, not the Vatican, to control all clerical appointments in the new colonies.<a href="#cite_note-108">[104]</a> In 1521 the Portuguese explorer <a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_Magellan" title="Ferdinand Magellan">Ferdinand Magellan</a> made the first Catholic converts in the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_East_Indies" title="Spanish East Indies">Philippines</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Koschorke21-109">[105]</a> Elsewhere, Portuguese missionaries under the Spanish Jesuit <a href="/wiki/Francis_Xavier" title="Francis Xavier">Francis Xavier</a> evangelized in India, China, and Japan.<a href="#cite_note-Koschorke3-110">[106]</a> The <a href="/wiki/French_colonization_of_the_Americas" title="French colonization of the Americas">French colonization of the Americas</a> beginning in the 16th century established a Catholic <a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">francophone</a> population and forbade non-Catholics to settle in <a href="/wiki/Quebec" title="Quebec">Quebec</a>.<a href="#cite_note-111">[107]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Protestant_Reformation_and_Counter-Reformation">Protestant Reformation and Counter-Reformation</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Protestant_Reformation" class="mw-redirect" title="Protestant Reformation">Protestant Reformation</a> and <a href="/wiki/Counter-Reformation" title="Counter-Reformation">Counter-Reformation</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther" title="Martin Luther">Martin Luther</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ninety-five_Theses" title="Ninety-five Theses">Ninety-five Theses</a></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tleft"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:334px;max-width:334px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:188px;max-width:188px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Martin_Luther_by_Cranach-restoration.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Martin_Luther_by_Cranach-restoration.jpg/186px-Martin_Luther_by_Cranach-restoration.jpg" decoding="async" width="186" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Martin_Luther_by_Cranach-restoration.jpg/279px-Martin_Luther_by_Cranach-restoration.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Martin_Luther_by_Cranach-restoration.jpg/372px-Martin_Luther_by_Cranach-restoration.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="645" /></a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:142px;max-width:142px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Luther_95_Thesen.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Luther_95_Thesen.png/140px-Luther_95_Thesen.png" decoding="async" width="140" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Luther_95_Thesen.png/210px-Luther_95_Thesen.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Luther_95_Thesen.png/280px-Luther_95_Thesen.png 2x" data-file-width="3228" data-file-height="4611" /></a></div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flex"><div class="thumbcaption">In 1517, <a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther" title="Martin Luther">Martin Luther</a> (left), originally an <a href="/wiki/Order_of_Saint_Augustine" title="Order of Saint Augustine">Augustinian</a> friar, posted and published <a href="/wiki/Ninety-five_Theses" title="Ninety-five Theses">Ninety-five Theses</a> (right), detailing Luther's opposition to what he saw as the Catholic Church's abuse and corruption by Catholic clergy, including their sale of plenary indulgences, which were certificates supposed to reduce the temporal punishment in purgatory for sins committed by the purchasers or their loved ones. Luther's publication and release of the document is widely credited with launching the <a href="/wiki/Reformation" title="Reformation">Reformation</a>.</div></div></div></div> In 1415, <a href="/wiki/Jan_Hus" title="Jan Hus">Jan Hus</a> was burned at the stake for heresy, but his reform efforts encouraged <a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther" title="Martin Luther">Martin Luther</a>, an <a href="/wiki/Order_of_Saint_Augustine" title="Order of Saint Augustine">Augustinian</a> friar in modern-day Germany, who <a href="/wiki/History_of_Lutheranism#The_start_of_the_Reformation" title="History of Lutheranism">sent</a> his <a href="/wiki/Ninety-five_Theses" title="Ninety-five Theses">Ninety-five Theses</a> to several bishops in 1517.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBokenkotter2004215-112">[108]</a> His theses protested key points of Catholic <a href="/wiki/Doctrine" title="Doctrine">doctrine</a> as well as the sale of <a href="/wiki/Indulgence" title="Indulgence">indulgences</a>, and along with the <a href="/wiki/Leipzig_Debate" title="Leipzig Debate">Leipzig Debate</a> this led to his <a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther#Excommunication" title="Martin Luther">excommunication</a> in 1521.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBokenkotter2004215-112">[108]</a><a href="#cite_note-Vidmar184-113">[109]</a> In <a href="/wiki/Switzerland" title="Switzerland">Switzerland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Huldrych_Zwingli" title="Huldrych Zwingli">Huldrych Zwingli</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_Calvin" title="John Calvin">John Calvin</a> and other <a href="/wiki/Protestant_Reformers" title="Protestant Reformers">Protestant Reformers</a> further criticized Catholic teachings. These challenges developed into the Reformation, which gave birth to the great majority of <a href="/wiki/Protestant" class="mw-redirect" title="Protestant">Protestant</a> <a href="/wiki/List_of_Christian_denominations" title="List of Christian denominations">denominations</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBokenkotter2004223–24-114">[110]</a> and also <a href="/wiki/Crypto-protestantism" class="mw-redirect" title="Crypto-protestantism">crypto-Protestantism</a> within the Catholic Church.<a href="#cite_note-115">[111]</a> Meanwhile, <a href="/wiki/Henry_VIII" title="Henry VIII">Henry VIII</a> petitioned <a href="/wiki/Pope_Clement_VII" title="Pope Clement VII">Pope Clement VII</a> for a <a href="/wiki/Annulment_(Catholic_Church)" class="mw-redirect" title="Annulment (Catholic Church)">declaration of nullity</a> concerning his marriage to <a href="/wiki/Catherine_of_Aragon" title="Catherine of Aragon">Catherine of Aragon</a>. When this was denied, he had the <a href="/wiki/Acts_of_Supremacy" title="Acts of Supremacy">Acts of Supremacy</a> passed to make himself <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Head_of_the_Church_of_England" title="Supreme Head of the Church of England">Supreme Head of the Church of England</a>, spurring the <a href="/wiki/English_Reformation" title="English Reformation">English Reformation</a> and the eventual development of <a href="/wiki/Anglicanism" title="Anglicanism">Anglicanism</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBokenkotter2004235–37-116">[112]</a> The Reformation contributed to clashes between the Protestant <a href="/wiki/Schmalkaldic_League" title="Schmalkaldic League">Schmalkaldic League</a> and the Catholic Emperor <a href="/wiki/Charles_V,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor">Charles V</a> and his allies. The first nine-year war ended in 1555 with the <a href="/wiki/Peace_of_Augsburg" title="Peace of Augsburg">Peace of Augsburg</a> but continued tensions produced a far graver conflict—the <a href="/wiki/Thirty_Years%27_War" title="Thirty Years' War">Thirty Years' War</a>—which broke out in 1618.<a href="#cite_note-Vidmar233-117">[113]</a> In France, a series of conflicts termed the <a href="/wiki/French_Wars_of_Religion" title="French Wars of Religion">French Wars of Religion</a> was fought from 1562 to 1598 between the <a href="/wiki/Huguenot" class="mw-redirect" title="Huguenot">Huguenots</a> (French <a href="/wiki/Calvinists" class="mw-redirect" title="Calvinists">Calvinists</a>) and the forces of the <a href="/wiki/Catholic_League_(French)" title="Catholic League (French)">French Catholic League</a>, which were backed and funded by a series of popes.<a href="#cite_note-Duffy177-118">[114]</a> This ended under <a href="/wiki/Pope_Clement_VIII" title="Pope Clement VIII">Pope Clement VIII</a>, who hesitantly accepted King <a href="/wiki/Henry_IV_of_France" title="Henry IV of France">Henry IV's</a> 1598 <a href="/wiki/Edict_of_Nantes" title="Edict of Nantes">Edict of Nantes</a> granting civil and <a href="/wiki/Religious_toleration" class="mw-redirect" title="Religious toleration">religious toleration</a> to French Protestants.<a href="#cite_note-Vidmar233-117">[113]</a><a href="#cite_note-Duffy177-118">[114]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Council_of_Trent" title="Council of Trent">Council of Trent</a> (1545–1563) became the driving force behind the <a href="/wiki/Counter-Reformation" title="Counter-Reformation">Counter-Reformation</a> in response to the Protestant movement. Doctrinally, it reaffirmed central Catholic teachings such as <a href="/wiki/Transubstantiation" title="Transubstantiation">transubstantiation</a> and the requirement for love and hope as well as faith to attain salvation.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBokenkotter2004242–44-119">[115]</a> In subsequent centuries, Catholicism spread widely across the world, in part through missionaries and <a href="/wiki/Imperialism" title="Imperialism">imperialism</a>, although its hold on European populations declined due to the growth of <a href="/wiki/Religious_scepticism" class="mw-redirect" title="Religious scepticism">religious scepticism</a> during and after the Enlightenment.<a href="#cite_note-120">[116]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Enlightenment_and_modern_period">Enlightenment and modern period</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Age_of_Enlightenment" title="Age of Enlightenment">Age of Enlightenment</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-top-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Emblem_of_the_Papacy_SE.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Emblem_of_the_Papacy_SE.svg/25px-Emblem_of_the_Papacy_SE.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="34" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Emblem_of_the_Papacy_SE.svg/38px-Emblem_of_the_Papacy_SE.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Emblem_of_the_Papacy_SE.svg/50px-Emblem_of_the_Papacy_SE.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="815" data-file-height="1105" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle-with-top-image">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Anti-Catholicism" title="Category:Anti-Catholicism">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle"><a href="/wiki/Anti-Catholicism" title="Anti-Catholicism">Persecutions</a> of the <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Catholic Church</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Overview</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Christians" title="Persecution of Christians">Historical persecution of Christians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecutions_of_the_Catholic_Church_and_Pius_XII" title="Persecutions of the Catholic Church and Pius XII">Catholic Church persecutions 1939–1958</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_XII_and_Russia" title="Pope Pius XII and Russia">Eradication of the Church under Stalinism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Catholic_victims_of_Soviet_persecutions" title="Eastern Catholic victims of Soviet persecutions">Eastern Catholic persecutions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Christians_in_the_modern_era" class="mw-redirect" title="Persecution of Christians in the modern era">Persecution of Christians in the modern era</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman Empire</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Christians_in_the_Roman_Empire" title="Persecution of Christians in the Roman Empire">Persecution of Christians in the Roman Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diocletianic_Persecution" title="Diocletianic Persecution">Diocletianic Persecution</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Sasanian_Empire" title="Sasanian Empire">Neo-Persian Empire</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sasanian_conquest_of_Jerusalem" title="Sasanian conquest of Jerusalem">Sasanian conquest of Jerusalem</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Byzantine Empire</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Massacre_of_the_Latins" title="Massacre of the Latins">Massacre of the Latins</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Muslim_world" title="Muslim world">Muslim world</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spread_of_Islam" title="Spread of Islam">Muslim conquests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conversion_of_non-Islamic_places_of_worship_into_mosques" title="Conversion of non-Islamic places of worship into mosques">Conversion of non-Islamic places of worship into mosques</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_genocide" title="Armenian genocide">Armenian genocide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assyrian_genocide" class="mw-redirect" title="Assyrian genocide">Assyrian genocide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_genocide" title="Greek genocide">Greek genocide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kosheh_massacres" title="Kosheh massacres">Kosheh massacres</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabia" title="Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Saudi_Arabia" title="Christianity in Saudi Arabia">Christianity in Saudi Arabia</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Sudan" title="Sudan">Sudan</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Sudan" title="Christianity in Sudan">Christianity in Sudan</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maspero_demonstrations" title="Maspero demonstrations">Maspero demonstrations</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Islamic_terrorism" title="Islamic terrorism">Islamic terrorism</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Genocide_of_Christians_by_the_Islamic_State" class="mw-redirect" title="Genocide of Christians by the Islamic State">Genocide of Christians by the Islamic State</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Martyrs_of_Japan" title="Martyrs of Japan">Martyrs of Japan</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/European_wars_of_religion" title="European wars of religion">European wars of religion</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thirty_Years%27_War" title="Thirty Years' War">Thirty Years' War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reformation" title="Reformation">Reformation</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dechristianization_of_France_during_the_French_Revolution" title="Dechristianization of France during the French Revolution">Dechristianization of France during the French Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_in_the_Vend%C3%A9e" title="War in the Vendée">War in the Vendée</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martyrs_of_Compi%C3%A8gne" title="Martyrs of Compiègne">Martyrs of Compiègne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Massacre_in_the_Rue_Haxo" title="Massacre in the Rue Haxo">Massacre in the Rue Haxo</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico">Mexico</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cristero_War" title="Cristero War">Cristero War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iniquis_afflictisque" title="Iniquis afflictisque">Iniquis afflictisque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acerba_animi" title="Acerba animi">Acerba animi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saints_of_the_Cristero_War" title="Saints of the Cristero War">Saints</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_S%C3%A1nchez_del_R%C3%ADo" title="José Sánchez del Río">José Sánchez del Río</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-clericalism_in_Mexico" title="Anti-clericalism in Mexico">Anti-clericalism in Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miguel_Pro" title="Miguel Pro">Miguel Pro</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Martyrs_of_the_Spanish_Civil_War" title="Martyrs of the Spanish Civil War">Martyrs of the Spanish Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_Terror_(Spain)" title="Red Terror (Spain)">Red Terror</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dilectissima_Nobis" title="Dilectissima Nobis">Dilectissima Nobis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martyrs_of_Turon" title="Martyrs of Turon">Martyrs of Turon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martyrs_of_Daimiel" title="Martyrs of Daimiel">Martyrs of Daimiel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bartolom%C3%A9_Blanco" title="Bartolomé Blanco">Bartolomé Blanco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Innocencio_of_Mary_Immaculate" class="mw-redirect" title="Innocencio of Mary Immaculate">Innocencio of Mary Immaculate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Mar%C3%ADa_of_Manila" title="José María of Manila">José María of Manila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/233_Spanish_Martyrs" title="233 Spanish Martyrs">233 Spanish Martyrs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/498_Spanish_Martyrs" title="498 Spanish Martyrs">498 Spanish Martyrs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/522_Spanish_Martyrs" title="522 Spanish Martyrs">522 Spanish Martyrs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burning_of_convents_in_Spain_(1931)" title="Burning of convents in Spain (1931)">Burning of convents in Spain (1931)</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><a href="/wiki/Titus_Brandsma" title="Titus Brandsma">Titus Brandsma</a></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nazi_persecution_of_the_Catholic_Church_in_Germany" title="Nazi persecution of the Catholic Church in Germany">Nazi persecution of the Catholic Church in Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mit_brennender_Sorge" title="Mit brennender Sorge">Mit brennender Sorge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Delp" title="Alfred Delp">Alfred Delp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alois_Grimm" title="Alois Grimm">Alois Grimm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rupert_Mayer" title="Rupert Mayer">Rupert Mayer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernhard_Lichtenberg" title="Bernhard Lichtenberg">Bernhard Lichtenberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_Josef_Metzger" title="Max Josef Metzger">Max Josef Metzger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Leisner" title="Karl Leisner">Karl Leisner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erich_Klausener" title="Erich Klausener">Erich Klausener</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kulturkampf" title="Kulturkampf">Kulturkampf</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Martyr_Saints_of_China" title="Martyr Saints of China">Martyr Saints of China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Auguste_Chapdelaine" title="Auguste Chapdelaine">Auguste Chapdelaine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_XII_and_China" title="Pope Pius XII and China">Persecution of Christians in China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ad_Sinarum_gentem" title="Ad Sinarum gentem">Ad Sinarum gentem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cupimus_Imprimis" class="mw-redirect" title="Cupimus Imprimis">Cupimus Imprimis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ad_Apostolorum_principis" title="Ad Apostolorum principis">Ad Apostolorum principis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ignatius_Kung_Pin-Mei" title="Ignatius Kung Pin-Mei">Ignatius Kung Pin-Mei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beda_Chang" title="Beda Chang">Beda Chang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominic_Tang" title="Dominic Tang">Dominic Tang</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Vietnam" title="Vietnam">Vietnam</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_Martyrs" title="Vietnamese Martyrs">Vietnamese Martyrs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_of_Ph%C3%BA_Y%C3%AAn" title="Andrew of Phú Yên">Andrew of Phú Yên</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nguy%E1%BB%85n_V%C4%83n_Thu%E1%BA%ADn" title="Nguyễn Văn Thuận">Nguyễn Văn Thuận</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tr%C6%B0%C6%A1ng_B%E1%BB%ADu_Di%E1%BB%87p" title="Trương Bửu Diệp">Trương Bửu Diệp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcel_Nguy%E1%BB%85n_T%C3%A2n_V%C4%83n" title="Marcel Nguyễn Tân Văn">Marcel Nguyễn Tân Văn</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Poland</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nazi_persecution_of_the_Catholic_Church_in_Poland" title="Nazi persecution of the Catholic Church in Poland">Nazi persecution of the Catholic Church in Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maksymilian_Kolbe" class="mw-redirect" title="Maksymilian Kolbe">Maksymilian Kolbe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_anti-religious_campaign" title="Polish anti-religious campaign">Polish anti-religious campaign 1945–1990</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stefan_Wyszy%C5%84ski" title="Stefan Wyszyński">Stefan Wyszyński</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/108_Martyrs_of_World_War_II" title="108 Martyrs of World War II">108 Blessed Polish Martyrs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_XII_and_Poland" title="Pope Pius XII and Poland">Policies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/In_Poloniae_annalibus" title="In Poloniae annalibus">In Poloniae annalibus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gloriosam_Reginam" title="Gloriosam Reginam">Gloriosam Reginam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Invicti_athletae" title="Invicti athletae">Invicti athletae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jerzy_Popie%C5%82uszko" title="Jerzy Popiełuszko">Jerzy Popiełuszko</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Europe" title="Eastern Europe">Eastern Europe</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/J%C3%B3zsef_Mindszenty" title="József Mindszenty">József Mindszenty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eugene_Bossilkov" title="Eugene Bossilkov">Eugene Bossilkov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Severian_Baranyk" title="Severian Baranyk">Severian Baranyk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josef_Beran" title="Josef Beran">Josef Beran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drina_Martyrs" class="mw-redirect" title="Drina Martyrs">Drina Martyrs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zynoviy_Kovalyk" title="Zynoviy Kovalyk">Zynoviy Kovalyk</a></li> <li><a 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in India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2008_attacks_on_Christians_in_southern_Karnataka" title="2008 attacks on Christians in southern Karnataka">2008 attacks on Christians in southern Karnataka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Devasahayam_Pillai" title="Devasahayam Pillai">Devasahayam Pillai</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/El_Salvador" title="El Salvador">El Salvador</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1980_murders_of_U.S._missionaries_in_El_Salvador" title="1980 murders of U.S. missionaries in El Salvador">Four U.S. missionaries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ignacio_Ellacur%C3%ADa" title="Ignacio Ellacuría">Ignacio Ellacuría</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rutilio_Grande" title="Rutilio Grande">Rutilio Grande</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ignacio_Mart%C3%ADn-Bar%C3%B3" 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title="Guatemala">Guatemala</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stanley_Rother" title="Stanley Rother">Stanley Rother</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Great_Britain" title="Great Britain">Great Britain</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ireland" title="Ireland">Ireland</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Catholicism_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Anti-Catholicism in the United Kingdom">Anti-Catholicism in the United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Catholic_martyrs_of_the_English_Reformation" title="List of Catholic martyrs of the English Reformation">List of Catholic martyrs of the English Reformation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forty_Martyrs_of_England_and_Wales" title="Forty Martyrs of England and Wales">Forty Martyrs of England and Wales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_Catholic_Martyrs" title="Irish Catholic Martyrs">Irish Catholic Martyrs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dissolution_of_the_Monasteries" class="mw-redirect" title="Dissolution of the Monasteries">Dissolution of the Monasteries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penal_law_(British)" title="Penal law (British)">Penal Laws</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cromwellian_conquest_of_Ireland" title="Cromwellian conquest of Ireland">Cromwellian conquest of Ireland</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Anti-Catholicism_in_the_United_States" title="Anti-Catholicism in the United States">United States</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/James_Coyle" title="James Coyle">James Coyle</a></li> <li><a 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Society of Sisters">Pierce v. Society of Sisters</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philadelphia_nativist_riots" title="Philadelphia nativist riots">Philadelphia nativist riots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ursuline_Convent_riots" title="Ursuline Convent riots">Ursuline Convent riots</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippines</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lorenzo_Ruiz" title="Lorenzo Ruiz">Lorenzo Ruiz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pedro_Calungsod" title="Pedro Calungsod">Pedro Calungsod</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gomburza" title="Gomburza">Gomburza</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a 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class="mw-redirect" title="Conversion of Chelm Eparchy">Conversion of Chelm Eparchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Catholicism_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Anti-Catholicism in the Soviet Union">Anti-Catholicism in the Soviet Union</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eastern_Catholic_Victims_of_Soviet_persecutions&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Eastern Catholic Victims of Soviet persecutions (page does not exist)">Eastern Catholic Victims of Soviet persecutions</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below"> <a href="/wiki/File:046CupolaSPietro.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/046CupolaSPietro.jpg/16px-046CupolaSPietro.jpg" decoding="async" width="16" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/046CupolaSPietro.jpg/24px-046CupolaSPietro.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/046CupolaSPietro.jpg/32px-046CupolaSPietro.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Catholicism" class="mw-redirect" title="Portal:Catholicism">Catholicism portal</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Persecutions_of_the_Catholic_Church_sidebar" title="Template:Persecutions of the Catholic Church sidebar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Persecutions_of_the_Catholic_Church_sidebar" title="Template talk:Persecutions of the Catholic Church sidebar"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Persecutions_of_the_Catholic_Church_sidebar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Persecutions of the Catholic Church sidebar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ru%C3%ADnas_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Ru%C3%ADnas_1.jpg/220px-Ru%C3%ADnas_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="143" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Ru%C3%ADnas_1.jpg/330px-Ru%C3%ADnas_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Ru%C3%ADnas_1.jpg/440px-Ru%C3%ADnas_1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4914" data-file-height="3197" /></a><figcaption>Ruins of the <a href="/wiki/Jesuit_missions_among_the_Guaran%C3%AD" title="Jesuit missions among the Guaraní">Jesuit Reduction</a> at <a href="/wiki/S%C3%A3o_Miguel_das_Miss%C3%B5es" title="São Miguel das Missões">São Miguel das Missões</a> in Brazil</figcaption></figure> From the 17th century onward, the Enlightenment questioned the power and influence of the Catholic Church over Western society.<a href="#cite_note-Pollard8-121">[117]</a> In the 18th century, writers such as <a href="/wiki/Voltaire" title="Voltaire">Voltaire</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A9distes" title="Encyclopédistes">Encyclopédistes</a> wrote biting critiques of both religion and the Catholic Church. One target of their criticism was the 1685 <a href="/wiki/Revocation_of_the_Edict_of_Nantes" class="mw-redirect" title="Revocation of the Edict of Nantes">revocation of the Edict of Nantes</a> by King <a href="/wiki/Louis_XIV_of_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Louis XIV of France">Louis XIV of France</a>, which ended a century-long policy of religious toleration of Protestant Huguenots. As the papacy resisted pushes for <a href="/wiki/Gallicanism" title="Gallicanism">Gallicanism</a>, the <a href="/wiki/French_Revolution" title="French Revolution">French Revolution</a> of 1789 shifted power to the state, caused the destruction of churches, the establishment of a <a href="/wiki/Cult_of_Reason" title="Cult of Reason">Cult of Reason</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBokenkotter2004283–85-122">[118]</a> and the martyrdom of <a href="/wiki/Martyrs_of_Compi%C3%A8gne" title="Martyrs of Compiègne">nuns</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Reign_of_Terror" title="Reign of Terror">Reign of Terror</a>.<a href="#cite_note-123">[119]</a> In 1798, <a href="/wiki/Napoleon_I_of_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Napoleon I of France">Napoleon Bonaparte</a>'s General <a href="/wiki/Louis-Alexandre_Berthier" title="Louis-Alexandre Berthier">Louis-Alexandre Berthier</a> invaded the <a href="/wiki/Italian_Peninsula" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian Peninsula">Italian Peninsula</a>, imprisoning <a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_VI" title="Pope Pius VI">Pope Pius VI</a>, who died in captivity. Napoleon later re-established the Catholic Church in France through the <a href="/wiki/Concordat_of_1801" title="Concordat of 1801">Concordat of 1801</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Collins176-124">[120]</a> The end of the <a href="/wiki/Napoleonic_Wars" title="Napoleonic Wars">Napoleonic Wars</a> brought Catholic revival and the return of the <a href="/wiki/Papal_States" title="Papal States">Papal States</a>.<a href="#cite_note-125">[121]</a> In 1854, <a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_IX" title="Pope Pius IX">Pope Pius IX</a>, with the support of the overwhelming majority of Catholic bishops, whom he had consulted from 1851 to 1853, proclaimed the <a href="/wiki/Immaculate_Conception" title="Immaculate Conception">Immaculate Conception</a> as a <a href="/wiki/Dogma_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Dogma in the Catholic Church">dogma in the Catholic Church</a>.<a href="#cite_note-126">[122]</a> In 1870, the <a href="/wiki/First_Vatican_Council" title="First Vatican Council">First Vatican Council</a> affirmed the doctrine of <a href="/wiki/Papal_infallibility" title="Papal infallibility">papal infallibility</a> when exercised in specifically defined pronouncements,<a href="#cite_note-Leith-127">[123]</a><a href="#cite_note-Duffy232-128">[124]</a> striking a blow to the rival position of <a href="/wiki/Conciliar_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Conciliar Church">conciliarism</a>. Controversy over this and other issues resulted in a breakaway movement called the <a href="/wiki/Old_Catholic_Church#First_Vatican_Council,_Old_Catholic_Union_of_Utrecht" title="Old Catholic Church">Old Catholic Church</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Fahlbusch-129">[125]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Italian_unification" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian unification">Italian unification</a> of the 1860s incorporated the Papal States, including Rome itself from 1870, into the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Italy" title="Kingdom of Italy">Kingdom of Italy</a>, thus ending the papacy's <a href="/wiki/Temporal_power_(papal)" class="mw-redirect" title="Temporal power (papal)">temporal power</a>. In response, Pope Pius IX excommunicated <a href="/wiki/Victor_Emmanuel_II" title="Victor Emmanuel II">King Victor Emmanuel II</a>, refused payment for the land, and rejected the Italian <a href="/wiki/Law_of_Guarantees" title="Law of Guarantees">Law of Guarantees</a>, which granted him special privileges. To avoid placing himself in visible subjection to the Italian authorities, he remained a "<a href="/wiki/Prisoner_in_the_Vatican" title="Prisoner in the Vatican">prisoner in the Vatican</a>".<a href="#cite_note-130">[126]</a> This stand-off, which was spoken of as the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Question" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Question">Roman Question</a>, was resolved by the 1929 <a href="/wiki/Lateran_Treaties" class="mw-redirect" title="Lateran Treaties">Lateran Treaties</a>, whereby the Holy See acknowledged Italian sovereignty over the former Papal States in return for payment and Italy's recognition of papal sovereignty over Vatican City as a new sovereign and independent state.<a href="#cite_note-131">[127]</a> Catholic missionaries generally supported, and sought to facilitate, the European imperial powers' <a href="/wiki/Scramble_for_Africa" title="Scramble for Africa">conquest of Africa</a> during the late nineteenth century. According to the historian of religion <a href="/wiki/Adrian_Hastings" title="Adrian Hastings">Adrian Hastings</a>, Catholic missionaries were generally unwilling to defend African rights or encourage Africans to see themselves as equals to Europeans, in contrast to Protestant missionaries, who were more willing to oppose colonial injustices.<a href="#cite_note-132">[128]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="20th_century">20th century</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_the_20th_century" title="Catholic Church in the 20th century">Catholic Church in the 20th century</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Members_of_the_Royal_22e_Regiment_in_audience_with_Pope_Pius_XII.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Members_of_the_Royal_22e_Regiment_in_audience_with_Pope_Pius_XII.jpg/220px-Members_of_the_Royal_22e_Regiment_in_audience_with_Pope_Pius_XII.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="158" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Members_of_the_Royal_22e_Regiment_in_audience_with_Pope_Pius_XII.jpg/330px-Members_of_the_Royal_22e_Regiment_in_audience_with_Pope_Pius_XII.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Members_of_the_Royal_22e_Regiment_in_audience_with_Pope_Pius_XII.jpg/440px-Members_of_the_Royal_22e_Regiment_in_audience_with_Pope_Pius_XII.jpg 2x" data-file-width="633" data-file-height="455" /></a><figcaption>Members of the Canadian Army's <a href="/wiki/Royal_22nd_Regiment" title="Royal 22nd Regiment">Royal 22nd Regiment</a> in audience with <a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_XII" title="Pope Pius XII">Pope Pius XII</a> on 4 July 1944, following the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Anzio" title="Battle of Anzio">Battle of Anzio</a>, which liberated Rome from <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Nazi German</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Italian_Social_Republic" title="Italian Social Republic">Italian fascist</a> occupation during <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Second_Vatican_Council_by_Lothar_Wolleh_003.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Second_Vatican_Council_by_Lothar_Wolleh_003.jpg/220px-Second_Vatican_Council_by_Lothar_Wolleh_003.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Second_Vatican_Council_by_Lothar_Wolleh_003.jpg/330px-Second_Vatican_Council_by_Lothar_Wolleh_003.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Second_Vatican_Council_by_Lothar_Wolleh_003.jpg/440px-Second_Vatican_Council_by_Lothar_Wolleh_003.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1328" data-file-height="1328" /></a><figcaption>Bishops listen during the <a href="/wiki/Second_Vatican_Council" title="Second Vatican Council">Second Vatican Council</a> in the early 1960s</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:President_Ronald_Reagan_and_Nancy_Reagan_meet_with_Pope_John_Paul_II_at_the_Vatican_Library.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/President_Ronald_Reagan_and_Nancy_Reagan_meet_with_Pope_John_Paul_II_at_the_Vatican_Library.jpg/220px-President_Ronald_Reagan_and_Nancy_Reagan_meet_with_Pope_John_Paul_II_at_the_Vatican_Library.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="144" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/President_Ronald_Reagan_and_Nancy_Reagan_meet_with_Pope_John_Paul_II_at_the_Vatican_Library.jpg/330px-President_Ronald_Reagan_and_Nancy_Reagan_meet_with_Pope_John_Paul_II_at_the_Vatican_Library.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/President_Ronald_Reagan_and_Nancy_Reagan_meet_with_Pope_John_Paul_II_at_the_Vatican_Library.jpg/440px-President_Ronald_Reagan_and_Nancy_Reagan_meet_with_Pope_John_Paul_II_at_the_Vatican_Library.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="2617" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Pope_John_Paul_II" title="Pope John Paul II">Pope John Paul II</a> and then U.S. president <a href="/wiki/Ronald_Reagan" title="Ronald Reagan">Ronald Reagan</a> (pictured with his wife <a href="/wiki/Nancy_Reagan" title="Nancy Reagan">Nancy</a>) meeting in June 1982; both Pope John Paul II and Reagan were credited with contributing to the <a href="/wiki/Revolutions_of_1989" title="Revolutions of 1989">Revolutions of 1989</a>, which led to the fall of communism and the end of the <a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a> two years later, in 1991.</figcaption></figure> During the 20th century, the church's global reach continued to grow, despite the rise of <a href="/wiki/Anti-Catholic" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-Catholic">anti-Catholic</a> authoritarian regimes and the collapse of European Empires, accompanied by a general decline in religious observance in the West. Under Popes <a href="/wiki/Benedict_XV" class="mw-redirect" title="Benedict XV">Benedict XV</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Pius_XII" class="mw-redirect" title="Pius XII">Pius XII</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Holy_See" title="Holy See">Holy See</a> sought to maintain public neutrality through the World Wars, acting as peace broker and delivering aid to the victims of the conflicts. In the 1960s, <a href="/wiki/Pope_John_XXIII" title="Pope John XXIII">Pope John XXIII</a> convened the <a href="/wiki/Second_Vatican_Council" title="Second Vatican Council">Second Vatican Council</a>, which ushered in radical change to church ritual and practice, and in the later 20th century, the long reign of <a href="/wiki/Pope_John_Paul_II" title="Pope John Paul II">Pope John Paul II</a> contributed to the <a href="/wiki/Fall_of_communism" class="mw-redirect" title="Fall of communism">fall of communism</a> in Europe, and a new public and international role for the papacy.<a href="#cite_note-133">[129]</a><a href="#cite_note-communist-134">[130]</a> From the late 20th century, the Catholic Church has been <a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="Criticism of the Catholic Church">criticized</a> for its doctrines on <a href="/wiki/Catholic_teachings_on_sexual_morality" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholic teachings on sexual morality">sexuality</a>, its inability to <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_doctrine_on_the_ordination_of_women" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholic Church doctrine on the ordination of women">ordain women</a>, and its handling of <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_sexual_abuse_cases" title="Catholic Church sexual abuse cases">sexual abuse cases</a>. Pope <a href="/wiki/Pius_X" class="mw-redirect" title="Pius X">Pius X</a> (1903–1914) renewed the independence of papal office by abolishing the veto of Catholic powers in papal elections, and his successors Benedict XV (1914–1922) and <a href="/wiki/Pius_XI" class="mw-redirect" title="Pius XI">Pius XI</a> (1922–1939) concluded the modern independence of the Vatican State within Italy.<a href="#cite_note-135">[131]</a> Benedict XV was elected at the outbreak of the <a href="/wiki/First_World_War" class="mw-redirect" title="First World War">First World War</a>. He attempted to mediate between the powers and established a Vatican relief office, to assist victims of the war and reunite families.<a href="#cite_note-Popes_p.240-136">[132]</a> The interwar <a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_XI" title="Pope Pius XI">Pope Pius XI</a> modernized the papacy, appointing 40 indigenous bishops and concluding fifteen concordats, including the <a href="/wiki/Lateran_Treaty" title="Lateran Treaty">Lateran Treaty</a> with Italy which founded the <a href="/wiki/Vatican_City_State" class="mw-redirect" title="Vatican City State">Vatican City State</a>.<a href="#cite_note-137">[133]</a> His successor <a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_XII" title="Pope Pius XII">Pope Pius XII</a> led the Catholic Church through the <a href="/wiki/Second_World_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Second World War">Second World War</a> and early <a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a>. Like his predecessors, Pius XII sought to publicly maintain Vatican neutrality in the War, and established aid networks to help victims, but he secretly <a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_XII_and_the_German_Resistance" class="mw-redirect" title="Pope Pius XII and the German Resistance">assisted the anti-Hitler resistance</a> and shared intelligence with the Allies.<a href="#cite_note-Popes_p.240-136">[132]</a> His first encyclical <a href="/wiki/Summi_Pontificatus" title="Summi Pontificatus">Summi Pontificatus</a> (1939) expressed dismay at the <a href="/wiki/1939_Invasion_of_Poland" class="mw-redirect" title="1939 Invasion of Poland">1939 Invasion of Poland</a> and reiterated Catholic teaching against racism.<a href="#cite_note-Cook983-138">[134]</a> He expressed concern against race killings <a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_XII%27s_1942_Christmas_address" title="Pope Pius XII's 1942 Christmas address">on Vatican Radio</a>, and intervened diplomatically to attempt to block Nazi deportations of Jews in various countries from 1942 to 1944. But the Pope's insistence on public neutrality and diplomatic language has become a source of much criticism and debate.<a href="#cite_note-139">[135]</a> Nevertheless, in every country under German occupation, priests played a major part in rescuing Jews.<a href="#cite_note-140">[136]</a> Israeli historian <a href="/wiki/Pinchas_Lapide" title="Pinchas Lapide">Pinchas Lapide</a> estimated that <a href="/wiki/Rescue_of_Jews_by_Catholics_during_the_Holocaust" title="Rescue of Jews by Catholics during the Holocaust">Catholic rescue of Jews</a> amounted to somewhere between 700,000 and 860,000 people.<a href="#cite_note-141">[137]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Nazi_persecution_of_the_Catholic_Church_in_Germany" title="Nazi persecution of the Catholic Church in Germany">Nazi persecution of the Catholic Church</a> was at its most intense <a href="/wiki/Nazi_persecution_of_the_Catholic_Church_in_Poland" title="Nazi persecution of the Catholic Church in Poland">in Poland</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Catholic_resistance_to_Nazi_Germany" title="Catholic resistance to Nazi Germany">Catholic resistance to Nazism</a> took various forms. Some 2,579 Catholic clergy were sent to the <a href="/wiki/Priest_Barracks_of_Dachau" class="mw-redirect" title="Priest Barracks of Dachau">Priest Barracks</a> of <a href="/wiki/Dachau_Concentration_Camp" class="mw-redirect" title="Dachau Concentration Camp">Dachau Concentration Camp</a>, including 400 Germans.<a href="#cite_note-142">[138]</a><a href="#cite_note-143">[139]</a> Thousands of priests, nuns and brothers were imprisoned, taken to a concentration camp, tortured and murdered, including Saints <a href="/wiki/Maximilian_Kolbe" title="Maximilian Kolbe">Maximilian Kolbe</a> and <a href="/wiki/Edith_Stein" title="Edith Stein">Edith Stein</a>.<a href="#cite_note-144">[140]</a><a href="#cite_note-145">[141]</a> Catholics fought on both sides in the conflict. Catholic clergy played a leading role in the government of the fascist <a href="/wiki/Slovak_State" class="mw-redirect" title="Slovak State">Slovak State</a>, which collaborated with the Nazis, copied their anti-Semitic policies, and helped them carry out the Holocaust in Slovakia. <a href="/wiki/Jozef_Tiso" title="Jozef Tiso">Jozef Tiso</a>, the President of the Slovak State and a Catholic priest, supported his government's deportation of Slovakian Jews to extermination camps.<a href="#cite_note-146">[142]</a> The Vatican protested against these Jewish deportations in Slovakia and in other Nazi puppet regimes including <a href="/wiki/Vichy_France" title="Vichy France">Vichy France</a>, Croatia, <a href="/wiki/Bulgaria" title="Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a>, Italy and Hungary.<a href="#cite_note-147">[143]</a><a href="#cite_note-148">[144]</a> Around 1943, <a href="/wiki/Adolf_Hitler" title="Adolf Hitler">Adolf Hitler</a> planned the kidnapping of the Pope and his internment in Germany. He gave SS General Wolff a corresponding order to prepare for the action.<a href="#cite_note-149">[145]</a><a href="#cite_note-150">[146]</a> While Pope Pius XII has been credited with helping to <a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_XII_and_the_Holocaust" title="Pope Pius XII and the Holocaust">save hundreds of thousands of Jews</a> during the <a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust" title="The Holocaust">Holocaust</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBokenkotter2004192-151">[147]</a><a href="#cite_note-Deák-152">[148]</a> the church has also been accused of having encouraged centuries of <a href="/wiki/Christianity_and_antisemitism" class="mw-redirect" title="Christianity and antisemitism">antisemitism</a> by its teachings<a href="#cite_note-153">[149]</a> and not doing enough to stop Nazi atrocities.<a href="#cite_note-154">[150]</a> Many Nazi criminals escaped overseas after the Second World War, also because they had powerful supporters from the Vatican.<a href="#cite_note-155">[151]</a><a href="#cite_note-156">[152]</a><a href="#cite_note-157">[153]</a> The judgment of Pius XII is made more difficult by the sources, because the church archives for his tenure as nuncio, cardinal secretary of state and pope are in part closed or not yet processed.<a href="#cite_note-158">[154]</a> The Second Vatican Council (1962–65) introduced the most significant changes to Catholic practices since the Council of Trent, four centuries before.<a href="#cite_note-159">[155]</a> Initiated by Pope John XXIII, this ecumenical council modernized the practices of the Catholic Church, allowing the Mass to be said in the <a href="/wiki/Vernacular" title="Vernacular">vernacular</a> (local language) and encouraging "fully conscious, and active participation in liturgical celebrations".<a href="#cite_note-160">[156]</a> It intended to engage the church more closely with the present world (<a href="/wiki/Aggiornamento" title="Aggiornamento">aggiornamento</a>), which was described by its advocates as an "opening of the windows".<a href="#cite_note-Duffy272-161">[157]</a> In addition to changes in the liturgy, it led to changes to the church's approach to <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_and_ecumenism" title="Catholic Church and ecumenism">ecumenism</a>,<a href="#cite_note-162">[158]</a> and a call to improved relations with non-Christian religions, especially Judaism, in its document <a href="/wiki/Nostra_aetate" title="Nostra aetate">Nostra aetate</a>.<a href="#cite_note-NOSTRA_AETATE-163">[159]</a> The council, however, generated significant controversy in implementing its reforms: proponents of the "<a href="/wiki/Spirit_of_Vatican_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Spirit of Vatican II">Spirit of Vatican II</a>" such as Swiss theologian <a href="/wiki/Hans_K%C3%BCng" title="Hans Küng">Hans Küng</a> said that Vatican II had "not gone far enough" to change church policies.<a href="#cite_note-164">[160]</a> <a href="/wiki/Traditionalist_Catholics" class="mw-redirect" title="Traditionalist Catholics">Traditionalist Catholics</a>, such as <a href="/wiki/Archbishop" title="Archbishop">Archbishop</a> <a href="/wiki/Marcel_Lefebvre" title="Marcel Lefebvre">Marcel Lefebvre</a>, however, strongly criticized the council, arguing that its liturgical reforms led "to the destruction of the Holy Sacrifice of the Mass and the sacraments", among other issues.<a href="#cite_note-165">[161]</a> The teaching on the morality of <a href="/wiki/Birth_control" title="Birth control">contraception</a> also came under scrutiny; after a series of disagreements, <a href="/wiki/Humanae_vitae" title="Humanae vitae">Humanae vitae</a> upheld the church's prohibition of all forms of contraception.<a href="#cite_note-166">[162]</a><a href="#cite_note-167">[163]</a><a href="#cite_note-168">[note 5]</a><a href="#cite_note-HV_then_now-169">[164]</a> In 1978, Pope <a href="/wiki/John_Paul_II" class="mw-redirect" title="John Paul II">John Paul II</a>, formerly <a href="/wiki/Archbishop_of_Krak%C3%B3w" title="Archbishop of Kraków">Archbishop of Kraków</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Polish_People%27s_Republic" title="Polish People's Republic">Polish People's Republic</a>, became the first non-Italian pope in 455 years. His 26 1/2-year <a href="/wiki/Pontificate" title="Pontificate">pontificate</a> was one of the longest in history, and was credited with hastening the fall of communism in Europe.<a href="#cite_note-170">[165]</a><a href="#cite_note-171">[166]</a> John Paul II sought to evangelize an increasingly <a href="/wiki/Secularism" title="Secularism">secular world</a>. He travelled more than any other pope, visiting 129 countries,<a href="#cite_note-172">[167]</a> and used television and radio as means of spreading the church's teachings. He also emphasized the <a href="/wiki/Dignity_of_labour" title="Dignity of labour">dignity of work</a> and natural rights of labourers to have <a href="/wiki/Living_wage" title="Living wage">fair wages</a> and safe conditions in <a href="/wiki/Laborem_exercens" title="Laborem exercens">Laborem exercens</a>.<a href="#cite_note-173">[168]</a> He emphasized several church teachings, including moral exhortations against abortion, <a href="/wiki/Euthanasia" title="Euthanasia">euthanasia</a>, and against widespread use of the death penalty, in <a href="/wiki/Evangelium_Vitae" class="mw-redirect" title="Evangelium Vitae">Evangelium Vitae</a>.<a href="#cite_note-174">[169]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="21st_century">21st century</h3></div> <a href="/wiki/Pope_Benedict_XVI" title="Pope Benedict XVI">Pope Benedict XVI</a>, elected in 2005, was known for upholding traditional <a href="/wiki/Christian_values" title="Christian values">Christian values</a> against <a href="/wiki/Secularization" title="Secularization">secularization</a>,<a href="#cite_note-175">[170]</a> and for increasing use of the <a href="/wiki/Tridentine_Mass" title="Tridentine Mass">Tridentine Mass</a> as found in the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Missal" title="Roman Missal">Roman Missal</a> of 1962, which he titled the "Extraordinary Form".<a href="#cite_note-176">[171]</a> Citing the frailties of advanced age, Benedict <a href="/wiki/Resignation_of_Pope_Benedict_XVI" title="Resignation of Pope Benedict XVI">resigned</a> in 2013, becoming the first pope to do so in nearly 600 years.<a href="#cite_note-177">[172]</a> Pope Francis, the current pope of the Catholic Church, became in 2013 the first pope from the Americas, the first from the <a href="/wiki/Southern_Hemisphere" title="Southern Hemisphere">Southern Hemisphere</a>, and the first Pope from outside Europe since the eighth-century <a href="/wiki/Pope_Gregory_III" title="Pope Gregory III">Gregory III</a>.<a href="#cite_note-178">[173]</a><a href="#cite_note-179">[174]</a> Francis has made efforts to further close Catholicism's estrangement with the Eastern churches.<a href="#cite_note-orthodox-180">[175]</a> His installation was attended by <a href="/wiki/Patriarch_Bartholomew_I_of_Constantinople" class="mw-redirect" title="Patriarch Bartholomew I of Constantinople">Patriarch Bartholomew I of Constantinople</a> of the Eastern Orthodox Church,<a href="#cite_note-patriarch-181">[176]</a> the first time since the <a href="/wiki/East%E2%80%93West_Schism" title="East–West Schism">Great Schism</a> of 1054 that the Eastern Orthodox <a href="/wiki/Ecumenical_Patriarch_of_Constantinople" title="Ecumenical Patriarch of Constantinople">Ecumenical Patriarch of Constantinople</a> has attended a papal installation,<a href="#cite_note-182">[177]</a> while he also met <a href="/wiki/Patriarch_Kirill_of_Moscow" title="Patriarch Kirill of Moscow">Patriarch Kirill of Moscow</a>, head of the largest Eastern Orthodox church, in 2016; this was reported as the first such high-level meeting between the two churches since the <a href="/wiki/East%E2%80%93West_Schism" title="East–West Schism">Great Schism</a> of 1054.<a href="#cite_note-183">[178]</a> In 2017 during a visit in <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a>, Pope Francis reestablished mutual recognition of baptism with the <a href="/wiki/Coptic_Orthodox_Church" title="Coptic Orthodox Church">Coptic Orthodox Church</a>.<a href="#cite_note-184">[179]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Organization">Organization</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Hierarchy_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="Hierarchy of the Catholic Church">Hierarchy of the Catholic Church</a> and <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_by_country" title="Catholic Church by country">Catholic Church by country</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Emblem_of_the_Papacy_SE.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Emblem_of_the_Papacy_SE.svg/220px-Emblem_of_the_Papacy_SE.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="298" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Emblem_of_the_Papacy_SE.svg/330px-Emblem_of_the_Papacy_SE.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Emblem_of_the_Papacy_SE.svg/440px-Emblem_of_the_Papacy_SE.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="815" data-file-height="1105" /></a><figcaption>The crossed keys of the Holy See symbolize those of <a href="/wiki/Simon_Peter" class="mw-redirect" title="Simon Peter">Simon Peter</a>; the triple crown <a href="/wiki/Papal_tiara" title="Papal tiara">papal tiara</a> symbolizes the triple power of the pope as "father of kings", "governor of the world" and "<a href="/wiki/Vicar_of_Christ" title="Vicar of Christ">Vicar of Christ</a>"; the gold cross symbolizes the sovereignty of Jesus.</figcaption></figure> The Catholic Church follows an <a href="/wiki/Episcopal_polity" title="Episcopal polity">episcopal polity</a>, led by bishops who have received the sacrament of <a href="#Sacraments_at_the_service_of_communion">Holy Orders</a> who are given formal <a href="/wiki/Ecclesiastical_jurisdiction" title="Ecclesiastical jurisdiction">jurisdictions</a> of governance within the church.<a href="#cite_note-CCC880-185">[180]</a><a href="#cite_note-CEHierarchy-186">[181]</a> There are three levels of clergy: the episcopate, composed of bishops who hold jurisdiction over a geographic area called a <a href="/wiki/Diocese" title="Diocese">diocese</a> or <a href="/wiki/Eparchy" title="Eparchy">eparchy</a>; the presbyterate, composed of priests ordained by bishops and who work in local dioceses or religious orders; and the diaconate, composed of deacons who assist bishops and priests in a variety of ministerial roles. Ultimately leading the entire Catholic Church is the <a href="/wiki/Bishop_of_Rome" class="mw-redirect" title="Bishop of Rome">bishop of Rome</a>, known as the pope (<a href="/wiki/Latin_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin language">Latin</a>: papa, <a href="/wiki/Literal_translation" title="Literal translation">lit.</a> 'father'), whose jurisdiction is called the <a href="/wiki/Holy_See" title="Holy See">Holy See</a> (Sancta Sedes in Latin).<a href="#cite_note-section880-187">[182]</a> In parallel to the diocesan structure are a variety of <a href="/wiki/Religious_institute" title="Religious institute">religious institutes</a> that function autonomously, often subject only to the authority of the pope, though sometimes subject to the local bishop. Most religious institutes only have male or female members but some have both. Additionally, <a href="/wiki/Catholic_laity" title="Catholic laity">lay members</a> aid many liturgical functions during worship services. The Catholic Church has been described as the oldest <a href="/wiki/Multinational_organization" class="mw-redirect" title="Multinational organization">multinational organization</a> in the world.<a href="#cite_note-188">[183]</a><a href="#cite_note-189">[184]</a><a href="#cite_note-190">[185]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Holy_See,_papacy,_Roman_Curia,_and_College_of_Cardinals">Holy See, papacy, Roman Curia, and College of Cardinals</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Holy_See" title="Holy See">Holy See</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pope" title="Pope">Pope</a>, <a href="/wiki/Roman_Curia" title="Roman Curia">Roman Curia</a>, and <a href="/wiki/College_of_Cardinals" title="College of Cardinals">College of Cardinals</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/List_of_popes" title="List of popes">List of popes</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Canonization_2014-The_Canonization_of_Saint_John_XXIII_and_Saint_John_Paul_II_(14036966125).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Canonization_2014-The_Canonization_of_Saint_John_XXIII_and_Saint_John_Paul_II_%2814036966125%29.jpg/220px-Canonization_2014-The_Canonization_of_Saint_John_XXIII_and_Saint_John_Paul_II_%2814036966125%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="207" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Canonization_2014-The_Canonization_of_Saint_John_XXIII_and_Saint_John_Paul_II_%2814036966125%29.jpg/330px-Canonization_2014-The_Canonization_of_Saint_John_XXIII_and_Saint_John_Paul_II_%2814036966125%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Canonization_2014-The_Canonization_of_Saint_John_XXIII_and_Saint_John_Paul_II_%2814036966125%29.jpg/440px-Canonization_2014-The_Canonization_of_Saint_John_XXIII_and_Saint_John_Paul_II_%2814036966125%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2913" data-file-height="2746" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Pope_Francis" title="Pope Francis">Pope Francis</a>, the <a href="/wiki/List_of_popes" title="List of popes">266th</a> and current pope of the Catholic Church, a <a href="/wiki/Courtesy_title" title="Courtesy title">title</a> he holds <a href="/wiki/Ex_officio" class="mw-redirect" title="Ex officio">ex officio</a> as bishop of Rome and sovereign of Vatican City, was elected in the <a href="/wiki/2013_papal_conclave" title="2013 papal conclave">2013 papal conclave</a>.</figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/Hierarchy_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="Hierarchy of the Catholic Church">hierarchy of the Catholic Church</a> is headed<a href="#cite_note-196">[note 6]</a> by the pope, currently <a href="/wiki/Pope_Francis" title="Pope Francis">Pope Francis</a>, who was elected on 13 March 2013 by <a href="/wiki/2013_papal_conclave" title="2013 papal conclave">a papal conclave</a>.<a href="#cite_note-habemus_papem_2013-197">[191]</a> The office of the pope is known as the papacy. The Catholic Church holds that Christ instituted the papacy upon giving the <a href="/wiki/Keys_of_Heaven" title="Keys of Heaven">keys of Heaven</a> to <a href="/wiki/Saint_Peter" title="Saint Peter">Saint Peter</a>. His ecclesiastical jurisdiction is called the Holy See, or the <a href="/wiki/Apostolic_See" class="mw-redirect" title="Apostolic See">Apostolic See</a> (meaning the see of the apostle Peter).<a href="#cite_note-198">[192]</a><a href="#cite_note-199">[193]</a> Directly serving the pope is the Roman Curia, the central governing body that administers the day-to-day business of the Catholic Church. The pope is also <a href="/wiki/Sovereign" title="Sovereign">sovereign</a> of Vatican City,<a href="#cite_note-200">[194]</a> a small <a href="/wiki/City-state" title="City-state">city-state</a> entirely enclaved within the city of Rome, which is an entity distinct from the Holy See. It is as head of the Holy See, not as head of Vatican City State, that the pope receives ambassadors of states and sends them his own diplomatic representatives.<a href="#cite_note-201">[195]</a> The Holy See also confers <a href="/wiki/Orders,_decorations,_and_medals_of_the_Holy_See" title="Orders, decorations, and medals of the Holy See">orders, decorations and medals</a>, such as the <a href="/wiki/Orders_of_chivalry" class="mw-redirect" title="Orders of chivalry">orders of chivalry</a> originating from the <a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a>. While the famous <a href="/wiki/Saint_Peter%27s_Basilica" class="mw-redirect" title="Saint Peter's Basilica">Saint Peter's Basilica</a> is located in Vatican City, above the traditional site of <a href="/wiki/Saint_Peter%27s_tomb" title="Saint Peter's tomb">Saint Peter's tomb</a>, the papal cathedral for the Diocese of Rome is the <a href="/wiki/Archbasilica_of_Saint_John_Lateran" title="Archbasilica of Saint John Lateran">Archbasilica of Saint John Lateran</a>, located within the city of Rome, though enjoying <a href="/wiki/Extraterritorial" class="mw-redirect" title="Extraterritorial">extraterritorial</a> privileges accredited to the Holy See. The position of <a href="/wiki/Cardinal_(Catholicism)" class="mw-redirect" title="Cardinal (Catholicism)">cardinal</a> is a rank of honour bestowed by popes on certain clerics, such as leaders within the Roman Curia, bishops serving in major cities and distinguished theologians. For advice and assistance in governing, the pope may turn to the <a href="/wiki/College_of_Cardinals" title="College of Cardinals">College of Cardinals</a>.<a href="#cite_note-McDonough227-202">[196]</a> Following the death or resignation of a pope,<a href="#cite_note-204">[note 7]</a> members of the College of Cardinals who are under age 80 act as an <a href="/wiki/Electoral_college" title="Electoral college">electoral college</a>, meeting in a <a href="/wiki/Papal_conclave" title="Papal conclave">papal conclave</a> to elect a successor.<a href="#cite_note-duffy416-205">[198]</a> Although the conclave may elect any male Catholic as pope, since 1389 only cardinals have been elected.<a href="#cite_note-duffy417and18-206">[199]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Canon_law">Canon law</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Canon_law_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="Canon law of the Catholic Church">Canon law of the Catholic Church</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Liturgy">Catholic Church § Liturgy</a></div> Catholic canon law (<a href="/wiki/Latin_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin language">Latin</a>: jus canonicum)<a href="#cite_note-207">[200]</a> is the <a href="/wiki/Legal_system" title="Legal system">system</a> of laws and <a href="/wiki/Canon_law" title="Canon law">legal principles</a> made and enforced by the <a href="/wiki/Hierarchy_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="Hierarchy of the Catholic Church">hierarchical authorities</a> of the Catholic Church to regulate its external organization and government and to order and direct the activities of Catholics toward the mission of the church.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDella_Rocca19593-208">[201]</a> The canon law of the Latin Church was the first modern Western <a href="/wiki/Legal_system" title="Legal system">legal system</a>,<a href="#cite_note-209">[202]</a> and is the oldest continuously functioning legal system in the West,<a href="#cite_note-210">[203]</a><a href="#cite_note-211">[204]</a> while the distinctive traditions of <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Catholic_canon_law" title="Eastern Catholic canon law">Eastern Catholic canon law</a> govern the 23 Eastern Catholic <a href="/wiki/Particular_church" class="mw-redirect" title="Particular church">particular churches</a> <a href="/wiki/Sui_iuris" title="Sui iuris">sui iuris</a>. Positive ecclesiastical laws, based directly or indirectly upon immutable divine law or <a href="/wiki/Natural_law" title="Natural law">natural law</a>, derive formal authority in the case of universal laws from <a href="/wiki/Promulgation_(Catholic_canon_law)" title="Promulgation (Catholic canon law)">promulgation</a> by the supreme legislator—the <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Pontiff" class="mw-redirect" title="Supreme Pontiff">Supreme Pontiff</a>—who possesses the totality of legislative, executive and judicial power in his person,<a href="#cite_note-212">[205]</a> while particular laws derive formal authority from promulgation by a legislator inferior to the supreme legislator, whether an ordinary or a delegated legislator. The actual subject material of the canons is not just doctrinal or moral in nature, but all-encompassing of the human condition. It has all the ordinary elements of a mature legal system:<a href="#cite_note-clinfocat-213">[206]</a> laws, <a href="/wiki/Ecclesiastical_court" title="Ecclesiastical court">courts</a>, lawyers, judges,<a href="#cite_note-clinfocat-213">[206]</a> a fully articulated <a href="/wiki/1983_Code_of_Canon_Law" title="1983 Code of Canon Law">legal code</a> for the Latin Church<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDella_Rocca195949-214">[207]</a> as well as a <a href="/wiki/Code_of_Canons_of_the_Eastern_Churches" title="Code of Canons of the Eastern Churches">code</a> for the Eastern Catholic Churches,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDella_Rocca195949-214">[207]</a> principles of <a href="/wiki/Interpretation_(Catholic_canon_law)" title="Interpretation (Catholic canon law)">legal interpretation</a>,<a href="#cite_note-215">[208]</a> and coercive penalties.<a href="#cite_note-216">[209]</a><a href="#cite_note-217">[210]</a> <a href="/wiki/Canon_law_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="Canon law of the Catholic Church">Canon law</a> concerns the Catholic Church's life and organization and is distinct from civil law. In its own field it gives force to civil law only by specific enactment in matters such as the guardianship of minors.<a href="#cite_note-218">[211]</a> Similarly, civil law may give force in its field to canon law, but only by specific enactment, as with regard to canonical marriages.<a href="#cite_note-Malta-219">[212]</a> Currently, the <a href="/wiki/1983_Code_of_Canon_Law" title="1983 Code of Canon Law">1983 Code of Canon Law</a> is in effect for the Latin Church.<a href="#cite_note-220">[213]</a> The distinct 1990 <a href="/wiki/Code_of_Canons_of_the_Eastern_Churches" title="Code of Canons of the Eastern Churches">Code of Canons of the Eastern Churches</a> (CCEO, after the Latin initials) applies to the autonomous Eastern Catholic Churches.<a href="#cite_note-221">[214]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Latin_and_Eastern_churches">Latin and Eastern churches</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Catholic_particular_churches_and_liturgical_rites" title="Catholic particular churches and liturgical rites">Catholic particular churches and liturgical rites</a>, <a href="/wiki/Latin_Church" title="Latin Church">Latin Church</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Catholic_Churches" title="Eastern Catholic Churches">Eastern Catholic Churches</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-top-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Emblem_of_the_Papacy_SE.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Emblem_of_the_Papacy_SE.svg/25px-Emblem_of_the_Papacy_SE.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="34" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Emblem_of_the_Papacy_SE.svg/38px-Emblem_of_the_Papacy_SE.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Emblem_of_the_Papacy_SE.svg/50px-Emblem_of_the_Papacy_SE.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="815" data-file-height="1105" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle-with-top-image">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Catholic_particular_churches_sui_iuris" title="Category:Catholic particular churches sui iuris">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle"><a href="/wiki/Catholic_particular_churches_and_liturgical_rites" title="Catholic particular churches and liturgical rites">Particular churches</a> <a href="/wiki/Sui_iuris" title="Sui iuris">sui iuris</a> of the <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Catholic Church</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image skin-invert-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Christian_cross.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Latin cross used in the Latin Church"><img alt="Latin cross used in the Latin Church" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Christian_cross.svg/25px-Christian_cross.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="35" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Christian_cross.svg/38px-Christian_cross.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Christian_cross.svg/50px-Christian_cross.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="404" data-file-height="564" /></a> <a href="/wiki/File:Patriarchal_or_Archbishop_Cross.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Patriarchal cross used in the Eastern traditions"><img alt="Patriarchal cross used in the Eastern traditions" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Patriarchal_or_Archbishop_Cross.svg/22px-Patriarchal_or_Archbishop_Cross.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="38" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Patriarchal_or_Archbishop_Cross.svg/33px-Patriarchal_or_Archbishop_Cross.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Patriarchal_or_Archbishop_Cross.svg/44px-Patriarchal_or_Archbishop_Cross.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="169" data-file-height="289" /></a><div class="sidebar-caption"><a href="/wiki/Latin_cross" title="Latin cross">Latin cross</a> and Byzantine <a href="/wiki/Patriarchal_cross" title="Patriarchal cross">Patriarchal cross</a></div></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-above"> Particular churches are grouped by <a href="/wiki/Liturgical_rite" class="mw-redirect" title="Liturgical rite">liturgical rite</a></td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background-color:gold"> <a href="/wiki/Alexandrian_Rite" class="mw-redirect" title="Alexandrian Rite">Alexandrian Rite</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coptic_Catholic_Church" title="Coptic Catholic Church">Coptic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_Catholic_Church" title="Ethiopian Catholic Church">Ethiopian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eritrean_Catholic_Church" title="Eritrean Catholic Church">Eritrean</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background-color:gold"> <a href="/wiki/Armenian_Rite" title="Armenian Rite">Armenian Rite</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_Catholic_Church" title="Armenian Catholic Church">Armenian</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background-color:gold"> <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Rite" title="Byzantine Rite">Byzantine Rite</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_Greek_Catholic_Church" title="Albanian Greek Catholic Church">Albanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belarusian_Greek_Catholic_Church" title="Belarusian Greek Catholic Church">Belarusian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_Greek_Catholic_Church" title="Bulgarian Greek Catholic Church">Bulgarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_Catholic_Church_of_Croatia_and_Serbia" title="Greek Catholic Church of Croatia and Serbia">Croatian and Serbian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_Byzantine_Catholic_Church" title="Greek Byzantine Catholic Church">Greek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_Greek_Catholic_Church" title="Hungarian Greek Catholic Church">Hungarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italo-Albanian_Catholic_Church" title="Italo-Albanian Catholic Church">Italo-Albanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macedonian_Greek_Catholic_Church" title="Macedonian Greek Catholic Church">Macedonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melkite_Greek_Catholic_Church" title="Melkite Greek Catholic Church">Melkite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanian_Greek_Catholic_Church" title="Romanian Greek Catholic Church">Romanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Greek_Catholic_Church" title="Russian Greek Catholic Church">Russian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruthenian_Greek_Catholic_Church" title="Ruthenian Greek Catholic Church">Ruthenian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovak_Greek_Catholic_Church" title="Slovak Greek Catholic Church">Slovak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_Greek_Catholic_Church" title="Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church">Ukrainian</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background-color:gold"> <a href="/wiki/East_Syriac_Rite" title="East Syriac Rite">East Syriac Rite</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chaldean_Catholic_Church" title="Chaldean Catholic Church">Chaldean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syro-Malabar_Church" title="Syro-Malabar Church">Syro-Malabar</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background-color:gold"> <a href="/wiki/Latin_liturgical_rites" title="Latin liturgical rites">Latin liturgical rites</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Latin_Church" title="Latin Church">Latin</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background-color:gold"> <a href="/wiki/West_Syriac_Rite" title="West Syriac Rite">West Syriac Rite</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maronite_Church" title="Maronite Church">Maronite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syriac_Catholic_Church" title="Syriac Catholic Church">Syriac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syro-Malankara_Catholic_Church" title="Syro-Malankara Catholic Church">Syro-Malankara</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below"> <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Catholic_Churches" title="Eastern Catholic Churches">Eastern Catholic Churches</a> <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Catholic_liturgy" title="Eastern Catholic liturgy">Eastern Catholic liturgy</a> <a href="/wiki/File:046CupolaSPietro.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/046CupolaSPietro.jpg/16px-046CupolaSPietro.jpg" decoding="async" width="16" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/046CupolaSPietro.jpg/24px-046CupolaSPietro.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/046CupolaSPietro.jpg/32px-046CupolaSPietro.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Catholicism" class="mw-redirect" title="Portal:Catholicism">Catholicism portal</a> <a href="/wiki/File:P_christianity.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/P_christianity.svg/16px-P_christianity.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/P_christianity.svg/24px-P_christianity.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/P_christianity.svg/32px-P_christianity.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="360" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Christianity" title="Portal:Christianity">Christianity portal</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Particular_churches_sui_iuris_sidebar" title="Template:Particular churches sui iuris sidebar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Particular_churches_sui_iuris_sidebar" title="Template talk:Particular churches sui iuris sidebar"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Particular_churches_sui_iuris_sidebar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Particular churches sui iuris sidebar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> In the first thousand years of Catholic history, different varieties of Christianity developed in the Western and <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Christian" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Christian">Eastern Christian</a> areas of Europe, Asia and Africa. Though most Eastern-tradition churches are no longer in communion with the Catholic Church after the <a href="/wiki/East%E2%80%93West_Schism" title="East–West Schism">Great Schism</a> of 1054 (as well as the earlier <a href="/wiki/Nestorian_Schism" class="mw-redirect" title="Nestorian Schism">Nestorian Schism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Council_of_Chalcedon#Consequences:_Chalcedonian_Schism" title="Council of Chalcedon">Chalcedonian Schism</a>), 23 autonomous <a href="/wiki/Particular_churches" class="mw-redirect" title="Particular churches">particular churches</a> of eastern traditions participate in the Catholic communion, also known as "churches <a href="/wiki/Sui_iuris" title="Sui iuris">sui iuris</a>" (<a href="/wiki/Latin_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin language">Latin</a>: "of one's own right"). The largest and most well known is the Latin Church, the only Western-tradition church, with more than 1 billion members worldwide. Relatively small in terms of adherents compared to the Latin Church, are the 23 self-governing Eastern Catholic Churches with a combined membership of 17.3 million as of 2010<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Catholic_Church&action=edit">[update]</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Roberson-222">[215]</a><a href="#cite_note-Gunton-223">[216]</a><a href="#cite_note-224">[217]</a><a href="#cite_note-225">[218]</a> The Latin Church is governed by the pope and diocesan bishops directly appointed by him. The pope exercises a direct <a href="/wiki/Patriarch" title="Patriarch">patriarchal</a> role over the Latin Church, which is considered to form the original and still major part of <a href="/wiki/Western_Christianity" title="Western Christianity">Western Christianity</a>, a heritage of certain beliefs and customs originating in Europe and northwestern Africa, some of which are inherited by many <a href="/wiki/Christian_denominations" class="mw-redirect" title="Christian denominations">Christian denominations</a> that trace their origins to the Protestant Reformation.<a href="#cite_note-west_christ-226">[219]</a> The Eastern Catholic Churches follow the traditions and spirituality of <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Christianity" title="Eastern Christianity">Eastern Christianity</a> and are churches that have always remained in full communion with the Catholic Church or who have chosen to re-enter full communion in the centuries following the <a href="/wiki/East%E2%80%93West_Schism" title="East–West Schism">East–West Schism</a> or earlier divisions. These churches are communities of Catholic Christians whose forms of worship reflect distinct historical and cultural influences rather than differences in doctrine. The pope's recognition of Eastern Catholic Churches, though, has caused controversy in <a href="/wiki/Catholic%E2%80%93Eastern_Orthodox_relations" title="Catholic–Eastern Orthodox relations">ecumenical relations with the Eastern Orthodox</a> and other eastern churches. Historically, pressure to conform to the norms of the Western Christianity practised by the majority Latin Church led to a degree of encroachment (<a href="/wiki/Liturgical_Latinisation" title="Liturgical Latinisation">Liturgical Latinisation</a>) on some of the Eastern Catholic traditions. The <a href="/wiki/Second_Vatican_Council" title="Second Vatican Council">Second Vatican Council</a> document, <a href="/wiki/Orientalium_Ecclesiarum" title="Orientalium Ecclesiarum">Orientalium Ecclesiarum</a>, built on previous reforms to reaffirm the right of Eastern Catholics to maintain their distinct liturgical practices.<a href="#cite_note-227">[220]</a> A church sui iuris is defined in the <a href="/wiki/Code_of_Canons_of_the_Eastern_Churches" title="Code of Canons of the Eastern Churches">Code of Canons for the Eastern Churches</a> as a "group of Christian faithful united by a hierarchy" that is recognized by the pope in his capacity as the <a href="/wiki/Papal_supremacy" title="Papal supremacy">supreme authority</a> on matters of doctrine within the church.<a href="#cite_note-228">[221]</a> The Eastern Catholic Churches are in <a href="/wiki/Full_communion" title="Full communion">full communion</a> with the pope, but have governance structures and liturgical traditions separate from that of the Latin Church.<a href="#cite_note-Gunton-223">[216]</a> While the Latin Church's canons do not explicitly use the term, it is tacitly recognized as equivalent. Some Eastern Catholic churches are governed by a patriarch who is elected by the <a href="/wiki/Synod" title="Synod">synod</a> of the bishops of that church,<a href="#cite_note-CCEO55_150-229">[222]</a> others are headed by a <a href="/wiki/Major_archbishop" title="Major archbishop">major archbishop</a>,<a href="#cite_note-CCEO151_154-230">[223]</a> others are under a <a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_bishop" title="Metropolitan bishop">metropolitan</a>,<a href="#cite_note-CCEO155_173-231">[224]</a> and others are organized as individual <a href="/wiki/Eparchy" title="Eparchy">eparchies</a>.<a href="#cite_note-CCEO-232">[225]</a> Each church has authority over the particulars of its internal organization, <a href="/wiki/Catholic_liturgical_rites" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholic liturgical rites">liturgical rites</a>, <a href="/wiki/General_Roman_Calendar" title="General Roman Calendar">liturgical calendar</a> and other aspects of its spirituality, subject only to the authority of the pope.<a href="#cite_note-CCEO27_7-233">[226]</a> The Roman Curia has a specific department, the <a href="/wiki/Congregation_for_the_Oriental_Churches" class="mw-redirect" title="Congregation for the Oriental Churches">Congregation for the Oriental Churches</a>, to maintain relations with them.<a href="#cite_note-234">[227]</a> The pope does not generally appoint bishops or clergy in the Eastern Catholic Churches, deferring to their internal governance structures, but may intervene if he feels it necessary. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Dioceses,_parishes,_organizations,_and_institutes">Dioceses, parishes, organizations, and institutes</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/List_of_Catholic_dioceses_(structured_view)" title="List of Catholic dioceses (structured view)">List of Catholic dioceses (structured view)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Parish_in_the_Catholic_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Parish in the Catholic Church">Parish in the Catholic Church</a>, <a href="/wiki/Religious_institute" title="Religious institute">Religious institute</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Catholic_charities" title="Catholic charities">Catholic charities</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:404px;max-width:404px"><div class="trow"><div class="theader">Distribution of Catholics<a href="#cite_note-235">[228]</a></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:402px;max-width:402px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Percent_of_Catholics_by_Country%E2%80%93Pew_Research_2011.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Percent_of_Catholics_by_Country%E2%80%93Pew_Research_2011.svg/400px-Percent_of_Catholics_by_Country%E2%80%93Pew_Research_2011.svg.png" decoding="async" width="400" height="205" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Percent_of_Catholics_by_Country%E2%80%93Pew_Research_2011.svg/600px-Percent_of_Catholics_by_Country%E2%80%93Pew_Research_2011.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Percent_of_Catholics_by_Country%E2%80%93Pew_Research_2011.svg/800px-Percent_of_Catholics_by_Country%E2%80%93Pew_Research_2011.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="263" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">Percentage of Catholics by country (2010)</div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:402px;max-width:402px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Number_of_Catholics_by_Country%E2%80%93Pew_Research_2011.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Number_of_Catholics_by_Country%E2%80%93Pew_Research_2011.svg/400px-Number_of_Catholics_by_Country%E2%80%93Pew_Research_2011.svg.png" decoding="async" width="400" height="203" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Number_of_Catholics_by_Country%E2%80%93Pew_Research_2011.svg/600px-Number_of_Catholics_by_Country%E2%80%93Pew_Research_2011.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Number_of_Catholics_by_Country%E2%80%93Pew_Research_2011.svg/800px-Number_of_Catholics_by_Country%E2%80%93Pew_Research_2011.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="260" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">Number of Catholics by country (2010) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini" style="float:right;font-size:105%;"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Catholicism_maps" title="Template:Catholicism maps"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Template_talk:Catholicism_maps&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Template talk:Catholicism maps (page does not exist)"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Catholicism_maps" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Catholicism maps"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></div></div></div></div></div> Individual countries, regions, and major cities are served by <a href="/wiki/Particular_church" class="mw-redirect" title="Particular church">particular churches</a> known as <a href="/wiki/Diocese" title="Diocese">dioceses</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Latin_Church" title="Latin Church">Latin Church</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Eparchies" class="mw-redirect" title="Eparchies">eparchies</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Catholic_Churches" title="Eastern Catholic Churches">Eastern Catholic Churches</a>, each of which are overseen by a bishop. As of 2021<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Catholic_Church&action=edit">[update]</a>, the Catholic Church <a href="/wiki/List_of_Catholic_dioceses_(structured_view)" title="List of Catholic dioceses (structured view)">has 3,171 dioceses</a> globally.<a href="#cite_note-sees-236">[229]</a> The bishops in a particular country are members of a national or regional episcopal conference.<a href="#cite_note-237">[230]</a> Dioceses are divided into parishes, each with one or more <a href="/wiki/Priesthood_(Catholic_Church)" class="mw-redirect" title="Priesthood (Catholic Church)">priests</a>, <a href="/wiki/Deacon" title="Deacon">deacons</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Lay_ecclesial_ministry" title="Lay ecclesial ministry">lay ecclesial ministers</a>.<a href="#cite_note-OneFaith52-238">[231]</a> Parishes are responsible for the day to day celebration of the sacraments and pastoral care of the laity.<a href="#cite_note-239">[232]</a> As of 2016<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Catholic_Church&action=edit">[update]</a>, there are 221,700 parishes worldwide.<a href="#cite_note-Vermont_winter-8">[8]</a> In the Latin Church, Catholic men may serve as deacons or priests by receiving sacramental <a href="/wiki/Holy_Orders" class="mw-redirect" title="Holy Orders">ordination</a>. Men and women may serve as <a href="/wiki/Extraordinary_minister_of_Holy_Communion" title="Extraordinary minister of Holy Communion">extraordinary ministers of Holy Communion</a>, as readers (<a href="/wiki/Reader_(liturgy)" title="Reader (liturgy)">lectors</a>), or as <a href="/wiki/Altar_servers" class="mw-redirect" title="Altar servers">altar servers</a>. Historically, boys and men have only been permitted to serve as altar servers; however, since the 1990s, girls and women have also been permitted.<a href="#cite_note-Apostalicae86-240">[233]</a><a href="#cite_note-241">[note 8]</a> Ordained Catholics, as well as members of the <a href="/wiki/Catholic_laity" title="Catholic laity">laity</a>, may enter into <a href="/wiki/Consecrated_life" title="Consecrated life">consecrated life</a> either on an individual basis, as a <a href="/wiki/Hermit" title="Hermit">hermit</a> or <a href="/wiki/Consecrated_virgin" title="Consecrated virgin">consecrated virgin</a>, or by joining an <a href="/wiki/Institute_of_consecrated_life" title="Institute of consecrated life">institute of consecrated life</a> (a religious institute or a <a href="/wiki/Secular_institute" title="Secular institute">secular institute</a>) in which to take <a href="/wiki/Religious_vows" title="Religious vows">vows</a> confirming their desire to follow the three <a href="/wiki/Evangelical_counsels" title="Evangelical counsels">evangelical counsels</a> of <a href="/wiki/Chastity" title="Chastity">chastity</a>, poverty and obedience.<a href="#cite_note-Canons573-746-242">[234]</a> Examples of institutes of consecrated life are the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_Saint_Benedict" class="mw-redirect" title="Order of Saint Benedict">Benedictines</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Carmelites" title="Carmelites">Carmelites</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Dominican_Order" title="Dominican Order">Dominicans</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Franciscan" class="mw-redirect" title="Franciscan">Franciscans</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Missionaries_of_Charity" title="Missionaries of Charity">Missionaries of Charity</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Legionaries_of_Christ" title="Legionaries of Christ">Legionaries of Christ</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Sisters_of_Mercy" title="Sisters of Mercy">Sisters of Mercy</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Canons573-746-242">[234]</a> "Religious institutes" is a modern term encompassing both "<a href="/wiki/Religious_order_(Catholic)" title="Religious order (Catholic)">religious orders</a>" and "<a href="/wiki/Religious_congregations" class="mw-redirect" title="Religious congregations">religious congregations</a>", which were once distinguished in <a href="/wiki/Canon_law" title="Canon law">canon law</a>.<a href="#cite_note-243">[235]</a> The terms "religious order" and "religious institute" tend to be used as synonyms colloquially.<a href="#cite_note-244">[236]</a> By means of <a href="/wiki/Catholic_charities" title="Catholic charities">Catholic charities</a> and beyond, the Catholic Church is the largest non-government provider of <a href="/wiki/Catholic_school" title="Catholic school">education</a> and <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_and_health_care" title="Catholic Church and health care">health care</a> in the world.<a href="#cite_note-Geopolitics-27">[26]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Membership">Membership</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_by_country" title="Catholic Church by country">Catholic Church by country</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/List_of_Christian_denominations_by_number_of_members" title="List of Christian denominations by number of members">List of Christian denominations by number of members</a></div> <div class="notheme barbox tleft" style="overflow-x: auto;"> <div style="border:1px solid silver; font-size:88%; padding:0.4em; width:250px; background: white; color: black;"> <table style="text-align:left; border-collapse:collapse; width:100%;"> <tbody><tr style="background:none"><th style="text-align:center;" colspan="5">Geographic distribution of Catholics in 2021<a href="#cite_note-Yearbook_4/4/2024-5">[5]</a> </th></tr><tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; min-width: 8em;"><a href="/wiki/Americas" title="Americas">Americas</a></td> <td style="width: 100px; border-left: solid 1px silver; border-right: solid 1px silver;"><div style="background:Blue; width:48.0%; overflow: hidden;"> </div></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 1.2em; padding-right: 0.4em; text-align: right;">48.0%</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; min-width: 8em;"><a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">Europe</a></td> <td style="width: 100px; border-left: solid 1px silver; border-right: solid 1px silver;"><div style="background:Gold; width:20.9%; overflow: hidden;"> </div></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 1.2em; padding-right: 0.4em; text-align: right;">20.9%</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; min-width: 8em;"><a href="/wiki/Africa" title="Africa">Africa</a></td> <td style="width: 100px; border-left: solid 1px silver; border-right: solid 1px silver;"><div style="background:Brown; width:19.3%; overflow: hidden;"> </div></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 1.2em; padding-right: 0.4em; text-align: right;">19.3%</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; min-width: 8em;"><a href="/wiki/Asia" title="Asia">Asia</a></td> <td style="width: 100px; border-left: solid 1px silver; border-right: solid 1px silver;"><div style="background:#d4213d; width:11.0%; overflow: hidden;"> </div></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 1.2em; padding-right: 0.4em; text-align: right;">11.0%</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; min-width: 8em;"><a href="/wiki/Oceania" title="Oceania">Oceania</a></td> <td style="width: 100px; border-left: solid 1px silver; border-right: solid 1px silver;"><div style="background:Purple; width:0.8%; overflow: hidden;"> </div></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 1.2em; padding-right: 0.4em; text-align: right;">0.8%</td> </tr> <tr style="font-size:88%; height:4px;"> <td colspan="2" style="padding:0 4px; text-align:left;"></td> <td style="width:100px; text-align:left;"></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding:0 4px; width:1em; text-align:right;"></td> </tr> </tbody></table> </div> </div>As of 2020, Catholicism is the second-largest <a href="/wiki/Religious_denomination" title="Religious denomination">religious body</a> in the world after <a href="/wiki/Sunni_Islam" title="Sunni Islam">Sunni Islam</a>.<a href="#cite_note-245">[237]</a> Catholics represent about half of all Christians.<a href="#cite_note-246">[238]</a> According to World Christian Database, there are 1.278 billion Catholics globally, as of 2024.<a href="#cite_note-WorldChristianDatabase-4">[4]</a> According to <a href="/wiki/Annuario_Pontificio" title="Annuario Pontificio">Annuario Pontificio</a>, church membership, defined as baptized Catholics, was 1.378 billion at the end of 2021, which was 17.7% of the world population:<a href="#cite_note-Yearbook_4/4/2024-5">[5]</a> Brazil has the largest Catholic population in the world, followed by Mexico, the <a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippines</a>, and the United States.<a href="#cite_note-247">[239]</a> Geographic distribution of Catholics worldwide continues to shift, with 19.3% in <a href="/wiki/Africa" title="Africa">Africa</a>, 48.0% in the <a href="/wiki/Americas" title="Americas">Americas</a>, 11.0% in <a href="/wiki/Asia" title="Asia">Asia</a>, 20.9% in <a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">Europe</a>, and 0.8% in <a href="/wiki/Oceania" title="Oceania">Oceania</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Yearbook_4/4/2024-5">[5]</a> Catholic ministers include ordained clergy, <a href="/wiki/Lay_ecclesial_ministers" class="mw-redirect" title="Lay ecclesial ministers">lay ecclesial ministers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Missionary" title="Missionary">missionaries</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Catechesis" title="Catechesis">catechists</a>. Also as of the end of 2021, there were 462,388 ordained clergy, including 5,353 bishops, 407,730 priests (diocesan and religious), and 50,150 deacons (permanent).<a href="#cite_note-Yearbook_4/4/2024-5">[5]</a> Non-ordained ministers included 3,157,568 catechists, 367,679 lay missionaries, and 39,951 <a href="/wiki/Lay_ecclesial_ministers" class="mw-redirect" title="Lay ecclesial ministers">lay ecclesial ministers</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Catholic_Church_Statistics_2015-248">[240]</a> Catholics who have committed to religious or consecrated life instead of marriage or single celibacy, as a state of life or relational vocation, include 49,414 male religious and 599,228 women religious. These are not ordained, nor generally considered ministers unless also engaged in one of the lay minister categories above.<a href="#cite_note-Yearbook_4/4/2024-5">[5]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Doctrine">Doctrine</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Catholic_theology" title="Catholic theology">Catholic theology</a></div> Catholic doctrine has developed over the centuries, reflecting direct teachings of early Christians, formal definitions of <a href="/wiki/Heresy_in_Christianity" title="Heresy in Christianity">heretical</a> and <a href="/wiki/Orthodoxy" title="Orthodoxy">orthodox</a> beliefs by <a href="/wiki/Ecumenical_councils" class="mw-redirect" title="Ecumenical councils">ecumenical councils</a> and in <a href="/wiki/Papal_bull" title="Papal bull">papal bulls</a>, and theological debate by scholars. The church believes that it is continually guided by the Holy Spirit as it discerns new theological issues and is protected <a href="/wiki/Infallibility_of_the_Church" title="Infallibility of the Church">infallibly</a> from falling into doctrinal error when a firm decision on an issue is reached.<a href="#cite_note-249">[241]</a><a href="#cite_note-250">[242]</a> It teaches that revelation has one common source, <a href="/wiki/God_in_Christianity" title="God in Christianity">God</a>, and two distinct modes of transmission: Sacred Scripture and <a href="/wiki/Sacred_tradition" title="Sacred tradition">Sacred Tradition</a>,<a href="#cite_note-251">[243]</a><a href="#cite_note-LumenG3-252">[244]</a> and that these are authentically interpreted by the <a href="/wiki/Magisterium" title="Magisterium">Magisterium</a>.<a href="#cite_note-253">[245]</a><a href="#cite_note-254">[246]</a> Sacred Scripture consists of the 73 books of the <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Bible" title="Catholic Bible">Catholic Bible</a>, consisting of 46 <a href="/wiki/Old_Testament" title="Old Testament">Old Testament</a> and 27 <a href="/wiki/New_Testament" title="New Testament">New Testament</a> writings. Sacred Tradition consists of those teachings believed by the church to have been handed down since the time of the Apostles.<a href="#cite_note-Schreck16-255">[247]</a> Sacred Scripture and Sacred Tradition are collectively known as the "deposit of faith" (depositum fidei in Latin). These are in turn interpreted by the Magisterium (from magister, Latin for "teacher"), the church's teaching authority, which is exercised by the pope and the <a href="/wiki/College_of_Bishops" title="College of Bishops">College of Bishops</a> in union with the pope, the Bishop of Rome.<a href="#cite_note-Schreck30-256">[248]</a> Catholic doctrine is authoritatively summarized in the <a href="/wiki/Catechism_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="Catechism of the Catholic Church">Catechism of the Catholic Church</a>, published by the Holy See.<a href="#cite_note-cat-257">[249]</a><a href="#cite_note-258">[250]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Nature_of_God">Nature of God</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Trinity" title="Trinity">Trinity</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:PetrusPictaviensis_CottonFaustinaBVII-folio42v_ScutumFidei_early13thc.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/PetrusPictaviensis_CottonFaustinaBVII-folio42v_ScutumFidei_early13thc.jpg/220px-PetrusPictaviensis_CottonFaustinaBVII-folio42v_ScutumFidei_early13thc.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="253" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/PetrusPictaviensis_CottonFaustinaBVII-folio42v_ScutumFidei_early13thc.jpg/330px-PetrusPictaviensis_CottonFaustinaBVII-folio42v_ScutumFidei_early13thc.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/PetrusPictaviensis_CottonFaustinaBVII-folio42v_ScutumFidei_early13thc.jpg/440px-PetrusPictaviensis_CottonFaustinaBVII-folio42v_ScutumFidei_early13thc.jpg 2x" data-file-width="494" data-file-height="568" /></a><figcaption><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1210 manuscript version of the traditional <a href="/wiki/Shield_of_the_Trinity" title="Shield of the Trinity">Shield of the Trinity</a> theological diagram</figcaption></figure>The Catholic Church holds that there is one <a href="/wiki/Attributes_of_God_in_Christianity#Eternity" title="Attributes of God in Christianity">eternal</a> God, who exists as a <a href="/wiki/Perichoresis" title="Perichoresis">perichoresis</a> ("mutual indwelling") of three <a href="/wiki/Hypostasis_(philosophy_and_religion)" title="Hypostasis (philosophy and religion)">hypostases</a>, or "persons": <a href="/wiki/God_the_Father#Christianity" title="God the Father">God the Father</a>; <a href="/wiki/God_the_Son" title="God the Son">God the Son</a>; and <a href="/wiki/Holy_Spirit_in_Christianity" title="Holy Spirit in Christianity">God the Holy Spirit</a>, which together are called the "Holy Trinity".<a href="#cite_note-232_252-259">[251]</a> Catholics believe that Jesus Christ is the "Second Person" of the Trinity, God the Son. In an event known as the <a href="/wiki/Incarnation_(Christianity)" title="Incarnation (Christianity)">Incarnation</a>, through the power of the Holy Spirit, God became united with human nature through the conception of Christ in the womb of the <a href="/wiki/Veneration_of_Mary_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Veneration of Mary in the Catholic Church">Blessed Virgin Mary</a>. Christ, therefore, is understood as being both fully divine and fully human, including possessing a human <a href="/wiki/Soul" title="Soul">soul</a>. It is taught that Christ's mission on earth included giving people his teachings and providing his example for them to follow as recorded in the four <a href="/wiki/Gospel" title="Gospel">Gospels</a>.<a href="#cite_note-McGrath-260">[252]</a> Jesus is believed to have remained sinless while on earth, and to have allowed himself to be unjustly executed by <a href="/wiki/Crucifixion_of_Jesus" title="Crucifixion of Jesus">crucifixion</a>, as a sacrifice of himself to reconcile humanity to God; this reconciliation is known as the <a href="/wiki/Paschal_Mystery" class="mw-redirect" title="Paschal Mystery">Paschal Mystery</a>.<a href="#cite_note-261">[253]</a> The Greek term "Christ" and the Hebrew "Messiah" both mean "anointed one", referring to the Christian belief that Jesus' death and resurrection are the fulfilment of the Old Testament's <a href="/wiki/Jesus_and_messianic_prophecy" class="mw-redirect" title="Jesus and messianic prophecy">messianic prophecies</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Kreeft71-262">[254]</a> The Catholic Church teaches dogmatically that "the Holy Spirit proceeds eternally from the Father and the Son, not as from two principles but as from one single principle".<a href="#cite_note-263">[255]</a> It holds that the Father, as the "principle without principle", is the first origin of the Spirit, but also that he, as Father of the only Son, is with the Son the single principle from which the Spirit proceeds.<a href="#cite_note-264">[256]</a> This belief is expressed in the <a href="/wiki/Filioque" title="Filioque">Filioque</a> clause which was added to the Latin version of the Nicene Creed of 381 but not included in the Greek versions of the creed used in Eastern Christianity.<a href="#cite_note-245_248-265">[257]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Nature_of_the_church">Nature of the church</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Catholic_ecclesiology" title="Catholic ecclesiology">Catholic ecclesiology</a></div> The Catholic Church teaches that it is the "<a href="/wiki/One_true_church" title="One true church">one true church</a>",<a href="#cite_note-Catholic_News_Service-16">[16]</a><a href="#cite_note-266">[258]</a> "the universal sacrament of salvation for the human race",<a href="#cite_note-GAUDIUM-267">[259]</a><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceC-268">[260]</a> and "the one true religion".<a href="#cite_note-269">[261]</a> According to the Catechism, the Catholic Church is further described in the Nicene Creed as the "one, holy, catholic, and apostolic Church".<a href="#cite_note-270">[262]</a> These are collectively known as the <a href="/wiki/Four_Marks_of_the_Church" title="Four Marks of the Church">Four Marks of the Church</a>. The church teaches that its founder is Jesus Christ.<a href="#cite_note-Kreeft98-271">[263]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBokenkotter200430-48">[44]</a> The <a href="/wiki/New_Testament" title="New Testament">New Testament</a> records several events considered integral to the establishment of the Catholic Church, including Jesus' activities and teaching and his appointment of the <a href="/wiki/Apostles_in_the_New_Testament" title="Apostles in the New Testament">apostles</a> as witnesses to his ministry, suffering, and resurrection. The <a href="/wiki/Great_Commission" title="Great Commission">Great Commission</a>, after his resurrection, instructed the apostles to continue his work. The coming of the Holy Spirit upon the apostles, in an event known as <a href="/wiki/Pentecost" title="Pentecost">Pentecost</a>, is seen as the beginning of the public ministry of the Catholic Church.<a href="#cite_note-Barry48-51">[47]</a> The church teaches that all duly consecrated bishops have a lineal succession from the apostles of Christ, known as <a href="/wiki/Apostolic_succession" title="Apostolic succession">apostolic succession</a>.<a href="#cite_note-OneFaith46-272">[264]</a> In particular, the Bishop of Rome (the pope) is considered the successor to the apostle <a href="/wiki/Simon_Peter" class="mw-redirect" title="Simon Peter">Simon Peter</a>, a position from which he derives his <a href="/wiki/Papal_supremacy" title="Papal supremacy">supremacy</a> over the church.<a href="#cite_note-273">[265]</a> Catholic belief holds that the church "is the continuing presence of Jesus on earth"<a href="#cite_note-Schreck131-274">[266]</a> and that it alone possesses the full means of <a href="/wiki/Salvation_(Christianity)" class="mw-redirect" title="Salvation (Christianity)">salvation</a>.<a href="#cite_note-CCC_816-275">[267]</a> Through the <a href="/wiki/Passion_(Christianity)" class="mw-redirect" title="Passion (Christianity)">passion</a> (suffering) of Christ leading to his <a href="/wiki/Crucifixion_of_Jesus" title="Crucifixion of Jesus">crucifixion</a> as described in the Gospels, it is said Christ made himself an oblation to God the Father to <a href="/wiki/Atonement_in_Christianity" class="mw-redirect" title="Atonement in Christianity">reconcile</a> humanity to God;<a href="#cite_note-608_-276">[268]</a> the <a href="/wiki/Resurrection_of_Jesus" title="Resurrection of Jesus">Resurrection of Jesus</a> makes him the firstborn from the dead, the first among many brethren.<a href="#cite_note-277">[269]</a> By reconciling with God and following Christ's words and deeds, an individual can enter the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_God_(Christianity)" title="Kingdom of God (Christianity)">Kingdom of God</a>.<a href="#cite_note-OneFaith26-278">[270]</a> The church sees its liturgy and sacraments as perpetuating the graces achieved through Christ's sacrifice to strengthen a person's relationship with Christ and aid in overcoming sin.<a href="#cite_note-CoCCC_Paschal-279">[271]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Final_judgement">Final judgement</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Last_Judgment#Catholicism" title="Last Judgment">Last Judgment § Catholicism</a></div> The Catholic Church teaches that, immediately after death, the <a href="/wiki/Soul_(spirit)" class="mw-redirect" title="Soul (spirit)">soul</a> of each person will receive a <a href="/wiki/Particular_judgment" title="Particular judgment">particular judgement</a> from God, based on their <a href="/wiki/Sin" title="Sin">sins</a> and their relationship to Christ.<a href="#cite_note-280">[272]</a><a href="#cite_note-Schreck397-281">[273]</a> This teaching also attests to another day when Christ will sit in universal judgement of all mankind. This <a href="/wiki/Last_Judgment" title="Last Judgment">final judgement</a>, according to the church's teaching, will bring an end to human history and mark the beginning of both a new and better heaven and earth ruled by God in righteousness.<a href="#cite_note-282">[274]</a> Depending on the judgement rendered following death, it is believed that a soul may enter one of three states of the afterlife: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Heaven_in_Christianity#Roman_Catholicism" title="Heaven in Christianity">Heaven</a> is a state of unending union with the divine nature of God, not ontologically, but by grace. It is an eternal life, in which the soul contemplates God in ceaseless <a href="/wiki/Beatific_vision" title="Beatific vision">beatitude</a>.<a href="#cite_note-283">[275]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Purgatory" title="Purgatory">Purgatory</a> is a temporary condition for the purification of souls who, although destined for Heaven, are not fully detached from sin and thus cannot enter Heaven immediately.<a href="#cite_note-284">[276]</a> In Purgatory, the soul suffers, and is purged and perfected. Souls in purgatory may be aided in reaching heaven by the prayers of the faithful on earth and by the <a href="/wiki/Intercession_of_saints" title="Intercession of saints">intercession of saints</a>.<a href="#cite_note-285">[277]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hell_in_Christian_beliefs#Roman_Catholicism" class="mw-redirect" title="Hell in Christian beliefs">Final Damnation</a>: Finally, those who persist in living in a state of mortal sin and do not repent before death subject themselves to hell, an everlasting separation from God.<a href="#cite_note-286">[278]</a> The church teaches that no one is condemned to hell without having freely decided to reject God.<a href="#cite_note-287">[279]</a> No one is <a href="/wiki/Predestination" title="Predestination">predestined</a> to hell and no one can determine with absolute certainty who has been condemned to hell.<a href="#cite_note-288">[280]</a> Catholicism teaches that through God's mercy a person can repent at any point before death, be illuminated with the truth of the Catholic faith, and thus obtain salvation.<a href="#cite_note-Luke23-289">[281]</a> Some Catholic theologians have speculated that the souls of unbaptized infants and non-Christians without mortal sin but who die in <a href="/wiki/Original_sin" title="Original sin">original sin</a> are assigned to <a href="/wiki/Limbo" title="Limbo">limbo</a>, although this is not an official <a href="/wiki/Dogma_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Dogma in the Catholic Church">dogma</a> of the church.<a href="#cite_note-290">[282]</a></li></ul> While the Catholic Church teaches that it alone possesses the full means of salvation,<a href="#cite_note-CCC_816-275">[267]</a> it also acknowledges that the Holy Spirit can make use of <a href="/wiki/Ecclesial_Community" class="mw-redirect" title="Ecclesial Community">Christian communities</a> separated from itself to "impel towards Catholic unity"<a href="#cite_note-ewtn.com-291">[283]</a> and "tend and lead toward the Catholic Church",<a href="#cite_note-ewtn.com-291">[283]</a> and thus bring people to salvation, because these separated communities contain some elements of proper doctrine, albeit admixed with <a href="/wiki/Heresy" title="Heresy">errors</a>. It teaches that anyone who is saved is saved through the Catholic Church but that people can be saved outside of the ordinary means known as <a href="/wiki/Baptism_of_desire" title="Baptism of desire">baptism of desire</a>, and by pre-baptismal martyrdom, known as <a href="/wiki/Baptism_of_blood" title="Baptism of blood">baptism of blood</a>, as well as when conditions of <a href="/wiki/Invincible_ignorance_(Catholic_theology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Invincible ignorance (Catholic theology)">invincible ignorance</a> are present, although invincible ignorance in itself is not a means of salvation.<a href="#cite_note-292">[284]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Saints_and_devotions">Saints and devotions</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Saint" title="Saint">Saint</a>, <a href="/wiki/Canonization" title="Canonization">Canonization</a>, <a href="/wiki/Veneration" title="Veneration">Veneration</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Catholic_devotions" title="Catholic devotions">Catholic devotions</a></div> A saint (also historically known as a hallow) is a person who is recognized as having an exceptional degree of holiness or likeness or closeness to God, while canonization is the act by which a Christian church declares that a person who has died was a saint, upon which declaration the person is included in the "canon", or list, of recognized saints.<a href="#cite_note-WilsonFischer2005-293">[285]</a><a href="#cite_note-DiehlDonnelly2001-294">[286]</a> The first persons honoured as saints were the <a href="/wiki/Martyr" title="Martyr">martyrs</a>. Pious legends of their deaths were considered affirmations of the truth of their faith in Christ. By the fourth century, however, "<a href="/wiki/Confessor_of_the_Faith" title="Confessor of the Faith">confessors</a>"—people who had confessed their faith not by dying but by suffering—began to be venerated publicly. In the Catholic Church, both in Latin and Eastern Catholic churches, the act of canonization is reserved to the <a href="/wiki/Apostolic_See" class="mw-redirect" title="Apostolic See">Apostolic See</a> and occurs at the conclusion of a long process requiring extensive proof that the candidate for canonization lived and died in such an exemplary and holy way that he is worthy to be recognized as a saint. The church's official recognition of sanctity implies that the person is now in <a href="/wiki/Heaven" title="Heaven">Heaven</a> and that he may be publicly invoked and mentioned officially in the <a href="/wiki/Liturgy" title="Liturgy">liturgy</a> of the church, including in the <a href="/wiki/Litany_of_the_Saints" title="Litany of the Saints">Litany of the Saints</a>. <a href="/wiki/Canonization" title="Canonization">Canonization</a> allows universal veneration of the saint in the liturgy of the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Rite" title="Roman Rite">Roman Rite</a>; for permission to venerate merely locally, only <a href="/wiki/Beatification" title="Beatification">beatification</a> is needed.<a href="#cite_note-295">[287]</a> <a href="/wiki/Catholic_devotions" title="Catholic devotions">Devotions</a> are "external practices of piety" which are not part of the official liturgy of the Catholic Church but are part of the popular spiritual practices of Catholics.<a href="#cite_note-296">[288]</a> These include various practices regarding the veneration of the saints, especially <a href="/wiki/Veneration_of_Mary_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Veneration of Mary in the Catholic Church">veneration of the Virgin Mary</a>. Other devotional practices include the <a href="/wiki/Stations_of_the_Cross" title="Stations of the Cross">Stations of the Cross</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Sacred_Heart" title="Sacred Heart">Sacred Heart</a> of Jesus, the <a href="/wiki/Holy_Face_of_Jesus" title="Holy Face of Jesus">Holy Face of Jesus</a>,<a href="#cite_note-etwndevoti-297">[289]</a> the various <a href="/wiki/Scapular" title="Scapular">scapulars</a>, novenas to various saints,<a href="#cite_note-popdevos-298">[290]</a> <a href="/wiki/Christian_pilgrimage" title="Christian pilgrimage">pilgrimages</a><a href="#cite_note-299">[291]</a> and devotions to the <a href="/wiki/Eucharist_(Catholic_Church)" class="mw-redirect" title="Eucharist (Catholic Church)">Blessed Sacrament</a>,<a href="#cite_note-popdevos-298">[290]</a> and the veneration of <a href="/wiki/Santo_(art)" title="Santo (art)">saintly images</a> such as the <a href="/wiki/Santo_(art)" title="Santo (art)">santos</a>.<a href="#cite_note-300">[292]</a> The bishops at the Second Vatican Council reminded Catholics that "devotions should be so drawn up that they harmonize with the liturgical seasons, accord with the sacred liturgy, are in some fashion derived from it, and lead the people to it, since, in fact, the liturgy by its very nature far surpasses any of them."<a href="#cite_note-301">[293]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Virgin_Mary">Virgin Mary</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks" style="width:20.0em;"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-top-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Emblem_of_the_Papacy_SE.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Emblem_of_the_Papacy_SE.svg/25px-Emblem_of_the_Papacy_SE.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="34" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Emblem_of_the_Papacy_SE.svg/38px-Emblem_of_the_Papacy_SE.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Emblem_of_the_Papacy_SE.svg/50px-Emblem_of_the_Papacy_SE.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="815" data-file-height="1105" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle-with-top-image">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Catholic_Mariology" title="Category:Catholic Mariology">a series</a> on the</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle"><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Mariology" title="Catholic Mariology">Mariology</a> of the <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Catholic Church</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Inmaculada_Concepci%C3%B3n_de_Aranjuez.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Immaculate Conception"><img alt="Immaculate Conception" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Inmaculada_Concepci%C3%B3n_de_Aranjuez.jpg/150px-Inmaculada_Concepci%C3%B3n_de_Aranjuez.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="279" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Inmaculada_Concepci%C3%B3n_de_Aranjuez.jpg/225px-Inmaculada_Concepci%C3%B3n_de_Aranjuez.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Inmaculada_Concepci%C3%B3n_de_Aranjuez.jpg/300px-Inmaculada_Concepci%C3%B3n_de_Aranjuez.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1459" data-file-height="2717" /></a><div class="sidebar-caption"><a href="/wiki/Aranjuez_Immaculate_Conception" title="Aranjuez Immaculate Conception">Immaculate Conception</a> by <a href="/wiki/Bartolom%C3%A9_Esteban_Murillo" title="Bartolomé Esteban Murillo">Bartolomé Esteban Murillo</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1675)</div></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center; background-color:gold;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Mary,_mother_of_Jesus" title="Mary, mother of Jesus">Overview</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Marian_devotions" title="Marian devotions">Prayers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marian_antiphons" class="mw-redirect" title="Marian antiphons">Antiphons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Titles_of_Mary" class="mw-redirect" title="Titles of Mary">Titles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hymns_to_Mary" title="Hymns to Mary">Hymns to Mary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marian_devotions" title="Marian devotions">Devotional practices</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mariology_of_the_saints" title="Mariology of the saints">Saints</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Marian_movements_and_societies" title="Catholic Marian movements and societies">Societies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consecration_and_entrustment_to_Mary" title="Consecration and entrustment to Mary">Consecrations and entrustments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Veneration_of_Mary_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Veneration of Mary in the Catholic Church">Veneration</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center; background-color:gold;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Titles_of_Mary" class="mw-redirect" title="Titles of Mary">Titles of Mary</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Theotokos" title="Theotokos">Theotokos (Mother of God)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mediatrix" title="Mediatrix">Mediatrix</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mother_of_the_Church" title="Mother of the Church">Mother of the Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Our_Lady_of_Good_Counsel" title="Our Lady of Good Counsel">Our Lady of Good Counsel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Our_Lady_of_Mount_Carmel" title="Our Lady of Mount Carmel">Our Lady of Mount Carmel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Our_Lady_of_Sorrows" title="Our Lady of Sorrows">Our Lady of Sorrows</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Our_Lady_of_Victory" class="mw-redirect" title="Our Lady of Victory">Our Lady of Victory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Our_Lady,_Star_of_the_Sea" title="Our Lady, Star of the Sea">Our Lady, Star of the Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queen_of_Heaven" title="Queen of Heaven">Queen of Heaven</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queen_of_Peace" class="mw-redirect" title="Queen of Peace">Queen of Peace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Most_Holy_Virgin_Mary,_Queen_of_Poland" title="The Most Holy Virgin Mary, Queen of Poland">Queen of Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Refugium_Peccatorum" title="Refugium Peccatorum">Refugium Peccatorum (Refuge of Sinners)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary,_Untier_of_Knots" title="Mary, Untier of Knots">Untier of Knots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virgin_of_Mercy" title="Virgin of Mercy">Virgin of Mercy</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center; background-color:gold;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Marian_devotions" title="Marian devotions">Prayers</a> and <a href="/wiki/Marian_hymns" class="mw-redirect" title="Marian hymns">hymns</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Angelus" title="Angelus">Angelus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/F%C3%A1tima_prayers" title="Fátima prayers">Fátima prayers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flos_Carmeli" title="Flos Carmeli">Flos Carmeli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hail_Mary" title="Hail Mary">Hail Mary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hail_Mary_of_Gold" title="Hail Mary of Gold">Hail Mary of Gold</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immaculata_prayer" title="Immaculata prayer">Immaculata prayer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnificat" title="Magnificat">Magnificat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary,_Mother_of_Grace" title="Mary, Mother of Grace">Mary, Mother of Grace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Memorare" title="Memorare">Memorare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sub_tuum_praesidium" title="Sub tuum praesidium">Sub tuum praesidium</a></li></ul> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Symbol_template_class_pink.svg/16px-Symbol_template_class_pink.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Symbol_template_class_pink.svg/23px-Symbol_template_class_pink.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Symbol_template_class_pink.svg/31px-Symbol_template_class_pink.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Template:Marian_hymns" title="Template:Marian hymns">Marian hymns</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center; background-color:gold;color: var(--color-base)">Devotional practices</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acts_of_Reparation_to_the_Virgin_Mary" title="Acts of Reparation to the Virgin Mary">Acts of Reparation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consecration_and_entrustment_to_Mary" title="Consecration and entrustment to Mary">Consecration to Mary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Saturdays_Devotion" title="First Saturdays Devotion">First Saturdays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosary" title="Rosary">Rosary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seven_Joys_of_the_Virgin" title="Seven Joys of the Virgin">Seven Joys of the Virgin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Our_Lady_of_Sorrows#Seven_Sorrows_of_Mary" title="Our Lady of Sorrows">Seven Sorrows of Mary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three_Hail_Marys" title="Three Hail Marys">Three Hail Marys</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center; background-color:gold;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Marian_movements_and_societies" title="Catholic Marian movements and societies">Movements and societies</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sodality_of_Our_Lady" title="Sodality of Our Lady">Sodality of Our Lady</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congregation_of_Marian_Fathers_of_the_Immaculate_Conception" title="Congregation of Marian Fathers of the Immaculate Conception">Congregation of Marian Fathers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Company_of_Mary" title="Company of Mary">Company of Mary (Montfort)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Society_of_Mary_(Marianists)" title="Society of Mary (Marianists)">Marianists (Society of Mary)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Society_of_Mary_(Marists)" title="Society of Mary (Marists)">Marist Fathers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marist_Brothers" title="Marist Brothers">Marist Brothers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schoenstatt_Apostolic_Movement" title="Schoenstatt Apostolic Movement">Schoenstatt Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legion_of_Mary" title="Legion of Mary">Legion of Mary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blue_Army_of_Our_Lady_of_F%C3%A1tima" title="Blue Army of Our Lady of Fátima">World Apostolate of Fátima</a> <a href="/wiki/Blue_Army_of_Our_Lady_of_F%C3%A1tima" title="Blue Army of Our Lady of Fátima">(Blue Army)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mariological_Society_of_America" title="Mariological Society of America">Mariological Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Our_Lady%27s_Rosary_Makers" title="Our Lady's Rosary Makers">Our Lady's Rosary Makers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marian_Movement_of_Priests" title="Marian Movement of Priests">Marian Movement of Priests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fatima_Family_Apostolate" title="Fatima Family Apostolate">Fatima Family Apostolate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queen_of_Angels_Foundation" title="Queen of Angels Foundation">Queen of Angels Foundation</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center; background-color:gold;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Marian_apparitions" title="List of Marian apparitions">Apparitions</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/List_of_Marian_apparitions#Approved,_with_widespread_liturgical_veneration_endorsed_by_the_Holy_See" title="List of Marian apparitions">Approved, with widespread liturgical veneration endorsed by the Holy See</a>:</dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Our_Lady_of_F%C3%A1tima" title="Our Lady of Fátima">Fátima</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Three_Secrets_of_F%C3%A1tima" title="Three Secrets of Fátima">Three Secrets of Fátima</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Our_Lady_of_Guadalupe" title="Our Lady of Guadalupe">Guadalupe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knock_Shrine" title="Knock Shrine">Knock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Our_Lady_of_La_Salette" title="Our Lady of La Salette">La Salette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Our_Lady_of_Lourdes" title="Our Lady of Lourdes">Lourdes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miraculous_Medal" title="Miraculous Medal">Miraculous Medal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Our_Lady_of_Walsingham" title="Our Lady of Walsingham">Walsingham</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dowry_of_Mary" title="Dowry of Mary">Dowry of Mary</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center; background-color:gold;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Marian_feast_days" title="Marian feast days">Key Marian feast days</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Solemnity_of_Mary,_Mother_of_God" title="Solemnity of Mary, Mother of God">Mother of God</a> (1 January)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Candlemas" title="Candlemas">Candlemas</a> (2 February)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feast_of_the_Annunciation" title="Feast of the Annunciation">Annunciation</a> (25 March)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assumption_of_Mary" title="Assumption of Mary">Assumption</a> (15 August)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nativity_of_Mary" title="Nativity of Mary">Nativity</a> (8 September)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Most_Holy_Name_of_the_Blessed_Virgin_Mary" title="Most Holy Name of the Blessed Virgin Mary">Holy Name</a> (12 September)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presentation_of_Mary" title="Presentation of Mary">Presentation</a> (21 November)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feast_of_the_Immaculate_Conception" title="Feast of the Immaculate Conception">Immaculate Conception</a> (8 December)</li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below"> <a href="/wiki/File:046CupolaSPietro.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/046CupolaSPietro.jpg/16px-046CupolaSPietro.jpg" decoding="async" width="16" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/046CupolaSPietro.jpg/24px-046CupolaSPietro.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/046CupolaSPietro.jpg/32px-046CupolaSPietro.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Catholicism" class="mw-redirect" title="Portal:Catholicism">Catholicism portal</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Catholic_Mariology_sidebar" title="Template:Catholic Mariology sidebar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Catholic_Mariology_sidebar" title="Template talk:Catholic Mariology sidebar"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Catholic_Mariology_sidebar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Catholic Mariology sidebar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Veneration_of_Mary_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Veneration of Mary in the Catholic Church">Veneration of Mary in the Catholic Church</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mariology_of_the_Catholic_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Mariology of the Catholic Church">Mariology of the Catholic Church</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mariology_of_the_saints" title="Mariology of the saints">Mariology of the saints</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Mariology_of_the_popes" title="Mariology of the popes">Mariology of the popes</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Murillo-inmaculada_del_coro-sevilla-mba.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Murillo-inmaculada_del_coro-sevilla-mba.JPG/220px-Murillo-inmaculada_del_coro-sevilla-mba.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="296" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Murillo-inmaculada_del_coro-sevilla-mba.JPG/330px-Murillo-inmaculada_del_coro-sevilla-mba.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Murillo-inmaculada_del_coro-sevilla-mba.JPG/440px-Murillo-inmaculada_del_coro-sevilla-mba.JPG 2x" data-file-width="460" data-file-height="618" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Veneration_of_Mary_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Veneration of Mary in the Catholic Church">Blessed Virgin Mary</a> is highly regarded in the Catholic Church, proclaiming her as <a href="/wiki/Theotokos" title="Theotokos">Mother of God</a>, <a href="/wiki/Immaculate_Conception" title="Immaculate Conception">free from original sin</a> and an <a href="/wiki/Intercessor" class="mw-redirect" title="Intercessor">intercessor</a>.</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Mariology" title="Catholic Mariology">Catholic Mariology</a> deals with the <a href="/wiki/Dogma_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Dogma in the Catholic Church">dogmas</a> and teachings concerning the life of <a href="/wiki/Mary,_mother_of_Jesus" title="Mary, mother of Jesus">Mary, mother of Jesus</a>, as well as the veneration of Mary by the faithful. Mary is held in special regard, declared the <a href="/wiki/Theotokos" title="Theotokos">Mother of God</a> (<a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a>: Θεοτόκος, <a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Greek" title="Romanization of Greek">romanized</a>: Theotokos, <a href="/wiki/Literal_translation" title="Literal translation">lit.</a> 'God-bearer'), and believed as dogma to have remained a <a href="/wiki/Perpetual_virginity_of_Mary" title="Perpetual virginity of Mary">virgin throughout her life</a>.<a href="#cite_note-ReferenceB-302">[294]</a> Further teachings include the doctrines of the <a href="/wiki/Immaculate_Conception" title="Immaculate Conception">Immaculate Conception</a> (her own conception without the stain of original sin) and the <a href="/wiki/Assumption_of_Mary" title="Assumption of Mary">Assumption of Mary</a> (that her body was assumed directly into heaven at the end of her life). Both of these doctrines were defined as infallible dogma, by <a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_IX" title="Pope Pius IX">Pope Pius IX</a> in 1854 and <a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_XII" title="Pope Pius XII">Pope Pius XII</a> in 1950 respectively,<a href="#cite_note-Barry,_p._106-303">[295]</a> but only after consulting with the Catholic bishops throughout the world to ascertain that this is a Catholic belief.<a href="#cite_note-304">[296]</a> In the Eastern Catholic churches, however, they continue to celebrate the feast of the Assumption under the name of the <a href="/wiki/Dormition_of_the_Mother_of_God" title="Dormition of the Mother of God">Dormition of the Mother of God</a> on the same date.<a href="#cite_note-305">[297]</a> The teaching that Mary died before being assumed significantly precedes the idea that she did not. St John Damascene wrote that "St Juvenal, Bishop of Jerusalem, at the Council of Chalcedon (451), made known to the Emperor Marcian and Pulcheria, who wished to possess the body of the Mother of God, that Mary died in the presence of all the Apostles, but that her tomb, when opened, upon the request of St Thomas, was found empty; wherefrom the Apostles concluded that the body was taken up to Heaven."<a href="#cite_note-306">[298]</a> <a href="/wiki/Marian_devotions" title="Marian devotions">Devotions to Mary</a> are part of Catholic piety but are distinct from the worship of God.<a href="#cite_note-307">[299]</a> Practices include prayers and <a href="/wiki/Marian_art_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Marian art in the Catholic Church">Marian art</a>, <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Marian_music" title="Catholic Marian music">music</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Marian_church_buildings" title="Catholic Marian church buildings">architecture</a>. Several <a href="/wiki/Marian_feast_days" title="Marian feast days">liturgical Marian feasts</a> are celebrated throughout the <a href="/wiki/Liturgical_year" title="Liturgical year">Church Year</a> and she is honoured with <a href="/wiki/Titles_of_Mary" class="mw-redirect" title="Titles of Mary">many titles</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Queen_of_Heaven" title="Queen of Heaven">Queen of Heaven</a>. <a href="/wiki/Pope_Paul_VI" title="Pope Paul VI">Pope Paul VI</a> called her <a href="/wiki/Mother_of_the_Church" title="Mother of the Church">Mother of the Church</a> because, by giving birth to Christ, she is considered to be the spiritual mother to each member of the <a href="/wiki/Body_of_Christ" title="Body of Christ">Body of Christ</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Barry,_p._106-303">[295]</a> Because of her influential role in the life of Jesus, prayers and devotions such as the <a href="/wiki/Hail_Mary" title="Hail Mary">Hail Mary</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Rosary" title="Rosary">Rosary</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Salve_Regina" title="Salve Regina">Salve Regina</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Memorare" title="Memorare">Memorare</a> are common Catholic practices.<a href="#cite_note-308">[300]</a> <a href="/wiki/Christian_pilgrimage" title="Christian pilgrimage">Pilgrimage</a> to the sites of several <a href="/wiki/Marian_apparitions" class="mw-redirect" title="Marian apparitions">Marian apparitions</a> affirmed by the church, such as <a href="/wiki/Our_Lady_of_Lourdes" title="Our Lady of Lourdes">Lourdes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Our_Lady_of_F%C3%A1tima" title="Our Lady of Fátima">Fátima</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Our_Lady_of_Guadalupe" title="Our Lady of Guadalupe">Guadalupe</a>,<a href="#cite_note-309">[301]</a> are also popular Catholic devotions.<a href="#cite_note-310">[302]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sacraments">Sacraments</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Sacraments_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="Sacraments of the Catholic Church">Sacraments of the Catholic Church</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mass_at_Lourdes.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Mass_at_Lourdes.jpg/220px-Mass_at_Lourdes.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="157" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Mass_at_Lourdes.jpg/330px-Mass_at_Lourdes.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Mass_at_Lourdes.jpg/440px-Mass_at_Lourdes.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1543" data-file-height="1102" /></a><figcaption>Mass at the Grotto at <a href="/wiki/Lourdes" title="Lourdes">Lourdes</a>, France. The <a href="/wiki/Chalice" title="Chalice">chalice</a> is displayed to the people immediately after the consecration of the wine.</figcaption></figure> The Catholic Church teaches that it was entrusted with seven sacraments that were instituted by Christ. The number and nature of the sacraments were defined by several <a href="/wiki/Ecumenical_council" title="Ecumenical council">ecumenical councils</a>, most recently the Council of Trent.<a href="#cite_note-1113_14-311">[303]</a><a href="#cite_note-312">[note 9]</a> These are <a href="/wiki/Baptism" title="Baptism">Baptism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Confirmation" title="Confirmation">Confirmation</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Eucharist" title="Eucharist">Eucharist</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sacrament_of_Penance_(Catholic_Church)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sacrament of Penance (Catholic Church)">Penance</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anointing_of_the_Sick_(Catholic_Church)" class="mw-redirect" title="Anointing of the Sick (Catholic Church)">Anointing of the Sick</a> (formerly called Extreme Unction, one of the "<a href="/wiki/Last_Rites" class="mw-redirect" title="Last Rites">Last Rites</a>"), <a href="/wiki/Holy_Orders" class="mw-redirect" title="Holy Orders">Holy Orders</a> and <a href="/wiki/Catholic_marriage" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholic marriage">Holy Matrimony</a>. Sacraments are visible rituals that Catholics see as signs of God's presence and effective channels of God's <a href="/wiki/Grace_(Christianity)" class="mw-redirect" title="Grace (Christianity)">grace</a> to all those who receive them with the proper disposition (<a href="/wiki/Ex_opere_operato" title="Ex opere operato">ex opere operato</a>).<a href="#cite_note-313">[304]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Catechism_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="Catechism of the Catholic Church">Catechism of the Catholic Church</a> categorizes the sacraments into three groups, the "sacraments of Christian initiation", "sacraments of healing" and "sacraments at the service of communion and the mission of the faithful". These groups broadly reflect the stages of people's natural and spiritual lives which each sacrament is intended to serve.<a href="#cite_note-314">[305]</a> The liturgies of the sacraments are central to the church's mission. According to the Catechism: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote">In the liturgy of the New Covenant every liturgical action, especially the celebration of the Eucharist and the sacraments, is an encounter between Christ and the Church. The liturgical assembly derives its unity from the "communion of the Holy Spirit" who gathers the children of God into the one Body of Christ. This assembly transcends racial, cultural, social—indeed, all human affinities.<a href="#cite_note-315">[306]</a></blockquote> According to church doctrine, the sacraments of the church require the proper form, matter, and intent to be validly celebrated.<a href="#cite_note-316">[307]</a> In addition, the <a href="/wiki/Canon_Law" class="mw-redirect" title="Canon Law">Canon Laws</a> for both the Latin Church and the Eastern Catholic Churches govern who may licitly celebrate certain sacraments, as well as strict rules about who may receive the sacraments.<a href="#cite_note-CoCC291-317">[308]</a> Notably, because the church teaches that Christ is <a href="/wiki/Real_presence#Catholic_and_Orthodox" class="mw-redirect" title="Real presence">present</a> in the Eucharist,<a href="#cite_note-Kreeft326-318">[309]</a> those who are conscious of being in a state of mortal sin are forbidden to receive the sacrament until they have received absolution through the <a href="/wiki/Sacrament_of_Reconciliation" class="mw-redirect" title="Sacrament of Reconciliation">sacrament of Reconciliation</a> (Penance).<a href="#cite_note-Kreeft331-319">[310]</a> Catholics are normally obliged to abstain from eating for at least an hour before receiving the sacrament.<a href="#cite_note-Kreeft331-319">[310]</a> Non-Catholics are ordinarily prohibited from receiving the Eucharist as well.<a href="#cite_note-CoCC291-317">[308]</a><a href="#cite_note-320">[311]</a> Catholics, even if they were in danger of death and unable to approach a Catholic minister, may not ask for the sacraments of the Eucharist, penance or anointing of the sick from someone, such as a Protestant minister, who is not known to be validly ordained in line with Catholic teaching on ordination.<a href="#cite_note-321">[312]</a><a href="#cite_note-322">[313]</a> Likewise, even in grave and pressing need, Catholic ministers may not administer these sacraments to those who do not manifest Catholic faith in the sacrament. In relation to the churches of Eastern Christianity not in communion with the Holy See, the Catholic Church is less restrictive, declaring that "a certain communion in sacris, and so in the Eucharist, given suitable circumstances and the approval of Church authority, is not merely possible but is encouraged."<a href="#cite_note-323">[314]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sacraments_of_initiation">Sacraments of initiation</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Sacraments_of_initiation" title="Sacraments of initiation">Sacraments of initiation</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Baptism">Baptism</h4></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bapt%C3%AAme_Cath%C3%A9drale_de_Troyes_290308.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Bapt%C3%AAme_Cath%C3%A9drale_de_Troyes_290308.jpg/220px-Bapt%C3%AAme_Cath%C3%A9drale_de_Troyes_290308.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="196" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Bapt%C3%AAme_Cath%C3%A9drale_de_Troyes_290308.jpg/330px-Bapt%C3%AAme_Cath%C3%A9drale_de_Troyes_290308.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Bapt%C3%AAme_Cath%C3%A9drale_de_Troyes_290308.jpg/440px-Bapt%C3%AAme_Cath%C3%A9drale_de_Troyes_290308.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2470" data-file-height="2197" /></a><figcaption>Baptism of <a href="/wiki/Augustine_of_Hippo" title="Augustine of Hippo">Augustine of Hippo</a> as represented in a sculptural group in <a href="/wiki/Troyes_Cathedral" title="Troyes Cathedral">Troyes Cathedral</a> (1549), France</figcaption></figure> As viewed by the Catholic Church, Baptism is the first of three sacraments of initiation as a Christian.<a href="#cite_note-324">[315]</a> It washes away all sins, both <a href="/wiki/Original_sin" title="Original sin">original sin</a> and personal actual sins.<a href="#cite_note-325">[316]</a> It makes a person a member of the church.<a href="#cite_note-326">[317]</a> As a gratuitous gift of God that requires no merit on the part of the person who is baptized, it is <a href="/wiki/Infant_baptism" title="Infant baptism">conferred even on children</a>,<a href="#cite_note-327">[318]</a> who, though they have no personal sins, need it on account of original sin.<a href="#cite_note-328">[319]</a> If a new-born child is in a danger of death, anyone—be it a doctor, a nurse, or a parent—may baptize the child.<a href="#cite_note-329">[320]</a> Baptism marks a person permanently and cannot be repeated.<a href="#cite_note-330">[321]</a> The Catholic Church recognizes as valid baptisms conferred even by people who are not Catholics or Christians, provided that they intend to baptize ("to do what the Church does when she baptizes") and that they use the <a href="/wiki/Trinitarian_formula#Use_in_baptism" title="Trinitarian formula">Trinitarian baptismal formula</a>.<a href="#cite_note-331">[322]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Confirmation">Confirmation</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Confirmation_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Confirmation in the Catholic Church">Confirmation in the Catholic Church</a></div> The Catholic Church sees the sacrament of confirmation as required to complete the grace given in baptism.<a href="#cite_note-332">[323]</a> When adults are baptized, confirmation is normally given immediately afterwards,<a href="#cite_note-cann883-333">[324]</a> a practice followed even with newly baptized infants in the Eastern Catholic Churches.<a href="#cite_note-cceo695-334">[325]</a> In the West confirmation of children is delayed until they are old enough to understand or at the bishop's discretion.<a href="#cite_note-cann891-335">[326]</a> In Western Christianity, particularly Catholicism, the sacrament is called confirmation, because it confirms and strengthens the grace of baptism; in the Eastern Churches, it is called chrismation, because the essential rite is the anointing of the person with <a href="/wiki/Chrism" title="Chrism">chrism</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Chrism-336">[327]</a> a mixture of <a href="/wiki/Olive_oil" title="Olive oil">olive oil</a> and some perfumed substance, usually <a href="/wiki/Oleoresin" title="Oleoresin">balsam</a>, blessed by a bishop.<a href="#cite_note-Chrism-336">[327]</a><a href="#cite_note-337">[328]</a> Those who receive confirmation must be in a state of grace, which for those who have reached the <a href="/wiki/Age_of_reason_(canon_law)" class="mw-redirect" title="Age of reason (canon law)">age of reason</a> means that they should first be cleansed spiritually by the sacrament of Penance; they should also have the intention of receiving the sacrament, and be prepared to show in their lives that they are Christians.<a href="#cite_note-338">[329]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Eucharist">Eucharist</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Eucharist_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Eucharist in the Catholic Church">Eucharist in the Catholic Church</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:BentoXVI-51-11052007_(frag).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/BentoXVI-51-11052007_%28frag%29.jpg/220px-BentoXVI-51-11052007_%28frag%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="291" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/BentoXVI-51-11052007_%28frag%29.jpg/330px-BentoXVI-51-11052007_%28frag%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/43/BentoXVI-51-11052007_%28frag%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="416" data-file-height="550" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Pope_Benedict_XVI" title="Pope Benedict XVI">Pope Benedict XVI</a> celebrates the Eucharist at the <a href="/wiki/Canonization" title="Canonization">canonization</a> of <a href="/wiki/Frei_Galv%C3%A3o" title="Frei Galvão">Frei Galvão</a> in São Paulo, Brazil on 11 May 2007.</figcaption></figure> For Catholics, the Eucharist is the sacrament which completes Christian initiation. It is described as "the source and summit of the Christian life".<a href="#cite_note-339">[330]</a> The ceremony in which a Catholic first receives the Eucharist is known as <a href="/wiki/First_Communion" title="First Communion">First Communion</a>.<a href="#cite_note-340">[331]</a> The Eucharistic celebration, also called the <a href="/wiki/Mass_(liturgy)" title="Mass (liturgy)">Mass</a> or <a href="/wiki/Divine_liturgy" class="mw-redirect" title="Divine liturgy">Divine liturgy</a>, includes prayers and scriptural readings, as well as an offering of bread and wine, which are brought to the <a href="/wiki/Altar" title="Altar">altar</a> and <a href="/wiki/Consecration#Eucharist" class="mw-redirect" title="Consecration">consecrated</a> by the priest to become the body and the blood of Jesus Christ, a change called <a href="/wiki/Transubstantiation" title="Transubstantiation">transubstantiation</a>.<a href="#cite_note-341">[332]</a><a href="#cite_note-342">[note 10]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Words_of_consecration" class="mw-redirect" title="Words of consecration">words of consecration</a> reflect the words spoken by Jesus during the <a href="/wiki/Last_Supper" title="Last Supper">Last Supper</a>, where Christ offered his body and blood to his Apostles the night before his crucifixion. The sacrament re-presents (makes present) the sacrifice of Jesus on the cross,<a href="#cite_note-343">[333]</a> and perpetuates it. Christ's death and resurrection give grace through the sacrament that unites the faithful with Christ and one another, remits venial sin, and aids against committing moral sin (though mortal sin itself is forgiven through the sacrament of penance).<a href="#cite_note-ccc1392-344">[334]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Convento_de_San_Francisco_-_Ciudad_de_M%C3%A9xico_-_Creyente.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Convento_de_San_Francisco_-_Ciudad_de_M%C3%A9xico_-_Creyente.jpg/170px-Convento_de_San_Francisco_-_Ciudad_de_M%C3%A9xico_-_Creyente.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="254" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Convento_de_San_Francisco_-_Ciudad_de_M%C3%A9xico_-_Creyente.jpg/255px-Convento_de_San_Francisco_-_Ciudad_de_M%C3%A9xico_-_Creyente.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Convento_de_San_Francisco_-_Ciudad_de_M%C3%A9xico_-_Creyente.jpg/340px-Convento_de_San_Francisco_-_Ciudad_de_M%C3%A9xico_-_Creyente.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="3872" /></a><figcaption>A Catholic believer prays in a church in Mexico.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sacraments_of_healing">Sacraments of healing</h3></div> The two sacraments of healing are the <a href="/wiki/Sacrament_of_Penance_(Catholic_Church)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sacrament of Penance (Catholic Church)">Sacrament of Penance</a> and <a href="/wiki/Anointing_of_the_Sick_(Catholic_Church)" class="mw-redirect" title="Anointing of the Sick (Catholic Church)">Anointing of the Sick</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Penance">Penance</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Sacrament_of_Penance" title="Sacrament of Penance">Sacrament of Penance</a></div> The Sacrament of Penance (also called Reconciliation, Forgiveness, Confession, and Conversion<a href="#cite_note-345">[335]</a>) exists for the conversion of those who, after baptism, separate themselves from Christ by sin.<a href="#cite_note-346">[336]</a> Essential to this sacrament are acts both by the sinner (examination of conscience, contrition with a determination not to sin again, confession to a priest, and performance of some act to repair the damage caused by sin) and by the priest (determination of the act of reparation to be performed and <a href="/wiki/Absolution" title="Absolution">absolution</a>).<a href="#cite_note-347">[337]</a> Serious sins (<a href="/wiki/Mortal_sin" title="Mortal sin">mortal sins</a>) should be confessed at least once a year and always before receiving Holy Communion, while confession of <a href="/wiki/Venial_sin" title="Venial sin">venial sins</a> also is recommended.<a href="#cite_note-348">[338]</a> The priest is bound under the severest penalties to maintain the "<a href="/wiki/Seal_of_confession" class="mw-redirect" title="Seal of confession">seal of confession</a>", absolute secrecy about any sins revealed to him in confession.<a href="#cite_note-349">[339]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Anointing_of_the_sick">Anointing of the sick</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Anointing_of_the_Sick_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Anointing of the Sick in the Catholic Church">Anointing of the Sick in the Catholic Church</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Extreme_Unction_Rogier_Van_der_Weyden.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/ae/Extreme_Unction_Rogier_Van_der_Weyden.jpg" decoding="async" width="241" height="254" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="241" data-file-height="254" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Seven_Sacraments_Altarpiece" title="Seven Sacraments Altarpiece">Seven Sacraments Altarpiece</a> <a href="/wiki/Triptych" title="Triptych">triptych</a> painting of Extreme Unction (Anointing of the Sick) with oil being administered by a priest during last rites. <a href="/wiki/Rogier_van_der_Weyden" title="Rogier van der Weyden">Rogier van der Weyden</a>, c. 1445.</figcaption></figure> While chrism is used only for the three sacraments that cannot be repeated, a different oil is used by a priest or bishop to bless a Catholic who, because of illness or old age, has begun to be in danger of death.<a href="#cite_note-350">[340]</a> This sacrament, known as Anointing of the Sick, is believed to give comfort, peace, courage and, if the sick person is unable to make a confession, even forgiveness of sins.<a href="#cite_note-351">[341]</a> The sacrament is also referred to as Unction, and in the past as Extreme Unction, and it is one of the three sacraments that constitute the <a href="/wiki/Last_rites" title="Last rites">last rites</a>, together with Penance and <a href="/wiki/Viaticum" title="Viaticum">Viaticum</a> (Eucharist).<a href="#cite_note-352">[342]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sacraments_at_the_service_of_communion">Sacraments at the service of communion</h3></div> According to the Catechism, there are two sacraments of <a href="/wiki/Koinonia" title="Koinonia">communion</a> directed towards the salvation of others: priesthood and marriage.<a href="#cite_note-353">[343]</a> Within the general vocation to be a Christian, these two sacraments "consecrate to specific mission or <a href="/wiki/Vocation" title="Vocation">vocation</a> among the people of God. Men receive the holy orders to feed the Church by the word and <a href="/wiki/Grace_(Christianity)" class="mw-redirect" title="Grace (Christianity)">grace</a>. Spouses marry so that their love may be fortified to fulfil duties of their state".<a href="#cite_note-354">[344]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Holy_Orders">Holy Orders</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Holy_orders_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Holy orders in the Catholic Church">Holy orders in the Catholic Church</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Priesterweihe_in_Schwyz_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Priesterweihe_in_Schwyz_2.jpg/220px-Priesterweihe_in_Schwyz_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Priesterweihe_in_Schwyz_2.jpg/330px-Priesterweihe_in_Schwyz_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Priesterweihe_in_Schwyz_2.jpg/440px-Priesterweihe_in_Schwyz_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2084" data-file-height="1389" /></a><figcaption>Priests lay their hands on the ordinands during the rite of ordination.</figcaption></figure> The sacrament of Holy Orders consecrates and deputes some Christians to serve the whole body as members of three degrees or orders: episcopate (bishops), presbyterate (priests) and diaconate (deacons).<a href="#cite_note-cann10081009-355">[345]</a><a href="#cite_note-356">[346]</a> The church has defined rules on who may be ordained into the <a href="/wiki/Clergy#Catholicism" title="Clergy">clergy</a>. In the Latin Church, the priesthood is generally restricted to celibate men, and the episcopate is always restricted to celibate men.<a href="#cite_note-357">[347]</a> Men who are already married may be ordained in certain Eastern Catholic churches in most countries,<a href="#cite_note-358">[348]</a> and the personal ordinariates and may become deacons even in the Latin Church<a href="#cite_note-CCL1031-359">[349]</a><a href="#cite_note-CCL1037-360">[350]</a> (see <a href="/wiki/Clerical_marriage" title="Clerical marriage">Clerical marriage</a>). But after becoming a Catholic priest, a man may not marry (see <a href="/wiki/Clerical_celibacy" title="Clerical celibacy">Clerical celibacy</a>) unless he is formally laicized. All clergy, whether deacons, priests or bishops, may preach, teach, baptize, witness marriages and conduct funeral liturgies.<a href="#cite_note-361">[351]</a> Only bishops and priests can administer the sacraments of the Eucharist, Reconciliation (Penance) and Anointing of the Sick.<a href="#cite_note-362">[352]</a><a href="#cite_note-363">[353]</a> Only bishops can administer the sacrament of Holy Orders, which <a href="/wiki/Ordination" title="Ordination">ordains</a> someone into the clergy.<a href="#cite_note-OneFaith114-364">[354]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Matrimony">Matrimony</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Marriage_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Marriage in the Catholic Church">Marriage in the Catholic Church</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Catholic_teachings_on_sexual_morality" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholic teachings on sexual morality">Catholic teachings on sexual morality</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Jf9694Wedding_San_Nicolas_Church_Tolentine_Marriage_Pampangafvf_02.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Jf9694Wedding_San_Nicolas_Church_Tolentine_Marriage_Pampangafvf_02.JPG/220px-Jf9694Wedding_San_Nicolas_Church_Tolentine_Marriage_Pampangafvf_02.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Jf9694Wedding_San_Nicolas_Church_Tolentine_Marriage_Pampangafvf_02.JPG/330px-Jf9694Wedding_San_Nicolas_Church_Tolentine_Marriage_Pampangafvf_02.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Jf9694Wedding_San_Nicolas_Church_Tolentine_Marriage_Pampangafvf_02.JPG/440px-Jf9694Wedding_San_Nicolas_Church_Tolentine_Marriage_Pampangafvf_02.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4608" data-file-height="3456" /></a><figcaption>Wedding mass in the <a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippines</a></figcaption></figure> The Catholic Church teaches that marriage is a social and spiritual bond between a man and a woman, ordered towards the good of the spouses and procreation of children; according to Catholic teachings on sexual morality, it is the only appropriate context for sexual activity. A Catholic marriage, or any marriage between baptized individuals of any Christian denomination, is viewed as a sacrament. A sacramental marriage, once consummated, cannot be dissolved except by death.<a href="#cite_note-365">[355]</a><a href="#cite_note-368">[note 11]</a> The church recognizes certain <a href="/wiki/Marriage_(Catholic_Church)#Conditions_for_a_valid_marriage_of_Catholics" class="mw-redirect" title="Marriage (Catholic Church)">conditions</a>, such as freedom of consent, as required for any marriage to be valid; In addition, the church sets specific rules and norms, known as <a href="/wiki/Marriage_(Catholic_Church)#Canonical_form" class="mw-redirect" title="Marriage (Catholic Church)">canonical form</a>, that Catholics must follow.<a href="#cite_note-369">[358]</a> The church does not recognize divorce as ending a valid marriage and allows state-recognized divorce only as a means of protecting the property and well-being of the spouses and any children. However, consideration of particular cases by the competent ecclesiastical tribunal can lead to declaration of the invalidity of a marriage, a declaration usually referred to as an <a href="/wiki/Annulment_(Catholic_Church)" class="mw-redirect" title="Annulment (Catholic Church)">annulment</a>. Remarriage following a divorce is not permitted unless the prior marriage was declared invalid.<a href="#cite_note-370">[359]</a> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Liturgy">Liturgy</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Catholic_liturgy" title="Catholic liturgy">Catholic liturgy</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Thebible33.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Thebible33.jpg/220px-Thebible33.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Thebible33.jpg/330px-Thebible33.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Thebible33.jpg/440px-Thebible33.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="960" /></a><figcaption>Catholic religious objects – <a href="/wiki/Bible" title="Bible">Holy Bible</a>, <a href="/wiki/Crucifix" title="Crucifix">crucifix</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rosary" title="Rosary">rosary</a></figcaption></figure> Among the 24 autonomous (<a href="/wiki/Sui_iuris" title="Sui iuris">sui iuris</a>) churches, numerous liturgical and other traditions exist, called rites, which reflect historical and cultural diversity rather than differences in belief.<a href="#cite_note-371">[360]</a> In the definition of the <a href="/wiki/Code_of_Canons_of_the_Eastern_Churches" title="Code of Canons of the Eastern Churches">Code of Canons of the Eastern Churches</a>, "a rite is the liturgical, theological, spiritual, and disciplinary patrimony, culture and circumstances of history of a distinct people, by which its own manner of living the faith is manifested in each Church sui iuris".<a href="#cite_note-CCEO28-372">[361]</a> The liturgy of the sacrament of the <a href="/wiki/Eucharist" title="Eucharist">Eucharist</a>, called the <a href="/wiki/Mass_(liturgy)" title="Mass (liturgy)">Mass</a> in the West and <a href="/wiki/Divine_Liturgy" title="Divine Liturgy">Divine Liturgy</a> or other names in the East, is the principal liturgy of the Catholic Church.<a href="#cite_note-373">[362]</a> This is because it is considered the propitiatory sacrifice of Christ himself.<a href="#cite_note-374">[363]</a> Its most widely used form is that of the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Rite" title="Roman Rite">Roman Rite</a> as promulgated by <a href="/wiki/Pope_Paul_VI" title="Pope Paul VI">Paul VI</a> in 1969 (see <a href="/wiki/Missale_Romanum" class="mw-redirect" title="Missale Romanum">Missale Romanum</a>) and revised by <a href="/wiki/Pope_John_Paul_II" title="Pope John Paul II">Pope John Paul II</a> in 2002 (see <a href="/wiki/Liturgiam_Authenticam" class="mw-redirect" title="Liturgiam Authenticam">Liturgiam Authenticam</a>). In certain circumstances, the <a href="/wiki/1962_Roman_Missal" class="mw-redirect" title="1962 Roman Missal">1962 form</a> of the Roman Rite remains authorized in the Latin Church. Eastern Catholic Churches have their own rites. The liturgies of the Eucharist and the other sacraments vary from rite to rite, reflecting different theological emphases. <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Western_rites">Western rites</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Roman_Rite" title="Roman Rite">Roman Rite</a> and <a href="/wiki/Latin_liturgical_rites" title="Latin liturgical rites">Latin liturgical rites</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle"><a href="/wiki/File:Emblem_of_the_Papacy_SE.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Emblem_of_the_Papacy_SE.svg/25px-Emblem_of_the_Papacy_SE.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="34" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Emblem_of_the_Papacy_SE.svg/38px-Emblem_of_the_Papacy_SE.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Emblem_of_the_Papacy_SE.svg/50px-Emblem_of_the_Papacy_SE.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="815" data-file-height="1105" /></a> Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Mass_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Category:Mass in the Catholic Church">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle"><a href="/wiki/Roman_Rite" title="Roman Rite">Roman Rite</a> <a href="/wiki/Mass_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Mass in the Catholic Church">Mass</a> of the <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Catholic Church</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Missale_Romanum.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Missale_Romanum.jpg/170px-Missale_Romanum.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="118" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Missale_Romanum.jpg/255px-Missale_Romanum.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Missale_Romanum.jpg/340px-Missale_Romanum.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2053" data-file-height="1421" /></a><div class="sidebar-caption"><a href="/wiki/Roman_Missal" title="Roman Missal">Roman Missal</a>: <a href="/wiki/Chalice" title="Chalice">Chalice</a> (with <a href="/wiki/Purificator" class="mw-redirect" title="Purificator">purificator</a>, <a href="/wiki/Paten" title="Paten">paten</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pall_(liturgy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Pall (liturgy)">pall</a>), <a href="/wiki/Crucifix" title="Crucifix">crucifix</a>, and lit <a href="/wiki/Candle" title="Candle">candle</a></div></td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background-color:gold"> A. <a href="/wiki/Introductory_rites" class="mw-redirect" title="Introductory rites">Introductory rites</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Procession#Roman_Catholics" title="Procession">Entrance</a></dd> <dd>Greeting of the altar</dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Penitential_Act" title="Penitential Act">Penitential Act</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Kyrie" title="Kyrie">Kyrie Eleison</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Gloria_in_excelsis_Deo" title="Gloria in excelsis Deo">Gloria</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Collect" title="Collect">Collect</a></dd></dl></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background-color:gold"> B. <a href="/wiki/Liturgy_of_the_Word" class="mw-redirect" title="Liturgy of the Word">Liturgy of the Word</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Lectionary#Catholic_Mass_Lectionary_and_the_Revised_Common_Lectionary" title="Lectionary">Lectionary readings</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Responsorial_Psalm#Catholic_usage" class="mw-redirect" title="Responsorial Psalm">Responsorial psalm</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Homily#Roman_Catholic_Mass_homily" title="Homily">Homily</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Creed" title="Creed">Profession of faith</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/General_Intercessions" title="General Intercessions">Prayer of the Faithful</a></dd></dl></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background-color:gold"> C. <a href="/wiki/Liturgy_of_the_Eucharist" class="mw-redirect" title="Liturgy of the Eucharist">Liturgy of the Eucharist</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li>See also: <a href="/wiki/Eucharist_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Eucharist in the Catholic Church">Eucharist in the Catholic Church</a></li></ul> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Offertory" title="Offertory">Preparation of the gifts</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Offertory" title="Offertory">Prayer over the offerings</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Anaphora_(liturgy)" title="Anaphora (liturgy)">Eucharistic Prayer</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Mass_in_the_Catholic_Church#Communion_rite" title="Mass in the Catholic Church">Communion rite</a>:</dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Lord%27s_Prayer" title="Lord's Prayer">The Lord's Prayer</a></dd> <dd>Rite of peace</dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Fraction_(religion)" title="Fraction (religion)">Fraction</a></dd> <dd>Reception of Communion</dd></dl></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background-color:gold"> D. <a href="/wiki/Mass_(liturgy)#Concluding_rite" title="Mass (liturgy)">Concluding rites</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <a href="/wiki/Ite,_missa_est" title="Ite, missa est">Ite, missa est</a></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below"> <a href="/wiki/File:046CupolaSPietro.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/046CupolaSPietro.jpg/16px-046CupolaSPietro.jpg" decoding="async" width="16" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/046CupolaSPietro.jpg/24px-046CupolaSPietro.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/046CupolaSPietro.jpg/32px-046CupolaSPietro.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Catholicism" class="mw-redirect" title="Portal:Catholicism">Catholicism portal</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Roman_Rite_of_Mass" title="Template:Roman Rite of Mass"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Roman_Rite_of_Mass" title="Template talk:Roman Rite of Mass"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Roman_Rite_of_Mass" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Roman Rite of Mass"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> The Roman Rite is the most common <a href="/wiki/Catholic_liturgical_rites" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholic liturgical rites">rite of worship</a> used by the Catholic Church, with the <a href="/wiki/Mass_of_Paul_VI" title="Mass of Paul VI">Ordinary Form of the Roman Rite</a> form of the Mass. Its use is found worldwide, originating in Rome and spreading throughout Europe, influencing and eventually supplanting local rites.<a href="#cite_note-375">[364]</a> The present ordinary form of Mass in the Roman Rite, found in the post-1969 editions of the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Missal" title="Roman Missal">Roman Missal</a>, is usually celebrated in the local <a href="/wiki/Vernacular" title="Vernacular">vernacular</a> language, using an officially approved translation from the original text in <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a>. An outline of its major liturgical elements can be found in the sidebar. In 2007, Pope Benedict XVI affirmed the licitness of continued use of the <a href="/wiki/1962_Roman_Missal" class="mw-redirect" title="1962 Roman Missal">1962 Roman Missal</a> as an "extraordinary form" (forma extraordinaria) of the Roman Rite, speaking of it also as an usus antiquior ("older use"), and issuing new more permissive norms for its employment.<a href="#cite_note-376">[365]</a> An instruction issued four years later spoke of the two forms or usages of the Roman Rite approved by the pope as the ordinary form and the extraordinary form ("the forma ordinaria" and "the forma extraordinaria").<a href="#cite_note-Universae_Ecclesiae-377">[366]</a> The 1962 edition of the Roman Missal, published a few months before the <a href="/wiki/Second_Vatican_Council" title="Second Vatican Council">Second Vatican Council</a> opened, was the last that presented the Mass as standardized in 1570 by <a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_V" title="Pope Pius V">Pope Pius V</a> at the request of the <a href="/wiki/Council_of_Trent" title="Council of Trent">Council of Trent</a> and that is therefore known as the Tridentine Mass.<a href="#cite_note-Kreeft326-318">[309]</a> Pope Pius V's Roman Missal was subjected to minor revisions by <a href="/wiki/Pope_Clement_VIII" title="Pope Clement VIII">Pope Clement VIII</a> in 1604, <a href="/wiki/Pope_Urban_VIII" title="Pope Urban VIII">Pope Urban VIII</a> in 1634, <a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_X" title="Pope Pius X">Pope Pius X</a> in 1911, <a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_XII" title="Pope Pius XII">Pope Pius XII</a> in 1955, and <a href="/wiki/Pope_John_XXIII" title="Pope John XXIII">Pope John XXIII</a> in 1962. Each successive edition was the ordinary form of the Roman Rite Mass until superseded by a later edition. When the 1962 edition was superseded by that of Paul VI, promulgated in 1969, its continued use at first required permission from bishops;<a href="#cite_note-378">[367]</a> but <a href="/wiki/Pope_Benedict_XVI" title="Pope Benedict XVI">Pope Benedict XVI</a>'s 2007 <a href="/wiki/Motu_proprio" title="Motu proprio">motu proprio</a> <a href="/wiki/Summorum_Pontificum" title="Summorum Pontificum">Summorum Pontificum</a> allowed free use of it for Mass celebrated without a congregation and authorized parish priests to permit, under certain conditions, its use even at public Masses. Except for the scriptural readings, which Pope Benedict allowed to be proclaimed in the vernacular language, it is celebrated exclusively in <a href="/wiki/Liturgical_Latin" class="mw-redirect" title="Liturgical Latin">liturgical Latin</a>.<a href="#cite_note-379">[368]</a> These permissions were largely removed by Pope Francis in 2021, who issued the motu proprio <a href="/wiki/Traditionis_custodes" title="Traditionis custodes">Traditionis custodes</a> to emphasize the Ordinary Form as promulgated by Popes Paul VI and John Paul II.<a href="#cite_note-MPTC-380">[369]</a> Since 2014, clergy in the small <a href="/wiki/Personal_ordinariate" title="Personal ordinariate">personal ordinariates</a> set up for groups of former Anglicans under the terms of the 2009 document <a href="/wiki/Anglicanorum_Coetibus" class="mw-redirect" title="Anglicanorum Coetibus">Anglicanorum Coetibus</a><a href="#cite_note-Anglicanorum_Coetibus-381">[370]</a> are permitted to use a variation of the Roman Rite called "Divine Worship" or, less formally, "Ordinariate Use",<a href="#cite_note-382">[371]</a> which incorporates elements of the <a href="/wiki/Christian_liturgy#Anglican_Communion" title="Christian liturgy">Anglican liturgy</a> and traditions,<a href="#cite_note-383">[note 12]</a> an accommodation protested by Anglican leaders. In the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Archdiocese_of_Milan" title="Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Milan">Archdiocese of Milan</a>, with around five million Catholics the largest in Europe,<a href="#cite_note-384">[372]</a> Mass is celebrated according to the <a href="/wiki/Ambrosian_Rite" title="Ambrosian Rite">Ambrosian Rite</a>. Other <a href="/wiki/Latin_liturgical_rites" title="Latin liturgical rites">Latin Church rites</a> include the <a href="/wiki/Mozarabic_Rite" title="Mozarabic Rite">Mozarabic</a><a href="#cite_note-385">[373]</a> and those of some religious institutes.<a href="#cite_note-386">[374]</a> These liturgical rites have an antiquity of at least 200 years before 1570, the date of Pope Pius V's <a href="/wiki/Quo_primum" title="Quo primum">Quo primum</a>, and were thus allowed to continue.<a href="#cite_note-387">[375]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Eastern_rites">Eastern rites</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Catholic_particular_churches_and_liturgical_rites#Eastern_rites" title="Catholic particular churches and liturgical rites">Catholic particular churches and liturgical rites § Eastern rites</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Crowning_in_Syro-Malabar_Nasrani_Wedding_by_Mar_Gregory_Karotemprel.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Crowning_in_Syro-Malabar_Nasrani_Wedding_by_Mar_Gregory_Karotemprel.jpg/220px-Crowning_in_Syro-Malabar_Nasrani_Wedding_by_Mar_Gregory_Karotemprel.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="168" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Crowning_in_Syro-Malabar_Nasrani_Wedding_by_Mar_Gregory_Karotemprel.jpg/330px-Crowning_in_Syro-Malabar_Nasrani_Wedding_by_Mar_Gregory_Karotemprel.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Crowning_in_Syro-Malabar_Nasrani_Wedding_by_Mar_Gregory_Karotemprel.jpg/440px-Crowning_in_Syro-Malabar_Nasrani_Wedding_by_Mar_Gregory_Karotemprel.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4834" data-file-height="3684" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/East_Syrian_Rite" class="mw-redirect" title="East Syrian Rite">East Syrian Rite</a> <a href="/wiki/Wedding_crowning" class="mw-redirect" title="Wedding crowning">wedding crowning</a> celebrated by a bishop of the <a href="/wiki/Syro-Malabar_Catholic_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Syro-Malabar Catholic Church">Syro-Malabar Catholic Church</a> in India, one of the 23 Eastern Catholic Churches in <a href="/wiki/Full_communion" title="Full communion">full communion</a> with the pope and the Catholic Church</figcaption></figure> The Eastern Catholic Churches share common patrimony and liturgical rites as their counterparts, including <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Orthodox">Eastern Orthodox</a> and other <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Christian" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Christian">Eastern Christian</a> churches who are no longer in communion with the Holy See. These include churches that historically developed in Russia, Caucasus, the Balkans, North Eastern Africa, India and the Middle East. The Eastern Catholic Churches are groups of faithful who have either never been out of communion with the Holy See or who have restored communion with it at the cost of breaking communion with their associates of the same tradition.<a href="#cite_note-388">[376]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Catholic_liturgy" title="Eastern Catholic liturgy">liturgical rites of the Eastern Catholic Churches</a> include the <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Rite" title="Byzantine Rite">Byzantine Rite</a> (in its Antiochian, Greek and Slavonic <a href="/wiki/Use_(liturgy)" title="Use (liturgy)">recensions</a>), the <a href="/wiki/Alexandrian_Rite" class="mw-redirect" title="Alexandrian Rite">Alexandrian Rite</a>, the <a href="/wiki/West_Syrian_Rite" class="mw-redirect" title="West Syrian Rite">West Syrian Rite</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Armenian_Rite" title="Armenian Rite">Armenian Rite</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/East_Syriac_Rite" title="East Syriac Rite">East Syriac Rite</a>. Eastern Catholic Churches have the autonomy to set the particulars of their liturgical forms and worship, within certain limits to protect the "accurate observance" of their liturgical tradition.<a href="#cite_note-389">[377]</a> In the past some of the rites used by the Eastern Catholic Churches were subject to a degree of <a href="/wiki/Liturgical_Latinization" class="mw-redirect" title="Liturgical Latinization">liturgical Latinization</a>. However, in recent years Eastern Catholic Churches have returned to traditional Eastern practices in accord with the <a href="/wiki/Second_Vatican_Council" title="Second Vatican Council">Vatican II</a> decree <a href="/wiki/Orientalium_Ecclesiarum" title="Orientalium Ecclesiarum">Orientalium Ecclesiarum</a>.<a href="#cite_note-390">[378]</a> Each church has its own <a href="/wiki/Liturgical_calendar" class="mw-redirect" title="Liturgical calendar">liturgical calendar</a>.<a href="#cite_note-391">[379]</a> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Social_and_cultural_issues">Social and cultural issues</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Catholic_social_teaching">Catholic social teaching</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Catholic_social_teaching" title="Catholic social teaching">Catholic social teaching</a></div> Catholic social teaching, reflecting the concern Jesus showed for the impoverished, places a heavy emphasis on the <a href="/wiki/Corporal_works_of_mercy" class="mw-redirect" title="Corporal works of mercy">corporal works of mercy</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Spiritual_works_of_mercy" class="mw-redirect" title="Spiritual works of mercy">spiritual works of mercy</a>, namely the support and concern for the sick, the poor and the afflicted.<a href="#cite_note-392">[380]</a><a href="#cite_note-Compendium_of_the_CCC,_388-393">[381]</a> Church teaching calls for a preferential <a href="/wiki/Option_for_the_poor" title="Option for the poor">option for the poor</a> while canon law prescribes that "The Christian faithful are also obliged to promote <a href="/wiki/Social_justice" title="Social justice">social justice</a> and, mindful of the precept of the Lord, to assist the poor."<a href="#cite_note-Cann22-394">[382]</a> Its foundations are widely considered to have been laid by Pope Leo XIII's 1891 encyclical letter <a href="/wiki/Rerum_novarum" title="Rerum novarum">Rerum novarum</a> which upholds the rights and dignity of labour and the right of workers to form unions. Catholic teaching regarding sexuality calls for a practice of <a href="/wiki/Chastity" title="Chastity">chastity</a>, with a focus on maintaining the spiritual and bodily integrity of the human person. Marriage is considered the only appropriate context for sexual activity.<a href="#cite_note-2337_-395">[383]</a> Church teachings about sexuality have become an issue of increasing controversy, especially after the close of the Second Vatican Council, due to changing cultural attitudes in the Western world described as the <a href="/wiki/Sexual_revolution" title="Sexual revolution">sexual revolution</a>. The church has also addressed stewardship of the natural environment, and its relationship to other social and theological teachings. In the document <a href="/wiki/Laudato_si%27" title="Laudato si'">Laudato si'</a>, dated 24 May 2015, Pope Francis critiques <a href="/wiki/Consumerism" title="Consumerism">consumerism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Overdevelopment" title="Overdevelopment">irresponsible development</a>, and laments <a href="/wiki/Environmental_degradation" title="Environmental degradation">environmental degradation</a> and <a href="/wiki/Global_warming" class="mw-redirect" title="Global warming">global warming</a>.<a href="#cite_note-NYT-396">[384]</a> The pope expressed concern that the warming of the planet is a symptom of a greater problem: the developed world's indifference to the destruction of the planet as humans pursue short-term economic gains.<a href="#cite_note-397">[385]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Social_services">Social services</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_and_health_care" title="Catholic Church and health care">Catholic Church and health care</a> and <a href="/wiki/Catholic_school" title="Catholic school">Catholic education</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:MotherTeresa_090.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/MotherTeresa_090.jpg/170px-MotherTeresa_090.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/MotherTeresa_090.jpg/255px-MotherTeresa_090.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/MotherTeresa_090.jpg/340px-MotherTeresa_090.jpg 2x" data-file-width="576" data-file-height="768" /></a><figcaption>Saint <a href="/wiki/Mother_Teresa" title="Mother Teresa">Teresa</a> of Calcutta advocated for the sick, the poor and the needy by practising the acts of <a href="/wiki/Corporal_works_of_mercy" class="mw-redirect" title="Corporal works of mercy">corporal works of mercy</a>.</figcaption></figure> The Catholic Church is the largest non-government provider of education and medical services in the world.<a href="#cite_note-Geopolitics-27">[26]</a> In 2010, the Catholic Church's Pontifical Council for Pastoral Assistance to Health Care Workers said that the church manages 26% of health care facilities in the world, including hospitals, clinics, orphanages, pharmacies and centres for those with leprosy.<a href="#cite_note-398">[386]</a> The church has always been involved in education, since the founding of the <a href="/wiki/Medieval_university" title="Medieval university">first universities</a> of Europe.<a href="#cite_note-auto-87">[83]</a> It runs and sponsors thousands of primary and secondary schools, <a href="/wiki/Catholic_higher_education" title="Catholic higher education">colleges and universities</a> throughout the world<a href="#cite_note-399">[387]</a><a href="#cite_note-Vermont_winter-8">[8]</a> and operates the world's largest non-governmental school system.<a href="#cite_note-400">[388]</a> Religious institutes for women have played a particularly prominent role in the provision of health and education services,<a href="#cite_note-nunsworldwide-401">[389]</a> as with orders such as the <a href="/wiki/Sisters_of_Mercy" title="Sisters of Mercy">Sisters of Mercy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Little_Sisters_of_the_Poor" title="Little Sisters of the Poor">Little Sisters of the Poor</a>, the Missionaries of Charity, the <a href="/wiki/Sisters_of_St._Joseph_of_the_Sacred_Heart" class="mw-redirect" title="Sisters of St. Joseph of the Sacred Heart">Sisters of St. Joseph of the Sacred Heart</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Sisters_of_the_Blessed_Sacrament" title="Sisters of the Blessed Sacrament">Sisters of the Blessed Sacrament</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Daughters_of_Charity_of_Saint_Vincent_de_Paul" title="Daughters of Charity of Saint Vincent de Paul">Daughters of Charity of Saint Vincent de Paul</a>.<a href="#cite_note-402">[390]</a> The Catholic nun <a href="/wiki/Mother_Teresa" title="Mother Teresa">Mother Teresa</a> of <a href="/wiki/Calcutta,_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Calcutta, India">Calcutta, India</a>, founder of the Missionaries of Charity, was awarded the <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Peace_Prize" title="Nobel Peace Prize">Nobel Peace Prize</a> in 1979 for her humanitarian work among India's poor.<a href="#cite_note-403">[391]</a> Bishop <a href="/wiki/Carlos_Filipe_Ximenes_Belo" title="Carlos Filipe Ximenes Belo">Carlos Filipe Ximenes Belo</a> won the same award in 1996 for "work towards a just and peaceful solution to the conflict in <a href="/wiki/East_Timor" title="East Timor">East Timor</a>".<a href="#cite_note-404">[392]</a> The church is also actively engaged in international aid and development through organizations such as <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Relief_Services" title="Catholic Relief Services">Catholic Relief Services</a>, <a href="/wiki/Caritas_Internationalis" title="Caritas Internationalis">Caritas Internationalis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aid_to_the_Church_in_Need" title="Aid to the Church in Need">Aid to the Church in Need</a>, refugee advocacy groups such as the <a href="/wiki/Jesuit_Refugee_Service" title="Jesuit Refugee Service">Jesuit Refugee Service</a> and community aid groups such as the <a href="/wiki/Saint_Vincent_de_Paul_Society" class="mw-redirect" title="Saint Vincent de Paul Society">Saint Vincent de Paul Society</a>.<a href="#cite_note-405">[393]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sexual_morality">Sexual morality</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Catholic_theology_of_sexuality" title="Catholic theology of sexuality">Catholic theology of sexuality</a>, <a href="/wiki/Catholic_theology_of_the_body" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholic theology of the body">Catholic theology of the body</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Marriage_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Marriage in the Catholic Church">Marriage in the Catholic Church</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hans_Memling_-_Allegory_with_a_Virgin_-_WGA14896.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Hans_Memling_-_Allegory_with_a_Virgin_-_WGA14896.jpg/200px-Hans_Memling_-_Allegory_with_a_Virgin_-_WGA14896.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="244" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Hans_Memling_-_Allegory_with_a_Virgin_-_WGA14896.jpg/300px-Hans_Memling_-_Allegory_with_a_Virgin_-_WGA14896.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Hans_Memling_-_Allegory_with_a_Virgin_-_WGA14896.jpg/400px-Hans_Memling_-_Allegory_with_a_Virgin_-_WGA14896.jpg 2x" data-file-width="819" data-file-height="1001" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Allegory" title="Allegory">Allegory</a> of chastity by <a href="/wiki/Hans_Memling" title="Hans Memling">Hans Memling</a></figcaption></figure> The Catholic Church calls all members to practise <a href="/wiki/Chastity" title="Chastity">chastity</a> according to their state in life. Chastity includes <a href="/wiki/Temperance_(virtue)" title="Temperance (virtue)">temperance</a>, <a href="/wiki/Discipline" title="Discipline">self-mastery</a>, personal and cultural growth, and <a href="/wiki/Divine_grace" title="Divine grace">divine grace</a>. It requires refraining from <a href="/wiki/Lust" title="Lust">lust</a>, <a href="/wiki/Masturbation" title="Masturbation">masturbation</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fornication" title="Fornication">fornication</a>, pornography, prostitution and rape. Chastity for those who are not married requires living in <a href="/wiki/Sexual_abstinence" title="Sexual abstinence">continence</a>, abstaining from sexual activity; those who are married are called to conjugal chastity.<a href="#cite_note-406">[394]</a> In the church's teaching, sexual activity is reserved to married couples, whether in a <a href="/wiki/Marriage_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Marriage in the Catholic Church">sacramental marriage</a> among Christians or in a <a href="/wiki/Natural_marriage" title="Natural marriage">natural marriage</a> where one or both spouses are unbaptized. Even in romantic relationships, particularly <a href="/wiki/Engagement_to_marriage" class="mw-redirect" title="Engagement to marriage">engagement to marriage</a>, partners are called to practise continence, in order to test mutual respect and fidelity.<a href="#cite_note-407">[395]</a> Chastity in marriage requires in particular conjugal fidelity and protecting the fecundity of marriage. The couple must foster trust and honesty as well as spiritual and physical intimacy. Sexual activity must always be open to the possibility of life;<a href="#cite_note-408">[396]</a> the church calls this the procreative significance. It must likewise always bring a couple together in love; the church calls this the unitive significance.<a href="#cite_note-409">[397]</a> <a href="/wiki/Contraception" class="mw-redirect" title="Contraception">Contraception</a> and certain other <a href="/wiki/Catholic_teachings_on_sexual_morality#Teachings_on_specific_subjects" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholic teachings on sexual morality">sexual practices</a> are not permitted, although <a href="/wiki/Natural_family_planning" title="Natural family planning">natural family planning</a> methods are permitted to provide healthy spacing between births, or to postpone children for a just reason.<a href="#cite_note-410">[398]</a> Pope Francis said in 2015 that he is worried that the church has grown "obsessed" with issues such as abortion, <a href="/wiki/Same-sex_marriage" title="Same-sex marriage">same-sex marriage</a> and <a href="/wiki/Contraception" class="mw-redirect" title="Contraception">contraception</a>, and for prioritizing moral doctrines over helping the poor and marginalized.<a href="#cite_note-411">[399]</a><a href="#cite_note-412">[400]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Homosexuality">Homosexuality</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Homosexuality_and_the_Catholic_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Homosexuality and the Catholic Church">Homosexuality and the Catholic Church</a></div> The Catholic Church also teaches that "homosexual acts" are "contrary to the natural law", "acts of grave depravity" and "under no circumstances can they be approved", but that persons experiencing homosexual tendencies must be accorded respect and dignity.<a href="#cite_note-ccc2357-2359-413">[401]</a> According to the <a href="/wiki/Catechism_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="Catechism of the Catholic Church">Catechism of the Catholic Church</a>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">The number of men and women who have deep-seated homosexual tendencies is not negligible. This inclination, which is objectively disordered, constitutes for most of them a trial. They must be accepted with respect, compassion, and sensitivity. Every sign of unjust discrimination in their regard should be avoided... Homosexual persons are called to chastity. By the virtues of self-mastery that teach them inner freedom, at times by the support of disinterested friendship, by prayer and sacramental grace, they can and should gradually and resolutely approach Christian perfection.<a href="#cite_note-ccc2357-2359-413">[401]</a></blockquote> This part of the Catechism was quoted by Pope Francis in a 2013 press interview in which he remarked, when asked about an individual: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">I think that when you encounter a person like this [the individual he was asked about], you must make a distinction between the fact of a person being gay from the fact of being a lobby, because lobbies, all are not good. That is bad. If a person is gay and seeks the Lord and has good will, well who am I to judge them?<a href="#cite_note-414">[402]</a></blockquote> This remark and others made in the same interview were seen as a change in the tone, but not in the substance of the teaching of the church,<a href="#cite_note-415">[403]</a> which includes opposition to <a href="/wiki/Same-sex_marriage" title="Same-sex marriage">same-sex marriage</a>.<a href="#cite_note-1601_05-416">[404]</a> Certain <a href="/wiki/Dissent" title="Dissent">dissenting</a> Catholic groups <a href="/wiki/Dissent_from_Catholic_teaching_on_homosexuality" title="Dissent from Catholic teaching on homosexuality">oppose the position of the Catholic Church</a> and seek to change it.<a href="#cite_note-417">[405]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Divorce_and_declarations_of_nullity">Divorce and declarations of nullity</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Declaration_of_nullity" title="Declaration of nullity">Declaration of nullity</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Divorce_law_by_country" title="Divorce law by country">Divorce law by country</a></div> Canon law makes no provision for divorce between baptized individuals, as a valid, consummated sacramental marriage is considered to be a lifelong bond.<a href="#cite_note-418">[406]</a> However, a declaration of nullity may be granted when the proof is produced that essential conditions for contracting a valid marriage were absent from the beginning—in other words, that the marriage was not valid due to some impediment. A declaration of nullity, commonly called an annulment, is a judgement on the part of an <a href="/wiki/Ecclesiastical_tribunal" class="mw-redirect" title="Ecclesiastical tribunal">ecclesiastical tribunal</a> determining that a marriage was invalidly attempted.<a href="#cite_note-419">[407]</a> In addition, marriages among unbaptized individuals may be dissolved with papal permission under certain situations, such as a desire to marry a Catholic, under <a href="/wiki/Pauline_privilege" title="Pauline privilege">Pauline</a> or <a href="/wiki/Petrine_privilege" title="Petrine privilege">Petrine privilege</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Gantley-366">[356]</a><a href="#cite_note-Doors-367">[357]</a> An attempt at remarriage following divorce without a declaration of nullity places "the remarried spouse ... in a situation of public and permanent adultery". An innocent spouse who lives in continence following divorce, or couples who live in continence following a civil divorce for a grave cause, do not sin.<a href="#cite_note-420">[408]</a> Worldwide, diocesan tribunals completed over 49000 cases for nullity of marriage in 2006. Over the past 30 years about 55 to 70% of annulments have occurred in the United States. The growth in annulments has been substantial; in the United States, 27,000 marriages were annulled in 2006, compared to 338 in 1968. However, approximately 200,000 married Catholics in the United States divorce each year; 10 million total as of 2006<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Catholic_Church&action=edit">[update]</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Soule-421">[409]</a><a href="#cite_note-423">[note 13]</a> Divorce is increasing in some predominantly Catholic countries in Europe.<a href="#cite_note-424">[411]</a> In some predominantly Catholic countries, it is only in recent years that divorce was introduced (Italy (1970), <a href="/wiki/Portugal" title="Portugal">Portugal</a> (1975), Brazil (1977), Spain (1981), Ireland (1996), Chile (2004) and <a href="/wiki/Malta" title="Malta">Malta</a> (2011)), while the <a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippines</a> and the Vatican City have no procedure for divorce (The <a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippines</a> does, however, allow divorce for Muslims.). <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Contraception">Contraception</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Christian_views_on_birth_control#Catholicism" title="Christian views on birth control">Christian views on birth control § Catholicism</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_and_HIV/AIDS" title="Catholic Church and HIV/AIDS">Catholic Church and HIV/AIDS</a> and <a href="/wiki/Religious_response_to_assisted_reproductive_technology#Catholicism" title="Religious response to assisted reproductive technology">Religious response to assisted reproductive technology § Catholicism</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Paulaudenece1977.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Paulaudenece1977.jpg/180px-Paulaudenece1977.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="257" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Paulaudenece1977.jpg/270px-Paulaudenece1977.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Paulaudenece1977.jpg/360px-Paulaudenece1977.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1241" data-file-height="1773" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Pope_Paul_VI" title="Pope Paul VI">Pope Paul VI</a> issued <a href="/wiki/Humanae_vitae" title="Humanae vitae">Humanae vitae</a> on 25 July 1968.</figcaption></figure> The church teaches that <a href="/wiki/Human_reproduction#Copulation" title="Human reproduction">sexual intercourse</a> should only take place between a man and woman who are married to each other, and should be without the use of <a href="/wiki/Birth_control" title="Birth control">birth control</a> or <a href="/wiki/Contraception" class="mw-redirect" title="Contraception">contraception</a>. In his encyclical <a href="/wiki/Humanae_vitae" title="Humanae vitae">Humanae vitae</a><a href="#cite_note-humanae-425">[412]</a> (1968), <a href="/wiki/Pope_Paul_VI" title="Pope Paul VI">Pope Paul VI</a> firmly rejected all contraception, thus contradicting dissenters in the church that saw the <a href="/wiki/Birth_control_pill" class="mw-redirect" title="Birth control pill">birth control pill</a> as an ethically justifiable method of <a href="/wiki/Birth_control" title="Birth control">contraception</a>, though he permitted the regulation of births by means of natural family planning. This teaching was continued especially by <a href="/wiki/John_Paul_II" class="mw-redirect" title="John Paul II">John Paul II</a> in his encyclical <a href="/wiki/Evangelium_Vitae" class="mw-redirect" title="Evangelium Vitae">Evangelium Vitae</a>, where he clarified the church's position on contraception, <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_and_abortion" title="Catholic Church and abortion">abortion</a> and <a href="/wiki/Euthanasia" title="Euthanasia">euthanasia</a> by condemning them as part of a "culture of death" and calling instead for a "<a href="/wiki/Culture_of_life" title="Culture of life">culture of life</a>".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBokenkotter200427,_154,_493–94-426">[413]</a> Many Western Catholics have voiced significant disagreement with the church's teaching on contraception.<a href="#cite_note-427">[414]</a> Overturning the church's teaching on this point features high on progressive agendas.<a href="#cite_note-428">[415]</a> <a href="/wiki/Catholics_for_Choice" title="Catholics for Choice">Catholics for Choice</a>, a political lobbyist group that is not associated with the Catholic Church, stated in 1998 that 96% of U.S. Catholic women had used contraceptives at some point in their lives and that 72% of Catholics believed that one could be a good Catholic without obeying the church's teaching on birth control.<a href="#cite_note-cath_choice-429">[416]</a> Use of natural family planning methods among United States Catholics purportedly is low, although the number cannot be known with certainty.<a href="#cite_note-432">[note 14]</a> As Catholic health providers are among the largest providers of services to patients with <a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS" title="HIV/AIDS">HIV/AIDS</a> worldwide, there is significant controversy within and outside the church regarding the use of condoms as a means of limiting new infections, as <a href="/wiki/Condom" title="Condom">condom</a> use ordinarily constitutes prohibited contraceptive use.<a href="#cite_note-CNS.AIDS-433">[419]</a> Similarly, the Catholic Church opposes <a href="/wiki/Artificial_insemination" title="Artificial insemination">artificial insemination</a> regardless of whether it is homologous (from the husband) or heterologous (from a <a href="/wiki/Sperm_donation" title="Sperm donation">donor</a>) and <a href="/wiki/In_vitro_fertilization" class="mw-redirect" title="In vitro fertilization">in vitro fertilization</a> (IVF), saying that the artificial process replaces the love and conjugal act between a husband and wife.<a href="#cite_note-434">[420]</a> In addition, it opposes IVF because it might cause disposal of embryos; Catholics believe an embryo is an individual with a <a href="/wiki/Soul" title="Soul">soul</a> who must be treated as such.<a href="#cite_note-435">[421]</a> For this reason, the church also opposes abortion.<a href="#cite_note-436">[422]</a> Due to the anti-abortion stance, some Catholics oppose receiving vaccines derived from fetal cells obtained via abortion. On 21 December 2020, and regarding <a href="/wiki/COVID-19_vaccine" title="COVID-19 vaccine">COVID-19 vaccination</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Congregation_for_the_Doctrine_of_the_Faith" class="mw-redirect" title="Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith">Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith</a> emitted a document stating that "it is morally acceptable to receive Covid-19 vaccines that have used cell lines from aborted fetuses in their research and production process" when no alternative vaccine is available, since "the moral duty to avoid such passive material cooperation is not obligatory if there is a grave danger, such as the otherwise uncontainable spread of a serious pathological agent."<a href="#cite_note-437">[423]</a><a href="#cite_note-:0-438">[424]</a> The document states that receiving the vaccine does not constitute endorsement of the practice of abortion, and that "the morality of vaccination depends not only on the duty to protect one's own health, but also on the duty to pursue the common good."<a href="#cite_note-:0-438">[424]</a> The document cautions further:<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">Those who, however, for reasons of conscience, refuse vaccines produced with cell lines from aborted fetuses, must do their utmost to avoid, by other prophylactic means and appropriate behavior, becoming vehicles for the transmission of the infectious agent. In particular, they must avoid any risk to the health of those who cannot be vaccinated for medical or other reasons, and who are the most vulnerable.<a href="#cite_note-:0-438">[424]</a></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Death_penalty_and_euthanasia">Death penalty and euthanasia</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_and_capital_punishment" title="Catholic Church and capital punishment">Catholic Church and capital punishment</a></div> The Catholic Church is committed to the worldwide abolition of the death penalty in any circumstance.<a href="#cite_note-:16-439">[425]</a> The current <a href="/wiki/Catechism_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="Catechism of the Catholic Church">Catechism of the Catholic Church</a> teaches that "in the light of the <a href="/wiki/Gospel" title="Gospel">Gospel</a>" the death penalty is "inadmissible because it is an attack on the inviolability and <a href="/wiki/Human_dignity" class="mw-redirect" title="Human dignity">dignity of the person</a>" and that the Catholic Church "works with determination for its abolition worldwide."<a href="#cite_note-:02-440">[426]</a> In his 2020 encyclical <a href="/wiki/Fratelli_tutti" title="Fratelli tutti">Fratelli tutti</a>, Francis repeated that the death penalty is "inadmissible" and that "there can be no stepping back from this position".<a href="#cite_note-:112-441">[427]</a> On 9 January 2022, Pope Francis stated in his annual speech to Vatican ambassadors: "The death penalty cannot be employed for a purported state justice, since it does not constitute a deterrent nor render justice to victims, but only fuels the thirst for vengeance".<a href="#cite_note-442">[428]</a> There is controversy about whether the Catholic Church considers the death penalty intrinsically evil.<a href="#cite_note-:1-443">[429]</a> American Archbishop <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Horacio_G%C3%B3mez" title="José Horacio Gómez">José Horacio Gómez</a><a href="#cite_note-:1-443">[429]</a> and Catholic philosopher <a href="/wiki/Edward_Feser" title="Edward Feser">Edward Feser</a> argue that this is a matter of prudential judgement and that the church does not teach this as a de fide statement;<a href="#cite_note-444">[430]</a> others, such as Cardinals <a href="/wiki/Charles_Maung_Bo" title="Charles Maung Bo">Charles Maung Bo</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rino_Fisichella" title="Rino Fisichella">Rino Fisichella</a>, state that it does.<a href="#cite_note-:1-443">[429]</a> The Catholic Church opposes active euthanasia and <a href="/wiki/Assisted_suicide" title="Assisted suicide">physician-assisted suicide</a> on the grounds that life is a gift from God and should not be prematurely shortened. However, the church allows dying people to refuse <a href="/wiki/Dysthanasia" title="Dysthanasia">extraordinary treatments</a> that would minimally prolong life without hope of recovery.<a href="#cite_note-Dowbiggin98-445">[431]</a><a href="#cite_note-446">[432]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Holy_orders_and_women">Holy orders and women</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Ordination_of_women_in_the_Catholic_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Ordination of women in the Catholic Church">Ordination of women in the Catholic Church</a> and <a href="/wiki/Women_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Women in the Catholic Church">Women in the Catholic Church</a></div> Women and men religious engage in a variety of occupations such as contemplative prayer, teaching, providing health care, and working as missionaries.<a href="#cite_note-nunsworldwide-401">[389]</a><a href="#cite_note-news.bbc.co.uk-447">[433]</a> While <a href="/wiki/Holy_Orders" class="mw-redirect" title="Holy Orders">Holy Orders</a> are reserved for men, <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_and_women" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholic Church and women">Catholic women</a> have played diverse roles in the life of the church, with religious institutes providing a formal space for their participation and <a href="/wiki/Convent" title="Convent">convents</a> providing spaces for their self-government, prayer and influence through many centuries. <a href="/wiki/Religious_sisters" class="mw-redirect" title="Religious sisters">Religious sisters</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nun" title="Nun">nuns</a> have been extensively involved in developing and running the church's worldwide health and education service networks.<a href="#cite_note-448">[434]</a> Efforts in support of the <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_doctrine_on_the_ordination_of_women" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholic Church doctrine on the ordination of women">ordination of women</a> to the priesthood led to several rulings by the Roman Curia or popes against the proposal, as in <a href="/wiki/Inter_Insigniores" title="Inter Insigniores">Declaration on the Question of the Admission of Women to the Ministerial Priesthood</a> (1976), <a href="/wiki/Mulieris_Dignitatem" class="mw-redirect" title="Mulieris Dignitatem">Mulieris Dignitatem</a> (1988) and <a href="/wiki/Ordinatio_sacerdotalis" title="Ordinatio sacerdotalis">Ordinatio sacerdotalis</a> (1994). According to the latest ruling, found in Ordinatio sacerdotalis, <a href="/wiki/Pope_John_Paul_II" title="Pope John Paul II">Pope John Paul II</a> affirmed that the Catholic Church "does not consider herself authorised to admit women to priestly ordination".<a href="#cite_note-449">[435]</a> In defiance of these rulings, opposition groups such as <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Womenpriests" title="Roman Catholic Womenpriests">Roman Catholic Womenpriests</a> have performed ceremonies they affirm as sacramental ordinations (with, reputedly, an ordaining male Catholic bishop in the first few instances) which, according to <a href="/wiki/Canon_law" title="Canon law">canon law</a>, are both illicit and invalid and considered mere simulations<a href="#cite_note-cann1379-450">[436]</a> of the sacrament of ordination.<a href="#cite_note-RCWP-451">[437]</a><a href="#cite_note-452">[note 15]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Congregation_for_the_Doctrine_of_the_Faith" class="mw-redirect" title="Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith">Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith</a> responded by issuing a statement clarifying that any Catholic bishops involved in ordination ceremonies for women, as well as the women themselves if they were Catholic, would automatically receive the penalty of <a href="/wiki/Excommunication" title="Excommunication">excommunication</a> (<a href="/wiki/Latae_sententiae" class="mw-redirect" title="Latae sententiae">latae sententiae</a>, literally "with the sentence already applied", i.e. automatically), citing canon 1378 of <a href="/wiki/Canon_law" title="Canon law">canon law</a> and other church laws.<a href="#cite_note-453">[438]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sexual_abuse_cases">Sexual abuse cases</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_sexual_abuse_cases" title="Catholic Church sexual abuse cases">Catholic Church sexual abuse cases</a></div> From the 1990s, the issue of <a href="/wiki/Sexual_abuse_of_minors" class="mw-redirect" title="Sexual abuse of minors">sexual abuse of minors</a> by Catholic clergy and other church members has become the subject of civil litigation, criminal prosecution, media coverage and public debate in <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_sex_abuse_cases_by_country" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholic Church sex abuse cases by country">countries around the world</a>. The Catholic Church has been criticized for its handling of abuse complaints when it became known that some bishops had shielded accused priests, transferring them to other pastoral assignments where some continued to commit sexual offences. In response to the scandal, formal procedures have been established to help prevent abuse, encourage the reporting of any abuse that occurs and to handle such reports promptly, although groups representing victims have disputed their effectiveness.<a href="#cite_note-454">[439]</a> In 2014, Pope Francis instituted the <a href="/wiki/Pontifical_Commission_for_the_Protection_of_Minors" title="Pontifical Commission for the Protection of Minors">Pontifical Commission for the Protection of Minors</a> for the safeguarding of minors.<a href="#cite_note-hspo.b0199/00444.2014.03.22-455">[440]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235611614">.mw-parser-output .spoken-wikipedia{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);margin:0.5em 0;padding:0.2em;line-height:1.5em;font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .spoken-wikipedia-header{text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .spoken-wikipedia-listen-to{font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .spoken-wikipedia-files{text-align:center;margin-top:10px;margin-bottom:0.4em}.mw-parser-output .spoken-wikipedia-icon{float:left;margin-left:5px;margin-top:10px}.mw-parser-output .spoken-wikipedia-disclaimer{margin-left:60px;margin-top:10px;font-size:95%;line-height:1.4em}.mw-parser-output .spoken-wikipedia-footer{margin-top:10px;text-align:center}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .spoken-wikipedia{width:20em;float:right;clear:right;margin-left:1em}}</style><div class="spoken-wikipedia noprint haudio"><div class="spoken-wikipedia-header">Listen to this article (1 hour and 8 minutes)</div><div class="spoken-wikipedia-files"><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><audio id="mwe_player_0" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="200" style="width:200px;" data-durationhint="4059" data-mwtitle="Catholic_Church_Spoken_Version.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4a/Catholic_Church_Spoken_Version.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/4/4a/Catholic_Church_Spoken_Version.ogg/Catholic_Church_Spoken_Version.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio><figcaption></figcaption></figure> </div><div class="spoken-wikipedia-icon"><img alt="Spoken Wikipedia icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Sound-icon.svg/45px-Sound-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="45" height="34" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Sound-icon.svg/68px-Sound-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Sound-icon.svg/90px-Sound-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="96" /></div><div class="spoken-wikipedia-disclaimer"><a href="/wiki/File:Catholic_Church_Spoken_Version.ogg" title="File:Catholic Church Spoken Version.ogg">This audio file</a> was created from a revision of this article dated 23 October 2013 (2013-10-23), and does not reflect subsequent edits.</div><div class="spoken-wikipedia-footer">(<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Media_help" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Media help">Audio help</a> · <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Spoken_articles" title="Wikipedia:Spoken articles">More spoken articles</a>)</div></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_and_politics" title="Catholic Church and politics">Catholic Church and politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_and_race" title="Catholic Church and race">Catholic Church and race</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="Glossary of the Catholic Church">Glossary of the Catholic Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Catholic_religious_institutes" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Catholic religious institutes">List of Catholic religious institutes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_Catholics" title="Lists of Catholics">Lists of Catholics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Role_of_Christianity_in_civilization" title="Role of Christianity in civilization">Role of Christianity in civilization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_peace_traditions" title="Catholic peace traditions">Catholic peace traditions</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-20"><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a> While the Catholic Church considers itself to be the authentic continuation of the Christian community founded by Jesus Christ, it teaches that other Christian churches and communities can be in an imperfect communion with the Catholic Church.<a href="#cite_note-note1cite1-18">[18]</a><a href="#cite_note-note1cite2-19">[19]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a> Quote of St Ignatius to the Smyrnaeans (c. 110 AD) </li> <li id="cite_note-RCHolySeeR-41"><a href="#cite_ref-RCHolySeeR_41-0">^</a> Examples uses of "Roman Catholic" by the Holy See: the encyclicals <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vatican.va/holy_father/pius_xi/encyclicals/documents/hf_p-xi_enc_31121929_divini-illius-magistri_en.html">Divini Illius Magistri</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100923233927/https://www.vatican.va/holy_father/pius_xi/encyclicals/documents/hf_p-xi_enc_31121929_divini-illius-magistri_en.html">Archived</a> 23 September 2010 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> of <a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_XI" title="Pope Pius XI">Pope Pius XI</a> and <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vatican.va/holy_father/pius_xii/encyclicals/documents/hf_p-xii_enc_12081950_humani-generis_en.html">Humani generis</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120419021937/https://www.vatican.va/holy_father/pius_xii/encyclicals/documents/hf_p-xii_enc_12081950_humani-generis_en.html">Archived</a> 19 April 2012 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> of <a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_XII" title="Pope Pius XII">Pope Pius XII</a>; joint declarations signed by <a href="/wiki/Pope_Benedict_XVI" title="Pope Benedict XVI">Pope Benedict XVI</a> with <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vatican.va/holy_father/benedict_xvi/speeches/2006/november/documents/hf_ben-xvi_spe_20061123_common-decl_en.html">Archbishop of Canterbury Rowan Williams on 23 November 2006</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130302070228/https://www.vatican.va/holy_father/benedict_xvi/speeches/2006/november/documents/hf_ben-xvi_spe_20061123_common-decl_en.html">Archived</a> 2 March 2013 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> and <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ewtn.com/library/PAPALDOC/b16bart1decl.htm">Patriarch Bartholomew I of Constantinople on 30 November 2006.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110430072019/http://www.ewtn.com/library/PAPALDOC/b16bart1decl.htm">Archived</a> 30 April 2011 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-RCbishop-42"><a href="#cite_ref-RCbishop_42-0">^</a> Example use of "Roman" Catholic by a bishop's conference: The Baltimore Catechism, an official catechism authorized by the Catholic bishops of the United States, states: "That is why we are called Roman Catholics; to show that we are united to the real successor of St Peter" (Question 118) and refers to the church as the "Roman Catholic Church" under Questions 114 and 131 (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cin.org/users/james/ebooks/master/baltimore/bcreed09.htm">Baltimore Catechism).</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150923203520/http://www.cin.org/users/james/ebooks/master/baltimore/bcreed09.htm">Archived</a> 23 September 2015 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-168"><a href="#cite_ref-168">^</a> While ruling contraception to be prohibited, Pope Paul VI did, however, consider natural family planning methods to be morally permissible if used with just cause. </li> <li id="cite_note-196"><a href="#cite_ref-196">^</a> According to Catholic teaching, Jesus Christ is the 'invisible Head' of the Church<a href="#cite_note-191">[186]</a><a href="#cite_note-192">[187]</a><a href="#cite_note-193">[188]</a> while the pope is the 'visible Head'.<a href="#cite_note-194">[189]</a><a href="#cite_note-195">[190]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-204"><a href="#cite_ref-204">^</a> The last resignation occurred on 28 February 2013, when <a href="/wiki/Pope_Benedict_XVI" title="Pope Benedict XVI">Pope Benedict XVI</a> retired, citing ill health in his advanced age. The next most recent resignation occurred in 1415, as part of the <a href="/wiki/Council_of_Constance" title="Council of Constance">Council of Constance</a>'s resolution of the <a href="/wiki/Avignon_Papacy" title="Avignon Papacy">Avignon Papacy</a>.<a href="#cite_note-duffy415-203">[197]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-241"><a href="#cite_ref-241">^</a> In 1992, the Vatican clarified the 1983 Code of Canon Law removed the requirement that altar servers be male; permission to use female altar servers within a diocese is at the discretion of the bishop.<a href="#cite_note-Apostalicae86-240">[233]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-312"><a href="#cite_ref-312">^</a> Other councils that addressed the sacraments include the <a href="/wiki/Second_Council_of_Lyon" title="Second Council of Lyon">Second Council of Lyon</a> (1274); <a href="/wiki/Council_of_Florence" title="Council of Florence">Council of Florence</a> (1439); as well as the <a href="/wiki/Council_of_Trent" title="Council of Trent">Council of Trent</a> (1547)<a href="#cite_note-1113_14-311">[303]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-342"><a href="#cite_ref-342">^</a> For an outline of the Eucharistic liturgy in the Roman Rite, see the <a href="#Roman_Rite_of_Mass">side bar</a> in the "Worship and liturgy". </li> <li id="cite_note-368"><a href="#cite_ref-368">^</a> Marriages involving unbaptized individuals are considered valid, but not sacramental. While sacramental marriages are insoluble, non-sacramental marriages may be dissolved under certain situations, such as a desire to marry a Catholic, under <a href="/wiki/Pauline_privilege" title="Pauline privilege">Pauline</a> or <a href="/wiki/Petrine_privilege" title="Petrine privilege">Petrine privilege</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Gantley-366">[356]</a><a href="#cite_note-Doors-367">[357]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-383"><a href="#cite_ref-383">^</a> The Divine Worship variant of the Roman Rite differs from the "Anglican Use" variant, which was introduced in 1980 for the few United States parishes established in accordance with a <a href="/wiki/Pastoral_Provision" title="Pastoral Provision">pastoral provision</a> for former members of the <a href="/wiki/Episcopal_Church_(United_States)" title="Episcopal Church (United States)">Episcopal Church</a> (the American branch of the Anglican Communion). Both uses adapted Anglican liturgical traditions for use within the Catholic Church. </li> <li id="cite_note-423"><a href="#cite_ref-423">^</a> With regard to divorce in the United States, according to the Barna Group, among all who have been married, 33% have been divorced at least once; among American Catholics, 28% (the study did not track religious annulments).<a href="#cite_note-422">[410]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-432"><a href="#cite_ref-432">^</a> Regarding use of <a href="/wiki/Natural_family_planning" title="Natural family planning">natural family planning</a>, in 2002, 24% of the U.S. population identified as Catholic,<a href="#cite_note-adherents-430">[417]</a> but according to a 2002 study by the <a href="/wiki/Centers_for_Disease_Control_and_Prevention" title="Centers for Disease Control and Prevention">Centers for Disease Control and Prevention</a>, of sexually active Americans avoiding pregnancy, only 1.5% were using NFP.<a href="#cite_note-cdc-431">[418]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-452"><a href="#cite_ref-452">^</a> According to Roman Catholic Womanpriests: "The principal consecrating Roman Catholic male bishop who ordained our first women bishops is a bishop with apostolic succession within the Roman Catholic Church in full communion with the pope."<a href="#cite_note-RCWP-451">[437]</a> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> NOTE: CCC stands for <a href="/wiki/Catechism_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="Catechism of the Catholic Church">Catechism of the Catholic Church</a>. The number following CCC is the paragraph number, of which there are 2865. The numbers cited in the <a href="/wiki/Compendium_of_the_Catechism_of_the_Catholic_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Compendium of the Catechism of the Catholic Church">Compendium of the CCC</a> are question numbers, of which there are 598. Canon law citations from the 1990 <a href="/wiki/Code_of_Canons_of_the_Eastern_Churches" title="Code of Canons of the Eastern Churches">Code of Canons of the Eastern Churches</a> are labelled "CCEO, Canon xxx", to distinguish from canons of the 1983 <a href="/wiki/1983_Code_of_Canon_Law" title="1983 Code of Canon Law">Code of Canon Law</a>, which are labelled "Canon xxx". <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 23em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Episcopal_Polity-1"><a href="#cite_ref-Episcopal_Polity_1-0">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFMarshall1844" class="citation book cs1">Marshall, Thomas William (1844). Notes of the Episcopal Polity of the Holy Catholic Church. London: Levey, Rossen and Franklin. <a href="/wiki/Amazon_Standard_Identification_Number" title="Amazon Standard Identification Number">ASIN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.co.uk/dp/1163912190">1163912190</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Notes+of+the+Episcopal+Polity+of+the+Holy+Catholic+Church&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Levey%2C+Rossen+and+Franklin&rft.date=1844&rft.aulast=Marshall&rft.aufirst=Thomas+William&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACatholic+Church" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-RCC-2"><a href="#cite_ref-RCC_2-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStanford" class="citation web cs1">Stanford, Peter. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/religion/religions/christianity/catholic/catholic_1.shtml">"Roman Catholic Church"</a>. BBC Religions. BBC. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210106083425/http://www.bbc.co.uk/religion/religions/christianity/catholic/catholic_1.shtml">Archived</a> from the original on 6 January 2021. Retrieved 1 February 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=BBC+Religions&rft.atitle=Roman+Catholic+Church&rft.aulast=Stanford&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Freligion%2Freligions%2Fchristianity%2Fcatholic%2Fcatholic_1.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACatholic+Church" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBokenkotter200418-3"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBokenkotter200418_3-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBokenkotter2004">Bokenkotter 2004</a>, p. 18. </li> <li id="cite_note-WorldChristianDatabase-4">^ <a href="#cite_ref-WorldChristianDatabase_4-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-WorldChristianDatabase_4-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-WorldChristianDatabase_4-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gordonconwell.edu/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2024/01/Status-of-Global-Christianity-2024.pdf">"Status of Global Christianity, 2024, in the Context of 1900–2050"</a> (PDF). Center for the Study of Global Christianity, Gordon-Conwell Theological Seminary. Retrieved 23 May 2024. <q>Christian total 2,631,941,000, Catholic total 1,278,009,000 (48.6%)</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Status+of+Global+Christianity%2C+2024%2C+in+the+Context+of+1900%E2%80%932050&rft.pub=Center+for+the+Study+of+Global+Christianity%2C+Gordon-Conwell+Theological+Seminary&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.gordonconwell.edu%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2Fsites%2F13%2F2024%2F01%2FStatus-of-Global-Christianity-2024.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACatholic+Church" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Yearbook_4/4/2024-5">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Yearbook_4/4/2024_5-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Yearbook_4/4/2024_5-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Yearbook_4/4/2024_5-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Yearbook_4/4/2024_5-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Yearbook_4/4/2024_5-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Yearbook_4/4/2024_5-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Yearbook_4/4/2024_5-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Yearbook_4/4/2024_5-7">h</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.osservatoreromano.va/it/news/2024-04/quo-077/pubblicati-l-annuario-pontificio-2024-e-l-annuarium-statisticum.html">"The Pontifical Yearbook 2024 and the Annuarium Statisticum Ecclesiae 2022"</a>. 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Retrieved 29 April 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=L%27Osservatore+Romano&rft.atitle=The+Pontifical+Yearbook+2024+and+the+Annuarium+Statisticum+Ecclesiae+2022&rft.date=2024-04-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.osservatoreromano.va%2Fit%2Fnews%2F2024-04%2Fquo-077%2Fpubblicati-l-annuario-pontificio-2024-e-l-annuarium-statisticum.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACatholic+Church" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Vatican_News_4/4/2024-6"><a href="#cite_ref-Vatican_News_4/4/2024_6-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vaticannews.va/en/vatican-city/news/2024-04/vatican-central-statistical-office-church-pontifical-yearbook.html">"New Church statistics reveal more Catholics, fewer vocations"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Vatican_News" title="Vatican News">Vatican News</a>. 4 April 2024. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240702161125/https://www.vaticannews.va/en/vatican-city/news/2024-04/vatican-central-statistical-office-church-pontifical-yearbook.html">Archived</a> from the original on 2 July 2024. Retrieved 2 July 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Vatican+News&rft.atitle=New+Church+statistics+reveal+more+Catholics%2C+fewer+vocations&rft.date=2024-04-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.vaticannews.va%2Fen%2Fvatican-city%2Fnews%2F2024-04%2Fvatican-central-statistical-office-church-pontifical-yearbook.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACatholic+Church" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-World_Development_p.40-7"><a href="#cite_ref-World_Development_p.40_7-0">^</a> Calderisi, Robert. 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Retrieved 17 March 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Vatican+congregation+reaffirms+truth%2C+oneness+of+Catholic+Church&rft.pub=Catholic+News+Service&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.catholicnews.com%2Fdata%2Fstories%2Fcns%2F0703923.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACatholic+Church" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBokenkotter20047-17"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBokenkotter20047_17-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBokenkotter2004">Bokenkotter 2004</a>, p. 7. </li> <li id="cite_note-note1cite1-18"><a href="#cite_ref-note1cite1_18-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130813100622/https://www.vatican.va/roman_curia/congregations/cfaith/documents/rc_con_cfaith_doc_20070629_responsa-quaestiones_en.html">"Responses to Some Questions regarding Certain Aspects of the Doctrine of the Church"</a>. Vatican.va. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vatican.va/roman_curia/congregations/cfaith/documents/rc_con_cfaith_doc_20070629_responsa-quaestiones_en.html">the original</a> on 13 August 2013. <q>It is possible, according to Catholic doctrine, to affirm correctly that the Church of Christ is present and operative in the churches and <a href="/wiki/Ecclesial_community" title="Ecclesial community">ecclesial communities</a> not yet fully in communion with the Catholic Church, on account of the elements of sanctification and truth that are present in them.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Responses+to+Some+Questions+regarding+Certain+Aspects+of+the+Doctrine+of+the+Church&rft.pub=Vatican.va&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.vatican.va%2Froman_curia%2Fcongregations%2Fcfaith%2Fdocuments%2Frc_con_cfaith_doc_20070629_responsa-quaestiones_en.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACatholic+Church" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-note1cite2-19"><a href="#cite_ref-note1cite2_19-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1">"Declaration on the Unicity and Salvific Universality of Jesus Christ and the Church Dominus Iesus § 17". Vatican.va. <q>Therefore, there exists a single Church of Christ, which subsists in the Catholic Church, governed by the Successor of Peter and by the Bishops in communion with him. The Churches which, while not existing in perfect Koinonia with the Catholic Church, remain united to her by means of the closest bonds, that is, by apostolic succession and a valid Eucharist, are true <a href="/wiki/Particular_churches" class="mw-redirect" title="Particular churches">particular churches</a>. Therefore, the Church of Christ is present and operative also in these Churches, even though they lack full communion with the Catholic Church since they do not accept the Catholic doctrine of the Primacy, which, according to the will of God, the Bishop of Rome objectively has and exercises over the entire Church. ... 'The Christian faithful are therefore not permitted to imagine that the Church of Christ is nothing more than a collection—divided, yet in some way one—of Churches and <a href="/wiki/Ecclesial_community" title="Ecclesial community">ecclesial communities</a>; nor are they free to hold that today the Church of Christ nowhere really exists, and must be considered only as a goal which all Churches and ecclesial communities must strive to reach.'</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Declaration+on+the+Unicity+and+Salvific+Universality+of+Jesus+Christ+and+the+Church+Dominus+Iesus+%C2%A7+17&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACatholic+Church" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a> Holy Bible: Matthew <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.esv.org/Matthew+16:19">16:19</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-CCC_890-22"><a href="#cite_ref-CCC_890_22-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Catechism_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="Catechism of the Catholic Church">Catechism of the Catholic Church</a> (2nd ed.). <a href="/wiki/Vatican_Publishing_House" title="Vatican Publishing House">Libreria Editrice Vaticana</a>. 2019. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vatican.va/archive/ENG0015/__P2A.HTM#:~:text=890%20">Paragraph 890</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Catechism+of+the+Catholic+Church&rft.pages=Paragraph+890&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Libreria+Editrice+Vaticana&rft.date=2019&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACatholic+Church" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Catechism_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="Catechism of the Catholic Church">Catechism of the Catholic Church</a> (2nd ed.). <a href="/wiki/Vatican_Publishing_House" title="Vatican Publishing House">Libreria Editrice Vaticana</a>. 2019. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vatican.va/archive/ENG0015/__P29.HTM#:~:text=835%20">Paragraph 835</a>. <q>The rich variety of ... theological and spiritual heritages proper to the local churches 'unified in a common effort shows all the more resplendently the catholicity of the undivided Church'.(cf. <a href="/wiki/Second_Vatican_Council" title="Second Vatican Council">Second Vatican Council</a>, Dogmatic Constitution on the Church <a href="/wiki/Lumen_gentium" title="Lumen gentium">Lumen gentium</a>, 23)</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Catechism+of+the+Catholic+Church&rft.pages=Paragraph+835&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Libreria+Editrice+Vaticana&rft.date=2019&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACatholic+Church" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gunton2-24"><a href="#cite_ref-Gunton2_24-0">^</a> Colin Gunton. "Christianity among the Religions in the Encyclopedia of Religion", Religious Studies, Vol. 24, no. 1, p. 14. In a review of an article from the Encyclopedia of Religion, Gunton writes: "[T]he article [on Catholicism in the encyclopedia] rightly suggests caution, suggesting at the outset that Roman Catholicism is marked by several different doctrinal, theological and liturgical emphases." </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Catechism_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="Catechism of the Catholic Church">Catechism of the Catholic Church</a> (2nd ed.). <a href="/wiki/Vatican_Publishing_House" title="Vatican Publishing House">Libreria Editrice Vaticana</a>. 2019. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vatican.va/archive/ENG0015/__P3W.HTM#:~:text=1322%20">Paragraphs 1322–27</a>. <q>[T]he Eucharist is the sum and summary of our faith</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Catechism+of+the+Catholic+Church&rft.pages=Paragraphs+1322-27&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Libreria+Editrice+Vaticana&rft.date=2019&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACatholic+Church" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-marian_dogmas-26"><a href="#cite_ref-marian_dogmas_26-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.catholicnewsagency.com/resource/55423/the-four-marian-dogmas">"The Four Marian Dogmas"</a>. Catholic News Agency. Retrieved 25 March 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Four+Marian+Dogmas&rft.pub=Catholic+News+Agency&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.catholicnewsagency.com%2Fresource%2F55423%2Fthe-four-marian-dogmas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACatholic+Church" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Geopolitics-27">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Geopolitics_27-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Geopolitics_27-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Geopolitics_27-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAgnew2010" class="citation journal cs1">Agnew, John (12 February 2010). "Deus Vult: The Geopolitics of Catholic Church". Geopolitics. 15 (1): 39–61. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F14650040903420388">10.1080/14650040903420388</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1465-0045">1465-0045</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:144793259">144793259</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Geopolitics&rft.atitle=Deus+Vult%3A+The+Geopolitics+of+Catholic+Church&rft.volume=15&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=39-61&rft.date=2010-02-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A144793259%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=1465-0045&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F14650040903420388&rft.aulast=Agnew&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACatholic+Church" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a> Raymond Wacks, Law: A Very Short Introduction, 2nd Ed. (Oxford University Press, 2015) p. 13. </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a> John Meyendorff, Catholicity and the Church, St Vladimirs Seminary Press, 1997, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-88141-006-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-88141-006-3">0-88141-006-3</a>, p. 7 </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFElwellComfort2001" class="citation cs2">Elwell, Walter; Comfort, Philip Wesley (2001), Tyndale Bible Dictionary, Tyndale House Publishers, pp. 266, 828, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8423-7089-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-8423-7089-7"><bdi>0-8423-7089-7</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Tyndale+Bible+Dictionary&rft.pages=266%2C+828&rft.pub=Tyndale+House+Publishers&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=0-8423-7089-7&rft.aulast=Elwell&rft.aufirst=Walter&rft.au=Comfort%2C+Philip+Wesley&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACatholic+Church" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a> MacCulloch, Christianity, p. 127. </li> <li id="cite_note-CathEnc1910_Catholic-33">^ <a href="#cite_ref-CathEnc1910_Catholic_33-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-CathEnc1910_Catholic_33-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThurston1908" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Thurston" title="Herbert Thurston">Thurston, Herbert</a> (1908). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/03449a.htm">"Catholic"</a>. In <a href="/wiki/Knight" title="Knight">Knight, Kevin</a> (ed.). The Catholic Encyclopedia. Vol. 3. New York: Robert Appleton Company. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240103033237/https://www.newadvent.org/cathen/03449a.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 3 January 2024. Retrieved 17 August 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Catholic&rft.btitle=The+Catholic+Encyclopedia&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Robert+Appleton+Company&rft.date=1908&rft.aulast=Thurston&rft.aufirst=Herbert&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.newadvent.org%2Fcathen%2F03449a.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACatholic+Church" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tertullian.org/fathers2/NPNF2-07/Npnf2-07-23.htm">"Cyril of Jerusalem, Lecture XVIII, 26"</a>. Tertullian.org. 6 August 2004. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230608224834/https://www.tertullian.org/fathers2/NPNF2-07/Npnf2-07-23.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 8 June 2023. Retrieved 17 August 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Cyril+of+Jerusalem%2C+Lecture+XVIII%2C+26&rft.pub=Tertullian.org&rft.date=2004-08-06&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.tertullian.org%2Ffathers2%2FNPNF2-07%2FNpnf2-07-23.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACatholic+Church" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120208135704/http://webu2.upmf-grenoble.fr/Haiti/Cours/Ak/Constitutiones/Thessalonique.htm">"Edictum de fide catholica"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://webu2.upmf-grenoble.fr/Haiti/Cours/Ak/Constitutiones/Thessalonique.htm">the original</a> on 8 February 2012. Retrieved 9 October 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Edictum+de+fide+catholica&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwebu2.upmf-grenoble.fr%2FHaiti%2FCours%2FAk%2FConstitutiones%2FThessalonique.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACatholic+Church" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/Eastern-Orthodoxy">"Eastern Orthodoxy"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200531013354/https://www.britannica.com/topic/Eastern-Orthodoxy">Archived</a> 31 May 2020 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Encyclopædia Britannica online. </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a> "catholic, adj. and n." <a href="/wiki/Oxford_English_Dictionary" title="Oxford English Dictionary">Oxford English Dictionary</a> Online. Oxford University Press, June 2014. Web. 7 August 2014. Excerpt: "After the separation of East and West 'Catholic' was assumed as its descriptive epithet by the Western or Latin Church, as 'Orthodox' was by the Eastern or Greek. At the Reformation, the term 'Catholic' was claimed as its exclusive right by the body remaining under the Roman obedience, in opposition to the 'Protestant' or 'Reformed' National Churches. These, however, also retained the term, giving it, for the most part, a wider and more ideal or absolute sense, as the attribute of no single community, but only of the whole communion of the saved and saintly in all churches and ages. In England, it was claimed that the Church, even as Reformed, was the national branch of the 'Catholic Church' in its proper historical sense." Note: The full text of the OED definition of "catholic" can be consulted <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia_talk:Requests_for_mediation/Roman_Catholic_Church/Archive_17" title="Wikipedia talk:Requests for mediation/Roman Catholic Church/Archive 17">here</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-McBrien-38"><a href="#cite_ref-McBrien_38-0">^</a> McBrien, Richard (2008). The Church. Harper Collins. p. xvii. Online version available <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://browseinside.harpercollins.com/index.aspx?isbn13=9780061245213">Browseinside.harpercollins.com</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090827023130/http://browseinside.harpercollins.com/index.aspx?isbn13=9780061245213">Archived</a> 27 August 2009 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Quote: "[T]he use of the adjective 'Catholic' as a modifier of 'Church' became divisive only after the East–West Schism... and the Protestant Reformation. ... In the former case, the Western Church claimed for itself the title Catholic Church, while the East appropriated the name Orthodox Church. In the latter case, those in communion with the Bishop of Rome retained the adjective "Catholic", while the churches that broke with the Papacy were called Protestant." </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oed.com/view/Entry/167063">"Roman Catholic, n. and adj"</a>. Oxford English Dictionary. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230625133257/https://www.oed.com/view/Entry/167063">Archived</a> from the original on 25 June 2023. Retrieved 24 October 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Oxford+English+Dictionary&rft.atitle=Roman+Catholic%2C+n.+and+adj.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.oed.com%2Fview%2FEntry%2F167063&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACatholic+Church" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catholicnewsherald.com/88-news/fp/5548-eastern-catholics-where-are-they-where-should-they-be">"Eastern Catholics: Where are they? Where should they be?"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Catholic_News_Herald" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholic News Herald">Catholic News Herald</a>. <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Charlotte" title="Roman Catholic Diocese of Charlotte">Diocese of Charlotte</a>. 12 March 2020. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240104221641/https://catholicnewsherald.com/88-news/fp/5548-eastern-catholics-where-are-they-where-should-they-be">Archived</a> from the original on 4 January 2024. Retrieved 19 March 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Catholic+News+Herald&rft.atitle=Eastern+Catholics%3A+Where+are+they%3F+Where+should+they+be%3F&rft.date=2020-03-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcatholicnewsherald.com%2F88-news%2Ffp%2F5548-eastern-catholics-where-are-they-where-should-they-be&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACatholic+Church" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20040605190838/https://www.vatican.va/archive/hist_councils/ii_vatican_council/">"Documents of the II Vatican Council"</a>. Vatican.va. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vatican.va/archive/hist_councils/ii_vatican_council">the original</a> on 5 June 2004. Retrieved 4 May 2009. <q>Note: The pope's signature appears in the Latin version.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Documents+of+the+II+Vatican+Council&rft.pub=Vatican.va.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.vatican.va%2Farchive%2Fhist_councils%2Fii_vatican_council&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACatholic+Church" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.papalencyclicals.net/councils/ecum20.htm">"Decrees of the First Vatican Council – Papal Encyclicals"</a>. 29 June 1868. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240108180831/https://www.papalencyclicals.net/councils/ecum20.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 8 January 2024. Retrieved 29 July 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Decrees+of+the+First+Vatican+Council+%E2%80%93+Papal+Encyclicals&rft.date=1868-06-29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.papalencyclicals.net%2Fcouncils%2Fecum20.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACatholic+Church" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://history.hanover.edu/texts/trent/trentall.html">"The Bull of Indiction of the Sacred Oecumenical and General Council of Trent under the Sovereign Pontiff, Paul III."</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180730022027/https://history.hanover.edu/texts/trent/trentall.html">Archived</a> 30 July 2018 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> The Council of Trent: The Canons and Decrees of the Sacred and Oecumenical Council of Trent. Ed. and trans. J. Waterworth. London: Dolman, 1848. Retrieved from History. Hanover.edu, 12 September 2018. </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/13121a.htm">"Catholic Encyclopedia: Roman Catholic"</a>. New Advent. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190401054227/http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/13121a.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 1 April 2019. Retrieved 11 October 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=New+Advent&rft.atitle=Catholic+Encyclopedia%3A+Roman+Catholic&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.newadvent.org%2Fcathen%2F13121a.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACatholic+Church" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ewtn.com/library/ANSWERS/HOWNAME.HTM">"Kenneth D. Whitehead"</a>. ewtn.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231120121958/https://www.ewtn.com/library/ANSWERS/HOWNAME.HTM">Archived</a> from the original on 20 November 2023. Retrieved 11 October 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ewtn.com&rft.atitle=Kenneth+D.+Whitehead&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ewtn.com%2Flibrary%2FANSWERS%2FHOWNAME.HTM&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACatholic+Church" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBokenkotter200430-48">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBokenkotter200430_48-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBokenkotter200430_48-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFBokenkotter2004">Bokenkotter 2004</a>, p. 30. </li> <li id="cite_note-Kreeft98O-49"><a href="#cite_ref-Kreeft98O_49-0">^</a> Kreeft, p. 980. </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a> Burkett, p. 263 </li> <li id="cite_note-Barry48-51">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Barry48_51-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Barry48_51-1">b</a> Barry, p. 46. </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Catechism_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="Catechism of the Catholic Church">Catechism of the Catholic Church</a> (2nd ed.). <a href="/wiki/Vatican_Publishing_House" title="Vatican Publishing House">Libreria Editrice Vaticana</a>. 2019. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vatican.va/archive/ENG0015/__P2U.HTM#:~:text=1076%20">Paragraph 1076</a>. <q>The Church was made manifest to the world on the day of Pentecost by the outpouring of the Holy Spirit...</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Catechism+of+the+Catholic+Church&rft.pages=Paragraph+1076&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Libreria+Editrice+Vaticana&rft.date=2019&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACatholic+Church" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHerbermann1913" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Herbermann, Charles, ed. (1913). <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia_(1913)/Holy_Ghost">"Holy Ghost" </a>. <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia" title="Catholic Encyclopedia">Catholic Encyclopedia</a>. New York: Robert Appleton Company.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Holy+Ghost&rft.btitle=Catholic+Encyclopedia&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Robert+Appleton+Company&rft.date=1913&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACatholic+Church" class="Z3988"> "He [the Holy Spirit] is essentially the Spirit of truth (John 14:16–17; 15:26), Whose office it is to ... to teach the Apostles the full meaning of it [of the truth] (John 14:26; 16:13). With these Apostles, He will abide forever (John 14:16). Having descended on them at Pentecost, He will guide them in their work (Acts 8:29)... </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Catechism_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="Catechism of the Catholic Church">Catechism of the Catholic Church</a> (2nd ed.). <a href="/wiki/Vatican_Publishing_House" title="Vatican Publishing House">Libreria Editrice Vaticana</a>. 2019. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vatican.va/archive/ENG0015/__P2A.HTM#:~:text=880%20">Paragraphs 880, 883</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Catechism+of+the+Catholic+Church&rft.pages=Paragraphs+880%2C+883&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Libreria+Editrice+Vaticana&rft.date=2019&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACatholic+Church" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a> Christian Bible, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Matthew%2016:13–20&version=nrsv">Matthew 16:13–20</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/453832/Saint-Peter-the-Apostle/5630/Incidents-important-in-interpretations-of-Peter">"Saint Peter the Apostle: Incidents important in interpretations of Peter"</a>. Encyclopædia Britannica. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141110070846/http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/453832/Saint-Peter-the-Apostle/5630/Incidents-important-in-interpretations-of-Peter">Archived</a> from the original on 10 November 2014. Retrieved 8 November 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Saint+Peter+the+Apostle%3A+Incidents+important+in+interpretations+of+Peter&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2FEBchecked%2Ftopic%2F453832%2FSaint-Peter-the-Apostle%2F5630%2FIncidents-important-in-interpretations-of-Peter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACatholic+Church" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Catechism_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="Catechism of the Catholic Church">Catechism of the Catholic Church</a> (2nd ed.). <a href="/wiki/Vatican_Publishing_House" title="Vatican Publishing House">Libreria Editrice Vaticana</a>. 2019. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vatican.va/archive/ENG0015/__P2A.HTM#:~:text=880%20">Paragraphs 880–81</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Catechism+of+the+Catholic+Church&rft.pages=Paragraphs+880-81&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Libreria+Editrice+Vaticana&rft.date=2019&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACatholic+Church" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-JoyceCE1913-58"><a href="#cite_ref-JoyceCE1913_58-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJoyce1913" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Joyce, George (1913). <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia_(1913)/The_Pope">"The Pope" </a>. In Herbermann, Charles (ed.). <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia" title="Catholic Encyclopedia">Catholic Encyclopedia</a>. New York: Robert Appleton Company.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Pope&rft.btitle=Catholic+Encyclopedia&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Robert+Appleton+Company&rft.date=1913&rft.aulast=Joyce&rft.aufirst=George&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACatholic+Church" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161212105950/http://www.catholic.com/tracts/was-peter-in-rome">"Was Peter in Rome?"</a>. Catholic Answers. 10 August 2004. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.catholic.com/tracts/was-peter-in-rome">the original</a> on 12 December 2016. Retrieved 9 November 2014. <q>if Peter never made it to the capital, he still could have been the first pope, since one of his successors could have been the first holder of that office to settle in Rome. After all, if the papacy exists, it was established by Christ during his lifetime, long before Peter is said to have reached Rome. There must have been a period of some years in which the papacy did not yet have its connection to Rome.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Was+Peter+in+Rome%3F&rft.pub=Catholic+Answers&rft.date=2004-08-10&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.catholic.com%2Ftracts%2Fwas-peter-in-rome&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACatholic+Church" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-REB-60">^ <a href="#cite_ref-REB_60-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-REB_60-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-REB_60-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrown2003" class="citation book cs1">Brown, Raymond E. (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=b8ubeFP6JUYC&pg=PA132">101 Questions and Answers on the Bible</a>. Paulist Press. pp. 132–34. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8091-4251-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8091-4251-4"><bdi>978-0-8091-4251-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=101+Questions+and+Answers+on+the+Bible&rft.pages=132-34&rft.pub=Paulist+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-8091-4251-4&rft.aulast=Brown&rft.aufirst=Raymond+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Db8ubeFP6JUYC%26pg%3DPA132&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACatholic+Church" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a> Oscar Cullmann (1962), Peter: Disciple, Apostle, Martyr (2nd ed.), Westminster Press, p. 234 </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a> Henry Chadwick (1993), The Early Church, Penguin Books, p. 18 </li> <li id="cite_note-ehrman-63"><a href="#cite_ref-ehrman_63-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEhrman2006" class="citation book cs1">Ehrman, Bart D (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://global.oup.com/academic/product/peter-paul-and-mary-magdalene-9780195343502">Peter, Paul, and Mary Magdalene: The Followers of Jesus in History and Legend</a>. US: Oxford University Press. p. 84. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-530013-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-530013-0"><bdi>978-0-19-530013-0</bdi></a>. <q>Peter, in short, could not have been the first bishop of Rome, because the Roman church did not have anyone as its bishop until about a hundred years after Peter's death.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Peter%2C+Paul%2C+and+Mary+Magdalene%3A+The+Followers+of+Jesus+in+History+and+Legend&rft.place=US&rft.pages=84&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-19-530013-0&rft.aulast=Ehrman&rft.aufirst=Bart+D&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fglobal.oup.com%2Facademic%2Fproduct%2Fpeter-paul-and-mary-magdalene-9780195343502&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACatholic+Church" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBokenkotter200424-64"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBokenkotter200424_64-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBokenkotter2004">Bokenkotter 2004</a>, p. 24. </li> <li id="cite_note-macculloch155and164-65"><a href="#cite_ref-macculloch155and164_65-0">^</a> MacCulloch, Christianity, pp. 155–59, 164. </li> <li id="cite_note-Valliere2012-66"><a href="#cite_ref-Valliere2012_66-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFValliere2012" class="citation book cs1">Valliere, Paul (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Qrt3Z7fyzlUC&pg=PA92">Conciliarism</a>. Cambridge University Press. p. 92. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-107-01574-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-107-01574-6"><bdi>978-1-107-01574-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Conciliarism&rft.pages=92&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-1-107-01574-6&rft.aulast=Valliere&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DQrt3Z7fyzlUC%26pg%3DPA92&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACatholic+Church" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bartholomew2008-67"><a href="#cite_ref-Bartholomew2008_67-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPatriarch2008" class="citation book cs1">Patriarch, Bartholomew (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=4_UB3_UpIcQC&pg=PA3">Encountering the Mystery</a>. Random House. p. 3. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-385-52561-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-385-52561-9"><bdi>978-0-385-52561-9</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240310112403/https://books.google.com/books?id=4_UB3_UpIcQC&pg=PA3#v=onepage&q&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on 10 March 2024. Retrieved 31 March 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encountering+the+Mystery&rft.pages=3&rft.pub=Random+House&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-385-52561-9&rft.aulast=Patriarch&rft.aufirst=Bartholomew&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D4_UB3_UpIcQC%26pg%3DPA3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACatholic+Church" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Michalopulos-68"><a href="#cite_ref-Michalopulos_68-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMichalopulos2009" class="citation web cs1">Michalopulos, George C. (11 September 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130110112941/http://www.aoiusa.org/canon-28-and-eastern-papalism-cause-or-effect">"Canon 28 and Eastern Papalism: Cause or Effect?"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aoiusa.org/canon-28-and-eastern-papalism-cause-or-effect">the original</a> on 10 January 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Canon+28+and+Eastern+Papalism%3A+Cause+or+Effect%3F&rft.date=2009-09-11&rft.aulast=Michalopulos&rft.aufirst=George+C.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.aoiusa.org%2Fcanon-28-and-eastern-papalism-cause-or-effect&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACatholic+Church" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Noble214-69"><a href="#cite_ref-Noble214_69-0">^</a> Noble, p. 214. </li> <li id="cite_note-ReferenceA-70"><a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_70-0">^</a> "Rome (early Christian)". Cross, F.L., ed., The Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church. New York: Oxford University Press. 2005 </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAyer1913" class="citation book cs1">Ayer, Joseph Cullen Jr. (1913). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/asourcebookforan24979gut">A Source Book for Ancient Church History: From the Apostolic Age to the Close of the Conciliar Period</a>. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/asourcebookforan24979gut/page/n543/mode/2up">538</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Source+Book+for+Ancient+Church+History%3A+From+the+Apostolic+Age+to+the+Close+of+the+Conciliar+Period&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=538&rft.pub=Charles+Scribner%27s+Sons&rft.date=1913&rft.aulast=Ayer&rft.aufirst=Joseph+Cullen+Jr.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fasourcebookforan24979gut&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACatholic+Church" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a> Ayer, p. 553 </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBaumgartner2003" class="citation book cs1">Baumgartner, Frederic J. (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/behindl_bau_2003_00_6167">Behind Locked Doors: A History of the Papal Elections</a>. Palgrave Macmillan. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/behindl_bau_2003_00_6167/page/n29">10</a>–12. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-312-29463-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-312-29463-2"><bdi>978-0-312-29463-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Behind+Locked+Doors%3A+A+History+of+the+Papal+Elections&rft.pages=10-12&rft.pub=Palgrave+Macmillan&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-312-29463-2&rft.aulast=Baumgartner&rft.aufirst=Frederic+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbehindl_bau_2003_00_6167&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACatholic+Church" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Eamon_Duffy" title="Eamon Duffy">Duffy, Eamon</a>. 1997. Saints & Sinners: A History of the Popes. Yale University Press. pp. 66–67 </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a> Le Goff, p. 14: "The face of the barbarian invaders had been transformed by another crucial fact. Although some of them had remained pagan, another part of them, not the least, had become Christian. But, by a curious chance, which was to leave serious consequences, these converted barbarians—the Ostrogoths, Visigoths, Burgundians, Vandals, and later the Lombards—had been converted to Arianism, which had become a heresy after the council of Nicaea. They had in fact been converted by followers of the 'apostle of the Goths', Wulfilas." </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a> Le Goff, p. 14: "Thus what should have been a religious bond was, on the contrary, a subject of discord and sparked off bitter conflicts between Arian barbarians and Catholic Romans." </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a> Le Goff, p. 21: "Clovis' master-stroke was to convert himself and his people not to Arianism, like the other barbarian kings, but to Catholicism." </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a> Le Goff, p. 21 </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDrew2014" class="citation book cs1">Drew, Katherine Fischer (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7ItMSn421GAC&pg=PR18">The Lombard Laws</a>. University of Pennsylvania Press. p. xviii. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8122-1055-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8122-1055-2"><bdi>978-0-8122-1055-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Lombard+Laws&rft.pages=xviii&rft.pub=University+of+Pennsylvania+Press&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-0-8122-1055-2&rft.aulast=Drew&rft.aufirst=Katherine+Fischer&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D7ItMSn421GAC%26pg%3DPR18&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACatholic+Church" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Cahill_Thomas-80">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Cahill_Thomas_80-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cahill_Thomas_80-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCahill1995" class="citation book cs1">Cahill, Thomas (1995). <a href="/wiki/How_the_Irish_Saved_Civilization" title="How the Irish Saved Civilization">How The Irish Saved Civilization: The Untold Story of Ireland's Heroic Role from the Fall of Rome to the Rise of Medieval Europe</a>. New York City: <a href="/wiki/Penguin_Random_House" title="Penguin Random House">Penguin Random House</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=How+The+Irish+Saved+Civilization%3A+The+Untold+Story+of+Ireland%27s+Heroic+Role+from+the+Fall+of+Rome+to+the+Rise+of+Medieval+Europe&rft.place=New+York+City&rft.pub=Penguin+Random+House&rft.date=1995&rft.aulast=Cahill&rft.aufirst=Thomas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACatholic+Church" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a> Woods, pp. 115–27 </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a> Duffy, p. 133. </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWoods" class="citation web cs1">Woods, Thomas Jr. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060822150152/http://www.nrbookservice.com/products/BookPage.asp?prod_cd=c6664">"Review of How the Catholic Church Built Western Civilisation"</a>. National Review Book Service. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nrbookservice.com/products/bookpage.asp?prod_cd=c6664">the original</a> on 22 August 2006. Retrieved 16 September 2006.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=National+Review+Book+Service&rft.atitle=Review+of+How+the+Catholic+Church+Built+Western+Civilisation&rft.aulast=Woods&rft.aufirst=Thomas+Jr.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nrbookservice.com%2Fproducts%2Fbookpage.asp%3Fprod_cd%3Dc6664&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACatholic+Church" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDen_Heijer2011" class="citation book cs1">Den Heijer, Alexandra (2011). Managing the University Campus: Information to Support Real Estate Decisions. Academische Uitgeverij Eburon. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789059724877" title="Special:BookSources/9789059724877"><bdi>9789059724877</bdi></a>. <q>Many of the medieval universities in Western Europe were born under the aegis of the Catholic Church, usually as cathedral schools or by papal bull as Studia Generali.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Managing+the+University+Campus%3A+Information+to+Support+Real+Estate+Decisions&rft.pub=Academische+Uitgeverij+Eburon&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=9789059724877&rft.aulast=Den+Heijer&rft.aufirst=Alexandra&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACatholic+Church" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFA._Lamport2015" class="citation book cs1">A. Lamport, Mark (2015). Encyclopedia of Christian Education. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 484. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780810884939" title="Special:BookSources/9780810884939"><bdi>9780810884939</bdi></a>. <q>All the great European universities—Oxford, to Paris, to Cologne, to Prague, to Bologna—were established with close ties to the Church.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Christian+Education&rft.pages=484&rft.pub=Rowman+%26+Littlefield&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=9780810884939&rft.aulast=A.+Lamport&rft.aufirst=Mark&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACatholic+Church" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFB_M._Leonard2013" class="citation book cs1">B M. Leonard, Thomas (2013). Encyclopedia of the Developing World. Routledge. p. 1369. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781135205157" title="Special:BookSources/9781135205157"><bdi>9781135205157</bdi></a>. <q>Europe established schools in association with their cathedrals to educate priests, and from these emerged eventually the first universities of Europe, which began forming in the eleventh and twelfth centuries.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+the+Developing+World&rft.pages=1369&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=9781135205157&rft.aulast=B+M.+Leonard&rft.aufirst=Thomas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACatholic+Church" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-auto-87">^ <a href="#cite_ref-auto_87-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto_87-1">b</a> Riché, Pierre (1978): "Education and Culture in the Barbarian West: From the Sixth through the Eighth Century", Columbia: University of South Carolina Press, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87249-376-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-87249-376-8">0-87249-376-8</a>, pp. 126–27, 282–98 </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a> Rudy, The Universities of Europe, 1100–1914, p. 40 </li> <li id="cite_note-verger1999-89"><a href="#cite_ref-verger1999_89-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVerger1999" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-interwiki-linked-name cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacques_Verger" class="extiw" title="fr:Jacques Verger">Verger, Jacques</a> [in French] (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://openlibrary.org/works/OL822497W">Culture, enseignement et société en Occident aux XIIe et XIIIe siècles</a> (in French) (1st ed.). Presses universitaires de Rennes in Rennes. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-86847-344-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-2-86847-344-8"><bdi>978-2-86847-344-8</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200313042832/https://openlibrary.org/works/OL822497W/Culture_enseignement_et_soci%C3%A9t%C3%A9_en_Occident_aux_XIIe_et_XIIIe_si%C3%A8cles">Archived</a> from the original on 13 March 2020. Retrieved 17 June 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Culture%2C+enseignement+et+soci%C3%A9t%C3%A9+en+Occident+aux+XIIe+et+XIIIe+si%C3%A8cles&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=Presses+universitaires+de+Rennes+in+Rennes&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-2-86847-344-8&rft.aulast=Verger&rft.aufirst=Jacques&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fopenlibrary.org%2Fworks%2FOL822497W&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACatholic+Church" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a> Verger, Jacques. "The Universities and Scholasticism", in The New Cambridge Medieval History: Volume V c. 1198–c. 1300. Cambridge University Press, 2007, 257. </li> <li id="cite_note-Rüegg,_Walter_1992,_pp._XIX-91"><a href="#cite_ref-Rüegg,_Walter_1992,_pp._XIX_91-0">^</a> Rüegg, Walter: "Foreword. The University as a European Institution", in: A History of the University in Europe. Vol. 1: Universities in the Middle Ages, Cambridge University Press, 1992, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-36105-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-36105-2">0-521-36105-2</a>, pp. xix–xx </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPirenne1980" class="citation book cs1">Pirenne, Henri (1980) [1925]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=TKUN4UdfVaQC&pg=PA27">Medieval Cities: Their Origins and the Revival of Trade</a>. Frank D. Halsey (trans.). Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. pp. 27–32. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-691-00760-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-691-00760-1"><bdi>978-0-691-00760-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Medieval+Cities%3A+Their+Origins+and+the+Revival+of+Trade&rft.place=Princeton%2C+NJ&rft.pages=27-32&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=1980&rft.isbn=978-0-691-00760-1&rft.aulast=Pirenne&rft.aufirst=Henri&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DTKUN4UdfVaQC%26pg%3DPA27&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACatholic+Church" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRichards2014" class="citation book cs1">Richards, Jeffrey (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Zod9AwAAQBAJ&pg=PA230">The Popes and the Papacy in the Early Middle Ages</a>. Routledge. p. 230. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-317-67817-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-317-67817-5"><bdi>978-1-317-67817-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Popes+and+the+Papacy+in+the+Early+Middle+Ages&rft.pages=230&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-1-317-67817-5&rft.aulast=Richards&rft.aufirst=Jeffrey&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DZod9AwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA230&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACatholic+Church" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWalker1985" class="citation book cs1">Walker, Willston (1985). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=bFw8PtQhpVoC&pg=PA250">History of the Christian Church</a>. Simon and Schuster. pp. 250–51. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-684-18417-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-684-18417-3"><bdi>978-0-684-18417-3</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240310112235/https://books.google.com/books?id=bFw8PtQhpVoC&pg=PA250#v=onepage&q&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on 10 March 2024. Retrieved 31 March 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+the+Christian+Church&rft.pages=250-51&rft.pub=Simon+and+Schuster&rft.date=1985&rft.isbn=978-0-684-18417-3&rft.aulast=Walker&rft.aufirst=Willston&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DbFw8PtQhpVoC%26pg%3DPA250&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACatholic+Church" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Vidmar107-95"><a href="#cite_ref-Vidmar107_95-0">^</a> Vidmar, The Catholic Church Through the Ages (2005), pp. 107–11 </li> <li id="cite_note-Duffy78-96"><a href="#cite_ref-Duffy78_96-0">^</a> Duffy, Saints and Sinners (1997), p. 78, quote: "By contrast, Paschal's successor <a href="/wiki/Pope_Eugene_II" title="Pope Eugene II">Eugenius II</a> (824–27), elected with imperial influence, gave away most of these papal gains. He acknowledged the Emperor's sovereignty in the papal state, and he accepted a constitution imposed by Lothair which established imperial supervision of the administration of Rome, imposed an oath to the Emperor on all citizens, and required the pope–elect to swear fealty before he could be consecrated. Under <a href="/wiki/Pope_Sergius_II" title="Pope Sergius II">Sergius II</a> (844–47) it was even agreed that the pope could not be consecrated without an imperial mandate and that the ceremony must be in the presence of his representative, a revival of some of the more galling restrictions of Byzantine rule." </li> <li id="cite_note-rileysmith-97"><a href="#cite_ref-rileysmith_97-0">^</a> Riley-Smith, p. 8 </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBokenkotter2004140–41-98"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBokenkotter2004140–41_98-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBokenkotter2004">Bokenkotter 2004</a>, pp. 140–41. </li> <li id="cite_note-99"><a href="#cite_ref-99">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPhillips2005" class="citation book cs1">Phillips, Jonathan (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=kkA2nomlPLwC&pg=PT19">The Fourth Crusade and the Sack of Constantinople</a>. Penguin Books. p. PT19. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-101-12772-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-101-12772-8"><bdi>978-1-101-12772-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Fourth+Crusade+and+the+Sack+of+Constantinople&rft.pages=PT19&rft.pub=Penguin+Books&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-1-101-12772-8&rft.aulast=Phillips&rft.aufirst=Jonathan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DkkA2nomlPLwC%26pg%3DPT19&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACatholic+Church" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-100"><a href="#cite_ref-100">^</a> Woods, pp. 44–48 </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBokenkotter2004158–59-101"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBokenkotter2004158–59_101-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBokenkotter2004">Bokenkotter 2004</a>, pp. 158–59. </li> <li id="cite_note-Duffy122-102"><a href="#cite_ref-Duffy122_102-0">^</a> Duffy, Saints and Sinners (1997), p. 122 </li> <li id="cite_note-McManners232-103">^ <a href="#cite_ref-McManners232_103-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-McManners232_103-1">b</a> Morris, p. 232 </li> <li id="cite_note-McManners240-104"><a href="#cite_ref-McManners240_104-0">^</a> McManners, p. 240 </li> <li id="cite_note-105"><a href="#cite_ref-105">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGeanakoplos1989" class="citation book cs1">Geanakoplos, Deno John (1989). Constantinople and the West. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-299-11880-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-299-11880-8"><bdi>978-0-299-11880-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Constantinople+and+the+West&rft.place=Madison&rft.pub=University+of+Wisconsin+Press&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=978-0-299-11880-8&rft.aulast=Geanakoplos&rft.aufirst=Deno+John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACatholic+Church" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-106"><a href="#cite_ref-106">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCollinge2012" class="citation book cs1">Collinge, William J. 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Vienna 2004, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-8258-7549-0" title="Special:BookSources/3-8258-7549-0">3-8258-7549-0</a>, p. 76. </li> <li id="cite_note-146"><a href="#cite_ref-146">^</a> James Ward, Priest, Politician, Collaborator: Jozef Tiso and the Making of Fascist Slovakia, Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 2013, 202–45 </li> <li id="cite_note-147"><a href="#cite_ref-147">^</a> Martin Gilbert; The Holocaust: The Jewish Tragedy; Collins; London; 1986; pp. 202, 203, 206–07, 212–14, 451, 466. </li> <li id="cite_note-148"><a href="#cite_ref-148">^</a> Mark Mazower; Hitler's Empire – Nazi Rule in Occupied Europe; Penguin; 2008; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7139-9681-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7139-9681-4">978-0-7139-9681-4</a>; p. 395 </li> <li id="cite_note-149"><a href="#cite_ref-149">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIken2016" class="citation news cs1">Iken, Katja (7 July 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.spiegel.de/geschichte/pius-xii-wie-adolf-hitler-den-papst-entfuehren-lassen-wollte-a-1101877.html">"Pius XII: Wie Adolf Hitler den Papst entführen lassen wollte"</a>. Der Spiegel. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210813232941/https://www.spiegel.de/geschichte/pius-xii-wie-adolf-hitler-den-papst-entfuehren-lassen-wollte-a-1101877.html">Archived</a> from the original on 13 August 2021. Retrieved 5 February 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Der+Spiegel&rft.atitle=Pius+XII%3A+Wie+Adolf+Hitler+den+Papst+entf%C3%BChren+lassen+wollte&rft.date=2016-07-07&rft.aulast=Iken&rft.aufirst=Katja&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.spiegel.de%2Fgeschichte%2Fpius-xii-wie-adolf-hitler-den-papst-entfuehren-lassen-wollte-a-1101877.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACatholic+Church" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-150"><a href="#cite_ref-150">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOnline1998" class="citation web cs1">Online, Wiener Zeitung (9 September 1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wienerzeitung.at/nachrichten/politik/welt/379790_Hitler-plante-Entfuehrung-Pius-XII..html">"Hitler plante Entführung Pius' XII. – "Streng geheime" Berichte faschistischer Parteigrößen entdeckt"</a>. 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Retrieved 5 February 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Weltpolitik+Nachrichten+%E2%80%93+Wiener+Zeitung+Online&rft.atitle=Hitler+plante+Entf%C3%BChrung+Pius%27+XII.+%E2%80%93+%22Streng+geheime%22+Berichte+faschistischer+Parteigr%C3%B6%C3%9Fen+entdeckt&rft.date=1998-09-09&rft.aulast=Online&rft.aufirst=Wiener+Zeitung&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wienerzeitung.at%2Fnachrichten%2Fpolitik%2Fwelt%2F379790_Hitler-plante-Entfuehrung-Pius-XII..html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACatholic+Church" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBokenkotter2004192-151"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBokenkotter2004192_151-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBokenkotter2004">Bokenkotter 2004</a>, p. 192. </li> <li id="cite_note-Deák-152"><a href="#cite_ref-Deák_152-0">^</a> Deák, p. 182 </li> <li id="cite_note-153"><a href="#cite_ref-153">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEakin2001" class="citation news cs1">Eakin, Emily (1 September 2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2001/09/01/arts/new-accusations-vatican-role-anti-semitism-battle-lines-were-drawn-after.html">"New Accusations Of a Vatican Role In Anti-Semitism; Battle Lines Were Drawn After Beatification of Pope Pius IX"</a>. The New York Times. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090125154923/http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9B04E3DF1130F932A3575AC0A9679C8B63&sec=&spon=&pagewanted=all">Archived</a> from the original on 25 January 2009. Retrieved 9 March 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=New+Accusations+Of+a+Vatican+Role+In+Anti-Semitism%3B+Battle+Lines+Were+Drawn+After+Beatification+of+Pope+Pius+IX&rft.date=2001-09-01&rft.aulast=Eakin&rft.aufirst=Emily&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2001%2F09%2F01%2Farts%2Fnew-accusations-vatican-role-anti-semitism-battle-lines-were-drawn-after.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACatholic+Church" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-154"><a href="#cite_ref-154">^</a> Phayer (2000), pp. 50–57 </li> <li id="cite_note-155"><a href="#cite_ref-155">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWelle2020" class="citation web cs1">Welle, Deutsche (1 March 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dw.com/en/the-ratlines-what-did-the-vatican-know-about-nazi-escape-routes/a-52555068">"The ratlines: What did the Vatican know about Nazi escape routes?"</a>. DW.COM. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231004152242/https://www.dw.com/en/the-ratlines-what-did-the-vatican-know-about-nazi-escape-routes/a-52555068">Archived</a> from the original on 4 October 2023. Retrieved 7 February 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=DW.COM&rft.atitle=The+ratlines%3A+What+did+the+Vatican+know+about+Nazi+escape+routes%3F&rft.date=2020-03-01&rft.aulast=Welle&rft.aufirst=Deutsche&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dw.com%2Fen%2Fthe-ratlines-what-did-the-vatican-know-about-nazi-escape-routes%2Fa-52555068&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACatholic+Church" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-156"><a href="#cite_ref-156">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOpitz2014" class="citation news cs1">Opitz, Manuel (15 February 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.welt.de/geschichte/zweiter-weltkrieg/article124863191/Fluchthilfe-fuer-Nazis-vom-Vatikan-und-US-Agenten.html">"Rattenlinien: Fluchthilfe für Nazis – vom Vatikan und US-Agenten"</a>. Die Welt. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201127054736/https://www.welt.de/geschichte/zweiter-weltkrieg/article124863191/Fluchthilfe-fuer-Nazis-vom-Vatikan-und-US-Agenten.html">Archived</a> from the original on 27 November 2020. Retrieved 5 February 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Die+Welt&rft.atitle=Rattenlinien%3A+Fluchthilfe+f%C3%BCr+Nazis+%E2%80%93+vom+Vatikan+und+US-Agenten&rft.date=2014-02-15&rft.aulast=Opitz&rft.aufirst=Manuel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.welt.de%2Fgeschichte%2Fzweiter-weltkrieg%2Farticle124863191%2FFluchthilfe-fuer-Nazis-vom-Vatikan-und-US-Agenten.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACatholic+Church" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-157"><a href="#cite_ref-157">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.derstandard.at/story/2000114377607/ns-fluchthelfer-der-braune-bischof-und-die-rattenlinie">"NS-Fluchthelfer: Der "braune Bischof" und die Rattenlinie"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Der_Standard" title="Der Standard">Der Standard</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210411062724/https://www.derstandard.at/story/2000114377607/ns-fluchthelfer-der-braune-bischof-und-die-rattenlinie">Archived</a> from the original on 11 April 2021. Retrieved 5 February 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Der+Standard&rft.atitle=NS-Fluchthelfer%3A+Der+%22braune+Bischof%22+und+die+Rattenlinie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.derstandard.at%2Fstory%2F2000114377607%2Fns-fluchthelfer-der-braune-bischof-und-die-rattenlinie&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACatholic+Church" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-158"><a href="#cite_ref-158">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRome" class="citation news cs1">Rome, Philip Willan. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/judgment-day-vatican-ready-to-open-its-holocaust-files-to-the-world-drp9dgpc6">"Judgment day: Vatican ready to open its Holocaust files to the world"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Times" title="The Times">The Times</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210201134510/https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/judgment-day-vatican-ready-to-open-its-holocaust-files-to-the-world-drp9dgpc6">Archived</a> from the original on 1 February 2021. Retrieved 5 February 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Times&rft.atitle=Judgment+day%3A+Vatican+ready+to+open+its+Holocaust+files+to+the+world&rft.aulast=Rome&rft.aufirst=Philip+Willan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thetimes.co.uk%2Farticle%2Fjudgment-day-vatican-ready-to-open-its-holocaust-files-to-the-world-drp9dgpc6&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACatholic+Church" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-159"><a href="#cite_ref-159">^</a> The Second Vatican Council Celebrating Its Achievements and the Future. p. 86 </li> <li id="cite_note-160"><a href="#cite_ref-160">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080221180735/https://www.vatican.va/archive/hist_councils/ii_vatican_council/documents/vat-ii_const_19631204_sacrosanctum-concilium_en.html">"Constitution on the Sacred Liturgy Sacrosanctum Concilium"</a>. Vatican.va. 4 December 1963. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vatican.va/archive/hist_councils/ii_vatican_council/documents/vat-ii_const_19631204_sacrosanctum-concilium_en.html">the original</a> on 21 February 2008. Retrieved 12 January 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Constitution+on+the+Sacred+Liturgy+Sacrosanctum+Concilium&rft.pub=Vatican.va&rft.date=1963-12-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.vatican.va%2Farchive%2Fhist_councils%2Fii_vatican_council%2Fdocuments%2Fvat-ii_const_19631204_sacrosanctum-concilium_en.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACatholic+Church" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Duffy272-161"><a href="#cite_ref-Duffy272_161-0">^</a> Duffy, pp. 270–76 </li> <li id="cite_note-162"><a href="#cite_ref-162">^</a> Duffy, Saints and Sinners (1997), pp. 272, 274 </li> <li id="cite_note-NOSTRA_AETATE-163"><a href="#cite_ref-NOSTRA_AETATE_163-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPope_Paul_VI1965" class="citation web cs1">Pope Paul VI (28 October 1965). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081220214550/https://www.vatican.va/archive/hist_councils/ii_vatican_council/documents/vat-ii_decl_19651028_nostra-aetate_en.html">"Nostra aetate: Declaration on the Relation of the Church to Non-Christian Religions"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vatican.va/archive/hist_councils/ii_vatican_council/documents/vat-ii_decl_19651028_nostra-aetate_en.html">the original</a> on 20 December 2008. Retrieved 16 June 2011. <q>According to Section 4: "True, the Jewish authorities and those who followed their lead pressed for the death of Christ; still, what happened in His passion cannot be charged against all the Jews, without distinction, then alive, nor against the Jews of today. Although the Church is the new people of God, the Jews should not be presented as rejected or accursed by God, as if this followed from the Holy Scriptures."</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Nostra+aetate%3A+Declaration+on+the+Relation+of+the+Church+to+Non-Christian+Religions&rft.date=1965-10-28&rft.au=Pope+Paul+VI&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.vatican.va%2Farchive%2Fhist_councils%2Fii_vatican_council%2Fdocuments%2Fvat-ii_decl_19651028_nostra-aetate_en.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACatholic+Church" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-164"><a href="#cite_ref-164">^</a> Bauckham, p. 373 </li> <li id="cite_note-165"><a href="#cite_ref-165">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFO'Neel2003" class="citation journal cs1">O'Neel, Brian (3 April 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100510014807/http://www.catholic.com/thisrock/2003/0304fea2.asp">"Holier Than Thou: How Rejection of Vatican II Led Lefebvre into Schism"</a>. This Rock. 14 (4). San Diego: Catholic Answers. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.catholic.com/thisrock/2003/0304fea2.asp">the original</a> on 10 May 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=This+Rock&rft.atitle=Holier+Than+Thou%3A+How+Rejection+of+Vatican+II+Led+Lefebvre+into+Schism&rft.volume=14&rft.issue=4&rft.date=2003-04-03&rft.aulast=O%27Neel&rft.aufirst=Brian&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.catholic.com%2Fthisrock%2F2003%2F0304fea2.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACatholic+Church" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-166"><a href="#cite_ref-166">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMay2012" class="citation book cs1">May, John F. (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=UCQRxtm3Z34C&pg=PA202">World Population Policies: Their Origin, Evolution, and Impact</a>. Springer. pp. 202–03. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-94-007-2837-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-94-007-2837-0"><bdi>978-94-007-2837-0</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240310112236/https://books.google.com/books?id=UCQRxtm3Z34C&pg=PA202#v=onepage&q&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on 10 March 2024. Retrieved 31 March 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=World+Population+Policies%3A+Their+Origin%2C+Evolution%2C+and+Impact&rft.pages=202-03&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-94-007-2837-0&rft.aulast=May&rft.aufirst=John+F.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DUCQRxtm3Z34C%26pg%3DPA202&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACatholic+Church" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-167"><a href="#cite_ref-167">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKinkel2014" class="citation book cs1">Kinkel, R. John (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=O9dkAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA2">Papal Paralysis: How the Vatican Dealt with the AIDS Crisis</a>. Lexington. p. 2. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7391-7684-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7391-7684-9"><bdi>978-0-7391-7684-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Papal+Paralysis%3A+How+the+Vatican+Dealt+with+the+AIDS+Crisis&rft.pages=2&rft.pub=Lexington&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-0-7391-7684-9&rft.aulast=Kinkel&rft.aufirst=R.+John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DO9dkAgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACatholic+Church" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-HV_then_now-169"><a href="#cite_ref-HV_then_now_169-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.zenit.org/en/articles/germain-grisez-on-humanae-vitae-then-and-now">"Germain Grisez on "Humanae Vitae", Then and Now: The Dust Still Hasn't Settled, But There Are Signs of Hope"</a>. Zenit: The World Seen from Rome. 14 July 2003. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141129021843/http://www.zenit.org/en/articles/germain-grisez-on-humanae-vitae-then-and-now">Archived</a> from the original on 29 November 2014. 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Retrieved 28 October 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=2+April+%E2%80%93+This+Day+in+History&rft.pub=History.co.uk&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.history.co.uk%2Fthis-day-in-history%2FApril-02.html%3Bjsessionid%3D08931E713115A304B13BB1A6FA315A63.public1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACatholic+Church" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-171"><a href="#cite_ref-171">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPeter_and_Margaret_Hebblethwaite_and_Peter_Stanford2005" class="citation news cs1">Peter and Margaret Hebblethwaite and Peter Stanford (2 April 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2005/apr/02/guardianobituaries.catholicism">"Obituary: Pope John Paul II"</a>. The Guardian. London. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130829041832/http://www.theguardian.com/world/2005/apr/02/guardianobituaries.catholicism">Archived</a> from the original on 29 August 2013. Retrieved 28 October 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Obituary%3A+Pope+John+Paul+II&rft.date=2005-04-02&rft.au=Peter+and+Margaret+Hebblethwaite+and+Peter+Stanford&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fworld%2F2005%2Fapr%2F02%2Fguardianobituaries.catholicism&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACatholic+Church" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-172"><a href="#cite_ref-172">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMaxwell-Stuart2006" class="citation book cs1">Maxwell-Stuart, P.G. (2006). Chronicle of the Popes: Trying to Come Full Circle. 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Libreria Editrice Vaticana. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vatican.va/holy_father/john_paul_ii/encyclicals/documents/hf_jp-ii_enc_25031995_evangelium-vitae_en.html">the original</a> on 27 October 2014. Retrieved 16 November 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Laborem+exercens&rft.pub=Libreria+Editrice+Vaticana&rft.date=1981-05-15&rft.au=John+Paul+II&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.vatican.va%2Fholy_father%2Fjohn_paul_ii%2Fencyclicals%2Fdocuments%2Fhf_jp-ii_enc_25031995_evangelium-vitae_en.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACatholic+Church" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-174"><a href="#cite_ref-174">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohn_Paul_II1995" class="citation web cs1">John Paul II (25 March 1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141027122758/https://www.vatican.va/holy_father/john_paul_ii/encyclicals/documents/hf_jp-ii_enc_25031995_evangelium-vitae_en.html">"Evangelium Vitae"</a>. Libreria Editrice Vaticana. 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Retrieved 16 November 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Evangelium+Vitae&rft.pub=Libreria+Editrice+Vaticana&rft.date=1995-03-25&rft.au=John+Paul+II&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.vatican.va%2Fholy_father%2Fjohn_paul_ii%2Fencyclicals%2Fdocuments%2Fhf_jp-ii_enc_25031995_evangelium-vitae_en.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACatholic+Church" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-175"><a href="#cite_ref-175">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohnston2006" class="citation web cs1">Johnston, Jerry Earl (18 February 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150402092429/http://www.deseretnews.com/article/1%2C5143%2C635185276%2C00.html">"Benedict's encyclical offers hope for world"</a>. Deseret News. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.deseretnews.com/article/1,5143,635185276,00.html">the original</a> on 2 April 2015. Retrieved 12 September 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Deseret+News&rft.atitle=Benedict%27s+encyclical+offers+hope+for+world&rft.date=2006-02-18&rft.aulast=Johnston&rft.aufirst=Jerry+Earl&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.deseretnews.com%2Farticle%2F1%2C5143%2C635185276%2C00.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACatholic+Church" class="Z3988"> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120307235713/http://www.deseretnews.com/article/635185276/Benedicts-encyclical-offers-hope-for-world.html">WebCitation archive</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-176"><a href="#cite_ref-176">^</a> Gledhill, Ruth <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070218185841/http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/world/europe/article667813.ece">"Pope set to bring back Latin Mass that divided the Church"</a> The Times 11 October 2006. 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Retrieved 30 March 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=CNN&rft.atitle=Pope%27s+resignation+was+not+forced+by+health+issues%2C+spokesman+says&rft.date=2013-02-13&rft.aulast=Smith-Spark&rft.aufirst=Laura&rft.au=Messia%2C+Hada&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cnn.com%2F2013%2F02%2F12%2Fworld%2Feurope%2Fpope-benedict-resignation%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACatholic+Church" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-178"><a href="#cite_ref-178">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDonadio2019" class="citation web cs1">Donadio, Rachel (27 October 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2019/10/pope-francis-revolutionary-culture-war/600877/">"Pope Francis, the Revolutionary, Takes On the Traditionalists"</a>. 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Retrieved 17 March 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Columbia&rft.atitle=Our+Eastern+Brothers&rft.pages=20-23&rft.date=2013-05&rft.aulast=Pelowski&rft.aufirst=Alton+J.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.kofc.org%2Fun%2Fen%2Fcolumbia%2Fdetail%2F2013_05_eastern.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACatholic+Church" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-183"><a href="#cite_ref-183">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-latin-america-35565085">"Unity call as Pope Francis holds historic talks with Russian Orthodox Patriarch"</a>. BBC. 12 February 2016. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160212224729/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-latin-america-35565085">Archived</a> from the original on 12 February 2016. Retrieved 13 February 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Unity+call+as+Pope+Francis+holds+historic+talks+with+Russian+Orthodox+Patriarch&rft.date=2016-02-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fworld-latin-america-35565085&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACatholic+Church" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-184"><a href="#cite_ref-184">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMiille2017" class="citation news cs1">Miille, Andrew (3 May 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thetrumpet.com/15756-catholics-and-copts-seek-shared-baptism">"Catholics and Copts Recognise Shared Baptism"</a>. 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Retrieved 22 May 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Philadelphia+Trumpet&rft.atitle=Catholics+and+Copts+Recognise+Shared+Baptism&rft.date=2017-05-03&rft.aulast=Miille&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thetrumpet.com%2F15756-catholics-and-copts-seek-shared-baptism&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACatholic+Church" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-CCC880-185"><a href="#cite_ref-CCC880_185-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Catechism_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="Catechism of the Catholic Church">Catechism of the Catholic Church</a> (2nd ed.). <a href="/wiki/Vatican_Publishing_House" title="Vatican Publishing House">Libreria Editrice Vaticana</a>. 2019. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vatican.va/archive/ENG0015/__P2A.HTM#:~:text=880%20">Paragraphs 880–883</a>. <q>'[T]he Roman Pontiff [the pope], ... has full, supreme, and universal power over the whole Church, a power which he can always exercise unhindered.' 'The college or body of bishops has no authority unless united with the Roman Pontiff, Peter's successor, as its head.' As such, this college has 'supreme and full authority over the universal Church; but this power cannot be exercised without the agreement of the Roman Pontiff.'</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Catechism+of+the+Catholic+Church&rft.pages=Paragraphs+880-883&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Libreria+Editrice+Vaticana&rft.date=2019&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACatholic+Church" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-CEHierarchy-186"><a href="#cite_ref-CEHierarchy_186-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVan_Hove1913" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Van Hove, A. (1913). <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia_(1913)/Hierarchy">"Hierarchy" </a>. 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Retrieved 30 July 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Bryant+Digital+Repository&rft.atitle=Globalization+of+the+Catholic+Church%3A+Implications+for+managing+a+large+multinational+organization+for+a+long+period+of+time&rft.date=2017-04&rft.aulast=Robinson&rft.aufirst=Paula&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdigitalcommons.bryant.edu%2Fcgi%2Fviewcontent.cgi%3Farticle%3D1022%26context%3Dhonors_marketing&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACatholic+Church" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-189"><a href="#cite_ref-189">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.economist.com/business/2013/03/09/pope-ceo">"Pope, CEO"</a>. 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Peters">Peters, Edward N.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170802095547/http://www.canonlaw.info/a_catechistintro.htm">"A Catechist's Introduction to Canon Law"</a>. CanonLaw.info. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.canonlaw.info/a_catechistintro.htm">the original</a> on 2 August 2017. Retrieved 11 June 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=CanonLaw.info&rft.atitle=A+Catechist%27s+Introduction+to+Canon+Law&rft.aulast=Peters&rft.aufirst=Edward+N.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.canonlaw.info%2Fa_catechistintro.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACatholic+Church" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDella_Rocca195949-214">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDella_Rocca195949_214-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDella_Rocca195949_214-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFDella_Rocca1959">Della Rocca 1959</a>, p. 49. </li> <li id="cite_note-215"><a href="#cite_ref-215">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.intratext.com/IXT/ENG0017/_P2.HTM">"Code of Canon Law: text – IntraText CT"</a>. intratext.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201211125942/http://www.intratext.com/IXT/ENG0017/_P2.HTM">Archived</a> from the original on 11 December 2020. Retrieved 18 June 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=intratext.com&rft.atitle=Code+of+Canon+Law%3A+text+%E2%80%93+IntraText+CT&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.intratext.com%2FIXT%2FENG0017%2F_P2.HTM&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACatholic+Church" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-216"><a href="#cite_ref-216">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140714200828/https://stjosephcanonlaw.com/sites/default/files/newsletter-preview-pdfs/christifidelis30.7.pdf">"Canonical Basics"</a> (PDF). Christifidelis. Vol. 30, no. 7. St. Joseph Foundation. 25 December 2012. p. 3. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://stjosephcanonlaw.com/sites/default/files/newsletter-preview-pdfs/christifidelis30.7.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 14 July 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Christifidelis&rft.atitle=Canonical+Basics&rft.volume=30&rft.issue=7&rft.pages=3&rft.date=2012-12-25&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fstjosephcanonlaw.com%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2Fnewsletter-preview-pdfs%2Fchristifidelis30.7.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACatholic+Church" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-217"><a href="#cite_ref-217">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPink2012" class="citation journal cs1">Pink, Thomas (1 August 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.firstthings.com/article/2012/08/conscience-and-coercion">"Conscience and Coercion"</a>. <a href="/wiki/First_Things" title="First Things">First Things</a>. The Institute on Religion and Public Life. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150402085937/http://www.firstthings.com/article/2012/08/conscience-and-coercion">Archived</a> from the original on 2 April 2015. Retrieved 24 March 2015. <q>The 1983 Code of Canon Law still teaches that the Church has a coercive authority over the baptized, with the authority to direct and to punish, by temporal as well as spiritual penalties, for culpable apostasy or heresy.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=First+Things&rft.atitle=Conscience+and+Coercion&rft.date=2012-08-01&rft.aulast=Pink&rft.aufirst=Thomas&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.firstthings.com%2Farticle%2F2012%2F08%2Fconscience-and-coercion&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACatholic+Church" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-218"><a href="#cite_ref-218">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBeal2000" class="citation book cs1">Beal, John P. 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Retrieved 31 March 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=New+Commentary+on+the+Code+of+Canon+Law&rft.pages=85&rft.pub=Paulist+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-8091-4066-4&rft.aulast=Beal&rft.aufirst=John+P.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DJKgZEjvB5cEC%26pg%3DPA85&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACatholic+Church" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Malta-219"><a href="#cite_ref-Malta_219-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vatican.va/roman_curia/secretariat_state/archivio/documents/rc_seg-st_19930203_s-sede-malta_en.html">"Agreement between the Holy See and the Republic of Malta on the recognition of civil effects to canonical marriages and to the decisions of the ecclesiastical authorities and tribunals about the same marriages"</a>. Vatican.va. <a href="/wiki/Secretariat_of_State_(Holy_See)" title="Secretariat of State (Holy See)">Secretariat of State</a>. 3 February 1993. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140216060609/https://www.vatican.va/roman_curia/secretariat_state/archivio/documents/rc_seg-st_19930203_s-sede-malta_en.html">Archived</a> from the original on 16 February 2014. Retrieved 6 August 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Vatican.va&rft.atitle=Agreement+between+the+Holy+See+and+the+Republic+of+Malta+on+the+recognition+of+civil+effects+to+canonical+marriages+and+to+the+decisions+of+the+ecclesiastical+authorities+and+tribunals+about+the+same+marriages&rft.date=1993-02-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.vatican.va%2Froman_curia%2Fsecretariat_state%2Farchivio%2Fdocuments%2Frc_seg-st_19930203_s-sede-malta_en.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACatholic+Church" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-220"><a href="#cite_ref-220">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.intratext.com/IXT/ENG0017/_P1.HTM">"Code of Canon Law: Book I General Norms (1–6)"</a>. Intratext Library. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150429083022/http://www.intratext.com/IXT/ENG0017/_P1.HTM">Archived</a> from the original on 29 April 2015. Retrieved 3 April 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Code+of+Canon+Law%3A+Book+I+General+Norms+%281%E2%80%936%29&rft.pub=Intratext+Library&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.intratext.com%2FIXT%2FENG0017%2F_P1.HTM&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACatholic+Church" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-221"><a href="#cite_ref-221">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150312160522/http://www.jgray.org/codes/cceo90eng.html">"1990 Code of Canons of Oriental churches"</a>. jgray.org. Jason Gray. 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Catholic Education Resource Center. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210227183405/https://www.catholiceducation.org/en/culture/catholic-contributions/the-other-catholics-a-short-guide-to-the-eastern-catholic-churches.html">Archived</a> from the original on 27 February 2021. Retrieved 20 June 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Catholic+Education+Resource+Center&rft.atitle=The+Other+Catholics%3A+A+Short+Guide+to+the+Eastern+Catholic+Churches&rft.date=2005-07-14&rft.au=Kevin+R.+Yurkus&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.catholiceducation.org%2Fen%2Fculture%2Fcatholic-contributions%2Fthe-other-catholics-a-short-guide-to-the-eastern-catholic-churches.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACatholic+Church" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-west_christ-226"><a href="#cite_ref-west_christ_226-0">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.philtar.ac.uk/encyclopedia/christ/west/westessay.html">"General Essay on Western Christianity"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170428000510/http://www.philtar.ac.uk/encyclopedia/christ/west/westessay.html">Archived</a> 28 April 2017 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.philtar.ac.uk/encyclopedia/christ/west/westrc.html">"Western Church/Roman Catholicism"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210225133021/http://www.philtar.ac.uk/encyclopedia/christ/west/westrc.html">Archived</a> 25 February 2021 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Overview of World Religions. Division of Religion and Philosophy, University of Cumbria. 1998/9 ELMAR Project. Accessed 26 March 2015. </li> <li id="cite_note-227"><a href="#cite_ref-227">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFParryDavid_Melling1999" class="citation book cs1">Parry, Ken; David Melling, eds. (1999). The Blackwell Dictionary of Eastern Christianity. 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He exercises the pastoral care of the community entrusted to him under the authority of the <a href="/wiki/Diocesan_bishop" title="Diocesan bishop">diocesan bishop</a>, whose ministry of Christ he is called to share, so that for this community he may carry out the offices of teaching, sanctifying and ruling with the cooperation of other priests or deacons and with the assistance of lay members of Christ's faithful, in accordance with the law.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Intratext.com&rft.atitle=Canon+519+1983+Code+of+Canon+Law&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.intratext.com%2FIXT%2FENG0017%2F_P1T.HTM&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACatholic+Church" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Apostalicae86-240">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Apostalicae86_240-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Apostalicae86_240-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150721142407/https://www.vatican.va/archive/aas/documents/AAS%2086%20%5B1994%5D%20-%20ocr.pdf">Acta Apostolicae Sedis 86</a> (PDF). 1994. pp. 541–42. 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Retrieved 24 July 2010. <q>by the light of the Holy Spirit ... vigilantly warding off any errors that threaten their flock.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Lumen+Gentium&rft.atitle=Chapter+III%2C+paragraph+25&rft.au=Second+Vatican+Council&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.vatican.va%2Farchive%2Fhist_councils%2Fii_vatican_council%2Fdocuments%2Fvat-ii_const_19641121_lumen-gentium_en.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACatholic+Church" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-251"><a href="#cite_ref-251">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Catechism_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="Catechism of the Catholic Church">Catechism of the Catholic Church</a> (2nd ed.). <a href="/wiki/Vatican_Publishing_House" title="Vatican Publishing House">Libreria Editrice Vaticana</a>. 2019. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vatican.va/archive/ENG0015/__PL.HTM#:~:text=80%20">Paragraphs 80–81</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Catechism+of+the+Catholic+Church&rft.pages=Paragraphs+80-81&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Libreria+Editrice+Vaticana&rft.date=2019&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACatholic+Church" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-LumenG3-252"><a href="#cite_ref-LumenG3_252-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPaul_VI1964" class="citation web cs1">Paul VI, Pope (1964). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140906031754/https://www.vatican.va/archive/hist_councils/ii_vatican_council/documents/vat-ii_const_19641121_lumen-gentium_en.html">"Lumen Gentium chapter 2, Paragraph 14"</a>. 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Retrieved 12 February 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ewtn.com&rft.atitle=Greek+and+Latin+Traditions+on+Holy+Spirit&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ewtn.com%2Flibrary%2Fcuria%2Fpccufilq.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACatholic+Church" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-264"><a href="#cite_ref-264">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Catechism_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="Catechism of the Catholic Church">Catechism of the Catholic Church</a> (2nd ed.). <a href="/wiki/Vatican_Publishing_House" title="Vatican Publishing House">Libreria Editrice Vaticana</a>. 2019. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vatican.va/archive/ENG0015/__P17.HTM#:~:text=248%20">Paragraph 248</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Catechism+of+the+Catholic+Church&rft.pages=Paragraph+248&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Libreria+Editrice+Vaticana&rft.date=2019&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACatholic+Church" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-245_248-265"><a href="#cite_ref-245_248_265-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Catechism_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="Catechism of the Catholic Church">Catechism of the Catholic Church</a> (2nd ed.). <a href="/wiki/Vatican_Publishing_House" title="Vatican Publishing House">Libreria Editrice Vaticana</a>. 2019. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vatican.va/archive/ENG0015/__P17.HTM#:~:text=245%20">Paragraphs 245–48</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Catechism+of+the+Catholic+Church&rft.pages=Paragraphs+245-48&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Libreria+Editrice+Vaticana&rft.date=2019&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACatholic+Church" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-266"><a href="#cite_ref-266">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilliam_Cardinal_Levada2007" class="citation web cs1">William Cardinal Levada (29 June 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130813100622/https://www.vatican.va/roman_curia/congregations/cfaith/documents/rc_con_cfaith_doc_20070629_responsa-quaestiones_en.html">"Responses to Some Questions Regarding Certain Aspects of the Doctrine of the Church"</a>. Rome: Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vatican.va/roman_curia/congregations/cfaith/documents/rc_con_cfaith_doc_20070629_responsa-quaestiones_en.html">the original</a> on 13 August 2013. Retrieved 26 November 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Responses+to+Some+Questions+Regarding+Certain+Aspects+of+the+Doctrine+of+the+Church&rft.place=Rome&rft.pub=Congregation+for+the+Doctrine+of+the+Faith&rft.date=2007-06-29&rft.au=William+Cardinal+Levada&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.vatican.va%2Froman_curia%2Fcongregations%2Fcfaith%2Fdocuments%2Frc_con_cfaith_doc_20070629_responsa-quaestiones_en.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACatholic+Church" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-GAUDIUM-267"><a href="#cite_ref-GAUDIUM_267-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121017073250/https://www.vatican.va/archive/hist_councils/ii_vatican_council/documents/vat-ii_const_19651207_gaudium-et-spes_en.html">"Pastoral Constitution on the Church in the Modern World GAUDIUM ET SPES § 45"</a>. Vatican.va. 7 December 1965. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vatican.va/archive/hist_councils/ii_vatican_council/documents/vat-ii_const_19651207_gaudium-et-spes_en.html">the original</a> on 17 October 2012. Retrieved 4 April 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Pastoral+Constitution+on+the+Church+in+the+Modern+World+GAUDIUM+ET+SPES+%C2%A7+45&rft.pub=Vatican.va&rft.date=1965-12-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.vatican.va%2Farchive%2Fhist_councils%2Fii_vatican_council%2Fdocuments%2Fvat-ii_const_19651207_gaudium-et-spes_en.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACatholic+Church" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-ReferenceC-268"><a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceC_268-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFelici1964" class="citation web cs1">Felici, Pericle, ed. (21 November 1964). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140906031754/https://www.vatican.va/archive/hist_councils/ii_vatican_council/documents/vat-ii_const_19641121_lumen-gentium_en.html">"Dogmatic Constitution on the Church Lumen Gentium"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vatican.va/archive/hist_councils/ii_vatican_council/documents/vat-ii_const_19641121_lumen-gentium_en.html">the original</a> on 6 September 2014. Retrieved 4 April 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Dogmatic+Constitution+on+the+Church+Lumen+Gentium&rft.date=1964-11-21&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.vatican.va%2Farchive%2Fhist_councils%2Fii_vatican_council%2Fdocuments%2Fvat-ii_const_19641121_lumen-gentium_en.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACatholic+Church" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-269"><a href="#cite_ref-269">^</a> Para. 2, 2nd sentence: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120211202206/https://www.vatican.va/archive/hist_councils/ii_vatican_council/documents/vat-ii_decl_19651207_dignitatis-humanae_en.html">"Dignitatis humanae"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vatican.va/archive/hist_councils/ii_vatican_council/documents/vat-ii_decl_19651207_dignitatis-humanae_en.html">the original</a> on 11 February 2012. Retrieved 20 June 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Dignitatis+humanae&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.vatican.va%2Farchive%2Fhist_councils%2Fii_vatican_council%2Fdocuments%2Fvat-ii_decl_19651207_dignitatis-humanae_en.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACatholic+Church" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-270"><a href="#cite_ref-270">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Catechism_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="Catechism of the Catholic Church">Catechism of the Catholic Church</a> (2nd ed.). <a href="/wiki/Vatican_Publishing_House" title="Vatican Publishing House">Libreria Editrice Vaticana</a>. 2019. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vatican.va/archive/ENG0015/__P29.HTM#:~:text=811%20">Paragraph 811</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Catechism+of+the+Catholic+Church&rft.pages=Paragraph+811&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Libreria+Editrice+Vaticana&rft.date=2019&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACatholic+Church" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kreeft98-271"><a href="#cite_ref-Kreeft98_271-0">^</a> Kreeft, p. 98, quote "The fundamental reason for being a Catholic is the historical fact that the Catholic Church was founded by Christ, was God's invention, not man's;... As the Father gave authority to Christ (Jn 5:22; Mt 28:18–20), Christ passed it on to his apostles (Lk 10:16), and they passed it on to the successors they appointed as bishops." (see also Kreeft, p. 980) </li> <li id="cite_note-OneFaith46-272"><a href="#cite_ref-OneFaith46_272-0">^</a> Barry, p. 46 </li> <li id="cite_note-273"><a href="#cite_ref-273">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Catechism_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="Catechism of the Catholic Church">Catechism of the Catholic Church</a> (2nd ed.). <a href="/wiki/Vatican_Publishing_House" title="Vatican Publishing House">Libreria Editrice Vaticana</a>. 2019. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vatican.va/archive/ENG0015/__P2A.HTM#:~:text=880%20">Paragraph 880</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Catechism+of+the+Catholic+Church&rft.pages=Paragraph+880&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Libreria+Editrice+Vaticana&rft.date=2019&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACatholic+Church" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Schreck131-274"><a href="#cite_ref-Schreck131_274-0">^</a> Schreck, p. 131 </li> <li id="cite_note-CCC_816-275">^ <a href="#cite_ref-CCC_816_275-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-CCC_816_275-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Catechism_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="Catechism of the Catholic Church">Catechism of the Catholic Church</a> (2nd ed.). <a href="/wiki/Vatican_Publishing_House" title="Vatican Publishing House">Libreria Editrice Vaticana</a>. 2019. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vatican.va/archive/ENG0015/__P29.HTM#:~:text=816%20">Paragraph 816</a>. <q>The Second Vatican Council's Decree on Ecumenism explains: 'For it is through Christ's Catholic Church alone, which is the universal help toward salvation, that the fullness of the means of salvation can be obtained. It was to the apostolic college alone, of which Peter is the head, that we believe that our Lord entrusted all the blessings of the New Covenant, in order to establish on earth the one Body of Christ into which all those should be fully incorporated who belong in any way to the People of God.' [<a href="/wiki/Unitatis_redintegratio" title="Unitatis redintegratio">Unitatis redintegratio</a> 3 § 5.]</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Catechism+of+the+Catholic+Church&rft.pages=Paragraph+816&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Libreria+Editrice+Vaticana&rft.date=2019&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACatholic+Church" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-608_-276"><a href="#cite_ref-608_276-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Catechism_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="Catechism of the Catholic Church">Catechism of the Catholic Church</a> (2nd ed.). <a href="/wiki/Vatican_Publishing_House" title="Vatican Publishing House">Libreria Editrice Vaticana</a>. 2019. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vatican.va/archive/ENG0015/__P1O.HTM#:~:text=608%20">Paragraph 608</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Catechism+of+the+Catholic+Church&rft.pages=Paragraph+608&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Libreria+Editrice+Vaticana&rft.date=2019&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACatholic+Church" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-277"><a href="#cite_ref-277">^</a> Colossians 1.18 </li> <li id="cite_note-OneFaith26-278"><a href="#cite_ref-OneFaith26_278-0">^</a> Barry, p. 26 </li> <li id="cite_note-CoCCC_Paschal-279"><a href="#cite_ref-CoCCC_Paschal_279-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vatican.va/archive/compendium_ccc/documents/archive_2005_compendium-ccc_en.html#God%20Comes%20to%20Meet%20Man">"The paschal mystery in the sacraments of the church"</a>. Compendium of the Catechism of the Catholic Church. Vatican.va. 2005. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210122221130/http://www.vatican.va/archive/compendium_ccc/documents/archive_2005_compendium-ccc_en.html#God%20Comes%20to%20Meet%20Man">Archived</a> from the original on 22 January 2021. Retrieved 14 December 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Compendium+of+the+Catechism+of+the+Catholic+Church&rft.atitle=The+paschal+mystery+in+the+sacraments+of+the+church&rft.date=2005&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.vatican.va%2Farchive%2Fcompendium_ccc%2Fdocuments%2Farchive_2005_compendium-ccc_en.html%23God%2520Comes%2520to%2520Meet%2520Man&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACatholic+Church" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-280"><a href="#cite_ref-280">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Catechism_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="Catechism of the Catholic Church">Catechism of the Catholic Church</a> (2nd ed.). <a href="/wiki/Vatican_Publishing_House" title="Vatican Publishing House">Libreria Editrice Vaticana</a>. 2019. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vatican.va/archive/ENG0015/__P2L.HTM#:~:text=1021%20">Paragraphs 1021–22, 1039, 1051</a>. <q>The Last Judgment will reveal even to its furthest consequences the good each person has done or failed to do during his earthly life</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Catechism+of+the+Catholic+Church&rft.pages=Paragraphs+1021-22%2C+1039%2C+1051&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Libreria+Editrice+Vaticana&rft.date=2019&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACatholic+Church" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Schreck397-281"><a href="#cite_ref-Schreck397_281-0">^</a> Schreck, p. 397 </li> <li id="cite_note-282"><a href="#cite_ref-282">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Catechism_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="Catechism of the Catholic Church">Catechism of the Catholic Church</a> (2nd ed.). <a href="/wiki/Vatican_Publishing_House" title="Vatican Publishing House">Libreria Editrice Vaticana</a>. 2019. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vatican.va/archive/ENG0015/__P2P.HTM#:~:text=1038%20">Paragraphs 1038–41</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Catechism+of+the+Catholic+Church&rft.pages=Paragraphs+1038-41&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Libreria+Editrice+Vaticana&rft.date=2019&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACatholic+Church" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-283"><a href="#cite_ref-283">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Catechism_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="Catechism of the Catholic Church">Catechism of the Catholic Church</a> (2nd ed.). <a href="/wiki/Vatican_Publishing_House" title="Vatican Publishing House">Libreria Editrice Vaticana</a>. 2019. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vatican.va/archive/ENG0015/__P2M.HTM#:~:text=1023%20">Paragraphs 1023–29, 1042–50</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Catechism+of+the+Catholic+Church&rft.pages=Paragraphs+1023-29%2C+1042-50&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Libreria+Editrice+Vaticana&rft.date=2019&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACatholic+Church" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-284"><a href="#cite_ref-284">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Catechism_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="Catechism of the Catholic Church">Catechism of the Catholic Church</a> (2nd ed.). <a href="/wiki/Vatican_Publishing_House" title="Vatican Publishing House">Libreria Editrice Vaticana</a>. 2019. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vatican.va/archive/ENG0015/__P2N.HTM#:~:text=1030%20">Paragraphs 1030–32, 1054</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Catechism+of+the+Catholic+Church&rft.pages=Paragraphs+1030-32%2C+1054&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Libreria+Editrice+Vaticana&rft.date=2019&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACatholic+Church" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-285"><a href="#cite_ref-285">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ewtn.com/Library/Liturgy/zlitur215.htm">"Saints' Prayers for Souls in Purgatory"</a>. Ewtn.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110430072118/http://www.ewtn.com/Library/Liturgy/zlitur215.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 30 April 2011. Retrieved 28 October 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Saints%27+Prayers+for+Souls+in+Purgatory&rft.pub=Ewtn.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ewtn.com%2FLibrary%2FLiturgy%2Fzlitur215.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACatholic+Church" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-286"><a href="#cite_ref-286">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Catechism_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="Catechism of the Catholic Church">Catechism of the Catholic Church</a> (2nd ed.). <a href="/wiki/Vatican_Publishing_House" title="Vatican Publishing House">Libreria Editrice Vaticana</a>. 2019. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vatican.va/archive/ENG0015/__P2O.HTM#:~:text=1033%20">Paragraphs 1033–37, 1057</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Catechism+of+the+Catholic+Church&rft.pages=Paragraphs+1033-37%2C+1057&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Libreria+Editrice+Vaticana&rft.date=2019&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACatholic+Church" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-287"><a href="#cite_ref-287">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Catechism_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="Catechism of the Catholic Church">Catechism of the Catholic Church</a> (2nd ed.). <a href="/wiki/Vatican_Publishing_House" title="Vatican Publishing House">Libreria Editrice Vaticana</a>. 2019. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vatican.va/archive/ENG0015/__P2R.HTM#:~:text=1058%20">Paragraph 1058</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Catechism+of+the+Catholic+Church&rft.pages=Paragraph+1058&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Libreria+Editrice+Vaticana&rft.date=2019&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACatholic+Church" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-288"><a href="#cite_ref-288">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Catechism_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="Catechism of the Catholic Church">Catechism of the Catholic Church</a> (2nd ed.). <a href="/wiki/Vatican_Publishing_House" title="Vatican Publishing House">Libreria Editrice Vaticana</a>. 2019. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vatican.va/archive/ENG0015/__P2O.HTM#:~:text=1037%20">Paragraph 1037</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Catechism+of+the+Catholic+Church&rft.pages=Paragraph+1037&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Libreria+Editrice+Vaticana&rft.date=2019&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACatholic+Church" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Luke23-289"><a href="#cite_ref-Luke23_289-0">^</a> Christian Bible, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Luke%2023:39–43&version=nrsv">Luke 23:39–43</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-290"><a href="#cite_ref-290">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.catholicculture.org/culture/library/view.cfm?id=7529&CFID=32422018&CFTOKEN=46037657">"Library: The Hope of Salvation for Infants Who Die Without Being Baptised"</a>. Catholic Culture. 19 January 2007. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110501133631/http://www.catholicculture.org/culture/library/view.cfm?id=7529&CFID=32422018&CFTOKEN=46037657">Archived</a> from the original on 1 May 2011. Retrieved 28 October 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Library%3A+The+Hope+of+Salvation+for+Infants+Who+Die+Without+Being+Baptised&rft.pub=Catholic+Culture&rft.date=2007-01-19&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.catholicculture.org%2Fculture%2Flibrary%2Fview.cfm%3Fid%3D7529%26CFID%3D32422018%26CFTOKEN%3D46037657&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACatholic+Church" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-ewtn.com-291">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ewtn.com_291-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ewtn.com_291-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ewtn.com/library/Doctrine/subsistit.htm">"Christ's Church Subsists in the Catholic Church"</a>. ewtn.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181120114032/https://www.ewtn.com/library/Doctrine/subsistit.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 20 November 2018. Retrieved 27 August 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ewtn.com&rft.atitle=Christ%27s+Church+Subsists+in+the+Catholic+Church&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ewtn.com%2Flibrary%2FDoctrine%2Fsubsistit.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACatholic+Church" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-292"><a href="#cite_ref-292">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFanning1913" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Fanning, William (1913). <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia_(1913)/Baptism">"Baptism" </a>. In Herbermann, Charles (ed.). <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia" title="Catholic Encyclopedia">Catholic Encyclopedia</a>. New York: Robert Appleton Company.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Baptism&rft.btitle=Catholic+Encyclopedia&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Robert+Appleton+Company&rft.date=1913&rft.aulast=Fanning&rft.aufirst=William&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACatholic+Church" class="Z3988"> (See: "Necessity of baptism" and "Substitutes for the sacrament") </li> <li id="cite_note-WilsonFischer2005-293"><a href="#cite_ref-WilsonFischer2005_293-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilsonFischer2005" class="citation book cs1">Wilson, Douglas; Fischer, Ty (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=zClmDnl3b3EC&pg=PA101">Omnibus II: Church Fathers Through the Reformation</a>. Veritas Press. p. 101. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-932168-44-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-932168-44-0"><bdi>978-1-932168-44-0</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240310112757/https://books.google.com/books?id=zClmDnl3b3EC&pg=PA101#v=onepage&q&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on 10 March 2024. Retrieved 31 March 2021. <q>The word 'hallow' means 'saint,' in that 'hallow' is just an alternative form of the word 'holy' ('hallowed be Thy name').</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Omnibus+II%3A+Church+Fathers+Through+the+Reformation&rft.pages=101&rft.pub=Veritas+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-1-932168-44-0&rft.aulast=Wilson&rft.aufirst=Douglas&rft.au=Fischer%2C+Ty&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DzClmDnl3b3EC%26pg%3DPA101&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACatholic+Church" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-DiehlDonnelly2001-294"><a href="#cite_ref-DiehlDonnelly2001_294-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDiehlDonnelly2001" class="citation book cs1">Diehl, Daniel; Donnelly, Mark (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=WKyMpNnRWUC&pg=PA13">Medieval Celebrations</a>. Stackpole Books. p. 13. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8117-2866-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8117-2866-9"><bdi>978-0-8117-2866-9</bdi></a>. <q>The word hallow was simply another word for saint.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Medieval+Celebrations&rft.pages=13&rft.pub=Stackpole+Books&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-8117-2866-9&rft.aulast=Diehl&rft.aufirst=Daniel&rft.au=Donnelly%2C+Mark&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DWKyMpNnRWUC%26pg%3DPA13&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACatholic+Church" class="Z3988">[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot">permanent dead link</a>‍] </li> <li id="cite_note-295"><a href="#cite_ref-295">^</a> "Beatification, in the present discipline, differs from canonization in this: that the former implies (1) a locally restricted, not a universal, permission to venerate, which is (2) a mere permission, and no precept; while canonization implies a universal precept" (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/02364b.htm">Beccari, Camillo. "Beatification and Canonisation".</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180724145034/http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/02364b.htm">Archived</a> 24 July 2018 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> The Catholic Encyclopedia. Vol. 2. New York, New York: Robert Appleton Company, 1907. Accessed 27 May 2009.). </li> <li id="cite_note-296"><a href="#cite_ref-296">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCarroll1989" class="citation book cs1">Carroll, Michael P. (1989). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=FHVmFOHNr7cC&pg=PA7">Catholic Cults and Devotions: A Psychological Inquiry</a>. McGill-Queen's University Press. p. 7. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7735-0693-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7735-0693-0"><bdi>978-0-7735-0693-0</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240310112749/https://books.google.com/books?id=FHVmFOHNr7cC&pg=PA7#v=onepage&q&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on 10 March 2024. Retrieved 31 March 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Catholic+Cults+and+Devotions%3A+A+Psychological+Inquiry&rft.pages=7&rft.pub=McGill-Queen%27s+University+Press&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=978-0-7735-0693-0&rft.aulast=Carroll&rft.aufirst=Michael+P.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DFHVmFOHNr7cC%26pg%3DPA7&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACatholic+Church" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-etwndevoti-297"><a href="#cite_ref-etwndevoti_297-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150407085827/http://www.ewtn.com/Devotionals/prayers/index.asp">"Catholic Prayers, Novenas, Prayers of Jesus, Marian Prayers, Prayers of the Saints"</a>. EWTN. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ewtn.com/Devotionals/prayers/index.asp">the original</a> on 7 April 2015. Retrieved 4 April 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=EWTN&rft.atitle=Catholic+Prayers%2C+Novenas%2C+Prayers+of+Jesus%2C+Marian+Prayers%2C+Prayers+of+the+Saints&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fewtn.com%2FDevotionals%2Fprayers%2Findex.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACatholic+Church" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-popdevos-298">^ <a href="#cite_ref-popdevos_298-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-popdevos_298-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/12275b.htm">"Popular Devotions"</a>. 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Catholic Straight Answers. 21 May 2013. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210821233423/https://catholicstraightanswers.com/what-do-we-mean-by-the-sleep-of-mary-or-the-dormition-of-mary/">Archived</a> from the original on 21 August 2021. Retrieved 22 August 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Catholic+Straight+Answers&rft.atitle=What+do+we+mean+by+%22the+sleep+of+Mary%22+or+%22the+dormition+of+Mary%22%3F&rft.date=2013-05-21&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcatholicstraightanswers.com%2Fwhat-do-we-mean-by-the-sleep-of-mary-or-the-dormition-of-mary%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACatholic+Church" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-307"><a href="#cite_ref-307">^</a> Schreck, pp. 199–200 </li> <li id="cite_note-308"><a href="#cite_ref-308">^</a> Barry, pp. 122–23 </li> <li id="cite_note-309"><a href="#cite_ref-309">^</a> Schreck, p. 368 </li> <li id="cite_note-310"><a href="#cite_ref-310">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBaedeker2007" class="citation news cs1">Baedeker, Rob (21 December 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.usatoday.com/travel/destinations/2007-12-21-most-visited-religious-spots-forbes_N.htm">"World's most-visited religious destinations"</a>. USA Today. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080308234445/http://www.usatoday.com/travel/destinations/2007-12-21-most-visited-religious-spots-forbes_N.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 8 March 2008. Retrieved 3 March 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=USA+Today&rft.atitle=World%27s+most-visited+religious+destinations&rft.date=2007-12-21&rft.aulast=Baedeker&rft.aufirst=Rob&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.usatoday.com%2Ftravel%2Fdestinations%2F2007-12-21-most-visited-religious-spots-forbes_N.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACatholic+Church" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-1113_14-311">^ <a href="#cite_ref-1113_14_311-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-1113_14_311-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Catechism_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="Catechism of the Catholic Church">Catechism of the Catholic Church</a> (2nd ed.). <a href="/wiki/Vatican_Publishing_House" title="Vatican Publishing House">Libreria Editrice Vaticana</a>. 2019. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vatican.va/archive/ENG0015/__P2Z.HTM#:~:text=1113%20">Paragraphs 1113–14, 1117</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Catechism+of+the+Catholic+Church&rft.pages=Paragraphs+1113-14%2C+1117&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Libreria+Editrice+Vaticana&rft.date=2019&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACatholic+Church" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-313"><a href="#cite_ref-313">^</a> Kreeft, pp. 298–99 </li> <li id="cite_note-314"><a href="#cite_ref-314">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Catechism_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="Catechism of the Catholic Church">Catechism of the Catholic Church</a> (2nd ed.). <a href="/wiki/Vatican_Publishing_House" title="Vatican Publishing House">Libreria Editrice Vaticana</a>. 2019. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vatican.va/archive/ENG0015/__P3E.HTM#:~:text=1210%20">Paragraphs 1210–11</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Catechism+of+the+Catholic+Church&rft.pages=Paragraphs+1210-11&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Libreria+Editrice+Vaticana&rft.date=2019&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACatholic+Church" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-315"><a href="#cite_ref-315">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Catechism_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="Catechism of the Catholic Church">Catechism of the Catholic Church</a> (2nd ed.). <a href="/wiki/Vatican_Publishing_House" title="Vatican Publishing House">Libreria Editrice Vaticana</a>. 2019. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vatican.va/archive/ENG0015/__P2X.HTM#:~:text=1097%20">Paragraph 1097</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Catechism+of+the+Catholic+Church&rft.pages=Paragraph+1097&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Libreria+Editrice+Vaticana&rft.date=2019&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACatholic+Church" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-316"><a href="#cite_ref-316">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHerbermann1913" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Herbermann, Charles, ed. 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Anyone who is conscious of having committed a grave sin must first receive the sacrament of Reconciliation before going to Communion. Also important for those receiving Holy Communion are a spirit of recollection and prayer, observance of the fast prescribed by the Church, and an appropriate disposition of the body (gestures and dress) as a sign of respect for Christ.</q></cite> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kreeft326-318">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Kreeft326_318-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kreeft326_318-1">b</a> Kreeft, p. 326 </li> <li id="cite_note-Kreeft331-319">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Kreeft331_319-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kreeft331_319-1">b</a> Kreeft, p. 331 </li> <li id="cite_note-320"><a href="#cite_ref-320">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Catechism_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="Catechism of the Catholic Church">Catechism of the Catholic Church</a> (2nd ed.). <a href="/wiki/Vatican_Publishing_House" title="Vatican Publishing House">Libreria Editrice Vaticana</a>. 2019. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vatican.va/archive/ENG0015/__P42.HTM#:~:text=1400%20">Paragraphs 1400–01</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Catechism+of+the+Catholic+Church&rft.pages=Paragraphs+1400-01&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Libreria+Editrice+Vaticana&rft.date=2019&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACatholic+Church" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-321"><a href="#cite_ref-321">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100816040600/https://www.vatican.va/roman_curia/pontifical_councils/chrstuni/general-docs/rc_pc_chrstuni_doc_19930325_directory_en.html">"Principles and Norms on Ecumenism – 132"</a>. vatican.va. 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Retrieved 12 February 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=vatican.va&rft.atitle=Principles+and+Norms+on+Ecumenism+%E2%80%93+132&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.vatican.va%2Froman_curia%2Fpontifical_councils%2Fchrstuni%2Fgeneral-docs%2Frc_pc_chrstuni_doc_19930325_directory_en.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACatholic+Church" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-322"><a href="#cite_ref-322">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Catechism_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="Catechism of the Catholic Church">Catechism of the Catholic Church</a> (2nd ed.). <a href="/wiki/Vatican_Publishing_House" title="Vatican Publishing House">Libreria Editrice Vaticana</a>. 2019. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vatican.va/archive/ENG0015/__P42.HTM#:~:text=1400%20">Paragraph 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title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Catechism+of+the+Catholic+Church&rft.pages=Paragraph+1275&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Libreria+Editrice+Vaticana&rft.date=2019&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACatholic+Church" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-325"><a href="#cite_ref-325">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Catechism_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="Catechism of the Catholic Church">Catechism of the Catholic Church</a> (2nd ed.). <a href="/wiki/Vatican_Publishing_House" title="Vatican Publishing House">Libreria Editrice Vaticana</a>. 2019. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vatican.va/archive/ENG0015/__P3N.HTM#:~:text=1263%20">Paragraph 1263</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Catechism+of+the+Catholic+Church&rft.pages=Paragraph+1263&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Libreria+Editrice+Vaticana&rft.date=2019&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACatholic+Church" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-326"><a href="#cite_ref-326">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Catechism_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="Catechism of the Catholic Church">Catechism of the Catholic Church</a> (2nd ed.). <a href="/wiki/Vatican_Publishing_House" title="Vatican Publishing House">Libreria Editrice Vaticana</a>. 2019. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vatican.va/archive/ENG0015/__P3N.HTM#:~:text=1267%20">Paragraph 1267</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Catechism+of+the+Catholic+Church&rft.pages=Paragraph+1267&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Libreria+Editrice+Vaticana&rft.date=2019&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACatholic+Church" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-327"><a href="#cite_ref-327">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Catechism_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="Catechism of the Catholic Church">Catechism of the Catholic Church</a> (2nd ed.). <a href="/wiki/Vatican_Publishing_House" title="Vatican Publishing House">Libreria Editrice Vaticana</a>. 2019. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vatican.va/archive/ENG0015/__P3O.HTM#:~:text=1282%20">Paragraph 1282</a>.</cite><span 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KTAV Publishing House. p. 157. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-88125-811-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-88125-811-0"><bdi>978-0-88125-811-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Understanding+Your+Neighbor%27s+Faith%3A+What+Christians+and+Jews+Should+Know+About+Each+Other&rft.pages=157&rft.pub=KTAV+Publishing+House&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-88125-811-0&rft.aulast=Lazowski&rft.aufirst=Philip&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DHIhIPIYLQ6QC%26pg%3DPA157&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACatholic+Church" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-330"><a href="#cite_ref-330">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Catechism_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="Catechism of the Catholic Church">Catechism of the Catholic Church</a> (2nd ed.). <a href="/wiki/Vatican_Publishing_House" title="Vatican Publishing House">Libreria Editrice Vaticana</a>. 2019. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vatican.va/archive/ENG0015/__P3N.HTM#:~:text=1272%20">Paragraph 1272</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Catechism+of+the+Catholic+Church&rft.pages=Paragraph+1272&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Libreria+Editrice+Vaticana&rft.date=2019&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACatholic+Church" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-331"><a href="#cite_ref-331">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Catechism_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="Catechism of the Catholic Church">Catechism of the Catholic Church</a> (2nd ed.). <a href="/wiki/Vatican_Publishing_House" title="Vatican Publishing House">Libreria Editrice Vaticana</a>. 2019. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vatican.va/archive/ENG0015/__P3L.HTM#:~:text=1256%20">Paragraph 1256</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Catechism+of+the+Catholic+Church&rft.pages=Paragraph+1256&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Libreria+Editrice+Vaticana&rft.date=2019&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACatholic+Church" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-332"><a href="#cite_ref-332">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Catechism_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="Catechism of the Catholic Church">Catechism of the Catholic Church</a> (2nd ed.). <a href="/wiki/Vatican_Publishing_House" title="Vatican Publishing House">Libreria Editrice Vaticana</a>. 2019. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vatican.va/archive/ENG0015/__P3P.HTM#:~:text=1285%20">Paragraph 1285</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Catechism+of+the+Catholic+Church&rft.pages=Paragraph+1285&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Libreria+Editrice+Vaticana&rft.date=2019&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACatholic+Church" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-cann883-333"><a href="#cite_ref-cann883_333-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.intratext.com/IXT/ENG0017/_P31.HTM">"Canon 883"</a>. 1983 Code of Canon Law. 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Retrieved 30 June 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=1983+Code+of+Canon+Law&rft.atitle=Canon+891&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.vatican.va%2Farchive%2FENG1104%2F__P33.HTM&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACatholic+Church" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Chrism-336">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Chrism_336-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Chrism_336-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vatican.va/archive/compendium_ccc/documents/archive_2005_compendium-ccc_en.html#The%20Seven%20Sacraments%20of%20the%20Church">"Compendium of the CCC, 267"</a>. Vatican.va. Retrieved 30 June 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Compendium+of+the+CCC%2C+267&rft.pub=Vatican.va&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.vatican.va%2Farchive%2Fcompendium_ccc%2Fdocuments%2Farchive_2005_compendium-ccc_en.html%23The%2520Seven%2520Sacraments%2520of%2520the%2520Church&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACatholic+Church" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-337"><a href="#cite_ref-337">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ewtn.com/library/councils/florence.htm#3">"Council of Florence: Bull of union with the Armenians"</a>. Ewtn.com. Retrieved 30 June 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Council+of+Florence%3A+Bull+of+union+with+the+Armenians&rft.pub=Ewtn.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ewtn.com%2Flibrary%2Fcouncils%2Fflorence.htm%233&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACatholic+Church" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-338"><a href="#cite_ref-338">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Catechism_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="Catechism of the Catholic Church">Catechism of the Catholic Church</a> (2nd ed.). <a href="/wiki/Vatican_Publishing_House" title="Vatican Publishing House">Libreria Editrice Vaticana</a>. 2019. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vatican.va/archive/ENG0015/__P3T.HTM#:~:text=1310%20">Paragraph 1310</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Catechism+of+the+Catholic+Church&rft.pages=Paragraph+1310&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Libreria+Editrice+Vaticana&rft.date=2019&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACatholic+Church" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-339"><a href="#cite_ref-339">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Catechism_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="Catechism of the Catholic Church">Catechism of the Catholic Church</a> (2nd ed.). <a href="/wiki/Vatican_Publishing_House" title="Vatican Publishing House">Libreria Editrice Vaticana</a>. 2019. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vatican.va/archive/ENG0015/__P3W.HTM#:~:text=1322%20">Paragraphs 1322–24</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Catechism+of+the+Catholic+Church&rft.pages=Paragraphs+1322-24&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Libreria+Editrice+Vaticana&rft.date=2019&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACatholic+Church" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-340"><a href="#cite_ref-340">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.catholicculture.org/culture/liturgicalyear/activities/view.cfm?id=601">"Catholic Activity: Preparing for First Holy Communion"</a>. Catholicculture.org. Retrieved 25 March 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Catholic+Activity%3A+Preparing+for+First+Holy+Communion&rft.pub=Catholicculture.org&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.catholicculture.org%2Fculture%2Fliturgicalyear%2Factivities%2Fview.cfm%3Fid%3D601&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACatholic+Church" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-341"><a href="#cite_ref-341">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPohle1913" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Pohle, Joseph (1913). <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia_(1913)/The_Real_Presence_of_Christ_in_the_Eucharist">"The Real Presence of Christ in the Eucharist" </a>. In Herbermann, Charles (ed.). <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia" title="Catholic Encyclopedia">Catholic Encyclopedia</a>. New York: Robert Appleton Company.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Real+Presence+of+Christ+in+the+Eucharist&rft.btitle=Catholic+Encyclopedia&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Robert+Appleton+Company&rft.date=1913&rft.aulast=Pohle&rft.aufirst=Joseph&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACatholic+Church" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-343"><a href="#cite_ref-343">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Catechism_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="Catechism of the Catholic Church">Catechism of the Catholic Church</a> (2nd ed.). <a href="/wiki/Vatican_Publishing_House" title="Vatican Publishing House">Libreria Editrice Vaticana</a>. 2019. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vatican.va/archive/ENG0015/__P41.HTM#:~:text=1365%20">Paragraphs 1365–1372</a>. <q>Because it is the memorial of Christ's Passover, the Eucharist is also a sacrifice, thus, in the ritual text of the Mass, the priest asks of the congregation present, 'Pray, brothers and sisters, that this my sacrifice and yours may be acceptable to God, the Almighty Father.' The sacrificial character of the Eucharist is manifested in the very words of institution: 'This is my body which is given for you' and 'This cup which is poured out for you is the New Covenant in my blood.' [Lk 22:19–20] In the Eucharist, Christ gives us the very body which he gave up for us on the cross, the very blood which he 'poured out for many for the forgiveness of sins.' [Mt 26:28]</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Catechism+of+the+Catholic+Church&rft.pages=Paragraphs+1365-1372&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Libreria+Editrice+Vaticana&rft.date=2019&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACatholic+Church" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-ccc1392-344"><a href="#cite_ref-ccc1392_344-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Catechism_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="Catechism of the Catholic Church">Catechism of the Catholic Church</a> (2nd ed.). <a href="/wiki/Vatican_Publishing_House" title="Vatican Publishing House">Libreria Editrice Vaticana</a>. 2019. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vatican.va/archive/ENG0015/__P42.HTM#:~:text=1392%20">Paragraphs 1392–95</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Catechism+of+the+Catholic+Church&rft.pages=Paragraphs+1392-95&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Libreria+Editrice+Vaticana&rft.date=2019&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACatholic+Church" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-345"><a href="#cite_ref-345">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vatican.va/archive/compendium_ccc/documents/archive_2005_compendium-ccc_en.html#The%20Sacraments%20of%20Healing">"Compendium of the CCC, 296"</a>. Vatican.va. Retrieved 30 June 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Compendium+of+the+CCC%2C+296&rft.pub=Vatican.va&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.vatican.va%2Farchive%2Fcompendium_ccc%2Fdocuments%2Farchive_2005_compendium-ccc_en.html%23The%2520Sacraments%2520of%2520Healing&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACatholic+Church" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-346"><a href="#cite_ref-346">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vatican.va/archive/compendium_ccc/documents/archive_2005_compendium-ccc_en.html#The%20Sacraments%20of%20Healing">"Compendium of the CCC, 297"</a>. Vatican.va. Retrieved 30 June 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Compendium+of+the+CCC%2C+297&rft.pub=Vatican.va&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.vatican.va%2Farchive%2Fcompendium_ccc%2Fdocuments%2Farchive_2005_compendium-ccc_en.html%23The%2520Sacraments%2520of%2520Healing&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACatholic+Church" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-347"><a href="#cite_ref-347">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vatican.va/archive/compendium_ccc/documents/archive_2005_compendium-ccc_en.html#The%20Sacraments%20of%20Healing">"Compendium of the CCC, 302–03"</a>. Vatican.va. Retrieved 30 June 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Compendium+of+the+CCC%2C+302%E2%80%9303&rft.pub=Vatican.va&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.vatican.va%2Farchive%2Fcompendium_ccc%2Fdocuments%2Farchive_2005_compendium-ccc_en.html%23The%2520Sacraments%2520of%2520Healing&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACatholic+Church" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-348"><a href="#cite_ref-348">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vatican.va/archive/compendium_ccc/documents/archive_2005_compendium-ccc_en.html#The%20Sacraments%20of%20Healing">"Compendium of the CCC, 304–06"</a>. Vatican.va. Retrieved 30 June 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Compendium+of+the+CCC%2C+304%E2%80%9306&rft.pub=Vatican.va&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.vatican.va%2Farchive%2Fcompendium_ccc%2Fdocuments%2Farchive_2005_compendium-ccc_en.html%23The%2520Sacraments%2520of%2520Healing&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACatholic+Church" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-349"><a href="#cite_ref-349">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vatican.va/archive/compendium_ccc/documents/archive_2005_compendium-ccc_en.html#The%20Sacraments%20of%20Healing">"Compendium of the CCC, 309"</a>. Vatican.va. Retrieved 30 June 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Compendium+of+the+CCC%2C+309&rft.pub=Vatican.va&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.vatican.va%2Farchive%2Fcompendium_ccc%2Fdocuments%2Farchive_2005_compendium-ccc_en.html%23The%2520Sacraments%2520of%2520Healing&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACatholic+Church" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-350"><a href="#cite_ref-350">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vatican.va/archive/compendium_ccc/documents/archive_2005_compendium-ccc_en.html#The%20Sacraments%20of%20Healing">"Compendium of the CCC, 316"</a>. Vatican.va. Retrieved 30 June 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Compendium+of+the+CCC%2C+316&rft.pub=Vatican.va&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.vatican.va%2Farchive%2Fcompendium_ccc%2Fdocuments%2Farchive_2005_compendium-ccc_en.html%23The%2520Sacraments%2520of%2520Healing&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACatholic+Church" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-351"><a href="#cite_ref-351">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vatican.va/archive/compendium_ccc/documents/archive_2005_compendium-ccc_en.html#The%20Sacraments%20of%20Healing">"Compendium of the CCC, 319"</a>. Vatican.va. Retrieved 30 June 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Compendium+of+the+CCC%2C+319&rft.pub=Vatican.va&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.vatican.va%2Farchive%2Fcompendium_ccc%2Fdocuments%2Farchive_2005_compendium-ccc_en.html%23The%2520Sacraments%2520of%2520Healing&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACatholic+Church" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-352"><a href="#cite_ref-352">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFToner1913" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Toner, Patrick (1913). <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia_(1913)/Extreme_Unction">"Extreme Unction" </a>. In Herbermann, Charles (ed.). <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia" title="Catholic Encyclopedia">Catholic Encyclopedia</a>. New York: Robert Appleton Company.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Extreme+Unction&rft.btitle=Catholic+Encyclopedia&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Robert+Appleton+Company&rft.date=1913&rft.aulast=Toner&rft.aufirst=Patrick&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACatholic+Church" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-353"><a href="#cite_ref-353">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Catechism_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="Catechism of the Catholic Church">Catechism of the Catholic Church</a> (2nd ed.). <a href="/wiki/Vatican_Publishing_House" title="Vatican Publishing House">Libreria Editrice Vaticana</a>. 2019. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vatican.va/archive/ENG0015/__P4Q.HTM#:~:text=1534%20">Paragraph 1534</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Catechism+of+the+Catholic+Church&rft.pages=Paragraph+1534&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Libreria+Editrice+Vaticana&rft.date=2019&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACatholic+Church" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-354"><a href="#cite_ref-354">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Catechism_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="Catechism of the Catholic Church">Catechism of the Catholic Church</a> (2nd ed.). <a href="/wiki/Vatican_Publishing_House" title="Vatican Publishing House">Libreria Editrice Vaticana</a>. 2019. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vatican.va/archive/ENG0015/__P4Q.HTM#:~:text=1535%20">Paragraph 1535</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Catechism+of+the+Catholic+Church&rft.pages=Paragraph+1535&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Libreria+Editrice+Vaticana&rft.date=2019&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACatholic+Church" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-cann10081009-355"><a href="#cite_ref-cann10081009_355-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160302172900/https://www.vatican.va/archive/ENG1104/__P3N.HTM">"Canon 1008–1009"</a>. 1983 Code of Canon Law. Vatican.va. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vatican.va/archive/ENG1104/__P3N.HTM">the original</a> on 2 March 2016. Retrieved 12 February 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=1983+Code+of+Canon+Law&rft.atitle=Canon+1008%E2%80%931009&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.vatican.va%2Farchive%2FENG1104%2F__P3N.HTM&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACatholic+Church" class="Z3988"> (As modified by the 2009 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vatican.va/holy_father/benedict_xvi/apost_letters/documents/hf_ben-xvi_apl_20091026_codex-iuris-canonici_en.html">motu proprio</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110616013341/https://www.vatican.va/holy_father/benedict_xvi/apost_letters/documents/hf_ben-xvi_apl_20091026_codex-iuris-canonici_en.html">Archived</a> 16 June 2011 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> <a href="/wiki/Omnium_in_mentem" title="Omnium in mentem">Omnium in mentem</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-356"><a href="#cite_ref-356">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Catechism_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="Catechism of the Catholic Church">Catechism of the Catholic Church</a> (2nd ed.). <a href="/wiki/Vatican_Publishing_House" title="Vatican Publishing House">Libreria Editrice Vaticana</a>. 2019. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vatican.va/archive/ENG0015/__P4R.HTM#:~:text=1536%20">Paragraph 1536</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Catechism+of+the+Catholic+Church&rft.pages=Paragraph+1536&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Libreria+Editrice+Vaticana&rft.date=2019&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACatholic+Church" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-357"><a href="#cite_ref-357">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ewtn.com/library/ANSWERS/WCRB.htm">Karl Keating, "What Catholics Really Believe: Setting the Record Straight: Chapter 46: Priestly Celibacy"</a>. ewtn.com. Retrieved on 27 August 2015. </li> <li id="cite_note-358"><a href="#cite_ref-358">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNiebuhr1997" class="citation news cs1">Niebuhr, Gustav (16 February 1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1997/02/16/us/bishop-s-quiet-action-allows-priest-both-flock-and-family.html">"Bishop's Quiet Action Allows Priest Both Flock And Family"</a>. The New York Times. Retrieved 4 April 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Bishop%27s+Quiet+Action+Allows+Priest+Both+Flock+And+Family&rft.date=1997-02-16&rft.aulast=Niebuhr&rft.aufirst=Gustav&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1997%2F02%2F16%2Fus%2Fbishop-s-quiet-action-allows-priest-both-flock-and-family.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACatholic+Church" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-CCL1031-359"><a href="#cite_ref-CCL1031_359-0">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vatican.va/archive/ENG1104/__P3Q.HTM">Canon 1031</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080221173442/https://www.vatican.va/archive/ENG1104/__P3Q.HTM">Archived</a> 21 February 2008 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Catholic Church Canon Law. Retrieved 9 March 2008. </li> <li id="cite_note-CCL1037-360"><a href="#cite_ref-CCL1037_360-0">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vatican.va/archive/ENG1104/__P3R.HTM">Canon 1037</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080218110036/https://www.vatican.va/archive/ENG1104/__P3R.HTM">Archived</a> 18 February 2008 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Catholic Church Canon Law. Retrieved 9 March 2008. </li> <li id="cite_note-361"><a href="#cite_ref-361">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCommittee_on_the_Diaconate" class="citation web cs1">Committee on the Diaconate. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.usccb.org/beliefs-and-teachings/vocations/diaconate/faqs.cfm">"Frequently Asked Questions About Deacons"</a>. United States Conference of Catholic Bishops. Retrieved 9 March 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Frequently+Asked+Questions+About+Deacons&rft.pub=United+States+Conference+of+Catholic+Bishops&rft.au=Committee+on+the+Diaconate&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.usccb.org%2Fbeliefs-and-teachings%2Fvocations%2Fdiaconate%2Ffaqs.cfm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACatholic+Church" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-362"><a href="#cite_ref-362">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.intratext.com/IXT/ENG1199/_P16.HTM">Canon 42</a> Catholic Church Canon Law. Retrieved 9 March 2008. </li> <li id="cite_note-363"><a href="#cite_ref-363">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vatican.va/archive/ENG1104/__P1D.HTM">Canon 375</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080219141242/https://www.vatican.va/archive/ENG1104/__P1D.HTM">Archived</a> 19 February 2008 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Catholic Church Canon Law. Retrieved 9 March 2008. </li> <li id="cite_note-OneFaith114-364"><a href="#cite_ref-OneFaith114_364-0">^</a> Barry, p. 114. </li> <li id="cite_note-365"><a href="#cite_ref-365">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Catechism_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="Catechism of the Catholic Church">Catechism of the Catholic Church</a> (2nd ed.). <a href="/wiki/Vatican_Publishing_House" title="Vatican Publishing House">Libreria Editrice Vaticana</a>. 2019. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vatican.va/archive/ENG0015/__P50.HTM#:~:text=1601%20">Paragraphs 1601, 1614</a>. <q>The matrimonial covenant, by which a man and a woman establish between themselves a partnership of the whole of life, is by its nature ordered toward the good of the spouses and the procreation and education of offspring; this covenant between baptized persons has been raised by Christ the Lord to the dignity of a sacrament.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Catechism+of+the+Catholic+Church&rft.pages=Paragraphs+1601%2C+1614&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Libreria+Editrice+Vaticana&rft.date=2019&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACatholic+Church" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gantley-366">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Gantley_366-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gantley_366-1">b</a> Rev. Mark J. Gantley. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ewtn.com/vexperts/showmessage.asp?number=410268">"Petrine or Pauline Privilege"</a>. EWTN Global Catholic Network. 3 September 2004. Accessed 15 November 2014. </li> <li id="cite_note-Doors-367">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Doors_367-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Doors_367-1">b</a> "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.catholicdoors.com/misc/marriage/canonlaw.htm">Canon 1141–1143</a>". 1983 Code of Canon Law. 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Vatican.va (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vatican.va/holy_father/john_paul_ii/apost_constitutions/documents/hf_jp-ii_apc_19901018_codex-can-eccl-orient-1_lt.html">official text</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110604154301/https://www.vatican.va/holy_father/john_paul_ii/apost_constitutions/documents/hf_jp-ii_apc_19901018_codex-can-eccl-orient-1_lt.html">Archived</a> 4 June 2011 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>). Intratext.com (English translation). 1990. Excerpt: "Ritus est patrimonium liturgicum, theologicum, spirituale et disciplinare cultura ac rerum adiunctis historiae populorum distinctum, quod modo fidei vivendae uniuscuiusque Ecclesiae sui iuris proprio exprimitur." (A rite is the liturgical, theological, spiritual and disciplinary heritage, differentiated by peoples' culture and historical circumstances, that finds expression in each sui iuris Church's own way of living the faith). </li> <li id="cite_note-373"><a href="#cite_ref-373">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150101045530/https://www.vatican.va/archive/ENG0015/__P41.HTM">"Catechism of the Catholic Church – IntraText – 1362–64"</a>. vatican.va. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vatican.va/archive/ENG0015/__P41.HTM">the original</a> on 1 January 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=vatican.va&rft.atitle=Catechism+of+the+Catholic+Church+%E2%80%93+IntraText+%E2%80%93+1362%E2%80%9364&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.vatican.va%2Farchive%2FENG0015%2F__P41.HTM&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACatholic+Church" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-374"><a href="#cite_ref-374">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Catechism_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="Catechism of the Catholic Church">Catechism of the Catholic Church</a> (2nd ed.). <a href="/wiki/Vatican_Publishing_House" title="Vatican Publishing House">Libreria Editrice Vaticana</a>. 2019. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vatican.va/archive/ENG0015/__P41.HTM#:~:text=1367%20">Paragraph 1367</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Catechism+of+the+Catholic+Church&rft.pages=Paragraph+1367&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Libreria+Editrice+Vaticana&rft.date=2019&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACatholic+Church" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-375"><a href="#cite_ref-375">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDobszay2010" class="citation book cs1">Dobszay, Laszlo (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=FYpD7C7__TYC&pg=PA3">"3"</a>. The Restoration and Organic Development of the Roman Rite. New York: T&T Clark International. pp. 3–5. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-567-03385-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-567-03385-7"><bdi>978-0-567-03385-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=3&rft.btitle=The+Restoration+and+Organic+Development+of+the+Roman+Rite&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=3-5&rft.pub=T%26T+Clark+International&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-567-03385-7&rft.aulast=Dobszay&rft.aufirst=Laszlo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DFYpD7C7__TYC%26pg%3DPA3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACatholic+Church" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-376"><a href="#cite_ref-376">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100929015429/https://www.vatican.va/holy_father/benedict_xvi/letters/2007/documents/hf_ben-xvi_let_20070707_lettera-vescovi_en.html">"Letter of Pope Benedict XVI to bishops"</a>. 7 July 2007. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vatican.va/holy_father/benedict_xvi/letters/2007/documents/hf_ben-xvi_let_20070707_lettera-vescovi_en.html">the original</a> on 29 September 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Letter+of+Pope+Benedict+XVI+to+bishops&rft.date=2007-07-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.vatican.va%2Fholy_father%2Fbenedict_xvi%2Fletters%2F2007%2Fdocuments%2Fhf_ben-xvi_let_20070707_lettera-vescovi_en.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACatholic+Church" class="Z3988"> "The last version of the Missale Romanum prior to the <a href="/wiki/Second_Vatican_Council" title="Second Vatican Council">Council</a>, which was published with the authority of Pope John XXIII in 1962 and used during the Council, will now be able to be used as a Forma extraordinaria of the liturgical celebration. [...] As for the use of the 1962 Missal as a forma extraordinaria of the liturgy of the Mass, I would like to draw attention to the fact that this Missal was never juridically abrogated and, consequently, in principle, was always permitted."—Pope Benedict XVI </li> <li id="cite_note-Universae_Ecclesiae-377"><a href="#cite_ref-Universae_Ecclesiae_377-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160223094426/https://www.vatican.va/roman_curia/pontifical_commissions/ecclsdei/documents/rc_com_ecclsdei_doc_20110430_istr-universae-ecclesiae_en.html">"Instruction on the application of the Apostolic Letter Summorum Pontificum of His Holiness Pope Benedict XVI given Motu Proprio"</a>. vatican.va. 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Retrieved 27 March 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Summorum+Pontificum&rft.date=2007-07-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.vatican.va%2Fholy_father%2Fbenedict_xvi%2Fmotu_proprio%2Fdocuments%2Fhf_ben-xvi_motu-proprio_20070707_summorum-pontificum_en.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACatholic+Church" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-MPTC-380"><a href="#cite_ref-MPTC_380-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vaticannews.va/en/pope/news/2021-07/pope-motu-proprio-traditionis-custodes-1962-roman-missal-liturgy.html">"New norms regarding use of 1962 Roman Missal: Bishops given greater responsibility"</a>. Vatican News. <a href="/wiki/Vatican_City" title="Vatican City">Vatican City</a>. 16 July 2021. 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Retrieved 29 March 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Western+Catholic+Liturgics%2FEarly+Western+Liturgics&rft.pub=Liturgica.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.liturgica.com%2Fhtml%2FlitWLEarly.jsp%3Fhostname%3Dnull%23Worship&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACatholic+Church" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-387"><a href="#cite_ref-387">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newadvent.org/library/docs_pi05qp.htm">"Quo primum"</a>. New Advent. Retrieved 29 March 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Quo+primum&rft.pub=New+Advent&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.newadvent.org%2Flibrary%2Fdocs_pi05qp.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACatholic+Church" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-388"><a href="#cite_ref-388">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFortescue1913" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Fortescue, Adrian (1913). <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia_(1913)/Eastern_Churches">"Eastern Churches" </a>. In Herbermann, Charles (ed.). <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia" title="Catholic Encyclopedia">Catholic Encyclopedia</a>. New York: Robert Appleton Company.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Eastern+Churches&rft.btitle=Catholic+Encyclopedia&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Robert+Appleton+Company&rft.date=1913&rft.aulast=Fortescue&rft.aufirst=Adrian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACatholic+Church" class="Z3988"> See "Eastern Catholic Churches"; In part: "The definition of an Eastern-Rite Catholic is: A Christian of any Eastern Catholic churches in union with the pope: i.e. a Catholic who belongs not to the Roman, but to an Eastern rite. They differ from other Eastern Christians in that they are in communion with Rome, and from Latins in that they have other rites" </li> <li id="cite_note-389"><a href="#cite_ref-389">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.intratext.com/IXT/ENG1199/_P14.HTM">"CCEO, Canon 40"</a>. Intratext.com (English translation). 1990.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=CCEO%2C+Canon+40&rft.pub=Intratext.com+%28English+translation%29&rft.date=1990&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.intratext.com%2FIXT%2FENG1199%2F_P14.HTM&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACatholic+Church" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-390"><a href="#cite_ref-390">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFParryDavid_Melling1999" class="citation book cs1">Parry, Ken; David Melling; et al., eds. (1999). The Blackwell Dictionary of Eastern Christianity. Malden, MA: Blackwell Publishing. pp. 357–85. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-631-23203-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-631-23203-2"><bdi>978-0-631-23203-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Blackwell+Dictionary+of+Eastern+Christianity&rft.place=Malden%2C+MA&rft.pages=357-85&rft.pub=Blackwell+Publishing&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-631-23203-2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACatholic+Church" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-391"><a href="#cite_ref-391">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150410005013/http://ccky.org/wp-content/uploads/2011/06/Eastern-Rite-Catholicism.pdf">"Eastern Rite Catholicism"</a> (PDF). Catholic Conference of Kentucky. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ccky.org/wp-content/uploads/2011/06/Eastern-Rite-Catholicism.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 10 April 2015. Retrieved 4 April 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Eastern+Rite+Catholicism&rft.pub=Catholic+Conference+of+Kentucky&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fccky.org%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2011%2F06%2FEastern-Rite-Catholicism.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACatholic+Church" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-392"><a href="#cite_ref-392">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDelany1913" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Delany, Joseph (1913). <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia_(1913)/Corporal_and_Spiritual_Works_of_Mercy">"Corporal and Spiritual Works of Mercy" </a>. In Herbermann, Charles (ed.). <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia" title="Catholic Encyclopedia">Catholic Encyclopedia</a>. New York: Robert Appleton Company.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Corporal+and+Spiritual+Works+of+Mercy&rft.btitle=Catholic+Encyclopedia&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Robert+Appleton+Company&rft.date=1913&rft.aulast=Delany&rft.aufirst=Joseph&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACatholic+Church" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Compendium_of_the_CCC,_388-393"><a href="#cite_ref-Compendium_of_the_CCC,_388_393-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vatican.va/archive/compendium_ccc/documents/archive_2005_compendium-ccc_en.html#Mans%20Vocation:%20Life%20in%20the%20Spirit">"Compendium of the CCC, 388"</a>. Vatican.va. Retrieved 30 June 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Compendium+of+the+CCC%2C+388&rft.pub=Vatican.va&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.vatican.va%2Farchive%2Fcompendium_ccc%2Fdocuments%2Farchive_2005_compendium-ccc_en.html%23Mans%2520Vocation%3A%2520Life%2520in%2520the%2520Spirit&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACatholic+Church" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Cann22-394"><a href="#cite_ref-Cann22_394-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160303192100/https://www.vatican.va/archive/ENG1104/__PU.HTM">"Canon 222 § 2"</a>. 1983 Code of Canon Law. Vatican.va. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vatican.va/archive/ENG1104/__PU.HTM">the original</a> on 3 March 2016. Retrieved 12 February 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=1983+Code+of+Canon+Law&rft.atitle=Canon+222+%C2%A7+2&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.vatican.va%2Farchive%2FENG1104%2F__PU.HTM&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACatholic+Church" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-2337_-395"><a href="#cite_ref-2337_395-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Catechism_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="Catechism of the Catholic Church">Catechism of the Catholic Church</a> (2nd ed.). <a href="/wiki/Vatican_Publishing_House" title="Vatican Publishing House">Libreria Editrice Vaticana</a>. 2019. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vatican.va/archive/ENG0015/__P85.HTM#:~:text=2337%20">Paragraphs 2337, 2349</a>. <q>'People should cultivate [chastity] in the way that is suited to their state of life. Some profess virginity or consecrated celibacy which enables them to give themselves to God alone with an undivided heart in a remarkable manner. Others live in the way prescribed for all by the moral law, whether they are married or single.' (CDF, <a href="/wiki/Persona_humana" title="Persona humana">Persona humana</a> 11.) Married people are called to live conjugal chastity; others practise chastity in continence: 'There are three forms of the virtue of chastity: the first is that of spouses, the second that of widows, and the third that of virgins. We do not praise any one of them to the exclusion of the others. ... This is what makes for the richness of the discipline of the Church.' (St. Ambrose, De viduis 4,23:PL 16,255A.)</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Catechism+of+the+Catholic+Church&rft.pages=Paragraphs+2337%2C+2349&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Libreria+Editrice+Vaticana&rft.date=2019&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACatholic+Church" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-NYT-396"><a href="#cite_ref-NYT_396-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYardleyGoodstein2015" class="citation news cs1">Yardley, Jim; Goodstein, Laurie (18 June 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2015/06/19/world/europe/pope-francis-in-sweeping-encyclical-calls-for-swift-action-on-climate-change.html">"Pope Francis, in Sweeping Encyclical, Calls for Swift Action on Climate Change"</a>. The New York Times.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Pope+Francis%2C+in+Sweeping+Encyclical%2C+Calls+for+Swift+Action+on+Climate+Change&rft.date=2015-06-18&rft.aulast=Yardley&rft.aufirst=Jim&rft.au=Goodstein%2C+Laurie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2015%2F06%2F19%2Fworld%2Feurope%2Fpope-francis-in-sweeping-encyclical-calls-for-swift-action-on-climate-change.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACatholic+Church" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-397"><a href="#cite_ref-397">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVallely2015" class="citation news cs1"><a href="/wiki/Paul_Vallely" title="Paul Vallely">Vallely, Paul</a> (28 June 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2015/06/29/opinion/the-popes-ecological-vow.html">"The Pope's Ecological Vow"</a>. The New York Times. Retrieved 29 June 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=The+Pope%27s+Ecological+Vow&rft.date=2015-06-28&rft.aulast=Vallely&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2015%2F06%2F29%2Fopinion%2Fthe-popes-ecological-vow.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACatholic+Church" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-398"><a href="#cite_ref-398">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.catholicnewsagency.com/news/18624/catholic-hospitals-comprise-one-quarter-of-worlds-healthcare-council-reports">"Catholic hospitals comprise one quarter of world's healthcare, council reports"</a>. Catholic News Agency. 10 February 2010. Retrieved 17 August 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Catholic+hospitals+comprise+one+quarter+of+world%27s+healthcare%2C+council+reports&rft.pub=Catholic+News+Agency&rft.date=2010-02-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.catholicnewsagency.com%2Fnews%2F18624%2Fcatholic-hospitals-comprise-one-quarter-of-worlds-healthcare-council-reports&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACatholic+Church" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-399"><a href="#cite_ref-399">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.usccb.org/beliefs-and-teachings/how-we-teach/catholic-education/upload/2013-By-the-Numbers-Catholic-Education.pdf">"Catholic Education"</a> (PDF).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Catholic+Education&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.usccb.org%2Fbeliefs-and-teachings%2Fhow-we-teach%2Fcatholic-education%2Fupload%2F2013-By-the-Numbers-Catholic-Education.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACatholic+Church" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-400"><a href="#cite_ref-400">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGardnerLawtonCairns2005" class="citation cs2">Gardner, Roy; Lawton, Denis; Cairns, Jo (2005), Faith Schools, Routledge, p. 148, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-33526-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-33526-3"><bdi>978-0-415-33526-3</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Faith+Schools&rft.pages=148&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-415-33526-3&rft.aulast=Gardner&rft.aufirst=Roy&rft.au=Lawton%2C+Denis&rft.au=Cairns%2C+Jo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACatholic+Church" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-nunsworldwide-401">^ <a href="#cite_ref-nunsworldwide_401-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-nunsworldwide_401-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZieglera2012" class="citation web cs1">Zieglera, J. 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Catholic World Report.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Nuns+Worldwide&rft.pub=Catholic+World+Report&rft.date=2012-05-12&rft.aulast=Zieglera&rft.aufirst=J.+J.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.catholicworldreport.com%2FItem%2F663%2Fnuns_worldwide.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACatholic+Church" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-402"><a href="#cite_ref-402">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180910114541/http://www.vocations.com/womenrel.html">"Vocations Online Internet Directory of Women's Religious Communities"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Joliet_Diocese" class="mw-redirect" title="Joliet Diocese">Joliet Diocese</a> Vocation Office. 2010. 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Retrieved 28 October 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Press+Release+%E2%80%93+The+Nobel+Peace+Prize+1979&rft.pub=Nobelprize.org&rft.date=1979-10-27&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnobelprize.org%2Fnobel_prizes%2Fpeace%2Flaureates%2F1979%2Fpress.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACatholic+Church" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-404"><a href="#cite_ref-404">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/peace/laureates/1996/press.html">"Press Release – Nobel Peace Prize 1996"</a>. Nobelprize.org. 11 October 1996. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cpn.nd.edu/resources-for-scholars-clergy-and-practitioners/international-catholic-peacebuilding-organizations/">the original</a> on 3 April 2015. Retrieved 2 April 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=International+Catholic+Peacebuilding+Organisations+%28directory%29&rft.place=Notre+Dame%2C+IN&rft.pub=Catholic+Peacebuilding+Network&rft.date=2015&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcpn.nd.edu%2Fresources-for-scholars-clergy-and-practitioners%2Finternational-catholic-peacebuilding-organizations%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACatholic+Church" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-406"><a href="#cite_ref-406">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Catechism_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="Catechism of the Catholic Church">Catechism of the Catholic Church</a> (2nd ed.). <a href="/wiki/Vatican_Publishing_House" title="Vatican Publishing House">Libreria Editrice Vaticana</a>. 2019. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vatican.va/archive/ENG0015/__P84.HTM#:~:text=2332%20">Paragraph 2332</a>. <q>Sexuality affects all aspects of the human person in the unity of his body and soul. It especially concerns affectivity, the capacity to love and to procreate, and in a more general way the aptitude for forming bonds of communion with others.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Catechism+of+the+Catholic+Church&rft.pages=Paragraph+2332&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Libreria+Editrice+Vaticana&rft.date=2019&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACatholic+Church" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-407"><a href="#cite_ref-407">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Catechism_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="Catechism of the Catholic Church">Catechism of the Catholic Church</a> (2nd ed.). <a href="/wiki/Vatican_Publishing_House" title="Vatican Publishing House">Libreria Editrice Vaticana</a>. 2019. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vatican.va/archive/ENG0015/__P85.HTM#:~:text=2348%20">Paragraphs 2348–50</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Catechism+of+the+Catholic+Church&rft.pages=Paragraphs+2348-50&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Libreria+Editrice+Vaticana&rft.date=2019&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACatholic+Church" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-408"><a href="#cite_ref-408">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141219190706/http://www.diocesehelena.org/offices-and-ministries/pastoral-renewal-services/fertility-awareness/church-teaching-about-contraception/">"Church teaching about contraception"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Helena" title="Roman Catholic Diocese of Helena">Roman Catholic Diocese of Helena</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.diocesehelena.org/offices-and-ministries/pastoral-renewal-services/fertility-awareness/church-teaching-about-contraception/">the original</a> on 19 December 2014. Retrieved 19 December 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Church+teaching+about+contraception&rft.pub=Roman+Catholic+Diocese+of+Helena&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.diocesehelena.org%2Foffices-and-ministries%2Fpastoral-renewal-services%2Ffertility-awareness%2Fchurch-teaching-about-contraception%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACatholic+Church" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-409"><a href="#cite_ref-409">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110303114045/https://www.vatican.va/holy_father/paul_vi/encyclicals/documents/hf_p-vi_enc_25071968_humanae-vitae_en.html">"Humanae Vitae"</a>. vatican.va. 25 July 1968. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vatican.va/holy_father/paul_vi/encyclicals/documents/hf_p-vi_enc_25071968_humanae-vitae_en.html">the original</a> on 3 March 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=vatican.va&rft.atitle=Humanae+Vitae&rft.date=1968-07-25&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.vatican.va%2Fholy_father%2Fpaul_vi%2Fencyclicals%2Fdocuments%2Fhf_p-vi_enc_25071968_humanae-vitae_en.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACatholic+Church" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-410"><a href="#cite_ref-410">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Catechism_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="Catechism of the Catholic Church">Catechism of the Catholic Church</a> (2nd ed.). <a href="/wiki/Vatican_Publishing_House" title="Vatican Publishing House">Libreria Editrice Vaticana</a>. 2019. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vatican.va/archive/ENG0015/__P86.HTM#:~:text=2364%20">Paragraphs 2364–72</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Catechism+of+the+Catholic+Church&rft.pages=Paragraphs+2364-72&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Libreria+Editrice+Vaticana&rft.date=2019&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACatholic+Church" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-411"><a href="#cite_ref-411">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.americamagazine.org/faith/2013/09/30/big-heart-open-god-interview-pope-francis">"A Big Heart Open to God: An interview with Pope Francis"</a>. <a href="/wiki/America_(magazine)" title="America (magazine)">America</a>. 30 September 2013. Retrieved 16 February 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=America&rft.atitle=A+Big+Heart+Open+to+God%3A+An+interview+with+Pope+Francis&rft.date=2013-09-30&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.americamagazine.org%2Ffaith%2F2013%2F09%2F30%2Fbig-heart-open-god-interview-pope-francis&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACatholic+Church" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-412"><a href="#cite_ref-412">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2013/09/20/world/europe/pope-bluntly-faults-churchs-focus-on-gays-and-abortion.html">"Pope Says Church Is 'Obsessed' With Gays, Abortion and Birth Control"</a>. The New York Times. 20 September 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Pope+Says+Church+Is+%27Obsessed%27+With+Gays%2C+Abortion+and+Birth+Control&rft.date=2013-09-20&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2013%2F09%2F20%2Fworld%2Feurope%2Fpope-bluntly-faults-churchs-focus-on-gays-and-abortion.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACatholic+Church" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-ccc2357-2359-413">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ccc2357-2359_413-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ccc2357-2359_413-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Catechism_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="Catechism of the Catholic Church">Catechism of the Catholic Church</a> (2nd ed.). <a href="/wiki/Vatican_Publishing_House" title="Vatican Publishing House">Libreria Editrice Vaticana</a>. 2019. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vatican.va/archive/ENG0015/__P85.HTM#:~:text=2357%20">Paragraphs 2357–59</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Catechism+of+the+Catholic+Church&rft.pages=Paragraphs+2357-59&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Libreria+Editrice+Vaticana&rft.date=2019&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACatholic+Church" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-414"><a href="#cite_ref-414">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.catholicnewsagency.com/news/27823/full-transcript-of-popes-in-flight-press-remarks-released">"Full transcript of Pope's in-flight press remarks released"</a>. Catholic News Agency. 5 August 2013. Retrieved 12 October 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Full+transcript+of+Pope%27s+in-flight+press+remarks+released&rft.pub=Catholic+News+Agency&rft.date=2013-08-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.catholicnewsagency.com%2Fnews%2F27823%2Ffull-transcript-of-popes-in-flight-press-remarks-released&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACatholic+Church" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-415"><a href="#cite_ref-415">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201205092955/https://religion.blogs.cnn.com/2013/07/29/popes-remarks-on-gays-a-shift-in-tone-not-substance/">"Pope on gays: A shift in tone, not substance"</a>. CNN. 29 July 2013. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://religion.blogs.cnn.com/2013/07/29/popes-remarks-on-gays-a-shift-in-tone-not-substance/">the original</a> on 5 December 2020. Retrieved 12 October 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Pope+on+gays%3A+A+shift+in+tone%2C+not+substance&rft.date=2013-07-29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Freligion.blogs.cnn.com%2F2013%2F07%2F29%2Fpopes-remarks-on-gays-a-shift-in-tone-not-substance%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACatholic+Church" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-1601_05-416"><a href="#cite_ref-1601_05_416-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Catechism_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="Catechism of the Catholic Church">Catechism of the Catholic Church</a> (2nd ed.). <a href="/wiki/Vatican_Publishing_House" title="Vatican Publishing House">Libreria Editrice Vaticana</a>. 2019. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vatican.va/archive/ENG0015/__P50.HTM#:~:text=1601%20">Paragraphs 1601–05</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Catechism+of+the+Catholic+Church&rft.pages=Paragraphs+1601-05&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Libreria+Editrice+Vaticana&rft.date=2019&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACatholic+Church" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-417"><a href="#cite_ref-417">^</a> Sources regarding opposition to the church's position on <a href="/wiki/Homosexuality_and_the_Catholic_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Homosexuality and the Catholic Church">homosexuality</a>: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKuruvilla2012" class="citation news cs1">Kuruvilla, Carol (22 December 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nydailynews.com/news/world/pope-denounces-gay-marriage-annual-xmas-message-article-1.1225960">"Pope Benedict denounces gay marriage during his annual Christmas message"</a>. NY Daily News. New York.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=NY+Daily+News&rft.atitle=Pope+Benedict+denounces+gay+marriage+during+his+annual+Christmas+message&rft.date=2012-12-22&rft.aulast=Kuruvilla&rft.aufirst=Carol&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nydailynews.com%2Fnews%2Fworld%2Fpope-denounces-gay-marriage-annual-xmas-message-article-1.1225960&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACatholic+Church" class="Z3988">, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1982/09/26/us/around-the-nation-catholic-group-provokes-debate-on-homosexuals.html">"Catholic Group Provokes Debate on Homosexuals"</a>. The New York Times. 26 September 1982. Retrieved 4 May 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Catholic+Group+Provokes+Debate+on+Homosexuals&rft.date=1982-09-26&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1982%2F09%2F26%2Fus%2Faround-the-nation-catholic-group-provokes-debate-on-homosexuals.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACatholic+Church" class="Z3988">, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRachel_Zoll2002" class="citation web cs1">Rachel Zoll (25 May 2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20040105055504/http://www.boulderdailycamera.com/livingarts/religion/25pgay.html">"Abuse scandal leads to church debate on homosexuality"</a>. Boulder Daily Camera. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.boulderdailycamera.com/livingarts/religion/25pgay.html">the original</a> on 5 January 2004. Retrieved 5 December 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Boulder+Daily+Camera&rft.atitle=Abuse+scandal+leads+to+church+debate+on+homosexuality&rft.date=2002-05-25&rft.au=Rachel+Zoll&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.boulderdailycamera.com%2Flivingarts%2Freligion%2F25pgay.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACatholic+Church" class="Z3988"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.starobserver.com.au/news/2008/07/08/wyd-site-limits-gay-debate/533">"WYD site limits gay debate"</a>. Star Observer. 8 July 2008. Retrieved 5 December 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Star+Observer&rft.atitle=WYD+site+limits+gay+debate&rft.date=2008-07-08&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.starobserver.com.au%2Fnews%2F2008%2F07%2F08%2Fwyd-site-limits-gay-debate%2F533&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACatholic+Church" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </li> <li id="cite_note-418"><a href="#cite_ref-418">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Catechism_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="Catechism of the Catholic Church">Catechism of the Catholic Church</a> (2nd ed.). <a href="/wiki/Vatican_Publishing_House" title="Vatican Publishing House">Libreria Editrice Vaticana</a>. 2019. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vatican.va/archive/ENG0015/__P54.HTM#:~:text=1640%20">Paragraph 1640</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Catechism+of+the+Catholic+Church&rft.pages=Paragraph+1640&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Libreria+Editrice+Vaticana&rft.date=2019&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACatholic+Church" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-419"><a href="#cite_ref-419">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Catechism_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="Catechism of the Catholic Church">Catechism of the Catholic Church</a> (2nd ed.). <a href="/wiki/Vatican_Publishing_House" title="Vatican Publishing House">Libreria Editrice Vaticana</a>. 2019. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vatican.va/archive/ENG0015/__P53.HTM#:~:text=1625%20">Paragraphs 1625–32</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Catechism+of+the+Catholic+Church&rft.pages=Paragraphs+1625-32&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Libreria+Editrice+Vaticana&rft.date=2019&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACatholic+Church" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-420"><a href="#cite_ref-420">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Catechism_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="Catechism of the Catholic Church">Catechism of the Catholic Church</a> (2nd ed.). <a href="/wiki/Vatican_Publishing_House" title="Vatican Publishing House">Libreria Editrice Vaticana</a>. 2019. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vatican.va/archive/ENG0015/__P87.HTM#:~:text=2384%20">Paragraphs 2384–86</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Catechism+of+the+Catholic+Church&rft.pages=Paragraphs+2384-86&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Libreria+Editrice+Vaticana&rft.date=2019&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACatholic+Church" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Soule-421"><a href="#cite_ref-Soule_421-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSoule" class="citation web cs1">Soule, W. Becket. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kofc.org/un/en/resources/cis/cis301.pdf">"Preserving the Sanctity of Marriage"</a> (PDF). 2009. Knights of Columbus. Retrieved 6 January 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=2009&rft.atitle=Preserving+the+Sanctity+of+Marriage&rft.aulast=Soule&rft.aufirst=W.+Becket&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.kofc.org%2Fun%2Fen%2Fresources%2Fcis%2Fcis301.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACatholic+Church" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-422"><a href="#cite_ref-422">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141219120231/http://www.barna.org/barna-update/article/15-familykids/42-new-marriage-and-divorce-statistics-released">"New Marriage and Divorce Statistics Released"</a>. Barna Group. 2008. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.barna.org/barna-update/article/15-familykids/42-new-marriage-and-divorce-statistics-released">the original</a> on 19 December 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=New+Marriage+and+Divorce+Statistics+Released&rft.pub=Barna+Group&rft.date=2008&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.barna.org%2Fbarna-update%2Farticle%2F15-familykids%2F42-new-marriage-and-divorce-statistics-released&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACatholic+Church" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-424"><a href="#cite_ref-424">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://religiousconsultation.org/News_Tracker/divorces_rising_in_Catholic_Europe.htm">"Divorces rising in Catholic Europe"</a>. Los Angeles Times. 24 May 2006.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Los+Angeles+Times&rft.atitle=Divorces+rising+in+Catholic+Europe&rft.date=2006-05-24&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Freligiousconsultation.org%2FNews_Tracker%2Fdivorces_rising_in_Catholic_Europe.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACatholic+Church" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-humanae-425"><a href="#cite_ref-humanae_425-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPaul_VI1968" class="citation web cs1">Paul VI, Pope (1968). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110303114045/https://www.vatican.va/holy_father/paul_vi/encyclicals/documents/hf_p-vi_enc_25071968_humanae-vitae_en.html">"Humanae vitae"</a>. Vatican. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vatican.va/holy_father/paul_vi/encyclicals/documents/hf_p-vi_enc_25071968_humanae-vitae_en.html">the original</a> on 3 March 2011. Retrieved 2 February 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Humanae+vitae&rft.pub=Vatican&rft.date=1968&rft.aulast=Paul+VI&rft.aufirst=Pope&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.vatican.va%2Fholy_father%2Fpaul_vi%2Fencyclicals%2Fdocuments%2Fhf_p-vi_enc_25071968_humanae-vitae_en.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACatholic+Church" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBokenkotter200427,_154,_493–94-426"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBokenkotter200427,_154,_493–94_426-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBokenkotter2004">Bokenkotter 2004</a>, pp. 27, 154, 493–94. </li> <li id="cite_note-427"><a href="#cite_ref-427">^</a> A summary and restatement of the debate is available in Roderick Hindery. 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Accessed 13 November 2005. </li> <li id="cite_note-cdc-431"><a href="#cite_ref-cdc_431-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChandraMartinez_G.M.Mosher_W.D.Abma_J.C.2005" class="citation journal cs1">Chandra, A.; Martinez G.M.; Mosher W.D.; Abma J.C.; Jones J. (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/series/sr_23/sr23_025.pdf">"Fertility, Family Planning, and Reproductive Health of U.S. Women: Data From the 2002 National Survey of Family Growth"</a> (PDF). Vital and Health Statistics. 23 (25). National Center for Health Statistics. Retrieved 20 May 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Vital+and+Health+Statistics&rft.atitle=Fertility%2C+Family+Planning%2C+and+Reproductive+Health+of+U.S.+Women%3A+Data+From+the+2002+National+Survey+of+Family+Growth&rft.volume=23&rft.issue=25&rft.date=2005&rft.aulast=Chandra&rft.aufirst=A.&rft.au=Martinez+G.M.&rft.au=Mosher+W.D.&rft.au=Abma+J.C.&rft.au=Jones+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cdc.gov%2Fnchs%2Fdata%2Fseries%2Fsr_23%2Fsr23_025.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACatholic+Church" class="Z3988"> See Table 56. </li> <li id="cite_note-CNS.AIDS-433"><a href="#cite_ref-CNS.AIDS_433-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catholicleader.com.au/news/pope-speaks-out-on-condoms_45117">"Pope speaks out on condoms"</a>. The Catholic Leader. CNS. 29 March 2009. Retrieved 27 March 2017. <q>Pope Benedict XVI's declaration that distribution of condoms only increases the problem of AIDS is the latest and one of the strongest statements in a simmering debate inside the church... he was asked whether the church's approach to AIDS prevention—which focuses primarily on sexual responsibility and rejects condom campaigns—was unrealistic and ineffective... The pope did not get into the specific question of whether in certain circumstances condom use was morally licit or illicit in AIDS prevention, an issue that is still under study by Vatican theologians.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Catholic+Leader&rft.atitle=Pope+speaks+out+on+condoms&rft.date=2009-03-29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcatholicleader.com.au%2Fnews%2Fpope-speaks-out-on-condoms_45117&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACatholic+Church" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-434"><a href="#cite_ref-434">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081229164506/http://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/38686.php">"Pope Benedict XVI Declares Embryos Developed For In Vitro Fertilisation Have Right To Life"</a>. Medical News Today. 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Retrieved 14 October 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Respect+for+Unborn+Human+Life%3A+The+Church%27s+Constant+Teaching&rft.pub=United+States+Conference+of+Catholic+Bishops&rft.au=USCCB+Committee+on+Pro-Life+Activities&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.usccb.org%2Fissues-and-action%2Fhuman-life-and-dignity%2Fabortion%2Frespect-for-unborn-human-life&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACatholic+Church" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-437"><a href="#cite_ref-437">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6699053">"Pontifical Academy for Life Statement: Moral Reflections on Vaccines Prepared from Cells Derived from Aborted Human Foetuses"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Linacre_Quarterly" title="The Linacre Quarterly">The Linacre Quarterly</a>. 86 (2–3): 182–87. 1 May 2019. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F0024363919855896">10.1177/0024363919855896</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0024-3639">0024-3639</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6699053">6699053</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32431408">32431408</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Linacre+Quarterly&rft.atitle=Pontifical+Academy+for+Life+Statement%3A+Moral+Reflections+on+Vaccines+Prepared+from+Cells+Derived+from+Aborted+Human+Foetuses&rft.volume=86&rft.issue=2%E2%80%933&rft.pages=182-87&rft.date=2019-05-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC6699053%23id-name%3DPMC&rft.issn=0024-3639&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F32431408&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F0024363919855896&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC6699053&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACatholic+Church" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-438">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_438-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_438-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_438-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCongregation_for_the_Doctrine_of_the_Faith2020" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Congregation_for_the_Doctrine_of_the_Faith" class="mw-redirect" title="Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith">Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith</a> (21 December 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vatican.va/roman_curia/congregations/cfaith/documents/rc_con_cfaith_doc_20201221_nota-vaccini-anticovid_en.html">"Note on the morality of using some anti-Covid-19 vaccines (21 December 2020)"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Holy_See" title="Holy See">Vatican</a>. Retrieved 23 June 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Vatican&rft.atitle=Note+on+the+morality+of+using+some+anti-Covid-19+vaccines+%2821+December+2020%29&rft.date=2020-12-21&rft.au=Congregation+for+the+Doctrine+of+the+Faith&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.vatican.va%2Froman_curia%2Fcongregations%2Fcfaith%2Fdocuments%2Frc_con_cfaith_doc_20201221_nota-vaccini-anticovid_en.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACatholic+Church" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:16-439"><a href="#cite_ref-:16_439-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrockhaus2018" class="citation web cs1">Brockhaus, Hannah (2 August 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.catholicnewsagency.com/news/39033/vatican-changes-catechism-teaching-on-death-penalty-calls-it-inadmissible">"Vatican changes Catechism teaching on death penalty, calls it 'inadmissible'"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Catholic_News_Agency" title="Catholic News Agency">Catholic News Agency</a>. Retrieved 2 August 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Catholic+News+Agency&rft.atitle=Vatican+changes+Catechism+teaching+on+death+penalty%2C+calls+it+%27inadmissible%27&rft.date=2018-08-02&rft.aulast=Brockhaus&rft.aufirst=Hannah&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.catholicnewsagency.com%2Fnews%2F39033%2Fvatican-changes-catechism-teaching-on-death-penalty-calls-it-inadmissible&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACatholic+Church" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:02-440"><a href="#cite_ref-:02_440-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarlan2018" class="citation news cs1">Harlan, Chico (2 August 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/pope-francis-changes-catholic-church-teaching-to-say-death-penalty-is-inadmissible/2018/08/02/0d69ef5e-9647-11e8-80e1-00e80e1fdf43_story.html">"Pope Francis changes Catholic Church teaching to say death penalty is 'inadmissible'"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Washington_Post" title="The Washington Post">The Washington Post</a>. Retrieved 2 August 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=Pope+Francis+changes+Catholic+Church+teaching+to+say+death+penalty+is+%27inadmissible%27&rft.date=2018-08-02&rft.aulast=Harlan&rft.aufirst=Chico&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fworld%2Fpope-francis-changes-catholic-church-teaching-to-say-death-penalty-is-inadmissible%2F2018%2F08%2F02%2F0d69ef5e-9647-11e8-80e1-00e80e1fdf43_story.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACatholic+Church" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:112-441"><a href="#cite_ref-:112_441-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPentin2020" class="citation web cs1">Pentin, Edward (4 October 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncregister.com/news/pope-s-new-encyclical-fratelli-tutti-outlines-vision-for-a-better-world">"Pope's New Encyclical 'Fratelli Tutti' Outlines Vision for a Better World"</a>. <a href="/wiki/National_Catholic_Register" title="National Catholic Register">National Catholic Register</a>. Retrieved 6 October 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=National+Catholic+Register&rft.atitle=Pope%27s+New+Encyclical+%27Fratelli+Tutti%27+Outlines+Vision+for+a+Better+World&rft.date=2020-10-04&rft.aulast=Pentin&rft.aufirst=Edward&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncregister.com%2Fnews%2Fpope-s-new-encyclical-fratelli-tutti-outlines-vision-for-a-better-world&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACatholic+Church" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-442"><a href="#cite_ref-442">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPullella2023" class="citation news cs1">Pullella, Philip (9 January 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reuters.com/world/europe/pope-says-wars-like-that-ukraine-are-crime-against-god-humanity-2023-01-09/">"Pope condemns Iran's use of death penalty against protesters"</a>. Reuters. 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(16 August 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.catholicworldreport.com/2018/08/16/capital-punishment-intrinsically-evil-or-morally-permissible/">"Capital punishment: Intrinsically evil or morally permissible?"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Catholic_World_Report" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholic World Report">Catholic World Report</a>. Retrieved 27 February 2023. <q>The revision of no. 2267 of the Catechism of the Catholic Church recently authorized by Pope Francis to develop magisterial teaching on the death penalty has generated a variety of conflicting interpretations. These interpretations could be divided up in different ways. One division might note that some interpretations claim—or strongly imply—that the revision teaches that the death penalty is intrinsically evil, whereas others claim that it continues to teach, in line with past magisterial declarations, that the death penalty is morally permissible in certain circumstances.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Catholic+World+Report&rft.atitle=Capital+punishment%3A+Intrinsically+evil+or+morally+permissible%3F&rft.date=2018-08-16&rft.aulast=Trabbic&rft.aufirst=Joseph+G.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.catholicworldreport.com%2F2018%2F08%2F16%2Fcapital-punishment-intrinsically-evil-or-morally-permissible%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACatholic+Church" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-444"><a href="#cite_ref-444">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFeser2018" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Edward_Feser" title="Edward Feser">Feser, Edward</a> (3 August 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.firstthings.com/web-exclusives/2018/08/pope-francis-and-capital-punishment">"Pope Francis and Capital Punishment"</a>. First Things. Retrieved 26 February 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=First+Things&rft.atitle=Pope+Francis+and+Capital+Punishment&rft.date=2018-08-03&rft.aulast=Feser&rft.aufirst=Edward&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.firstthings.com%2Fweb-exclusives%2F2018%2F08%2Fpope-francis-and-capital-punishment&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACatholic+Church" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Dowbiggin98-445"><a href="#cite_ref-Dowbiggin98_445-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDowbiggin2003">Dowbiggin 2003</a>, p. 98 </li> <li id="cite_note-446"><a href="#cite_ref-446">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pewresearch.org/religion/2013/11/21/religious-groups-views-on-end-of-life-issues/">"Religious Groups' Views on End-of-Life Issues"</a>. Pew Research Center. 21 November 2013. Retrieved 7 August 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Pew+Research+Center&rft.atitle=Religious+Groups%27+Views+on+End-of-Life+Issues&rft.date=2013-11-21&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pewresearch.org%2Freligion%2F2013%2F11%2F21%2Freligious-groups-views-on-end-of-life-issues%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACatholic+Church" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-news.bbc.co.uk-447"><a href="#cite_ref-news.bbc.co.uk_447-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/7227629.stm">"Europe – Catholic nuns and monks decline"</a>. BBC News. 5 February 2008. Retrieved 12 March 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Europe+%E2%80%93+Catholic+nuns+and+monks+decline&rft.date=2008-02-05&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F2%2Fhi%2Feurope%2F7227629.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACatholic+Church" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-448"><a href="#cite_ref-448">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSack2011" class="citation news cs1">Sack, Kevin (20 August 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2011/08/21/us/21nuns.html">"Nuns, a 'Dying Breed,' Fade From Leadership Roles at Catholic Hospitals"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Nuns%2C+a+%27Dying+Breed%2C%27+Fade+From+Leadership+Roles+at+Catholic+Hospitals&rft.date=2011-08-20&rft.aulast=Sack&rft.aufirst=Kevin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2011%2F08%2F21%2Fus%2F21nuns.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACatholic+Church" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-449"><a href="#cite_ref-449">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vatican.va/content/john-paul-ii/en/apost_letters/1994/documents/hf_jp-ii_apl_19940522_ordinatio-sacerdotalis.html">Apostolic Letter Ordinatio Sacerdotalis of John Paul II to the Bishops of the Catholic Church on Reserving Priestly Ordination to Men Alone</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151125234700/http://w2.vatican.va/content/john-paul-ii/en/apost_letters/1994/documents/hf_jp-ii_apl_19940522_ordinatio-sacerdotalis.html">Archived</a> 25 November 2015 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Copyright 1994 Libreria Editrice Vaticana. Retrieved 25 March 2015 </li> <li id="cite_note-cann1379-450"><a href="#cite_ref-cann1379_450-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121020161758/https://www.vatican.va/archive/ENG1104/_P54.HTM">"Canon 1379"</a>. 1983 Code of Canon Law. Vatican.va. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vatican.va/archive/ENG1104/_P54.HTM">the original</a> on 20 October 2012. Retrieved 17 August 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=1983+Code+of+Canon+Law&rft.atitle=Canon+1379&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.vatican.va%2Farchive%2FENG1104%2F_P54.HTM&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACatholic+Church" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-RCWP-451">^ <a href="#cite_ref-RCWP_451-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-RCWP_451-1">b</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.romancatholicwomenpriests.org/ordained.htm">"Ordinations: Response Regarding Excommunication Decree"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190201114453/https://www.romancatholicwomenpriests.org/ordained.htm">Archived</a> 1 February 2019 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. 2011 Roman Catholic Womenpriests-USA, Inc. Retrieved 5 June 2011 </li> <li id="cite_note-453"><a href="#cite_ref-453">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.catholicnewsagency.com/news/12780/vatican-decrees-excommunication-for-participation-in-ordination-of-women">"Vatican decrees excommunication for participation in 'ordination' of women"</a>. Catholic News Agency. 29 May 2008. Retrieved 6 June 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Vatican+decrees+excommunication+for+participation+in+%27ordination%27+of+women&rft.date=2008-05-29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.catholicnewsagency.com%2Fnews%2F12780%2Fvatican-decrees-excommunication-for-participation-in-ordination-of-women&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACatholic+Church" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-454"><a href="#cite_ref-454">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavid_Willey2010" class="citation news cs1">David Willey (15 July 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-10645748">"Vatican 'speeds up' abuse cases"</a>. BBC News. Retrieved 28 October 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Vatican+%27speeds+up%27+abuse+cases&rft.date=2010-07-15&rft.au=David+Willey&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fworld-europe-10645748&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACatholic+Church" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-hspo.b0199/00444.2014.03.22-455"><a href="#cite_ref-hspo.b0199/00444.2014.03.22_455-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation pressrelease cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://press.vatican.va/content/salastampa/it/bollettino/pubblico/2014/03/22/0199/00444.html">"Comunicato della Sala Stampa: Istituzione della Pontificia Commissione per la Tutela dei Minori"</a> [Press Release: Establishment of the Pontifical Commission for the Protection of Minors] (Press release) (in Italian). <a href="/wiki/Holy_See_Press_Office" title="Holy See Press Office">Holy See Press Office</a>. 22 March 2014. B0199/00444. Retrieved 30 March 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Comunicato+della+Sala+Stampa%3A+Istituzione+della+Pontificia+Commissione+per+la+Tutela+dei+Minori&rft.pub=Holy+See+Press+Office&rft.date=2014-03-22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpress.vatican.va%2Fcontent%2Fsalastampa%2Fit%2Fbollettino%2Fpubblico%2F2014%2F03%2F22%2F0199%2F00444.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACatholic+Church" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col"> <ul><li>Asci, Donald P. (2002) The Conjugal Act as Personal Act. A Study of the Catholic Concept of the Conjugal Act in the Light of <a href="/wiki/Christian_anthropology" title="Christian anthropology">Christian anthropology</a>, San Francisco: Ignatius Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-89870-844-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-89870-844-3">0-89870-844-3</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080220062727/https://www.vatican.va/archive/ENG1104/_INDEX.HTM">"Canon 42"</a>. <a href="/wiki/1983_Code_of_Canon_Law" title="1983 Code of Canon Law">1983 Code of Canon Law</a>. Vatican. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vatican.va/archive/ENG1104/_INDEX.HTM">the original</a> on 20 February 2008. Retrieved 9 March 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=1983+Code+of+Canon+Law&rft.atitle=Canon+42&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.vatican.va%2Farchive%2FENG1104%2F_INDEX.HTM&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACatholic+Church" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120206103358/https://www.vatican.va/archive/ENG0015/_INDEX.HTM">"Catechism of the Catholic Church"</a>. Libreria Editrice Vaticana. 1994. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vatican.va/archive/ENG0015/_INDEX.HTM">the original</a> on 6 February 2012. Retrieved 1 May 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Catechism+of+the+Catholic+Church&rft.pub=Libreria+Editrice+Vaticana&rft.date=1994&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.vatican.va%2Farchive%2FENG0015%2F_INDEX.HTM&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACatholic+Church" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Barry, Rev. Msgr. John F (2001). One Faith, One Lord: A Study of Basic Catholic Belief. Gerard F. Baumbach, Ed.D. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8215-2207-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-8215-2207-8">0-8215-2207-8</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Susan_Wise_Bauer" title="Susan Wise Bauer">Bauer, Susan Wise</a> (2010). The History of Medieval World: From the Conversion of Constantine to the First Crusade. Norton. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-393-05975-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-393-05975-5">978-0-393-05975-5</a>.</li> <li>Baumgartner, Frederic J. (2003). Behind Locked Doors: A History of the Papal Elections. Palgrave Macmillan. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-312-29463-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-312-29463-8">0-312-29463-8</a>.</li> <li>Bethell, Leslie (1984). The Cambridge History of Latin America. <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-23225-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-23225-2">0-521-23225-2</a>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBokenkotter2004" class="citation book cs1">Bokenkotter, Thomas (2004). A Concise History of the Catholic Church. Doubleday. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-385-50584-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-385-50584-1"><bdi>0-385-50584-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Concise+History+of+the+Catholic+Church&rft.pub=Doubleday&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=0-385-50584-1&rft.aulast=Bokenkotter&rft.aufirst=Thomas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACatholic+Church" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Bunson, Matthew (2008). Our Sunday Visitor's Catholic Almanac. Our Sunday Visitor Publishing. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-59276-441-X" title="Special:BookSources/1-59276-441-X">1-59276-441-X</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_Bruni" title="Frank Bruni">Bruni, Frank</a>; Burkett, Elinor (2002). A Gospel of Shame: Children, Sexual Abuse and the Catholic Church. Harper Perennial. p. 336. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-06-052232-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-06-052232-2">978-0-06-052232-2</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Owen_Chadwick" title="Owen Chadwick">Chadwick, Owen</a> (1995). A History of Christianity. <a href="/wiki/Barnes_%26_Noble" title="Barnes & Noble">Barnes & Noble</a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7607-7332-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-7607-7332-7">0-7607-7332-7</a>.</li> <li>Clarke, Graeme (2005), "Third-Century Christianity", in Bowman, Alan K., Peter Garnsey and Averil Cameron. The Cambridge Ancient History 2nd ed., volume 12: The Crisis of Empire, A.D. 193–337, Cambridge University Press, pp. 589–671, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-30199-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-30199-2">978-0-521-30199-2</a>.</li> <li>Collinge, William J. Historical dictionary of Catholicism (1997) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/historicaldictio00coll">online free</a></li> <li>Collins, Michael; Price, Mathew A. (1999). The Story of Christianity. Dorling Kindersley. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7513-0467-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-7513-0467-0">0-7513-0467-0</a>.</li> <li>Coriden, James A; Green, Thomas J; Heintschel, Donald E. (1985). The Code of Canon Law: A Text and Commentary, Study Edition. 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Co.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Manual+of+Canon+Law&rft.pub=Bruce+Pub.+Co&rft.date=1959-01-01&rft.aulast=Della+Rocca&rft.aufirst=Fernando&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACatholic+Church" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Derrick, Christopher (1967). Trimming the Ark: Catholic Attitudes and the Cult of Change. New York: P.J. Kennedy & Sons. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-09-096850-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-09-096850-3">978-0-09-096850-3</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eamon_Duffy" title="Eamon Duffy">Duffy, Eamon</a> (1997). Saints and Sinners, a History of the Popes. <a href="/wiki/Yale_University_Press" title="Yale University Press">Yale University Press</a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-300-07332-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-300-07332-1">0-300-07332-1</a>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDowbiggin2003" class="citation book cs1">Dowbiggin, Ian (2003). A Merciful End: The Euthanasia Movement in Modern America. Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 182–183. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780195154436" title="Special:BookSources/9780195154436"><bdi>9780195154436</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Merciful+End%3A+The+Euthanasia+Movement+in+Modern+America&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pages=182-183&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=9780195154436&rft.aulast=Dowbiggin&rft.aufirst=Ian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACatholic+Church" class="Z3988"></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enrique_Dussel" title="Enrique Dussel">Dussel, Enrique</a> (1981). A History of the Church in Latin America. Wm. B. Eerdmans. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8028-2131-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-8028-2131-6">0-8028-2131-6</a>.</li> <li>Fahlbusch, Erwin (2007). The Encyclopedia of Christianity. Wm. B. Eerdmans. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8028-2415-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-8028-2415-3">0-8028-2415-3</a>.</li> <li>Froehle, Bryan; Mary Gautier (2003). Global Catholicism, Portrait of a World Church. Orbis books; Center for Applied Research in the Apostolate, <a href="/wiki/Georgetown_University" title="Georgetown University">Georgetown University</a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-57075-375-X" title="Special:BookSources/1-57075-375-X">1-57075-375-X</a>.</li> <li>Gale Group. (2002) New Catholic Encyclopedia, 15 vol, with annual supplements; highly detailed coverage</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adrian_Hastings" title="Adrian Hastings">Hastings, Adrian</a> (2004). The Church in Africa 1450–1950. <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-826399-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-826399-6">0-19-826399-6</a>.</li> <li>Herring, George (2006). An Introduction to the History of Christianity. Continuum International. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8264-6737-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-8264-6737-7">0-8264-6737-7</a>.</li> <li>Koschorke, Klaus; Ludwig, Frieder; Delgado, Mariano (2007). A History of Christianity in Asia, Africa, and Latin America, 1450–1990. Wm B Eerdmans Publishing Co. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8028-2889-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8028-2889-7">978-0-8028-2889-7</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Kreeft" title="Peter Kreeft">Kreeft, Peter</a> (2001). Catholic Christianity. Ignatius Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-89870-798-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-89870-798-6">0-89870-798-6</a>.</li> <li>Latourette, by Kenneth Scott. Christianity in a Revolutionary Age: A History of Christianity in the 19th and 20th centuries (5 vol. 1969); detailed coverage of Catholicism in every major country</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulrich_L._Lehner" title="Ulrich L. Lehner">Ulrich L. Lehner</a>, (2016) The Catholic Enlightenment. The Forgotten History of a Global Movement <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-023291-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-023291-7">978-0-19-023291-7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_H._Leith" title="John H. Leith">Leith, John</a> (1963). Creeds of the Churches. Aldine Publishing Co. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-664-24057-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-664-24057-7">0-664-24057-7</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diarmaid_MacCulloch" title="Diarmaid MacCulloch">MacCulloch, Diarmaid</a> (2010). Christianity: The First Three Thousand Years. Viking. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-670-02126-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-670-02126-0">978-0-670-02126-0</a>. originally published 2009 by Allen Lane, as A History of Christianity</li> <li>MacCulloch, Diarmaid (2003). The Reformation. Viking. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-670-03296-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-670-03296-4">0-670-03296-4</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramsay_MacMullen" title="Ramsay MacMullen">MacMullen, Ramsay</a> (1984), Christianising the Roman Empire: (A.D. 100–400). New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-585-38120-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-585-38120-6">978-0-585-38120-6</a></li> <li>Marthaler, Berard (1994). Introducing the Catechism of the Catholic Church, Traditional Themes and Contemporary Issues. Paulist Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8091-3495-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-8091-3495-0">0-8091-3495-0</a>.</li> <li>McBrien, Richard and Harold Attridge, eds. (1995) The HarperCollins Encyclopedia of Catholicism. HarperCollins. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-06-065338-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-06-065338-5">978-0-06-065338-5</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_McManners" title="John McManners">McManners, John</a>, ed. The Oxford Illustrated History of Christianity. (Oxford University Press 1990). <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-822928-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-822928-3">0-19-822928-3</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Norman_(historian)" title="Edward Norman (historian)">Norman, Edward</a> (2007). The Roman Catholic Church, An Illustrated History. <a href="/wiki/University_of_California_Press" title="University of California Press">University of California Press</a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-25251-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-520-25251-6">978-0-520-25251-6</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerald_O%27Collins" title="Gerald O'Collins">O'Collins, Gerald</a>; Farrugia, Maria (2003). Catholicism: The Story of Catholic Christianity Oxford University Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-925995-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-925995-3">978-0-19-925995-3</a>.</li> <li>Perreau-Saussine, Emile (2012). Catholicism and Democracy: An Essay in the History of Political Thought. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-691-15394-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-691-15394-0">978-0-691-15394-0</a>.</li> <li>Phayer, Michael (2000). The Catholic Church and the Holocaust, 1930–1965. Indiana University Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-253-33725-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-253-33725-9">0-253-33725-9</a>.</li> <li>Pollard, John Francis (2005). Money and the Rise of the Modern Papacy, 1850–1950. Cambridge University Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-81204-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-81204-7">978-0-521-81204-7</a>.</li> <li>Rhodes, Anthony (1973). The Vatican in the Age of the Dictators (1922–1945). Holt, Rinehart and Winston. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-03-007736-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-03-007736-2">0-03-007736-2</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Riley-Smith" title="Jonathan Riley-Smith">Riley-Smith, Jonathan</a> (1997). The First Crusaders. Cambridge University Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-511-00308-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-511-00308-0">978-0-511-00308-0</a>.</li> <li>Schreck, Alan (1999). The Essential Catholic Catechism.Servant Publications. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-56955-128-6" title="Special:BookSources/1-56955-128-6">1-56955-128-6</a>.</li> <li>Schwaller, John Frederick. (2011) The history of the Catholic Church in Latin America: from conquest to revolution and beyond (<a href="/wiki/NYU_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="NYU Press">NYU Press</a>)</li> <li>Smith, Janet, ed. (1993) Why "Humanae Vitae" Was Right, San Francisco: Ignatius Press.</li> <li>Smith, Janet (1991) "Humanae Vitae", a Generation Later, Washington, DC: <a href="/wiki/Catholic_University_of_America_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholic University of America Press">Catholic University of America Press</a>,</li> <li>Stewart, Cynthia (2008) The Catholic Church: A Brief Popular History 337 pp.</li> <li>Tausch, Arno, Global Catholicism in the Age of Mass Migration and the Rise of Populism: Comparative Analyses, Based on Recent <a href="/wiki/World_Values_Survey" title="World Values Survey">World Values Survey</a> and European Social Survey Data (24 November 2016). Available at <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/75243/1/MPRA_paper_75243.pdf">https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/75243/1/MPRA_paper_75243.pdf</a> <a href="/wiki/Research_Papers_in_Economics" title="Research Papers in Economics">IDEAS/RePEc</a>, <a href="/wiki/University_of_Connecticut" title="University of Connecticut">University of Connecticut</a></li> <li>Tausch, Arno, The Effects of 'Nostra Aetate:' Comparative Analyses of Catholic Antisemitism More Than Five Decades after the Second Vatican Council (8 January 2018). Available at <a href="/wiki/SSRN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="SSRN (identifier)">SSRN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ssrn.com/abstract=3098079">3098079</a> or <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2139%2Fssrn.3098079">10.2139/ssrn.3098079</a></li> <li>Tausch, Arno, Are Practicing Catholics More Tolerant of Other Religions than the Rest of the World? Comparative Analyses Based on World Values Survey Data (21 November 2017). Available at <a href="/wiki/SSRN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="SSRN (identifier)">SSRN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ssrn.com/abstract=3075315">3075315</a> or <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2139%2Fssrn.3075315">10.2139/ssrn.3075315</a></li> <li>Vatican, Central Statistics Office (2007). Annuario Pontificio (Pontifical Yearbook). Libreria Editrice Vaticana. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-88-209-7908-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-88-209-7908-9">978-88-209-7908-9</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Vidmar" title="John Vidmar">Vidmar, John</a> (2005). The Catholic Church Through the Ages. Paulist Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8091-4234-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-8091-4234-1">0-8091-4234-1</a>.</li> <li>Wilken, Robert (2004). "Christianity". in Hitchcock, Susan Tyler; Esposito, John. Geography of Religion. <a href="/wiki/National_Geographic_Society" title="National Geographic Society">National Geographic Society</a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7922-7317-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-7922-7317-6">0-7922-7317-6</a>.</li></ul> </div> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output 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rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Catholic_Church_footer" title="Template:Catholic Church footer"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Catholic_Church_footer" title="Template talk:Catholic Church footer"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Catholic_Church_footer" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Catholic Church footer"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Catholic_Church" class="wraplinks" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Catholic Church</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background-color:gold"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_Catholic_Church_articles" title="Index of Catholic Church articles">Index</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="Outline of the Catholic Church">Outline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="Glossary of the Catholic Church">Glossary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_Catholics" title="Lists of Catholics">Lists of Catholics</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="History of the Catholic Church">History</a> <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="Timeline of the Catholic Church">Timeline</a> <a href="/wiki/Ecclesiastical_history_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="Ecclesiastical history of the Catholic Church">Ecclesiastical</a> <a href="/wiki/Legal_history_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="Legal history of the Catholic Church">Legal</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:12em"><a href="/wiki/Early_Christianity" title="Early Christianity">Early Church</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jesus_in_Christianity" title="Jesus in Christianity">Jesus</a> <a href="/wiki/Christ_(title)" title="Christ (title)">Christ</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Jesus" title="Ministry of Jesus">Ministry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crucifixion_of_Jesus" title="Crucifixion of Jesus">Crucifixion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resurrection_of_Jesus" title="Resurrection of Jesus">Resurrection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Commission" title="Great Commission">Great Commission</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apostles_in_the_New_Testament" title="Apostles in the New Testament">Apostles</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apostolic_succession" title="Apostolic succession">Succession</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Primacy_of_Peter" title="Primacy of Peter">Petrine primacy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_Fathers" title="Church Fathers">Church fathers</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apostolic_Fathers" title="Apostolic Fathers">Apostolic fathers</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_papacy" title="History of the papacy">History of the papacy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_papal_primacy" title="History of papal primacy">Primacy</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:12em"><a href="/wiki/Great_Church" title="Great Church">Great Church</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_ante-Nicene_period" title="Christianity in the ante-Nicene period">Ante-Nicene period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constantine_the_Great_and_Christianity" title="Constantine the Great and Christianity">Constantine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_seven_ecumenical_councils" title="First seven ecumenical councils">First seven ecumenical councils</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Council_of_Nicaea" title="First Council of Nicaea">Nicaea I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Chalcedon" title="Council of Chalcedon">Chalcedon</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_late_antiquity" title="Christianity in late antiquity">Late antiquity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_canon" title="Biblical canon">Biblical canon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_monasticism" title="Christian monasticism">Monasticism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:12em"><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_Middle_Ages" title="Christianity in the Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Early_Muslim_conquests" title="Early Muslim conquests">Islamic conquests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Gregory_I" title="Pope Gregory I">Pope Gregory I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papal_States" title="Papal States">Papal States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East%E2%80%93West_Schism" title="East–West Schism">Schism (1054)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Investiture_Controversy" title="Investiture Controversy">Investiture Controversy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crusades" title="Crusades">Crusades</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Schism" title="Western Schism">Schism (1378)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inquisition" title="Inquisition">Inquisition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_university" title="Medieval university">Universities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scholasticism" title="Scholasticism">Scholasticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_and_the_Age_of_Discovery" title="Catholic Church and the Age of Discovery">Age of Discovery</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:12em"><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_modern_era" title="Christianity in the modern era">Modern era</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_and_Protestant" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholic Church and Protestant">Protestantism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Reformation" title="Reformation">Protestant Reformation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counter-Reformation" title="Counter-Reformation">Catholic Reformation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Trent" title="Council of Trent">Trent</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thirty_Years%27_War" title="Thirty Years' War">Thirty Years' War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Age_of_Enlightenment" title="Age of Enlightenment">Enlightenment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dechristianization_of_France_during_the_French_Revolution" title="Dechristianization of France during the French Revolution">French Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_and_Nazi_Germany" title="Catholic Church and Nazi Germany">Nazism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Vatican_Council" title="Second Vatican Council">Vatican II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_See%E2%80%93Soviet_Union_relations" title="Holy See–Soviet Union relations">Communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_sexual_abuse_cases" title="Catholic Church sexual abuse cases">Sexual abuse scandal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_and_Islam" title="Catholic Church and Islam">Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_the_Catholic_Church" title="Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the Catholic Church">COVID-19 pandemic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Catholic_theology" title="Catholic theology">Theology</a> <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Bible" title="Catholic Bible">Bible</a> <a href="/wiki/Catholic_tradition" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholic tradition">Tradition</a> <a href="/wiki/Catechism_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="Catechism of the Catholic Church">Catechism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="General" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:12em">General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/God_in_Christianity" title="God in Christianity">God</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Trinity" title="Trinity">Trinity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingship_and_kingdom_of_God" title="Kingship and kingdom of God">Kingdom</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_theology_on_the_body" title="Catholic theology on the body">Body and soul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divine_grace" title="Divine grace">Divine grace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dogma_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Dogma in the Catholic Church">Dogma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicene_Creed" title="Nicene Creed">Nicene Creed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Original_sin" title="Original sin">Original sin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Catholic_saints" title="List of Catholic saints">Saints</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salvation_in_Christianity" title="Salvation in Christianity">Salvation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sermon_on_the_Mount" title="Sermon on the Mount">Sermon on the Mount</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ten_Commandments_in_Catholic_theology" title="Ten Commandments in Catholic theology">Ten Commandments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vulgate" title="Vulgate">Vulgate</a></li> <li>Official Bible <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sixtine_Vulgate" title="Sixtine Vulgate">Sixtine Vulgate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sixto-Clementine_Vulgate" title="Sixto-Clementine Vulgate">Sixto-Clementine Vulgate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nova_Vulgata" title="Nova Vulgata">Nova Vulgata</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_worship" title="Christian worship">Worship</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:12em"><a href="/wiki/Catholic_ecclesiology" title="Catholic ecclesiology">Ecclesiology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Communitas_perfecta" title="Communitas perfecta">Communitas perfecta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_ecumenical_councils" title="Catholic ecumenical councils">Councils</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_and_ecumenism" title="Catholic Church and ecumenism">Ecumenism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Four_Marks_of_the_Church" title="Four Marks of the Church">Four marks</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/One_true_church" title="One true church">One true church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholicity" title="Catholicity">Catholic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infallibility_of_the_Church" title="Infallibility of the Church">Infallibility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mystici_Corporis_Christi" title="Mystici Corporis Christi">Mystici Corporis Christi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People_of_God" title="People of God">People of God</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Churches_Militant,_Penitent,_and_Triumphant" title="Churches Militant, Penitent, and Triumphant">Three states</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subsistit_in" title="Subsistit in">Subsistit in</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy,_theology,_and_fundamental_theory_of_Catholic_canon_law" title="Philosophy, theology, and fundamental theory of Catholic canon law">In canon law</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:12em"><a href="/wiki/Sacraments_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="Sacraments of the Catholic Church">Sacraments</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baptism" title="Baptism">Baptism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confirmation_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Confirmation in the Catholic Church">Confirmation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eucharist_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Eucharist in the Catholic Church">Eucharist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacrament_of_Penance" title="Sacrament of Penance">Penance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anointing_of_the_Sick_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Anointing of the Sick in the Catholic Church">Anointing of the Sick</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Last_rites" title="Last rites">Last rites</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_orders_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Holy orders in the Catholic Church">Holy orders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marriage_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Marriage in the Catholic Church">Matrimony</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:12em"><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Mariology" title="Catholic Mariology">Mariology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Assumption_of_Mary" title="Assumption of Mary">Assumption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Catholic_Mariology" title="History of Catholic Mariology">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immaculate_Conception" title="Immaculate Conception">Immaculate Conception</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mariology_of_the_popes" title="Mariology of the popes">Mariology of the popes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mariology_of_the_saints" title="Mariology of the saints">Mariology of the saints</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theotokos" title="Theotokos">Mother of God</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perpetual_virginity_of_Mary" title="Perpetual virginity of Mary">Perpetual virginity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Veneration_of_Mary_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Veneration of Mary in the Catholic Church">Veneration</a></li> <li>See also:</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josephology" title="Josephology">Josephology</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Christian_philosophy" title="Christian philosophy">Philosophy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Natural_law" title="Natural law">Natural law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_moral_theology" title="Catholic moral theology">Moral theology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Personalism_(Catholic)" class="mw-redirect" title="Personalism (Catholic)">Personalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_social_teaching" title="Catholic social teaching">Social teaching</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Catholic_philosophers_and_theologians" title="List of Catholic philosophers and theologians">Philosophers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy,_theology,_and_fundamental_theory_of_Catholic_canon_law" title="Philosophy, theology, and fundamental theory of Catholic canon law">Philosophy of canon law</a></li> <li>See also:</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_and_the_Catholic_Church" title="Science and the Catholic Church">Science</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Evolution_and_the_Catholic_Church" title="Evolution and the Catholic Church">Evolution</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Separation_of_church_and_state" title="Separation of church and state">Separation of church and state</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Relations_between_the_Catholic_Church_and_the_state" title="Relations between the Catholic Church and the state">Relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_and_politics" title="Catholic Church and politics">Politics</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Saint_(Catholic)" class="mw-redirect" title="Saint (Catholic)">Saints</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Holy_Family" title="Holy Family">Holy Family</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mary,_mother_of_Jesus" title="Mary, mother of Jesus">Mary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Joseph" title="Saint Joseph">Joseph</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patriarch" title="Patriarch">Patriarchs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prophets_of_Christianity" title="Prophets of Christianity">Prophets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archangel" title="Archangel">Archangels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_martyr" title="Christian martyr">Martyrs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doctor_of_the_Church" title="Doctor of the Church">Doctors of the Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Four_Evangelists" title="Four Evangelists">Evangelists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confessor_of_the_Faith" title="Confessor of the Faith">Confessors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disciple_(Christianity)" title="Disciple (Christianity)">Disciples</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virgin_(title)" title="Virgin (title)">Virgins</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%">Organisation <a href="/wiki/Hierarchy_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="Hierarchy of the Catholic Church">Hierarchy</a> <a href="/wiki/Canon_law_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="Canon law of the Catholic Church">Canon law</a> <a href="/wiki/Catholic_laity" title="Catholic laity">Laity</a> <a href="/wiki/Order_of_precedence_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Order of precedence in the Catholic Church">Precedence</a> <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_by_country" title="Catholic Church by country">By country</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:12em"><a href="/wiki/Holy_See" title="Holy See">Holy See</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_popes" title="List of popes">List of popes</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pope" title="Pope">Pope</a> <a href="/wiki/Pope_Francis" title="Pope Francis">Francis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_ecumenical_councils" title="Catholic ecumenical councils">Ecumenical councils</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/College_of_Cardinals" title="College of Cardinals">College</a> of <a href="/wiki/Cardinal_(Catholic_Church)" title="Cardinal (Catholic Church)">Cardinals</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_living_cardinals" class="mw-redirect" title="List of living cardinals">List</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Cardinal_Advisers" class="mw-redirect" title="Council of Cardinal Advisers">Advisers</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Curia" title="Roman Curia">Roman Curia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dicastery" title="Dicastery">Dicasteries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Synod_of_Bishops_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Synod of Bishops in the Catholic Church">Synod of Bishops</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Properties_of_the_Holy_See" title="Properties of the Holy See">Properties</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:12em"><a href="/wiki/Vatican_City" title="Vatican City">Vatican City</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_Vatican_City%E2%80%93related_articles" title="Index of Vatican City–related articles">Index</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Vatican_City" title="Outline of Vatican City">Outline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apostolic_Palace" title="Apostolic Palace">Apostolic Palace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lateran_Treaty" title="Lateran Treaty">Lateran Treaty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Rota" title="Roman Rota">Roman Rota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St._Peter%27s_Basilica" title="St. Peter's Basilica">St. Peter's Basilica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swiss_Guard" title="Swiss Guard">Swiss Guard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vatican_Museums" title="Vatican Museums">Vatican Museums</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:12em"><a href="/wiki/Ecclesiastical_polity" title="Ecclesiastical polity">Polity</a> (<a href="/wiki/Holy_orders_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Holy orders in the Catholic Church">Holy orders</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Catholic_dioceses_(structured_view)" title="List of Catholic dioceses (structured view)">Diocese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Episcopal_conference" title="Episcopal conference">Episcopal conference</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eparchy#Church_hierarchy" title="Eparchy">Eparchy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bishops_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Bishops in the Catholic Church">Bishop</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Patriarch" title="Patriarch">Patriarch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Major_archbishop" title="Major archbishop">Major</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Primate_(bishop)" title="Primate (bishop)">Primate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_bishop" title="Metropolitan bishop">Metropolitan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archbishop" title="Archbishop">Archbishop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diocesan_bishop" title="Diocesan bishop">Diocesan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coadjutor_bishop" title="Coadjutor bishop">Coadjutor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Auxiliary_bishop" title="Auxiliary bishop">Auxiliary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Titular_bishop" title="Titular bishop">Titular</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_emeritus" class="mw-redirect" title="Pope emeritus">Emeritus</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parish_(Catholic_Church)" title="Parish (Catholic Church)">Parish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Priesthood_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Priesthood in the Catholic Church">Priest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deacon" title="Deacon">Deacon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:12em"><a href="/wiki/Consecrated_life" title="Consecrated life">Consecrated life</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Religious_(Western_Christianity)" title="Religious (Western Christianity)">Religious</a>:</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Superior_(hierarchy)" title="Superior (hierarchy)">Superior</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abbot" title="Abbot">Abbot</a>, <a href="/wiki/Abbess" title="Abbess">Abbess</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Superior_general_(Christianity)" title="Superior general (Christianity)">General</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Provincial_superior" title="Provincial superior">Provincial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prior_(ecclesiastical)" title="Prior (ecclesiastical)">Prior, Prioress</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_master_(order)" title="Grand master (order)">Grand master</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_brother" title="Religious brother">Brother</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Friar" title="Friar">Friar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monk" title="Monk">Monk</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_sister" title="Religious sister">Sister</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_nun" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholic nun">Nun</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermit" title="Hermit">Hermit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Novitiate" title="Novitiate">Novice</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Novice_master" title="Novice master">Master</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oblate" title="Oblate">Oblate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postulant" title="Postulant">Postulant</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:12em"><a href="/wiki/Catholic_particular_churches_and_liturgical_rites" title="Catholic particular churches and liturgical rites">Particular churches</a> <a href="/wiki/Sui_iuris" title="Sui iuris">sui iuris</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Latin_Church" title="Latin Church">Latin Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Catholic_Churches" title="Eastern Catholic Churches">Eastern Catholic Churches</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_Greek_Catholic_Church" title="Albanian Greek Catholic Church">Albanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_Catholic_Church" title="Armenian Catholic Church">Armenian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belarusian_Greek_Catholic_Church" title="Belarusian Greek Catholic Church">Belarusian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_Greek_Catholic_Church" title="Bulgarian Greek Catholic Church">Bulgarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chaldean_Catholic_Church" title="Chaldean Catholic Church">Chaldean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coptic_Catholic_Church" title="Coptic Catholic Church">Coptic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_Catholic_Church_of_Croatia_and_Serbia" title="Greek Catholic Church of Croatia and Serbia">Croatian and Serbian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eritrean_Catholic_Church" title="Eritrean Catholic Church">Eritrean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_Catholic_Church" title="Ethiopian Catholic Church">Ethiopian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_Georgia" title="Catholic Church in Georgia">Georgian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_Byzantine_Catholic_Church" title="Greek Byzantine Catholic Church">Greek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_Greek_Catholic_Church" title="Hungarian Greek Catholic Church">Hungarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italo-Albanian_Catholic_Church" title="Italo-Albanian Catholic Church">Italo-Albanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macedonian_Greek_Catholic_Church" title="Macedonian Greek Catholic Church">Macedonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maronite_Church" title="Maronite Church">Maronite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melkite_Greek_Catholic_Church" title="Melkite Greek Catholic Church">Melkite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanian_Greek_Catholic_Church" title="Romanian Greek Catholic Church">Romanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Greek_Catholic_Church" title="Russian Greek Catholic Church">Russian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruthenian_Greek_Catholic_Church" title="Ruthenian Greek Catholic Church">Ruthenian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovak_Greek_Catholic_Church" title="Slovak Greek Catholic Church">Slovak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syriac_Catholic_Church" title="Syriac Catholic Church">Syriac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syro-Malabar_Catholic_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Syro-Malabar Catholic Church">Syro-Malabar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syro-Malankara_Catholic_Church" title="Syro-Malankara Catholic Church">Syro-Malankara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_Greek_Catholic_Church" title="Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church">Ukrainian</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:12em"><a href="/wiki/Catholic_liturgy" title="Catholic liturgy">Catholic liturgy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Catholic_liturgy" title="Eastern Catholic liturgy">Eastern Catholic liturgy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alexandrian_liturgical_rites" title="Alexandrian liturgical rites">Alexandrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antiochene_Rite" title="Antiochene Rite">Antiochian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_Rite" title="Armenian Rite">Armenian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Rite" title="Byzantine Rite">Byzantine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Syriac_Rite" title="East Syriac Rite">East Syriac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Syriac_Rite" title="West Syriac Rite">West Syriac</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Malankara_Rite" title="Malankara Rite">Malankara</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latin_liturgical_rites" title="Latin liturgical rites">Latin</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ambrosian_Rite" title="Ambrosian Rite">Ambrosian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rite_of_Braga" title="Rite of Braga">Braga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mozarabic_Rite" title="Mozarabic Rite">Mozarabic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Rite" title="Roman Rite">Roman</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mass_of_Paul_VI" title="Mass of Paul VI">Paul VI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tridentine_Mass" title="Tridentine Mass">Tridentine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglican_Use" title="Anglican Use">Anglican</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zaire_Use" title="Zaire Use">Zaire</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Catholic_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholic culture">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_art" title="Catholic art">Art</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Marian_art_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Marian art in the Catholic Church">Marian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Catholic_artists" title="List of Catholic artists">Artists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Catholic_writers" title="List of Catholic writers">Writers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_Catholic_church_buildings" title="Lists of Catholic church buildings">Church buildings</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Altarpiece" title="Altarpiece">Altarpieces</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folk_Catholicism" title="Folk Catholicism">Folk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vatican_Library" title="Vatican Library">Library</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vatican_Museums" title="Vatican Museums">Museums</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Catholic_music" title="Category:Catholic music">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orders,_decorations,_and_medals_of_the_Holy_See" title="Orders, decorations, and medals of the Holy See">Distinctions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Role_of_Christianity_in_civilization" title="Role of Christianity in civilization">Role in civilisation</a></li> <li>See also:</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="Criticism of the Catholic Church">Criticism of the Catholic Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Catholicism" title="Anti-Catholicism">Anti-Catholicism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Catholic_media" title="Category:Catholic media">Media</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Holy_See_Press_Office" title="Holy See Press Office">Holy See Press Office</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vatican_Media" title="Vatican Media">Vatican Media</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vatican_News" title="Vatican News">Vatican News</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vatican_Television_Center" class="mw-redirect" title="Vatican Television Center">Vatican Television Center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vatican_Radio" title="Vatican Radio">Vatican Radio</a></li></ul></li> <li>Vatican Polyglot Press</li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%27Osservatore_Romano" title="L'Osservatore Romano">L'Osservatore Romano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acta_Apostolicae_Sedis" title="Acta Apostolicae Sedis">Acta Apostolicae Sedis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annuario_Pontificio" title="Annuario Pontificio">Annuario Pontificio</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Religious_order_(Catholic)" title="Religious order (Catholic)">Religious orders</a>, <a href="/wiki/Religious_institute" title="Religious institute">institutes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Society_of_apostolic_life" title="Society of apostolic life">societies</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Assumptionists" title="Assumptionists">Assumptionists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Annunciation_of_the_Blessed_Virgin_Mary" title="Order of the Annunciation of the Blessed Virgin Mary">Annonciades</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augustinians" title="Augustinians">Augustinians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Order_of_Saint_Basil_the_Great" title="Order of Saint Basil the Great">Basilians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benedictines" title="Benedictines">Benedictines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bethlehemites" title="Bethlehemites">Bethlehemites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Most_Holy_Annunciation" title="Order of the Most Holy Annunciation">Blue nuns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camaldolese" title="Camaldolese">Camaldoleses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camillians" title="Camillians">Camillians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carmelites" title="Carmelites">Carmelites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carthusians" title="Carthusians">Carthusians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cistercians" title="Cistercians">Cistercians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poor_Clares" title="Poor Clares">Clarisses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conceptionists" title="Conceptionists">Conceptionists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canons_Regular_of_the_Order_of_the_Holy_Cross" title="Canons Regular of the Order of the Holy Cross">Crosiers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominican_Order" title="Dominican Order">Dominicans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franciscans" title="Franciscans">Franciscans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congregation_of_Our_Lady_of_Charity_of_the_Good_Shepherd" title="Congregation of Our Lady of Charity of the Good Shepherd">Good Shepherd Sisters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hieronymites" title="Hieronymites">Hieronymites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jesuits" title="Jesuits">Jesuits</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legionaries_of_Christ" title="Legionaries of Christ">Legionaries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Blessed_Virgin_Mary_of_Mercy" title="Order of the Blessed Virgin Mary of Mercy">Mercedarians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Order_of_Minims" title="Order of Minims">Minims</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olivetans" title="Olivetans">Olivetans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oratory_of_Saint_Philip_Neri" title="Oratory of Saint Philip Neri">Oratorians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piarists" title="Piarists">Piarists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Premonstratensians" title="Premonstratensians">Premonstratensians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Redemptoristines" title="Redemptoristines">Redemptoristines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Servite_Order" title="Servite Order">Servites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theatines" title="Theatines">Theatines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trappists" title="Trappists">Trappists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trinitarians" title="Trinitarians">Trinitarians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Visitation_of_Holy_Mary" title="Order of the Visitation of Holy Mary">Visitandines</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Association_of_the_Christian_faithful" title="Association of the Christian faithful">Associations of the faithful</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Confraternity" title="Confraternity">Confraternities</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_lay_organisations" title="Catholic lay organisations">Lay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Marian_movements_and_societies" title="Catholic Marian movements and societies">Marian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_youth_work" title="Catholic youth work">Youth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Movement_of_Christian_Workers" title="World Movement of Christian Workers">Workers</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_order" title="Third order">Third orders</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Third_Order_of_Saint_Dominic" title="Third Order of Saint Dominic">Saint Dominic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lay_Carmelites" title="Lay Carmelites">Lay Carmelites</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Secular_Order_of_Discalced_Carmelites" title="Secular Order of Discalced Carmelites">Discalced</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Order_of_Saint_Francis" title="Third Order of Saint Francis">Saint Francis</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Secular_Franciscan_Order" title="Secular Franciscan Order">Secular</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_order_(religious_society)#International" title="Military order (religious society)">Military orders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fimcap" title="Fimcap">Fimcap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Action" title="Catholic Action">Catholic Action</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Charismatic_Renewal" title="Catholic Charismatic Renewal">Charismatic Renewal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communion_and_Liberation" title="Communion and Liberation">Communion and Liberation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Community_of_Sant%27Egidio" title="Community of Sant'Egidio">Sant'Egidio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Focolare_Movement" title="Focolare Movement">Focolare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Alliance_of_Catholic_Knights" title="International Alliance of Catholic Knights">International Alliance of Catholic Knights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Catholic_Conference_of_Scouting" title="International Catholic Conference of Scouting">Scouting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legion_of_Mary" title="Legion of Mary">Legion of Mary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neocatechumenal_Way" title="Neocatechumenal Way">Neocatechumenal Way</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opus_Dei" title="Opus Dei">Opus Dei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schoenstatt_Apostolic_Movement" title="Schoenstatt Apostolic Movement">Schoenstatt</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Catholic_charities" title="Catholic charities">Charities</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aid_to_the_Church_in_Need" title="Aid to the Church in Need">Aid to the Church in Need</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caritas_Internationalis" title="Caritas Internationalis">Caritas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Charities_USA" title="Catholic Charities USA">Catholic Charities USA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Home_Missions" title="Catholic Home Missions">Home Missions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Relief_Services" title="Catholic Relief Services">Relief Services</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CIDSE" title="CIDSE">CIDSE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pax_Christi" title="Pax Christi">Pax Christi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Society_of_Saint_Vincent_de_Paul" title="Society of Saint Vincent de Paul">Society of Saint Vincent de Paul</a> </li> <li>See also:</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_and_health_care" title="Catholic Church and health care">Health care</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_school" title="Catholic school">Schools</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_higher_education" title="Catholic higher education">Universities</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background-color:gold"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/File:046CupolaSPietro.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/046CupolaSPietro.jpg/16px-046CupolaSPietro.jpg" decoding="async" width="16" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/046CupolaSPietro.jpg/24px-046CupolaSPietro.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/046CupolaSPietro.jpg/32px-046CupolaSPietro.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Catholic_Church" title="Portal:Catholic Church">Catholic Church portal</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" 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href="/wiki/Template:Sacraments,_rites,_and_liturgies_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="Template:Sacraments, rites, and liturgies of the Catholic Church"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Sacraments,_rites,_and_liturgies_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="Template talk:Sacraments, rites, and liturgies of the Catholic Church"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Sacraments,_rites,_and_liturgies_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Sacraments, rites, and liturgies of the Catholic Church"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Sacraments,_rites,_and_liturgies_of_the_Catholic_Church" class="wraplinks" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Sacraments_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="Sacraments of the Catholic Church">Sacraments</a>, <a href="/wiki/Catholic_particular_churches_and_liturgical_rites" title="Catholic particular churches and liturgical rites">rites</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Catholic_liturgy" title="Catholic liturgy">liturgies</a> of the <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Catholic Church</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sacraments_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="Sacraments of the Catholic Church">Sacraments</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baptism_(Catholic_Church)" class="mw-redirect" title="Baptism (Catholic Church)">Baptism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confirmation_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Confirmation in the Catholic Church">Confirmation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eucharist_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Eucharist in the Catholic Church">Eucharist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacrament_of_Penance" title="Sacrament of Penance">Penance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anointing_of_the_Sick_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Anointing of the Sick in the Catholic Church">Anointing of the Sick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_orders_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Holy orders in the Catholic Church">Holy Orders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marriage_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Marriage in the Catholic Church">Matrimony</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%">Eucharistic liturgies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Divine_Liturgy" title="Divine Liturgy">Divine Liturgy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Divine_Liturgy_of_the_Presanctified_Gifts" class="mw-redirect" title="Divine Liturgy of the Presanctified Gifts">Divine Liturgy of the Presanctified Gifts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divine_Liturgy_of_St._Basil_the_Great" class="mw-redirect" title="Divine Liturgy of St. Basil the Great">Divine Liturgy of St. Basil the Great</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divine_Liturgy_of_St._John_Chrysostom" class="mw-redirect" title="Divine Liturgy of St. John Chrysostom">Divine Liturgy of St. John Chrysostom</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_Qurbana" title="Holy Qurbana">Holy Qurbana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_Qurbono" class="mw-redirect" title="Holy Qurbono">Holy Qurbono</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Mass in the Catholic Church">Mass</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Low_Mass" title="Low Mass">Low Mass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Missa_cantata" title="Missa cantata">Missa Cantata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solemn_Mass" title="Solemn Mass">Solemn Mass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pontifical_High_Mass" title="Pontifical High Mass">Pontifical High Mass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papal_Mass" title="Papal Mass">Papal Mass</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Canonical_hours" title="Canonical hours">Canonical hours</a>, <a href="/wiki/Liturgy_of_the_Hours" title="Liturgy of the Hours">Liturgical hours</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Matins" title="Matins">Matins</a> (nighttime)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lauds" title="Lauds">Lauds</a> (early morning)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_(liturgy)" title="Prime (liturgy)">Prime</a> (first hour of daylight)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terce" title="Terce">Terce</a> (third hour)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sext" title="Sext">Sext</a> (noon)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nones_(liturgy)" title="Nones (liturgy)">Nones</a> (ninth hour)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vespers" title="Vespers">Vespers</a> (sunset/evening) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Evensong" title="Evensong">Evensong</a> (Anglican Use Vespers)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramsha" title="Ramsha">Ramsha</a> (West Syriac Vespers)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compline" title="Compline">Compline</a> (end of the day)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%">Other liturgical services</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asperges" title="Asperges">Asperges</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benediction_of_the_Blessed_Sacrament" title="Benediction of the Blessed Sacrament">Benediction of the Blessed Sacrament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exorcism_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Exorcism in the Catholic Church">Exorcism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_funeral" title="Catholic funeral">Funeral</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Requiem" title="Requiem">Requiem</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liturgy_of_the_Hours" title="Liturgy of the Hours">Liturgy of the Hours</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Procession#Catholic_Church" title="Procession">Procession</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Liturgical_book" title="Liturgical book">Liturgical literature</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agpeya" title="Agpeya">Agpeya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antiphonary" title="Antiphonary">Antiphonary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_hours" title="Book of hours">Book of hours</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Breviary" title="Breviary">Breviary</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Breviary" title="Roman Breviary">Roman Breviary</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Customary_(liturgy)" title="Customary (liturgy)">Customary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euchologion" title="Euchologion">Euchologion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gospel_Book" title="Gospel Book">Gospel Book</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gradual" title="Gradual">Gradual</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horologion" title="Horologion">Horologion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lectionary" title="Lectionary">Lectionary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liturgy_of_the_Hours" title="Liturgy of the Hours">Liturgy of the Hours</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Divine_Worship:_Daily_Office" title="Divine Worship: Daily Office">Divine Worship: Daily Office</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martyrology" title="Martyrology">Martyrology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pontifical" title="Pontifical">Pontifical</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Pontifical" title="Roman Pontifical">Roman Pontifical</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psalter" title="Psalter">Psalter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Missal" title="Missal">Missal</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Divine_Worship:_The_Missal" title="Divine Worship: The Missal">Divine Worship: The Missal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Missal" title="Roman Missal">Roman Missal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tonary" title="Tonary">Tonary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Ritual" title="Roman Ritual">Roman Ritual</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacramentary" title="Sacramentary">Sacramentary</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sacred_language" title="Sacred language">Liturgical language</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ecclesiastical_Latin" title="Ecclesiastical Latin">Ecclesiastical Latin</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Liturgical_use_of_Latin" title="Liturgical use of Latin">Liturgical use of Latin</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Catholic_particular_churches_and_liturgical_rites" title="Catholic particular churches and liturgical rites">Liturgical rites</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Latin_Church" title="Latin Church">Latin Church</a> (<a href="/wiki/Latin_liturgical_rites" title="Latin liturgical rites">Latin liturgical rites</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Current" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%">Current</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ambrosian_Rite" title="Ambrosian Rite">Ambrosian Rite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rite_of_Braga" title="Rite of Braga">Rite of Braga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mozarabic_Rite" title="Mozarabic Rite">Mozarabic Rite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Rite" title="Roman Rite">Roman Rite</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mass_of_Paul_VI" title="Mass of Paul VI">Mass of Paul VI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Preconciliar_rites_after_the_Second_Vatican_Council" title="Preconciliar rites after the Second Vatican Council">Extraordinary Form</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tridentine_Mass" title="Tridentine Mass">Tridentine Mass</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglican_Use" title="Anglican Use">Anglican Use</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zaire_Use" title="Zaire Use">Zaire Use</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Catholic_order_liturgical_rite" title="Catholic order liturgical rite">Orders</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Benedictine_Rite" title="Benedictine Rite">Benedictine Rite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carmelite_Rite" title="Carmelite Rite">Carmelite Rite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carthusian_Rite" class="mw-redirect" title="Carthusian Rite">Carthusian Rite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cistercian_Rite" title="Cistercian Rite">Cistercian Rite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominican_Rite" title="Dominican Rite">Dominican Rite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norbertine_Rite" title="Norbertine Rite">Norbertine Rite</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%">Defunct</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_Rite" title="African Rite">African Rite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aquileian_Rite" title="Aquileian Rite">Aquileian Rite</a></li> <li>British <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_Rite" title="Celtic Rite">Celtic Rite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Durham_Rite" title="Durham Rite">Durham Rite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Use_of_Hereford" title="Use of Hereford">Hereford Use</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Use_of_Sarum" title="Use of Sarum">Sarum Use</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Use_of_York" title="Use of York">York Use</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gallican_Rite" title="Gallican Rite">Gallican Rite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Missa_sicca" title="Missa sicca">Missa Nautica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Missa_sicca" title="Missa sicca">Missa sicca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Missa_sicca" title="Missa sicca">Missa Venatoria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pre-Tridentine_Mass" title="Pre-Tridentine Mass">Pre-Tridentine Mass</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Catholic_Churches" title="Eastern Catholic Churches">Eastern Catholic Churches</a> (<a href="/wiki/Eastern_Catholic_liturgy" title="Eastern Catholic liturgy">Eastern Catholic liturgy</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alexandrian_Rite" class="mw-redirect" title="Alexandrian Rite">Alexandrian Rite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_Rite" title="Armenian Rite">Armenian Rite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antiochene_Rite" title="Antiochene Rite">Antiochene Rite</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/West_Syriac_Rite" title="West Syriac Rite">West Syriac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malankara_Rite" title="Malankara Rite">Malankara</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Rite" title="Byzantine Rite">Byzantine Rite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Syriac_Rite" title="East Syriac Rite">East Syriac Rite</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Syro-Malabar_rite" class="mw-redirect" title="Syro-Malabar rite">Malabar</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2" style="background-color:gold"><div><a href="/wiki/File:046CupolaSPietro.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/046CupolaSPietro.jpg/16px-046CupolaSPietro.jpg" decoding="async" width="16" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/046CupolaSPietro.jpg/24px-046CupolaSPietro.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/046CupolaSPietro.jpg/32px-046CupolaSPietro.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Catholic_Church" title="Portal:Catholic Church">Catholic Church portal</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link 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title="Special:EditPage/Template:Popes"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Popes_of_the_Catholic_Church" class="wraplinks" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Pope" title="Pope">Popes</a> of the <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Catholic Church</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background-color: gold"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_popes" title="List of popes">List of popes</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_popes_(graphical)" title="List of popes (graphical)">graphical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_canonised_popes" title="List of canonised popes">canonised</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papal_name" title="Papal name">Papal names</a></li> <li>Tombs <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_extant_papal_tombs" title="List of extant papal tombs">extant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_non-extant_papal_tombs" title="List of non-extant papal tombs">non-extant</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antipope" title="Antipope">Antipope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_emeritus" class="mw-redirect" title="Pope emeritus">Pope emeritus</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Papal_renunciation" title="Papal renunciation">papal resignation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope-elect_Stephen" title="Pope-elect Stephen">Pope-elect</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: gold;width:1%">1st–4th centuries</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Peter" title="Saint Peter">Peter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Linus" title="Pope Linus">Linus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Anacletus" title="Pope Anacletus">Anacletus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clement_of_Rome" title="Clement of Rome">Clement I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Evaristus" title="Pope Evaristus">Evaristus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Alexander_I" title="Pope Alexander I">Alexander I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Sixtus_I" title="Pope Sixtus I">Sixtus I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Telesphorus" title="Pope Telesphorus">Telesphorus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Hyginus" title="Pope Hyginus">Hyginus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_I" title="Pope Pius I">Pius I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Anicetus" title="Pope Anicetus">Anicetus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Soter" title="Pope Soter">Soter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Eleutherius" title="Pope Eleutherius">Eleutherius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Victor_I" title="Pope Victor I">Victor I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Zephyrinus" title="Pope Zephyrinus">Zephyrinus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Callixtus_I" title="Pope Callixtus I">Callixtus I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Urban_I" title="Pope Urban I">Urban I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Pontian" title="Pope Pontian">Pontian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Anterus" title="Pope Anterus">Anterus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Fabian" title="Pope Fabian">Fabian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Cornelius" title="Pope Cornelius">Cornelius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Lucius_I" title="Pope Lucius I">Lucius I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Stephen_I" title="Pope Stephen I">Stephen I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Sixtus_II" title="Pope Sixtus II">Sixtus II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Dionysius" title="Pope Dionysius">Dionysius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Felix_I" title="Pope Felix I">Felix I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Eutychian" title="Pope Eutychian">Eutychian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Caius" title="Pope Caius">Caius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Marcellinus" title="Pope Marcellinus">Marcellinus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Marcellus_I" title="Pope Marcellus I">Marcellus I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Eusebius" title="Pope Eusebius">Eusebius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Miltiades" title="Pope Miltiades">Miltiades</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Sylvester_I" title="Pope Sylvester I">Sylvester I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Mark" title="Pope Mark">Mark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Julius_I" title="Pope Julius I">Julius I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Liberius" title="Pope Liberius">Liberius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Damasus_I" title="Pope Damasus I">Damasus I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Siricius" title="Pope Siricius">Siricius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Anastasius_I" title="Pope Anastasius I">Anastasius I</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: gold;width:1%">5th–8th centuries</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Innocent_I" title="Pope Innocent I">Innocent I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Zosimus" title="Pope Zosimus">Zosimus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Boniface_I" title="Pope Boniface I">Boniface I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Celestine_I" title="Pope Celestine I">Celestine I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Sixtus_III" title="Pope Sixtus III">Sixtus III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Leo_I" title="Pope Leo I">Leo I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Hilarius" title="Pope Hilarius">Hilarius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Simplicius" title="Pope Simplicius">Simplicius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Felix_III" title="Pope Felix III">Felix III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Gelasius_I" title="Pope Gelasius I">Gelasius I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Anastasius_II" title="Pope Anastasius II">Anastasius II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Symmachus" title="Pope Symmachus">Symmachus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Hormisdas" title="Pope Hormisdas">Hormisdas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_John_I" title="Pope John I">John I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Felix_IV" title="Pope Felix IV">Felix IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Boniface_II" title="Pope Boniface II">Boniface II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_John_II" title="Pope John II">John II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Agapetus_I" title="Pope Agapetus I">Agapetus I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Silverius" title="Pope Silverius">Silverius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Vigilius" title="Pope Vigilius">Vigilius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Pelagius_I" title="Pope Pelagius I">Pelagius I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_John_III" title="Pope John III">John III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Benedict_I" title="Pope Benedict I">Benedict I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Pelagius_II" title="Pope Pelagius II">Pelagius II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Gregory_I" title="Pope Gregory I">Gregory I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Sabinian" title="Pope Sabinian">Sabinian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Boniface_III" title="Pope Boniface III">Boniface III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Boniface_IV" title="Pope Boniface IV">Boniface IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Adeodatus_I" title="Pope Adeodatus I">Adeodatus I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Boniface_V" title="Pope Boniface V">Boniface V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Honorius_I" title="Pope Honorius I">Honorius I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Severinus" title="Pope Severinus">Severinus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_John_IV" title="Pope John IV">John IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Theodore_I" title="Pope Theodore I">Theodore I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Martin_I" title="Pope Martin I">Martin I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Eugene_I" title="Pope Eugene I">Eugene I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Vitalian" title="Pope Vitalian">Vitalian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Adeodatus_II" title="Pope Adeodatus II">Adeodatus II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Donus" title="Pope Donus">Donus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Agatho" title="Pope Agatho">Agatho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Leo_II" title="Pope Leo II">Leo II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Benedict_II" title="Pope Benedict II">Benedict II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_John_V" title="Pope John V">John V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Conon" title="Pope Conon">Conon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Sergius_I" title="Pope Sergius I">Sergius I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_John_VI" title="Pope John VI">John VI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_John_VII" title="Pope John VII">John VII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Sisinnius" title="Pope Sisinnius">Sisinnius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Constantine" title="Pope Constantine">Constantine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Gregory_II" title="Pope Gregory II">Gregory II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Gregory_III" title="Pope Gregory III">Gregory III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Zachary" title="Pope Zachary">Zachary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Stephen_II" title="Pope Stephen II">Stephen II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Paul_I" title="Pope Paul I">Paul I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Stephen_III" title="Pope Stephen III">Stephen III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Adrian_I" title="Pope Adrian I">Adrian I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Leo_III" title="Pope Leo III">Leo III</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: gold;width:1%">9th–12th centuries</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Stephen_IV" title="Pope Stephen IV">Stephen IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Paschal_I" title="Pope Paschal I">Paschal I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Eugene_II" title="Pope Eugene II">Eugene II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Valentine" title="Pope Valentine">Valentine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Gregory_IV" title="Pope Gregory IV">Gregory IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Sergius_II" title="Pope Sergius II">Sergius II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Leo_IV" title="Pope Leo IV">Leo IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Benedict_III" title="Pope Benedict III">Benedict III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Nicholas_I" title="Pope Nicholas I">Nicholas I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Adrian_II" title="Pope Adrian II">Adrian II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_John_VIII" title="Pope John VIII">John VIII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Marinus_I" title="Pope Marinus I">Marinus I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Adrian_III" title="Pope Adrian III">Adrian III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Stephen_V" title="Pope Stephen V">Stephen V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Formosus" title="Pope Formosus">Formosus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Boniface_VI" title="Pope Boniface VI">Boniface VI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Stephen_VI" title="Pope Stephen VI">Stephen VI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Romanus" title="Pope Romanus">Romanus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Theodore_II" title="Pope Theodore II">Theodore II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_John_IX" title="Pope John IX">John IX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Benedict_IV" title="Pope Benedict IV">Benedict IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Leo_V" title="Pope Leo V">Leo V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Sergius_III" title="Pope Sergius III">Sergius III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Anastasius_III" title="Pope Anastasius III">Anastasius III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Lando" title="Pope Lando">Lando</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_John_X" title="Pope John X">John X</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Leo_VI" title="Pope Leo VI">Leo VI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Stephen_VII" title="Pope Stephen VII">Stephen VII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_John_XI" title="Pope John XI">John XI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Leo_VII" title="Pope Leo VII">Leo VII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Stephen_VIII" title="Pope Stephen VIII">Stephen VIII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Marinus_II" title="Pope Marinus II">Marinus II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Agapetus_II" title="Pope Agapetus II">Agapetus II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_John_XII" title="Pope John XII">John XII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Benedict_V" title="Pope Benedict V">Benedict V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Leo_VIII" title="Pope Leo VIII">Leo VIII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_John_XIII" title="Pope John XIII">John XIII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Benedict_VI" title="Pope Benedict VI">Benedict VI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Benedict_VII" title="Pope Benedict VII">Benedict VII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_John_XIV" title="Pope John XIV">John XIV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_John_XV" title="Pope John XV">John XV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Gregory_V" title="Pope Gregory V">Gregory V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Sylvester_II" title="Pope Sylvester II">Sylvester II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_John_XVII" title="Pope John XVII">John XVII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_John_XVIII" title="Pope John XVIII">John XVIII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Sergius_IV" title="Pope Sergius IV">Sergius IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Benedict_VIII" title="Pope Benedict VIII">Benedict VIII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_John_XIX" title="Pope John XIX">John XIX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Benedict_IX" title="Pope Benedict IX">Benedict IX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Sylvester_III" title="Pope Sylvester III">Sylvester III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Gregory_VI" title="Pope Gregory VI">Gregory VI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Clement_II" title="Pope Clement II">Clement II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Damasus_II" title="Pope Damasus II">Damasus II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Leo_IX" title="Pope Leo IX">Leo IX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Victor_II" title="Pope Victor II">Victor II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Stephen_IX" title="Pope Stephen IX">Stephen IX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Nicholas_II" title="Pope Nicholas II">Nicholas II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Alexander_II" title="Pope Alexander II">Alexander II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Gregory_VII" title="Pope Gregory VII">Gregory VII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Victor_III" title="Pope Victor III">Victor III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Urban_II" title="Pope Urban II">Urban II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Paschal_II" title="Pope Paschal II">Paschal II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Gelasius_II" title="Pope Gelasius II">Gelasius II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Callixtus_II" title="Pope Callixtus II">Callixtus II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Honorius_II" title="Pope Honorius II">Honorius II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Innocent_II" title="Pope Innocent II">Innocent II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Celestine_II" title="Pope Celestine II">Celestine II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Lucius_II" title="Pope Lucius II">Lucius II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Eugene_III" title="Pope Eugene III">Eugene III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Anastasius_IV" title="Pope Anastasius IV">Anastasius IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Adrian_IV" title="Pope Adrian IV">Adrian IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Alexander_III" title="Pope Alexander III">Alexander III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Lucius_III" title="Pope Lucius III">Lucius III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Urban_III" title="Pope Urban III">Urban III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Gregory_VIII" title="Pope Gregory VIII">Gregory VIII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Clement_III" title="Pope Clement III">Clement III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Celestine_III" title="Pope Celestine III">Celestine III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Innocent_III" title="Pope Innocent III">Innocent III</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: gold;width:1%">13th–16th centuries</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Honorius_III" title="Pope Honorius III">Honorius III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Gregory_IX" title="Pope Gregory IX">Gregory IX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Celestine_IV" title="Pope Celestine IV">Celestine IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Innocent_IV" title="Pope Innocent IV">Innocent IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Alexander_IV" title="Pope Alexander IV">Alexander IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Urban_IV" title="Pope Urban IV">Urban IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Clement_IV" title="Pope Clement IV">Clement IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Gregory_X" title="Pope Gregory X">Gregory X</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Innocent_V" title="Pope Innocent V">Innocent V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Adrian_V" title="Pope Adrian V">Adrian V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_John_XXI" title="Pope John XXI">John XXI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Nicholas_III" title="Pope Nicholas III">Nicholas III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Martin_IV" title="Pope Martin IV">Martin IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Honorius_IV" title="Pope Honorius IV">Honorius IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Nicholas_IV" title="Pope Nicholas IV">Nicholas IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Celestine_V" title="Pope Celestine V">Celestine V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Boniface_VIII" title="Pope Boniface VIII">Boniface VIII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Benedict_XI" title="Pope Benedict XI">Benedict XI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Clement_V" title="Pope Clement V">Clement V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_John_XXII" title="Pope John XXII">John XXII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Benedict_XII" title="Pope Benedict XII">Benedict XII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Clement_VI" title="Pope Clement VI">Clement VI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Innocent_VI" title="Pope Innocent VI">Innocent VI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Urban_V" title="Pope Urban V">Urban V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Gregory_XI" title="Pope Gregory XI">Gregory XI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Urban_VI" title="Pope Urban VI">Urban VI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Boniface_IX" title="Pope Boniface IX">Boniface IX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Innocent_VII" title="Pope Innocent VII">Innocent VII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Gregory_XII" title="Pope Gregory XII">Gregory XII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Martin_V" title="Pope Martin V">Martin V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Eugene_IV" title="Pope Eugene IV">Eugene IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Nicholas_V" title="Pope Nicholas V">Nicholas V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Callixtus_III" title="Pope Callixtus III">Callixtus III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_II" title="Pope Pius II">Pius II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Paul_II" title="Pope Paul II">Paul II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Sixtus_IV" title="Pope Sixtus IV">Sixtus IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Innocent_VIII" title="Pope Innocent VIII">Innocent VIII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Alexander_VI" title="Pope Alexander VI">Alexander VI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_III" title="Pope Pius III">Pius III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Julius_II" title="Pope Julius II">Julius II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Leo_X" title="Pope Leo X">Leo X</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Adrian_VI" title="Pope Adrian VI">Adrian VI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Clement_VII" title="Pope Clement VII">Clement VII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Paul_III" title="Pope Paul III">Paul III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Julius_III" title="Pope Julius III">Julius III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Marcellus_II" title="Pope Marcellus II">Marcellus II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Paul_IV" title="Pope Paul IV">Paul IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_IV" title="Pope Pius IV">Pius IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_V" title="Pope Pius V">Pius V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Gregory_XIII" title="Pope Gregory XIII">Gregory XIII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Sixtus_V" title="Pope Sixtus V">Sixtus V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Urban_VII" title="Pope Urban VII">Urban VII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Gregory_XIV" title="Pope Gregory XIV">Gregory XIV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Innocent_IX" title="Pope Innocent IX">Innocent IX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Clement_VIII" title="Pope Clement VIII">Clement VIII</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: gold;width:1%">17th–21st centuries</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Leo_XI" title="Pope Leo XI">Leo XI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Paul_V" title="Pope Paul V">Paul V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Gregory_XV" title="Pope Gregory XV">Gregory XV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Urban_VIII" title="Pope Urban VIII">Urban VIII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Innocent_X" title="Pope Innocent X">Innocent X</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Alexander_VII" title="Pope Alexander VII">Alexander VII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Clement_IX" title="Pope Clement IX">Clement IX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Clement_X" title="Pope Clement X">Clement X</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Innocent_XI" title="Pope Innocent XI">Innocent XI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Alexander_VIII" title="Pope Alexander VIII">Alexander VIII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Innocent_XII" title="Pope Innocent XII">Innocent XII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Clement_XI" title="Pope Clement XI">Clement XI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Innocent_XIII" title="Pope Innocent XIII">Innocent XIII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Benedict_XIII" title="Pope Benedict XIII">Benedict XIII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Clement_XII" title="Pope Clement XII">Clement XII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Benedict_XIV" title="Pope Benedict XIV">Benedict XIV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Clement_XIII" title="Pope Clement XIII">Clement XIII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Clement_XIV" title="Pope Clement XIV">Clement XIV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_VI" title="Pope Pius VI">Pius VI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_VII" title="Pope Pius VII">Pius VII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Leo_XII" title="Pope Leo XII">Leo XII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_VIII" title="Pope Pius VIII">Pius VIII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Gregory_XVI" title="Pope Gregory XVI">Gregory XVI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_IX" title="Pope Pius IX">Pius IX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Leo_XIII" title="Pope Leo XIII">Leo XIII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_X" title="Pope Pius X">Pius X</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Benedict_XV" title="Pope Benedict XV">Benedict XV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_XI" title="Pope Pius XI">Pius XI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_XII" title="Pope Pius XII">Pius XII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_John_XXIII" title="Pope John XXIII">John XXIII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Paul_VI" title="Pope Paul VI">Paul VI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_John_Paul_I" title="Pope John Paul I">John Paul I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_John_Paul_II" title="Pope John Paul II">John Paul II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Benedict_XVI" title="Pope Benedict XVI">Benedict XVI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Francis" title="Pope Francis">Francis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_papacy" title="History of the papacy">History of the papacy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Papal_selection_before_1059" title="Papal selection before 1059">Antiquity and Early Middle Ages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Papal_selection_before_1059#During_the_Roman_Empire" title="Papal selection before 1059">During the Roman Empire</a> (until 493) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bishops_of_Rome_under_Constantine_the_Great" title="Bishops of Rome under Constantine the Great">Under Constantine</a> (312–337)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ostrogothic_Papacy" title="Ostrogothic Papacy">Ostrogothic Papacy</a> (493–537)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Papacy" title="Byzantine Papacy">Byzantine Papacy</a> (537–752)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frankish_Papacy" title="Frankish Papacy">Frankish Papacy</a> (756–857)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saeculum_obscurum" title="Saeculum obscurum">Saeculum obscurum</a> (904–964)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crescentii" title="Crescentii">Crescentii era</a> (974–1012)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%">High and Late Middle Ages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tusculan_Papacy" title="Tusculan Papacy">Tusculan Papacy</a> (1012–1044 / 1048)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_papacy_(1048%E2%80%931257)" title="History of the papacy (1048–1257)">Conflicts with the HRE</a> (1048–1257)</li> <li>Wandering Papacy <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Viterbo_Papacy" title="Viterbo Papacy">Viterbo</a>, 1257–1281</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orvieto_Papacy" class="mw-redirect" title="Orvieto Papacy">Orvieto</a>, 1262–1297</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perugia_Papacy" title="Perugia Papacy">Perugia</a>, 1228–1304</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avignon_Papacy" title="Avignon Papacy">Avignon Papacy</a> (1309–1378)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Schism" title="Western Schism">Western Schism</a> (1378–1417)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%">Early Modern and Modern Era</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Renaissance_Papacy" title="Renaissance Papacy">Renaissance Papacy</a> (1417–1534)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reformation_Papacy" title="Reformation Papacy">Reformation Papacy</a> (1534–1585)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baroque_Papacy" class="mw-redirect" title="Baroque Papacy">Baroque Papacy</a> (1585–1689)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Catholic_Church#Baroque,_Enlightenment_and_revolutions" title="History of the Catholic Church">Age of Enlightenment</a> (c. 1640–1740)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Popes_during_the_Age_of_Revolution" title="Popes during the Age of Revolution">Revolutionary Papacy</a> (1775–1848)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Question" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Question">Roman Question</a> (1870–1929)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vatican_City" title="Vatican City">Vatican City</a> (1929–present) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vatican_City_in_World_War_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Vatican City in World War II">World War II</a> (1939–1945)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_See%E2%80%93Soviet_Union_relations" title="Holy See–Soviet Union relations">Cold War</a> (1945–1991)</li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background-color: gold"><div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Popes" title="Category:Popes">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Catholic_Church" title="Portal:Catholic Church">Catholic Church Portal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link 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title="Patriarch">Patriarchal churches</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:gold"><a href="/wiki/Pentarchy#Council_of_Nicaea" title="Pentarchy">Ancient patriarchates</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Latin_Church" title="Latin Church">Latin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coptic_Catholic_Church" title="Coptic Catholic Church">Coptic</a></li> <li>Antiochian <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maronite_Church" title="Maronite Church">Maronite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melkite_Greek_Catholic_Church" title="Melkite Greek Catholic Church">Melkite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syriac_Catholic_Church" title="Syriac Catholic Church">Syriac</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:gold">Junior <a href="/wiki/Patriarchate" title="Patriarchate">patriarchates</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chaldean_Catholic_Church" title="Chaldean Catholic Church">Chaldean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_Catholic_Church" title="Armenian Catholic Church">Armenian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="4" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><a href="/wiki/File:Patriarchal_or_Archbishop_Cross.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Patriarchal_or_Archbishop_Cross.svg/60px-Patriarchal_or_Archbishop_Cross.svg.png" decoding="async" width="60" height="103" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Patriarchal_or_Archbishop_Cross.svg/90px-Patriarchal_or_Archbishop_Cross.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Patriarchal_or_Archbishop_Cross.svg/120px-Patriarchal_or_Archbishop_Cross.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="169" data-file-height="289" /></a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Major_archbishop" title="Major archbishop">Major archiepiscopal churches</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_Greek_Catholic_Church" title="Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church">Ukrainian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syro-Malabar_Church" title="Syro-Malabar Church">Syro-Malabar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syro-Malankara_Catholic_Church" title="Syro-Malankara Catholic Church">Syro-Malankara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanian_Greek_Catholic_Church" title="Romanian Greek Catholic Church">Romania</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%">Metropolitan churches</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_Catholic_Church" title="Ethiopian Catholic Church">Ethiopian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruthenian_Greek_Catholic_Church" title="Ruthenian Greek Catholic Church">Ruthenian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovak_Greek_Catholic_Church" title="Slovak Greek Catholic Church">Slovak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eritrean_Catholic_Church" title="Eritrean Catholic Church">Eritrean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_Greek_Catholic_Church" title="Hungarian Greek Catholic Church">Hungarian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%">Other sui iuris churches</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_Greek_Catholic_Church" title="Albanian Greek Catholic Church">Albanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belarusian_Greek_Catholic_Church" title="Belarusian Greek Catholic Church">Belarusian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_Greek_Catholic_Church" title="Bulgarian Greek Catholic Church">Bulgarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_Catholic_Church_of_Croatia_and_Serbia" title="Greek Catholic Church of Croatia and Serbia">Croat and Serbian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_Byzantine_Catholic_Church" title="Greek Byzantine Catholic Church">Greek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italo-Albanian_Catholic_Church" title="Italo-Albanian Catholic Church">Italo-Albanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macedonian_Greek_Catholic_Church" title="Macedonian Greek Catholic Church">Macedonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Greek_Catholic_Church" title="Russian Greek Catholic Church">Russian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3" style="background-color:gold"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/File:046CupolaSPietro.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/046CupolaSPietro.jpg/16px-046CupolaSPietro.jpg" decoding="async" width="16" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/046CupolaSPietro.jpg/24px-046CupolaSPietro.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/046CupolaSPietro.jpg/32px-046CupolaSPietro.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Catholicism" class="mw-redirect" title="Portal:Catholicism">Catholicism portal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/File:P_christianity.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/P_christianity.svg/16px-P_christianity.svg.png" 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style="background-color: gold"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:History_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="Template:History of the Catholic Church"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:History_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="Template talk:History of the Catholic Church"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:History_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="Special:EditPage/Template:History of the Catholic Church"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="History_of_the_Catholic_Church" class="wraplinks" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="History of the Catholic Church">History</a> of the <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Catholic Church</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="History of the Catholic Church">General</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="History of the Catholic Church">History of the Catholic Church</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:History_of_the_Catholic_Church_by_country" title="Category:History of the Catholic Church by country">By country or region</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecclesiastical_history_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="Ecclesiastical history of the Catholic Church">Ecclesiastical history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="Timeline of the Catholic Church">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_papacy" title="History of the papacy">Papacy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_papal_primacy" title="History of papal primacy">Papal primacy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_ecumenical_councils" title="Catholic ecumenical councils">Catholic ecumenical councils</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_seven_ecumenical_councils" title="First seven ecumenical councils">First seven</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Bible" title="Catholic Bible">Catholic Bible</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Development_of_the_Christian_biblical_canon" class="mw-redirect" title="Development of the Christian biblical canon">Biblical canon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vulgate" title="Vulgate">Vulgate</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crusading_movement" title="Crusading movement">Crusading movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Roman_Curia" title="History of the Roman Curia">History of the Roman Curia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_institute" title="Religious institute">Religious institutes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_monasticism" title="Christian monasticism">Christian monasticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholic culture">Catholic culture</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_art" title="Catholic art">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Role_of_Christianity_in_civilization" title="Role of Christianity in civilization">Role in civilization</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vatican_City" title="Vatican City">Vatican City</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papal_States" title="Papal States">Papal States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latin_Church" title="Latin Church">Latin Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Catholic_Churches" title="Eastern Catholic Churches">Eastern Catholic Churches</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Early_Christianity" title="Early Christianity">Early Church</a> (30–325/476)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Origins_of_Christianity" class="mw-redirect" title="Origins of Christianity">Origins</a> and <a href="/wiki/Apostolic_Age" class="mw-redirect" title="Apostolic Age">Apostolic Age</a> (30–100)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Life_of_Jesus_in_the_New_Testament" class="mw-redirect" title="Life of Jesus in the New Testament">Jesus</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Jesus" title="Ministry of Jesus">Ministry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crucifixion_of_Jesus" title="Crucifixion of Jesus">Crucifixion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resurrection_of_Jesus" title="Resurrection of Jesus">Resurrection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Commission" title="Great Commission">Great Commission</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_Spirit_in_Christianity" title="Holy Spirit in Christianity">Holy Spirit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary,_mother_of_Jesus" title="Mary, mother of Jesus">Mary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_the_Baptist" title="John the Baptist">John the Baptist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apostles_in_the_New_Testament" title="Apostles in the New Testament">Apostles in the New Testament</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Commissioning_of_the_Twelve_Apostles" title="Commissioning of the Twelve Apostles">Commissioning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Peter" title="Saint Peter">Peter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_the_Apostle" title="John the Apostle">John</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_the_Apostle" title="Paul the Apostle">Paul</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Stephen" title="Saint Stephen">Stephen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Jerusalem" title="Council of Jerusalem">Council of Jerusalem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Split_of_Christianity_and_Judaism" title="Split of Christianity and Judaism">Split with Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Testament" title="New Testament">New Testament</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Historical_background_of_the_New_Testament" title="Historical background of the New Testament">Background</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gospel" title="Gospel">Gospels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acts_of_the_Apostles" title="Acts of the Apostles">Acts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pauline_epistles" title="Pauline epistles">Pauline epistles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_epistles" title="Catholic epistles">General epistles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Revelation" title="Book of Revelation">Revelation</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ante-Nicene_period" class="mw-redirect" title="Ante-Nicene period">Ante-Nicene period</a> (100–325)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Christians_in_the_Roman_Empire" title="Persecution of Christians in the Roman Empire">Persecution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_Fathers" title="Church Fathers">Church Fathers</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apostolic_Fathers" title="Apostolic Fathers">Apostolic Fathers</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Clement_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Pope Clement I">Pope Clement I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polycarp" title="Polycarp">Polycarp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ignatius_of_Antioch" title="Ignatius of Antioch">Ignatius</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irenaeus" title="Irenaeus">Irenaeus</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Justin_Martyr" title="Justin Martyr">Justin Martyr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Development_of_the_New_Testament_canon" title="Development of the New Testament canon">Canon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tertullian" title="Tertullian">Tertullian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Origen" title="Origen">Origen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_late_antiquity" title="Christianity in late antiquity">Late antiquity</a> (313–476)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Great_Church(180–451)Romanstate_church(380–451)" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Great_Church" title="Great Church">Great Church</a> (180–451) <a href="/wiki/State_church_of_the_Roman_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="State church of the Roman Empire">Roman state church</a> (380–451)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constantine_the_Great" title="Constantine the Great">Constantine the Great</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constantine_the_Great_and_Christianity" title="Constantine the Great and Christianity">Christianity</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arian_controversy" title="Arian controversy">Arian controversy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archbasilica_of_Saint_John_Lateran" title="Archbasilica of Saint John Lateran">Archbasilica of Saint John Lateran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_St._Peter%27s_Basilica" title="Old St. Peter's Basilica">Old St. Peter's Basilica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Council_of_Nicaea" title="First Council of Nicaea">First Council of Nicaea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Sylvester_I" title="Pope Sylvester I">Pope Sylvester I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Council_of_Constantinople" title="First Council of Constantinople">First Council of Constantinople</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_canon" title="Biblical canon">Biblical canon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jerome" title="Jerome">Jerome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vulgate" title="Vulgate">Vulgate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Ephesus" title="Council of Ephesus">Council of Ephesus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Chalcedon" title="Council of Chalcedon">Council of Chalcedon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Early_Middle_Ages" title="Early Middle Ages">Early Middle Ages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Benedict_of_Nursia" title="Benedict of Nursia">Benedict of Nursia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_monasticism" title="Christian monasticism">Monasticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Council_of_Constantinople" title="Second Council of Constantinople">Second Council of Constantinople</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Gregory_I" title="Pope Gregory I">Pope Gregory I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gregorian_chant" title="Gregorian chant">Gregorian chant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Council_of_Constantinople" title="Third Council of Constantinople">Third Council of Constantinople</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Boniface" title="Saint Boniface">Saint Boniface</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Iconoclasm" title="Byzantine Iconoclasm">Byzantine Iconoclasm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Council_of_Nicaea" title="Second Council of Nicaea">Second Council of Nicaea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charlemagne" title="Charlemagne">Charlemagne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Leo_III" title="Pope Leo III">Pope Leo III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourth_Council_of_Constantinople_(Catholic_Church)" title="Fourth Council of Constantinople (Catholic Church)">Fourth Council of Constantinople</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East%E2%80%93West_Schism" title="East–West Schism">East–West Schism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/High_Middle_Ages" title="High Middle Ages">High Middle Ages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Urban_II" title="Pope Urban II">Pope Urban II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Investiture_Controversy" title="Investiture Controversy">Investiture Controversy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_clash_between_the_Church_and_the_Empire" title="The clash between the Church and the Empire">Clash against the empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crusades" title="Crusades">Crusades</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_university" title="Medieval university">Universities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scholasticism" title="Scholasticism">Scholasticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Council_of_the_Lateran" title="First Council of the Lateran">First Council of the Lateran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Council_of_the_Lateran" title="Second Council of the Lateran">Second Council of the Lateran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Council_of_the_Lateran" title="Third Council of the Lateran">Third Council of the Lateran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Innocent_III" title="Pope Innocent III">Pope Innocent III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latin_Empire" title="Latin Empire">Latin Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_of_Assisi" title="Francis of Assisi">Francis of Assisi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourth_Council_of_the_Lateran" title="Fourth Council of the Lateran">Fourth Council of the Lateran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inquisition" title="Inquisition">Inquisition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Council_of_Lyon" title="First Council of Lyon">First Council of Lyon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Council_of_Lyon" title="Second Council of Lyon">Second Council of Lyon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernard_of_Clairvaux" title="Bernard of Clairvaux">Bernard of Clairvaux</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Late_Middle_Ages" title="Late Middle Ages">Late Middle Ages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Aquinas" title="Thomas Aquinas">Thomas Aquinas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Boniface_VIII" title="Pope Boniface VIII">Pope Boniface VIII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Schism" title="Western Schism">Western Schism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Avignon_Papacy" title="Avignon Papacy">Avignon Papacy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Clement_V" title="Pope Clement V">Pope Clement V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Vienne" title="Council of Vienne">Council of Vienne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knights_Templar" title="Knights Templar">Knights Templar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catherine_of_Siena" title="Catherine of Siena">Catherine of Siena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Alexander_VI" title="Pope Alexander VI">Pope Alexander VI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_and_the_Age_of_Discovery" title="Catholic Church and the Age of Discovery">Age of Discovery</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: gold;width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Reformation" title="Reformation">Protestant Reformation</a> <a href="/wiki/Counter-Reformation" title="Counter-Reformation">Counter-Reformation</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Reformation" title="Reformation">Protestant Reformation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counter-Reformation" title="Counter-Reformation">Catholic Counter-Reformation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exsurge_Domine" title="Exsurge Domine">Exsurge Domine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dissolution_of_the_monasteries" title="Dissolution of the monasteries">Dissolution of the monasteries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Trent" title="Council of Trent">Council of Trent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_More" title="Thomas More">Thomas More</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Leo_X" title="Pope Leo X">Pope Leo X</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Society_of_Jesus" class="mw-redirect" title="Society of Jesus">Society of Jesus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ignatius_of_Loyola" title="Ignatius of Loyola">Ignatius of Loyola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Xavier" title="Francis Xavier">Francis Xavier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_V" title="Pope Pius V">Pope Pius V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tridentine_Mass" title="Tridentine Mass">Tridentine Mass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teresa_of_%C3%81vila" title="Teresa of Ávila">Teresa of Ávila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_of_the_Cross" title="John of the Cross">John of the Cross</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Canisius" title="Peter Canisius">Peter Canisius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_Neri" title="Philip Neri">Philip Neri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Bellarmine" title="Robert Bellarmine">Robert Bellarmine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_wars_of_religion" title="European wars of religion">European wars of religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thirty_Years%27_War" title="Thirty Years' War">Thirty Years' War</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: gold;width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Baroque" title="Baroque">Baroque period</a> to the <a href="/wiki/French_Revolution" title="French Revolution">French Revolution</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Innocent_XI" title="Pope Innocent XI">Pope Innocent XI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Benedict_XIV" title="Pope Benedict XIV">Pope Benedict XIV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suppression_of_the_Society_of_Jesus" title="Suppression of the Society of Jesus">Suppression of the Society of Jesus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Age_of_Enlightenment" title="Age of Enlightenment">Age of Enlightenment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-clericalism" title="Anti-clericalism">Anti-clericalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_VI" title="Pope Pius VI">Pope Pius VI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shimabara_Rebellion" title="Shimabara Rebellion">Shimabara Rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edict_of_Nantes" title="Edict of Nantes">Edict of Nantes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dechristianization_of_France_during_the_French_Revolution" title="Dechristianization of France during the French Revolution">Dechristianization of France during the French Revolution</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: gold;width:1%">19th century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_VII" title="Pope Pius VII">Pope Pius VII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_IX" title="Pope Pius IX">Pope Pius IX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_and_politics_in_the_United_States" title="Catholic Church and politics in the United States">United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immaculate_Conception" title="Immaculate Conception">Dogma of the Immaculate Conception of the Virgin Mary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Our_Lady_of_La_Salette" title="Our Lady of La Salette">Our Lady of La Salette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Our_Lady_of_Lourdes" title="Our Lady of Lourdes">Our Lady of Lourdes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Vatican_Council" title="First Vatican Council">First Vatican Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papal_infallibility" title="Papal infallibility">Papal infallibility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Leo_XIII" title="Pope Leo XIII">Pope Leo XIII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_of_the_Divine_Heart" title="Mary of the Divine Heart">Mary of the Divine Heart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prayer_of_Consecration_to_the_Sacred_Heart" class="mw-redirect" title="Prayer of Consecration to the Sacred Heart">Prayer of Consecration to the Sacred Heart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rerum_novarum" title="Rerum novarum">Rerum novarum</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_the_20th_century" title="Catholic Church in the 20th century">20th century</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_X" title="Pope Pius X">Pope Pius X</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Our_Lady_of_F%C3%A1tima" title="Our Lady of Fátima">Our Lady of Fátima</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecutions_of_the_Catholic_Church_and_Pius_XII" title="Persecutions of the Catholic Church and Pius XII">Persecutions of the Catholic Church and Pius XII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_XII" title="Pope Pius XII">Pope Pius XII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_XII_1942_consecration_to_the_Immaculate_Heart_of_Mary" title="Pope Pius XII 1942 consecration to the Immaculate Heart of Mary">Pope Pius XII 1942 consecration to the Immaculate Heart of Mary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assumption_of_Mary" title="Assumption of Mary">Dogma of the Assumption of the Virgin Mary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lateran_Treaty" title="Lateran Treaty">Lateran Treaty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_and_Nazi_Germany" title="Catholic Church and Nazi Germany">Nazism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mit_brennender_Sorge" title="Mit brennender Sorge">Mit brennender Sorge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_John_XXIII" title="Pope John XXIII">Pope John XXIII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacem_in_terris" title="Pacem in terris">Pacem in terris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Vatican_Council" title="Second Vatican Council">Second Vatican Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_and_ecumenism" title="Catholic Church and ecumenism">Ecumenism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_and_Judaism" title="Catholic Church and Judaism">Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Paul_VI" title="Pope Paul VI">Pope Paul VI</a> (<a href="/wiki/Coronation_of_Pope_Paul_VI" title="Coronation of Pope Paul VI">coronation</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_John_Paul_I" title="Pope John Paul I">Pope John Paul I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mother_Teresa" title="Mother Teresa">Mother Teresa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_See%E2%80%93Soviet_Union_relations" title="Holy See–Soviet Union relations">Communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_John_Paul_II" title="Pope John Paul II">Pope John Paul II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_and_HIV/AIDS" title="Catholic Church and HIV/AIDS">HIV/AIDS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Youth_Day" title="World Youth Day">World Youth Day</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/World_Youth_Day_1995" title="World Youth Day 1995">1995</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: gold;width:1%">21st century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_sexual_abuse_cases" title="Catholic Church sexual abuse cases">Sexual abuse scandal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_and_Islam" title="Catholic Church and Islam">Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Youth_Day" title="World Youth Day">World Youth Day</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/World_Youth_Day_2000" title="World Youth Day 2000">2000</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Youth_Day_2002" title="World Youth Day 2002">2002</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Youth_Day_2005" title="World Youth Day 2005">2005</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Youth_Day_2008" title="World Youth Day 2008">2008</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Youth_Day_2011" title="World Youth Day 2011">2011</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Youth_Day_2013" title="World Youth Day 2013">2013</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Youth_Day_2016" title="World Youth Day 2016">2016</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Youth_Day_2019" title="World Youth Day 2019">2019</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Youth_Day_2023" title="World Youth Day 2023">2023</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Benedict_XVI" title="Pope Benedict XVI">Pope Benedict XVI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Francis" title="Pope Francis">Pope Francis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laudato_si%27" title="Laudato si'">Laudato si'</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joint_Declaration_of_Pope_Francis_and_Patriarch_Kirill" title="Joint Declaration of Pope Francis and Patriarch Kirill">Patriarch Kirill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_the_Catholic_Church" title="Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the Catholic Church">COVID-19 pandemic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2" style="background-color: gold"><div> <ul><li><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Flag_of_Vatican_City_%282023%E2%80%93present%29.svg/16px-Flag_of_Vatican_City_%282023%E2%80%93present%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Flag_of_Vatican_City_%282023%E2%80%93present%29.svg/24px-Flag_of_Vatican_City_%282023%E2%80%93present%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Flag_of_Vatican_City_%282023%E2%80%93present%29.svg/32px-Flag_of_Vatican_City_%282023%E2%80%93present%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="1000" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Vatican_City" title="Portal:Vatican City">Vatican City portal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/File:046CupolaSPietro.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/046CupolaSPietro.jpg/16px-046CupolaSPietro.jpg" decoding="async" width="16" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/046CupolaSPietro.jpg/24px-046CupolaSPietro.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/046CupolaSPietro.jpg/32px-046CupolaSPietro.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Catholicism" class="mw-redirect" title="Portal:Catholicism">Catholicism portal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Christianity" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Christianity_footer" title="Template:Christianity footer"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Christianity_footer" title="Template talk:Christianity footer"><abbr title="Discuss this 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Christians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_by_country" title="Christianity by country">By country</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Bible" title="Bible">Bible</a> <a href="/wiki/List_of_religious_texts#Christianity" title="List of religious texts">(Scriptures)</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_canon" title="Biblical canon">Canon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Testament" title="Old Testament">Old Testament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Testament" title="New Testament">New Testament</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Foundations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Church_(congregation)" title="Church (congregation)">Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Creed" title="Creed">Creed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_gospel" title="The gospel">Gospel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Covenant" title="New Covenant">New Covenant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_tradition" title="Christian tradition">Christian tradition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_worship" title="Christian worship">Worship</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Christianity" title="History of Christianity">History</a> (<a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Christianity" title="Timeline of Christianity">timeline</a>) (<a href="/wiki/Spread_of_Christianity" title="Spread of Christianity">spread</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Early_Christianity" title="Early Christianity">Early Christianity</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jesus" title="Jesus">Jesus</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jesus_in_Christianity" title="Jesus in Christianity">in Christianity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nativity_of_Jesus" title="Nativity of Jesus">Nativity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baptism_of_Jesus" title="Baptism of Jesus">Baptism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Jesus" title="Ministry of Jesus">Ministry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sermon_on_the_Mount" title="Sermon on the Mount">Sermon on the Mount</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parables_of_Jesus" title="Parables of Jesus">Parables</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miracles_of_Jesus" title="Miracles of Jesus">Miracles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Commandment" title="Great Commandment">Great Commandment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crucifixion_of_Jesus" title="Crucifixion of Jesus">Crucifixion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resurrection_of_Jesus" title="Resurrection of Jesus">Resurrection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Commission" title="Great Commission">Great Commission</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apostles_in_the_New_Testament" title="Apostles in the New Testament">Apostles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_Fathers" title="Church Fathers">Church fathers</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apostolic_Fathers" title="Apostolic Fathers">Apostolic fathers</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Great_Church" title="Great Church">Great Church</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_ante-Nicene_period" title="Christianity in the ante-Nicene period">Ante-Nicene period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_late_antiquity" title="Christianity in late antiquity">Late antiquity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constantine_the_Great_and_Christianity" title="Constantine the Great and Christianity">Constantine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_seven_ecumenical_councils" title="First seven ecumenical councils">First seven ecumenical councils</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Council_of_Nicaea" title="First Council of Nicaea">Nicaea I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Chalcedon" title="Council of Chalcedon">Chalcedon</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_as_the_Roman_state_religion" title="Christianity as the Roman state religion">State church of the Roman Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_biblical_canon" class="mw-redirect" title="Christian biblical canon">Christian biblical canon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_Middle_Ages" title="Christianity in the Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_monasticism" title="Christian monasticism">Monasticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papal_States" title="Papal States">Papal States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East%E2%80%93West_Schism" title="East–West Schism">East–West Schism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Investiture_Controversy" title="Investiture Controversy">Investiture Controversy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crusades" title="Crusades">Crusades</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_and_the_Age_of_Discovery" title="Catholic Church and the Age of Discovery">Age of Discovery</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_modern_era" title="Christianity in the modern era">Modern era</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Reformation" title="Reformation">Protestant Reformation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counter-Reformation" title="Counter-Reformation">Catholic Reformation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thirty_Years%27_War" title="Thirty Years' War">Thirty Years' War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Age_of_Enlightenment" title="Age of Enlightenment">Enlightenment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dechristianization_of_France_during_the_French_Revolution" title="Dechristianization of France during the French Revolution">French Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_and_Islam" title="Christianity and Islam">Relations with Islam</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_influences_on_the_Islamic_world" title="Christian influences on the Islamic world">Influences</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Christian_denomination" title="Christian denomination">Denominations</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_Christian_denominations" title="List of Christian denominations">list</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_Christian_denominations_by_number_of_members" title="List of Christian denominations by number of members">members</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Western_Christianity" title="Western Christianity">Western</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Catholic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Catholic_Church" title="Old Catholic Church">Old Catholic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independent_Catholicism" title="Independent Catholicism">Independent Catholic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protestantism" title="Protestantism">Protestant</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adventism" title="Adventism">Adventist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anabaptism" title="Anabaptism">Anabaptist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglicanism" title="Anglicanism">Anglican</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baptists" title="Baptists">Baptist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charismatic_Christianity" title="Charismatic Christianity">Charismatic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evangelicalism" title="Evangelicalism">Evangelical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holiness_movement" title="Holiness movement">Holiness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lutheranism" title="Lutheranism">Lutheran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methodism" title="Methodism">Methodist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pentecostalism" title="Pentecostalism">Pentecostal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quakers" title="Quakers">Quakers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reformed_Christianity" title="Reformed Christianity">Reformed</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Rite_Orthodoxy" title="Western Rite Orthodoxy">Western Rite Orthodoxy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Christianity" title="Eastern Christianity">Eastern</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodoxy" title="Eastern Orthodoxy">Eastern Orthodox</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="Eastern Orthodox Church">Church</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oriental_Orthodox_Churches" title="Oriental Orthodox Churches">Oriental Orthodox (Miaphysite)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_of_the_East" title="Church of the East">Church of the East (Nestorian)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Catholic_Churches" title="Eastern Catholic Churches">Eastern Catholic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Restorationism" title="Restorationism">Restorationist</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jehovah%27s_Witnesses" title="Jehovah's Witnesses">Jehovah's Witnesses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latter_Day_Saint_movement" title="Latter Day Saint movement">Latter Day Saint movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iglesia_ni_Cristo" title="Iglesia ni Cristo">Iglesia ni Cristo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Christian_theology" title="Christian theology">Theology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/God_in_Christianity" title="God in Christianity">God</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Trinity" title="Trinity">Trinity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/God_the_Father" title="God the Father">Father</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Son_of_God_(Christianity)" title="Son of God (Christianity)">Son</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_Spirit_in_Christianity" title="Holy Spirit in Christianity">Holy Spirit</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christology" title="Christology">Christology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicene_Creed" title="Nicene Creed">Nicene Creed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacred_tradition" title="Sacred tradition">Tradition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Original_sin" title="Original sin">Original sin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salvation_in_Christianity" title="Salvation in Christianity">Salvation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Born_again" title="Born again">Born again</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_liturgy" title="Christian liturgy">Liturgy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_liturgy" title="Catholic liturgy">Catholic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Catholic_liturgy" title="Eastern Catholic liturgy">Eastern Catholic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_worship" title="Eastern Orthodox worship">Eastern Orthodox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protestant_liturgy" title="Protestant liturgy">Protestant</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_worship" title="Christian worship">Worship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mariology" title="Mariology">Mariology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Theotokos" title="Theotokos">Theotokos</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint" title="Saint">Saints</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angels_in_Christianity" title="Angels in Christianity">Angel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecclesiology" title="Ecclesiology">Ecclesiology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Four_Marks_of_the_Church" title="Four Marks of the Church">Four marks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Body_of_Christ" title="Body of Christ">Body of Christ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/One_true_church" title="One true church">One true church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People_of_God" title="People of God">People of God</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canon_law" title="Canon law">Canon law</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacrament" title="Sacrament">Sacraments</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baptism" title="Baptism">Baptism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eucharist" title="Eucharist">Eucharist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_views_on_marriage" title="Christian views on marriage">Marriage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confirmation" title="Confirmation">Confirmation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penance" title="Penance">Penance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anointing_of_the_sick" title="Anointing of the sick">Anointing of the Sick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_orders" title="Holy orders">Holy orders</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_mission" title="Christian mission">Mission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ablution_in_Christianity" title="Ablution in Christianity">Ablution</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hygiene_in_Christianity" title="Hygiene in Christianity">Hygiene</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Christian_philosophy" title="Christian philosophy">Philosophy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Natural_law" title="Natural law">Natural law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_ethics" title="Christian ethics">Ethics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_and_science" title="Christianity and science">Science</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rejection_of_evolution_by_religious_groups" title="Rejection of evolution by religious groups">Evolution</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_and_politics" title="Christianity and politics">Politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_views_on_poverty_and_wealth" title="Christian views on poverty and wealth">Views on poverty and wealth</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other features</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Christian_culture" title="Christian culture">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Church_architecture" title="Church architecture">Architecture</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_cathedrals_and_great_churches" title="Architecture of cathedrals and great churches">Architecture of cathedrals and great churches</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_art" title="Christian art">Art</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Depiction_of_Jesus" title="Depiction of Jesus">Jesus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marian_art_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Marian art in the Catholic Church">Mary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Trinity_in_art" title="The Trinity in art">Trinity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/God_the_Father_in_Western_art" title="God the Father in Western art">God the Father</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_Spirit_in_Christian_art" title="Holy Spirit in Christian art">Holy Spirit</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catechesis" title="Catechesis">Education</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catechism" title="Catechism">Catechism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Flag" title="Christian Flag">Flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_literature" title="Christian literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_music" title="Christian music">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_mythology" title="Christian mythology">Mythology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_pilgrimage" title="Christian pilgrimage">Pilgrimage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Popular_piety" title="Popular piety">Popular piety</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_(building)" title="Church (building)">Church buildings</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_cathedrals" title="Lists of cathedrals">Cathedrals</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Role_of_Christianity_in_civilization" title="Role of Christianity in civilization">Role in civilization</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Christian_movements" title="List of Christian movements">Movements</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Crusading_movement" title="Crusading movement">Crusading movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_anarchism" title="Christian anarchism">Anarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charismatic_movement" title="Charismatic movement">Charismatic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_democracy" title="Christian democracy">Democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_views_on_environmentalism" title="Christian views on environmentalism">Environmentalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_existentialism" title="Christian existentialism">Existentialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_fundamentalism" title="Christian fundamentalism">Fundamentalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberation_theology" title="Liberation theology">Liberation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_left" title="Christian left">Left</a>/<a href="/wiki/Christian_right" title="Christian right">Right</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_mysticism" title="Christian mysticism">Mysticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_pacifism" title="Christian pacifism">Pacifism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prosperity_theology" title="Prosperity theology">Prosperity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditionalist_Catholicism" title="Traditionalist Catholicism">Traditionalist Catholicism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Cooperation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christendom" title="Christendom">Christendom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecumenism" title="Ecumenism">Ecumenism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Charta_Oecumenica" title="Charta Oecumenica">Charta Oecumenica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Council_of_Churches" title="World Council of Churches">World Council of Churches</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Evangelical_Alliance" title="World Evangelical Alliance">World Evangelical Alliance</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nondenominational_Christianity" class="mw-redirect" title="Nondenominational Christianity">Nondenominationalism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Christian_sentiment" title="Anti-Christian sentiment">Anti-Christian sentiment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_universalism" title="Christian universalism">Christian universalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_Christianity" title="Criticism of Christianity">Criticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_Christians" title="Cultural Christians">Cultural Christians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Christians" title="Persecution of Christians">Persecution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_and_other_religions" title="Christianity and other religions">Relations with other religions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unlimited_atonement" title="Unlimited atonement">Unlimited atonement</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/File:P_christianity.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/P_christianity.svg/16px-P_christianity.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/P_christianity.svg/24px-P_christianity.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/P_christianity.svg/32px-P_christianity.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="360" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Christianity" title="Portal:Christianity">Christianity portal</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Christianity" title="Category:Christianity">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Religion" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Religion_topics" title="Template:Religion topics"><abbr title="View this 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denominations</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Western_religions" title="Western religions">Western</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Abrahamic_religions" title="Abrahamic religions">Abrahamic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Judaism" title="Judaism">Judaism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Orthodox_Judaism" title="Orthodox Judaism">Orthodox</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Haredi_Judaism" title="Haredi Judaism">Haredi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hasidic_Judaism" title="Hasidic Judaism">Hasidic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_Orthodox_Judaism" title="Modern Orthodox Judaism">Modern</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Religious_Zionism" title="Religious Zionism">Zionist</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Judaism" title="Conservative Judaism">Conservative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reform_Judaism" title="Reform Judaism">Reform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karaite_Judaism" title="Karaite Judaism">Karaite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haymanot" title="Haymanot">Haymanot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reconstructionist_Judaism" title="Reconstructionist Judaism">Reconstructionist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Renewal" title="Jewish Renewal">Renewal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humanistic_Judaism" title="Humanistic Judaism">Humanistic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_religious_movements" title="Jewish religious movements">list</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Catholicism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Latin_Church" title="Latin Church">Latin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Catholic_Churches" title="Eastern Catholic Churches">Eastern</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodoxy" title="Eastern Orthodoxy">Eastern Orthodoxy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oriental_Orthodoxy" class="mw-redirect" title="Oriental Orthodoxy">Oriental Orthodoxy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nestorianism" title="Nestorianism">Nestorianism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Church_of_the_East" title="Ancient Church of the East">Ancient</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assyrian_Church_of_the_East" title="Assyrian Church of the East">Assyrian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Protestantism" title="Proto-Protestantism">Proto-Protestantism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hussites" title="Hussites">Hussites</a>/<a href="/wiki/Moravian_Church" title="Moravian Church">Moravians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waldensians" title="Waldensians">Waldensians</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protestantism" title="Protestantism">Protestantism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adventism" title="Adventism">Adventism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anabaptism" title="Anabaptism">Anabaptism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amish" title="Amish">Amish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schwarzenau_Brethren" title="Schwarzenau Brethren">Brethren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hutterites" title="Hutterites">Hutterites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mennonites" title="Mennonites">Mennonites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schwenkfelder_Church" title="Schwenkfelder Church">Schwenkfelder Church</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglicanism" title="Anglicanism">Anglicanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baptists" title="Baptists">Baptists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calvinism" class="mw-redirect" title="Calvinism">Calvinism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Congregational_church" class="mw-redirect" title="Congregational church">Congregationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presbyterianism" title="Presbyterianism">Presbyterianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Continental_Reformed_Protestantism" title="Continental Reformed Protestantism">Reformed</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charismatic_Christianity" title="Charismatic Christianity">Charismatic Christianity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pentecostalism" title="Pentecostalism">Pentecostal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charismatic_movement" title="Charismatic movement">Charismatic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-charismatic_movement" title="Neo-charismatic movement">Neo-charismatic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evangelicalism" title="Evangelicalism">Evangelicalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Apostolic_Church" title="Catholic Apostolic Church">Irvingism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lutheranism" title="Lutheranism">Lutheran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methodism" title="Methodism">Methodist</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Holiness_movement" title="Holiness movement">Holiness</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nondenominational_Christianity" class="mw-redirect" title="Nondenominational Christianity">Nondenominational</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plymouth_Brethren" title="Plymouth Brethren">Plymouth Brethren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quakers" title="Quakers">Quakerism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Restoration_Movement" title="Restoration Movement">Restorationism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Esoteric_Christianity" title="Esoteric Christianity">Esoteric</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Christian_Community" title="The Christian Community">The Christian Community</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independent_Catholicism" title="Independent Catholicism">Independent Catholicism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Catholic_Church" title="Old Catholic Church">Old Catholic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judaizers" title="Judaizers">Judaizers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nontrinitarianism" title="Nontrinitarianism">Nontrinitarianism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bible_Student_movement" title="Bible Student movement">Bible Students</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bible_Student_movement#Associated_Bible_Students" title="Bible Student movement">Associated Bible Students</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_Bible_Students" title="Free Bible Students">Free Bible Students</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friends_of_Man" title="Friends of Man">Friends of Man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jehovah%27s_Witnesses" title="Jehovah's Witnesses">Jehovah's Witnesses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo#Kitawala" title="Religion in the Democratic Republic of the Congo">Kitawala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laymen%27s_Home_Missionary_Movement" title="Laymen's Home Missionary Movement">Laymen's Home Missionary Movement</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christadelphians" title="Christadelphians">Christadelphians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mormonism" title="Mormonism">Mormonism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oneness_Pentecostalism" title="Oneness Pentecostalism">Oneness Pentecostalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spiritual_Christianity" title="Spiritual Christianity">Spiritual</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_New_Church_(Swedenborgian)" title="The New Church (Swedenborgian)">Swedenborgianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tolstoyan_movement" title="Tolstoyan movement">Tolstoyan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unitarianism" title="Unitarianism">Unitarianism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Christian_denominations" title="List of Christian denominations">list</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sunni_Islam" title="Sunni Islam">Sunnism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ash%27arism" title="Ash'arism">Ash'arism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maturidism" title="Maturidism">Maturidism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atharism" title="Atharism">Atharism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salafi_movement" title="Salafi movement">Salafism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wahhabism" title="Wahhabism">Wahhabism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_modernism" title="Islamic modernism">Modernist Salafism</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shia_Islam" title="Shia Islam">Shi'ism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alawites" title="Alawites">Alawism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ali-Illahism" title="Ali-Illahism">Ali-Illahism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isma%27ilism" title="Isma'ilism">Isma'ilism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twelver_Shi%27ism" title="Twelver Shi'ism">Twelver Shi'ism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zaydism" title="Zaydism">Zaydism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sufism" title="Sufism">Sufism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kharijites" title="Kharijites">Khawarij</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ibadi_Islam" title="Ibadi Islam">Ibadism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alevism" title="Alevism">Alevism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ishikism" title="Ishikism">Ishikism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurdish_Alevism" title="Kurdish Alevism">Kurdish Alevism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmadiyya" title="Ahmadiyya">Ahmadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahdawi_movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Mahdawi movement">Mahdavism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quranism" title="Quranism">Quranism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milah_Abraham" title="Milah Abraham">Milah Abraham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-denominational_Muslim" title="Non-denominational Muslim">Non-denominational</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_schools_and_branches" title="Islamic schools and branches">list</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/B%C3%A1bism" title="Bábism">Bábism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Azali" title="Azali">Azalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%AD_Faith" title="Baháʼí Faith">Baháʼí</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Druze" title="Druze">Druze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandaeism" title="Mandaeism">Mandaeism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rastafari" title="Rastafari">Rastafari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samaritanism" title="Samaritanism">Samaritanism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Iranian_religions" title="Iranian religions">Iranian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Zoroastrian" class="mw-redirect" title="Zoroastrian">Zoroastrian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zoroastrianism_in_Russia" title="Zoroastrianism in Russia">Blagovery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ilm-e-Khshnoom" title="Ilm-e-Khshnoom">Ilm-e-Khshnoom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mazdaznan" title="Mazdaznan">Mazdaznan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zurvanism" title="Zurvanism">Zurvanism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Kurdish</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shabakism" class="mw-redirect" title="Shabakism">Shabakism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yarsanism" title="Yarsanism">Yarsanism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Assianism" title="Assianism">Assianism/Uatsdin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roshani_movement" title="Roshani movement">Roshani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manichaeism" title="Manichaeism">Manichaeism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Manichaeism" title="Chinese Manichaeism">Chinese Manichaeism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yazd%C3%A2nism" title="Yazdânism">Yazdânism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yazidism" title="Yazidism">Yazidism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Eastern_religions" title="Eastern religions">Eastern</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/East_Asian_religions" title="East Asian religions">East Asian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_China" title="Religion in China">Chinese</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_folk_religion" title="Chinese folk religion">Chinese folk religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confucianism" title="Confucianism">Confucianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luo_teaching" title="Luo teaching">Luoism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuo_folk_religion" title="Nuo folk religion">Nuo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_salvationist_religions" title="Chinese salvationist religions">Salvationist</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Xiantiandao" title="Xiantiandao">Xiantiandao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yiguandao" title="Yiguandao">Yiguandao</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taoism" title="Taoism">Taoism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_ritual_mastery_traditions" title="Chinese ritual mastery traditions">Folk Taoism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yao_folk_religion" title="Yao folk religion">Yao Taoism</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Japan" title="Religion in Japan">Japonic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shinto" title="Shinto">Shinto</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shinto_sects_and_schools" title="Shinto sects and schools">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shugend%C5%8D" title="Shugendō">Shugendō</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tenrikyo" title="Tenrikyo">Tenrikyo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ryukyuan_religion" title="Ryukyuan religion">Ryukyuan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Korea" title="Religion in Korea">Korean</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Korean_shamanism" title="Korean shamanism">Korean shamanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cheondoism" title="Cheondoism">Cheondoism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeung_San_Do" title="Jeung San Do">Jeungsanism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Vietnam" title="Religion in Vietnam">Vietnamese</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_folk_religion" title="Vietnamese folk religion">Vietnamese folk religion</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C4%90%E1%BA%A1o_M%E1%BA%ABu" title="Đạo Mẫu">Đạo Mẫu</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caodaism" title="Caodaism">Caodaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H%C3%B2a_H%E1%BA%A3o" title="Hòa Hảo">Hoahaoism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C4%90%E1%BA%A1o_B%E1%BB%ADu_S%C6%A1n_K%E1%BB%B3_H%C6%B0%C6%A1ng" title="Đạo Bửu Sơn Kỳ Hương">Đạo Bửu Sơn Kỳ Hương</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Indian_religions" title="Indian religions">Indian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hinduism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vaishnavism" title="Vaishnavism">Vaishnavism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Krishnaism" title="Krishnaism">Krishnaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Vaishnavism" title="Sri Vaishnavism">Sri Vaishnavism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brahma_Sampradaya" title="Brahma Sampradaya">Brahma Sampradaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nimbarka_Sampradaya" title="Nimbarka Sampradaya">Nimbarka Sampradaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pushtimarg" class="mw-redirect" title="Pushtimarg">Pushtimarg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahanubhava" title="Mahanubhava">Mahanubhava</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramanandi_Sampradaya" title="Ramanandi Sampradaya">Ramanandi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warkari" title="Warkari">Warkari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swaminarayan_Sampradaya" title="Swaminarayan Sampradaya">Swaminarayan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaivism" title="Shaivism">Shaivism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shaiva_Siddhanta" title="Shaiva Siddhanta">Shaiva Siddhanta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ganapatya" title="Ganapatya">Ganapatya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kashmir_Shaivism" title="Kashmir Shaivism">Kashmiri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kapalika" title="Kapalika">Kapalika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaumaram" title="Kaumaram">Kaumaram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lingayatism" title="Lingayatism">Lingayatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nath" class="mw-redirect" title="Nath">Nath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balinese_Hinduism" title="Balinese Hinduism">Balinese</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaktism" title="Shaktism">Shaktism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smarta_tradition" title="Smarta tradition">Smartism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saura_(Hinduism)" title="Saura (Hinduism)">Sauraism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9Arauta" title="Śrauta">Śrauta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sant_Mat" title="Sant Mat">Sant Mat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_reform_movements" title="Hindu reform movements">Neo-Hinduism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_denominations" title="Hindu denominations">list</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Theravada" title="Theravada">Theravada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahayana" title="Mahayana">Mahayana</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chan_Buddhism" title="Chan Buddhism">Chan</a>/<a href="/wiki/Zen" title="Zen">Zen</a>/<a href="/wiki/Thi%E1%BB%81n" title="Thiền">Thiền</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pure_Land_Buddhism" title="Pure Land Buddhism">Amidism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nichiren_Buddhism" title="Nichiren Buddhism">Nichiren</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vajrayana" title="Vajrayana">Vajrayana</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Buddhism" title="Tibetan Buddhism">Tibetan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_modernism" title="Buddhist modernism">Neo-Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schools_of_Buddhism" title="Schools of Buddhism">list</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ayyavazhi" title="Ayyavazhi">Ayyavazhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalash_people#Religion" title="Kalash people">Kalash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jainism" title="Jainism">Jainism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Digambara" title="Digambara">Digambara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9Avet%C4%81mbara" title="Śvetāmbara">Śvetāmbara</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarnaism" title="Sarnaism">Sarnaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kirat_Mundhum" title="Kirat Mundhum">Kirat Mundhum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vedda#Religion" title="Vedda">Vedda religions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ravidassia" title="Ravidassia">Ravidassia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikhism" title="Sikhism">Sikhism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Khalsa" title="Khalsa">Khalsa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sects_of_Sikhism" title="Sects of Sikhism">Sects</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_religion" title="Ethnic religion">Ethnic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Altaic_languages" title="Altaic languages">Altaic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Turkic_mythology" title="Turkic mythology">Turko</a>-<a href="/wiki/Mongolian_shamanism" title="Mongolian shamanism">Mongolic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Burkhanism" title="Burkhanism">Burkhanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tengrism" title="Tengrism">Tengrism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vattisen_Yaly" title="Vattisen Yaly">Vattisen Yaly</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tungusic_creation_myth" title="Tungusic creation myth">Tungusic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Evenks#Religion" class="mw-redirect" title="Evenks">Evenki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manchu_shamanism" title="Manchu shamanism">Manchu</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Austroasiatic_languages" title="Austroasiatic languages">Austroasiatic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sarna_(place)" title="Sarna (place)">Sarnaism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Austronesian_languages" title="Austronesian languages">Austronesian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Parmalim" title="Parmalim">Batak Parmalim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dayak_people#Religion_and_festivals" title="Dayak people">Dayak</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kaharingan" title="Kaharingan">Kaharingan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditional_Sabahan_religions" title="Traditional Sabahan religions">Traditional Sabahan religions</a></li></ul></li> <li>Indonesian <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aliran_Kepercayaan" title="Aliran Kepercayaan">Aliran Kepercayaan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kejaw%C3%A8n" title="Kejawèn">Kejawèn</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kapitayan" title="Kapitayan">Kapitayan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pemena" title="Pemena">Karo Pemena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malaysian_folk_religion" title="Malaysian folk religion">Malaysian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_Philippine_folk_religions" title="Indigenous Philippine folk religions">Philippine Dayawism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_religious_beliefs_of_the_Tagalog_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Indigenous religious beliefs of the Tagalog people">Tagalog</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polynesian_mythology" title="Polynesian mythology">Polynesian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hawaiian_religion" title="Hawaiian religion">Hawaiian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_of_M%C4%81ori_people" title="Religion of Māori people">Māori</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marapu" title="Marapu">Sumbese Marapu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sunda_Wiwitan" title="Sunda Wiwitan">Sundanese Wiwitan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Native_American_religions" title="Native American religions">Native American</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abenaki_mythology" title="Abenaki mythology">Abenaki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alaska_Native_religion" title="Alaska Native religion">Alaskan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anishinaabe_traditional_beliefs" title="Anishinaabe traditional beliefs">Anishinaabe</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ojibwe#Spiritual_beliefs" title="Ojibwe">Ojibwe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Midewiwin" title="Midewiwin">Midewiwin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wabunowin" title="Wabunowin">Wabunowin</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apache#Religion" title="Apache">Apache</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blackfoot_mythology" title="Blackfoot mythology">Blackfoot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditional_narratives_of_Indigenous_Californians" title="Traditional narratives of Indigenous Californians">Californian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kuksu_(religion)" title="Kuksu (religion)">Kuksu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miwok_mythology" title="Miwok mythology">Miwok</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ohlone_mythology" title="Ohlone mythology">Ohlone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pomo_religion" title="Pomo religion">Pomo</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chilote_mythology" title="Chilote mythology">Chilote</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Choctaw_mythology" title="Choctaw mythology">Choctaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crow_religion" title="Crow religion">Crow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghost_Dance" title="Ghost Dance">Ghost Dance</a>/<a href="/wiki/Sun_Dance" title="Sun Dance">Sun Dance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guarani_mythology" title="Guarani mythology">Guarani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haida_mythology" title="Haida mythology">Haida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ho-Chunk_mythology" title="Ho-Chunk mythology">Ho-Chunk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iroquois_mythology" title="Iroquois mythology">Iroquois</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cherokee_spiritual_beliefs" title="Cherokee spiritual beliefs">Cherokee</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Four_Mothers_Society" title="Four Mothers Society">Four Mothers Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keetoowah_Nighthawk_Society" title="Keetoowah Nighthawk Society">Keetoowah Society</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Longhouse_Religion" title="Longhouse Religion">Longhouse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohawk_people#Religion" title="Mohawk people">Mohawk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Creek_mythology" title="Creek mythology">Muscogee Creek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seneca_mythology" title="Seneca mythology">Seneca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wyandot_religion" class="mw-redirect" title="Wyandot religion">Wyandot</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jivaroan_peoples#Religion" title="Jivaroan peoples">Jivaroan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kwakwaka%CA%BCwakw_mythology" title="Kwakwakaʼwakw mythology">Kwakwakaʼwakw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lenape_mythology" title="Lenape mythology">Lenape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mapuche_religion" title="Mapuche religion">Mapuche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mesoamerican_religion" title="Mesoamerican religion">Mesoamerican</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aztec_religion" title="Aztec religion">Aztec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maya_religion" title="Maya religion">Maya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pur%C3%A9pecha_religion" title="Purépecha religion">Purépecha</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muisca_mythology" title="Muisca mythology">Muisca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Native_American_Church" title="Native American Church">Native American Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Navajo#Spiritual_and_religious_beliefs" title="Navajo">Navajo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuu-chah-nulth_mythology" title="Nuu-chah-nulth mythology">Nuu-chah-nulth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pawnee_mythology" title="Pawnee mythology">Pawnee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pueblo_religion" title="Pueblo religion">Pueblo</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acoma_Pueblo#Religion" title="Acoma Pueblo">Acoma Pueblo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hopi_mythology" title="Hopi mythology">Hopi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zuni_mythology" title="Zuni mythology">Zuni</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sioux#Religion" title="Sioux">Sioux</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lakota_religion" title="Lakota religion">Lakota</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wocekiye" title="Wocekiye">Wocekiye</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tsimshian_mythology" title="Tsimshian mythology">Tsimshian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ute_mythology" title="Ute mythology">Ute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Native_American_religions#Washat_Dreamers_Religion" title="Native American religions">Washat Dreamers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yaqui#Yaqui_cosmology_and_religion" title="Yaqui">Yaqui</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Tai_peoples" title="Tai peoples">Tai</a> and <a href="/wiki/Miao_people" title="Miao people">Miao</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ahom_religion" title="Ahom religion">Ahom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miao_folk_religion" title="Miao folk religion">Hmongism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mo_(religion)" title="Mo (religion)">Mo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tai_folk_religion" title="Tai folk religion">Satsana Phi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Tibeto-Burman_languages" title="Tibeto-Burman languages">Tibeto-Burmese</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bon" title="Bon">Bon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burmese_folk_religion" title="Burmese folk religion">Burmese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benzhuism" title="Benzhuism">Benzhuism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bimoism" title="Bimoism">Bimoism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bathouism" title="Bathouism">Bathouism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mun_(religion)" title="Mun (religion)">Bongthingism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dongba" title="Dongba">Dongba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donyi-Polo" title="Donyi-Polo">Donyi-Polo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heraka" class="mw-redirect" title="Heraka">Heraka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kirat_Mundhum" title="Kirat Mundhum">Kiratism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qiang_folk_religion" title="Qiang folk religion">Qiang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanamahism" title="Sanamahism">Sanamahism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Traditional_African_religions" title="Traditional African religions">Traditional African</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">North African</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Traditional_Berber_religion" title="Traditional Berber religion">Berber</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Church_of_the_Guanche_People" title="Church of the Guanche People">Guanche church</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Africa" title="Religion in Africa">Sub-Saharan African</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kamba_people" title="Kamba people">Akamba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akan_religion" title="Akan religion">Akan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baluba_mythology" class="mw-redirect" title="Baluba mythology">Baluba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bantu_mythology" class="mw-redirect" title="Bantu mythology">Bantu</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kongo_religion" title="Kongo religion">Kongo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zulu_traditional_religion" title="Zulu traditional religion">Zulu</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bushongo_mythology" class="mw-redirect" title="Bushongo mythology">Bushongo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dinka_religion" title="Dinka religion">Dinka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dogon_religion" class="mw-redirect" title="Dogon religion">Dogon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Efik_mythology" title="Efik mythology">Efik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dahomean_religion" title="Dahomean religion">Fon and Ewe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ik_people" title="Ik people">Ik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lotuko_mythology" class="mw-redirect" title="Lotuko mythology">Lotuko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lozi_mythology" title="Lozi mythology">Lozi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lugbara_mythology" title="Lugbara mythology">Lugbara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maasai_mythology" class="mw-redirect" title="Maasai mythology">Maasai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mbuti_mythology" title="Mbuti mythology">Mbuti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Odinala" title="Odinala">Odinala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_religion" title="San religion">San</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serer_religion" title="Serer religion">Serer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tumbuka_mythology" title="Tumbuka mythology">Tumbuka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urhobo_people" title="Urhobo people">Urhobo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waaqeffanna" title="Waaqeffanna">Waaqeffanna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoruba_religion" title="Yoruba religion">Yoruba</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/If%C3%A1" title="Ifá">Ifá</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_diaspora_religions" title="African diaspora religions">Diasporic</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Candombl%C3%A9" title="Candomblé">Candomblé</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Candombl%C3%A9_Bantu" title="Candomblé Bantu">Bantu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Candombl%C3%A9_Jej%C3%A9" title="Candomblé Jejé">Jejé</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Candombl%C3%A9_Ketu" title="Candomblé Ketu">Ketu</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comfa" title="Comfa">Comfa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Convince" title="Convince">Convince</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Espiritismo" title="Espiritismo">Espiritismo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kumina" title="Kumina">Kumina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obeah" title="Obeah">Obeah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palo_(religion)" title="Palo (religion)">Palo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quimbanda" title="Quimbanda">Quimbanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santer%C3%ADa" title="Santería">Santería</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tambor_de_Mina" title="Tambor de Mina">Tambor de Mina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trinidad_Orisha" title="Trinidad Orisha">Trinidad Orisha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Umbanda" title="Umbanda">Umbanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haitian_Vodou" title="Haitian Vodou">Vodou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louisiana_Voodoo" title="Louisiana Voodoo">Voodoo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winti" title="Winti">Winti</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Other ethnic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Australian_Aboriginal_religion_and_mythology" title="Australian Aboriginal religion and mythology">Aboriginal Australian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inuit_religion" title="Inuit religion">Inuit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papuan_mythology" title="Papuan mythology">Papuan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shamanism_in_Siberia" title="Shamanism in Siberia">Siberian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/New_religious_movement" title="New religious movement">New religious movements</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Syncretic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zoroastrianism_in_Russia" title="Zoroastrianism in Russia">Blagovery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brahmoism" title="Brahmoism">Brahmoism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coconut_Religion" title="Coconut Religion">Coconut Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Falun_Gong" title="Falun Gong">Falun Gong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_new_religions" title="Japanese new religions">Japanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meivazhi" title="Meivazhi">Meivazhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modekngei" title="Modekngei">Modekngei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Acropolis" title="New Acropolis">New Acropolis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Age" title="New Age">New Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Thought" title="New Thought">New Thought</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rajneesh_movement" title="Rajneesh movement">Rajneesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rastafari" title="Rastafari">Rastafari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roerichism" title="Roerichism">Roerichism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contemporary_Sant_Mat_movements" title="Contemporary Sant Mat movements">Sant Mat</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Radha_Soami" title="Radha Soami">Radha Soami</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spiritualism_(movement)" title="Spiritualism (movement)">Spiritualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subud" title="Subud">Subud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tensegrity_(Castaneda)" class="mw-redirect" title="Tensegrity (Castaneda)">Tensegrity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thelema" title="Thelema">Thelema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theosophy" title="Theosophy">Theosophy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Theosophy" title="Neo-Theosophy">Neo-Theosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agni_Yoga" title="Agni Yoga">Agni Yoga</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transcendental_Meditation" title="Transcendental Meditation">Transcendental Meditation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unitarian_Universalism" title="Unitarian Universalism">Unitarian Universalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universal_White_Brotherhood" title="Universal White Brotherhood">White Brotherhood</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Modern_paganism" title="Modern paganism">Modern paganism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>African <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Godianism" title="Godianism">Godianism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hetanism" title="Hetanism">Armenian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baltic_neopaganism" title="Baltic neopaganism">Baltic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dievtur%C4%ABba" title="Dievturība">Dievturība</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romuva_(religion)" title="Romuva (religion)">Romuva</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caucasian_neopaganism" title="Caucasian neopaganism">Caucasian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abkhaz_neopaganism" class="mw-redirect" title="Abkhaz neopaganism">Abkhaz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adyghe_Xabze" title="Adyghe Xabze">Circassian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_neopaganism" title="Celtic neopaganism">Celtic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Druidry_(modern)" title="Druidry (modern)">Druidry</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heathenry_(new_religious_movement)" title="Heathenry (new religious movement)">Germanic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hellenism_(modern_religion)" title="Hellenism (modern religion)">Hellenism (modern religion)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neoshamanism" title="Neoshamanism">Neoshamanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assianism" title="Assianism">Ossetian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polytheistic_reconstructionism" title="Polytheistic reconstructionism">Polytheistic reconstructionism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Reconstructionist_Roman_religion" title="Reconstructionist Roman religion">Italo-Roman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kemetism" title="Kemetism">Kemetism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zalmoxianism" title="Zalmoxianism">Romanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavic_Native_Faith" title="Slavic Native Faith">Slavic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Authentism" title="Russian Authentism">Authentism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uralic_neopaganism" title="Uralic neopaganism">Uralic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Estonian_neopaganism" title="Estonian neopaganism">Estonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_Finnish_paganism" title="Modern Finnish paganism">Finnish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_Native_Faith" title="Hungarian Native Faith">Hungarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mari_religion" title="Mari religion">Mari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erzyan_native_religion" title="Erzyan native religion">Erzya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%A1mi_shamanism" title="Sámi shamanism">Sámi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Udmurt_Vos" title="Udmurt Vos">Udmurt</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wicca" title="Wicca">Wicca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zalmoxianism" title="Zalmoxianism">Zalmoxianism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_modern_pagan_movements" title="List of modern pagan movements">list</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">De novo</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anthroposophy" title="Anthroposophy">Anthroposophy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Christian_Community" title="The Christian Community">The Christian Community</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discordianism" title="Discordianism">Discordianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eckankar" title="Eckankar">Eckankar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourth_Way" title="Fourth Way">Fourth Way</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goddess_movement" title="Goddess movement">Goddess</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jediism" title="Jediism">Jediism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satanism" title="Satanism">Satanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scientology" title="Scientology">Scientology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UFO_religion" title="UFO religion">UFO religion</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ra%C3%ABlism" title="Raëlism">Raëlism</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Historical_religions" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/History_of_religion" title="History of religion">Historical religions</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_religion" title="Prehistoric religion">Prehistoric</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Paleolithic_religion" title="Paleolithic religion">Paleolithic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ainu_people#Religion" title="Ainu people">Ainu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_pre-Islamic_Arabia" title="Religion in pre-Islamic Arabia">Arabian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_mythology" title="Armenian mythology">Armenian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baltic_mythology" title="Baltic mythology">Baltic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Latvian_mythology" title="Latvian mythology">Latvian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithuanian_mythology" title="Lithuanian mythology">Lithuanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prussian_mythology" title="Prussian mythology">Old Prussian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basque_mythology" title="Basque mythology">Basque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Celtic_religion" title="Ancient Celtic religion">Celtic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Druid" title="Druid">Druidism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_mythology" title="Irish mythology">Irish</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cook_Islands_mythology" title="Cook Islands mythology">Cook Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dravidian_folk_religion" title="Dravidian folk religion">Dravidian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egyptian_religion" title="Ancient Egyptian religion">Egyptian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atenism" title="Atenism">Atenism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Etruscan_religion" title="Etruscan religion">Etruscan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finnish_mythology" title="Finnish mythology">Finnish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fuegians#Spiritual_culture" title="Fuegians">Fuegian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Selk%27nam_mythology" title="Selk'nam mythology">Selk'nam</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgian_mythology" title="Georgian mythology">Georgian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germanic_paganism" title="Germanic paganism">Germanic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Saxon_paganism" title="Anglo-Saxon paganism">Anglo-Saxon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Continental_Germanic_mythology" title="Continental Germanic mythology">Continental</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frankish_paganism" title="Frankish paganism">Frankish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Norse_religion" title="Old Norse religion">Norse</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_religion" title="Ancient Greek religion">Greek</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gnosticism" title="Gnosticism">Gnosticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greco-Buddhism" title="Greco-Buddhism">Greco-Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermeticism" title="Hermeticism">Hermeticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greco-Roman_mysteries" title="Greco-Roman mysteries">Mysteries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orphism_(religion)" title="Orphism (religion)">Orphism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guanches#System_of_beliefs" title="Guanches">Guanche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indus_Valley_Civilisation#Religion" title="Indus Valley Civilisation">Harappan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hittite_mythology_and_religion" title="Hittite mythology and religion">Hittite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_mythology" title="Hungarian mythology">Hungarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hurrian_religion" title="Hurrian religion">Hurrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illinois_Confederacy#Religion" class="mw-redirect" title="Illinois Confederacy">Illinois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inca_mythology" title="Inca mythology">Inca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jamaican_Maroon_religion" title="Jamaican Maroon religion">Jamaican Maroon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manichaeism" title="Manichaeism">Manichaeism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mazdak" title="Mazdak">Mazdakism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melanesian_mythology" title="Melanesian mythology">Melanesian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Mesopotamian_religion" title="Ancient Mesopotamian religion">Mesopotamian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Babylonian_religion" title="Babylonian religion">Babylonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sumerian_religion" title="Sumerian religion">Sumerian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Micronesian_mythology" title="Micronesian mythology">Micronesian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nauruan_Indigenous_religion" class="mw-redirect" title="Nauruan Indigenous religion">Nauruan Indigenous religion</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olmec_religion" title="Olmec religion">Olmec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paleo-Balkan_mythology" title="Paleo-Balkan mythology">Paleo-Balkan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_folk_beliefs" class="mw-redirect" title="Albanian folk beliefs">Albanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dacian_mythology" class="mw-redirect" title="Dacian mythology">Dacian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illyrian_religion" title="Illyrian religion">Illyrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thracian_religion" title="Thracian religion">Thracian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-Iranian_religion" class="mw-redirect" title="Proto-Indo-Iranian religion">Proto-Indo-Iranian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Iranian_religion" title="Ancient Iranian religion">Iranian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_Vedic_religion" title="Historical Vedic religion">Vedic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basketmaker_III_Era#Culture_and_religion" title="Basketmaker III Era">Ancestral Pueblo</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pueblo_II_Period#Culture_and_religion" title="Pueblo II Period">Pueblo II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pueblo_III_Period#Culture_and_religion" title="Pueblo III Period">Pueblo III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pueblo_IV_Period#Culture_and_religion" title="Pueblo IV Period">Pueblo IV</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rapa_Nui_mythology" title="Rapa Nui mythology">Rapa Nui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_ancient_Rome" title="Religion in ancient Rome">Roman</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cybele" title="Cybele">Cult of Magna Mater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gallo-Roman_religion" title="Gallo-Roman religion">Gallo-Roman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_imperial_cult" title="Roman imperial cult">Imperial cult</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mithraism" title="Mithraism">Mithraism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mysteries_of_Isis" title="Mysteries of Isis">Mysteries of Isis</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Semitic_religion" title="Ancient Semitic religion">Semitic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Canaanite_religion" title="Canaanite religion">Canaanite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punic_religion" title="Punic religion">Punic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yahwism" title="Yahwism">Yahwism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scythian_religion" title="Scythian religion">Scythian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavic_paganism" title="Slavic paganism">Slavic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somali_mythology" title="Somali mythology">Somali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tongan_religion" title="Tongan religion">Tongan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urartu#Religion" title="Urartu">Urartu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vainakh_religion" title="Vainakh religion">Vainakh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zapotec_civilization#Religion_and_Myth" title="Zapotec civilization">Zapotec</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Topics" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Topics</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Aspects</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apostasy" title="Apostasy">Apostasy</a> / <a href="/wiki/Religious_disaffiliation" title="Religious disaffiliation">Disaffiliation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_behaviour" title="Religious behaviour">Behaviour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belief#Religion" title="Belief">Beliefs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Call_to_prayer" title="Call to prayer">Call to prayer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laicism" title="Laicism">Laicism</a> / <a href="/wiki/Laity" title="Laity">Laity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Covenant_(religion)" title="Covenant (religion)">Covenant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_conversion" title="Religious conversion">Conversion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deity" title="Deity">Deities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_denomination" title="Religious denomination">Denomination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Entheogen" title="Entheogen">Entheogens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_religion" title="Ethnic religion">Ethnic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faith" title="Faith">Faith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fire_worship" title="Fire worship">Fire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folk_religion" title="Folk religion">Folk religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/God" title="God">God</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goddess" title="Goddess">Goddess</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_religion" title="Indigenous religion">Indigenous</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meditation" title="Meditation">Meditation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monasticism" title="Monasticism">Monasticism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Monk" title="Monk">Monk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Novice" title="Novice">Novice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nun" title="Nun">Nun</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mysticism" title="Mysticism">Mysticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_and_mythology" title="Religion and mythology">Mythology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ordination" title="Ordination">Ordination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orthodoxy" title="Orthodoxy">Orthodoxy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orthopraxy" title="Orthopraxy">Orthopraxy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paganism" title="Paganism">Paganism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prayer" title="Prayer">Prayer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prophecy" title="Prophecy">Prophecy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_experience" title="Religious experience">Religious experience</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ritual" title="Ritual">Ritual</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Liturgy" title="Liturgy">Liturgy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ritual_purification" title="Ritual purification">Purification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacrifice" title="Sacrifice">Sacrifice</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacred_space" title="Sacred space">Sacred space</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sacred_waters" title="Sacred waters">Bodies of water</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacred_grove" title="Sacred grove">Groves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacred_mountains" title="Sacred mountains">Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacred_tree" title="Sacred tree">Trees</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soul" title="Soul">Soul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spirituality" title="Spirituality">Spirituality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supernatural" title="Supernatural">Supernatural</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_symbol" title="Religious symbol">Symbols</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_text" title="Religious text">Text</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_views_on_truth" title="Religious views on truth">Truth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_and_religion" title="Water and religion">Water</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Worship" title="Worship">Worship</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Worship_of_heavenly_bodies" title="Worship of heavenly bodies">Astral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nature_worship" title="Nature worship">Nature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Place_of_worship" title="Place of worship">Place</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Theism" title="Theism">Theism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Animism" title="Animism">Animism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deism" title="Deism">Deism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dualism_in_cosmology" title="Dualism in cosmology">Dualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henotheism" title="Henotheism">Henotheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monotheism" title="Monotheism">Monotheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nontheism" title="Nontheism">Nontheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panentheism" title="Panentheism">Panentheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pantheism" title="Pantheism">Pantheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polytheism" title="Polytheism">Polytheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transtheism" title="Transtheism">Transtheism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Religious_studies" title="Religious studies">Religious studies</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anthropology_of_religion" title="Anthropology of religion">Anthropology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cognitive_science_of_religion" title="Cognitive science of religion">Cognitive science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparative_religion" title="Comparative religion">Comparative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_origin_of_religion" title="Evolutionary origin of religion">Evolutionary origin of religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_psychology_of_religion" title="Evolutionary psychology of religion">Evolutionary psychology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_religion" title="History of religion">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neuroscience_of_religion" title="Neuroscience of religion">Neurotheology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_religion" title="Philosophy of religion">Philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychology_of_religion" title="Psychology of religion">Psychology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociology_of_religion" title="Sociology of religion">Sociology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soteriology" title="Soteriology">Soteriology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Salvation" title="Salvation">Salvation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theology" title="Theology">Theology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theories_about_religion" title="Theories about religion">Theories about religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_and_religion" title="Women and religion">Women</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Category:Religion_and_society" title="Category:Religion and society">Religion and society</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Religion_and_agriculture" title="Religion and agriculture">Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_and_business" title="Religion and business">Business</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clericalism" title="Clericalism">Clericalism</a> / <a href="/wiki/Clergy" title="Clergy">Clergy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Monasticism" title="Monasticism">Monasticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ordination" title="Ordination">Ordination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Priest" title="Priest">Priest</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_conversion" title="Religious conversion">Conversion</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Religious_assimilation" title="Religious assimilation">Assimilation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Missionary" title="Missionary">Missionary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proselytism" title="Proselytism">Proselytism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disability_and_religion" title="Disability and religion">Disability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_education" title="Religious education">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_fanaticism" title="Religious fanaticism">Fanaticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion" title="Freedom of religion">Freedom</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Religious_pluralism" title="Religious pluralism">Pluralism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syncretism" title="Syncretism">Syncretism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toleration" title="Toleration">Toleration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universalism" title="Universalism">Universalism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fundamentalism" title="Fundamentalism">Fundamentalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Growth_of_religion" title="Growth of religion">Growth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_and_happiness" class="mw-redirect" title="Religion and happiness">Happiness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homosexuality_and_religion" title="Homosexuality and religion">Homosexuality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minority_religion" title="Minority religion">Minorities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_church" title="National church">National church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Importance_of_religion_by_country" title="Importance of religion by country">National religiosity levels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_politics" title="Religion in politics">Politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_religious_populations" title="List of religious populations">Populations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religiocentrism" title="Religiocentrism">Religiocentrism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schism" title="Schism">Schism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Relationship_between_religion_and_science" title="Relationship between religion and science">Science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_religion" title="State religion">State</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theocracy" title="Theocracy">Theocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vegetarianism_and_religion" title="Vegetarianism and religion">Vegetarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_and_video_games" title="Religion and video games">Video games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_violence" title="Religious violence">Violence</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Religious_persecution" title="Religious persecution">Persecution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_terrorism" title="Religious terrorism">Terrorism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_war" title="Religious war">War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sectarian_violence" title="Sectarian violence">Sectarian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wealth_and_religion" title="Wealth and religion">Wealth</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Secularism" title="Secularism">Secularism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Irreligion" title="Irreligion">irreligion</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agnosticism" title="Agnosticism">Agnosticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antireligion" title="Antireligion">Antireligion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atheism" title="Atheism">Atheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_religion" title="Criticism of religion">Criticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Positive_deconstruction" title="Positive deconstruction">Deconstruction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Objectivism" title="Objectivism">Objectivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secular_humanism" title="Secular humanism">Secular humanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secular_theology" title="Secular theology">Secular theology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secularization" title="Secularization">Secularization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Separation_of_church_and_state" title="Separation of church and state">Separation of church and state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_religions_and_spiritual_traditions" title="List of religions and spiritual traditions">Unaffiliated</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Overviews and <a href="/wiki/Category:Religion-related_lists" title="Category:Religion-related lists">lists</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Table_of_prophets_of_Abrahamic_religions" title="Table of prophets of Abrahamic religions">Abrahamic prophets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_people_who_have_been_considered_deities" title="List of people who have been considered deities">Deification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_deities" title="Lists of deities">Deities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_founders_of_religious_traditions" title="List of founders of religious traditions">Founders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_religion-related_articles" title="Index of religion-related articles">Index</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_largest_peaceful_gatherings" title="List of largest peaceful gatherings">Mass gatherings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Names_of_God" title="Names of God">Names of God</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_new_religious_movements" title="List of new religious movements">New religious movements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_religious_organizations" title="List of religious organizations">Organizations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_religion" title="Outline of religion">Outline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_religions_and_spiritual_traditions" title="List of religions and spiritual traditions">Religions and spiritual traditions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_studies" title="Religious studies">Scholars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_religion" title="Timeline of religion">Timeline</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Religion_by_country" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Religion by country</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Africa" title="Religion in Africa">Africa</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Algeria" title="Religion in Algeria">Algeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Angola" title="Religion in Angola">Angola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Benin" title="Religion in Benin">Benin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Botswana" title="Religion in Botswana">Botswana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Burkina_Faso" title="Religion in Burkina Faso">Burkina Faso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Burundi" title="Religion in Burundi">Burundi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Cameroon" title="Religion in Cameroon">Cameroon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Cape_Verde" title="Religion in Cape Verde">Cape Verde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_Central_African_Republic" title="Religion in the Central African Republic">Central African Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Chad" title="Religion in Chad">Chad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_Comoros" title="Religion in the Comoros">Comoros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Religion in the Democratic Republic of the Congo">Democratic Republic of the Congo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Religion in the Republic of the Congo">Republic of the Congo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Djibouti" class="mw-redirect" title="Religion in Djibouti">Djibouti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Egypt" title="Religion in Egypt">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Equatorial_Guinea" title="Religion in Equatorial Guinea">Equatorial Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Eritrea" title="Religion in Eritrea">Eritrea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Eswatini" title="Religion in Eswatini">Eswatini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Ethiopia" title="Religion in Ethiopia">Ethiopia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Gabon" title="Religion in Gabon">Gabon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_Gambia" title="Religion in the Gambia">Gambia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Ghana" title="Religion in Ghana">Ghana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Guinea" title="Religion in Guinea">Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Guinea-Bissau" title="Religion in Guinea-Bissau">Guinea-Bissau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Ivory_Coast" title="Religion in Ivory Coast">Ivory Coast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Kenya" title="Religion in Kenya">Kenya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Lesotho" title="Religion in Lesotho">Lesotho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Liberia" title="Religion in Liberia">Liberia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Libya" title="Religion in Libya">Libya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Madagascar" title="Religion in Madagascar">Madagascar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Malawi" title="Religion in Malawi">Malawi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Mali" title="Religion in Mali">Mali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Mauritania" title="Religion in Mauritania">Mauritania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Mauritius" title="Religion in Mauritius">Mauritius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Morocco" title="Religion in Morocco">Morocco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Mozambique" title="Religion in Mozambique">Mozambique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Namibia" title="Religion in Namibia">Namibia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Niger" title="Religion in Niger">Niger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Nigeria" title="Religion in Nigeria">Nigeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Rwanda" title="Religion in Rwanda">Rwanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_S%C3%A3o_Tom%C3%A9_and_Pr%C3%ADncipe" title="Religion in São Tomé and Príncipe">São Tomé and Príncipe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Senegal" title="Religion in Senegal">Senegal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Seychelles" title="Religion in Seychelles">Seychelles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Sierra_Leone" title="Religion in Sierra Leone">Sierra Leone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Somalia" title="Religion in Somalia">Somalia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_South_Africa" title="Religion in South Africa">South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_South_Sudan" title="Religion in South Sudan">South Sudan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Sudan" title="Religion in Sudan">Sudan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Tanzania" title="Religion in Tanzania">Tanzania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Togo" title="Religion in Togo">Togo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Tunisia" title="Religion in Tunisia">Tunisia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Uganda" title="Religion in Uganda">Uganda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Zambia" title="Religion in Zambia">Zambia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Zimbabwe" title="Religion in Zimbabwe">Zimbabwe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Asia" title="Religion in Asia">Asia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Afghanistan" title="Religion in Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Armenia" title="Religion in Armenia">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Azerbaijan" title="Religion in Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Bahrain" title="Religion in Bahrain">Bahrain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Bangladesh" title="Religion in Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Bhutan" title="Religion in Bhutan">Bhutan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Brunei" title="Religion in Brunei">Brunei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Cambodia" title="Religion in Cambodia">Cambodia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_China" title="Religion in China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Cyprus" title="Religion in Cyprus">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_East_Timor" title="Religion in East Timor">East Timor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Georgia_(country)" title="Religion in Georgia (country)">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Hong_Kong" title="Religion in Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_India" title="Religion in India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Indonesia" title="Religion in Indonesia">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Iran" title="Religion in Iran">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Iraq" title="Religion in Iraq">Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Israel" title="Religion in Israel">Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Japan" title="Religion in Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Jordan" title="Religion in Jordan">Jordan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Kazakhstan" title="Religion in Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Korea" title="Religion in Korea">Korea</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_North_Korea" title="Religion in North Korea">North Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_South_Korea" title="Religion in South Korea">South Korea</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Kuwait" title="Religion in Kuwait">Kuwait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Kyrgyzstan" title="Religion in Kyrgyzstan">Kyrgyzstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Laos" title="Religion in Laos">Laos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Lebanon" title="Religion in Lebanon">Lebanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Macau" title="Religion in Macau">Macau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Malaysia" title="Religion in Malaysia">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_Maldives" title="Religion in the Maldives">Maldives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Mongolia" title="Religion in Mongolia">Mongolia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Myanmar" title="Religion in Myanmar">Myanmar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Nepal" title="Religion in Nepal">Nepal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Oman" title="Religion in Oman">Oman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Pakistan" title="Religion in Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_State_of_Palestine" class="mw-redirect" title="Religion in the State of Palestine">Palestine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_Philippines" title="Religion in the Philippines">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Qatar" title="Religion in Qatar">Qatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Saudi_Arabia" title="Religion in Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Singapore" title="Religion in Singapore">Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Sri_Lanka" title="Religion in Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Syria" title="Religion in Syria">Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Taiwan" title="Religion in Taiwan">Taiwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Tajikistan" title="Religion in Tajikistan">Tajikistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Thailand" title="Religion in Thailand">Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Turkey" title="Religion in Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Turkmenistan" title="Religion in Turkmenistan">Turkmenistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_United_Arab_Emirates" title="Religion in the United Arab Emirates">United Arab Emirates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Uzbekistan" title="Religion in Uzbekistan">Uzbekistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Vietnam" title="Religion in Vietnam">Vietnam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Yemen" title="Religion in Yemen">Yemen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Europe" title="Religion in Europe">Europe</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Albania" title="Religion in Albania">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Andorra" title="Religion in Andorra">Andorra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Austria" title="Religion in Austria">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Belarus" title="Religion in Belarus">Belarus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Belgium" title="Religion in Belgium">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Religion in Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Bulgaria" title="Religion in Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Croatia" title="Religion in Croatia">Croatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_Czech_Republic" title="Religion in the Czech Republic">Czechia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Denmark" title="Religion in Denmark">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Estonia" title="Religion in Estonia">Estonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Finland" title="Religion in Finland">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_France" title="Religion in France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Germany" title="Religion in Germany">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Greece" title="Religion in Greece">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Hungary" title="Religion in Hungary">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Iceland" title="Religion in Iceland">Iceland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_Republic_of_Ireland" title="Religion in the Republic of Ireland">Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Italy" title="Religion in Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Kosovo" title="Religion in Kosovo">Kosovo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Latvia" title="Religion in Latvia">Latvia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Liechtenstein" title="Religion in Liechtenstein">Liechtenstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Lithuania" title="Religion in Lithuania">Lithuania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Luxembourg" title="Religion in Luxembourg">Luxembourg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Malta" title="Religion in Malta">Malta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Moldova" title="Religion in Moldova">Moldova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Monaco" class="mw-redirect" title="Religion in Monaco">Monaco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Montenegro" title="Religion in Montenegro">Montenegro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_Netherlands" title="Religion in the Netherlands">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_North_Macedonia" title="Religion in North Macedonia">North Macedonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Norway" title="Religion in Norway">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Poland" title="Religion in Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Portugal" title="Religion in Portugal">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Romania" title="Religion in Romania">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Russia" title="Religion in Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_San_Marino" title="Religion in San Marino">San Marino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Serbia" title="Religion in Serbia">Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Slovakia" title="Religion in Slovakia">Slovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Slovenia" title="Religion in Slovenia">Slovenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Spain" title="Religion in Spain">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Sweden" title="Religion in Sweden">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Switzerland" title="Religion in Switzerland">Switzerland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Ukraine" title="Religion in Ukraine">Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Religion in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_England" title="Religion in England">England</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Northern_Ireland" title="Religion in Northern Ireland">Northern Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Scotland" title="Religion in Scotland">Scotland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Wales" title="Religion in Wales">Wales</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_North_America" title="Religion in North America">North America</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Antigua_and_Barbuda" title="Religion in Antigua and Barbuda">Antigua and Barbuda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_Bahamas" title="Religion in the Bahamas">Bahamas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Barbados" title="Religion in Barbados">Barbados</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Belize" title="Religion in Belize">Belize</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Canada" title="Religion in Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Costa_Rica" title="Religion in Costa Rica">Costa Rica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Cuba" title="Religion in Cuba">Cuba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Dominica" title="Religion in Dominica">Dominica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_Dominican_Republic" title="Religion in the Dominican Republic">Dominican Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_El_Salvador" title="Religion in El Salvador">El Salvador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Grenada" class="mw-redirect" title="Religion in Grenada">Grenada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Guatemala" title="Religion in Guatemala">Guatemala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Haiti" title="Religion in Haiti">Haiti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Honduras" title="Religion in Honduras">Honduras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Jamaica" title="Religion in Jamaica">Jamaica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Mexico" title="Religion in Mexico">Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Nicaragua" title="Religion in Nicaragua">Nicaragua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Panama" title="Religion in Panama">Panama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Saint_Kitts_and_Nevis" class="mw-redirect" title="Religion in Saint Kitts and Nevis">Saint Kitts and Nevis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Saint_Lucia" class="mw-redirect" title="Religion in Saint Lucia">Saint Lucia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Saint_Vincent_and_the_Grenadines" class="mw-redirect" title="Religion in Saint Vincent and the Grenadines">Saint Vincent and the Grenadines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Trinidad_and_Tobago" title="Religion in Trinidad and Tobago">Trinidad and Tobago</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_United_States" title="Religion in the United States">United States</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Oceania" title="Religion in Oceania">Oceania</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Australia" title="Religion in Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Fiji" title="Religion in Fiji">Fiji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Kiribati" title="Religion in Kiribati">Kiribati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_Marshall_Islands" title="Religion in the Marshall Islands">Marshall Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_Federated_States_of_Micronesia" title="Religion in the Federated States of Micronesia">Micronesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Nauru" title="Religion in Nauru">Nauru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_New_Zealand" title="Religion in New Zealand">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Palau" title="Religion in Palau">Palau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Papua_New_Guinea" title="Religion in Papua New Guinea">Papua New Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Samoa" title="Religion in Samoa">Samoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Solomon_Islands" title="Religion in Solomon Islands">Solomon Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Tonga" title="Religion in Tonga">Tonga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Tuvalu" title="Religion in Tuvalu">Tuvalu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Vanuatu" title="Religion in Vanuatu">Vanuatu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_South_America" title="Religion in South America">South America</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Argentina" title="Religion in Argentina">Argentina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Bolivia" title="Religion in Bolivia">Bolivia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Brazil" title="Religion in Brazil">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Chile" title="Religion in Chile">Chile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Colombia" title="Religion in Colombia">Colombia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Ecuador" title="Religion in Ecuador">Ecuador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Guyana" title="Religion in Guyana">Guyana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Paraguay" title="Religion in Paraguay">Paraguay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Peru" title="Religion in Peru">Peru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Suriname" title="Religion in Suriname">Suriname</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Uruguay" title="Religion in Uruguay">Uruguay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Venezuela" title="Religion in Venezuela">Venezuela</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;"><div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Religion" title="Category:Religion">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Religion" title="Portal:Religion">Portal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Western_world_and_culture" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Western_world" title="Template:Western world"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Western_world" title="Template talk:Western world"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Western_world" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Western world"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Western_world_and_culture" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Western_world" title="Western world">Western world</a> and <a href="/wiki/Western_culture" title="Western culture">culture</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Foundations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cradle_of_civilization" title="Cradle of civilization">Cradle of civilization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_World" title="Old World">Old World</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greco-Roman_world" title="Greco-Roman world">Greco-Roman world</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greece" title="Ancient Greece">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hellenistic_period" title="Hellenistic period">Hellenistic Kingdoms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Rome" title="Ancient Rome">Rome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman Empire</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Western_Roman_Empire" title="Western Roman Empire">Western</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Eastern</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legacy_of_the_Roman_Empire" title="Legacy of the Roman Empire">Roman legacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanization_(cultural)" title="Romanization (cultural)">Romanization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romano-Germanic_culture" title="Romano-Germanic culture">Romano-Germanic culture</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gallo-Roman_culture" title="Gallo-Roman culture">Gallo-Roman</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christendom" title="Christendom">Christendom</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Western_civilization" title="History of Western civilization">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bronze_Age_Europe" title="Bronze Age Europe">European Bronze Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classical_antiquity" title="Classical antiquity">Classical antiquity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Late_antiquity" title="Late antiquity">Late antiquity</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Early_Middle_Ages" title="Early Middle Ages">early</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_Middle_Ages" title="High Middle Ages">high</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Late_Middle_Ages" title="Late Middle Ages">late</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renaissance" title="Renaissance">Renaissance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_period" class="mw-redirect" title="Modern period">Modern period</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Early_modern_period" title="Early modern period">Early modern period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Age_of_Discovery" title="Age of Discovery">Age of Discovery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reformation" title="Reformation">Reformation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Age_of_Enlightenment" title="Age of Enlightenment">Age of Enlightenment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scientific_Revolution" title="Scientific Revolution">Scientific Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Age_of_Revolution" title="Age of Revolution">Age of Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanticism" title="Romanticism">Romanticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abolitionism" title="Abolitionism">Abolitionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emancipation" title="Emancipation">Emancipation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capitalism" title="Capitalism">Capitalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Industrial_Revolution" title="Industrial Revolution">Industrial Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Divergence" title="Great Divergence">Great Divergence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modernism" title="Modernism">Modernism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interwar_period" title="Interwar period">Interwar period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universal_suffrage" title="Universal suffrage">Universal suffrage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post%E2%80%93Cold_War_era" title="Post–Cold War era">Post–Cold War era</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Information_Age" title="Information Age">Information age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_on_terror" title="War on terror">War on terror</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Western_culture" title="Western culture">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alphabet" title="Alphabet">Alphabet</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Greek_alphabet" title="Greek alphabet">Greek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latin_script" title="Latin script">Latin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyrillic_script" title="Cyrillic script">Cyrillic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Architecture" title="Architecture">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_of_Europe" title="Art of Europe">Art</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Periods_in_Western_art_history" title="Periods in Western art history">Periods</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gregorian_calendar" title="Gregorian calendar">Calendar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_cuisine" title="European cuisine">Cuisine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Western_pattern_diet" title="Western pattern diet">Diet</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classical_tradition" title="Classical tradition">Classical tradition</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Classics" title="Classics">Studies</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_dress_codes" title="Western dress codes">Clothing</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Western_fashion" title="History of Western fashion">History</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_dance_(Europe_and_North_America)" class="mw-redirect" title="Western dance (Europe and North America)">Dance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_education" title="Western education">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_esotericism" title="Western esotericism">Esotericism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Western_astrology" title="Western astrology">Astrology</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_folklore" title="European folklore">Folklore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immigration_to_the_Western_world" title="Immigration to the Western world">Immigration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_law" title="Western law">Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Europe" title="Languages of Europe">Languages</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eurolinguistics" title="Eurolinguistics">Eurolinguistics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Standard_Average_European" title="Standard Average European">Standard Average European</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_literature" title="Western literature">Literature</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Western_canon" title="Western canon">Canon</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_media" title="Western media">Media</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Internet" title="Internet">Internet</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music" title="Music">Music</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chant" title="Chant">Chant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classical_music" title="Classical music">Classical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_European_folk_music_traditions" title="List of European folk music traditions">Folk</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_mythology" class="mw-redirect" title="European mythology">Mythology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_painting" title="Western painting">Painting</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/20th-century_Western_painting" title="20th-century Western painting">contemporary</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_philosophy" title="Western philosophy">Philosophy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_science" title="Philosophy of science">Science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Values_(Western_philosophy)" title="Values (Western philosophy)">Values</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_physical_culture" title="Western physical culture">Physical culture</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Western_sports" title="Western sports">Sport</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_religions" title="Western religions">Religion</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/East%E2%80%93West_Schism" title="East–West Schism">East–West Schism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Christianity" title="Western Christianity">Western Christianity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decline_of_Christianity_in_the_Western_world" title="Decline of Christianity in the Western world">Decline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secularism" title="Secularism">Secularism</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Western_philosophy" title="Western philosophy">Philosophy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_philosophy" title="Ancient Greek philosophy">Ancient Greek philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hellenistic_philosophy" title="Hellenistic philosophy">Hellenistic philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Roman_philosophy" title="Ancient Roman philosophy">Ancient Roman philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_ethics" title="Christian ethics">Christian ethics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Christian_ethics" title="Judeo-Christian ethics">Judeo-Christian ethics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_philosophy" title="Christian philosophy">Christian philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scholasticism" title="Scholasticism">Scholasticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rationalism" title="Rationalism">Rationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empiricism" title="Empiricism">Empiricism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Existentialism" title="Existentialism">Existentialism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_existentialism" title="Christian existentialism">Christian existentialism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humanism" title="Humanism">Humanism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_humanism" title="Christian humanism">Christian humanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secular_humanism" title="Secular humanism">Secular humanism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism" title="Liberalism">Liberalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism" title="Conservatism">Conservatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialism" title="Socialism">Socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Continental_philosophy" title="Continental philosophy">Continental philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Analytic_philosophy" title="Analytic philosophy">Analytic philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-structuralism" title="Post-structuralism">Post-structuralism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toleration" title="Toleration">Tolerance</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Paradox_of_tolerance" title="Paradox of tolerance">Paradox</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Relativism" title="Relativism">Relativism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Peritrope" title="Peritrope">Peritrope</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atlanticism" title="Atlanticism">Atlanticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sovereigntism" title="Sovereigntism">Sovereigntism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_values" title="Western values">Values</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/European_values" title="European values">European</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Western_religions" title="Western religions">Religion</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abrahamic_religions" title="Abrahamic religions">Abrahamic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_culture" title="Christian culture">Culture</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Western_Christianity" title="Western Christianity">Western</a>/<a href="/wiki/Eastern_Christianity" title="Eastern Christianity">Eastern</a></li></ul></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Catholicism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Latin_Church" title="Latin Church">Latin Church</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodoxy" title="Eastern Orthodoxy">Eastern Orthodoxy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Greek_Orthodox_Church" title="Greek Orthodox Church">Greek Orthodox Church</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protestantism" title="Protestantism">Protestantism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judaism" title="Judaism">Judaism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_culture" title="Jewish culture">Culture</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paganism" title="Paganism">Paganism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baltic_mythology" title="Baltic mythology">Baltic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Celtic_religion" title="Ancient Celtic religion">Celtic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finnish_paganism" class="mw-redirect" title="Finnish paganism">Finnish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germanic_paganism" title="Germanic paganism">Germanic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Saxon_paganism" title="Anglo-Saxon paganism">Anglo-Saxon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frankish_mythology" class="mw-redirect" title="Frankish mythology">Frankish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_paganism" title="Gothic paganism">Gothic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Norse_religion" title="Old Norse religion">Old Norse</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hellenistic_religion" title="Hellenistic religion">Hellenistic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_ancient_Rome" title="Religion in ancient Rome">Roman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavic_paganism" title="Slavic paganism">Slavic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_paganism" title="Modern paganism">Neo</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agnosticism" title="Agnosticism">Agnosticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atheism" title="Atheism">Atheism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Western_law" title="Western law">Law</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Natural_law" title="Natural law">Natural law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rule_of_law" title="Rule of law">Rule of law</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Equality_before_the_law" title="Equality before the law">Equality before the law</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitutionalism" title="Constitutionalism">Constitutionalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights" title="Human rights">Human rights</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_life" title="Right to life">Life</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_thought" title="Freedom of thought">Thought</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_speech" title="Freedom of speech">Speech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_the_press" title="Freedom of the press">Press</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion" title="Freedom of religion">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_property" title="Right to property">Property</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democracy" title="Democracy">Democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_law" title="International law">International law</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Contemporary integration</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ABCANZ_Armies" title="ABCANZ Armies">ABCANZ Armies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assembly_of_European_Regions" title="Assembly of European Regions">AER</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Portuguese_Alliance" title="Anglo-Portuguese Alliance">Anglo-Portuguese Alliance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ANZUK" title="ANZUK">ANZUK</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ANZUS" title="ANZUS">ANZUS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arctic_Council" title="Arctic Council">Arctic Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AUKUS" title="AUKUS">AUKUS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AUSCANNZUKUS" title="AUSCANNZUKUS">AUSCANNZUKUS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baltic_Assembly" title="Baltic Assembly">Baltic Assembly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benelux" title="Benelux">Benelux</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British%E2%80%93Irish_Council" title="British–Irish Council">British–Irish Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organization_of_the_Black_Sea_Economic_Cooperation" title="Organization of the Black Sea Economic Cooperation">BSEC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bucharest_Nine" title="Bucharest Nine">Bucharest Nine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CANZUK" title="CANZUK">CANZUK</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_the_Baltic_Sea_States" title="Council of the Baltic Sea States">CBSS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_European_Free_Trade_Agreement" title="Central European Free Trade Agreement">CEFTA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Europe" title="Council of Europe">Council of Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Craiova_Group" title="Craiova Group">Craiova Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_European_Group" title="Eastern European Group">Eastern European Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Partnership" title="Eastern Partnership">Eastern Partnership</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Economic_Area" title="European Economic Area">EEA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Free_Trade_Association" title="European Free Trade Association">EFTA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Political_Community" title="European Political Community">EPC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Space_Agency" title="European Space Agency">ESA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">EU</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Union_Customs_Union" title="European Union Customs Union">EU Customs Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eurozone" title="Eurozone">Eurozone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EU%E2%80%93UK_Trade_and_Cooperation_Agreement" title="EU–UK Trade and Cooperation Agreement">EU–UK TCA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Five_Eyes" title="Five Eyes">Five Eyes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G7" title="G7">G7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lancaster_House_Treaties" title="Lancaster House Treaties">Lancaster House Treaties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lublin_Triangle" title="Lublin Triangle">Lublin Triangle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NATO" title="NATO">NATO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nordic_Council" title="Nordic Council">Nordic Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organization_of_American_States" title="Organization of American States">OAS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_Balkan" title="Open Balkan">Open Balkan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organization_for_Security_and_Co-operation_in_Europe" title="Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe">OSCE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacific_Islands_Forum" title="Pacific Islands Forum">Pacific Islands Forum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forum_for_the_Progress_and_Integration_of_South_America" title="Forum for the Progress and Integration of South America">PROSUR/PROSUL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inter-American_Treaty_of_Reciprocal_Assistance" title="Inter-American Treaty of Reciprocal Assistance">Rio Treaty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schengen_Area" title="Schengen Area">Schengen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Special_Relationship" title="Special Relationship">Special Relationship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three_Seas_Initiative" title="Three Seas Initiative">Three Seas Initiative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UKUSA_Agreement" title="UKUSA Agreement">UKUSA Agreement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States%E2%80%93Mexico%E2%80%93Canada_Agreement" title="United States–Mexico–Canada Agreement">USMCA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visegr%C3%A1d_Group" title="Visegrád Group">Visegrád Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Nordic_Council" title="West Nordic Council">West Nordic Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Bloc" title="Western Bloc">Western Bloc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_European_and_Others_Group" title="Western European and Others Group">Western European and Others Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Westernization" title="Westernization">Westernization</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" 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/></a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000121577632">ISNI</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/130782063">VIAF</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/531720/">FAST</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/2009545-4">Germany</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n79041716">United States</a><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85021043">2</a></li></ul></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb118691560">France</a><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb119345700">2</a></li></ul></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb118691560">BnF data</a><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb119345700">2</a></li></ul></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00537972">Japan</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.sbn.it/nome/CFIV009063">Italy</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an35026602">Australia</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=kn20010710145&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph311258&CON_LNG=ENG">2</a></li></ul></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX244723">Spain</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.bnportugal.gov.pt/aut/catbnp/920560">Portugal</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/90054429">Norway</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kopkatalogs.lv/F?func=direct&local_base=lnc10&doc_number=000045564&P_CON_LNG=ENG">Latvia</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://katalog.nsk.hr/F/?func=direct&doc_number=000038335&local_base=nsk10">Croatia</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://libris.kb.se/dbqsqmjx5sgkkmw">Sweden</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810575585705606">Poland</a></li><li><a class="external text" href="https://wikidata-externalid-url.toolforge.org/?p=8034&url_prefix=https://opac.vatlib.it/auth/detail/&id=494/20059">Vatican</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007294548605171">Israel</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cantic.bnc.cat/registre/981058511857506706">Catalonia</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Academics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA01157711?l=en">CiNii</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Artists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.getty.edu/vow/ULANFullDisplay?find=&role=&nation=&subjectid=500241849">ULAN</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/026445158">IdRef</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w6m07v80">SNAC</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://rism.online/institutions/51006400">RISM</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&useformat=desktop" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: 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Template:Cite_web"," 11.61% 527.452 61 Template:Cite_CCC/URL_lookup"," 7.95% 361.158 1 Template:Infobox_Christian_denomination"," 7.67% 348.421 1 Template:Infobox"," 5.11% 232.164 48 Template:ISBN"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"2.443","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":20361796,"limit":52428800},"limitreport-logs":"anchor_id_list = table#1 {\n [\"Autonomous_particular_churches\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFA._Lamport2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAgnew2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAmbrosino2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAyer1913\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFB_M._Leonard2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBaedeker2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBaumgartner2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBeal2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBerman1983\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBokenkotter2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBrockhaus2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBrown2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCahill1995\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCarroll1989\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCatholics_for_a_Choice1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChandraMartinez_G.M.Mosher_W.D.Abma_J.C.2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChryssidesWilkins2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCollinge2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCommittee_on_the_Diaconate\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCongregation_for_the_Doctrine_of_the_Faith2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFD\u0026#039;Agostino2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDavid_Willey2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDelany1913\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDella_Rocca1959\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDen_Heijer2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDiehlDonnelly2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDobszay2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDonadio2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDowbiggin2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDrew2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEakin2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEhrman2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFElwellComfort2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFanning1913\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFeduccia2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFelici1964\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFernández2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFeser2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFortescue1913\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGardnerLawtonCairns2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGeanakoplos1989\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHarlan2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHaynes2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHerbermann1913\"] = 3,\n [\"CITEREFIken2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJohn_Paul_II1981\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJohn_Paul_II1995\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJohn_Paul_II1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJohnston2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJoyce1913\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKertzer2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKevin_R._Yurkus2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKinkel2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKnight1994\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKuruvilla2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLapomarda2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLazowski2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMarshall1844\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMarty2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMaxwell-Stuart2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMay2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMichalopulos2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMiille2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMost\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNiebuhr1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFO\u0026#039;Neel2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOnline1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOpitz2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFParryDavid_Melling1999\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFPatriarch2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPaul_VI1964\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPaul_VI1968\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPelikan1985\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPelowski2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPentin2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPeter_and_Margaret_Hebblethwaite_and_Peter_Stanford2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPeters\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFPhillips2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPink2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPirenne1980\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPohle1913\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPope_Paul_VI1965\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPullella2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRachel_Zoll2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRichards2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRobinson2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRome\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRonald_G._Roberson\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSack2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSecond_Vatican_Council\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSmith-SparkMessia2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSoule\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStanford\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFThurston1908\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFToner1913\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTrabbic2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFUSCCB_Committee_on_Pro-Life_Activities\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVallely2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFValliere2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVan_Hove1913\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVarghese2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVerger1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWacks2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWalker1985\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWelle2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWilliam_Cardinal_Levada2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWilsonFischer2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWoods\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFYardleyGoodstein2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFYglesias2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFZieglera2012\"] = 1,\n [\"Celebration_of_the_sacraments\"] = 1,\n [\"Doctrine_of_the_sacraments\"] = 1,\n [\"Organization_and_demographics\"] = 2,\n [\"Particular_churches_sui_iuris\"] = 1,\n [\"Roman_Rite_of_Mass\"] = 1,\n [\"Sacrament_of_marriage\"] = 1,\n [\"Sex_and_contraception\"] = 1,\n [\"Social,_environmental_and_cultural_issues\"] = 1,\n [\"Social_and_cultural_issues\"] = 1,\n [\"Women_and_clergy\"] = 1,\n [\"chastity_and_marriage\"] = 1,\n [\"contraception\"] = 1,\n}\ntemplate_list = table#1 {\n [\"!\"] = 1,\n [\"ASIN\"] = 1,\n [\"Anchor\"] = 9,\n [\"As of\"] = 4,\n [\"Authority control\"] = 1,\n [\"Bar box\"] = 1,\n [\"Bar percent\"] = 5,\n [\"Bibleverse\"] = 2,\n [\"Bibleverse-nb\"] = 1,\n [\"Blockquote\"] = 4,\n [\"CathEncy\"] = 2,\n [\"Catholic Church footer\"] = 1,\n [\"Catholic Church sidebar\"] = 1,\n [\"Catholic mariology sidebar\"] = 1,\n [\"Catholicism map\"] = 1,\n [\"Christianity\"] = 1,\n [\"Christianity footer\"] = 1,\n [\"Circa\"] = 8,\n [\"Citation\"] = 2,\n [\"Cite CCC\"] = 61,\n [\"Cite CE1913\"] = 5,\n [\"Cite Catholic Encyclopedia\"] = 3,\n [\"Cite book\"] = 44,\n [\"Cite encyclopedia\"] = 3,\n [\"Cite journal\"] = 8,\n [\"Cite news\"] = 29,\n [\"Cite periodical\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite press release\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite web\"] = 142,\n [\"Clear\"] = 3,\n [\"Dead link\"] = 2,\n [\"Div col\"] = 1,\n [\"Div col end\"] = 1,\n [\"Doi\"] = 2,\n [\"For timeline\"] = 1,\n [\"Further\"] = 7,\n [\"Good article\"] = 1,\n [\"Googlebooks\"] = 11,\n [\"Harvnb\"] = 1,\n [\"History of the Catholic Church\"] = 1,\n [\"ISBN\"] = 48,\n [\"Incumbent pope\"] = 1,\n [\"Infobox Christian denomination\"] = 1,\n [\"Lang\"] = 4,\n [\"Langx\"] = 6,\n [\"Main\"] = 38,\n [\"Major Sui Iuris Catholic Churches\"] = 1,\n [\"Modern persecutions of the Catholic Church\"] = 1,\n [\"Multiple image\"] = 1,\n [\"Navboxes bottom\"] = 1,\n [\"Navboxes top\"] = 1,\n [\"Notelist\"] = 1,\n [\"Particular churches sui iuris footer\"] = 1,\n [\"Plainlist\"] = 3,\n [\"Popes\"] = 1,\n [\"Pp\"] = 1,\n [\"Redirect-several\"] = 1,\n [\"Refbegin\"] = 1,\n [\"Refend\"] = 1,\n [\"Reflist\"] = 1,\n [\"Refn\"] = 13,\n [\"Religion topics\"] = 1,\n [\"Roman Rite of Mass\"] = 1,\n [\"SSRN\"] = 2,\n [\"See also\"] = 4,\n [\"Seven Sacraments\"] = 1,\n [\"Sfn\"] = 18,\n [\"Short description\"] = 1,\n [\"Sister project links\"] = 1,\n [\"Spoken Wikipedia\"] = 1,\n [\"TOC limit\"] = 1,\n [\"URL\"] = 2,\n [\"Ubl\"] = 1,\n [\"Use Oxford spelling\"] = 1,\n [\"Use dmy dates\"] = 1,\n [\"Webarchive\"] = 25,\n [\"Western culture\"] = 1,\n [\"Who\"] = 1,\n [\"YouTube\"] = 1,\n}\narticle_whitelist = table#1 {\n}\nciteref_patterns = table#1 {\n}\ntable#1 {\n [\"size\"] = \"tiny\",\n}\ntable#1 {\n}\ntable#1 {\n [\"size\"] = \"tiny\",\n}\ntable#1 {\n [\"size\"] = \"tiny\",\n}\ntable#1 {\n [\"size\"] = \"tiny\",\n}\ntable#1 {\n [\"size\"] = \"tiny\",\n}\ntable#1 {\n [\"size\"] = \"tiny\",\n}\ntable#1 {\n [\"size\"] = \"tiny\",\n}\ntable#1 {\n [\"size\"] = \"tiny\",\n}\ntable#1 {\n [\"size\"] = \"tiny\",\n}\ntable#1 {\n [\"size\"] = \"tiny\",\n}\ntable#1 {\n [\"size\"] = \"tiny\",\n}\ntable#1 {\n [\"size\"] = \"tiny\",\n}\ntable#1 {\n [\"size\"] = \"tiny\",\n}\n","limitreport-profile":[["?","1140","35.8"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::callParserFunction","260","8.2"],["dataWrapper \u003Cmw.lua:672\u003E","240","7.5"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::getExpandedArgument","240","7.5"],["recursiveClone \u003CmwInit.lua:45\u003E","140","4.4"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::sub","100","3.1"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::gsub","100","3.1"],["type","100","3.1"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::getEntityStatements","60","1.9"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::getAllExpandedArguments","60","1.9"],["[others]","740","23.3"]]},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.codfw.main-6fb798d4f9-fzcxj","timestamp":"20241202065442","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Catholic Church","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Catholic_Church","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q9592","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q9592","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2004-04-19T22:37:26Z","dateModified":"2024-12-02T04:20:19Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/0\/0e\/Saint_Peter%27s_Basilica_facade%2C_Rome%2C_Italy.jpg","headline":"largest Christian Church, made up of 24 autonomous Churches in communion with the Pope"}</script> </body> </html>