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class="vector-toc-link" href="#Election"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.2</span> <span>Election</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Election-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Eastern_patriarchs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Eastern_patriarchs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Eastern patriarchs</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Eastern_patriarchs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Major_archbishops" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Major_archbishops"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Major archbishops</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Major_archbishops-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Latin_patriarchs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Latin_patriarchs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Latin patriarchs</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Latin_patriarchs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cardinals" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cardinals"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>Cardinals</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cardinals-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Primates" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Primates"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.6</span> <span>Primates</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Primates-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Metropolitan_bishops" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Metropolitan_bishops"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.7</span> <span>Metropolitan bishops</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Metropolitan_bishops-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Archbishops" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Archbishops"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.8</span> <span>Archbishops</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Archbishops-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Diocesan_bishops" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Diocesan_bishops"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.9</span> <span>Diocesan bishops</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Diocesan_bishops-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Equivalents_of_diocesan_bishops_in_law" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Equivalents_of_diocesan_bishops_in_law"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.9.1</span> <span>Equivalents of diocesan bishops in law</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Equivalents_of_diocesan_bishops_in_law-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_bishops" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_bishops"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.10</span> <span>Other bishops</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_bishops-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ordinaries_and_local_ordinaries" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ordinaries_and_local_ordinaries"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Ordinaries and local ordinaries</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ordinaries_and_local_ordinaries-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Presbyterate" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Presbyterate"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Presbyterate</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Presbyterate-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Presbyterate subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Presbyterate-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-In_general" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_general"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>In general</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_general-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Priests_in_service_outside_their_diocese" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Priests_in_service_outside_their_diocese"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Priests in service outside their diocese</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Priests_in_service_outside_their_diocese-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Positions_within_a_diocese_at_diocesan_level" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Positions_within_a_diocese_at_diocesan_level"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Positions within a diocese at diocesan level</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Positions_within_a_diocese_at_diocesan_level-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Vicars_forane_or_deans" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vicars_forane_or_deans"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>Vicars forane or deans</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vicars_forane_or_deans-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Parish_priest/pastor" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Parish_priest/pastor"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.5</span> <span>Parish priest/pastor</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Parish_priest/pastor-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Assistant_priests/parochial_vicars" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Assistant_priests/parochial_vicars"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.6</span> <span>Assistant priests/parochial vicars</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Assistant_priests/parochial_vicars-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Honorary_titles" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Honorary_titles"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.7</span> <span>Honorary titles</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Honorary_titles-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Diaconate" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Diaconate"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Diaconate</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Diaconate-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Laity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Laity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Laity</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Laity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Religious" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religious"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Religious</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Religious-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Hierarchy of the Catholic Church</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 22 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-22" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">22 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%84_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%87%D8%B1%D9%85%D9%8A_%D9%84%D9%84%D9%83%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%B3%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%83%D8%A7%D8%AB%D9%88%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%83%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="التسلسل الهرمي للكنيسة الكاثوليكية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="التسلسل الهرمي للكنيسة الكاثوليكية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%99%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%85%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0_%D1%86%D1%8A%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Йерархия на Католическата църква – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Йерархия на Католическата църква" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jerarquia_de_l%27Esgl%C3%A9sia_Cat%C3%B2lica" title="Jerarquia de l'Església Catòlica – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Jerarquia de l'Església Catòlica" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hierarchie_katolick%C3%A9_c%C3%ADrkve" title="Hierarchie katolické církve – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Hierarchie katolické církve" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jerarqu%C3%ADa_de_la_Iglesia_cat%C3%B3lica" title="Jerarquía de la Iglesia católica – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Jerarquía de la Iglesia católica" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hi%C3%A9rarchie_dans_l%27%C3%89glise_catholique" title="Hiérarchie dans l'Église catholique – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Hiérarchie dans l'Église catholique" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%A1%9C%EB%A7%88_%EA%B0%80%ED%86%A8%EB%A6%AD%EA%B5%90%ED%9A%8C%EC%9D%98_%EA%B5%90%EA%B3%84%EC%A0%9C%EB%8F%84" title="로마 가톨릭교회의 교계제도 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="로마 가톨릭교회의 교계제도" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hijerarhija_Katoli%C4%8Dke_Crkve" title="Hijerarhija Katoličke Crkve – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Hijerarhija Katoličke Crkve" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hierarki_Gereja_Katolik" title="Hierarki Gereja Katolik – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Hierarki Gereja Katolik" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerarchia_cattolica" title="Gerarchia cattolica – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Gerarchia cattolica" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kato%C4%BCu_bazn%C4%ABcas_hierarhija" title="Katoļu baznīcas hierarhija – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Katoļu baznīcas hierarhija" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hierarki_Gereja_Katolik" title="Hierarki Gereja Katolik – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Hierarki Gereja Katolik" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hi%C3%ABrarchie_van_de_Rooms-Katholieke_Kerk" title="Hiërarchie van de Rooms-Katholieke Kerk – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Hiërarchie van de Rooms-Katholieke Kerk" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Den_katolske_kirkens_hierarki" title="Den katolske kirkens hierarki – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Den katolske kirkens hierarki" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hierarchia_ko%C5%9Bcielna" title="Hierarchia kościelna – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Hierarchia kościelna" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hierarquia_cat%C3%B3lica" title="Hierarquia católica – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Hierarquia católica" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A6%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B5_%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D0%B8_%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B6%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8_%D0%B2_%D0%A0%D0%B8%D0%BC%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE-%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D1%86%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%B2%D0%B8" title="Церковные степени и должности в Римско-католической церкви – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Церковные степени и должности в Римско-католической церкви" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hierarchia_katol%C3%ADckej_cirkvi" title="Hierarchia katolíckej cirkvi – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Hierarchia katolíckej cirkvi" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katolik_Kilisesi_Hiyerar%C5%9Fisi" title="Katolik Kilisesi Hiyerarşisi – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Katolik Kilisesi Hiyerarşisi" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%86%D1%94%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%85%D1%96%D1%8F_%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%86%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%97_%D0%A6%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%B2%D0%B8" title="Ієрархія Католицької Церкви – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Ієрархія Католицької Церкви" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ph%E1%BA%A9m_tr%E1%BA%ADt_trong_Gi%C3%A1o_h%E1%BB%99i_C%C3%B4ng_gi%C3%A1o_R%C3%B4ma" title="Phẩm trật trong Giáo hội Công giáo Rôma – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Phẩm trật trong Giáo hội Công giáo Rôma" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A4%A9%E4%B8%BB%E6%95%99%E4%BC%9A%E5%9C%A3%E7%BB%9F%E5%88%B6" title="天主教会圣统制 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="天主教会圣统制" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a 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<div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Clerical Structure of the Catholic Church</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Catholic Hierarchy" redirects here. 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screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks hlist"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-top-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Emblem_of_the_Papacy_SE.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Emblem_of_the_Papacy_SE.svg/25px-Emblem_of_the_Papacy_SE.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="34" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Emblem_of_the_Papacy_SE.svg/38px-Emblem_of_the_Papacy_SE.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Emblem_of_the_Papacy_SE.svg/50px-Emblem_of_the_Papacy_SE.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="815" data-file-height="1105" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle-with-top-image">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Catholic_ecclesiastical_titles" title="Category:Catholic ecclesiastical titles">a series</a> on the</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Hierarchy of the<br />Catholic Church</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Gesupietrochiave.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Saint Peter" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Gesupietrochiave.jpg/150px-Gesupietrochiave.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="144" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Gesupietrochiave.jpg/225px-Gesupietrochiave.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Gesupietrochiave.jpg/300px-Gesupietrochiave.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1152" data-file-height="1103" /></a></span><div class="sidebar-caption"><a href="/wiki/Saint_Peter" title="Saint Peter">Saint Peter</a></div></td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background-color:gold"> <a href="/wiki/Category:Catholic_ecclesiastical_titles" title="Category:Catholic ecclesiastical titles">Ecclesiastical titles</a> (<a href="/wiki/Order_of_precedence_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Order of precedence in the Catholic Church">order of precedence</a>)</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pope" title="Pope">Pope</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Emeritus" class="mw-redirect" title="Pope Emeritus">Pope Emeritus</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cardinal_(Catholic_Church)" title="Cardinal (Catholic Church)">Cardinal</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cardinal_Vicar" title="Cardinal Vicar">Cardinal Vicar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crown-cardinal" title="Crown-cardinal">Crown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_of_the_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Prince of the Church">Prince</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cardinal_protector" title="Cardinal protector">Protector</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moderator_of_the_curia" title="Moderator of the curia">Moderator of the curia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chaplain_of_His_Holiness" title="Chaplain of His Holiness">Chaplain of His Holiness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papal_legate" title="Papal legate">Papal legate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papal_majordomo" title="Papal majordomo">Papal majordomo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuncio" title="Nuncio">Apostolic nuncio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuncio" title="Nuncio">Apostolic delegate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apostolic_Syndic" title="Apostolic Syndic">Apostolic Syndic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apostolic_visitor" title="Apostolic visitor">Apostolic visitor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apostolic_vicariate" title="Apostolic vicariate">Vicar apostolic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exarch#Modern_Eastern_Catholic_churches" title="Exarch">Apostolic exarch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apostolic_prefecture" title="Apostolic prefecture">Apostolic prefect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assistant_to_the_papal_throne" title="Assistant to the papal throne">Assistant to the papal throne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eparchy#Church_hierarchy" title="Eparchy">Eparch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_bishop" title="Metropolitan bishop">Metropolitan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patriarch#Catholic_Church" title="Patriarch">Patriarch</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catholicos" title="Catholicos">Catholicos</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bishops_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Bishops in the Catholic Church">Bishop</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Archbishop" title="Archbishop">Archbishop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bishops_in_the_Catholic_Church#Emeritus" title="Bishops in the Catholic Church">Bishop emeritus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diocesan_bishop" title="Diocesan bishop">Diocesan bishop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Major_archbishop" title="Major archbishop">Major archbishop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Primate_(bishop)" title="Primate (bishop)">Primate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suffragan_bishop" title="Suffragan bishop">Suffragan bishop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Titular_bishop" title="Titular bishop">Titular bishop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coadjutor_bishop" title="Coadjutor bishop">Coadjutor bishop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Auxiliary_bishop" title="Auxiliary bishop">Auxiliary bishop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prelate" title="Prelate">Prelate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Provost_(religion)" title="Provost (religion)">Provost</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pontiff" title="Pontiff">Pontiff</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Territorial_prelate" title="Territorial prelate">Territorial prelate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Territorial_abbey" title="Territorial abbey">Territorial abbot</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Liturgical titles</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acolyte" title="Acolyte">Acolyte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consecrator" title="Consecrator">Consecrator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reader_(liturgy)#CatholicLector" title="Reader (liturgy)">Lector</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subdeacon" title="Subdeacon">Subdeacon</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Administrative and pastoral titles</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Auditor_(ecclesiastical)" title="Auditor (ecclesiastical)">Auditor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_brother#Catholicism" title="Religious brother">Brother</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chancellor_(ecclesiastical)" title="Chancellor (ecclesiastical)">Chancellor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chaplain" title="Chaplain">Chaplain</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Military_chaplain#Roman_Catholic_Church" title="Military chaplain">Military chaplain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_ordinariate" title="Military ordinariate">Military ordinary</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coarb" title="Coarb">Coarb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confessor#Confession_of_sins" title="Confessor">Confessor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consultor" title="Consultor">Consultor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Curate#Roman_Catholicism" title="Curate">Curate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deacon" title="Deacon">Deacon</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Archdeacon" title="Archdeacon">Archdeacon</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Defender_of_the_bond" title="Defender of the bond">Defender of the bond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Definitor" title="Definitor">Definitor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Devil%27s_advocate" title="Devil's advocate">Devil's advocate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diocesan_administrator" title="Diocesan administrator">Diocesan administrator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecclesiastical_judge" title="Ecclesiastical judge">Ecclesiastical judge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exorcist#Catholicism" title="Exorcist">Exorcist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_laity" title="Catholic laity">Laity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lay_abbot" title="Lay abbot">Lay abbot</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abthain" title="Abthain">Abthain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commendatory_abbot" title="Commendatory abbot">Commendatory</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lay_cardinal" title="Lay cardinal">Lay cardinal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minister_(Catholic_Church)" title="Minister (Catholic Church)">Minister</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Major_orders" title="Major orders">Major orders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minor_orders" title="Minor orders">Minor orders</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Missionary" title="Missionary">Missionary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monsignor" title="Monsignor">Monsignor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Official#Ecclesiastical_judiciary" title="Official">Officialis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ostiarius" title="Ostiarius">Ostiarius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pastor" title="Pastor">Pastor</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Assistant_pastor" class="mw-redirect" title="Assistant pastor">Assistant pastor</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palatinus_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Palatinus in the Catholic Church">Palatinus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Personal_prelature" title="Personal prelature">Personal prelate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Preacher" title="Preacher">Preacher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prefect#Ecclesiastical" title="Prefect">Prefect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presbyter" title="Presbyter">Presbyter</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Elder_(Christianity)#Roman_Catholic_Church" title="Elder (Christianity)">Elder</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Priesthood_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Priesthood in the Catholic Church">Priest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principal_(Catholic_Church)" title="Principal (Catholic Church)">Principal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protonotary_apostolic" title="Protonotary apostolic">Protonotary apostolic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Reverend" title="The Reverend">Reverend</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint#Catholic_Church" title="Saint">Saint</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Servant_of_God" title="Servant of God">Servant of God</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beatification" title="Beatification">Blessed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Venerable" title="The Venerable">Venerable</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seminary" title="Seminary">Seminarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vicar" title="Vicar">Vicar</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Judicial_vicar" title="Judicial vicar">Judicial vicar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vicar_general" title="Vicar general">Vicar general</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dean_(Christianity)" title="Dean (Christianity)">Vicar forane</a> <ul><li>Sub-dean</li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Consecrated and professed titles</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abbess" title="Abbess">Abbess</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abbot" title="Abbot">Abbot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consecrated_virgin" title="Consecrated virgin">Consecrated virgin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corrector#Ecclesiastic_(Catholic)_titles" title="Corrector">Corrector</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Custos_(Franciscans)" title="Custos (Franciscans)">Custos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friar" title="Friar">Friar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dean_(Christianity)#Roman_Catholic_Church" title="Dean (Christianity)">Dean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_master_(order)" title="Grand master (order)">Grand master</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermit" title="Hermit">Hermit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Novice_master" title="Novice master">Master of novices</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monk" title="Monk">Monk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Novice#Roman_Catholicism" title="Novice">Novice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nun" title="Nun">Nun</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Postulant" title="Postulant">Postulant</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prior_(ecclesiastical)" title="Prior (ecclesiastical)">Prior</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Provincial_superior" title="Provincial superior">Provincial superior</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rector_(ecclesiastical)" title="Rector (ecclesiastical)">Rector</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_(Western_Christianity)" title="Religious (Western Christianity)">Religious</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Superior_general_(Christianity)" title="Superior general (Christianity)">Superior general</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Additional titles</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dicastery_for_the_Service_of_Charity" title="Dicastery for the Service of Charity">Almoner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Altar_server" title="Altar server">Altar server</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archimandrite" title="Archimandrite">Archimandrite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archpriest" title="Archpriest">Archpriest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archdeacon" title="Archdeacon">Archdeacon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canon_(title)" title="Canon (title)">Canon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Captain_General_of_the_Church" title="Captain General of the Church">Captain General of the Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chorbishop" title="Chorbishop">Chorbishop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coarb" title="Coarb">Coarb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commissary_Apostolic" title="Commissary Apostolic">Commissary Apostolic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conclavist" title="Conclavist">Conclavist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Custos_(under-sacristan)" title="Custos (under-sacristan)">Custos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apostolic_Dataria" title="Apostolic Dataria">Datarius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gonfalonier_of_the_Church" title="Gonfalonier of the Church">Gonfalonier of the Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prelate_of_Honour_of_His_Holiness" title="Prelate of Honour of His Holiness">Honorary Prelate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minor_canon" title="Minor canon">Minor canon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Notarius" title="Notarius">Notarius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ostiarius" title="Ostiarius">Ostiarius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peritus" title="Peritus">Peritus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postulator" title="Postulator">Postulator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prebendary" title="Prebendary">Prebendary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Precentor" title="Precentor">Precentor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince-bishop" title="Prince-bishop">Prince-bishop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince-abbot" title="Prince-abbot">Prince-abbot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince-primate" title="Prince-primate">Prince-primate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince-provost" title="Prince-provost">Prince-provost</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Devil%27s_advocate" title="Devil's advocate">Promotor Fidei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protopriest" title="Protopriest">Protopriest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protodeacon#Roman_rite" title="Protodeacon">Protodeacon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protosyncellus" title="Protosyncellus">Protosyncellus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regionarius" title="Regionarius">Regionarius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacristan" title="Sacristan">Sacristan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sidewalk_counseling" title="Sidewalk counseling">Sidewalk Counselor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_usher" title="Church usher">Usher</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Associations and Organization titles</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Third_Orders" class="mw-redirect" title="Third Orders">Third Orders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oblates" class="mw-redirect" title="Oblates">Oblates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confraternities" class="mw-redirect" 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rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks plainlist"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-top-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Emblem_of_the_Papacy_SE.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Emblem_of_the_Papacy_SE.svg/25px-Emblem_of_the_Papacy_SE.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="34" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Emblem_of_the_Papacy_SE.svg/38px-Emblem_of_the_Papacy_SE.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Emblem_of_the_Papacy_SE.svg/50px-Emblem_of_the_Papacy_SE.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="815" data-file-height="1105" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle-with-top-image">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Catholic_Church" title="Category:Catholic Church">a series</a> on the</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle"><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic Church</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span class="mw-default-size mw-image-border notpageimage" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Saint_Peter%27s_Basilica_facade,_Rome,_Italy.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="St. Peter's Basilica" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Saint_Peter%27s_Basilica_facade%2C_Rome%2C_Italy.jpg/220px-Saint_Peter%27s_Basilica_facade%2C_Rome%2C_Italy.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Saint_Peter%27s_Basilica_facade%2C_Rome%2C_Italy.jpg/330px-Saint_Peter%27s_Basilica_facade%2C_Rome%2C_Italy.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Saint_Peter%27s_Basilica_facade%2C_Rome%2C_Italy.jpg/440px-Saint_Peter%27s_Basilica_facade%2C_Rome%2C_Italy.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4470" data-file-height="2975" /></a></span><div class="sidebar-caption"><a href="/wiki/St._Peter%27s_Basilica" title="St. Peter's Basilica">St. Peter's Basilica</a>, Vatican City</div></td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background-color:gold"> <a href="/wiki/Outline_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="Outline of the Catholic Church">Overview</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Pope" title="Pope">Pope</a>: <a href="/wiki/Pope_Francis" title="Pope Francis">Francis</a></span></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Hierarchy</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="History of the Catholic Church">History</a> (<a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="Timeline of the Catholic Church">timeline</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_theology" title="Catholic theology">Theology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_liturgy" title="Catholic liturgy">Liturgy</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sacraments_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="Sacraments of the Catholic Church">Sacraments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Mariology" title="Catholic Mariology">Mary</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Background</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jesus_in_Christianity" title="Jesus in Christianity">Jesus</a> <a href="/wiki/Christ_(title)" title="Christ (title)">Christ</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Crucifixion_of_Jesus" title="Crucifixion of Jesus">Crucifixion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resurrection_of_Jesus" title="Resurrection of Jesus">Resurrection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ascension_of_Jesus" title="Ascension of Jesus">Ascension</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_Christianity" title="Early Christianity">Early Christianity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Peter" title="Saint Peter">Peter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_the_Apostle" title="Paul the Apostle">Paul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_Fathers" title="Church Fathers">Fathers</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="History of the Catholic Church">History of the Catholic Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_papacy" title="History of the papacy">History of the papacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecumenical_council" title="Ecumenical council">Ecumenical councils</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magisterium" title="Magisterium">Magisterium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Four_Marks_of_the_Church" title="Four Marks of the Church">Four Marks of the Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/One_true_church" title="One true church">One true church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apostolic_succession" title="Apostolic succession">Apostolic succession</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Organisation</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Holy_See" title="Holy See">Holy See</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Curia" title="Roman Curia">Roman Curia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/College_of_Cardinals" title="College of Cardinals">College of Cardinals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_ecumenical_councils" title="Catholic ecumenical councils">Ecumenical councils</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Episcopal_polity" title="Episcopal polity">Episcopal polity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latin_Church" title="Latin Church">Latin Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Catholic_Churches" title="Eastern Catholic Churches">Eastern Churches</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canon_law_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="Canon law of the Catholic Church">Canon law</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_theology" title="Catholic theology">Theologies</a></li><li>Doctrine</li></ul></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base, #202122 ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="padding-bottom:0;"> <p><a href="/wiki/God_in_Christianity" title="God in Christianity">God</a> </p> <ul><li class="mw-empty-elt"></li></ul></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="padding-top:0;"> <li><a href="/wiki/Trinity" title="Trinity">Trinity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/God_the_Father" title="God the Father">Father</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/God_the_Son" title="God the Son">Son</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_Spirit_in_Christianity" title="Holy Spirit in Christianity">Holy Ghost</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consubstantiality" title="Consubstantiality">Consubstantialitas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Filioque" title="Filioque">Filioque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divinum_illud_munus" title="Divinum illud munus">Divinum illud munus</a></li></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="padding-bottom:0;"> <a href="/wiki/Divine_law" title="Divine law">Divine law</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="padding-top:0;"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Ten_Commandments_in_Catholic_theology" title="Ten Commandments in Catholic theology">Decalogus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Papal_infallibility" title="Papal infallibility">Ex Cathedra</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Divinization_(Christian)" title="Divinization (Christian)">Deificatio</a></i></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="padding-bottom:0;"> <a href="/wiki/Churches_Militant,_Penitent,_and_Triumphant" title="Churches Militant, Penitent, and Triumphant">Realms beyond the States of the Church</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="padding-top:0;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Heaven_in_Christianity" title="Heaven in Christianity">Heaven</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Purgatory" title="Purgatory">Purgatory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Limbo" title="Limbo">Limbo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hell_in_Christianity#Roman_Catholicism" title="Hell in Christianity">Hell</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="padding-bottom:0;"> <a href="/wiki/Paschal_mystery" title="Paschal mystery">Paschal mystery</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="padding-top:0;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Passion_of_Jesus" title="Passion of Jesus">Passion of Jesus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crucifixion_of_Jesus" title="Crucifixion of Jesus">Crucifixion of Jesus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harrowing_of_Hell" title="Harrowing of Hell">Harrowing of Hell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resurrection_of_Jesus" title="Resurrection of Jesus">Resurrection of Jesus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ascension_of_Jesus" title="Ascension of Jesus">Ascension of Jesus</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="padding-bottom:0;"> <a href="/wiki/Mary,_mother_of_Jesus" title="Mary, mother of Jesus">Blessed Virgin Mary</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="padding-top:0;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Mariology" title="Catholic Mariology">Mariology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Veneration_of_Mary_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Veneration of Mary in the Catholic Church">Veneration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immaculate_Conception" title="Immaculate Conception">Immaculate Conception</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theotokos" title="Theotokos">Mater Dei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perpetual_virginity_of_Mary" title="Perpetual virginity of Mary">Perpetual virginity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assumption_of_Mary" title="Assumption of Mary">Assumption</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dormition_of_the_Mother_of_God" title="Dormition of the Mother of God">Dormition</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Titles_of_Mary" class="mw-redirect" title="Titles of Mary">Titles</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Queen_of_Heaven" title="Queen of Heaven">Queen</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marian_apparition" title="Marian apparition">Apparition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mediatrix" title="Mediatrix">Mediatrix</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="padding-bottom:0;"> <a href="/wiki/Salvation_in_Christianity" title="Salvation in Christianity">Salvation</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="padding-top:0;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baptism_of_desire" title="Baptism of desire">Baptism of desire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baptism_of_blood" title="Baptism of blood">Baptism of blood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grace_in_Christianity" title="Grace in Christianity">Divine grace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extra_Ecclesiam_nulla_salus" title="Extra Ecclesiam nulla salus">Outside the Church there is no salvation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infused_righteousness" title="Infused righteousness">Infused righteousness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Invincible_ignorance_(Catholic_theology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Invincible ignorance (Catholic theology)">Invincible ignorance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Justification_(theology)" title="Justification (theology)">Justification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Means_of_grace" title="Means of grace">Means of grace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merit_(Christianity)" title="Merit (Christianity)">Merit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mortal_sin" title="Mortal sin">Mortal sin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satisfaction_theory_of_atonement" title="Satisfaction theory of atonement">Satisfaction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moral_influence_theory_of_atonement" title="Moral influence theory of atonement">Moral influence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanctification_in_Christianity" title="Sanctification in Christianity">Sanctification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Synergism" title="Synergism">Synergism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venial_sin" title="Venial sin">Venial sin</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="padding-bottom:0;"> <a href="/wiki/Catholic_ecclesiology" title="Catholic ecclesiology">Ecclesiology</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="padding-top:0;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/College_of_Bishops" title="College of Bishops">College of Bishops</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deposit_of_faith" title="Deposit of faith">Deposit of faith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infallibility_of_the_Church" title="Infallibility of the Church">Infallibility of the Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mystici_corporis_Christi" class="mw-redirect" title="Mystici corporis Christi">Mystical Body of Christ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papal_primacy" title="Papal primacy">Papal primacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People_of_God" title="People of God">People of God</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communitas_perfecta" title="Communitas perfecta">Perfect community</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Subsistit_in" title="Subsistit in">Subsistit in</a></i></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="padding-bottom:0;"> <a href="/wiki/Catechism_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="Catechism of the Catholic Church">Other teachings</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="padding-top:0;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Josephology" title="Josephology">Josephology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_moral_theology" title="Catholic moral theology">Morality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_theology_of_the_body" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholic theology of the body">Body</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Theology_of_the_Body" title="Theology of the Body">Lectures</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_theology_of_sexuality" title="Catholic theology of sexuality">Sexuality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_apologetics" title="Christian apologetics">Apologetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amillennialism" title="Amillennialism">Amillennialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Original_sin" title="Original sin">Original sin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypostatic_union" title="Hypostatic union">Hypostatic union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Predestination#Catholicism" title="Predestination">Predestination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seven_deadly_sins" title="Seven deadly sins">Seven deadly sins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beatific_vision" title="Beatific vision">Beatific vision</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint" title="Saint">Saints</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dogma_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Dogma in the Catholic Church">Dogma</a></li></ul></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Religious_text" title="Religious text">Texts</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bible" title="Bible">Bible</a></li></ul> <ul><li><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Old_Testament" title="Old Testament">Old Testament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Testament" title="New Testament">New Testament</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li>Official Bible</li></ul> <ul><li><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vulgate" title="Vulgate">Vulgate</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sixtine_Vulgate" title="Sixtine Vulgate">Sixtine Vulgate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sixto-Clementine_Vulgate" title="Sixto-Clementine Vulgate">Sixto-Clementine Vulgate</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Nova_Vulgata" title="Nova Vulgata">Nova Vulgata</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peshitta" title="Peshitta">Peshitta</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apostles%27_Creed" title="Apostles' Creed">Apostles' Creed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicene_Creed" title="Nicene Creed">Nicene Creed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Athanasian_Creed" title="Athanasian Creed">Athanasian Creed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catechism_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="Catechism of the Catholic Church">Catechism of the Catholic Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papal_bull" title="Papal bull">Papal bull</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apostolic_exhortation" title="Apostolic exhortation">Apostolic exhortation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Encyclical" title="Encyclical">Epistula Encyclica</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Philosophy</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cardinal_Virtues" class="mw-redirect" title="Cardinal Virtues">Cardinal Virtues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Just_war_theory#Catholic_doctrine" title="Just war theory">Just war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_law" title="Natural law">Natural law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_moral_theology" title="Catholic moral theology">Catholic ethics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Personalism#Catholic_personalism" title="Personalism">Personalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_probabilism" title="Catholic probabilism">Probabilism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_social_teaching" title="Catholic social teaching">Social teaching</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy,_theology,_and_fundamental_theory_of_Catholic_canon_law" title="Philosophy, theology, and fundamental theory of Catholic canon law">Philosophy of canon law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Catholic_philosophers_and_theologians" title="List of Catholic philosophers and theologians">Philosophers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virtue_ethics" title="Virtue ethics">Virtue ethics</a></li></ul> <p><br /> Schools </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Augustinianism" title="Augustinianism">Augustinianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scholasticism" title="Scholasticism">Scholasticism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thomism" title="Thomism">Thomism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scotism" title="Scotism">Scotism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occamism" title="Occamism">Occamism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_humanism" title="Christian humanism">Christian humanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molinism" title="Molinism">Molinism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-scholasticism" title="Neo-scholasticism">Neo-scholasticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditionalist_Catholicism" title="Traditionalist Catholicism">Traditionalist Catholicism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sedevacantism" title="Sedevacantism">Sedevacantism</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Worship</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_liturgy" title="Catholic liturgy">Liturgy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Catholic_liturgy" title="Eastern Catholic liturgy">Eastern Catholic liturgy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Mass in the Catholic Church">Mass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divine_Liturgy" title="Divine Liturgy">Divine Liturgy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_Qurbana" title="Holy Qurbana">Holy Qurbana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_Qurbono" class="mw-redirect" title="Holy Qurbono">Holy Qurbono</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liturgy_of_the_Hours" title="Liturgy of the Hours">Liturgy of the Hours</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liturgical_year" title="Liturgical year">Liturgical year</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sacraments_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="Sacraments of the Catholic Church">Sacraments</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baptism" title="Baptism">Baptism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacrament_of_Penance" title="Sacrament of Penance">Penance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eucharist_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Eucharist in the Catholic Church">Eucharist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confirmation_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Confirmation in the Catholic Church">Confirmation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anointing_of_the_Sick_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Anointing of the Sick in the Catholic Church">Anointing of the Sick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marriage_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Marriage in the Catholic Church">Matrimony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_orders_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Holy orders in the Catholic Church">Holy orders</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prayer_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Prayer in the Catholic Church">Prayer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_devotions" title="Catholic devotions">Devotions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Bible" title="Catholic Bible">Bible</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_canon" title="Biblical canon">Biblical canon</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Catholic_particular_churches_and_liturgical_rites" title="Catholic particular churches and liturgical rites">Rites</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Latin_liturgical_rites" title="Latin liturgical rites">Latin liturgy</a>:</li></ul> </div><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Rite" title="Roman Rite">Roman</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mass_of_Paul_VI" title="Mass of Paul VI">Post-Vatican II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tridentine_Mass" title="Tridentine Mass">Tridentine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Use_of_Sarum" title="Use of Sarum">Use of Sarum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglican_Use" title="Anglican Use">Anglican Use</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zaire_Use" title="Zaire Use">Zaire Use</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gallican_Rite" title="Gallican Rite">Gallican</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ambrosian_Rite" title="Ambrosian Rite">Ambrosian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rite_of_Braga" title="Rite of Braga">Braga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mozarabic_Rite" title="Mozarabic Rite">Mozarabic</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div><br /><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Catholic_liturgy" title="Eastern Catholic liturgy">Eastern Catholic liturgy</a>:</li></ul> </div><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alexandrian_Rite" class="mw-redirect" title="Alexandrian Rite">Alexandrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antiochene_Rite" title="Antiochene Rite">Antiochene</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/West_Syriac_Rite" title="West Syriac Rite">West Syriac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malankara_Rite" title="Malankara Rite">Malankara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Syriac_Rite" title="East Syriac Rite">East Syriac</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_Rite" title="Armenian Rite">Armenian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Rite" title="Byzantine Rite">Byzantine</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Miscellaneous</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antipope" title="Antipope">Antipopes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Catholicism" title="Anti-Catholicism">Anti-Catholicism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="Criticism of the Catholic Church">Criticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_and_Deism" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholic Church and Deism">Deism</a>/<a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_and_Pandeism" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholic Church and Pandeism">Pandeism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_and_ecumenism" title="Catholic Church and ecumenism">Ecumenism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_order_(Catholic)" title="Religious order (Catholic)">Monasticism</a></li></ul> <p>Relations with: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_and_Islam" title="Catholic Church and Islam">Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_and_Judaism" title="Catholic Church and Judaism">Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic%E2%80%93Eastern_Orthodox_relations" title="Catholic–Eastern Orthodox relations">Orthodoxy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic-Protestant_relations" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholic-Protestant relations">Protestantism</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Societal issues</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_art" title="Catholic art">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolution_and_the_Catholic_Church" title="Evolution and the Catholic Church">Evolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_and_health_care" title="Catholic Church and health care">Health care</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_and_HIV/AIDS" title="Catholic Church and HIV/AIDS">HIV/AIDS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_and_homosexuality" title="Catholic Church and homosexuality">Homosexuality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_sexual_abuse_cases" title="Catholic Church sexual abuse cases">Sexual abuse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_music" title="Christian music">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_and_Nazi_Germany" title="Catholic Church and Nazi Germany">Nazi Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_and_politics" title="Catholic Church and politics">Politics</a> <small>(<a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_and_politics_in_the_United_States" title="Catholic Church and politics in the United States">in the United States</a>)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Role_of_Christianity_in_civilization" title="Role of Christianity in civilization">Role in civilization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_and_science" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholic Church and science">Science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex_and_gender_roles_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Sex and gender roles in the Catholic Church">Sex and gender roles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_and_slavery" title="Catholic Church and slavery">Slavery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_and_the_Age_of_Discovery" title="Catholic Church and the Age of Discovery">the Age of Discovery</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Links and resources</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_Catholic_Church_articles" title="Index of Catholic Church articles">Index</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="Outline of the Catholic Church">Outline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="Glossary of the Catholic Church">Glossary</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Catholic_Church" title="Category:Catholic Church">Category</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Commons page"><img alt="" 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//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Symbol_template_class_pink.svg/31px-Symbol_template_class_pink.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Catholic_templates" title="Category:Catholic templates">Templates</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="WikiProject"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/16px-People_icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/24px-People_icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/32px-People_icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="100" data-file-height="100" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Catholicism" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Catholicism">WikiProject</a></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Flag_of_Vatican_City_%282023%E2%80%93present%29.svg/16px-Flag_of_Vatican_City_%282023%E2%80%93present%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Flag_of_Vatican_City_%282023%E2%80%93present%29.svg/24px-Flag_of_Vatican_City_%282023%E2%80%93present%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Flag_of_Vatican_City_%282023%E2%80%93present%29.svg/32px-Flag_of_Vatican_City_%282023%E2%80%93present%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="1000" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Vatican_City" title="Portal:Vatican City">Vatican City portal</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;"> <span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:046CupolaSPietro.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/046CupolaSPietro.jpg/32px-046CupolaSPietro.jpg" decoding="async" width="32" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/046CupolaSPietro.jpg/48px-046CupolaSPietro.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/046CupolaSPietro.jpg/64px-046CupolaSPietro.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Catholic_Church" title="Portal:Catholic Church">Catholic Church portal</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Catholic_Church_sidebar" title="Template:Catholic Church sidebar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Catholic_Church_sidebar" title="Template talk:Catholic Church sidebar"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Catholic_Church_sidebar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Catholic Church sidebar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>hierarchy of the Catholic Church</b> consists of its <a href="/wiki/Bishop_(Catholicism)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bishop (Catholicism)">bishops</a>, <a href="/wiki/Priesthood_(Catholic_Church)" class="mw-redirect" title="Priesthood (Catholic Church)">priests</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Deacon" title="Deacon">deacons</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the <a href="/wiki/Catholic_ecclesiology" title="Catholic ecclesiology">ecclesiological</a> sense of the term, "hierarchy" strictly means the "holy ordering" of the church, the <a href="/wiki/Body_of_Christ" title="Body of Christ">Body of Christ</a>, so to respect the diversity of gifts and ministries necessary for genuine unity. </p><p>In canonical and general usage, it refers to those who exercise authority within a Christian church.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic Church</a>, authority rests chiefly with bishops,<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while priests and deacons serve as their assistants, co-workers or helpers.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Accordingly, "hierarchy of the Catholic Church" is also used to refer to the bishops alone.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The term "pope" was still used loosely until the sixth century, being at times assumed by other bishops.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The term "hierarchy" became popular only in the sixth century, due to the writings of <a href="/wiki/Pseudo-Dionysius_the_Areopagite" title="Pseudo-Dionysius the Areopagite">Pseudo-Dionysius</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As of 31 December 2020, the Catholic Church consisted of 2,903 <a href="/wiki/Diocese" title="Diocese">dioceses</a> or equivalent jurisdictions,<sup id="cite_ref-sees_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sees-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> each overseen by a bishop. Dioceses are divided into individual communities called <a href="/wiki/Parish_(Catholic_Church)" title="Parish (Catholic Church)">parishes</a>, each staffed by one or more priests, deacons, or <a href="/wiki/Lay_ecclesial_ministers" class="mw-redirect" title="Lay ecclesial ministers">lay ecclesial ministers</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-OneFaith52_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OneFaith52-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ordinarily, care of a parish is entrusted to a priest, though there are exceptions. Approximately 19.3% of all parishes do not have a resident pastor, and 1,948 parishes worldwide are entrusted to a deacon or lay ecclesial minister.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>All clergy, including deacons, priests, and bishops, may preach, teach, <a href="/wiki/Baptize" class="mw-redirect" title="Baptize">baptize</a>, witness <a href="/wiki/Marriage_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Marriage in the Catholic Church">marriages</a>, and conduct <a href="/wiki/Catholic_funeral" title="Catholic funeral">funeral liturgies</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Only priests and bishops can celebrate the sacraments of the <a href="/wiki/Eucharist_(Catholic_Church)" class="mw-redirect" title="Eucharist (Catholic Church)">Eucharist</a> (though others may be <a href="/wiki/Extraordinary_minister_of_Holy_Communion" title="Extraordinary minister of Holy Communion">ministers of Holy Communion</a>),<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Sacrament_of_Penance" title="Sacrament of Penance">Penance</a> (Reconciliation, Confession), <a href="/wiki/Confirmation_(Catholic_Church)" class="mw-redirect" title="Confirmation (Catholic Church)">Confirmation</a> (priests may administer this sacrament with prior ecclesiastical approval), and <a href="/wiki/Anointing_of_the_Sick_(Catholic_Church)" class="mw-redirect" title="Anointing of the Sick (Catholic Church)">Anointing of the Sick</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Only bishops can administer the sacrament of <a href="/wiki/Holy_Orders_(Catholic_Church)" class="mw-redirect" title="Holy Orders (Catholic Church)">Holy Orders</a>, by which men are <a href="/wiki/Ordination" title="Ordination">ordained</a> as bishops, priests or deacons.<sup id="cite_ref-OneFaith114_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OneFaith114-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hierarchy_of_the_Catholic_Church&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The existence of a Roman Catholic hierarchy (made of bishops, priests, and deacons) is attested since the time of the first <a href="/w/index.php?title=Epistle_of_Ignatius_to_the_Philadelphia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Epistle of Ignatius to the Philadelphia (page does not exist)">Epistle of Ignatius to the Philadelphia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bishop">Bishop</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hierarchy_of_the_Catholic_Church&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Bishop"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Bishop_(Catholic_Church)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bishop (Catholic Church)">Bishop (Catholic Church)</a></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Bishop_(Catholicism)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bishop (Catholicism)">bishops</a>, who possess the fullness of orders, and therefore the fullness of both priesthood and diaconate, are as a body (the <a href="/wiki/College_of_Bishops" title="College of Bishops">College of Bishops</a>) considered the successors of the <a href="/wiki/Twelve_Apostles" class="mw-redirect" title="Twelve Apostles">Apostles</a><sup id="cite_ref-ccec_42_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ccec_42-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-BritannicaCollegeOfBishops_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BritannicaCollegeOfBishops-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and are "constituted Pastors in the Church, to be the teachers of doctrine, the priests of sacred worship and the ministers of governance"<sup id="cite_ref-cic_375_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cic_375-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and "represent the Church."<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2012, there were 5,133 Catholic bishops;<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> at the end of 2021, there were 5,340 Catholic bishops. The Pope himself is a bishop (the bishop of Rome) and traditionally uses the title "Venerable Brother" when writing formally to another bishop. </p><p>The typical role of a bishop is to provide pastoral governance for a <a href="/wiki/Diocese" title="Diocese">diocese</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-BritannicaCollegeOfBishops_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BritannicaCollegeOfBishops-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bishops who fulfill this function are known as diocesan <a href="#Ordinaries_and_local_ordinaries">ordinaries</a>, because they have what <a href="/wiki/Canon_law_(Catholic_Church)" class="mw-redirect" title="Canon law (Catholic Church)">canon law</a> calls ordinary (i.e. not delegated) authority for a diocese. These bishops may be known as hierarchs in the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Catholic_Churches" title="Eastern Catholic Churches">Eastern Catholic Churches</a>. Other bishops may be appointed to assist ordinaries (<a href="/wiki/Auxiliary_bishop" title="Auxiliary bishop">auxiliary bishops</a> and <a href="/wiki/Coadjutor_bishop" title="Coadjutor bishop">coadjutor bishops</a>) or to carry out a function in a broader field of service to the church, such as appointments as <a href="/wiki/Papal_nuncio" class="mw-redirect" title="Papal nuncio">papal nuncios</a> or as officials in the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Curia" title="Roman Curia">Roman Curia</a>. </p><p>Bishops of a country or region may form an <a href="/wiki/Episcopal_conference" title="Episcopal conference">episcopal conference</a> and meet periodically to discuss current problems. Decisions in certain fields, notably <a href="/wiki/Mass_(liturgy)" title="Mass (liturgy)">liturgy</a>, fall within the exclusive competence of these conferences. The decisions of the conferences are binding on the individual bishops only if agreed to by at least two-thirds of the membership and confirmed by the <a href="/wiki/Holy_See" title="Holy See">Holy See</a>. </p><p>Bishops are normally ordained to the episcopate by at least three other bishops,<sup id="cite_ref-cic_375_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cic_375-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> though for validity only one is needed<sup id="cite_ref-cic_1014_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cic_1014-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and a mandatum from the Holy See is required.<sup id="cite_ref-cic_1013_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cic_1013-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Ordination" title="Ordination">Ordination</a> to the episcopate is considered the completion of the sacrament of Holy Orders; even when a bishop retires from his active service, he remains a bishop, since the ontological effect of Holy Orders is permanent. On the other hand, titles such as archbishop or patriarch imply no ontological alteration, and existing bishops who rise to those offices do not require further ordination. </p><p>Sacramentally, all bishops are equal. According to jurisdiction, office, and privileges, however, various ranks are distinguished, as indicated below. All bishops are "vicars of Christ".<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pope_(Bishop_of_Rome)"><span id="Pope_.28Bishop_of_Rome.29"></span>Pope (Bishop of Rome)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hierarchy_of_the_Catholic_Church&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Pope (Bishop of Rome)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Pope" title="Pope">Pope</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pope_Francis_in_March_2013.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Pope_Francis_in_March_2013.jpg/220px-Pope_Francis_in_March_2013.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Pope_Francis_in_March_2013.jpg/330px-Pope_Francis_in_March_2013.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Pope_Francis_in_March_2013.jpg/440px-Pope_Francis_in_March_2013.jpg 2x" data-file-width="996" data-file-height="996" /></a><figcaption> <a href="/wiki/Pope_Francis" title="Pope Francis">Pope Francis</a>, bishop of Rome since 2013</figcaption></figure> <p>The pope is the bishop of <a href="/wiki/Diocese_of_Rome" title="Diocese of Rome">Rome</a>. He is also, by virtue of that office: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p><a href="/wiki/Vicar_of_Christ" title="Vicar of Christ">Vicar of Jesus Christ</a>, Successor of the <a href="/wiki/Saint_Peter" title="Saint Peter">Prince of the Apostles</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pontifex_Maximus" class="mw-redirect" title="Pontifex Maximus">Supreme</a> <a href="/wiki/Pontiff#Christianity" title="Pontiff">Pontiff</a> of the Universal Church, <a href="/wiki/Patriarch" title="Patriarch">Patriarch</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Latin_Church" title="Latin Church">Latin Church</a>, <a href="/wiki/Primate_(bishop)" title="Primate (bishop)">Primate</a> of Italy, <a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_bishop" title="Metropolitan bishop">Archbishop and Metropolitan</a> of the <a href="/wiki/List_of_the_Roman_Catholic_dioceses_in_Italy#Ecclesiastical_Province_of_Rome" class="mw-redirect" title="List of the Roman Catholic dioceses in Italy">Roman</a> <a href="/wiki/Ecclesiastical_province#Catholic_Church" title="Ecclesiastical province">Province</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_sovereigns_of_Vatican_City_State" class="mw-redirect" title="List of sovereigns of Vatican City State">Sovereign</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Vatican_City" title="Vatican City">Vatican City State</a>, <a href="/wiki/Servant_of_the_servants_of_God" title="Servant of the servants of God">Servant of the servants of God</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Offices_and_titles">Offices and titles</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hierarchy_of_the_Catholic_Church&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Offices and titles"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>"Pope" is a pronominal <a href="/wiki/Honorific" title="Honorific">honorific</a>, not an office or a title, meaning "Father" (the common honorific for all clergy). The honorific "pope" was from the early 3rd century used for any bishop in the West, and is known in <a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a> as far back as Homer's <i><a href="/wiki/Odyssey" title="Odyssey">Odyssey</a></i> (6:57). In the East, "pope" is still a common form of address for clergy in the <a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_Orthodox_Church" title="Bulgarian Orthodox Church">Bulgarian Orthodox Church</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Orthodox_Church" title="Russian Orthodox Church">Russian Orthodox Church</a>, and is the style of the bishop of Alexandria. <a href="/wiki/Pope_Marcellinus" title="Pope Marcellinus">Pope Marcellinus</a> (died 304) is the first Bishop of Rome shown in sources to have had the title "pope" used of him. From the 6th century, the imperial chancery of Constantinople normally reserved this designation for the Bishop of Rome. From the early 6th century, it began to be confined in the West to the Bishop of Rome, a practice that was firmly in place by the 11th century, when Pope Gregory VII declared it reserved for the Bishop of Rome.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2017)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>As bishop of the Church of Rome, he is successor to the co-patrons of that local church, <a href="/wiki/Saint_Peter" title="Saint Peter">Saint Peter</a> and <a href="/wiki/Saint_Paul" class="mw-redirect" title="Saint Paul">Saint Paul</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As such, the Church of Rome, and its bishop, has always had a prominence in the Catholic communion and at least to some degree <a href="/wiki/Primacy_of_the_Roman_Pontiff" class="mw-redirect" title="Primacy of the Roman Pontiff">primacy</a> among his peers, the other bishops,<sup id="cite_ref-cic_331_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cic_331-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as Peter had a certain primacy among his peers, the other apostles.<sup id="cite_ref-cic_330_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cic_330-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The exact nature of that primacy is one of the most significant ecumenical issues of the age, and has developed as a doctrine throughout the entire history of the Catholic Church.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Catechism_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="Catechism of the Catholic Church">Catechism of the Catholic Church</a>, quoting the <a href="/wiki/Second_Vatican_Council" title="Second Vatican Council">Second Vatican Council</a>'s document <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la"><a href="/wiki/Lumen_gentium" title="Lumen gentium">Lumen gentium</a></i></span>, states: "The <i>pope</i>, Bishop of Rome and Peter's successor, 'is the perpetual and visible source and foundation of the unity both of the bishops and of the whole company of the faithful.'"<sup id="cite_ref-ccc_882_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ccc_882-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Communion with the bishop of Rome has become such a significant identifier of Catholic identity that at times the <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic Church</a> has been known in its entirety as "<a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_(term)" title="Roman Catholic (term)">Roman Catholic</a>," though this is inaccurate in Catholic theology (<a href="/wiki/Ecclesiology" title="Ecclesiology">ecclesiology</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-cic_336_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cic_336-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Three other of the pope's offices stem directly from his office as bishop of the <a href="/wiki/Diocese_of_Rome" title="Diocese of Rome">Church of Rome</a>. As the <a href="/wiki/Latin_Church" title="Latin Church">Latin Church</a> owes its identity and development to its origins in the liturgical, juridical, and theological patrimony of Rome, the bishop of Rome is de facto the <a href="/wiki/Patriarch" title="Patriarch">patriarch</a> of the Latin Church. According to Pope Benedict XVI, there has been much 'confusion' between the pope's primacy as patriarch of the western church and his primacy as first patriarch among equals, that this "failure to distinguish" between the roles and responsibilities of these two distinct positions leads in time to the "extreme centralization of the Catholic Church" and the schism between East and West.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As the first local Church of Italy, the bishop of Rome is the <a href="/wiki/Primate_(bishop)" title="Primate (bishop)">Primate</a> of Italy and is empowered to appoint the president of the Italian Bishops' Conference. </p><p>The Church of Rome is also the principal church of the <a href="/wiki/Ecclesiastical_province#Catholic_Church" title="Ecclesiastical province">Province</a> of Rome, so the bishop of Rome is <a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_bishop" title="Metropolitan bishop">Archbishop and Metropolitan</a> of the <a href="/wiki/List_of_Catholic_dioceses_(structured_view)#Ecclesiastical_Province_of_Rome" title="List of Catholic dioceses (structured view)">Roman province</a>. </p><p>As a bishop, the pope is referred to as a <a href="/wiki/Vicar_of_Christ" title="Vicar of Christ">Vicar of Christ</a>. This title was common to all bishops from the fourth through twelfth centuries, reserved to the bishop of Rome from the twelfth through early twentieth centuries, and restored to all bishops at the Second Vatican Council.<sup id="cite_ref-Lumen_gentium_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lumen_gentium-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The pope resides in <a href="/wiki/Vatican_City" title="Vatican City">Vatican City</a>, an independent state within the city of Rome, set up by the 1929 <a href="/wiki/Lateran_Pacts" class="mw-redirect" title="Lateran Pacts">Lateran Pacts</a> between the <a href="/wiki/Holy_See" title="Holy See">Holy See</a> and Italy. As popes were sovereigns of the <a href="/wiki/Papal_states" class="mw-redirect" title="Papal states">papal states</a> (754–1870), so do they exercise absolute civil authority in the microstate of <a href="/wiki/Vatican_City" title="Vatican City">Vatican City</a> since 1929. </p><p>Ambassadors are accredited not to the Vatican City State but to the <i>Holy See,</i> which was subject to international law even before the state was instituted. The body of officials that assist the Pope in governance of the church as a whole is known as the <a href="/wiki/Roman_curia" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman curia">Roman curia</a>. The term "Holy See" (i.e. of Rome) is generally used only of the Pope and the curia, because the <a href="/wiki/1983_Code_of_Canon_Law" title="1983 Code of Canon Law">Code of Canon Law</a>, which concerns governance of the Latin Church as a whole and not internal affairs of the see (diocese) of Rome itself, necessarily uses the term in this technical sense. </p><p>Finally, the title "<a href="/wiki/Servant_of_the_servants_of_God" title="Servant of the servants of God">Servant of the servants of God</a>" was an addition of <a href="/wiki/Pope_Gregory_the_Great" class="mw-redirect" title="Pope Gregory the Great">Pope Gregory the Great</a>, a reminder that in Christianity, leadership is always about service/ministry (<i>diakonia</i>). </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Style_(manner_of_address)" class="mw-redirect" title="Style (manner of address)">style</a> of address for the bishop of Rome is "His Holiness". </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Election">Election</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hierarchy_of_the_Catholic_Church&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Election"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The present rules governing the election of a pope are found in the apostolic constitution <i><a href="/wiki/Universi_Dominici_Gregis" class="mw-redirect" title="Universi Dominici Gregis">Universi Dominici Gregis</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-UDG_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UDG-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This deals with the powers, from the death of a pope to the announcement of his successor's election, of the cardinals and the departments of the Roman curia; with the funeral arrangements for the dead pope; and with the place, time and manner of voting of the meeting of the cardinal electors, a meeting known as a <a href="/wiki/Papal_conclave" title="Papal conclave">conclave</a>. This word is derived from Latin <i>com-</i> (together) and <i>clavis</i> (key) and refers to the locking away of the participants from outside influences, a measure that was introduced first as a means instead of forcing them to reach a decision. </p><p>Like all bishops, the pope has the option of <a href="/wiki/Papal_resignation" class="mw-redirect" title="Papal resignation">resigning</a>, though unlike other bishops, it is not required. The best known cases are those of <a href="/wiki/Pope_Celestine_V" title="Pope Celestine V">Pope Celestine V</a> in 1294, <a href="/wiki/Pope_Gregory_XII" title="Pope Gregory XII">Pope Gregory XII</a> in 1415 and <a href="/wiki/Pope_Benedict_XVI" title="Pope Benedict XVI">Pope Benedict XVI</a> in 2013. Approximately 10% of all popes left or were removed from office before death. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Eastern_patriarchs">Eastern patriarchs</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hierarchy_of_the_Catholic_Church&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Eastern patriarchs"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The heads of some autonomous (in <a href="/wiki/Latin_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin language">Latin</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Sui_iuris" title="Sui iuris">sui iuris</a></i>) <a href="/wiki/Particular_church" class="mw-redirect" title="Particular church">particular churches</a> consisting of several local churches (dioceses) have the title of <a href="/wiki/Patriarch" title="Patriarch">Patriarch</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-ccec_55_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ccec_55-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The pope, as patriarch of the Latin Church, is the head of the only sui iuris Church in the West, leading to the title <a href="/wiki/Patriarch_of_the_West" title="Patriarch of the West">Patriarch of the West</a>. Eastern patriarchs are elected by the <a href="/wiki/Synod" title="Synod">synod</a> of bishops of their particular church.<sup id="cite_ref-ccec_63_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ccec_63-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The patriarchs who head autonomous particular churches are: </p> <ul><li>The <a href="/wiki/List_of_Coptic_Catholic_Patriarchs_of_Alexandria" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Coptic Catholic Patriarchs of Alexandria">Coptic Catholic Patriarch of Alexandria</a> (<a href="/wiki/Coptic_Catholic_Church" title="Coptic Catholic Church">Coptic Catholic Church</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/List_of_Melkite_Greek_Catholic_Patriarchs_of_Antioch" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Melkite Greek Catholic Patriarchs of Antioch">Melkite Greek Catholic Patriarch of Antioch</a> (<a href="/wiki/Melkite_Greek_Catholic_Church" title="Melkite Greek Catholic Church">Melkite Greek Catholic Church</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/List_of_Maronite_Patriarchs" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Maronite Patriarchs">Maronite Patriarch of Antioch</a> (<a href="/wiki/Maronite_Church" title="Maronite Church">Maronite Church</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/List_of_Syriac_Catholic_Patriarchs_of_Antioch" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Syriac Catholic Patriarchs of Antioch">Syriac Catholic Patriarch of Antioch</a> (<a href="/wiki/Syriac_Catholic_Church" title="Syriac Catholic Church">Syriac Catholic Church</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/List_of_Chaldean_Catholic_Patriarchs_of_Babylon" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Chaldean Catholic Patriarchs of Babylon">Chaldean Catholic Patriarch of Babylonia</a> (<a href="/wiki/Chaldean_Catholic_Church" title="Chaldean Catholic Church">Chaldean Catholic Church</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/List_of_Armenian_Catholic_Patriarchs_of_Cilicia" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Armenian Catholic Patriarchs of Cilicia">Armenian Catholic Patriarch of Cilicia</a> (<a href="/wiki/Armenian_Catholic_Church" title="Armenian Catholic Church">Armenian Catholic Church</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>These have authority not only over the bishops of their particular church, including metropolitans, but also directly over all the faithful.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Eastern Catholic patriarchs have <a href="/wiki/Order_of_precedence_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Order of precedence in the Catholic Church">precedence</a> over all other bishops, with the exceptions laid down by the Pope.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The honorary title prefixed to their names is "His Beatitude". </p> <table class="wikitable" style="margin:0 auto 0 auto"> <caption>Current and historical Catholic patriarchates </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Type </th> <th>Church </th> <th>Patriarchate </th> <th>Patriarch </th></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="6">Patriarchs of <i>sui iuris</i> Churches </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Coptic_Catholic_Church" title="Coptic Catholic Church">Coptic</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/List_of_Coptic_Catholic_Patriarchs_of_Alexandria" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Coptic Catholic Patriarchs of Alexandria">Alexandria</a> </td> <td>Patriarch <a href="/wiki/Ibrahim_Isaac_Sidrak" title="Ibrahim Isaac Sidrak">Ibrahim Isaac Sidrak</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Melkite_Greek_Catholic_Church" title="Melkite Greek Catholic Church">Greek-Melkite</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/List_of_Melkite_Greek_Catholic_Patriarchs_of_Antioch" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Melkite Greek Catholic Patriarchs of Antioch">Antioch</a> </td> <td>Patriarch <a href="/wiki/Youssef_Absi" title="Youssef Absi">Youssef Absi</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Maronite_Church" title="Maronite Church">Maronite</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/List_of_Maronite_Patriarchs" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Maronite Patriarchs">Antioch</a> </td> <td>Cardinal <a href="/wiki/Bechara_Boutros_al-Rahi" title="Bechara Boutros al-Rahi">Bechara Boutros al-Rahi</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Syriac_Catholic_Church" title="Syriac Catholic Church">Syriac</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/List_of_Syriac_Catholic_Patriarchs_of_Antioch" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Syriac Catholic Patriarchs of Antioch">Antioch</a> </td> <td>Patriarch <a href="/wiki/Ignatius_Joseph_III_Younan" class="mw-redirect" title="Ignatius Joseph III Younan">Ignatius Joseph III Younan</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Armenian_Catholic_Church" title="Armenian Catholic Church">Armenian</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/List_of_Armenian_Catholic_Patriarchs_of_Cilicia" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Armenian Catholic Patriarchs of Cilicia">Cilicia</a> </td> <td>Patriarch <a href="/wiki/Rapha%C3%ABl_Bedros_XXI_Minassian" title="Raphaël Bedros XXI Minassian">Raphaël Bedros XXI Minassian</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Chaldean_Catholic_Church" title="Chaldean Catholic Church">Chaldean</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/List_of_Chaldean_Catholic_Patriarchs_of_Babylon" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Chaldean Catholic Patriarchs of Babylon">Baghdad</a> </td> <td>Cardinal <a href="/wiki/Louis_Rapha%C3%ABl_I_Sako" title="Louis Raphaël I Sako">Louis Raphaël I Sako</a> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Major_archbishops">Major archbishops</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hierarchy_of_the_Catholic_Church&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Major archbishops"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sviatoslav_Shevchuk.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Sviatoslav_Shevchuk.jpg/220px-Sviatoslav_Shevchuk.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="344" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Sviatoslav_Shevchuk.jpg/330px-Sviatoslav_Shevchuk.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Sviatoslav_Shevchuk.jpg/440px-Sviatoslav_Shevchuk.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="937" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Sviatoslav_Shevchuk" title="Sviatoslav Shevchuk">Sviatoslav Shevchuk</a>, the Major Archbishop of Kyiv–Galicia since 2011</figcaption></figure> <p>Other autonomous particular churches are headed by a <a href="/wiki/Major_archbishop" title="Major archbishop">major archbishop</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Syro-Malankara_Catholic_Church" title="Syro-Malankara Catholic Church">Syro-Malankara Catholic Church</a> uses the title <i><a href="/wiki/Catholicos" title="Catholicos">Catholicos</a></i> for their major archbishop.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> With few exceptions, the authority of a major archbishop in his <i>sui iuris</i> church is equivalent to that of a patriarch in his church.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This less prestigious office<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> was established in 1963 for those Eastern Catholic Churches which have developed in size and stability to allow full self-governance if historical, ecumenical, or political conditions do not allow their elevation to a patriarchate. </p><p>At present, there are four major archbishops: </p> <table class="wikitable" style="margin:0 auto 0 auto"> <caption><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1152813436">.mw-parser-output .sr-only{border:0;clip:rect(0,0,0,0);clip-path:polygon(0px 0px,0px 0px,0px 0px);height:1px;margin:-1px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;position:absolute;width:1px;white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="sr-only">List of Catholic major archbishops</span> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th scope="col">Major archdiocese </th> <th scope="col">Country </th> <th scope="col">Church </th> <th scope="col">Year of Establishment of Major Archeparchy </th> <th scope="col">Major Archbishop </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Syro-Malabar_Catholic_Archdiocese_of_Ernakulam-Angamaly" class="mw-redirect" title="Syro-Malabar Catholic Archdiocese of Ernakulam-Angamaly">Ernakulam-Angamaly</a> </td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/23px-Flag_of_India.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/35px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/45px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Syro-Malabar_Catholic_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Syro-Malabar Catholic Church">Syro-Malabar</a> </td> <td>1896 </td> <td>Major archbishop <a href="/wiki/Raphael_Thattil" title="Raphael Thattil">Raphael Thattil</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Syro-Malankara_Catholic_Major_Archeparchy_of_Trivandrum" title="Syro-Malankara Catholic Major Archeparchy of Trivandrum">Trivandrum</a> </td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/23px-Flag_of_India.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/35px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/45px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Syro-Malankara_Catholic_Church" title="Syro-Malankara Catholic Church">Syro-Malankara</a> </td> <td>1932 </td> <td>Cardinal Catholicos <a href="/wiki/Baselios_Cleemis" title="Baselios Cleemis">Baselios Cleemis</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Greek_Catholic_Archdiocese_of_F%C4%83g%C4%83ra%C5%9F_and_Alba_Iulia" class="mw-redirect" title="Greek Catholic Archdiocese of Făgăraş and Alba Iulia">Făgăraş and Alba Iulia</a> </td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/23px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/35px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/45px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Romania" title="Romania">Romania</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Romanian_Church_United_with_Rome,_Greek-Catholic" class="mw-redirect" title="Romanian Church United with Rome, Greek-Catholic">Romanian</a> </td> <td>2005 </td> <td>Cardinal Major Archbishop <a href="/wiki/Lucian_Mure%C8%99an" title="Lucian Mureșan">Lucian Mureșan</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_Catholic_Major_Archeparchy_of_Kyiv%E2%80%93Galicia" title="Ukrainian Catholic Major Archeparchy of Kyiv–Galicia">Kyiv–Galicia</a> </td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Ukraine.svg/23px-Flag_of_Ukraine.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Ukraine.svg/35px-Flag_of_Ukraine.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Ukraine.svg/45px-Flag_of_Ukraine.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine">Ukraine</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_Greek_Catholic_Church" title="Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church">Ukrainian</a> </td> <td>2005 </td> <td>Major Archbishop <a href="/wiki/Sviatoslav_Shevchuk" title="Sviatoslav Shevchuk">Sviatoslav Shevchuk</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Latin_patriarchs">Latin patriarchs</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hierarchy_of_the_Catholic_Church&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Latin patriarchs"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There are also titular patriarchs in the Latin Church, who, for various historical reasons, were granted the title, but never the corresponding office and responsibilities, of "patriarch". They include the <a href="/wiki/Latin_Patriarch_of_Jerusalem" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin Patriarch of Jerusalem">Latin Patriarch of Jerusalem</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Patriarch_of_Venice" title="Patriarch of Venice">Patriarch of Venice</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Patriarch_of_Lisbon" title="Patriarch of Lisbon">Patriarch of Lisbon</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Patriarch_of_the_East_Indies" class="mw-redirect" title="Patriarch of the East Indies">Patriarch of the East Indies</a>. All of these offices are honorary, and the patriarchs are not the heads of autonomous particular churches.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Patriarch of the East Indies is the archbishop of <a href="/wiki/Goa" title="Goa">Goa</a>, while the other patriarchs are the archbishops of the named cities. The title of <a href="/wiki/Patriarch_of_the_West_Indies" class="mw-redirect" title="Patriarch of the West Indies">Patriarch of the West Indies</a> was in the past granted to some Spanish bishops (not always of the same see), but is long in abeyance. </p> <table class="wikitable" style="margin:0 auto 0 auto"> <caption>Current and historical Latin patriarchates </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Type </th> <th>Patriarchate </th> <th>Patriarch </th></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="3">Patriarchs of the Latin Church </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Latin_Patriarch_of_Jerusalem" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin Patriarch of Jerusalem">Jerusalem</a> </td> <td>Cardinal <a href="/wiki/Pierbattista_Pizzaballa" title="Pierbattista Pizzaballa">Pierbattista Pizzaballa</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Patriarch_of_Lisbon" title="Patriarch of Lisbon">Lisbon</a> </td> <td>Patriarch <a href="/wiki/Rui_Val%C3%A9rio" title="Rui Valério">Rui Valério</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Patriarch_of_Venice" title="Patriarch of Venice">Venice</a> </td> <td>Patriarch <a href="/wiki/Francesco_Moraglia" title="Francesco Moraglia">Francesco Moraglia</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2">Titular patriarchs of the Latin Church </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Patriarch_of_the_East_Indies" class="mw-redirect" title="Patriarch of the East Indies">East Indies</a> </td> <td>Patriarch <a href="/wiki/Filipe_Neri_Ferr%C3%A3o" title="Filipe Neri Ferrão">Filipe Neri Ferrão</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Patriarchate_of_the_West_Indies" title="Patriarchate of the West Indies">West Indies</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center">vacant since 1963 </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="5">Suppressed titles </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Latin_Patriarch_of_Alexandria" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin Patriarch of Alexandria">Alexandria</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center">suppressed in 1964 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Latin_Patriarch_of_Antioch" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin Patriarch of Antioch">Antioch</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center">suppressed in 1964 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Latin_Patriarch_of_Constantinople" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin Patriarch of Constantinople">Constantinople</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center">suppressed in 1964 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Patriarchate_of_Aquileia_(Episcopal)" class="mw-redirect" title="Patriarchate of Aquileia (Episcopal)">Aquileia</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center">suppressed in 1751 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Patriarch_of_Grado" title="Patriarch of Grado">Grado</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center">transferred to Venice in 1451 </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cardinals">Cardinals</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hierarchy_of_the_Catholic_Church&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Cardinals"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Cardinal_(Catholicism)" class="mw-redirect" title="Cardinal (Catholicism)">Cardinal (Catholicism)</a></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Koorkledij_(vlnr_Jean-Pierre_Delville-Franco_Coppola-Jozef_De_Kesel_-_Guy_Harpigny).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Koorkledij_%28vlnr_Jean-Pierre_Delville-Franco_Coppola-Jozef_De_Kesel_-_Guy_Harpigny%29.jpg/275px-Koorkledij_%28vlnr_Jean-Pierre_Delville-Franco_Coppola-Jozef_De_Kesel_-_Guy_Harpigny%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="275" height="216" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Koorkledij_%28vlnr_Jean-Pierre_Delville-Franco_Coppola-Jozef_De_Kesel_-_Guy_Harpigny%29.jpg/413px-Koorkledij_%28vlnr_Jean-Pierre_Delville-Franco_Coppola-Jozef_De_Kesel_-_Guy_Harpigny%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Koorkledij_%28vlnr_Jean-Pierre_Delville-Franco_Coppola-Jozef_De_Kesel_-_Guy_Harpigny%29.jpg/550px-Koorkledij_%28vlnr_Jean-Pierre_Delville-Franco_Coppola-Jozef_De_Kesel_-_Guy_Harpigny%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1610" data-file-height="1266" /></a><figcaption>A cardinal (second from right) and bishops</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Cardinal_(Catholicism)" class="mw-redirect" title="Cardinal (Catholicism)">Cardinals</a> are princes of the church appointed by the Pope.<sup id="cite_ref-BritannicaRomanCuria_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BritannicaRomanCuria-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He generally chooses bishops who head <a href="/wiki/Dicastery" title="Dicastery">departments</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Curia" title="Roman Curia">Roman Curia</a> or important <a href="/wiki/Episcopal_see" title="Episcopal see">episcopal sees</a> throughout the world. As a whole, the cardinals compose a <a href="/wiki/College_of_Cardinals" title="College of Cardinals">College of Cardinals</a> which advises the Pope, and those cardinals under the age of 80 at the death or resignation of a Pope <a href="/wiki/Papal_conclave" title="Papal conclave">elect his successor</a>. Their heraldic achievement is surmounted by the red <a href="/wiki/Galero" title="Galero">galero</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tassels" class="mw-redirect" title="Tassels">tassels</a> as a form of martyred position in the church. </p><p>Not all cardinals are bishops. <a href="/wiki/Domenico_Bartolucci" title="Domenico Bartolucci">Domenico Bartolucci</a>, <a href="/wiki/Karl_Josef_Becker" title="Karl Josef Becker">Karl Josef Becker</a>, <a href="/wiki/Roberto_Tucci" title="Roberto Tucci">Roberto Tucci</a> and <a href="/wiki/Albert_Vanhoye" title="Albert Vanhoye">Albert Vanhoye</a> are examples of 21st-century non-bishop cardinals. The <a href="/wiki/1917_Code_of_Canon_Law" title="1917 Code of Canon Law">1917 Code of Canon Law</a> introduced the requirement that a cardinal must be at least a priest.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Previously, they need only be in <a href="/wiki/Minor_orders" title="Minor orders">minor orders</a> and not even <a href="/wiki/Deacon" title="Deacon">deacons</a>. <a href="/wiki/Teodolfo_Mertel" title="Teodolfo Mertel">Teodolfo Mertel</a>, who died in 1899, was the last non-priest cardinal. In 1962, <a href="/wiki/Pope_John_XXIII" title="Pope John XXIII">Pope John XXIII</a> made it a rule that a man who has been nominated a cardinal is required to be consecrated a bishop, if not one already,<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but some ask for and obtain dispensation from this requirement. It is rare that the Pope will appoint Cardinals who are priests only and not consecrated as a bishop. </p><p>The 1917 Code of Canon Law, continuing the tradition observed, for instance, at the <a href="/wiki/First_Vatican_Council" title="First Vatican Council">First Vatican Council</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> laid down that cardinals have <a href="/wiki/Order_of_precedence_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Order of precedence in the Catholic Church">precedence</a> over all other prelates, even patriarchs.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/1983_Code_of_Canon_Law" title="1983 Code of Canon Law">1983 Code of Canon Law</a> did not deal with questions of precedence. </p><p>The cardinalate is not an integral part of the theological structure of the Catholic Church, but largely an honorific distinction that has its origins in the 1059 assignation of the right of electing the Pope exclusively to the principal clergy of Rome and the bishops of the seven <a href="/wiki/Suburbicarian_diocese" title="Suburbicarian diocese">suburbicarian dioceses</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-BritannicaRomanCuria_52-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BritannicaRomanCuria-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Because of their resulting importance, the term <i>cardinal</i> (from Latin <i>cardo</i>, meaning "hinge") was applied to them. In the 12th century the practice of appointing ecclesiastics from outside Rome as cardinals began. Each cardinal is still assigned a church in Rome as his "titular church" or is linked with one of the suburbicarian dioceses. Of these sees, the <a href="/wiki/Dean_of_the_College_of_Cardinals" title="Dean of the College of Cardinals">Dean of the College of Cardinals</a> holds that of <a href="/wiki/Bishop_of_Ostia" class="mw-redirect" title="Bishop of Ostia">Ostia</a>, while keeping his preceding link with one of the other six sees. Traditionally, only six cardinals held the rank of <a href="/wiki/Cardinal_Bishop" class="mw-redirect" title="Cardinal Bishop">Cardinal Bishop</a>, but when Eastern patriarchs are made cardinals, they too hold the rank of Cardinal Bishop, without being assigned a <a href="/wiki/Suburbicarian_see" class="mw-redirect" title="Suburbicarian see">suburbicarian see</a>. The other cardinals have the rank either of <a href="/wiki/Cardinal_Priest" class="mw-redirect" title="Cardinal Priest">Cardinal Priest</a> or <a href="/wiki/Cardinal_Deacon" class="mw-redirect" title="Cardinal Deacon">Cardinal Deacon</a>, the former rank being normally assigned to bishops in charge of dioceses, and the latter to officials of the Curia and to priests raised to the cardinalate. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Primates">Primates</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hierarchy_of_the_Catholic_Church&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Primates"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Latin Church title of <a href="/wiki/Primate_(bishop)" title="Primate (bishop)">primate</a> has in some countries been granted to the bishop of a particular (usually metropolitan) see.<sup id="cite_ref-ce_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ce-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It once involved authority over all the other sees in the country or region, but now only gives a "prerogative of honor" with no power of governance unless an exception is made in certain matters by a privilege granted by the Holy See or by an approved custom.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The title is usually assigned to the <a href="#Ordinaries_and_local_ordinaries">ordinary</a> of the first diocese or the oldest archdiocese in the country.<sup id="cite_ref-ce_57-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ce-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Thus in <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholicism_in_Poland" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholicism in Poland">Poland</a>, the primate is the archbishop of the oldest archdiocese (<a href="/wiki/Archdiocese_of_Gniezno" class="mw-redirect" title="Archdiocese of Gniezno">Gniezno</a>, founded in 1000), and not the oldest diocese (<a href="/wiki/Diocese_of_Pozna%C5%84" class="mw-redirect" title="Diocese of Poznań">Poznań</a>, founded in 968). </p><p>Notably, the <a href="/wiki/Archbishop_of_Baltimore" class="mw-redirect" title="Archbishop of Baltimore">Archbishop of Baltimore</a> is not formally considered a primate of the <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_the_United_States" title="Catholic Church in the United States">Catholic Church in the United States</a>, but "prerogative of the place". </p><p>The closest equivalent position in <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodoxy" title="Eastern Orthodoxy">Eastern Orthodoxy</a> is an <a href="/wiki/Exarch" title="Exarch">exarch</a> holding authority over other bishops without being a patriarch.<sup id="cite_ref-ce_57-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ce-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Catholic_Churches" title="Eastern Catholic Churches">Eastern Catholic Churches</a>, exarchs, whether apostolic or patriarchal, do not hold authority over other bishops (<a href="#Equivalents_of_diocesan_bishops_in_law">see below</a>). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Metropolitan_bishops">Metropolitan bishops</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hierarchy_of_the_Catholic_Church&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Metropolitan bishops"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_bishop#Catholic_Church" title="Metropolitan bishop">Metropolitan bishop § Catholic Church</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Archbishop-robert-carlson.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Archbishop-robert-carlson.jpg/220px-Archbishop-robert-carlson.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="287" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Archbishop-robert-carlson.jpg/330px-Archbishop-robert-carlson.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Archbishop-robert-carlson.jpg/440px-Archbishop-robert-carlson.jpg 2x" data-file-width="522" data-file-height="681" /></a><figcaption>Archbishop <a href="/wiki/Robert_James_Carlson" title="Robert James Carlson">Robert Carlson</a>, <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Archdiocese_of_St._Louis" title="Roman Catholic Archdiocese of St. Louis">Metropolitan Archbishop of St. Louis</a> (2009–2020). He is wearing the <a href="/wiki/Pallium" title="Pallium">pallium</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>A Latin Church <a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_bishop" title="Metropolitan bishop">Metropolitan</a> is the bishop of the principal (the "metropolitan") see of an <a href="/wiki/Ecclesiastical_province" title="Ecclesiastical province">ecclesiastical province</a> composed of several dioceses. The metropolitan receives a <a href="/wiki/Pallium" title="Pallium">pallium</a> from the pope as a symbol of his office. The metropolitan bishop has limited oversight authority over the <a href="/wiki/Suffragan_diocese" title="Suffragan diocese">suffragan dioceses</a> in their province, including ensuring that the faith and ecclesiastical discipline are properly observed.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He also has the power to name a <a href="/wiki/Diocesan_administrator" title="Diocesan administrator">diocesan administrator</a> for a <a href="/wiki/Sede_vacante" title="Sede vacante">vacant</a> suffragan see if the diocesan council of consultors fails to properly elect one.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His diocesan tribunal additionally serves by default as the ecclesiastical <a href="/wiki/Court_of_appeal" class="mw-redirect" title="Court of appeal">court of appeal</a> for suffragans (court of second instance),<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the metropolitan has the option of judging those appeals personally.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The metropolitans of a given territory are also involved in the selection of bishops. Every three years, they compile a list of <i>promovendis</i> - a list of priests who may be suitable for the office of bishop. This is forwarded to the local <a href="/wiki/Nuncio" title="Nuncio">apostolic nuncio</a>, who evaluates the candidates in a consultative and confidential process. The nuncio in turn forwards the best candidates to the <a href="/wiki/Dicastery_for_Bishops" title="Dicastery for Bishops">Dicastery for Bishops</a> in Rome, who conduct a final evaluation of candidates and offer their findings to the pope for his final decision of appointment.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Eastern Metropolitans in patriarchal or major archiepiscopal churches have a level of authority similar to that of Latin metropolitans, subject to the specific laws and customs of their <i>sui iuris</i> church.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Eastern metropolitans who <i>head</i> a metropolitan <i>sui iuris</i> church have much greater authority within their church, although it is less than that of a major archbishop or patriarch.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>All metropolitans have the title of <a href="/wiki/Archbishop" title="Archbishop">Archbishop</a>, and the metropolitan see is usually referred to as an <a href="/wiki/Archdiocese" class="mw-redirect" title="Archdiocese">archdiocese or archeparchy</a>, a title held not only by the 553 metropolitan sees but also by 77 other sees.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An exception is the metropolitan <a href="/wiki/Diocese_of_Rome" title="Diocese of Rome">Diocese of Rome</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Archbishops">Archbishops</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hierarchy_of_the_Catholic_Church&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Archbishops"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The title of <i>archbishop</i> is held not only by bishops who head metropolitan sees, but also by those who head archdioceses that are not metropolitan sees (most of these are in Europe and the <a href="/wiki/Levant" title="Levant">Levant</a><sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>). In addition, it is held by certain other bishops, referred to as "Titular Archbishops" (see "<a href="#Other_bishops">Other Bishops</a>" below) who have been given no-longer-residential archdioceses as their titular sees—many of these in administrative or diplomatic posts, for instance as <a href="/wiki/Papal_nuncio" class="mw-redirect" title="Papal nuncio">papal nuncios</a> or secretaries of <a href="/wiki/Congregation_(Roman_Curia)" title="Congregation (Roman Curia)">curial congregations</a>. The bishop of a non-archiepiscopal see may be given the personal title of archbishop without also elevating his see (such a bishop is known as an <a href="/wiki/Archbishop#Archbishops_ad_personam" title="Archbishop">archbishop <i>ad personam</i></a>), though this practice has seen significantly reduced usage since the <a href="/wiki/Second_Vatican_Council" title="Second Vatican Council">Second Vatican Council</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Diocesan_bishops">Diocesan bishops</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hierarchy_of_the_Catholic_Church&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Diocesan bishops"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The bishop or eparch of a see, even if he does not also hold a title such as archbishop, metropolitan, major archbishop, patriarch or pope, is the centre of unity for his <a href="/wiki/Diocese" title="Diocese">diocese</a> or <a href="/wiki/Eparchy" title="Eparchy">eparchy</a>, and, as a member of the College of Bishops, shares in responsibility for governance of the whole church (cf. <i><a href="/wiki/Catechism_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="Catechism of the Catholic Church">Catechism of the Catholic Church</a></i>, 886). </p><p>Within the Catholic Church the following posts have similarities to that of a diocesan bishop, but are not necessarily held by a bishop. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Equivalents_of_diocesan_bishops_in_law">Equivalents of diocesan bishops in law</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hierarchy_of_the_Catholic_Church&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Equivalents of diocesan bishops in law"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Canon_(canon_law)" title="Canon (canon law)">Canon</a> 368 of the <a href="/wiki/1983_Code_of_Canon_Law" title="1983 Code of Canon Law">1983 <i>Code of Canon Law</i></a> lists five Latin Church jurisdictional areas that are considered equivalent to a diocese. These are headed by: </p> <ul><li>A <a href="/wiki/Territorial_prelature" class="mw-redirect" title="Territorial prelature">Territorial Prelate</a>, formerly called a Prelate <i>nullius dioceseos</i> (of no diocese), in charge of a geographical area that has not yet been raised to the level of diocese</li> <li>A <a href="/wiki/Territorial_abbey" title="Territorial abbey">Territorial Abbot</a>, in charge of an area, which in mission countries can be quite vast, associated with an abbey</li> <li>A <a href="/wiki/Apostolic_vicar" class="mw-redirect" title="Apostolic vicar">Vicar Apostolic</a> (normally a bishop of a titular see), in charge of an apostolic vicariate, usually in a mission country, not yet ready to be made a diocese</li> <li>A <a href="/wiki/Apostolic_prefecture" title="Apostolic prefecture">Prefect Apostolic</a> (usually not a bishop), in charge of an apostolic prefecture, not yet ready to be made an apostolic vicariate</li> <li>A <a href="/wiki/Apostolic_administrator" class="mw-redirect" title="Apostolic administrator">Permanent Apostolic Administrator</a>, in charge of a geographical area that for serious reasons cannot be made a diocese.</li></ul> <p>To these may be added:<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <ul><li>An <a href="/wiki/Exarch#Modern_Eastern_Catholic_churches" title="Exarch">Apostolic Exarch</a> (normally a bishop of a titular see), in charge of an apostolic exarchate—not yet ready to be made an eparchy—for the faithful of an <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Catholic_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Catholic Church">Eastern Catholic Church</a> in an area that is situated outside the home territory of that Eastern Church.</li> <li>A <a href="/wiki/Exarch#Modern_Eastern_Catholic_churches" title="Exarch">Patriarchal Exarch</a>, a bishop in charge of a patriarchal exarchate—not yet ready to be made an eparchy—for the faithful of an <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Catholic_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Catholic Church">Eastern Catholic Church</a> in an area situated within the home territory of that patriarchal Eastern Church.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>A <a href="/wiki/Military_ordinariate" title="Military ordinariate">Military Ordinary</a>, serving Catholics in a country's armed forces</li> <li>A <a href="/wiki/Personal_Prelate" class="mw-redirect" title="Personal Prelate">Personal Prelate</a>, in charge of a group of persons without regard to geography: the only personal prelature existing is that of <a href="/wiki/Opus_Dei" title="Opus Dei">Opus Dei</a>.</li> <li>An <a href="/wiki/Apostolic_administrator" class="mw-redirect" title="Apostolic administrator">apostolic administrator</a> of a personal apostolic administration: only one exists, the <a href="/wiki/Personal_Apostolic_Administration_of_Saint_John_Mary_Vianney" title="Personal Apostolic Administration of Saint John Mary Vianney">Personal Apostolic Administration of Saint John Mary Vianney</a></li> <li>An ordinary of a <a href="/wiki/Personal_ordinariate" title="Personal ordinariate">personal ordinariate</a> for former Anglicans<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>A superior of an <a href="/wiki/Mission_sui_iuris" title="Mission sui iuris">autonomous mission</a></li></ul> <p>Of somewhat similar standing is the <a href="/wiki/Diocesan_administrator" title="Diocesan administrator">diocesan administrator</a> (formerly called a vicar capitular) elected to govern a diocese during a vacancy. Apart from certain limitations of nature and law, he has, on a caretaker basis, the same obligations and powers as a diocesan bishop (canons 427–429 of the 1983 <i>Code of Canon Law</i>). Occasionally an <a href="/wiki/Apostolic_administrator" class="mw-redirect" title="Apostolic administrator">apostolic administrator</a> is appointed by the Holy See to run a <a href="/wiki/Sede_vacante" title="Sede vacante">vacant diocese</a>, or even a diocese whose bishop is incapacitated or otherwise impeded. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_bishops">Other bishops</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hierarchy_of_the_Catholic_Church&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Other bishops"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A diocesan bishop may have bishops who assist in his ministry. The <a href="/wiki/Coadjutor_bishop" title="Coadjutor bishop">coadjutor bishop</a> of a see has the right of succession on the death or resignation of the diocesan bishop, and, if the see is an archdiocese, holds the title of archbishop. Similarly, a retired diocesan bishop keeps his connection with the see to which he was appointed, and is known as bishop (or archbishop) <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/emeritus" class="extiw" title="wikt:emeritus">emeritus</a> of that see. On the other hand, an <a href="/wiki/Auxiliary_bishop" title="Auxiliary bishop">auxiliary bishop</a>, who may also hold posts such as <a href="/wiki/Vicar_general" title="Vicar general">vicar general</a> or <a href="/wiki/Episcopal_vicar" class="mw-redirect" title="Episcopal vicar">episcopal vicar</a>, is appointed bishop of a <a href="/wiki/Titular_see" title="Titular see">titular see</a>, a see that in the course of history has ceased to exist as an actual jurisdictional unit. </p><p>Important titles or functions usually, but not necessarily, held by (arch)bishops who are not in charge of a diocese or an equivalent community include those of <a href="/wiki/Apostolic_Delegate" class="mw-redirect" title="Apostolic Delegate">Apostolic Delegate</a>, <a href="/wiki/Apostolic_Nuncio" class="mw-redirect" title="Apostolic Nuncio">Apostolic Nuncio</a>, <a href="/wiki/Papal_Legate" class="mw-redirect" title="Papal Legate">Papal Legate</a>, <a href="/wiki/Patriarchal_Vicar" class="mw-redirect" title="Patriarchal Vicar">Patriarchal Vicar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pontifical_Delegate" title="Pontifical Delegate">Pontifical Delegate</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ordinaries_and_local_ordinaries">Ordinaries and local ordinaries</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hierarchy_of_the_Catholic_Church&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Ordinaries and local ordinaries"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><span class="anchor" id="Ordinary"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"></p><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Ordinary_(officer)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ordinary (officer)">Ordinary (officer)</a></div> <p>Local ordinaries are placed over or exercise ordinary executive power in <a href="/wiki/Particular_church" class="mw-redirect" title="Particular church">particular churches</a> or equivalent communities.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>The Supreme Pontiff (the Pope) is a local ordinary for the whole <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic Church</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>In <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Catholic_Churches" title="Eastern Catholic Churches">Eastern Catholic Churches</a>, <a href="/wiki/Patriarch" title="Patriarch">Patriarchs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Major_archbishop" title="Major archbishop">major archbishops</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_bishop" title="Metropolitan bishop">metropolitans</a> have ordinary power of governance for the whole territory of their respective autonomous particular churches.<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diocese" title="Diocese">Diocesan</a> <a href="/wiki/Bishop_(Catholicism)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bishop (Catholicism)">bishops</a> and <a href="/wiki/Eparchy" title="Eparchy">eparchial eparchs</a></li> <li>Other <a href="/wiki/Prelate" title="Prelate">prelates</a> who head, even if only temporarily, a <a href="/wiki/Particular_church" class="mw-redirect" title="Particular church">particular church</a> or a community equivalent to it (<a href="#Equivalents_of_diocesan_bishops_in_law">see above</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vicar_general" title="Vicar general">Vicars general</a> and <a href="/wiki/Protosyncellus" title="Protosyncellus">protosyncelli</a></li></ul> <dl><dd><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Vicar_general" title="Vicar general">Vicar general</a></div></dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vicar_general" title="Vicar general">Episcopal vicars</a> and <a href="/wiki/Protosyncellus" title="Protosyncellus">syncelli</a></li></ul> <dl><dd><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Vicar_general" title="Vicar general">Vicar general</a></div></dd></dl> <p>Major superiors of <a href="/wiki/Religious_institute" title="Religious institute">religious institutes</a> (including <a href="/wiki/Abbot" title="Abbot">abbots</a>) and of <a href="/wiki/Society_of_apostolic_life" title="Society of apostolic life">societies of apostolic life</a> are ordinaries of their respective memberships, but not local ordinaries. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Presbyterate">Presbyterate</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hierarchy_of_the_Catholic_Church&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Presbyterate"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Priesthood_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Priesthood in the Catholic Church">Priesthood in the Catholic Church</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="In_general">In general</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hierarchy_of_the_Catholic_Church&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: In general"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Bishops are assisted by priests<sup id="cite_ref-BritannicaPriesthood_74-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BritannicaPriesthood-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Deacon" title="Deacon">deacons</a>. All priests and deacons are <a href="/wiki/Incardination_and_excardination" title="Incardination and excardination">incardinated</a> in a diocese or religious order. <a href="/wiki/Parish#Roman_Catholic_Church" title="Parish">Parishes</a>, whether territorial or person-based, within a diocese are normally in the charge of a priest, known as the parish priest or the pastor.<sup id="cite_ref-BritannicaPriesthood_74-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BritannicaPriesthood-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the Latin Church, only celibate men, as a rule, are ordained as priests, while the Eastern Churches, again as a rule, ordain both celibate and married men. Among the Eastern particular Churches, the <a href="/wiki/Ethiopic_Catholic_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethiopic Catholic Church">Ethiopic Catholic Church</a> ordains only celibate clergy, while also having married priests who were ordained in the Orthodox Church, while other Eastern Catholic Churches, which do ordain married men, do not have married priests in certain countries. The Western or Latin Church does sometimes, though rarely, ordain married men, usually Protestant clergy who have become Catholics. A married man aged 35 and above may be ordained as a deacon, with his wife's permission. All <a href="/wiki/Sui_iuris" title="Sui iuris">sui iuris</a> churches of the Catholic Church maintain the ancient tradition that, following ordination, marriage is not allowed. Even a married priest or deacon whose wife dies may not then marry again. </p><p>The Catholic Church and the ancient Christian Churches see priestly ordination as a <a href="/wiki/Sacrament" title="Sacrament">sacrament</a> dedicating the ordinand to a permanent relationship of service, and, like Baptism and Confirmation, having an ontological effect on him. It is for this reason that a person may be ordained to each of the three orders only once. They also consider that ordination can be conferred only on males. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Priests_in_service_outside_their_diocese">Priests in service outside their diocese</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hierarchy_of_the_Catholic_Church&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Priests in service outside their diocese"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Although priests are incardinated into a diocese or order, they may obtain the permission of their diocesan ordinary or religious superior to serve outside the normal jurisdiction of the diocese or order. These assignments may be temporary or more permanent in nature. </p><p>Temporary assignments may include studying for an advanced degree at a <a href="/wiki/Pontifical_University" class="mw-redirect" title="Pontifical University">Pontifical University</a> in Rome. They may also include short-term assignments to the faculty of a <a href="/wiki/Seminary" title="Seminary">seminary</a> located outside the diocese's territory. </p><p>Long-term assignments include serving the universal church on the staff of a <a href="/wiki/Dicastery" title="Dicastery">dicastery</a> or tribunal of the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Curia" title="Roman Curia">Roman Curia</a> or in the diplomatic corps of the Holy See. They may also be appointed the <a href="/wiki/Rector_(ecclesiastical)" title="Rector (ecclesiastical)">rector</a> or to long-term teaching assignments to the faculty of a seminary or Catholic university. Priests may also serve on the staff of their <a href="/wiki/Episcopal_conference" title="Episcopal conference">episcopal conference</a>, as <a href="/wiki/Military_chaplain" title="Military chaplain">military chaplains</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Military_ordinariate" title="Military ordinariate">military ordinariates</a>, or as <a href="/wiki/Missionary" title="Missionary">missionaries</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Positions_within_a_diocese_at_diocesan_level">Positions within a diocese at diocesan level</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hierarchy_of_the_Catholic_Church&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Positions within a diocese at diocesan level"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The diocesan bishop appoints a <a href="/wiki/Vicar_general" title="Vicar general">vicar general</a> to assist him in the governance of the diocese. Usually, only one vicar general is appointed; particularly large dioceses may have more than one vicar general. The vicar general or one of them is usually appointed <a href="/wiki/Moderator_of_the_curia" title="Moderator of the curia">moderator of the curia</a> who coordinates the diocesan administrative offices and ministries.<sup id="cite_ref-Canon_475,_canon_473_75-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Canon_475,_canon_473-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A diocesan bishop can also appoint one or more <a href="/wiki/Episcopal_vicar" class="mw-redirect" title="Episcopal vicar">episcopal vicars</a> for the diocese. They have the same ordinary power as a vicar general, however, it is limited to a specified division of the diocese, to a specific type of activity, to the faithful of a particular rite, or to certain groups of people.<sup id="cite_ref-Canon_476_76-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Canon_476-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Vicars general and episcopal vicars must be priests or bishops. In the Eastern Catholic Churches, they are called protosyncelli and syncelli (<a href="/wiki/Canon_(canon_law)" title="Canon (canon law)">canon</a> 191 of the <i><a href="/wiki/Code_of_Canons_of_the_Eastern_Churches" title="Code of Canons of the Eastern Churches">Code of Canons of the Eastern Churches</a></i>). </p><p>Diocesan bishops are required to appoint a <a href="/wiki/Judicial_vicar" title="Judicial vicar">judicial vicar</a> to whom is delegated the bishop's ordinary power to judge cases (canon 1420 of the <a href="/wiki/1983_Code_of_Canon_Law" title="1983 Code of Canon Law">1983 <i>Code of Canon Law</i></a>, canon 191 of the <i>Code of Canons of the Eastern Churches</i>). In the Latin Church, the judicial vicar may also be called <i><a href="/wiki/Officialis" class="mw-redirect" title="Officialis">officialis</a></i>. The person holding this post must be a priest, have earned a <a href="/wiki/Doctor_of_Canon_Law" class="mw-redirect" title="Doctor of Canon Law">doctorate in canon law</a> (or at least a <a href="/wiki/License" title="License">license</a>), be at least thirty years old, and, unless the smallness of the diocese or the limited number of cases suggests otherwise, must not be the vicar general. As one of the jobs of the judicial vicar is to preside over collegiate tribunals, many dioceses have adjutant judicial vicars who can preside over collegiate tribunals in place of the judicial vicar and must have the same qualifications. </p><p>The diocesan bishop appoints a <a href="/wiki/Chancellor_(ecclesiastical)" title="Chancellor (ecclesiastical)">chancellor</a>, possibly a vice-chancellor, and notaries to the <a href="/wiki/Diocesan_chancery" title="Diocesan chancery">diocesan chancery</a>. These officials maintain the records and archives of the diocese. They also serve as the secretaries of the diocesan <a href="/wiki/Curia" title="Curia">curia</a>. The bishop also appoints a finance officer and a finance council to oversee the budget, temporal goods, income, and expenses of the diocese. </p><p>The diocesan bishop may appoint priests to be members of the <a href="/wiki/Cathedral_chapter" title="Cathedral chapter">chapter of his cathedral</a> or of a <a href="/wiki/Collegiate_church" title="Collegiate church">collegiate church</a> (so called after their chapter). These priests are given the title of <a href="/wiki/Canon_(priest)" class="mw-redirect" title="Canon (priest)">canon</a>. He also appoints six to twelve priests from the presbyteral council to serve as a college of <a href="/wiki/Consultors" class="mw-redirect" title="Consultors">consultors</a>. They have the responsibility to elect the <a href="/wiki/Diocesan_administrator" title="Diocesan administrator">diocesan administrator</a> in the event of the vacancy of the see. </p><p>The bishop appoints priests and other members of the faithful to various advisory bodies. These include the presbyteral council, the diocesan <a href="/wiki/Synod" title="Synod">synod</a>, and the pastoral council. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Vicars_forane_or_deans">Vicars forane or deans</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hierarchy_of_the_Catholic_Church&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Vicars forane or deans"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>"The <a href="/wiki/Vicar_Forane" class="mw-redirect" title="Vicar Forane">Vicar Forane</a> known also as the <a href="/wiki/Dean_(religion)" class="mw-redirect" title="Dean (religion)">Dean</a> or the Archpriest or by some other title, is the priest who is placed in charge of a vicariate forane" (canon 553 of the 1983 <i>Code of Canon Law</i>), namely of a group of parishes within a diocese. Unlike a regional Episcopal vicar, a vicar forane acts as a help for the parish priests and other priests in the vicariate forane, rather than as an intermediate authority between them and the diocesan bishop. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Parish_priest/pastor"><span id="Parish_priest.2Fpastor"></span>Parish priest/pastor</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hierarchy_of_the_Catholic_Church&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Parish priest/pastor"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>This section concerns the priest who in the 1983 Code of Canon Law is referred to by the term <i>parochus</i>, which in some English-speaking countries is rendered as "the parish priest", in others as "the pastor". The English term "pastor" is also used in a more generic sense corresponding instead to the Latin term <i>pastor</i>: </p> <blockquote><p>The parish priest is the proper pastor of the parish entrusted to him. He exercises the pastoral care of the community entrusted to him under the authority of the diocesan Bishop, whose ministry of Christ he is called to share, so that for this community he may carry out the offices of teaching, sanctifying and ruling with the cooperation of other priests or deacons and with the assistance of lay members of Christ's faithful, in accordance with the law </p><dl><dd>—canon 519 of the 1983 <i>Code of Canon Law</i> in the English translation by the Canon Law Society of Great Britain and Ireland, assisted by the Canon Law Society of Australia and New Zealand and the Canadian Canon Law Society</dd></dl></blockquote> <blockquote><p>The pastor (<i>parochus</i>) is the proper pastor (<i>pastor</i>) of the parish entrusted to him, exercising the pastoral care of the community committed to him under the authority of the diocesan bishop in whose ministry of Christ he has been called to share, so that for that same community he carries out the functions of teaching, sanctifying, and governing, also with the cooperation of other presbyters or deacons and with the assistance of lay members of the Christian faithful, according to the norm of law </p><dl><dd>—canon 519 of the 1983 <i>Code of Canon Law</i> in the English translation by the Canon Law Society of America).</dd></dl></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Assistant_priests/parochial_vicars"><span id="Assistant_priests.2Fparochial_vicars"></span>Assistant priests/parochial vicars</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hierarchy_of_the_Catholic_Church&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Assistant priests/parochial vicars"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The parish priest/pastor may be assisted by one or more other priests: </p> <blockquote><p>Whenever it is necessary or opportune for the due pastoral care of the parish, one or more assistant priests can be joined with the parish priest. As cooperators with the parish priest and sharers in his concern, they are, by common counsel and effort with the parish priest and under his authority, to labour in the pastoral ministry </p><dl><dd>—canon 545 of the 1983 <i>Code of Canon Law</i> in the English translation by the Canon Law Society of Great Britain and Ireland, assisted by the Canon Law Society of Australia and New Zealand and the Canadian Canon Law Society</dd></dl></blockquote> <blockquote><p>Whenever it is necessary or opportune in order to carry out the pastoral care of a parish fittingly, one or more parochial vicars can be associated with the pastor. As co-workers with the pastor and sharers in his solicitude, they are to offer service in the pastoral ministry by common counsel and effort with the pastor and under his authority </p><dl><dd>—canon 545 of the 1983 <i>Code of Canon Law</i> in the English translation by the Canon Law Society of America</dd></dl></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Honorary_titles">Honorary titles</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hierarchy_of_the_Catholic_Church&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Honorary titles"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The honorary title of <i><a href="/wiki/Monsignor" title="Monsignor">monsignor</a></i> is conferred by the Pope upon diocesan priests (not members of <a href="/wiki/Religious_institute" title="Religious institute">religious institutes</a>) in the service of the <a href="/wiki/Holy_See" title="Holy See">Holy See</a>, and may be granted by him also to other diocesan priests at the request of the priest's bishop. The priest so honored is considered to be a member of the <a href="/wiki/Papal_household" title="Papal household">papal household</a>. The title goes with any of the following three awards: </p> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Chaplain_of_His_Holiness" title="Chaplain of His Holiness">Chaplain of His Holiness</a></i> (called <i>Papal Chamberlain</i> until a 1969 reform),<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the lowest level, distinguished by purple buttons and trim on the black <a href="/wiki/Cassock" title="Cassock">cassock</a>, with a purple sash.</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Honorary_Prelate" class="mw-redirect" title="Honorary Prelate">Honorary Prelate</a></i> (until 1969 called <i>Domestic Prelate</i>), the middle level, distinguished by red buttons and trim on the black cassock, with a purple sash, and by choir dress that includes a purple cassock.</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Protonotary_Apostolic" class="mw-redirect" title="Protonotary Apostolic">Protonotary Apostolic</a></i>, the highest level, with the same dress as that of an Honorary Prelate, except that the non-obligatory purple silk cape known as a <a href="/wiki/Ferraiolo" title="Ferraiolo">ferraiolo</a> may also be worn.</li></ul> <p>In December 2013, <a href="/wiki/Pope_Francis" title="Pope Francis">Pope Francis</a> decided to make future grants of the title of <i>Monsignor</i> to priests not in the service of the Holy See only in the rank of Chaplain of His Holiness and only to priests aged 65 or over.<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Under legislation of <a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_X" title="Pope Pius X">Pope Pius X</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vicar_general" title="Vicar general">vicars general</a> and <a href="/wiki/Vicar_capitular" class="mw-redirect" title="Vicar capitular">vicars capitular</a> (the latter are now called diocesan administrators) are titular (not actual) Protonotaries <i>durante munere</i>, i.e., as long as they hold those offices, and so are entitled to be addressed as Monsignor,<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as indicated also by the placing of the abbreviated title "Mons", before the name of every member of the secular (diocesan) clergy listed as a vicar general in the <i><a href="/wiki/Annuario_Pontificio" title="Annuario Pontificio">Annuario Pontificio</a></i>. (Honorary titles such as that of "Monsignor" are not considered appropriate for <a href="/wiki/Religious_(Catholicism)" class="mw-redirect" title="Religious (Catholicism)">religious</a>.) </p><p>Some of the Eastern Catholic Churches of Syriac tradition use the title <i><a href="/wiki/Chorbishop" title="Chorbishop">Chorbishop</a></i>, roughly equivalent to the Western title of <i>Monsignor</i>. Other Eastern Catholic Churches bestow the honorific title of <i><a href="/wiki/Archimandrite" title="Archimandrite">Archimandrite</a></i> upon unmarried priests as a mark of respect or gratitude for their services. Married presbyters may be honored with the position of <i><a href="/wiki/Archpriest" title="Archpriest">Archpriest</a></i>, which has two grades, the higher is "Mitred Archpriest" which permits the priest to wear a mitre. </p><p>In the Latin Church, the title of <a href="/wiki/Archpriest" title="Archpriest">Archpriest</a> is sometimes attached to the pastors of historic churches, including the major basilicas in Rome. These archpriests are not presbyters, but bishops or cardinals.<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Similarly, the title of <a href="/wiki/Archdeacon" title="Archdeacon">Archdeacon</a> is sometimes conferred on presbyters. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Diaconate">Diaconate</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hierarchy_of_the_Catholic_Church&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Diaconate"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Deacons" class="mw-redirect" title="Deacons">Deacons</a> are ordained ministers of the church who are co-workers with the bishop alongside presbyters, but are intended to focus on the ministries of direct service and outreach to the poor and needy, rather than pastoral leadership. They are usually related to a parish, where they have a liturgical function as the ordinary minister of the <a href="/wiki/Gospel" title="Gospel">Gospel</a> and the Prayers of the Faithful. They may preach <a href="/wiki/Homilies" class="mw-redirect" title="Homilies">homilies</a>, and in the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Rite" title="Roman Rite">Roman Rite</a> may preside at non-Eucharistic liturgies such as baptisms, weddings, funerals, and adoration/benediction. In the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Catholic_Churches" title="Eastern Catholic Churches">Eastern Catholic Churches</a>, in the absence of a priest, deacons do not vest and may only lead services as a reader, never presiding at weddings or funerals. </p><p>The scriptural basis and description of the role and qualifications of the deacon can be found in Acts 6:1–9, and in 1 Timothy 3:1–13.<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>They may be seminarians preparing for ordination to the priesthood, "transitional deacons", or "permanent deacons" who do not intend to be ordained as priests. To be ordained deacons, the latter must be at least 25 years old, if unmarried; if married, a prospective deacon must be at least 35 years old and have the consent of his wife.<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the Latin Church, married deacons are permanent deacons. In most diocese there is a cut-off age for being accepted into formation for the diaconate.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The passage from membership of the laity to that of the clergy occurs with ordination to the diaconate.<sup id="cite_ref-canon266_83-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-canon266-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Previously, the <a href="/wiki/Latin_Church" title="Latin Church">Latin Church</a> rule was that one became a cleric on receiving clerical <a href="/wiki/Tonsure" title="Tonsure">tonsure</a>, which was followed by <a href="/wiki/Minor_orders" title="Minor orders">minor orders</a> and by the <a href="/wiki/Subdeacon" title="Subdeacon">subdiaconate</a>, which was reckoned as one of the <a href="/wiki/Major_orders" title="Major orders">major orders</a>. By his <a href="/wiki/Motu_proprio" title="Motu proprio">motu proprio</a> <i>Ministeria quaedam</i> of 15 August 1972, <a href="/wiki/Pope_Paul_VI" title="Pope Paul VI">Pope Paul VI</a> decreed: "The orders hitherto called minor are henceforth to be spoken of as 'ministries'."<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The same motu proprio also decreed that the <a href="/wiki/Latin_Church" title="Latin Church">Latin Church</a> would no longer have the major order of subdiaconate, but it permitted any <a href="/wiki/Episcopal_conference" title="Episcopal conference">episcopal conference</a> that so desired to apply the term "subdeacon" to those who hold the ministry (formerly called the minor order) of "<a href="/wiki/Acolyte" title="Acolyte">acolyte</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Even in those societies within the Latin Church that, with the approval of the Holy See, continue to administer the rites of tonsure, minor orders and subdiaconate, those who receive those rites remain lay people, becoming clerics only on being ordained as deacons.<sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Laity">Laity</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hierarchy_of_the_Catholic_Church&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Laity"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Most Catholics are <a href="/wiki/Laity#Roman_Catholicism" title="Laity">laity</a>, a term derived from Greek λαὸς Θεοῦ (<i>Laòs Theoû</i>), meaning "people of God". All Christian faithful have the right and duty to bring the gospel message increasingly to "all people in every age and every land".<sup id="cite_ref-1983CIC_211_87-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1983CIC_211-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They all have a share in the church's mission and have the right to undertake apostolic activity according to their own state and condition.<sup id="cite_ref-1983CIC_216_88-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1983CIC_216-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Catholic_minister#Lay_ministers" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholic minister">Lay ministry</a> can take the form of exercising the priesthood of all the baptized, and more specifically undertaking the work of <a href="/wiki/Catechist" class="mw-redirect" title="Catechist">catechists</a>, serving the church pastorally, administratively, and in other ways, including the <a href="/wiki/Liturgy" title="Liturgy">liturgical</a> services as <a href="/wiki/Acolyte" title="Acolyte">acolytes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lector#Ecclesiastical" title="Lector">lectors</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cantor_(church)" class="mw-redirect" title="Cantor (church)">cantors</a>, and the like,<sup id="cite_ref-1983CIC_230_89-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1983CIC_230-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-BritannicaLaity_90-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BritannicaLaity-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> initiation sponsors, pastoral care ministers, and members of parish and diocesan consultative bodies.<sup id="cite_ref-BritannicaLaity_90-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BritannicaLaity-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-1983CIC_228_91-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1983CIC_228-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some lay Catholics carry out full-time professional and vocational service in the name of the church, rather than in a secular calling. Though the phenomenon is widespread in North America and much of Europe, the organization and definition of the ministry is left to national bishops conferences. The <a href="/wiki/United_States_Conference_of_Catholic_Bishops" title="United States Conference of Catholic Bishops">United States Conference of Catholic Bishops</a> has adopted the term <a href="/wiki/Lay_ecclesial_ministers" class="mw-redirect" title="Lay ecclesial ministers">lay ecclesial ministry</a> for these individuals, as intentionally distinct from the general apostolate or ministry of the laity described above.<sup id="cite_ref-Co-workers_92-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Co-workers-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The consultative leadership of the church, in both the diocese and the parish, usually comprises a Pastoral Council<sup id="cite_ref-1983CIC_512_93-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1983CIC_512-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-1983CIC_536_94-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1983CIC_536-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and a Finance Council,<sup id="cite_ref-1983CIC_492_95-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1983CIC_492-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-1983CIC_537_96-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1983CIC_537-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as well as several Commissions usually focusing on major aspects of the church's life and mission, such as Faith Formation or Christian Education, Liturgy, Social Justice, Ecumenism, or Stewardship.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2011)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Religious">Religious</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hierarchy_of_the_Catholic_Church&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Religious"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Religious_institute_(Catholic)" class="mw-redirect" title="Religious institute (Catholic)">Religious institute (Catholic)</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Religious_(Catholicism)" class="mw-redirect" title="Religious (Catholicism)">Religious</a>—who can be either lay people or clergy—are members of <a href="/wiki/Religious_institute" title="Religious institute">religious institutes</a>, societies in which the members take public vows and live a fraternal life in common.<sup id="cite_ref-97" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This is a form of <a href="/wiki/Consecrated_life" title="Consecrated life">consecrated life</a> distinct from <a href="/wiki/Consecrated_life#Other_forms_of_consecrated_life" title="Consecrated life">other forms</a>, such as that of <a href="/wiki/Secular_institute" title="Secular institute">secular institutes</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-98" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is distinct also from forms that do not involve membership of an institute, such as that of consecrated hermits,<sup id="cite_ref-99" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> that of consecrated virgins,<sup id="cite_ref-100" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and other forms whose approval is reserved to the Holy See.<sup id="cite_ref-101" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Religious institutes have historically been subdivided into the categories of <a href="/wiki/Catholic_religious_order" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholic religious order">orders</a> and <a href="/wiki/Religious_congregation" title="Religious congregation">congregations</a>. Male members of orders or congregations are <a href="/wiki/Brother_(Christian)#Catholicism" class="mw-redirect" title="Brother (Christian)">brothers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Monk" title="Monk">monks</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Friar" title="Friar">friars</a>, while female members are <a href="/wiki/Nun" title="Nun">nuns</a> or <a href="/wiki/Religious_sister" title="Religious sister">religious sisters</a>. Each order may have its own hierarchy of offices such <a href="/wiki/Superior_general" class="mw-redirect" title="Superior general">superior general</a>, <a href="/wiki/Abbot" title="Abbot">abbot</a> or <a href="/wiki/Abbess" title="Abbess">abbess</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mother_superior" title="Mother superior">mother superior</a>, <a href="/wiki/Prior_(ecclesiastical)" title="Prior (ecclesiastical)">prior or prioress</a>, or others, and the specific duties and responsibilities for each office will depend on the specific order or congregation. Those who are in the process of joining a religious institute but have not yet taken their perpetual vows may be referred to as <a href="/wiki/Postulant" title="Postulant">postulants</a> or <a href="/wiki/Novitiate" title="Novitiate">novices</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hierarchy_of_the_Catholic_Church&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 25em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anglican_ministry" title="Anglican ministry">Anglican ministry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apostolic_Syndic" title="Apostolic Syndic">Apostolic Syndic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_by_country" title="Catholic Church by country">Catholic Church by country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_organisation_of_the_Catholic_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Global organisation of the Catholic Church">Global organisation of the Catholic Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exarch#Modern_Eastern_Catholic_churches" title="Exarch">List of Eastern Catholic exarchates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apostolic_administrator" class="mw-redirect" title="Apostolic administrator">List of Roman Catholic apostolic administrations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apostolic_prefect" class="mw-redirect" title="Apostolic prefect">List of Roman Catholic apostolic prefectures</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apostolic_Vicariate" class="mw-redirect" title="Apostolic Vicariate">List of Roman Catholic apostolic vicariates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Roman_Catholic_archdioceses" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Roman Catholic archdioceses">List of Roman Catholic archdioceses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Roman_Catholic_dioceses_(alphabetical)" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Roman Catholic dioceses (alphabetical)">List of Roman Catholic dioceses (alphabetical)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Roman_Catholic_dioceses_(structured_view)" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Roman Catholic dioceses (structured view)">List of Roman Catholic dioceses (structured view)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_ordinariate" title="Military ordinariate">List of Roman Catholic military dioceses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mission_sui_iuris" title="Mission sui iuris">List of Roman Catholic missions <i>sui juris</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Territorial_prelate" title="Territorial prelate">List of Roman Catholic territorial prelatures</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_patriarchs,_archbishops,_and_bishops" class="mw-redirect" title="Lists of patriarchs, archbishops, and bishops">Lists of patriarchs, archbishops, and bishops</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Order_of_precedence_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Order of precedence in the Catholic Church">Order of precedence in the Catholic Church</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hierarchy_of_the_Catholic_Church&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vatican.va/archive/ccc_css/archive/catechism/p123a9p4.htm">Catechism of the Catholic Church, 873</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100906142233/https://www.vatican.va/archive/ccc_css/archive/catechism/p123a9p4.htm">Archived</a> 6 September 2010 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"If any one saith, that, in the Catholic Church there is not a hierarchy by divine ordination instituted, consisting of bishops, priests, and ministers; let him be <a href="/wiki/Anathema" title="Anathema">anathema</a>" (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://history.hanover.edu/texts/trent/ct23.html">Council of Trent, session XXIII, canon VI on the sacrament of Order</a>).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFChisholm1911" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Chisholm" title="Hugh Chisholm">Chisholm, Hugh</a>, ed. (1911). <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Hierarchy"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Hierarchy">"Hierarchy" </a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. Vol. 13 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 452.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Hierarchy&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=452&rft.edition=11th&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1911&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHierarchy+of+the+Catholic+Church" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><i><a href="/wiki/Catechism_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="Catechism of the Catholic Church">Catechism of the Catholic Church</a></i> (2nd ed.). <a href="/wiki/Vatican_Publishing_House" title="Vatican Publishing House">Libreria Editrice Vaticana</a>. 2019. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vatican.va/archive/ENG0015/__P2A.HTM#:~:text=874%20">Paragraphs 874–896</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Catechism+of+the+Catholic+Church&rft.pages=Paragraphs+874-896&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Libreria+Editrice+Vaticana&rft.date=2019&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHierarchy+of+the+Catholic+Church" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><i><a href="/wiki/Catechism_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="Catechism of the Catholic Church">Catechism of the Catholic Church</a></i> (2nd ed.). <a href="/wiki/Vatican_Publishing_House" title="Vatican Publishing House">Libreria Editrice Vaticana</a>. 2019. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vatican.va/archive/ENG0015/__P2A.HTM#:~:text=886%20">Paragraphs 886, 888, 893, 939</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Catechism+of+the+Catholic+Church&rft.pages=Paragraphs+886%2C+888%2C+893%2C+939&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Libreria+Editrice+Vaticana&rft.date=2019&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHierarchy+of+the+Catholic+Church" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171201033038/http://www.catholicreference.net/index.cfm?id=33923">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>"Hierarchy" in John Hardon, <i>Modern Catholic Dictionary</i>"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.catholicreference.net/index.cfm?id=33923">the original</a> on 1 December 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 January</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%22Hierarchy%22+in+John+Hardon%2C+Modern+Catholic+Dictionary&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.catholicreference.net%2Findex.cfm%3Fid%3D33923&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHierarchy+of+the+Catholic+Church" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDuffy1997" class="citation book cs1">Duffy, Eamon (1997). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/00book1593273669"><i>Saints and Sinners: A History of the Popes</i></a></span>. Yale. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0300115970" title="Special:BookSources/978-0300115970"><bdi>978-0300115970</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Saints+and+Sinners%3A+A+History+of+the+Popes&rft.pub=Yale&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0300115970&rft.aulast=Duffy&rft.aufirst=Eamon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2F00book1593273669&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHierarchy+of+the+Catholic+Church" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/07322c.htm">"CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Hierarchy"</a>. <i>newadvent.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 June</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=newadvent.org&rft.atitle=CATHOLIC+ENCYCLOPEDIA%3A+Hierarchy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.newadvent.org%2Fcathen%2F07322c.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHierarchy+of+the+Catholic+Church" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-sees-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-sees_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Vatican, <i>Annuario Pontificio</i> 2021, p. 1103.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-OneFaith52-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-OneFaith52_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Barry, p. 52</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cara.georgetown.edu/frequently-requested-church-statistics/">"Frequently Requested Church Statistics"</a>. <i>Center for Applied Research in the Apostolate</i>. Georgetown University<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 January</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Center+for+Applied+Research+in+the+Apostolate&rft.atitle=Frequently+Requested+Church+Statistics&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcara.georgetown.edu%2Ffrequently-requested-church-statistics%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHierarchy+of+the+Catholic+Church" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCommittee_on_the_Diaconate" class="citation web cs1">Committee on the Diaconate. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.usccb.org/deacon/faqs.shtml">"Frequently Asked Questions About Deacons"</a>. United States Conference of Catholic Bishops<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 March</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Frequently+Asked+Questions+About+Deacons&rft.pub=United+States+Conference+of+Catholic+Bishops&rft.au=Committee+on+the+Diaconate&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.usccb.org%2Fdeacon%2Ffaqs.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHierarchy+of+the+Catholic+Church" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"The minister who is able to confect the sacrament of the Eucharist in the person of Christ is a validly ordained priest alone" (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vatican.va/archive/ENG1104/">__P38.HTM Code of Canon Law, canon 900 §1).</a> While in the English language, the word "priest" usually means someone received into the second of the three <a href="/wiki/Holy_orders" title="Holy orders">holy orders</a> (also called the <a href="/wiki/Presbyter" title="Presbyter">presbyterate</a>) but not into the highest, that of <a href="/wiki/Bishop_(Catholicism)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bishop (Catholicism)">bishop</a>, the Latin text underlying this statement uses the Latin term <i>sacerdos</i>, which comprises both bishops and, in the common English sense, priests. To refer exclusively to priests in the more common English sense, Latin uses the word <i>presbyter</i>. See <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/generalinstructi0000smol/page/24">Dennis Chester Smolarski, <i>The General Instruction of the Roman Missal, 1969–2002: A Commentary</i> (Liturgical Press 2003</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8146-2936-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8146-2936-9">978-0-8146-2936-9</a>), p. 24.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.intratext.com/IXT/ENG1199/_P16.HTM">Canon 42</a> Catholic Church Canon Law. Retrieved 9 March 2008.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vatican.va/archive/ENG1104/__P1D.HTM">Canon 375</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080219141242/https://www.vatican.va/archive/ENG1104/__P1D.HTM">Archived</a> 19 February 2008 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Catholic Law. Retrieved 9 March 2008.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-OneFaith114-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-OneFaith114_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Barry, p. 114.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStrenski2015" class="citation book cs1">Strenski, Ivan (10 February 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-Hr7CAAAQBAJ&pg=PA195"><i>Understanding Theories of Religion: An Introduction</i></a>. Wiley. p. 195. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781118457702" title="Special:BookSources/9781118457702"><bdi>9781118457702</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Understanding+Theories+of+Religion%3A+An+Introduction&rft.pages=195&rft.pub=Wiley&rft.date=2015-02-10&rft.isbn=9781118457702&rft.aulast=Strenski&rft.aufirst=Ivan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D-Hr7CAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA195&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHierarchy+of+the+Catholic+Church" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Quote: "...especially if [men] are in unity with the bishop, the presbyters, and the deacons, who have been appointed according to the mind of Jesus Christ, whom He has established in security, after His own will, and by His Holy Spirit.[...] Take heed, then, to have but one Eucharist. For there is one flesh of our Lord Jesus Christ, and one cup to [show forth ] the unity of His blood; one altar; as there is one bishop, along with the presbytery and deacons, my fellow-servants: that so, whatsoever you do, you may do it according to [the will of] God". See <i><a href="/wiki/Epistle_of_Ignatius_to_the_Philadelphians" title="Epistle of Ignatius to the Philadelphians">Epistle of Ignatius to the Philadelphians</a></i>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newadvent.org/fathers/0108.htm">Ch. 1 and 4</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ccec_42-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ccec_42_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.intratext.com/IXT/ENG1199/_P16.HTM">"Canon 42"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Code_of_Canons_of_the_Eastern_Churches" title="Code of Canons of the Eastern Churches">Code of Canons of the Eastern Churches</a></i>. 1990<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 April</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Code+of+Canons+of+the+Eastern+Churches&rft.atitle=Canon+42&rft.date=1990&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.intratext.com%2FIXT%2FENG1199%2F_P16.HTM&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHierarchy+of+the+Catholic+Church" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-BritannicaCollegeOfBishops-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-BritannicaCollegeOfBishops_20-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-BritannicaCollegeOfBishops_20-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/507284/Roman-Catholicism">Roman Catholicism</a> (at "Structure of the Church: The College of Bishops"). <i>Encyclopædia Britannica</i>. <i>Encyclopædia Britannica</i>, Inc. Retrieved 15 March 2012.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-cic_375-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-cic_375_21-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-cic_375_21-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vatican.va/archive/ENG1104/__P1D.HTM">"Canon 375"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/1983_Code_of_Canon_Law" title="1983 Code of Canon Law">Code of Canon Law</a></i>. 1983<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 April</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Code+of+Canon+Law&rft.atitle=Canon+375&rft.date=1983&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.vatican.va%2Farchive%2FENG1104%2F__P1D.HTM&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHierarchy+of+the+Catholic+Church" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vatican.va/roman_curia/congregations/cfaith/documents/rc_con_cfaith_doc_19900524_theologian-vocation_en.html">Instruction on the Ecclesial Vocation of Theologian, 19</a> Member of the Episcopal College by virtue of his sacramental ordination and hierarchical communion, the bishop represents his Church just as all the bishops, in union with the Pope, represent the Church universal in the bonds of peace, love, unity, and truth.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Carol Glatz, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.catholicherald.co.uk/news/2014/05/05/vatican-statistics-church-growth-remains-steady-worldwide/">Vatican statistics: Church growth remains steady worldwide</a>, <i>Catholic Herald</i> (5 May 2014).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-cic_1014-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-cic_1014_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070402021547/https://www.vatican.va/archive/ENG1104/__P3O.HTM">"Canon 1014"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/1983_Code_of_Canon_Law" title="1983 Code of Canon Law">Code of Canon Law</a></i>. 1983. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vatican.va/archive/ENG1104/__P3O.HTM">the original</a> on 2 April 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 April</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Code+of+Canon+Law&rft.atitle=Canon+1014&rft.date=1983&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.vatican.va%2Farchive%2FENG1104%2F__P3O.HTM&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHierarchy+of+the+Catholic+Church" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-cic_1013-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-cic_1013_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vatican.va/archive/ENG1104/__P3O.HTM">"Canon 1013"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/1983_Code_of_Canon_Law" title="1983 Code of Canon Law">Code of Canon Law</a></i>. 1983<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 April</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Code+of+Canon+Law&rft.atitle=Canon+1013&rft.date=1983&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.vatican.va%2Farchive%2FENG1104%2F__P3O.HTM&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHierarchy+of+the+Catholic+Church" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>Lumen Gentium</i>. 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Retrieved 15 March 2012.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-cic_331-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-cic_331_29-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070402021624/https://www.vatican.va/archive/ENG1104/__P16.HTM">"Canon 331"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/1983_Code_of_Canon_Law" title="1983 Code of Canon Law">Code of Canon Law</a></i>. 1983. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vatican.va/archive/ENG1104/__P16.HTM">the original</a> on 2 April 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 April</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Code+of+Canon+Law&rft.atitle=Canon+331&rft.date=1983&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.vatican.va%2Farchive%2FENG1104%2F__P16.HTM&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHierarchy+of+the+Catholic+Church" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-cic_330-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-cic_330_30-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vatican.va/archive/ENG1104/__P15.HTM">"Canon 330"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/1983_Code_of_Canon_Law" title="1983 Code of Canon Law">Code of Canon Law</a></i>. 1983<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 January</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Site+da+Santa+S%C3%A9&rft.atitle=Second+Vatican+Council%2C+Dogmatic+Constitution+on+the+Church+Lumen+gentium+%C2%A7+27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.vatican.va%2Farchive%2Fhist_councils%2Fii_vatican_council%2Fdocuments%2Fvat-ii_const_19641121_lumen-gentium_en.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHierarchy+of+the+Catholic+Church" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-UDG-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-UDG_36-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPope_John_Paul_II1996" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Pope_John_Paul_II" title="Pope John Paul II">Pope John Paul II</a> (22 February 1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070506074146/https://www.vatican.va/holy_father/john_paul_ii/apost_constitutions/documents/hf_jp-ii_apc_22021996_universi-dominici-gregis_en.html">"Apostolic constitution Universi Dominici Gregis"</a>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 May</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Code+of+Canons+for+the+Eastern+Churches&rft.atitle=Canon+63&rft.date=1990&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.intratext.com%2FIXT%2FENG1199%2F_P1R.HTM&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHierarchy+of+the+Catholic+Church" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ronald Roberson, CSP (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cnewa.org/ecc-bodypg-us.aspx?eccpageID=63&IndexView=toc">"The Coptic Catholic Church"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090712071243/http://www.cnewa.org/ecc-bodypg-us.aspx?eccpageID=63&IndexView=toc">Archived</a> 12 July 2009 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <i>The Eastern Christian Churches: A Brief Survey (6th edition)</i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ronald Roberson, CSP (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cnewa.org/ecc-bodypg-us.aspx?eccpageID=68&IndexView=toc">"The Melkite Catholic Church"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090712071214/http://www.cnewa.org/ecc-bodypg-us.aspx?eccpageID=68&IndexView=toc">Archived</a> 12 July 2009 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <i>The Eastern Christian Churches: A Brief Survey (6th edition)</i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ronald Roberson, CSP (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cnewa.org/ecc-bodypg-us.aspx?eccpageID=56&IndexView=toc">"The Maronite Catholic Church"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070516140520/http://www.cnewa.org/ecc-bodypg-us.aspx?eccpageID=56&IndexView=toc">Archived</a> 16 May 2007 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <i>The Eastern Christian Churches: A Brief Survey (6th edition)</i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ronald Roberson, CSP (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cnewa.org/ecc-bodypg-us.aspx?eccpageID=65&IndexView=toc">"The Syrian Catholic Church"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060301200200/http://www.cnewa.org/ecc-bodypg-us.aspx?eccpageID=65&IndexView=toc">Archived</a> 1 March 2006 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <i>The Eastern Christian Churches: A Brief Survey (6th edition)</i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ronald Roberson, CSP (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cnewa.org/ecc-bodypg-us.aspx?eccpageID=59&IndexView=toc">"The Chaldean Catholic Church"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100316014359/http://www.cnewa.org/ecc-bodypg-us.aspx?eccpageID=59&IndexView=toc">Archived</a> 16 March 2010 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <i>The Eastern Christian Churches: A Brief Survey (6th edition)</i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ronald Roberson, CSP (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cnewa.org/ecc-bodypg-us.aspx?eccpageID=59&IndexView=toc">"The Armenian Catholic Church"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100316014359/http://www.cnewa.org/ecc-bodypg-us.aspx?eccpageID=59&IndexView=toc">Archived</a> 16 March 2010 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <i>The Eastern Christian Churches: A Brief Survey (6th edition)</i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.intratext.com/IXT/ENG1199/_P1K.HTM">Canon 53</a>, <i>1990 Code of Canons of the Eastern Churches</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.intratext.com/IXT/ENG1199/_P1M.HTM">Canon 58</a>, <i>Ibid</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.intratext.com/IXT/ENG1199/_P47.HTM">Canon 151</a>, <i>1990 Code of Canons of the Eastern Churches</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://indiancatholic.in/news_read.asp?nid=647">"Syro Malankara Church says it can use <i>Catholicos</i> title"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150514120345/http://indiancatholic.in/news_read.asp?nid=647">Archived</a> 14 May 2015 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Indian Catholic News Service, 21 July 2005</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.intratext.com/IXT/ENG1199/_P48.HTM">Canon 152</a>, <i>1990 Code of Canons for the Eastern Churches</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.intratext.com/IXT/ENG1199/_P4A.HTM">Canon 154</a>, <i>1990 Code of Canons for the Eastern Churches</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vatican.va/archive/ENG1104/__P1J.HTM">Canon 438</a>, <i>1983 Code of Canon Law</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-BritannicaRomanCuria-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-BritannicaRomanCuria_52-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-BritannicaRomanCuria_52-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/507284/Roman-Catholicism">Roman Catholicism</a> (at "Structure of the Church: The Roman Curia and the College of Cardinals"). <i>Encyclopædia Britannica</i>. <i>Encyclopædia Britannica</i>, Inc. Retrieved 15 March 2012.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.intratext.com/IXT/LAT0813/_PO.HTM">Code of Canon Law (1917), canon 232 §1</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Pope John XXIII (15 April 1962). "Cum gravissima".</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/acommentaryonthe00bachuoft#page/36/mode/2up/search/precedence">Chas. Augustine, <i>A Commentary on the New Code of Canon Law</i> (Herder 1918), book II, pp. 36–37</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.intratext.com/IXT/LAT0813/_PO.HTM">Code of Canon Law (1917), canon 239 §1 21°</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ce-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ce_57-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ce_57-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ce_57-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHerbermann1913" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Herbermann, Charles, ed. (1913). <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/Primate"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia_(1913)/Primate">"Primate" </a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia" title="Catholic Encyclopedia">Catholic Encyclopedia</a></i>. New York: Robert Appleton Company.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Primate&rft.btitle=Catholic+Encyclopedia&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Robert+Appleton+Company&rft.date=1913&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHierarchy+of+the+Catholic+Church" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.intratext.com/IXT/ENG0017/_P1I.HTM">Code of Canon Law, canon 438</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vatican.va/archive/ENG1104/__P1J.HTM">Canons 435–437</a>, <i>Ibid</i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vatican.va/archive/ENG1104/__P1H.HTM">Canon 421 §2</a>, <i>Ibid</i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vatican.va/archive/ENG1104/_P5F.HTM">Canon 1438</a>, <i>Ibid</i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vatican.va/archive/ENG1104/__P5C.HTM">Canon 1419 §1</a>, <i>Ibid</i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vaticannews.va/en/vatican-city/news/2021-04/vatican-dicasteries-congregation-bishops-cardinal-ouellet.html">"To choose a bishop: A man for the Church, not a "ladder-climber" - Vatican News"</a>. 26 April 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=To+choose+a+bishop%3A+A+man+for+the+Church%2C+not+a+%22ladder-climber%22+-+Vatican+News&rft.date=2021-04-26&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.vaticannews.va%2Fen%2Fvatican-city%2Fnews%2F2021-04%2Fvatican-dicasteries-congregation-bishops-cardinal-ouellet.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHierarchy+of+the+Catholic+Church" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.intratext.com/IXT/ENG1199/_P3P.HTM">Canons 133</a>-<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.intratext.com/IXT/ENG1199/_P3V.HTM">139</a>, <i>Code of Canons of the Eastern Churches</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.intratext.com/IXT/ENG1199/_P4B.HTM">Canons 155</a>-<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.intratext.com/IXT/ENG1199/_P4T.HTM">173</a>, <i>Ibid</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>Annuario Pontificio 2017</i>. Libreria Editrice Vaticana. 2017. p. 1136. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788820999759" title="Special:BookSources/9788820999759"><bdi>9788820999759</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Annuario+Pontificio+2017&rft.pages=1136&rft.pub=Libreria+Editrice+Vaticana&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=9788820999759&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHierarchy+of+the+Catholic+Church" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">According to <a href="/wiki/Catholic-Hierarchy.org" title="Catholic-Hierarchy.org">Catholic-Hierarchy.org</a>, as of 2007, non-metropolitan archdioceses include <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.catholic-hierarchy.org/diocese/qview7.html">37 in Europe</a> (10 immediately subject to the Holy See, 1 immediately subject to an Eastern Catholic major archbishop, 25 suffragan archdioceses, and 1 military archdiocese), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.catholic-hierarchy.org/diocese/qview6.html">37 in Southwest Asia</a> (3 immediately subject to the Holy See, 21 immediately subject to Eastern Catholic patriarchs, 4 suffragan archdioceses), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.catholic-hierarchy.org/diocese/qview5.html">4 in Africa</a> (2 immediately subject to the Holy See, 2 immediately subject to Eastern Catholic patriarchs), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.catholic-hierarchy.org/diocese/qview1.html">2 in North America</a> (1 immediately subject to the Holy See, 1 military archdiocese), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.catholic-hierarchy.org/diocese/qview3.html">2 in South America</a> (1 immediately subject to the Holy See, 1 military archdiocese), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.catholic-hierarchy.org/diocese/qview4.html">2 in Australia</a> (both immediately subject to the Holy See), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.catholic-hierarchy.org/diocese/qview6.html">1 in Southeast Asia</a> (immediately subject to the Holy See), and <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.catholic-hierarchy.org/diocese/qview6.html">1 in South Asia</a> (immediately subject to an Eastern Catholic major archbishop)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vatican.va/holy_father/john_paul_ii/apost_constitutions/documents/hf_jp-ii_apc_19901018_codex-can-eccl-orient-1_lt.html#TITULUS_VIII">Code of Canons of the Eastern Churches, canon 314 §1</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110604154301/https://www.vatican.va/holy_father/john_paul_ii/apost_constitutions/documents/hf_jp-ii_apc_19901018_codex-can-eccl-orient-1_lt.html">Archived</a> 4 June 2011 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>; cf. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=9FN9gT7CQw4C&dq=Groen+%22patriarchal+exarch%22&pg=PA197">Bert Groen, William Peter van den Bercken (editors), <i>Four Hundred Years Union of Brest</i> (Peeters 1998</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-429-0670-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-429-0670-9">978-90-429-0670-9</a>), p. 197, which also mentions Eastern Catholic exarchs appointed in the past even by a metropolitan</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vatican.va/holy_father/benedict_xvi/apost_constitutions/documents/hf_ben-xvi_apc_20091104_anglicanorum-coetibus_en.html">Apostolic Constitution <i>Anglicanorum coetibus</i> of 4 November 2009</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141027053023/https://www.vatican.va/holy_father/benedict_xvi/apost_constitutions/documents/hf_ben-xvi_apc_20091104_anglicanorum-coetibus_en.html">Archived</a> 27 October 2014 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Id</i>.<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vatican.va/archive/ENG1104/_PF.HTM#1.0.0.8.0.0.134">c.134 §§1–2</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vatican.va/archive/ENG1104/__P1D.HTM">"Canon 134, §1 and §2"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/1983_Code_of_Canon_Law" title="1983 Code of Canon Law">1983 Code of Canon Law</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/Libreria_Editrice_Vaticana" class="mw-redirect" title="Libreria Editrice Vaticana">Code of Canon Law</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 August</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=1983+Code+of+Canon+Law&rft.atitle=Canon+134%2C+%C2%A71+and+%C2%A72&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.vatican.va%2Farchive%2FENG1104%2F__P1D.HTM&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHierarchy+of+the+Catholic+Church" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vatican.va/holy_father/john_paul_ii/apost_constitutions/documents/hf_jp-ii_apc_19901018_codex-can-eccl-orient-1_lt.html">Code of Canons of the Eastern Churches, canons 43 and 45</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110604154301/https://www.vatican.va/holy_father/john_paul_ii/apost_constitutions/documents/hf_jp-ii_apc_19901018_codex-can-eccl-orient-1_lt.html">Archived</a> 4 June 2011 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vatican.va/holy_father/john_paul_ii/apost_constitutions/documents/hf_jp-ii_apc_19901018_codex-can-eccl-orient-1_lt.html">Code of Canons of the Eastern Churches, canons 78, 152 and 157</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110604154301/https://www.vatican.va/holy_father/john_paul_ii/apost_constitutions/documents/hf_jp-ii_apc_19901018_codex-can-eccl-orient-1_lt.html">Archived</a> 4 June 2011 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-BritannicaPriesthood-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-BritannicaPriesthood_74-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-BritannicaPriesthood_74-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/507284/Roman-Catholicism">Roman Catholicism</a> (at "Structure of the Church: The priesthood"). <i>Encyclopædia Britannica</i>. <i>Encyclopædia Britannica</i>, Inc. Retrieved 15 March 2012.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Canon_475,_canon_473-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Canon_475,_canon_473_75-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071012061518/https://www.vatican.va/archive/ENG1104/__P1O.HTM">"Canon 475"</a>. <i>1983 Code of Canon Law</i>. The <a href="/wiki/Holy_See" title="Holy See">Holy See</a>. 28 January 1983. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-943616-79-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-943616-79-4"><bdi>0-943616-79-4</bdi></a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vatican.va/archive/ENG1104/__P1O.HTM">the original</a> on 12 October 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 August</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Canon+475&rft.btitle=1983+Code+of+Canon+Law&rft.pub=The+Holy+See&rft.date=1983-01-28&rft.isbn=0-943616-79-4&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.vatican.va%2Farchive%2FENG1104%2F__P1O.HTM&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHierarchy+of+the+Catholic+Church" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Canon_476-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Canon_476_76-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vatican.va/archive/ENG1104/__P1O.HTM">"Canon 476"</a>. <i>1983 Code of Canon Law</i>. The <a href="/wiki/Holy_See" title="Holy See">Holy See</a>. 28 January 1983. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-943616-79-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-943616-79-4"><bdi>0-943616-79-4</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 August</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Canon+476&rft.btitle=1983+Code+of+Canon+Law&rft.pub=The+Holy+See&rft.date=1983-01-28&rft.isbn=0-943616-79-4&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.vatican.va%2Farchive%2FENG1104%2F__P1O.HTM&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHierarchy+of+the+Catholic+Church" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170602003150/http://www.fiu.edu/~mirandas/instruction69.htm">"The Cardinals of the Holy Roman Church – Guide"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fiu.edu/~mirandas/instruction69.htm">the original</a> on 2 June 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 June</span> 2006</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Cardinals+of+the+Holy+Roman+Church+%E2%80%93+Guide&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fiu.edu%2F~mirandas%2Finstruction69.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHierarchy+of+the+Catholic+Church" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFO'Connell2014" class="citation news cs1">O'Connell, Gerard (4 January 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://vaticaninsider.lastampa.it/en/the-vatican/detail/articolo/31027/">"Pope abolishes honorary title of monsignor for diocesan priests under the age of 65"</a>. <i>Vatican Insider</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 January</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Vatican+Insider&rft.atitle=Pope+abolishes+honorary+title+of+monsignor+for+diocesan+priests+under+the+age+of+65&rft.date=2014-01-04&rft.aulast=O%27Connell&rft.aufirst=Gerard&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fvaticaninsider.lastampa.it%2Fen%2Fthe-vatican%2Fdetail%2Farticolo%2F31027%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHierarchy+of+the+Catholic+Church" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Pariter, qui vicarii generalis aut etiam capitularis munere fungitur, hoc munere dumtaxat perdurante, erit protonotarius titularis" (Pope Pius X, <i>Inter multiplices curas</i>, 62. 21 February 1905)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See <a href="/wiki/Archpriest#Roman_Catholicism" title="Archpriest">Archpriest#Roman Catholicism</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120419003411/http://www.stbrendanchurch.org/deacon/scripture.html">"The Deacon"</a>. St. Brendan Church. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.stbrendanchurch.org/deacon/scripture.html">the original</a> on 19 April 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 November</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Deacon&rft.pub=St.+Brendan+Church&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.stbrendanchurch.org%2Fdeacon%2Fscripture.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHierarchy+of+the+Catholic+Church" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vatican.va/archive/cod-iuris-canonici/eng/documents/cic_lib4-cann998-1165_en.html#Art._1.">"Canon 1031 §2"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Canon+1031+%C2%A72&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.vatican.va%2Farchive%2Fcod-iuris-canonici%2Feng%2Fdocuments%2Fcic_lib4-cann998-1165_en.html%23Art._1.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHierarchy+of+the+Catholic+Church" class="Z3988"></span> <a href="/wiki/1983_Code_of_Canon_Law" title="1983 Code of Canon Law">1983 Code of Canon Law</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-canon266-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-canon266_83-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vatican.va/archive/ENG1104/__PX.HTM">Code of Canon Law, canon 266</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vatican.va/holy_father/paul_vi/motu_proprio/documents/hf_p-vi_motu-proprio_19720815_ministeria-quaedam_lt.html"><i>Ministeria quaedam</i></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111103110807/https://www.vatican.va/holy_father/paul_vi/motu_proprio/documents/hf_p-vi_motu-proprio_19720815_ministeria-quaedam_lt.html">Archived</a> 3 November 2011 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, II</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vatican.va/holy_father/paul_vi/motu_proprio/documents/hf_p-vi_motu-proprio_19720815_ministeria-quaedam_lt.html"><i>Ministeria quaedam</i></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111103110807/https://www.vatican.va/holy_father/paul_vi/motu_proprio/documents/hf_p-vi_motu-proprio_19720815_ministeria-quaedam_lt.html">Archived</a> 3 November 2011 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, IV</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vatican.va/roman_curia/pontifical_commissions/ecclsdei/documents/rc_com_ecclsdei_doc_20110430_istr-universae-ecclesiae_en.html">Instruction on the Application of the Apostolic Letter <i>Summorum Pontificum</i></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160223094426/https://www.vatican.va/roman_curia/pontifical_commissions/ecclsdei/documents/rc_com_ecclsdei_doc_20110430_istr-universae-ecclesiae_en.html">Archived</a> 23 February 2016 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, 30</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-1983CIC_211-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1983CIC_211_87-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vatican.va/archive/ENG1104/__PU.HTM">Canon 211</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160303192100/https://www.vatican.va/archive/ENG1104/__PU.HTM">Archived</a> 3 March 2016 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> <i><a href="/wiki/1983_Code_of_Canon_Law" title="1983 Code of Canon Law">1983 Code of Canon Law</a></i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-1983CIC_216-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1983CIC_216_88-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vatican.va/archive/ENG1104/__PU.HTM">Canon 216</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160303192100/https://www.vatican.va/archive/ENG1104/__PU.HTM">Archived</a> 3 March 2016 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> <i><a href="/wiki/1983_Code_of_Canon_Law" title="1983 Code of Canon Law">1983 Code of Canon Law</a></i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-1983CIC_230-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1983CIC_230_89-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vatican.va/archive/ENG1104/__PV.HTM">Canon 230 §1</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/1983_Code_of_Canon_Law" title="1983 Code of Canon Law">1983 Code of Canon Law</a></i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-BritannicaLaity-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-BritannicaLaity_90-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-BritannicaLaity_90-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/507284/Roman-Catholicism">Roman Catholicism</a> (at "Structure of the Church: The laity"). <i>Encyclopædia Britannica</i>. <i>Encyclopædia Britannica</i>, Inc. Retrieved 15 March 2012.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-1983CIC_228-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1983CIC_228_91-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vatican.va/archive/ENG1104/__PV.HTM">Canon 228 §2</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/1983_Code_of_Canon_Law" title="1983 Code of Canon Law">1983 Code of Canon Law</a></i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Co-workers-92"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Co-workers_92-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.usccb.org/laity/laymin/co-workers.pdf"><i>Co-Workers in the Vineyard</i> (pdf)</a>, <a href="/wiki/United_States_Conference_of_Catholic_Bishops" title="United States Conference of Catholic Bishops">United States Conference of Catholic Bishops</a>, 2005</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-1983CIC_512-93"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1983CIC_512_93-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vatican.va/archive/ENG1104/__P1T.HTM">Canon 512 §1</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/1983_Code_of_Canon_Law" title="1983 Code of Canon Law">1983 Code of Canon Law</a></i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-1983CIC_536-94"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1983CIC_536_94-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vatican.va/archive/ENG1104/__P1T.HTM">Canon 536 §1</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/1983_Code_of_Canon_Law" title="1983 Code of Canon Law">1983 Code of Canon Law</a></i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-1983CIC_492-95"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1983CIC_492_95-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vatican.va/archive/ENG1104/__P1Q.HTM">Canon 492</a> <i><a href="/wiki/1983_Code_of_Canon_Law" title="1983 Code of Canon Law">1983 Code of Canon Law</a></i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-1983CIC_537-96"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1983CIC_537_96-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vatican.va/archive/ENG1104/__P1T.HTM">Canon 537</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/1983_Code_of_Canon_Law" title="1983 Code of Canon Law">1983 Code of Canon Law</a></i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vatican.va/archive/ENG1104/__P1Z.HTM">Code of Canon Law, canon 607</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-98"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vatican.va/archive/ENG1104/__P2F.HTM">Code of Canon Law, canon 710</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-99"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-99">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vatican.va/archive/ENG1104/__P1Y.HTM">Code of Canon Law, canon 603</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-100"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-100">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vatican.va/archive/ENG1104/__P1Y.HTM">Code of Canon Law, canon 604</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160418141521/https://www.vatican.va/archive/ENG1104/__P1Y.HTM">Archived</a> 18 April 2016 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-101"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-101">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vatican.va/archive/ENG1104/__P1Y.HTM">Code of Canon Law, canon 605</a></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hierarchy_of_the_Catholic_Church&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Directory of officials <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.catholic-hierarchy.org">Catholic-Hierarchy.org</a>. This is an online <a href="/wiki/Database" title="Database">database</a> of bishops and <a href="/wiki/Diocese" title="Diocese">dioceses</a> of the Roman Catholic Church. It contains geographical, organizational and address information on each Catholic diocese in the world, including <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Catholic_Churches" title="Eastern Catholic Churches">Eastern Catholic Churches</a> in <a href="/wiki/Full_communion" title="Full communion">communion</a> with the <a href="/wiki/Holy_See" title="Holy See">Holy See</a>, such as the <a href="/wiki/Maronite_Catholic_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Maronite Catholic Church">Maronite Catholic Church</a> or the <a href="/wiki/Syro-Malabar_Church" title="Syro-Malabar Church">Syro-Malabar Church</a>. It also gives biographical information on current and previous bishops of each diocese, such as dates of birth, <a href="/wiki/Ordination" title="Ordination">ordinations</a> and (when applicable) death. Not officially sanctioned by the church, the website is run as a private project by David M. Cheney in <a href="/wiki/Kansas_City_Metropolitan_Area" class="mw-redirect" title="Kansas City Metropolitan Area">Kansas City</a>. For the sources used by Cheney in his compilation, see <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.catholic-hierarchy.org/sources.html">http://www.catholic-hierarchy.org/sources.html</a>. <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Reliable_sources" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability"><sup><span style="font-size:85%;">[<i>self-published</i>]</span></sup></a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gcatholic.org/hierarchy/prelates.htm">GCatholic.org</a></li></ul></li> <li>Explanations of the hierarchy <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070402021624/https://www.vatican.va/archive/ENG1104/__P16.HTM">Book II: The People of God Liber II. De Populo Dei, Part II: The Hierarchical Constitution</a> from the <a href="/wiki/1983_Code_of_Canon_Law" title="1983 Code of Canon Law"><i>Code of Canon Law</i></a> on the <a href="/wiki/Holy_See" title="Holy See">Holy See</a> official website</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/07322c.htm"><i>Catholic Encyclopedia</i> "hierarchy" article</a> <ul><li>Barry, Rev. Msgr. John F (2001). <i>One Faith, One Lord: A Study of Basic Catholic Belief.</i> Gerard F. Baumbach, Ed.D. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8215-2207-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-8215-2207-8">0-8215-2207-8</a>.</li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Catholic_Church1469" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist wraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:gold"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Catholic_Church_footer" title="Template:Catholic Church footer"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Catholic_Church_footer" title="Template talk:Catholic Church footer"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Catholic_Church_footer" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Catholic Church footer"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Catholic_Church1469" class="wraplinks" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic Church</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background-color:gold"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_Catholic_Church_articles" title="Index of Catholic Church articles">Index</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="Outline of the Catholic Church">Outline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="Glossary of the Catholic Church">Glossary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_Catholics" title="Lists of Catholics">Lists of Catholics</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="History of the Catholic Church">History</a><br /><small><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="Timeline of the Catholic Church">Timeline</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Ecclesiastical_history_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="Ecclesiastical history of the Catholic Church">Ecclesiastical</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Legal_history_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="Legal history of the Catholic Church">Legal</a></small></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:12em"><a href="/wiki/Early_Christianity" title="Early Christianity">Early Church</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jesus_in_Christianity" title="Jesus in Christianity">Jesus</a> <a href="/wiki/Christ_(title)" title="Christ (title)">Christ</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Jesus" title="Ministry of Jesus">Ministry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crucifixion_of_Jesus" title="Crucifixion of Jesus">Crucifixion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resurrection_of_Jesus" title="Resurrection of Jesus">Resurrection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Commission" title="Great Commission">Great Commission</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apostles_in_the_New_Testament" title="Apostles in the New Testament">Apostles</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apostolic_succession" title="Apostolic succession">Succession</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Primacy_of_Peter" title="Primacy of Peter">Petrine primacy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_Fathers" title="Church Fathers">Church fathers</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apostolic_Fathers" title="Apostolic Fathers">Apostolic fathers</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_papacy" title="History of the papacy">History of the papacy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_papal_primacy" title="History of papal primacy">Primacy</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:12em"><a href="/wiki/Great_Church" title="Great Church">Great Church</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_ante-Nicene_period" title="Christianity in the ante-Nicene period">Ante-Nicene period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constantine_the_Great_and_Christianity" title="Constantine the Great and Christianity">Constantine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_seven_ecumenical_councils" title="First seven ecumenical councils">First seven ecumenical councils</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Council_of_Nicaea" title="First Council of Nicaea">Nicaea I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Chalcedon" title="Council of Chalcedon">Chalcedon</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_late_antiquity" title="Christianity in late antiquity">Late antiquity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_canon" title="Biblical canon">Biblical canon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_monasticism" title="Christian monasticism">Monasticism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:12em"><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_Middle_Ages" title="Christianity in the Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Early_Muslim_conquests" title="Early Muslim conquests">Islamic conquests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Gregory_I" title="Pope Gregory I">Pope Gregory I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papal_States" title="Papal States">Papal States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East%E2%80%93West_Schism" title="East–West Schism">Schism (1054)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Investiture_Controversy" title="Investiture Controversy">Investiture Controversy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crusades" title="Crusades">Crusades</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Schism" title="Western Schism">Schism (1378)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inquisition" title="Inquisition">Inquisition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_university" title="Medieval university">Universities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scholasticism" title="Scholasticism">Scholasticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_and_the_Age_of_Discovery" title="Catholic Church and the Age of Discovery">Age of Discovery</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:12em"><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_modern_era" title="Christianity in the modern era">Modern era</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_and_Protestant" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholic Church and Protestant">Protestantism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Reformation" title="Reformation">Protestant Reformation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counter-Reformation" title="Counter-Reformation">Catholic Reformation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Trent" title="Council of Trent">Trent</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thirty_Years%27_War" title="Thirty Years' War">Thirty Years' War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Age_of_Enlightenment" title="Age of Enlightenment">Enlightenment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dechristianization_of_France_during_the_French_Revolution" title="Dechristianization of France during the French Revolution">French Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_and_Nazi_Germany" title="Catholic Church and Nazi Germany">Nazism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Vatican_Council" title="Second Vatican Council">Vatican II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_See%E2%80%93Soviet_Union_relations" title="Holy See–Soviet Union relations">Communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_sexual_abuse_cases" title="Catholic Church sexual abuse cases">Sexual abuse scandal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_and_Islam" title="Catholic Church and Islam">Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_the_Catholic_Church" title="Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the Catholic Church">COVID-19 pandemic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Catholic_theology" title="Catholic theology">Theology</a><br /><small><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Bible" title="Catholic Bible">Bible</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Catholic_tradition" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholic tradition">Tradition</a><br /><i><a href="/wiki/Catechism_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="Catechism of the Catholic Church">Catechism</a></i></small></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="General125" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:12em">General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/God_in_Christianity" title="God in Christianity">God</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Trinity" title="Trinity">Trinity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingship_and_kingdom_of_God" title="Kingship and kingdom of God">Kingdom</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_theology_on_the_body" title="Catholic theology on the body">Body and soul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divine_grace" title="Divine grace">Divine grace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dogma_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Dogma in the Catholic Church">Dogma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicene_Creed" title="Nicene Creed">Nicene Creed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Original_sin" title="Original sin">Original sin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Catholic_saints" title="List of Catholic saints">Saints</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salvation_in_Christianity" title="Salvation in Christianity">Salvation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sermon_on_the_Mount" title="Sermon on the Mount">Sermon on the Mount</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ten_Commandments_in_Catholic_theology" title="Ten Commandments in Catholic theology">Ten Commandments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vulgate" title="Vulgate">Vulgate</a></li> <li>Official Bible <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sixtine_Vulgate" title="Sixtine Vulgate">Sixtine Vulgate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sixto-Clementine_Vulgate" title="Sixto-Clementine Vulgate">Sixto-Clementine Vulgate</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Nova_Vulgata" title="Nova Vulgata">Nova Vulgata</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_worship" title="Christian worship">Worship</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:12em"><a href="/wiki/Catholic_ecclesiology" title="Catholic ecclesiology">Ecclesiology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Communitas_perfecta" title="Communitas perfecta">Communitas perfecta</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_ecumenical_councils" title="Catholic ecumenical councils">Councils</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_and_ecumenism" title="Catholic Church and ecumenism">Ecumenism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Four_Marks_of_the_Church" title="Four Marks of the Church">Four marks</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/One_true_church" title="One true church">One true church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholicity" title="Catholicity">Catholic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infallibility_of_the_Church" title="Infallibility of the Church">Infallibility</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mystici_Corporis_Christi" title="Mystici Corporis Christi">Mystici Corporis Christi</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People_of_God" title="People of God">People of God</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Churches_Militant,_Penitent,_and_Triumphant" title="Churches Militant, Penitent, and Triumphant">Three states</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Subsistit_in" title="Subsistit in">Subsistit in</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy,_theology,_and_fundamental_theory_of_Catholic_canon_law" title="Philosophy, theology, and fundamental theory of Catholic canon law">In canon law</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:12em"><a href="/wiki/Sacraments_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="Sacraments of the Catholic Church">Sacraments</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baptism" title="Baptism">Baptism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confirmation_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Confirmation in the Catholic Church">Confirmation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eucharist_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Eucharist in the Catholic Church">Eucharist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacrament_of_Penance" title="Sacrament of Penance">Penance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anointing_of_the_Sick_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Anointing of the Sick in the Catholic Church">Anointing of the Sick</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Last_rites" title="Last rites">Last rites</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_orders_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Holy orders in the Catholic Church">Holy orders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marriage_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Marriage in the Catholic Church">Matrimony</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:12em"><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Mariology" title="Catholic Mariology">Mariology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Assumption_of_Mary" title="Assumption of Mary">Assumption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Catholic_Mariology" title="History of Catholic Mariology">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immaculate_Conception" title="Immaculate Conception">Immaculate Conception</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mariology_of_the_popes" title="Mariology of the popes">Mariology of the popes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mariology_of_the_saints" title="Mariology of the saints">Mariology of the saints</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theotokos" title="Theotokos">Mother of God</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perpetual_virginity_of_Mary" title="Perpetual virginity of Mary">Perpetual virginity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Veneration_of_Mary_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Veneration of Mary in the Catholic Church">Veneration</a></li> <li>See also:</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josephology" title="Josephology">Josephology</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Christian_philosophy" title="Christian philosophy">Philosophy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Natural_law" title="Natural law">Natural law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_moral_theology" title="Catholic moral theology">Moral theology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Personalism_(Catholic)" class="mw-redirect" title="Personalism (Catholic)">Personalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_social_teaching" title="Catholic social teaching">Social teaching</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Catholic_philosophers_and_theologians" title="List of Catholic philosophers and theologians">Philosophers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy,_theology,_and_fundamental_theory_of_Catholic_canon_law" title="Philosophy, theology, and fundamental theory of Catholic canon law">Philosophy of canon law</a></li> <li>See also:</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_and_the_Catholic_Church" title="Science and the Catholic Church">Science</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Evolution_and_the_Catholic_Church" title="Evolution and the Catholic Church">Evolution</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Separation_of_church_and_state" title="Separation of church and state">Separation of church and state</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Relations_between_the_Catholic_Church_and_the_state" title="Relations between the Catholic Church and the state">Relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_and_politics" title="Catholic Church and politics">Politics</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Saint_(Catholic)" class="mw-redirect" title="Saint (Catholic)">Saints</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Holy_Family" title="Holy Family">Holy Family</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mary,_mother_of_Jesus" title="Mary, mother of Jesus">Mary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Joseph" title="Saint Joseph">Joseph</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patriarch" title="Patriarch">Patriarchs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prophets_of_Christianity" class="mw-redirect" title="Prophets of Christianity">Prophets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archangel" title="Archangel">Archangels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_martyr" title="Christian martyr">Martyrs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doctor_of_the_Church" title="Doctor of the Church">Doctors of the Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Four_Evangelists" title="Four Evangelists">Evangelists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confessor_of_the_Faith" title="Confessor of the Faith">Confessors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disciple_(Christianity)" title="Disciple (Christianity)">Disciples</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virgin_(title)" title="Virgin (title)">Virgins</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%">Organisation<br /><small><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Hierarchy</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Canon_law_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="Canon law of the Catholic Church">Canon law</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Catholic_laity" title="Catholic laity">Laity</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Order_of_precedence_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Order of precedence in the Catholic Church">Precedence</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_by_country" title="Catholic Church by country">By country</a></small></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:12em"><a href="/wiki/Holy_See" title="Holy See">Holy See</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/List_of_popes" title="List of popes">List of popes</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pope" title="Pope">Pope</a> <a href="/wiki/Pope_Francis" title="Pope Francis">Francis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_ecumenical_councils" title="Catholic ecumenical councils">Ecumenical councils</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/College_of_Cardinals" title="College of Cardinals">College</a> of <a href="/wiki/Cardinal_(Catholic_Church)" title="Cardinal (Catholic Church)">Cardinals</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_living_cardinals" class="mw-redirect" title="List of living cardinals">List</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Cardinal_Advisers" class="mw-redirect" title="Council of Cardinal Advisers">Advisers</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Curia" title="Roman Curia">Roman Curia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dicastery" title="Dicastery">Dicasteries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Synod_of_Bishops_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Synod of Bishops in the Catholic Church">Synod of Bishops</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Properties_of_the_Holy_See" title="Properties of the Holy See">Properties</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:12em"><a href="/wiki/Vatican_City" title="Vatican City">Vatican City</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_Vatican_City%E2%80%93related_articles" title="Index of Vatican City–related articles">Index</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Vatican_City" title="Outline of Vatican City">Outline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apostolic_Palace" title="Apostolic Palace">Apostolic Palace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lateran_Treaty" title="Lateran Treaty">Lateran Treaty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Rota" title="Roman Rota">Roman Rota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St._Peter%27s_Basilica" title="St. Peter's Basilica">St. Peter's Basilica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swiss_Guard" title="Swiss Guard">Swiss Guard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vatican_Museums" title="Vatican Museums">Vatican Museums</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:12em"><a href="/wiki/Ecclesiastical_polity" title="Ecclesiastical polity">Polity</a> (<a href="/wiki/Holy_orders_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Holy orders in the Catholic Church">Holy orders</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Catholic_dioceses_(structured_view)" title="List of Catholic dioceses (structured view)">Diocese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Episcopal_conference" title="Episcopal conference">Episcopal conference</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eparchy#Church_hierarchy" title="Eparchy">Eparchy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bishops_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Bishops in the Catholic Church">Bishop</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Patriarch" title="Patriarch">Patriarch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Major_archbishop" title="Major archbishop">Major</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Primate_(bishop)" title="Primate (bishop)">Primate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_bishop" title="Metropolitan bishop">Metropolitan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archbishop" title="Archbishop">Archbishop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diocesan_bishop" title="Diocesan bishop">Diocesan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coadjutor_bishop" title="Coadjutor bishop">Coadjutor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Auxiliary_bishop" title="Auxiliary bishop">Auxiliary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Titular_bishop" title="Titular bishop">Titular</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_emeritus" class="mw-redirect" title="Pope emeritus">Emeritus</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parish_(Catholic_Church)" title="Parish (Catholic Church)">Parish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Priesthood_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Priesthood in the Catholic Church">Priest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deacon" title="Deacon">Deacon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:12em"><a href="/wiki/Consecrated_life" title="Consecrated life">Consecrated life</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Religious_(Western_Christianity)" title="Religious (Western Christianity)">Religious</a>:</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Superior_(hierarchy)" title="Superior (hierarchy)">Superior</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abbot" title="Abbot">Abbot</a>, <a href="/wiki/Abbess" title="Abbess">Abbess</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Superior_general_(Christianity)" title="Superior general (Christianity)">General</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Provincial_superior" title="Provincial superior">Provincial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prior_(ecclesiastical)" title="Prior (ecclesiastical)">Prior, Prioress</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_master_(order)" title="Grand master (order)">Grand master</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_brother" title="Religious brother">Brother</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Friar" title="Friar">Friar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monk" title="Monk">Monk</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_sister" title="Religious sister">Sister</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_nun" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholic nun">Nun</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermit" title="Hermit">Hermit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Novitiate" title="Novitiate">Novice</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Novice_master" title="Novice master">Master</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oblate" title="Oblate">Oblate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postulant" title="Postulant">Postulant</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:12em"><a href="/wiki/Catholic_particular_churches_and_liturgical_rites" title="Catholic particular churches and liturgical rites">Particular churches</a><br /><i><a href="/wiki/Sui_iuris" title="Sui iuris">sui iuris</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Latin_Church" title="Latin Church">Latin Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Catholic_Churches" title="Eastern Catholic Churches">Eastern Catholic Churches</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_Greek_Catholic_Church" title="Albanian Greek Catholic Church">Albanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_Catholic_Church" title="Armenian Catholic Church">Armenian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belarusian_Greek_Catholic_Church" title="Belarusian Greek Catholic Church">Belarusian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_Greek_Catholic_Church" title="Bulgarian Greek Catholic Church">Bulgarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chaldean_Catholic_Church" title="Chaldean Catholic Church">Chaldean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coptic_Catholic_Church" title="Coptic Catholic Church">Coptic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_Catholic_Church_of_Croatia_and_Serbia" title="Greek Catholic Church of Croatia and Serbia">Croatian and Serbian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eritrean_Catholic_Church" title="Eritrean Catholic Church">Eritrean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_Catholic_Church" title="Ethiopian Catholic Church">Ethiopian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_Georgia" title="Catholic Church in Georgia">Georgian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_Byzantine_Catholic_Church" title="Greek Byzantine Catholic Church">Greek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_Greek_Catholic_Church" title="Hungarian Greek Catholic Church">Hungarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italo-Albanian_Catholic_Church" title="Italo-Albanian Catholic Church">Italo-Albanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macedonian_Greek_Catholic_Church" title="Macedonian Greek Catholic Church">Macedonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maronite_Church" title="Maronite Church">Maronite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melkite_Greek_Catholic_Church" title="Melkite Greek Catholic Church">Melkite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanian_Greek_Catholic_Church" title="Romanian Greek Catholic Church">Romanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Greek_Catholic_Church" title="Russian Greek Catholic Church">Russian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruthenian_Greek_Catholic_Church" title="Ruthenian Greek Catholic Church">Ruthenian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovak_Greek_Catholic_Church" title="Slovak Greek Catholic Church">Slovak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syriac_Catholic_Church" title="Syriac Catholic Church">Syriac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syro-Malabar_Catholic_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Syro-Malabar Catholic Church">Syro-Malabar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syro-Malankara_Catholic_Church" title="Syro-Malankara Catholic Church">Syro-Malankara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_Greek_Catholic_Church" title="Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church">Ukrainian</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:12em"><a href="/wiki/Catholic_liturgy" title="Catholic liturgy">Catholic liturgy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Catholic_liturgy" title="Eastern Catholic liturgy">Eastern Catholic liturgy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alexandrian_liturgical_rites" title="Alexandrian liturgical rites">Alexandrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antiochene_Rite" title="Antiochene Rite">Antiochian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_Rite" title="Armenian Rite">Armenian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Rite" title="Byzantine Rite">Byzantine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Syriac_Rite" title="East Syriac Rite">East Syriac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Syriac_Rite" title="West Syriac Rite">West Syriac</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Malankara_Rite" title="Malankara Rite">Malankara</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latin_liturgical_rites" title="Latin liturgical rites">Latin</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ambrosian_Rite" title="Ambrosian Rite">Ambrosian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rite_of_Braga" title="Rite of Braga">Braga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mozarabic_Rite" title="Mozarabic Rite">Mozarabic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Rite" title="Roman Rite">Roman</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mass_of_Paul_VI" title="Mass of Paul VI">Paul VI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tridentine_Mass" title="Tridentine Mass">Tridentine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglican_Use" title="Anglican Use">Anglican</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zaire_Use" title="Zaire Use">Zaire</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Catholic_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholic culture">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_art" title="Catholic art">Art</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Marian_art_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Marian art in the Catholic Church">Marian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Catholic_artists" title="List of Catholic artists">Artists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Catholic_writers" title="List of Catholic writers">Writers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_Catholic_church_buildings" title="Lists of Catholic church buildings">Church buildings</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Altarpiece" title="Altarpiece">Altarpieces</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folk_Catholicism" title="Folk Catholicism">Folk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vatican_Library" title="Vatican Library">Library</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vatican_Museums" title="Vatican Museums">Museums</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Catholic_music" title="Category:Catholic music">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orders,_decorations,_and_medals_of_the_Holy_See" title="Orders, decorations, and medals of the Holy See">Distinctions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Role_of_Christianity_in_civilization" title="Role of Christianity in civilization">Role in civilisation</a></li> <li>See also:</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="Criticism of the Catholic Church">Criticism of the Catholic Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Catholicism" title="Anti-Catholicism">Anti-Catholicism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Catholic_media" title="Category:Catholic media">Media</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Holy_See_Press_Office" title="Holy See Press Office">Holy See Press Office</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vatican_Media" title="Vatican Media">Vatican Media</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vatican_News" title="Vatican News">Vatican News</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vatican_Television_Center" class="mw-redirect" title="Vatican Television Center">Vatican Television Center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vatican_Radio" title="Vatican Radio">Vatican Radio</a></li></ul></li> <li>Vatican Polyglot Press</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/L%27Osservatore_Romano" title="L'Osservatore Romano">L'Osservatore Romano</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Acta_Apostolicae_Sedis" title="Acta Apostolicae Sedis">Acta Apostolicae Sedis</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Annuario_Pontificio" title="Annuario Pontificio">Annuario Pontificio</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Religious_order_(Catholic)" title="Religious order (Catholic)">Religious orders</a>,<br /><a href="/wiki/Religious_institute" title="Religious institute">institutes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Society_of_apostolic_life" title="Society of apostolic life">societies</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Assumptionists" title="Assumptionists">Assumptionists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Annunciation_of_the_Blessed_Virgin_Mary" title="Order of the Annunciation of the Blessed Virgin Mary">Annonciades</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augustinians" title="Augustinians">Augustinians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Order_of_Saint_Basil_the_Great" title="Order of Saint Basil the Great">Basilians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benedictines" title="Benedictines">Benedictines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bethlehemites" title="Bethlehemites">Bethlehemites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Most_Holy_Annunciation" title="Order of the Most Holy Annunciation">Blue nuns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camaldolese" title="Camaldolese">Camaldoleses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camillians" title="Camillians">Camillians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carmelites" title="Carmelites">Carmelites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carthusians" title="Carthusians">Carthusians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cistercians" title="Cistercians">Cistercians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poor_Clares" title="Poor Clares">Clarisses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conceptionists" title="Conceptionists">Conceptionists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canons_Regular_of_the_Order_of_the_Holy_Cross" title="Canons Regular of the Order of the Holy Cross">Crosiers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominican_Order" title="Dominican Order">Dominicans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franciscans" title="Franciscans">Franciscans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congregation_of_Our_Lady_of_Charity_of_the_Good_Shepherd" title="Congregation of Our Lady of Charity of the Good Shepherd">Good Shepherd Sisters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hieronymites" title="Hieronymites">Hieronymites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jesuits" title="Jesuits">Jesuits</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legionaries_of_Christ" title="Legionaries of Christ">Legionaries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Blessed_Virgin_Mary_of_Mercy" title="Order of the Blessed Virgin Mary of Mercy">Mercedarians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Order_of_Minims" title="Order of Minims">Minims</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olivetans" title="Olivetans">Olivetans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oratory_of_Saint_Philip_Neri" title="Oratory of Saint Philip Neri">Oratorians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piarists" title="Piarists">Piarists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Premonstratensians" title="Premonstratensians">Premonstratensians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Redemptoristines" title="Redemptoristines">Redemptoristines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Servite_Order" title="Servite Order">Servites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theatines" title="Theatines">Theatines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trappists" title="Trappists">Trappists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trinitarians" title="Trinitarians">Trinitarians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Visitation_of_Holy_Mary" title="Order of the Visitation of Holy Mary">Visitandines</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Association_of_the_Christian_faithful" title="Association of the Christian faithful">Associations<br />of the faithful</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Confraternity" title="Confraternity">Confraternities</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_lay_organisations" title="Catholic lay organisations">Lay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Marian_movements_and_societies" title="Catholic Marian movements and societies">Marian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_youth_work" title="Catholic youth work">Youth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Movement_of_Christian_Workers" title="World Movement of Christian Workers">Workers</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_order" title="Third order">Third orders</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Third_Order_of_Saint_Dominic" title="Third Order of Saint Dominic">Saint Dominic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lay_Carmelites" title="Lay Carmelites">Lay Carmelites</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Secular_Order_of_Discalced_Carmelites" title="Secular Order of Discalced Carmelites">Discalced</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Order_of_Saint_Francis" title="Third Order of Saint Francis">Saint Francis</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Secular_Franciscan_Order" title="Secular Franciscan Order">Secular</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_order_(religious_society)#International" title="Military order (religious society)">Military orders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fimcap" title="Fimcap">Fimcap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Action" title="Catholic Action">Catholic Action</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Charismatic_Renewal" title="Catholic Charismatic Renewal">Charismatic Renewal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communion_and_Liberation" title="Communion and Liberation">Communion and Liberation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Community_of_Sant%27Egidio" title="Community of Sant'Egidio">Sant'Egidio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Focolare_Movement" title="Focolare Movement">Focolare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Alliance_of_Catholic_Knights" title="International Alliance of Catholic Knights">International Alliance of Catholic Knights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Catholic_Conference_of_Scouting" title="International Catholic Conference of Scouting">Scouting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legion_of_Mary" title="Legion of Mary">Legion of Mary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neocatechumenal_Way" title="Neocatechumenal Way">Neocatechumenal Way</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opus_Dei" title="Opus Dei">Opus Dei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schoenstatt_Apostolic_Movement" title="Schoenstatt Apostolic Movement">Schoenstatt</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Catholic_charities" title="Catholic charities">Charities</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aid_to_the_Church_in_Need" title="Aid to the Church in Need">Aid to the Church in Need</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caritas_Internationalis" title="Caritas Internationalis">Caritas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Charities_USA" title="Catholic Charities USA">Catholic Charities USA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Home_Missions" title="Catholic Home Missions">Home Missions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Relief_Services" title="Catholic Relief Services">Relief Services</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CIDSE" title="CIDSE">CIDSE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pax_Christi" title="Pax Christi">Pax Christi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Society_of_Saint_Vincent_de_Paul" title="Society of Saint Vincent de Paul">Society of Saint Vincent de Paul</a><br /></li> <li>See also:</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_and_health_care" title="Catholic Church and health care">Health care</a></li> <li><a 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