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pre-war army and mobilization</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_pre-war_army_and_mobilization-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Organization_during_the_war" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Organization_during_the_war"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Organization during the war</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Organization_during_the_war-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Commanders-in-Chief" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Commanders-in-Chief"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Commanders-in-Chief</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Commanders-in-Chief-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Western_Front" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Western_Front"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Western Front</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Western_Front-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Western Front subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Western_Front-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-1914" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1914"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>1914</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1914-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Battle_of_the_Frontiers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Battle_of_the_Frontiers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1.1</span> <span>Battle of the Frontiers</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Battle_of_the_Frontiers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-First_Battle_of_the_Marne" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#First_Battle_of_the_Marne"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1.2</span> <span>First Battle of the Marne</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-First_Battle_of_the_Marne-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-First_Battle_of_the_Aisne" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#First_Battle_of_the_Aisne"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1.3</span> <span>First Battle of the Aisne</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-First_Battle_of_the_Aisne-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Race_to_the_Sea" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Race_to_the_Sea"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1.4</span> <span>Race to the Sea</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Race_to_the_Sea-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-First_Battle_of_Champagne" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#First_Battle_of_Champagne"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1.5</span> <span>First Battle of Champagne</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-First_Battle_of_Champagne-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1915" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1915"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>1915</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1915-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1916" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1916"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>1916</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1916-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Battle_of_Verdun" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Battle_of_Verdun"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3.1</span> <span>Battle of Verdun</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Battle_of_Verdun-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Battle_of_the_Somme" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Battle_of_the_Somme"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3.2</span> <span>Battle of the Somme</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Battle_of_the_Somme-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1917" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1917"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4</span> <span>1917</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1917-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Nivelle_Offensive" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nivelle_Offensive"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4.1</span> <span>Nivelle Offensive</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nivelle_Offensive-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mutinies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mutinies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4.2</span> <span>Mutinies</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mutinies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1918" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1918"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.5</span> <span>1918</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1918-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Kaiserschlacht" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kaiserschlacht"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.5.1</span> <span>Kaiserschlacht</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kaiserschlacht-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_Grand_Offensive" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Grand_Offensive"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.5.2</span> <span>The Grand Offensive</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_Grand_Offensive-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_campaigns" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_campaigns"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Other campaigns</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_campaigns-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Equipment" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Equipment"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Equipment</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Equipment-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Equipment subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Equipment-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Artillery" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Artillery"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Artillery</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Artillery-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rifles" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rifles"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>Rifles</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rifles-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Machine_Guns" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Machine_Guns"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.3</span> <span>Machine Guns</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Machine_Guns-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Grenades" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Grenades"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.4</span> <span>Grenades</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Grenades-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Trench_Mortars" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Trench_Mortars"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.5</span> <span>Trench Mortars</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Trench_Mortars-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Chemical_weapons_and_gas" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Chemical_weapons_and_gas"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.6</span> <span>Chemical weapons and gas</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Chemical_weapons_and_gas-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tanks" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tanks"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.7</span> <span>Tanks</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tanks-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Uniforms" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Uniforms"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Uniforms</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Uniforms-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gallery" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gallery"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Gallery</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gallery-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" 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Although fighting occurred worldwide, the bulk of the French Army's operations occurred in <a href="/wiki/Belgium" title="Belgium">Belgium</a>, <a href="/wiki/Luxembourg" title="Luxembourg">Luxembourg</a>, France and <a href="/wiki/Alsace-Lorraine" class="mw-redirect" title="Alsace-Lorraine">Alsace-Lorraine</a> along what came to be known as the <a href="/wiki/Western_Front_(World_War_I)" title="Western Front (World War I)">Western Front</a>, which consisted mainly of <a href="/wiki/Trench_warfare" title="Trench warfare">trench warfare</a>. Specific operational, tactical, and strategic decisions by the high command on both sides of the conflict led to shifts in organizational capacity, as the <a href="/wiki/French_Army" title="French Army">French Army</a> tried to respond to day-to-day fighting and long-term strategic and operational agendas. In particular, many problems caused the French high command to re-evaluate standard procedures, revise its command structures, re-equip the army, and to develop different tactical approaches. </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": 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class="fn org label">France</span></a></th> </tr><tr><td style="padding-bottom: 0.4em; border-bottom: 1px solid #ccc;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Carte_de_France_dress%C3%A9e_pour_l%27usage_du_Roy_Delisle_Guillaume_1721.JPEG" class="mw-file-description" title="Carte de France dressée pour l'usage du Roy. Delisle Guillaume (1721)"><img alt="Carte de France dressée pour l'usage du Roy. Delisle Guillaume (1721)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Carte_de_France_dress%C3%A9e_pour_l%27usage_du_Roy_Delisle_Guillaume_1721.JPEG/250px-Carte_de_France_dress%C3%A9e_pour_l%27usage_du_Roy_Delisle_Guillaume_1721.JPEG" decoding="async" width="250" height="196" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Carte_de_France_dress%C3%A9e_pour_l%27usage_du_Roy_Delisle_Guillaume_1721.JPEG/375px-Carte_de_France_dress%C3%A9e_pour_l%27usage_du_Roy_Delisle_Guillaume_1721.JPEG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Carte_de_France_dress%C3%A9e_pour_l%27usage_du_Roy_Delisle_Guillaume_1721.JPEG/500px-Carte_de_France_dress%C3%A9e_pour_l%27usage_du_Roy_Delisle_Guillaume_1721.JPEG 2x" data-file-width="1233" data-file-height="965" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-above"> <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_French_history" title="Timeline of French history">Timeline</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #eee;color:black;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/History_of_France#Ancient_history" title="History of France">Ancient</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Prehistory_of_France" title="Prehistory of France">Prehistory</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;">  </td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Greeks_in_pre-Roman_Gaul" title="Greeks in pre-Roman Gaul">Greek colonies</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 600 BC – 49 BC</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Gaul" title="Gaul">Celtic Gaul</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;">   until 50 BC</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Roman_Gaul" title="Roman Gaul">Roman Gaul</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 50 BC – 486 AD</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #eee;color:black;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/France_in_the_Middle_Ages" title="France in the Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Francia" title="Francia">Francia</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Franks" title="Franks">Frankish</a> settlement</td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;">  </td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Merovingian_dynasty" title="Merovingian dynasty">Merovingians</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 481–751</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Carolingian_dynasty" title="Carolingian dynasty">Carolingians</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 751–987</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;">     <a href="/wiki/West_Francia" title="West Francia">West Francia</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 843–987</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_France" title="Kingdom of France">Kingdom of France</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 987–1792</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;">     <a href="/wiki/House_of_Capet" title="House of Capet">Direct Capetians</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 987–1328</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;">     <a href="/wiki/House_of_Valois#Valois_(direct)" title="House of Valois">Valois</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1328–1498</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #eee;color:black;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Early_modern_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Early modern France">Early modern</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><i><a href="/wiki/Ancien_R%C3%A9gime" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancien Régime">Ancien Régime</a></i> <table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/House_of_Valois#Valois-Orléans" title="House of Valois">Valois-Orléans kings</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1498–1515</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/House_of_Valois#Valois-Orléans-Angoulême" title="House of Valois">Valois-Angoulême kings</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1515–1589</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/House_of_Bourbon" title="House of Bourbon">Bourbon kings</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1589–1792</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #eee;color:black;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/France_in_the_long_nineteenth_century" title="France in the long nineteenth century">Long 19th century</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/French_Revolution" title="French Revolution">French Revolution</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1789–1799</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_France_(1791%E2%80%9392)" title="Kingdom of France (1791–92)">Kingdom of France</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1791–1792</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/French_First_Republic" title="French First Republic">First Republic</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1792–1804</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/First_French_Empire" title="First French Empire">First Empire</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1804–1814</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Bourbon_Restoration_in_France" title="Bourbon Restoration in France">Restoration</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1814–1830</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/July_Monarchy" title="July Monarchy">July Monarchy</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1830–1848</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/French_Second_Republic" title="French Second Republic">Second Republic</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1848–1852</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Second_French_Empire" title="Second French Empire">Second Empire</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1852–1870</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/French_Third_Republic" title="French Third Republic">Third Republic</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1870–1940</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;">     <a href="/wiki/Belle_%C3%89poque" title="Belle Époque">Belle Époque</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1871–1914</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #eee;color:black;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/History_of_France_(1900_to_present)" class="mw-redirect" title="History of France (1900 to present)">20th century</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/French_Third_Republic" title="French Third Republic">Third Republic</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1870–1940</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;">     <a href="/wiki/Interwar_France" title="Interwar France">Interwar period</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1919–1939</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;">         <a href="/wiki/Ann%C3%A9es_folles" title="Années folles">Années folles</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1920–1929</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Free_France" title="Free France">Free France</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Vichy_France" title="Vichy France">Vichy France</a></li></ul></div></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1940–1944</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Provisional_Government_of_the_French_Republic" title="Provisional Government of the French Republic">Provisional Republic</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1944–1946</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/French_Fourth_Republic" title="French Fourth Republic">Fourth Republic</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1946–1958</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/French_Fifth_Republic" title="French Fifth Republic">Fifth Republic</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1958–<span style="font-size:85%;">present</span></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Topics</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_French_foreign_relations" title="History of French foreign relations">Diplomacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_France" title="Economic history of France">Economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_health_care_in_France" class="mw-redirect" title="History 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abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:History_of_France_sidebar" title="Template:History of France sidebar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:History_of_France_sidebar" title="Template talk:History of France sidebar"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:History_of_France_sidebar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:History of France sidebar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><br /> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Background">Background</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=French_Army_in_World_War_I&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Background"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/French_entry_into_World_War_I" title="French entry into World War I">French entry into World War I</a> and <a href="/wiki/Causes_of_World_War_I" title="Causes of World War I">Causes of World War I</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Jean-Baptiste-%C3%89douard_Detaille_Champigny_D%C3%A9cembre_1870_(1879).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Jean-Baptiste-%C3%89douard_Detaille_Champigny_D%C3%A9cembre_1870_%281879%29.jpg/220px-Jean-Baptiste-%C3%89douard_Detaille_Champigny_D%C3%A9cembre_1870_%281879%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="127" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Jean-Baptiste-%C3%89douard_Detaille_Champigny_D%C3%A9cembre_1870_%281879%29.jpg/330px-Jean-Baptiste-%C3%89douard_Detaille_Champigny_D%C3%A9cembre_1870_%281879%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Jean-Baptiste-%C3%89douard_Detaille_Champigny_D%C3%A9cembre_1870_%281879%29.jpg/440px-Jean-Baptiste-%C3%89douard_Detaille_Champigny_D%C3%A9cembre_1870_%281879%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="2306" /></a><figcaption>French army during the <a href="/wiki/Franco-Prussian_War" title="Franco-Prussian War">Franco-Prussian War</a> of 1870–71</figcaption></figure> <p>France had been the major power in Europe for most of the <a href="/wiki/Early_Modern_Era" class="mw-redirect" title="Early Modern Era">Early Modern Era</a>: <a href="/wiki/Louis_XIV" title="Louis XIV">Louis XIV</a>, in the seventeenth century, and <a href="/wiki/Napoleon_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Napoleon I">Napoleon I</a> in the nineteenth, had extended French power over most of Europe through skillful diplomacy and military prowess. The Treaty of Vienna in 1815 confirmed France as a European power broker. By the early 1850s, Prussian Chancellor <a href="/wiki/Otto_von_Bismarck" title="Otto von Bismarck">Otto von Bismarck</a> started a system of alliances designed to assert Prussian dominance over Central Europe. Bismarck's diplomatic maneuvering, and France's maladroit response to such crises as the <a href="/wiki/Ems_Dispatch" class="mw-redirect" title="Ems Dispatch">Ems Dispatch</a> and the Hohenzollern Candidature led to the French declaration of war in 1870. France's subsequent defeat in the <a href="/wiki/Franco-Prussian_War" title="Franco-Prussian War">Franco-Prussian War</a>, including the loss of its army and the capture of its emperor at <a href="/wiki/Sedan,_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Sedan, France">Sedan</a>, the loss of territory, including <a href="/wiki/Alsace-Lorraine" class="mw-redirect" title="Alsace-Lorraine">Alsace-Lorraine</a>, and the payment of heavy indemnities, left the French seething and placed the reacquisition of lost territory as a primary goal at the end of the 19th century; the defeat also ended French preeminence in Europe. Following <a href="/wiki/German_Unification" class="mw-redirect" title="German Unification">German Unification</a>, Bismarck attempted to isolate France diplomatically by befriending <a href="/wiki/Austria-Hungary" title="Austria-Hungary">Austria-Hungary</a>, <a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russia</a>, <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">Britain</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Italy_(1861%E2%80%931946)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of Italy (1861–1946)">Italy</a>. </p><p>After 1870, the European powers began gaining settlements in Africa, with colonialism on that continent hitting its peak between 1895 and 1905. However, colonial disputes were only a minor cause of World War I, as most had been settled by 1914. Economic rivalry was not only a source for some of the colonial conflicts but also a minor cause for the start of World War I. For France, the rivalry was mostly with the rapidly industrializing Germany, which had seized the coal-rich region of Alsace-Lorraine in 1870, and later struggled with France over mineral-rich <a href="/wiki/Morocco" title="Morocco">Morocco</a>. </p><p>Another cause of World War I was growing <a href="/wiki/Militarism" title="Militarism">militarism</a> which led to an <a href="/wiki/Arms_race" title="Arms race">arms race</a> between the powers. As a result of the arms race, all European powers were ready for war and had time tables that would send millions of reserves into combat in a matter of days. </p><p>France was bound by treaty to defend Russia.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFromkin200496_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFromkin200496-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Austria-Hungary had declared war on Serbia due to the <a href="/wiki/Black_Hand_(Serbia)" title="Black Hand (Serbia)">Black Hand</a>'s assassination of <a href="/wiki/Archduke_Franz_Ferdinand_of_Austria" title="Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria">Archduke Ferdinand</a>, which used it as a pretext for a war with Serbia that many in the Austrian and Hungarian governments had long advocated.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFromkin2004264_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFromkin2004264-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> France was brought into the war by a German <a href="/wiki/Declaration_of_war" title="Declaration of war">declaration of war</a> on 3 August 1914.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFromkin2004247_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFromkin2004247-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="The_pre-war_army_and_mobilization">The pre-war army and mobilization</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=French_Army_in_World_War_I&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: The pre-war army and mobilization"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Reservists_at_Gare_de_L%27est,_Paris_(LOC).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Reservists_at_Gare_de_L%27est%2C_Paris_%28LOC%29.jpg/220px-Reservists_at_Gare_de_L%27est%2C_Paris_%28LOC%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="154" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Reservists_at_Gare_de_L%27est%2C_Paris_%28LOC%29.jpg/330px-Reservists_at_Gare_de_L%27est%2C_Paris_%28LOC%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Reservists_at_Gare_de_L%27est%2C_Paris_%28LOC%29.jpg/440px-Reservists_at_Gare_de_L%27est%2C_Paris_%28LOC%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5312" data-file-height="3711" /></a><figcaption>Photograph shows reservists and crowd at the <a href="/wiki/Gare_de_Paris-Est" class="mw-redirect" title="Gare de Paris-Est">Gare de Paris-Est</a>, Paris during the beginning of World War I</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Louis_Porche,_a_French_soldier_in_1914_(colorized).png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Louis_Porche%2C_a_French_soldier_in_1914_%28colorized%29.png/220px-Louis_Porche%2C_a_French_soldier_in_1914_%28colorized%29.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="344" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Louis_Porche%2C_a_French_soldier_in_1914_%28colorized%29.png/330px-Louis_Porche%2C_a_French_soldier_in_1914_%28colorized%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Louis_Porche%2C_a_French_soldier_in_1914_%28colorized%29.png/440px-Louis_Porche%2C_a_French_soldier_in_1914_%28colorized%29.png 2x" data-file-width="1408" data-file-height="2203" /></a><figcaption>Colorized photograph of an infantryman drafted in August 1914, note the red trousers still in use.</figcaption></figure> <p>In common with most other continental European powers, the French Army was organized on the basis of universal conscription. Each year, the "class" of men turning twenty in the upcoming year would be inducted into the French Army and spend three years in active service. After leaving active service they would progress through various stages of <a href="/wiki/Military_reserve_force" title="Military reserve force">reserves</a>, each of which involved a lower degree of commitment. </p> <ul><li>Active Army (20–23)</li> <li>Reserve of the Active Army (24–34)</li> <li>Territorial Army (35–41)</li> <li>Reserve of the Territorial Army (42–48)</li></ul> <p>The peacetime army consisted of 173 infantry regiments, 79 cavalry regiments, and 87 artillery regiments. All were substantially under strength and would be filled out on mobilization by the first three classes of the Reserve (that is, men between 24 and 26). Each regiment would also leave behind a cadre of training personnel to conduct refresher courses for the older reservists, who were organized into 201 Reserve Regiments and 145 Territorial Regiments. Above the regimental level, France was divided into 22 Military Regions, each of which would become an <a href="/wiki/Corps" title="Corps">Army Corps</a> on mobilization. </p><p>At the apex of the French Army was the General Staff, since 1911 under the leadership of General <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Joffre" title="Joseph Joffre">Joseph Joffre</a>. The General Staff was responsible for drawing up the plan for mobilization, known as <a href="/wiki/Plan_XVII" title="Plan XVII">Plan XVII</a>. Using the railroad network, the Army would be shifted from their peacetime garrisons throughout France to the eastern border with Germany. </p><p>The order for mobilization was given on 1 August 1914, the same day that Germany declared war on Russia. Immediately called to their regiments were the classes of 1896 to 1910, comprising almost three million reservists of 24 to 38 years old.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESumner200910–11_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESumner200910–11-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Organization_during_the_war">Organization during the war</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=French_Army_in_World_War_I&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Organization during the war"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Guarding_subway_entrance,_Paris_(LOC).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Guarding_subway_entrance%2C_Paris_%28LOC%29.jpg/220px-Guarding_subway_entrance%2C_Paris_%28LOC%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="148" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Guarding_subway_entrance%2C_Paris_%28LOC%29.jpg/330px-Guarding_subway_entrance%2C_Paris_%28LOC%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Guarding_subway_entrance%2C_Paris_%28LOC%29.jpg/440px-Guarding_subway_entrance%2C_Paris_%28LOC%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5167" data-file-height="3485" /></a><figcaption>French soldiers at the beginning of World War I. They retain the peacetime blue coats and red trousers worn during the early months of the war</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Schlieffen_Plan_fr.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Schlieffen_Plan_fr.svg/220px-Schlieffen_Plan_fr.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="171" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Schlieffen_Plan_fr.svg/330px-Schlieffen_Plan_fr.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Schlieffen_Plan_fr.svg/440px-Schlieffen_Plan_fr.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="930" /></a><figcaption>Obsolete map of the <a href="/wiki/Schlieffen_Plan" title="Schlieffen Plan">Schlieffen Plan</a> and the French offensives of Plan XVII</figcaption></figure> <p>Upon mobilization, Joffre became Commander-in-Chief of the French Army. Most of his forces were concentrated in the northeast of France, both to attack <a href="/wiki/Alsace-Lorraine" class="mw-redirect" title="Alsace-Lorraine">Alsace-Lorraine</a> and to meet the expected German offensive through the Low Countries. </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Army_(France)" class="mw-redirect" title="First Army (France)">First Army</a> (7th, 8th, 13th, 14th, and 21st Army Corps), with the objective of capturing <a href="/wiki/Mulhouse" title="Mulhouse">Mulhouse</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sarrebourg" title="Sarrebourg">Sarrebourg</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Army_(France)" class="mw-redirect" title="Second Army (France)">Second Army</a> (9th, 15th, 16th, 18th and 20th Army Corps), with the objective of capturing <a href="/wiki/Morhange" title="Morhange">Morhange</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Army_(France)" class="mw-redirect" title="Third Army (France)">Third Army</a> (4th, 5th and 6th Army Corps), defending the region around <a href="/wiki/Metz" title="Metz">Metz</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourth_Army_(France)" class="mw-redirect" title="Fourth Army (France)">Fourth Army</a> (<a href="/wiki/12th_Army_Corps_(France)" title="12th Army Corps (France)">12th</a>, <a href="/wiki/17th_Army_Corps_(France)" title="17th Army Corps (France)">17th</a> and Colonial Army Corps) held in reserve around the <a href="/wiki/Forest_of_Argonne" title="Forest of Argonne">Forest of Argonne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fifth_Army_(France)" class="mw-redirect" title="Fifth Army (France)">Fifth Army</a> (1st, 2nd, 3rd, 10th and 11th Army Corps), defending the Ardennes.</li></ul> <p>Over the course of the First World War another five field armies would be raised. The war scare led to another 2.9 million men being mobilized in the summer of 1914 and the costly battles on the <a href="/wiki/Western_Front_(World_War_I)" title="Western Front (World War I)">Western Front</a> forced France to <a href="/wiki/Conscription" title="Conscription">conscript</a> men up to the age of 45. This was done by the mobilization in 1914 of the Territorial Army and its reserves, comprising men who had completed their peacetime service with the active and reserve armies (ages 20–34).<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In June 1915, the Allied countries met in the first inter-Allied conference.<sup id="cite_ref-secondbattlechampagne_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-secondbattlechampagne-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Britain, France, <a href="/wiki/Belgium" title="Belgium">Belgium</a>, Italy, Serbia and Russia agreed to coordinate their attacks but the attempts were frustrated by German offensives on the Eastern Front and spoiling offensives at Ypres and in the hills west of Verdun.<sup id="cite_ref-secondbattlechampagne_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-secondbattlechampagne-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>By 1918, towards the end of the war, the composition and structure of the French army had changed. Forty percent of all French soldiers on the Western Front were operating artillery and 850,000 French troops were infantry in 1918, compared to 1.5 million in 1915. Causes for the drop in infantry include increased <a href="/wiki/Machine_gun" title="Machine gun">machine gun</a>, <a href="/wiki/Armored_car_(military)" title="Armored car (military)">armored car</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tank" title="Tank">tank</a> usage, as well as the increasing significance of the French air force, the <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Arm%C3%A9e_de_l%27Air_(1909%E2%80%931942)" title="History of the Armée de l'Air (1909–1942)">Service Aéronautique</a>. At the <a href="/wiki/Armistice_with_Germany_(Compi%C3%A8gne)" class="mw-redirect" title="Armistice with Germany (Compiègne)">end of the war</a> on 11 November 1918, the French had called up 8,817,000 men, including 900,000 colonial troops. The French army suffered around 6 million casualties, including 1.4 million dead and 4.2 million wounded, roughly 71% of those who fought. Out of the one million French infantrymen who died in the war, more than half died between the outbreak of war and November 1915.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGoya2018169_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoya2018169-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Commanders-in-Chief">Commanders-in-Chief</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=French_Army_in_World_War_I&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Commanders-in-Chief"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:493px;max-width:493px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:165px;max-width:165px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:216px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Joseph_Joffre.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Joseph_Joffre.jpg/163px-Joseph_Joffre.jpg" decoding="async" width="163" height="217" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/94/Joseph_Joffre.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="231" data-file-height="307" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">Joseph Joffre before 1918</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:156px;max-width:156px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:216px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Robert_Georges_Nivelle.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Robert_Georges_Nivelle.jpg/154px-Robert_Georges_Nivelle.jpg" decoding="async" width="154" height="217" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Robert_Georges_Nivelle.jpg/231px-Robert_Georges_Nivelle.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Robert_Georges_Nivelle.jpg/308px-Robert_Georges_Nivelle.jpg 2x" data-file-width="887" data-file-height="1247" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">Robert Georges Nivelle in 1917</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:166px;max-width:166px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:216px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:111-SC-38216_-_NARA_-_55235586_(p%C3%A9tain_chaumont)_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/111-SC-38216_-_NARA_-_55235586_%28p%C3%A9tain_chaumont%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/164px-111-SC-38216_-_NARA_-_55235586_%28p%C3%A9tain_chaumont%29_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="164" height="217" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/111-SC-38216_-_NARA_-_55235586_%28p%C3%A9tain_chaumont%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/246px-111-SC-38216_-_NARA_-_55235586_%28p%C3%A9tain_chaumont%29_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/111-SC-38216_-_NARA_-_55235586_%28p%C3%A9tain_chaumont%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/328px-111-SC-38216_-_NARA_-_55235586_%28p%C3%A9tain_chaumont%29_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1067" data-file-height="1410" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">Philippe Pétain in 1919</div></div></div></div></div> <p>The Chief of the General Staff and <a href="/wiki/Commander-in-chief#France" title="Commander-in-chief">Commander-in-Chief</a> at the time was <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Joffre" title="Joseph Joffre">Joseph Joffre</a>, a former engineer officer who had served in West Africa. He was appointed in 1911 during the <a href="/wiki/Agadir_Crisis" title="Agadir Crisis">Agadir Crisis</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEClayton2003247_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEClayton2003247-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He played a significant role in the development and subsequent failure of France's mobilisation and deployment plan against Germany, <a href="/wiki/Plan_XVII" title="Plan XVII">Plan XVII</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEClayton200319_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEClayton200319-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While earning praise for his role in slowing the German advance, especially in the decisive <a href="/wiki/First_Battle_of_the_Marne" title="First Battle of the Marne">Battle of the Marne</a>, his refusal to accept negative news in the later months caused numerous strategic errors, leading to the loss of as many as 300 000 men in the opening months of the war.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEClayton200357_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEClayton200357-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEClayton200348_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEClayton200348-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By 1915, confidence in Joffre was quickly dropping, however he was appointed <a href="/wiki/Generalissimo" title="Generalissimo">generalissimo</a> on 2 December.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEClayton200381_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEClayton200381-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Following the heavy losses at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Verdun" title="Battle of Verdun">Battle of Verdun</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Somme" title="Battle of the Somme">Somme</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Romania_during_World_War_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Romania during World War I">defeat of Romania</a>, Joffre was replaced by Robert Nivelle and effectively relieved of his duties on 12 December 1916.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEClayton2003118_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEClayton2003118-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESimkins201322_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESimkins201322-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Due to his popularity, it was not presented to the public as a dismissal and he became the first Marshal under the <a href="/wiki/French_Third_Republic" title="French Third Republic">Third Republic</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEClayton2003119_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEClayton2003119-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Robert_Nivelle" title="Robert Nivelle">Robert Nivelle</a>, who began the war as a <a href="/wiki/Regiment" title="Regiment">regimental</a> <a href="/wiki/Colonel" title="Colonel">colonel</a>, was appointed Commander-in-Chief in December, 1916, following Joffre's fall from grace.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEClayton2003118_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEClayton2003118-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The decision to promote Nivelle was due to several factors, including his identity as a Protestant, his <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Verdun" title="Battle of Verdun">battlefield successes</a> at Verdun, his ability to speak fluent English and his belief in his ability to break the deadlock.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEClayton2003119_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEClayton2003119-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Having previously served in an artillery regiment, he championed the <a href="/wiki/Creeping_Barrage" class="mw-redirect" title="Creeping Barrage">creeping barrage</a> as a key to French success.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESimkins201388_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESimkins201388-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1917, he and <a href="/wiki/Douglas_Haig,_1st_Earl_Haig" title="Douglas Haig, 1st Earl Haig">Douglas Haig</a>, commander of <a href="/wiki/British_Expeditionary_Force_(World_War_I)" title="British Expeditionary Force (World War I)">British Expeditionary Force</a>, drew up plans for an offensive, known as the <a href="/wiki/Nivelle_offensive" title="Nivelle offensive">Nivelle offensive</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEClayton2003133_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEClayton2003133-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The main part of the offensive, the <a href="/wiki/Second_Battle_of_the_Aisne" title="Second Battle of the Aisne">Second Battle of the Aisne</a>, was largely unsuccessful, extremely costly in terms of manpower and led directly to the <a href="/wiki/1917_French_Army_mutinies" title="1917 French Army mutinies">1917 French Army mutinies</a>. As a result of his failures, Nivelle was urged to resign. On 15 May 1917, <a href="/wiki/Philippe_P%C3%A9tain" title="Philippe Pétain">Philippe Pétain</a> was appointed to replace him, though Nivelle refused to leave until 19 May.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEClayton2003140_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEClayton2003140-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Philippe_P%C3%A9tain" title="Philippe Pétain">Philippe Pétain</a> was made Commander-in-Chief on 15 May 1917 after a few weeks as Army Chief of Staff. He is credited with resolving the <a href="/wiki/French_Army_Mutinies" class="mw-redirect" title="French Army Mutinies">French Army mutinies</a> that had begun during that period. He had asked for moderation in dealing with the mutiny and, against military tradition, tried to replace the military hierarchy with a system based on mutual trust. He also rejected large-scale attacks until more allied soldiers arrived, and improved the living conditions of front-line soldiers, increasing fresh food and rest times.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEClayton2003146-147_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEClayton2003146-147-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A cautious commander and trusted by troops, Petain stuck to a defensive strategy, with limited attacks.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEClayton2003151_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEClayton2003151-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESimkins201384_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESimkins201384-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Due to his success in defending against German attacks the <a href="/wiki/Second_Battle_of_the_Marne" title="Second Battle of the Marne">Second Battle of the Marne</a>, he was awarded the <a href="/wiki/M%C3%A9daille_militaire" title="Médaille militaire">Médaille militaire</a>, France's third highest military honour.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEClayton2003172_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEClayton2003172-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Following the end of the war on 19 November 1918, Pétain was promoted to <a href="/wiki/Marshal_of_France" title="Marshal of France">Marshal of France</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEClayton2003220-221_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEClayton2003220-221-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Due to his role during the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Verdun" title="Battle of Verdun">Battle of Verdun</a>, French Army mutinies and reputation as a "soldier's soldier,"<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> he was considered a French hero, until his <a href="/wiki/Vichy_France" title="Vichy France">collaboration</a> with <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Nazi Germany</a> during the <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">Second World War</a>, for which he was tried and convicted.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Western_Front">Western Front</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=French_Army_in_World_War_I&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Western Front"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1914">1914</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=French_Army_in_World_War_I&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: 1914"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Battle_of_the_Frontiers">Battle of the Frontiers</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=French_Army_in_World_War_I&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Battle of the Frontiers"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Georges_Scott,_A_la_ba%C3%AFonnette_!.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Georges_Scott%2C_A_la_ba%C3%AFonnette_%21.jpg/220px-Georges_Scott%2C_A_la_ba%C3%AFonnette_%21.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="153" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Georges_Scott%2C_A_la_ba%C3%AFonnette_%21.jpg/330px-Georges_Scott%2C_A_la_ba%C3%AFonnette_%21.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Georges_Scott%2C_A_la_ba%C3%AFonnette_%21.jpg/440px-Georges_Scott%2C_A_la_ba%C3%AFonnette_%21.jpg 2x" data-file-width="891" data-file-height="621" /></a><figcaption>Bayonet charge in 1914</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Frontiers" title="Battle of the Frontiers">Battle of the Frontiers</a> consisted of five offensives, commanded and planned by French Commander-in-Chief Joseph Joffre and German Chief-of-Staff <a href="/wiki/Helmuth_von_Moltke_the_Younger" title="Helmuth von Moltke the Younger">Helmuth von Moltke</a>. It was fought in August 1914.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZuber2009253_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZuber2009253-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-battlefrontiers_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-battlefrontiers-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These five offensives, <a href="/wiki/Mulhouse" title="Mulhouse">Mulhouse</a>, <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Lorraine" title="Battle of Lorraine">Lorraine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ardennes" title="Ardennes">Ardennes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Charleroi" title="Charleroi">Charleroi</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Mons" title="Battle of Mons">Mons</a>, were launched almost simultaneously. They were the result of the French <a href="/wiki/Plan_XVII" title="Plan XVII">Plan XVII</a> and the German <a href="/wiki/Schlieffen_Plan" title="Schlieffen Plan">plans</a> colliding.<sup id="cite_ref-battlefrontiers_26-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-battlefrontiers-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Mulhouse" title="Battle of Mulhouse">Battle of Mulhouse</a>, on 7–10 August 1914, was envisioned by Joffre to anchor the French recapture of <a href="/wiki/Alsace" title="Alsace">Alsace</a>, but resulted in Joffre holding <a href="/wiki/General" class="mw-redirect" title="General">General</a> Louis Bonneau responsible for its failure and replacing him with General <a href="/wiki/Paul_Pau" title="Paul Pau">Paul Pau</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDoughty200556-7_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDoughty200556-7-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Lorraine" title="Battle of Lorraine">Battle of Lorraine</a>, 14–25 August, was an indecisive French invasion of that region by General Pau and his <a href="/wiki/French_Army_of_Alsace_(WWI)" class="mw-redirect" title="French Army of Alsace (WWI)">Army of Alsace</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDoughty200560-63_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDoughty200560-63-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Ardennes" title="Battle of the Ardennes">Battle of the Ardennes</a>, fought between 21 and 23 August in the <a href="/wiki/Ardennes" title="Ardennes">Ardennes</a> forests, was sparked by unsuspecting French and German forces meeting, and resulted in a French defeat, forfeiting to the Germans a source of iron-ore.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDoughty200564-67_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDoughty200564-67-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Charleroi" title="Battle of Charleroi">Battle of Charleroi</a>, which started on 20 August and ended on 23 August, resulted in a German victory. General <a href="/wiki/Charles_Lanrezac" title="Charles Lanrezac">Charles Lanrezac</a>'s retreat probably saved the French Army, but Joffre blamed him for the failure of Plan XVII, even though the withdrawal had been permitted. The Fifth Army retreat after the Battle of Charleroi, arguably saved the French army from decisive defeat, as it prevented the much sought envelopment of the <a href="/wiki/Schlieffen_plan" class="mw-redirect" title="Schlieffen plan">Schlieffen plan</a>. Lanrezac was sacked by Joffre on 3 September (four days after General <a href="/wiki/Pierre_Ruffey" title="Pierre Ruffey">Pierre Ruffey</a>, the Third Army commander) and replaced by d'Espèrey.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHerwig2009195_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHerwig2009195-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Germany marched through <a href="/wiki/Neutral_country" title="Neutral country">neutral</a> <a href="/wiki/Belgium" title="Belgium">Belgium</a> as part of the Schlieffen Plan to invade France, and by 23 August had reached the French border town of <a href="/wiki/Maubeuge" title="Maubeuge">Maubeuge</a>, whose true significance lay within its forts.<sup id="cite_ref-siegemaubeuge_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-siegemaubeuge-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Maubeuge was a major railway junction and was consequently a protected city.<sup id="cite_ref-siegemaubeuge_31-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-siegemaubeuge-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The German <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Maubeuge" title="Siege of Maubeuge">Siege of Maubeuge</a> started on 25 August.<sup id="cite_ref-siegemaubeuge_31-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-siegemaubeuge-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The fortress was surrendered on 7 September by General Fournier, who was later court-martialed, but exonerated, for the capitulation.<sup id="cite_ref-siègeMAubeugeChtimiste_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-siègeMAubeugeChtimiste-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In a 2006 web article, Didier Lodier wrote that <span class="nowrap">1,300 French</span> troops had been killed and <span class="nowrap">45,000 men</span> (including <span class="nowrap">3,000 wounded)</span> were captured along with <span class="nowrap">400 guns</span> (most damaged) for <span class="nowrap">2,500 German</span> casualties.<sup id="cite_ref-siègeMAubeugeChtimiste_32-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-siègeMAubeugeChtimiste-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2009, <a href="/wiki/Holger_Herwig" title="Holger Herwig">Holger Herwig</a> wrote that the Germans took <span class="nowrap">32,692 prisoners</span> and <span class="nowrap">450 guns</span> when Maubeuge was surrendered on 6 September; the Germans suffered <span class="nowrap">1,100 casualties.</span><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHerwig2009255_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHerwig2009255-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Guise" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Guise">Battle of Guise</a>, launched on 29 August, was an attempt by the Fifth Army to capture <a href="/wiki/Guise" title="Guise">Guise</a>. They succeeded, but later withdrew on 30 August.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDoughty200580-91_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDoughty200580-91-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This delayed the <a href="/wiki/2nd_Army_(German_Empire)" title="2nd Army (German Empire)">German Second Army</a>'s invasion of France, but also hurt Lanrezac's already damaged reputation. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="First_Battle_of_the_Marne">First Battle of the Marne</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=French_Army_in_World_War_I&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: First Battle of the Marne"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Taxi-marne.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Taxi-marne.JPG/220px-Taxi-marne.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Taxi-marne.JPG/330px-Taxi-marne.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Taxi-marne.JPG/440px-Taxi-marne.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Renault_Taxi_de_la_Marne" title="Renault Taxi de la Marne">Renault Taxi de la Marne</a> on display at the <a href="/wiki/Army_Museum_(Paris)" title="Army Museum (Paris)">Army Museum (Paris)</a>, within <a href="/wiki/Les_Invalides" title="Les Invalides">Les Invalides</a> at Paris.</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/First_Battle_of_the_Marne" title="First Battle of the Marne">First Battle of the Marne</a> was fought between 6 and 12 September. It started when retreating French forces (the <a href="/wiki/Fifth_Army_(France)" class="mw-redirect" title="Fifth Army (France)">Fifth</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sixth_Army_(France)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sixth Army (France)">Sixth</a> armies), stopped south of the <a href="/wiki/Marne_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Marne River">Marne River</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHerwig2009226–229_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHerwig2009226–229-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Victory seemed close, the <a href="/wiki/1st_Army_(German_Empire)" title="1st Army (German Empire)">First German Army</a> was given orders to surround <a href="/wiki/Paris" title="Paris">Paris</a>, unaware the French government had already fled to <a href="/wiki/Bordeaux" title="Bordeaux">Bordeaux</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHerwig2009220_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHerwig2009220-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The First Battle of the Marne was a French victory, but was a bloody one: the French suffered 250,000 casualties, of which 80,000 died, with similar numbers believed for the Germans, and over 12,700 for the British.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEClodfelter2017419_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEClodfelter2017419-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOrtholanVerney2004147_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOrtholanVerney2004147-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="First_Battle_of_the_Aisne">First Battle of the Aisne</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=French_Army_in_World_War_I&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: First Battle of the Aisne"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The German retreat after the First Battle of the Marne halted at the <a href="/wiki/Aisne_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Aisne River">Aisne River</a>, and the Allies soon caught up, starting the <a href="/wiki/First_Battle_of_the_Aisne" title="First Battle of the Aisne">First Battle of the Aisne</a> on 12 September. It lasted until 28 September, it was indecisive, partially due to <a href="/wiki/Machine_gun" title="Machine gun">machine guns</a> beating back infantry sent to capture enemy positions.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHam2014557–560_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHam2014557–560-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Race_to_the_Sea">Race to the Sea</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=French_Army_in_World_War_I&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Race to the Sea"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>From 17 September to mid-October,<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Franco-British and German forces engaged in a series of flanking maneuvers now known as the '<a href="/wiki/Race_to_the_Sea" title="Race to the Sea">Race to the Sea</a>'. The 'race' was the result of attempts by opposing armies to <a href="/wiki/Flanking_maneuver" title="Flanking maneuver">outflank</a> each other through the north, resulting in a northward movement of the front lines, eventually stopping when they reached the 'sea'.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDoughty200598–99_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDoughty200598–99-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Albert_(1914)" title="Battle of Albert (1914)">First Battle of Albert</a> was the first battle in the so-called '<a href="/wiki/Race_to_the_Sea" title="Race to the Sea">Race to the Sea</a>'.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEClayton200359_44-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEClayton200359-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The First Battle of Albert was fought on 25–29 September 1914, after the First Battle of the Marne and the First Battle of the Aisne. It occurred after both sides realized that a breakthrough was not possible. It was evident that both the French Plan XVII and the German Schlieffen Plan had failed. Both sides then proceeded to attempt to outmanoeuvre the other, and the battle ended indecisively.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHam2014560_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHam2014560-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMallinson2014492_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMallinson2014492-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Arras_(1914)" title="Battle of Arras (1914)">Battle of Arras</a>, which was another attempt on the part of the French to outflank the Germans, was started on 1 October.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMichelin19196_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMichelin19196-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Despite heavy attacks by three corps from the First, Second, and <a href="/wiki/7th_Army_(German_Empire)" title="7th Army (German Empire)">Seventh</a> armies, the French held on to <a href="/wiki/Arras" title="Arras">Arras</a>, albeit losing <a href="/wiki/Lens,_Pas-de-Calais" title="Lens, Pas-de-Calais">Lens</a> on 4 October.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMichelin19196_52-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMichelin19196-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Yser" title="Battle of the Yser">Battle of the Yser</a>, fought between 18 October and 30 November, was the northernmost battle in the 'Race to the Sea'. The battle was a German victory, and fighting continued along the <a href="/wiki/Yser_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Yser River">Yser River</a> until the final Allied advance that won the war. A Brigade of French naval infantry (<a href="/wiki/Fusiliers_marins" title="Fusiliers marins">Fusiliers marins</a>), identifiable by their red pompoms on their <a href="/wiki/Sailor_cap#cite_note-4" title="Sailor cap">caps</a>, distinguished themselves during the fighting.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The last of the 'Race to the Sea' battles, the <a href="/wiki/First_Battle_of_Ypres" title="First Battle of Ypres">First Battle of Ypres</a>, started on 19 October, marked the formation of a bond between the British and French armies. The battle was an Allied victory and ended, according to France, Britain, and Germany, on 13, 22 or 30 November, respectively. The formations of the <a href="/wiki/First_Battle_of_Ypres_order_of_battle#French_VIII_Army_(Victor_d'Urbal)" title="First Battle of Ypres order of battle">French VIII Army</a> participated in this battle. On 23 October, the French IX Corps took over the north end of the Ypres salient, relieving I Corps with the 17th Division. The BEF had many casualties and used all its reserves but on 30 October the <a href="/wiki/9th_Army_Corps_(France)" title="9th Army Corps (France)">French IX Corps</a> sent its last three Zouave battalions and retrieved the situation in the I Corps sector. On 31 October, German attacks near Gheluvelt broke through until a counter-attack by the Worcestershire Regiment restored the situation.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEdmonds1925xviii,_278–301_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEdmonds1925xviii,_278–301-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 12 November, a German attack surprised the French IX Corps and the <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_British_8th_Division_during_the_First_World_War" title="History of the British 8th Division during the First World War">British 8th Division</a> arrived at the front on 13 November and more attacks were made on the <a href="/wiki/II_Corps_(United_Kingdom)" title="II Corps (United Kingdom)">British II Corps</a> front from 14 November. Between 15–22 November, <a href="/wiki/I_Corps_(United_Kingdom)" title="I Corps (United Kingdom)">I Corps</a> was relieved by the French IX and XVI corps and the British line was reorganised.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEdmonds1925xxi,_447–460_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEdmonds1925xxi,_447–460-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="First_Battle_of_Champagne">First Battle of Champagne</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=French_Army_in_World_War_I&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: First Battle of Champagne"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The first major Allied attack against German forces since the incarnation of <a href="/wiki/Trench_warfare" title="Trench warfare">trench warfare</a> on the <a href="/wiki/Western_Front_(World_War_I)" title="Western Front (World War I)">Western Front</a>, the <a href="/wiki/First_Battle_of_Champagne" title="First Battle of Champagne">First Battle of Champagne</a>, lasting from 20 December 1914, until 17 March 1915; it was a German victory. Joffre felt that the failure of the offensive was due to inadequate artillery support and too few infantry. Attacks had been made on narrow fronts of a few hundred yards, despite the offensive taking place on a 12 mi (19 km) front and left infantry far too vulnerable to massed artillery-fire. De Langle was ordered quickly to make several limited attacks but Joffre told <a href="/wiki/Raymond_Poincar%C3%A9" title="Raymond Poincaré">Poincaré</a> the <a href="/wiki/President_of_France" title="President of France">French president</a>, that a war of movement was a long way off.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDoughty2005133–134_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDoughty2005133–134-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1915">1915</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=French_Army_in_World_War_I&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: 1915"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The indecisive <a href="/wiki/Second_Battle_of_Ypres" title="Second Battle of Ypres">Second Battle of Ypres</a>, from 22 April – 25 May, was the site of the first German <a href="/wiki/Chlorine" title="Chlorine">chlorine</a> gas attack and the only major German offensive on the Western Front in 1915. <a href="/wiki/Ypres" title="Ypres">Ypres</a> was devastated after the battle.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGreenhalgh201491_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGreenhalgh201491-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Second_Battle_of_Artois" title="Second Battle of Artois">Second Battle of Artois</a>, from 9 May – 18 June, the most important part of the Allied spring offensive of 1915, was not the success the allies had hoped for. Despite the change from attempts at continuous battle to methodical attacks, with pauses to reorganise and consolidate, the French took less ground, fewer prisoners and suffered more casualties.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDoughty2005156_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDoughty2005156-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Vimy Ridge would not be in Allied hands again until 1917. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Second_Battle_of_Champagne" title="Second Battle of Champagne">Second Battle of Champagne</a>, from 25 September – 6 November, was a general failure, with the French only advancing about 4 kilometres (2.5 mi), and not capturing the German's second line.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDoughty2005202_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDoughty2005202-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The French Official History recorded <span class="nowrap">191,795 casualties</span> in the fighting in Champagne and Artois.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDoughty2005201_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDoughty2005201-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1916">1916</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=French_Army_in_World_War_I&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: 1916"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:French_87th_Regiment_Cote_34_Verdun_1916.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/French_87th_Regiment_Cote_34_Verdun_1916.jpg/170px-French_87th_Regiment_Cote_34_Verdun_1916.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="212" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/French_87th_Regiment_Cote_34_Verdun_1916.jpg/255px-French_87th_Regiment_Cote_34_Verdun_1916.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/French_87th_Regiment_Cote_34_Verdun_1916.jpg/340px-French_87th_Regiment_Cote_34_Verdun_1916.jpg 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="499" /></a><figcaption>Soldiers of the 87th Regiment, 6th Division at Côte 304 (Hill 304), northwest of <a href="/wiki/Verdun" title="Verdun">Verdun</a>, in 1916</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Poilusrepos.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Poilusrepos.jpg/170px-Poilusrepos.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="229" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Poilusrepos.jpg/255px-Poilusrepos.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Poilusrepos.jpg/340px-Poilusrepos.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1519" data-file-height="2048" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Poilus" class="mw-redirect" title="Poilus">French <i>poilus</i> (soldiers)</a> posing in a trench, 16 June 1917. Note the <a href="/wiki/Adrian_helmet" title="Adrian helmet">Adrian helmets</a>.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Battle_of_Verdun">Battle of Verdun</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=French_Army_in_World_War_I&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Battle of Verdun"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bataille_de_Verdun_1916.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Bataille_de_Verdun_1916.jpg/220px-Bataille_de_Verdun_1916.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Bataille_de_Verdun_1916.jpg/330px-Bataille_de_Verdun_1916.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Bataille_de_Verdun_1916.jpg/440px-Bataille_de_Verdun_1916.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1875" data-file-height="1402" /></a><figcaption>French soldiers storming out of their trench during the Battle of Verdun, 1916</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Verdun" title="Battle of Verdun">Battle of Verdun</a> was the longest of the war, lasting from 21 February 1916, until 18 December of the same year. The battle started after a plan by German General <a href="/wiki/Erich_von_Falkenhayn" title="Erich von Falkenhayn">Erich von Falkenhayn</a> to capture <a href="/wiki/Verdun" title="Verdun">Verdun</a> and induce a battle of <a href="/wiki/Attrition_warfare" title="Attrition warfare">attrition</a> was executed. After a few weeks, the battle became a series of local actions.<sup id="cite_ref-verdunpbs_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-verdunpbs-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For the French, the battle signified the strength and fortitude of the French Army.<sup id="cite_ref-verdunpbs_61-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-verdunpbs-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many military historians consider Verdun the "most demanding" and the "greatest" battle in history.<sup id="cite_ref-verdunpbs_61-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-verdunpbs-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The German attack on Verdun began with one million troops, led by <a href="/wiki/William,_German_Crown_Prince" class="mw-redirect" title="William, German Crown Prince">Crown Prince Wilhelm</a>, facing only about 200,000 French soldiers. The following day, the French were forced to withdraw to their second line of trenches, and on 24 February, they were pushed back to their third line, only 8 kilometres (5.0 mi) from Verdun. The newly appointed commander of the Verdun sector, General <a href="/wiki/Philippe_P%C3%A9tain" title="Philippe Pétain">Philippe Pétain</a>, stated that there would be no more withdrawals, and eventually had every French soldier that was available fighting in the Verdun sector; 259 out of 330 infantry <a href="/wiki/Regiment" title="Regiment">regiments</a>. A single road remained open for trucks, enabling a continual flow of supplies to the defenders. </p><p>The German attacking forces were not able to enter the city of Verdun itself and by December 1916 had been forced back beyond the original French trench lines of February. The sector again became a relatively inactive one as the allied focus shifted to the Somme and the Germans adopted a defensive stance. While generally regarded as a tactical victory for the French, the battle caused massive losses on both sides. French casualties had been higher but the original German objective of taking Verdun while destroying the defending army through a battle of attrition had not succeeded.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Garde_du_drapeau.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Garde_du_drapeau.JPG/220px-Garde_du_drapeau.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="138" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Garde_du_drapeau.JPG/330px-Garde_du_drapeau.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Garde_du_drapeau.JPG/440px-Garde_du_drapeau.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1649" data-file-height="1037" /></a><figcaption>66th Infantry Regiment in 1917</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Battle_of_the_Somme">Battle of the Somme</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=French_Army_in_World_War_I&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Battle of the Somme"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The French and British had committed themselves to an offensive on the Somme during the <a href="/wiki/Chantilly_Conferences" title="Chantilly Conferences">Chantilly Conference</a> in December 1915. The fighting at Verdun impacted upon the French plans, consequently Army Group North had only 22 divisions and 555 pieces of artillery, instead of the 39 divisions and 1,700 pieces of artillery initially planned.<sup id="cite_ref-BourletSomme_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BourletSomme-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The British held positions in the sector north of the river Somme, the French were south of the river. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Sixth_Army_(France)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sixth Army (France)">Sixth Army (France)</a>, with one corps on the north bank from Maricourt to the Somme and two corps on the south bank southwards to Foucaucourt, would make a subsidiary attack to guard the right flank of the main attack being made by the British. The French, using combined arms tactics, were successful in their attacks against the Germans on 1 and 2 July. Between Belloy and the Somme, an area measuring more than 10 kilometres, the enemy had been destroyed, driven back or taken prisoner. On 3 July, Joffre ordered the attack to stop. Five days later, he ordered an attack in the south, but in the mean time, the Germans had used this time to regroup. The offensive lasted a week, and failed.<sup id="cite_ref-ChenuSomme_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ChenuSomme-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A renewed French assault took place on 3 September, with fierce fighting around the towns of Combles and Bouchavesnes. By 20 September, French forces had entered into the worst phase of fighting.<sup id="cite_ref-ChenuSomme_64-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ChenuSomme-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Somme" title="Battle of the Somme">Battle of the Somme</a>, fought along a 30 kilometres (19 mi) front from north of the <a href="/wiki/Somme_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Somme River">Somme River</a> between <a href="/wiki/Arras" title="Arras">Arras</a> and <a href="/wiki/Albert,_Somme" title="Albert, Somme">Albert</a>. It was fought between 1 July and 18 November and involved over 2 million men. The French suffered 202,567 casualties.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDenizot2002_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDenizot2002-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDoughty2005309_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDoughty2005309-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ChenuSomme_64-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ChenuSomme-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-BourletSomme_63-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BourletSomme-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>The <a href="/wiki/Army_Group_North_(France)" title="Army Group North (France)">Groupe d'Armées du Nord</a>, commanded by Foch, comprised <ul><li>The 6th Army ( Fayolle ) with three army corps ( 1st , 20th and 35th CA ) ;</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/10th_Army_(France)" title="10th Army (France)">10th Army</a> ( Micheler ) with five army corps .</li></ul></li></ul> <p>They total fourteen divisions in line, four in reserve and four cavalry along a of 15 kilometre front. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1917">1917</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=French_Army_in_World_War_I&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: 1917"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Nivelle_Offensive">Nivelle Offensive</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=French_Army_in_World_War_I&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Nivelle Offensive"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In October 1916, troops under <a href="/wiki/Robert_Nivelle" title="Robert Nivelle">Robert Nivelle</a>'s command captured <a href="/wiki/Douaumont" title="Douaumont">Douaumont</a> and other <a href="/wiki/Verdun" title="Verdun">Verdun</a> forts, making him a national hero. Nivelle formulated a plan using his "creeping barrage" tactics that would supposedly end the war in 48 hours with only 10,000 casualties. <a href="/wiki/War_Minister" class="mw-redirect" title="War Minister">War Minister</a> <a href="/wiki/Hubert_Lyautey" title="Hubert Lyautey">Hubert Lyautey</a>, General <a href="/wiki/Philippe_P%C3%A9tain" title="Philippe Pétain">Philippe Pétain</a> and Sir <a href="/wiki/Douglas_Haig" class="mw-redirect" title="Douglas Haig">Douglas Haig</a> were all opposed to the plan, although <a href="/wiki/Aristide_Briand" title="Aristide Briand">Aristide Briand</a> supported the "<a href="/wiki/Nivelle_Offensive" class="mw-redirect" title="Nivelle Offensive">Nivelle Offensive</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-thenivelleoffensive_67-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-thenivelleoffensive-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Lyautey resigned after being shouted down in the Chamber of Deputies for refusing to discuss military aviation secrets. For the offensive in April 1917, one million French soldiers were deployed on a front between Royle and <a href="/wiki/Reims" title="Reims">Reims</a>. </p><p>The main action of the Nivelle Offensive, the <a href="/wiki/Second_Battle_of_the_Aisne" title="Second Battle of the Aisne">Second Battle of the Aisne</a>, started on 16 April 1917, the French had 134,000 casualties including 30,000 killed in the first nine days.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJagielski20144_68-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJagielski20144-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1962 <a href="/wiki/G._W._L._Nicholson" title="G. W. L. Nicholson">Gerald Nicholson</a>, the Canadian official historian, recorded German casualties of <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 163,000</span> and French casualties of <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 187,000</span> men.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENicholson1962243_69-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENicholson1962243-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Allies eventually suffered over 350,000 casualties fighting the Nivelle Offensive. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Mutinies">Mutinies</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=French_Army_in_World_War_I&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Mutinies"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Execution_lors_de_la_Premi%C3%A8re_Guerre_mondiale.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Execution_lors_de_la_Premi%C3%A8re_Guerre_mondiale.jpg/220px-Execution_lors_de_la_Premi%C3%A8re_Guerre_mondiale.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="141" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Execution_lors_de_la_Premi%C3%A8re_Guerre_mondiale.jpg/330px-Execution_lors_de_la_Premi%C3%A8re_Guerre_mondiale.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Execution_lors_de_la_Premi%C3%A8re_Guerre_mondiale.jpg/440px-Execution_lors_de_la_Premi%C3%A8re_Guerre_mondiale.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1300" data-file-height="832" /></a><figcaption>Execution reportedly at Verdun at the time of the mutinies. The original French text accompanying this photograph notes however that the uniforms are those of 1914/15 and that the execution may be that of a spy at the beginning of the war</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/French_Army_Mutinies_(1917)" class="mw-redirect" title="French Army Mutinies (1917)">French Army Mutinies (1917)</a></div> <p>In the spring of 1917, after the failed <a href="/wiki/Nivelle_Offensive" class="mw-redirect" title="Nivelle Offensive">Nivelle Offensive</a>, there were a series of <a href="/wiki/French_Army_Mutinies_(1917)" class="mw-redirect" title="French Army Mutinies (1917)">mutinies in the French army</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-mutiny1_70-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mutiny1-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Over 35,000 soldiers were involved with 68 out of 112 <a href="/wiki/Division_(military)" title="Division (military)">divisions</a> affected, but fewer than 3,000 men were punished.<sup id="cite_ref-mutiny1_70-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mutiny1-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Following a series of courts-martial, there were 49 documented executions and 2,878 sentences to penal servitude with hard labour. Of the 68 divisions affected by mutinies, 5 had been "profoundly affected"’ 6 had been "very seriously affected", 15 had been "seriously affected", 25 were affected by "repeated incidents" and 17 had been affected by "one incident only", according to statistics compiled by French military historian <a href="/wiki/Guy_Pedroncini" title="Guy Pedroncini">Guy Pedroncini</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-mutiny1_70-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mutiny1-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Mutinies began in April 1917 after the failure of the <a href="/wiki/Second_Battle_of_the_Aisne" title="Second Battle of the Aisne">Second Battle of the Aisne</a>, the main action in the Nivelle Offensive. The mutinies started on 17 April and ended on 30 June 1917.<sup id="cite_ref-mutiny1_70-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mutiny1-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They involved units from nearly half of the French infantry divisions stationed on the Western Front. The mutinies were kept secret at the time, and their full extent and intensity were not revealed for a half-century. The more serious episodes involved only a few units; the mutinies did not threaten complete military collapse, but did make the high command reluctant to launch another offensive. The popular cry was to wait for the arrival of millions of fresh U.S. troops. The mutinous soldiers were motivated by despair, not by politics or pacifism. They feared that mass infantry offensives would never prevail over machine guns and artillery. General Pétain restored morale in the summer of 1917 through a combination of rest rotations for front-line units, furloughs home, and stricter discipline.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, Smith has argued that the mutinies were akin to labour strikes and can be considered political. The soldiers demanded not only peace, leave, and better food, and objected to the use of colonial workers on the home front; they were also concerned about the welfare of their families. The <a href="/wiki/Court-martial" title="Court-martial">courts-martial</a> were merely symbolic, designed to demonstrate the absolute authority of the high command.<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The British government was alarmed, for it interpreted the mutinies as a sign of deep malaise in French society, and tried to reinvigorate French morale by launching an offensive at <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Passchendaele" title="Battle of Passchendaele">Passchendaele</a> (also known as the <a href="/wiki/Third_Battle_of_Ypres" class="mw-redirect" title="Third Battle of Ypres">Third Battle of Ypres</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1918">1918</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=French_Army_in_World_War_I&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: 1918"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Kaiserschlacht">Kaiserschlacht</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=French_Army_in_World_War_I&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Kaiserschlacht"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:El_114_de_infanter%C3%ADa,_en_Par%C3%ADs,_el_14_de_julio_de_1917,_Le%C3%B3n_Gimpel.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/El_114_de_infanter%C3%ADa%2C_en_Par%C3%ADs%2C_el_14_de_julio_de_1917%2C_Le%C3%B3n_Gimpel.jpg/220px-El_114_de_infanter%C3%ADa%2C_en_Par%C3%ADs%2C_el_14_de_julio_de_1917%2C_Le%C3%B3n_Gimpel.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="157" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/El_114_de_infanter%C3%ADa%2C_en_Par%C3%ADs%2C_el_14_de_julio_de_1917%2C_Le%C3%B3n_Gimpel.jpg/330px-El_114_de_infanter%C3%ADa%2C_en_Par%C3%ADs%2C_el_14_de_julio_de_1917%2C_Le%C3%B3n_Gimpel.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/El_114_de_infanter%C3%ADa%2C_en_Par%C3%ADs%2C_el_14_de_julio_de_1917%2C_Le%C3%B3n_Gimpel.jpg/440px-El_114_de_infanter%C3%ADa%2C_en_Par%C3%ADs%2C_el_14_de_julio_de_1917%2C_Le%C3%B3n_Gimpel.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1123" data-file-height="800" /></a><figcaption>The 114th infantry in Paris, 14 July 1917.</figcaption></figure> <p>The French army was heavily involved in the allies' line of defense during <a href="/wiki/German_spring_offensive" title="German spring offensive">the final German offensives in spring 1918</a>. When British troops were attacked during <a href="/wiki/Operation_Michael" title="Operation Michael">Operation Michael</a>, 40 French divisions were sent to help them. Those troops finally took part in the battle. Then, the third German offensive was launched against French positions in Champagne. The French troops began to lose ground but eventually, the Germans were stopped by a counterattack led by General Charles Mangin. </p><p>In July, a last German assault was launched against the French on the Marne. The German troops were crushed by about 40 French divisions helped by British and American troops. This was a turning point in the war on the Western Front. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="The_Grand_Offensive">The Grand Offensive</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=French_Army_in_World_War_I&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: The Grand Offensive"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>During the summer of 1918, General Ferdinand Foch was appointed supreme commander of the allied forces. After the decisive defeat of the Germans at the second Battle of the Marne, Foch ordered an offensive against Amiens. Some French units participated in this battle. Then, a general offensive was launched against the German positions in France. The French First Army helped the British troops in the north, while eight French field armies formed the center of the offensive. An additional army was sent to help the Americans. The French forces were the most numerous of all the allied troops, and during the last stage of the war, they took about 140,000 prisoners. British troops spearheaded the main attack by attacking in Flanders and Western Belgium where they first smashed the Hindenburg line<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2018)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup>. Meanwhile, the more exhausted French army managed to liberate most of northern France and to enter Belgian territory. </p><p>These numerous offensives left the German army on the verge of disaster and when Germany sought for an armistice, British, French and American troops were ready to launch an important offensive in Lorraine, where the Germans were collapsing. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Other_campaigns">Other campaigns</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=French_Army_in_World_War_I&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Other campaigns"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:French_troops_going_to_Gallipoli_IWM_Q_13411.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/French_troops_going_to_Gallipoli_IWM_Q_13411.jpg/220px-French_troops_going_to_Gallipoli_IWM_Q_13411.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="163" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/French_troops_going_to_Gallipoli_IWM_Q_13411.jpg/330px-French_troops_going_to_Gallipoli_IWM_Q_13411.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/French_troops_going_to_Gallipoli_IWM_Q_13411.jpg/440px-French_troops_going_to_Gallipoli_IWM_Q_13411.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="593" /></a><figcaption>French troops going to <a href="/wiki/Gallipoli_Campaign" class="mw-redirect" title="Gallipoli Campaign">Gallipoli</a> in 1915</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:IWM_Q12324_Anebta_1918.jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/IWM_Q12324_Anebta_1918.jpeg/220px-IWM_Q12324_Anebta_1918.jpeg" decoding="async" width="220" height="163" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/IWM_Q12324_Anebta_1918.jpeg/330px-IWM_Q12324_Anebta_1918.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/IWM_Q12324_Anebta_1918.jpeg/440px-IWM_Q12324_Anebta_1918.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="1104" data-file-height="816" /></a><figcaption>Horsemen of the 4th Regiment <a href="/wiki/Chasseurs_d%27Afrique" title="Chasseurs d'Afrique">Chasseurs d'Afrique</a> and Australian <a href="/wiki/5th_Light_Horse_Brigade" title="5th Light Horse Brigade">5th Light Horse Brigade</a>, in the village of <a href="/wiki/Anebta" class="mw-redirect" title="Anebta">Anebta</a>, which they entered on 19th September 1918 after the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Sharon" title="Battle of Sharon">Battle of Sharon</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>While the French Army's main commitment was inevitably to the Western Front, significant forces were deployed in other theatres of war. These included the occupation of the German colonies of <a href="/wiki/Togo" title="Togo">Togo</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kamerun" title="Kamerun">Kamerun</a> in West Africa,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECrocé_et_al.1986178-183_74-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECrocé_et_al.1986178-183-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> participation in the <a href="/wiki/Corps_exp%C3%A9ditionnaire_d%27Orient" title="Corps expéditionnaire d'Orient">Dardanelles</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPhillipi202078_75-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPhillipi202078-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>and <a href="/wiki/D%C3%A9tachement_Fran%C3%A7ais_de_Palestine_et_de_Syrie" title="Détachement Français de Palestine et de Syrie">Palestinian</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHuré_et_al.1977309-310_76-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHuré_et_al.1977309-310-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> campaigns against the Ottoman Empire and a <a href="/wiki/Macedonian_front" title="Macedonian front">diversionary offensive in the Balkans</a><sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> carried out in conjunction with other Allied forces. </p><p>When looking at the respective <a href="/wiki/Order_of_battle" title="Order of battle">Order of battle</a> for each of the French military forces utilised in the West African,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECrocé_et_al.1986178-183_74-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECrocé_et_al.1986178-183-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Dardanelles<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPhillipi202078_75-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPhillipi202078-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Palestine<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHuré_et_al.1977309-310_76-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHuré_et_al.1977309-310-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> campaigns, a sizeable proportion were <a href="/wiki/19th_Army_Corps_(France)#First_World_War" title="19th Army Corps (France)">North African</a> and <a href="/wiki/Troupes_coloniales" title="Troupes coloniales">colonial units, both European and indigenous</a>. However the French reinforcements, comprising six infantry divisions,<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> sent to the <a href="/wiki/Italian_front_(World_War_I)" title="Italian front (World War I)">Italian Front</a> in 1917 following the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Caporetto" title="Battle of Caporetto">Battle of Caporetto</a> were drawn from mainland metropolitan French units, marking a diversion of resources from the Western Front. On 29 March 1918, <a href="/wiki/Jean_C%C3%A9sar_Graziani" title="Jean César Graziani">Jean César Graziani</a> became commander of the <a href="/wiki/12th_Army_Corps_(France)" title="12th Army Corps (France)">12th French Army Corps</a>, amounting to the two remaining divisions stationed in Italy, and helped to repulse in June the Austrian offensive during the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Piave_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of the Piave River">Battle of the Piave River</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPompé1924731_80-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPompé1924731-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In addition to providing troops for combat in overseas theatres of war, the French were to assist other allies with training teams to train other nations soldiers, in particular the reconstituted Serbs and the American army. The biggest French training deployment to help an ally was the <a href="/wiki/French_military_mission_to_Romania_(1916-1918)" class="mw-redirect" title="French military mission to Romania (1916-1918)">mission to Romania</a>, led by <a href="/wiki/Henri_Berthelot" class="mw-redirect" title="Henri Berthelot">Henri Berthelot</a>, during the second half of the war.<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Equipment">Equipment</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=French_Army_in_World_War_I&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Equipment"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Artillery">Artillery</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=French_Army_in_World_War_I&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Artillery"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cameronians_officers_with_French_75_at_Bas_Maesnil_Oct_1914_IWM_Q_51514.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Black and white photo of a gun and its caisson in position." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Cameronians_officers_with_French_75_at_Bas_Maesnil_Oct_1914_IWM_Q_51514.jpg/330px-Cameronians_officers_with_French_75_at_Bas_Maesnil_Oct_1914_IWM_Q_51514.jpg" decoding="async" width="330" height="233" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Cameronians_officers_with_French_75_at_Bas_Maesnil_Oct_1914_IWM_Q_51514.jpg/495px-Cameronians_officers_with_French_75_at_Bas_Maesnil_Oct_1914_IWM_Q_51514.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Cameronians_officers_with_French_75_at_Bas_Maesnil_Oct_1914_IWM_Q_51514.jpg/660px-Cameronians_officers_with_French_75_at_Bas_Maesnil_Oct_1914_IWM_Q_51514.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="565" /></a><figcaption>The displaying of a 75mm gun model 1897 and its <a href="/wiki/Limbers_and_caissons" title="Limbers and caissons">ammunition wagon</a> by French artillerymen (in midnight blue uniform) to Scottish infantry officers (in khaki), at Bas Mesnil on the fringes of the Battle of Armentières on 21 October 1914. This relatively light and fast-firing gun was by far the most widely used by the French artillery (several thousand units) before, during and after the conflict.</figcaption></figure> <p>The armament of the French field artillery in 1914 consisted almost entirely of one gun model, the 75 mm model 1897: the total allocation was 4,986 75 mm guns, of which 3,680 were part of the battle corps deployed in France<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAFGG_1-1_1936521_82-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAFGG_1-1_1936521-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and 364 were in the fortifications (the other 75 mm guns were used for training, in the colonies or in the reserves). This homogeneity had the advantage of facilitating logistics and maintenance. This endowment was completed by 128 65 mm M model 1906 guns (M for "mountain") intended for Alpine troops, as well as by a few 75 mm model 1912 guns for the horse artillery. It had a rate of fire of 12 to 18 rounds per minute and a maximum range of between 6-10 kilometres.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETouzinVauvillier200910,_13,_16-17_&_19_83-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETouzinVauvillier200910,_13,_16-17_&_19-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The heavy field artillery was rather limited in 1914, especially compared to its German counterpart: the fault lies in the disagreements between the services, the lack of financing and the domination of the 75 mm.<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The armies nevertheless took with them 84 howitzers of 120 mm C model 1890 (C for "court" meaning short, nicknamed 120 mm Baquet; 126 other howitzers were in the rear) and 104 howitzers of 155 mm C TR model 1904 (C TR for "short rapid-fire", nicknamed 155 mm Rimailho.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAFGG_1-1_1936522_85-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAFGG_1-1_1936522-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Rifles">Rifles</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=French_Army_in_World_War_I&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Rifles"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>From 1915, the Berthier Mle 1907/15 rifle replaced the <a href="/wiki/Lebel_Model_1886_rifle" title="Lebel Model 1886 rifle">Lebel Model 1886 rifle</a>, it had a three-round magazine.<sup id="cite_ref-Berthier_1907_15_86-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Berthier_1907_15-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Later this rifle is also modified into a <a href="/wiki/Berthier_rifle" title="Berthier rifle">Berthier Mle 1916</a> rifle to use five-round magazines. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Machine_Guns">Machine Guns</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=French_Army_in_World_War_I&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Machine Guns"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:French_troopers_under_General_Gouraud,_with_their_machine_guns_amongst_the_ruins_of_a_cathedral_near_the_Marne..._-_NARA_-_533679.tif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/French_troopers_under_General_Gouraud%2C_with_their_machine_guns_amongst_the_ruins_of_a_cathedral_near_the_Marne..._-_NARA_-_533679.tif/lossy-page1-220px-French_troopers_under_General_Gouraud%2C_with_their_machine_guns_amongst_the_ruins_of_a_cathedral_near_the_Marne..._-_NARA_-_533679.tif.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="158" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/French_troopers_under_General_Gouraud%2C_with_their_machine_guns_amongst_the_ruins_of_a_cathedral_near_the_Marne..._-_NARA_-_533679.tif/lossy-page1-330px-French_troopers_under_General_Gouraud%2C_with_their_machine_guns_amongst_the_ruins_of_a_cathedral_near_the_Marne..._-_NARA_-_533679.tif.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/French_troopers_under_General_Gouraud%2C_with_their_machine_guns_amongst_the_ruins_of_a_cathedral_near_the_Marne..._-_NARA_-_533679.tif/lossy-page1-440px-French_troopers_under_General_Gouraud%2C_with_their_machine_guns_amongst_the_ruins_of_a_cathedral_near_the_Marne..._-_NARA_-_533679.tif.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="2148" /></a><figcaption>French machine gunners defend a ruined cathedral, late in the war</figcaption></figure> <p>When war broke out in August 1914, the French models of machine gun in existence were the <a href="/wiki/St._%C3%89tienne_Mle_1907" title="St. Étienne Mle 1907">St. Étienne Mle 1907</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Hotchkiss_M1914_machine_gun" class="mw-redirect" title="Hotchkiss M1914 machine gun">Hotchkiss M1914</a>. The Saint-Etienne machine gun was gradually abandoned because it was considered too fragile for use in trench warfare and disappeared from the front lines in 1917. It was replaced by the Hotchkiss machine gun, which was gas actuated and air-cooled. This machine gun allows two types of fire, intermittent fire or automatic fire, it has a rate of fire of 450 rounds/min, it is fed by metal cartridge magazines of 24 rounds or by flexible belts of 300 rounds.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERevue_d'infanterie192033_87-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERevue_d'infanterie192033-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At the start of the war, each infantry battalion's <a href="/wiki/Medium_machine_gun" title="Medium machine gun">medium machine gun</a> section had two guns,<sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>c<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but this increased fourfold as the war continued. Machine gun companies were grouped at regimental and brigade level,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGoya2018166_92-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoya2018166-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with a similar practice being undertaken by the <a href="/wiki/Machine_Gun_Corps#Branches" title="Machine Gun Corps">Infantry Branch of the Machine Gun Corps</a> in the British Army. </p><p>In January 1915, Joffre ordered research into a <a href="/wiki/Light_machine_gun" title="Light machine gun">light machine gun</a> to obtain significant firepower while being mobile. In 1916, the Chauchat machine gun was put into service, this lighter weapon had less staff to crew the weapon, semi-circular magazines of 20 cartridges with a potential rate of fire of 250 rounds/min. It had the possibility of firing by shot (60 to 80 rounds/min) or machine gun fire. This weapon allowed for mowing and rapid changes of target, and had an accuracy equivalent to a machine gun up to 600 or 700 metres, after which the dispersion of fire was greater.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERevue_d'infanterie192047_93-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERevue_d'infanterie192047-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Each infantry company was equipped with 8 of these light machine guns. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Grenades">Grenades</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=French_Army_in_World_War_I&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Grenades"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The French army initially used stocks of model 1882 hand grenades, initially intended for the defence of forts. During 1915, many prototypes of explosive, suffocating, tear gas, incendiary and smoke grenades were tested on the front. These different grenades were categorised as the fuse type with a slow-burning fuse that caused the explosion 5 seconds after being triggered, or, the percussion type whose explosion was caused by the impact of the firing pin.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERevue_d'infanterie1920355_94-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERevue_d'infanterie1920355-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After much trial and error, percussion grenades were abandoned, with the exception of the Citron-Foug, because of their dangerous use. In 1916, Citron-Foug percussion grenades and <a href="/wiki/F1_grenade_(France)" title="F1 grenade (France)">F1</a> grenades were adopted in defensive combat phases. In offensive combat mode, short-range explosive OF grenades, suffocating grenades, incendiary grenades and smoke grenades model 1916 were preferred.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERevue_d'infanterie1920359_95-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERevue_d'infanterie1920359-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At the end of 1915, the first trials of the <a href="/wiki/VB_rifle_grenade" title="VB rifle grenade">Viven-Bessières rifle grenade</a> began. In 1916, this weapon was in general issued: the use of a cup discharger at the end of the rifle and a <i>balle D</i> propulsive cartridge made it possible to send the grenade (475 grams, including 60 grams of explosives) in good safety conditions to 190 metres.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERevue_d'infanterie192046_96-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERevue_d'infanterie192046-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is then possible to produce a barrage during a defensive phase, to destroy battlements during harassment battles or to reach hidden machine guns during offensive phases. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Trench_Mortars">Trench Mortars</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=French_Army_in_World_War_I&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Trench Mortars"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>At the beginning of World War I, the German Army had a stockpile of 150 mortars, which was a surprise to the French and British. The French were able to use modèle 1838 Coehorn mortars dating from just after the <a href="/wiki/Napoleonic_Wars" title="Napoleonic Wars">Napoleonic Wars</a>, some of which were lent to the British.<sup id="cite_ref-14to18mortar_97-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14to18mortar-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Mortier_de_58_T_N%C2%B01" title="Mortier de 58 T N°1">Mortier de 58 T</a> was hastily developed at the start of the war. From February 1915 onwards, the high-powered trench mortars were entrusted exclusively to the artillery (organised in batteries of twelve pieces), while the low-powered ones were left to the infantry.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFrançois201035–36_98-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrançois201035–36-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Centre d'instruction de l'artillerie de tranchée (CIAT) was created the same year in Bourges. Given the contempt of the other artillerymen for these units, the personnel assigned to the trench artillery (TA) initially included convicts with suspended sentences from courts-martial coming from all the branches of the army.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFrançois201037_99-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrançois201037-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Later in the war, having ordered 1000 examples in July 1917, the French improved upon the design of the British <a href="/wiki/Stokes_Mortar" class="mw-redirect" title="Stokes Mortar">Stokes Mortar</a>. Further development of the mortar and improved ammunition that continued into the inter-war period would lead to the <a href="/wiki/Brandt_Mle_27/31" title="Brandt Mle 27/31">Brandt Mle 27/31</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERevue_d'infanterie192050_100-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERevue_d'infanterie192050-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-101" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Guy_François_Stokes1917_102-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Guy_François_Stokes1917-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In September 1917 the French under-secretary of state for inventions sent a circular letter requesting inventors to design a better projectile for the successful Stokes mortar, and Brandt scaled his 60 mm projectile up to 81 mm.<sup id="cite_ref-103" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Both British and French military adopted the scaled-up design except for the grooves (apparently, their importance wasn't realized at the time) in 1918 as <i>projectile BM (Brandt-Maurice) modèle 1918</i> (later simplified to <i>FA (fonte aciérée) modèle 1921</i><sup id="cite_ref-104" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) and Mk. II HE bomb respectively. At the conclusion of the war, French infantry made use of both 81mm Stokes and 75 mm Jouhandeau-Deslandres mortars, their two principle fire support mortars.<sup id="cite_ref-Guy_François_Stokes1917_102-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Guy_François_Stokes1917-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Chemical_weapons_and_gas">Chemical weapons and gas</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=French_Army_in_World_War_I&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Chemical weapons and gas"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Contrary to popular belief, the first country to use <a href="/wiki/Chemical_warfare" title="Chemical warfare">chemical warfare</a> in World War I was not Germany, but France, who used <a href="/wiki/Tear_gas" title="Tear gas">tear gas</a> grenades against the German army in August 1914;<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKrause2013545–546_105-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKrause2013545–546-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> however, the Germans were the first to seriously research chemical warfare. The first deadly gases used were made from halogens ( chlorine, bromine, iodine) for the production of which Germany enjoyed a virtual European monopoly in 1914. German chemical companies <a href="/wiki/BASF" title="BASF">BASF</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hoechst_AG" title="Hoechst AG">Hoechst</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bayer" title="Bayer">Bayer</a> (which formed the <a href="/wiki/IG_Farben" title="IG Farben">IG Farben</a> conglomerate in 1925) had been making chlorine as a by-product of their dye manufacturing. In cooperation with <a href="/wiki/Fritz_Haber" title="Fritz Haber">Fritz Haber</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Kaiser_Wilhelm_Institute" class="mw-redirect" title="Kaiser Wilhelm Institute">Kaiser Wilhelm Institute</a> for Chemistry in <a href="/wiki/Berlin" title="Berlin">Berlin</a>, they began developing methods of discharging chlorine gas against enemy <a href="/wiki/Trench" title="Trench">trenches</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-106" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Poison gas (<a href="/wiki/Chlorine" title="Chlorine">chlorine</a>) was first used on 22 April 1915, at the <a href="/wiki/Second_Battle_of_Ypres" title="Second Battle of Ypres">Second Battle of Ypres</a>, by the German army.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENicholson196261–65_107-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENicholson196261–65-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The initial response was to improvise and use pads soaked with bicarbonate of soda or urine.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEClodfelter2017423_108-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEClodfelter2017423-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The French adopted the M2 gas mask from March 1916 onwards. This was superseded by the ARS (appareil respiratoire spécial), a copy of the German GM15 gas mask, with charcoal filter, which was adopted in January 1917, but was only issued in significant numbers from February 1918 onwards. By 11 November 1918, France had suffered 190,000 chemical warfare casualties, including 8,000 dead.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEClodfelter2017423_108-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEClodfelter2017423-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tanks">Tanks</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=French_Army_in_World_War_I&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Tanks"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_tank#French_development" title="History of the tank">History of the tank § French development</a></div> <p>In January 1916 <a href="/wiki/Colonel" title="Colonel">Colonel</a> <a href="/wiki/Jean_Baptiste_Eug%C3%A8ne_Estienne" title="Jean Baptiste Eugène Estienne">Jean Baptiste Eugène Estienne</a> persuaded Joffre to begin production of French tanks ("land ships").<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGoya2018205–206_109-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoya2018205–206-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An order for 400 <a href="/wiki/Schneider_CA1" title="Schneider CA1">Schneider CA1s</a> and 400 <a href="/wiki/St_Chamond_(tank)" class="mw-redirect" title="St Chamond (tank)">Saint-Chamonds</a> was soon placed.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGoya2018207_110-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoya2018207-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Their combat debut was when the French deployed 128 tanks on 16 April 1917 at <a href="/wiki/Schneider_CA1#Berry-au-Bac" title="Schneider CA1">Berry-au-Bac</a> as part of the <a href="/wiki/Second_Battle_of_the_Aisne" title="Second Battle of the Aisne">Second Battle of the Aisne</a>. It was a painful experience. Their losses had indeed been heavy: 76 of the 128 combat tanks engaged had been lost. Many of these had burnt: 57 in total; most had been set on fire by German artillery. A quarter of the losses were where the tanks had broken down on the battlefield.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGoya2018212–213_111-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoya2018212–213-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Given that General Estienne was listened to by the <a href="/wiki/Grand_Quartier_G%C3%A9n%C3%A9ral_(1914%E2%80%931919)" title="Grand Quartier Général (1914–1919)">Grand Quartier Général (1914–1919)</a> as well as by industrialists, he obtained agreement from <a href="/wiki/Louis_Renault_(industrialist)" title="Louis Renault (industrialist)">Louis Renault (industrialist)</a> that from July 1916 he would initiate the study of a light tank, faster but with a lighter armament. 150 of these machines were ordered on 22 February 1917, increased to 1,000 on the following 9 April after the first tests:<sup id="cite_ref-112" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> mass production of the 6.7 tonne <a href="/wiki/Renault_FT" title="Renault FT">Renault FT</a> was launched at the end of the year, with a single weapon mounted in the turret, a Hotchkiss model 1914 machine gun or a <a href="/wiki/Puteaux_SA_18" title="Puteaux SA 18">37 mm SA 1918 gun</a> (SA for "semi-automatic"). The first engagement of the Renault FT tanks took place in front of <a href="/wiki/Saint-Pierre-Aigle" title="Saint-Pierre-Aigle">Saint-Pierre-Aigle</a> on 31 May 1918, during the <a href="/wiki/Third_Battle_of_the_Aisne" title="Third Battle of the Aisne">Third Battle of the Aisne</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Uniforms">Uniforms</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=French_Army_in_World_War_I&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Uniforms"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:French_heavy_cavalry_Paris_August_1914.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/French_heavy_cavalry_Paris_August_1914.jpg/220px-French_heavy_cavalry_Paris_August_1914.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="193" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/French_heavy_cavalry_Paris_August_1914.jpg/330px-French_heavy_cavalry_Paris_August_1914.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/French_heavy_cavalry_Paris_August_1914.jpg/440px-French_heavy_cavalry_Paris_August_1914.jpg 2x" data-file-width="580" data-file-height="510" /></a><figcaption>French cuirassiers on their way to the front in August 1914</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mus%C3%A9e_de_l%27Arm%C3%A9e_-_F%C3%A9vrier_2011_(21).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Mus%C3%A9e_de_l%27Arm%C3%A9e_-_F%C3%A9vrier_2011_%2821%29.jpg/220px-Mus%C3%A9e_de_l%27Arm%C3%A9e_-_F%C3%A9vrier_2011_%2821%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="113" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Mus%C3%A9e_de_l%27Arm%C3%A9e_-_F%C3%A9vrier_2011_%2821%29.jpg/330px-Mus%C3%A9e_de_l%27Arm%C3%A9e_-_F%C3%A9vrier_2011_%2821%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Mus%C3%A9e_de_l%27Arm%C3%A9e_-_F%C3%A9vrier_2011_%2821%29.jpg/440px-Mus%C3%A9e_de_l%27Arm%C3%A9e_-_F%C3%A9vrier_2011_%2821%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="736" data-file-height="377" /></a><figcaption>Test uniforms created in 1912 by <a href="/wiki/Edouard_Detaille" class="mw-redirect" title="Edouard Detaille">Edouard Detaille</a> for the line infantry. They were never adopted, but the blue-grey coats and the <a href="/wiki/Burgonet" title="Burgonet">burgonet</a>-style leather helmets influenced later uniforms</figcaption></figure> <p>At the outbreak of war the French Army retained the colourful traditional uniforms of the nineteenth century for active service wear. These included conspicuous features such as blue coats and <a href="/wiki/Pantalon_rouge" title="Pantalon rouge">red trousers</a> for the infantry and cavalry.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMirouze200749–50_113-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMirouze200749–50-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The French <a href="/wiki/Cuirassiers" class="mw-redirect" title="Cuirassiers">cuirassiers</a> wore plumed helmets and breastplates almost unchanged from the Napoleonic period.<sup id="cite_ref-114" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> From 1903 on several attempts had been made to introduce a more practical field dress but these had been opposed by conservative opinion both within the army and amongst the public at large. In particular, the red trousers worn by the infantry became a political debating point.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMirouze200714–15_115-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMirouze200714–15-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Adolphe_Messimy" title="Adolphe Messimy">Adolphe Messimy</a> who was briefly <a href="/wiki/Minister_of_War_(France)" title="Minister of War (France)">Minister of War</a> in 1911-1912 stated that "This stupid blind attachment to the most visible of colours will have cruel consequences"; however, in the following year, one of his successors, <a href="/wiki/Eug%C3%A8ne_%C3%89tienne" title="Eugène Étienne">Eugène Étienne</a>, declared "Abolish red trousers? Never!"<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESumner201285_116-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESumner201285-116"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In order to appease traditionalists, a new cloth was devised woven from red, white and blue threads,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMollo1972227_117-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMollo1972227-117"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> known as "<a href="/wiki/Tricolour_(flag)" class="mw-redirect" title="Tricolour (flag)">Tricolour</a> cloth", resulting in a drab purple-brown colour. Unfortunately the red thread could only be produced with a dye made in Germany, so only the blue and white threads were used. The adoption of the blue-grey uniform (known as "<a href="/wiki/Horizon_blue" title="Horizon blue">horizon-blue</a>" because it was thought to prevent soldiers from standing out against the skyline) had been approved by the <a href="/wiki/French_Chamber_of_Deputies" class="mw-redirect" title="French Chamber of Deputies">French Chamber of Deputies</a> on 10 July 1914<sup id="cite_ref-118" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-118"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but new issues had not been possible before the outbreak of war a few weeks later.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESumner201286_119-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESumner201286-119"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The very heavy French losses during the Battle of the Frontiers could be attributed in part to the high visibility of the French uniforms, combined with peacetime training which placed emphasis on attacking in massed formations.<sup id="cite_ref-120" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-120"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>117<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The shortcomings of the uniforms were quickly realized and during the first quarter of 1915 general distribution of horizon-blue clothing in simplified patterns had been undertaken. The long established infantry practice of wearing greatcoats for field service, buttoned back when on the march, was continued in the trenches. British-style <a href="/wiki/Puttee" title="Puttee">puttees</a> were issued in place of leather <a href="/wiki/Gaiter" class="mw-redirect" title="Gaiter">gaiters</a> from October 1914.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESumner201240_121-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESumner201240-121"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>118<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Adrian_helmet_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Adrian_helmet_1.jpg/220px-Adrian_helmet_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="178" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Adrian_helmet_1.jpg/330px-Adrian_helmet_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Adrian_helmet_1.jpg/440px-Adrian_helmet_1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1320" data-file-height="1068" /></a><figcaption>Modèle 1915 Adrian Helmet with infantry badge</figcaption></figure> <p>The first months of the conflict show that 77% of the wounds received by soldiers were head wounds and in 80% of cases these wounds were fatal. To limit these injuries, skull caps were distributed from December 1914 to be placed under the kepi.<sup id="cite_ref-122" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-122"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>119<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 21 February 1915, the War Ministry decided to order steel helmets. In April 1915, Colonel Adrian proposed a helmet made of three pieces of rolled steel 7 mm thick. The helmet was ordered in June 1915 and distributed from September onwards. The French Army was the first to introduce steel helmets for protection against shrapnel, and by December 1915 more than three million <a href="/wiki/Adrian_helmet" title="Adrian helmet">"Adrian" helmets</a> had been manufactured.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJouineau2009b4_123-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJouineau2009b4-123"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>120<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The horizon-blue uniform and Adrian helmet proved sufficiently practical to be retained unchanged for the remainder of the war, although khaki of a shade described as "mustard" was introduced after December 1914 for the <a href="/wiki/Army_of_Africa_(France)" title="Army of Africa (France)">troops of the (North African) 19th Military District</a> serving in France.<sup id="cite_ref-124" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-124"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>121<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Uniformes09dec1914_125-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Uniformes09dec1914-125"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>122<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The French <b><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">bonnet de police</i></span></b> of the French Revolutionary Wars was reintroduced for undress or fatigue wear in 1891.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMirouze200754_126-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMirouze200754-126"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>123<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1915 the <a href="/wiki/Side_cap#France" title="Side cap">bonnet de police</a> (or "<b><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">calot</i></span></b>") generally replaced the <a href="/wiki/Kepi" title="Kepi">kepi</a> for other ranks during the remainder of the First World War, because of its greater convenience when the <a href="/wiki/Adrian_helmet" title="Adrian helmet">Adrian steel helmet</a> was issued.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJouineau2009b17_127-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJouineau2009b17-127"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>124<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A black floppy beret, known in soldier slang as a "<b><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">tarte</i></span></b>", given its similarity in appearance, had been worn by the <i>chasseurs alpins</i> (mountain troops) since 1889.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMirouze2008284–285_128-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMirouze2008284–285-128"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>125<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> From early 1915 to 1916 it was also issued to other units, in the same colour as their tunics, but was not popular, with most men preferring their trusty <i>calot</i>. A similar garment, the <a href="/wiki/Military_beret#cite_note-GeneralServiceCapHatchfive-55" title="Military beret">General Service Cap</a>, was introduced to the British Army in the Second World War, and similarly fell out of favour.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJouineau2009b43,_63_129-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJouineau2009b43,_63-129"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>126<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=French_Army_in_World_War_I&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:French_Army_during_World_War_I" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:French Army during World War I">French Army during World War I</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_France" title="Military history of France">Military history of France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Army_order_of_battle_(1914)" title="French Army order of battle (1914)">French Army order of battle (1914)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_POW_publications_of_World_War_I" title="French POW publications of World War I">French POW publications of World War I</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Gallery">Gallery</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=French_Army_in_World_War_I&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Gallery"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Military_Operations_-_A_French_regiment_near_the_Battlefield_of_the_Oisne_-_NARA_-_45502712_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="A French regiment on the march near the battlefield of the Oisne, 1918."><img alt="A French regiment on the march near the battlefield of the Oisne, 1918." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Military_Operations_-_A_French_regiment_near_the_Battlefield_of_the_Oisne_-_NARA_-_45502712_%28cropped%29.jpg/120px-Military_Operations_-_A_French_regiment_near_the_Battlefield_of_the_Oisne_-_NARA_-_45502712_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="86" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Military_Operations_-_A_French_regiment_near_the_Battlefield_of_the_Oisne_-_NARA_-_45502712_%28cropped%29.jpg/180px-Military_Operations_-_A_French_regiment_near_the_Battlefield_of_the_Oisne_-_NARA_-_45502712_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Military_Operations_-_A_French_regiment_near_the_Battlefield_of_the_Oisne_-_NARA_-_45502712_%28cropped%29.jpg/240px-Military_Operations_-_A_French_regiment_near_the_Battlefield_of_the_Oisne_-_NARA_-_45502712_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5459" data-file-height="3894" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">A French regiment on the march near the battlefield of the Oisne, 1918.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:111-SC-4018_-_French_general_inspecting_troops_before_they_take_up_positions_near_the_trenches_occupied_by_American_troops_in_the_Vosges._France._-_NARA_-_55169440_(cropped)_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="French general inspecting troops before they take up positions near the trenches occupied by American troops in the Vosges, France, 1918."><img alt="French general inspecting troops before they take up positions near the trenches occupied by American troops in the Vosges, France, 1918." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/111-SC-4018_-_French_general_inspecting_troops_before_they_take_up_positions_near_the_trenches_occupied_by_American_troops_in_the_Vosges._France._-_NARA_-_55169440_%28cropped%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/120px-thumbnail.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="81" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/111-SC-4018_-_French_general_inspecting_troops_before_they_take_up_positions_near_the_trenches_occupied_by_American_troops_in_the_Vosges._France._-_NARA_-_55169440_%28cropped%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/180px-thumbnail.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/111-SC-4018_-_French_general_inspecting_troops_before_they_take_up_positions_near_the_trenches_occupied_by_American_troops_in_the_Vosges._France._-_NARA_-_55169440_%28cropped%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/240px-thumbnail.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4603" data-file-height="3116" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">French general inspecting troops before they take up positions near the trenches occupied by American troops in the Vosges, France, 1918.</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=French_Army_in_World_War_I&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Writers and historians have criticised the term Race to the Sea and used several date ranges for the period of mutual attempts to outflank the opposing armies, on their northern flanks. In 1925, <a href="/wiki/James_Edward_Edmonds" title="James Edward Edmonds">James Edmonds</a>, the British <a href="/wiki/Official_history" title="Official history">official historian</a>, used dates of <span class="nowrap">15 September</span> – <span class="nowrap">15 October</span> and in 1926 <span class="nowrap">17 September</span> – <span class="nowrap">19 October</span>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEdmonds192527–100_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEdmonds192527–100-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEdmonds1926400–408_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEdmonds1926400–408-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1929, Hermann Mertz von Quirnheim, the fifth volume of the German official history <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Der Weltkrieg</i></span>, described the progress of German outflanking attempts without labelling them.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMertz_von_Quirnheim192914_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMertz_von_Quirnheim192914-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2001, Strachan used <span class="nowrap">15 September</span> – <span class="nowrap">17 October</span> and in 2003, Clayton gave dates of <span class="nowrap">17 September</span> – <span class="nowrap">7 October</span>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStrachan2001266–273_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStrachan2001266–273-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEClayton200359_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEClayton200359-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2005, Doughty used the period <span class="nowrap">17 September</span> – <span class="nowrap">17 October</span> and Foley from 17 September to a period between <span class="nowrap">10–21 October.</span><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDoughty200598_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDoughty200598-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFoley2007101–102_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFoley2007101–102-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2010 Sheldon placed the beginning of the "erroneously named" race from the end of the Battle of the Marne to the beginning of the Battle of the Yser.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESheldon2010x_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESheldon2010x-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The French units were (i) <a href="/wiki/12th_Army_Corps_(France)" title="12th Army Corps (France)">12th Army Corps (France)</a> (ii) <a href="/wiki/10th_Army_(France)" title="10th Army (France)">10th Army (France)</a> and (iii) <a href="/wiki/31st_Army_Corps_(France)" title="31st Army Corps (France)">31st Army Corps (France)</a> comprising (1) 23rd Division, 24th Division, (2) 46th Division, 47th Division and (3) 64th Division, 65th Division respectively.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPompé1924508–511,_730–731,_826_78-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPompé1924508–511,_730–731,_826-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">This was also the case for the machine gun section of British infantry battalions,<sup id="cite_ref-LLT_2xgunMGsection_88-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LLT_2xgunMGsection-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and German infantry battalions too.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGoya2018125_89-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoya2018125-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECorrigan2012129_90-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECorrigan2012129-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=French_Army_in_World_War_I&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-columns-2"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFromkin200496-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFromkin200496_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFromkin2004">Fromkin 2004</a>, p. 96.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFromkin2004264-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFromkin2004264_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFromkin2004">Fromkin 2004</a>, p. 264.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFromkin2004247-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFromkin2004247_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFromkin2004">Fromkin 2004</a>, p. 247.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESumner200910–11-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESumner200910–11_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSumner2009">Sumner 2009</a>, pp. 10–11.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">pages 215, 217 and 218, Vol. XXX, Encyclopædia Britannica, 12th Edition, 1922</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-secondbattlechampagne-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-secondbattlechampagne_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-secondbattlechampagne_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFRickard2007" class="citation web cs1">Rickard, J (16 August 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.historyofwar.org/articles/battles_champagneII.html">"Second Battle of Champagne, 25 September-6 November 1915"</a>. <i>historyofwar.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 May</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=historyofwar.com&rft.atitle=Second+Battle+of+Champagne%2C+25+September-6+November+1915&rft.date=2007-08-16&rft.aulast=Rickard&rft.aufirst=J&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.historyofwar.org%2Farticles%2Fbattles_champagneII.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrench+Army+in+World+War+I" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoya2018169-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGoya2018169_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGoya2018">Goya 2018</a>, p. 169.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEClayton2003247-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEClayton2003247_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFClayton2003">Clayton 2003</a>, p. 247.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEClayton200319-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEClayton200319_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFClayton2003">Clayton 2003</a>, p. 19.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEClayton200357-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEClayton200357_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFClayton2003">Clayton 2003</a>, p. 57.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEClayton200348-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEClayton200348_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFClayton2003">Clayton 2003</a>, p. 48.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEClayton200381-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEClayton200381_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFClayton2003">Clayton 2003</a>, p. 81.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEClayton2003118-13"><span 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href="#CITEREFDoughty2005">Doughty 2005</a>, p. 80-91.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHerwig2009226–229-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHerwig2009226–229_35-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHerwig2009">Herwig 2009</a>, pp. 226–229.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHerwig2009220-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHerwig2009220_36-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHerwig2009">Herwig 2009</a>, pp. 220.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEClodfelter2017419-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEClodfelter2017419_37-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFClodfelter2017">Clodfelter 2017</a>, p. 419.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEOrtholanVerney2004147-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOrtholanVerney2004147_38-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFOrtholanVerney2004">Ortholan & Verney 2004</a>, p. 147.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHam2014557–560-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHam2014557–560_39-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHam2014">Ham 2014</a>, pp. 557–560.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEdmonds192527–100-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEdmonds192527–100_40-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEdmonds1925">Edmonds 1925</a>, pp. 27–100.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEdmonds1926400–408-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEdmonds1926400–408_41-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEdmonds1926">Edmonds 1926</a>, pp. 400–408.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMertz_von_Quirnheim192914-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a 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href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pbs.org/greatwar/maps/maps_verdun.html">"The Great War , Maps & Battles , The Battle of Verdun"</a>. <i>pbs.org</i>. Community Television of Southern California<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 May</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=pbs.org&rft.atitle=The+Great+War+%2C+Maps+%26+Battles+%2C+The+Battle+of+Verdun&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pbs.org%2Fgreatwar%2Fmaps%2Fmaps_verdun.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrench+Army+in+World+War+I" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">John Keegan, pages 300-308 "The First World War", <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0%2B09%2B1801788" title="Special:BookSources/0+09+1801788">0 09 1801788</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-BourletSomme-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-BourletSomme_63-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-BourletSomme_63-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTROUILLARD2016" class="citation web cs1">TROUILLARD, Stéphanie (29 June 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.france24.com/en/20160629-france-world-war-one-forgotten-french-soldiers-battle-somme">"World War I: Remembering the French soldiers who fought in the Battle of the Somme"</a>. <i>FRANCE 24</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 November</span> 2023</span>. <q>Over one million people of all nationalities were left dead, wounded or missing during the Battle of the Somme – the deadliest conflict of World War I. But a century later, France's involvement in the five-month long offensive has been all but forgotten. To mark the centenary of the battle, FRANCE 24 spoke to <a href="/wiki/Commandant_(rank)" title="Commandant (rank)">Commandant (rank)</a> Michaël Bourlet, head of the history and geography department at the <a href="/wiki/%C3%89cole_sp%C3%A9ciale_militaire_de_Saint-Cyr" title="École spéciale militaire de Saint-Cyr">Saint-Cyr Coëtquidan military academy</a> in western France, who recounted the French army's role in the fighting.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=FRANCE+24&rft.atitle=World+War+I%3A+Remembering+the+French+soldiers+who+fought+in+the+Battle+of+the+Somme&rft.date=2016-06-29&rft.aulast=TROUILLARD&rft.aufirst=St%C3%A9phanie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.france24.com%2Fen%2F20160629-france-world-war-one-forgotten-french-soldiers-battle-somme&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrench+Army+in+World+War+I" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ChenuSomme-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ChenuSomme_64-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ChenuSomme_64-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ChenuSomme_64-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChenu2022" class="citation web cs1">Chenu, Benoît (8 December 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://militaryhistorynow.com/2022/12/08/the-french-army-at-the-somme-inside-frances-important-but-often-overlooked-role-in-the-1916-offensive/">"The French Army at the Somme – Inside France's Important (But Often-Overlooked) Role in the 1916 Offensive"</a>. <i>Military History Now</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 November</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Military+History+Now&rft.atitle=The+French+Army+at+the+Somme+%E2%80%93+Inside+France%27s+Important+%28But+Often-Overlooked%29+Role+in+the+1916+Offensive&rft.date=2022-12-08&rft.aulast=Chenu&rft.aufirst=Beno%C3%AEt&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmilitaryhistorynow.com%2F2022%2F12%2F08%2Fthe-french-army-at-the-somme-inside-frances-important-but-often-overlooked-role-in-the-1916-offensive%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrench+Army+in+World+War+I" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDenizot2002-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDenizot2002_65-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDenizot2002">Denizot 2002</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDoughty2005309-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDoughty2005309_66-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDoughty2005">Doughty 2005</a>, p. 309.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-thenivelleoffensive-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-thenivelleoffensive_67-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.historylearningsite.co.uk/nivelle_offensive.htm">"The Nivelle Offensive"</a>. <i>historylearningsite.co.uk</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 May</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=historylearningsite.co.uk&rft.atitle=The+Nivelle+Offensive&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.historylearningsite.co.uk%2Fnivelle_offensive.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrench+Army+in+World+War+I" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJagielski20144-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJagielski20144_68-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJagielski2014">Jagielski 2014</a>, p. 4.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENicholson1962243-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENicholson1962243_69-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNicholson1962">Nicholson 1962</a>, p. 243.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-mutiny1-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-mutiny1_70-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-mutiny1_70-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-mutiny1_70-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-mutiny1_70-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.historylearningsite.co.uk/mutiny_french_army.htm">"Mutiny in the French Army"</a>. <i>historylearningsite.co.uk</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 May</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=historylearningsite.co.uk&rft.atitle=Mutiny+in+the+French+Army&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.historylearningsite.co.uk%2Fmutiny_french_army.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrench+Army+in+World+War+I" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bentley B.; Gilbert and Paul P. Bernard, "The French Army Mutinies of 1917," <i>Historian</i> (1959) 22#1 pp 24-41</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Leonard V. Smith, "War and 'Politics': The French Army Mutinies of 1917," <i>War in History</i> (1995( 2#2 pp 180-201).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">David French, "Watching the Allies: British Intelligence and the French Mutinies of 1917," <i>Intelligence & National Security</i> (1991) 6#3 pp 573-592</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECrocé_et_al.1986178-183-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECrocé_et_al.1986178-183_74-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECrocé_et_al.1986178-183_74-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCrocé_et_al.1986">Crocé et al. 1986</a>, p. 178-183.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPhillipi202078-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPhillipi202078_75-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPhillipi202078_75-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPhillipi2020">Phillipi 2020</a>, p. 78.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHuré_et_al.1977309-310-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHuré_et_al.1977309-310_76-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHuré_et_al.1977309-310_76-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHuré_et_al.1977">Huré et al. 1977</a>, p. 309-310.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThomas2001" class="citation book cs1">Thomas, Nigel (25 July 2001). <i>Armies in the Balkans 1914-18</i>. Bloomsbury USA. p. 20. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-84176-194-X" title="Special:BookSources/1-84176-194-X"><bdi>1-84176-194-X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Armies+in+the+Balkans+1914-18&rft.pages=20&rft.pub=Bloomsbury+USA&rft.date=2001-07-25&rft.isbn=1-84176-194-X&rft.aulast=Thomas&rft.aufirst=Nigel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrench+Army+in+World+War+I" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPompé1924508–511,_730–731,_826-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPompé1924508–511,_730–731,_826_78-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPompé1924">Pompé 1924</a>, pp. 508–511, 730–731, 826.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPompé1924731-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPompé1924731_80-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPompé1924">Pompé 1924</a>, p. 731.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGrandhomme2007" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Grandhomme, Jean-Noël (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cairn.info/revue-guerres-mondiales-et-conflits-contemporains-2007-4-page-23.htm">"La mémoire roumaine de la mission Berthelot (1918-2007)"</a>. <i>Guerres Mondiales et Conflits Contemporains</i> (in French). <b>4</b> (4): 23–35. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3917%2Fgmcc.228.0023">10.3917/gmcc.228.0023</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Guerres+Mondiales+et+Conflits+Contemporains&rft.atitle=La+m%C3%A9moire+roumaine+de+la+mission+Berthelot+%281918-2007%29&rft.volume=4&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=23-35&rft.date=2007&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3917%2Fgmcc.228.0023&rft.aulast=Grandhomme&rft.aufirst=Jean-No%C3%ABl&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cairn.info%2Frevue-guerres-mondiales-et-conflits-contemporains-2007-4-page-23.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrench+Army+in+World+War+I" class="Z3988"></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAFGG_1-1_1936521-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAFGG_1-1_1936521_82-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAFGG_1-1_1936">AFGG 1-1 1936</a>, p. 521.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETouzinVauvillier200910,_13,_16-17_&_19-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETouzinVauvillier200910,_13,_16-17_&_19_83-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTouzinVauvillier2009">Touzin & Vauvillier 2009</a>, p. 10, 13, 16-17 & 19.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMichel_Goya2017" class="citation web cs1">Michel Goya (16 November 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lavoiedelepee.blogspot.fr/2017/11/comment-ne-pas-adopter-une-innovation.html">"Comment ne pas adopter une innovation militaire essentielle"</a>. <i>lavoiedelepee.blogspot.fr</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=lavoiedelepee.blogspot.fr&rft.atitle=Comment+ne+pas+adopter+une+innovation+militaire+essentielle&rft.date=2017-11-16&rft.au=Michel+Goya&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flavoiedelepee.blogspot.fr%2F2017%2F11%2Fcomment-ne-pas-adopter-une-innovation.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrench+Army+in+World+War+I" class="Z3988"></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAFGG_1-1_1936522-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAFGG_1-1_1936522_85-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAFGG_1-1_1936">AFGG 1-1 1936</a>, p. 522.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Berthier_1907_15-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Berthier_1907_15_86-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBracken2005" class="citation web cs1">Bracken, Johnathan (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.151ril.com/content/weaponry/firearms#Berthier%201">"Berthier model 1907/15 (8 mm)"</a>. <i>151st Line Infantry Regiment – A living-history organization dedicated to the remembrance of the Great War (1914-1918)</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 November</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=151st+Line+Infantry+Regiment+%E2%80%93+A+living-history+organization+dedicated+to+the+remembrance+of+the+Great+War+%281914-1918%29.&rft.atitle=Berthier+model+1907%2F15+%288+mm%29&rft.date=2005&rft.aulast=Bracken&rft.aufirst=Johnathan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.151ril.com%2Fcontent%2Fweaponry%2Ffirearms%23Berthier%25201&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrench+Army+in+World+War+I" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERevue_d'infanterie192033-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERevue_d'infanterie192033_87-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRevue_d'infanterie1920">Revue d'infanterie 1920</a>, p. 33.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-LLT_2xgunMGsection-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-LLT_2xgunMGsection_88-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBaker" class="citation web cs1">Baker, Chris. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.longlongtrail.co.uk/army/definitions-of-units/what-was-a-battalion-of-infantry/">"What was a battalion of infantry?"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 February</span> 2023</span> – via The long, long trail. <q>Until 1915 it also had a Machine Gun Section..... These men made up two gun teams.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=What+was+a+battalion+of+infantry%3F&rft.aulast=Baker&rft.aufirst=Chris&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.longlongtrail.co.uk%2Farmy%2Fdefinitions-of-units%2Fwhat-was-a-battalion-of-infantry%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrench+Army+in+World+War+I" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoya2018125-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGoya2018125_89-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGoya2018">Goya 2018</a>, p. 125.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECorrigan2012129-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECorrigan2012129_90-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCorrigan2012">Corrigan 2012</a>, p. 129.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoya2018166-92"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGoya2018166_92-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGoya2018">Goya 2018</a>, p. 166.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERevue_d'infanterie192047-93"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERevue_d'infanterie192047_93-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRevue_d'infanterie1920">Revue d'infanterie 1920</a>, p. 47.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERevue_d'infanterie1920355-94"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERevue_d'infanterie1920355_94-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRevue_d'infanterie1920">Revue d'infanterie 1920</a>, p. 355.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERevue_d'infanterie1920359-95"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERevue_d'infanterie1920359_95-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRevue_d'infanterie1920">Revue d'infanterie 1920</a>, p. 359.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERevue_d'infanterie192046-96"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERevue_d'infanterie192046_96-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRevue_d'infanterie1920">Revue d'infanterie 1920</a>, p. 46.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14to18mortar-97"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14to18mortar_97-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBaker2015" class="citation web cs1">Baker, Chris (24 July 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.longlongtrail.co.uk/the-british-trench-mortar-batteries-in-the-first-world-war/">"The British Trench Mortar Batteries in the First World War"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 February</span> 2023</span> – via The long, long trail. <q>Forty ancient Coehorn mortars, firing spherical ammunition using black powder charges,were obtained from the French, and were actually fired at the battles at Neuve Chapelle and Aubers Ridge.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+British+Trench+Mortar+Batteries+in+the+First+World+War&rft.date=2015-07-24&rft.aulast=Baker&rft.aufirst=Chris&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.longlongtrail.co.uk%2Fthe-british-trench-mortar-batteries-in-the-first-world-war%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrench+Army+in+World+War+I" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrançois201035–36-98"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFrançois201035–36_98-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFrançois2010">François 2010</a>, pp. 35–36.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrançois201037-99"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFrançois201037_99-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFrançois2010">François 2010</a>, p. 37.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERevue_d'infanterie192050-100"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERevue_d'infanterie192050_100-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRevue_d'infanterie1920">Revue d'infanterie 1920</a>, p. 50.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-101"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-101">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJalabert2008" class="citation web cs1">Jalabert, Jean-Luc (14 August 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.passioncompassion1418.com/Canons/Eng_AfficheCanonGET.php?IdCanonAffiche=552">"Surviving Stokes mortar at Les Invalides"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 February</span> 2023</span> – via Passion & Compassion 1914-1918.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Surviving+Stokes+mortar+at+Les+Invalides&rft.date=2008-08-14&rft.aulast=Jalabert&rft.aufirst=Jean-Luc&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.passioncompassion1418.com%2FCanons%2FEng_AfficheCanonGET.php%3FIdCanonAffiche%3D552&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrench+Army+in+World+War+I" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Guy_François_Stokes1917-102"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Guy_François_Stokes1917_102-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Guy_François_Stokes1917_102-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFrançois2013" class="citation web cs1">François, Guy (8 April 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://forum.pages14-18.com/viewtopic.php?p=37225#p37225">"Mortier Stockes[sic] de 81 mm en dotation au 48e BCP"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 February</span> 2023</span> – via pages14-18. <q>The Stokes mortar.. an order for 1000 was made by France from Great Britain in July 1917 . It made its combat debut when 96 were used during the attack of La Malmaison by the 21st and 11th Army Corps (October 1917). They were then modified by France and designated "modèle 1918". This and the 75 mm Jouhandeau-Deslandres mortar were the two principal mortars providing fire support (as "engins d'accompagnement")... In November 1918, the French army had 809 Stokes mortars (of which 716 were at the front)... The Brandt mortars superseded both the Stokes and the J.D in the 1930s.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Mortier+Stockes%5Bsic%5D+de+81+mm+en+dotation+au+48e+BCP&rft.date=2013-04-08&rft.aulast=Fran%C3%A7ois&rft.aufirst=Guy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fforum.pages14-18.com%2Fviewtopic.php%3Fp%3D37225%23p37225&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrench+Army+in+World+War+I" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-103"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-103">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k96997978/f94.item">"Revue des sociétés : Recueil mensuel de jurisprudence, doctrine, législation française et étrangère... / M. A. Vavasseur, fondateur"</a>. January 1937.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Revue+des+soci%C3%A9t%C3%A9s+%3A+Recueil+mensuel+de+jurisprudence%2C+doctrine%2C+l%C3%A9gislation+fran%C3%A7aise+et+%C3%A9trang%C3%A8re...+%2F+M.+A.+Vavasseur%2C+fondateur&rft.date=1937-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgallica.bnf.fr%2Fark%3A%2F12148%2Fbpt6k96997978%2Ff94.item&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrench+Army+in+World+War+I" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-104"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-104">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k6552143h/f93.item"><i>Instruction du 20 juin 1919 sur le Mortier Stokes de 81 m/M modèle 1918 (Mise à jour le 15 avril 1922) / Ministère de la guerre, Direction de l'Infanterie</i></a>. 1922.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Instruction+du+20+juin+1919+sur+le+Mortier+Stokes+de+81+m%2FM+mod%C3%A8le+1918+%28Mise+%C3%A0+jour+le+15+avril+1922%29+%2F+Minist%C3%A8re+de+la+guerre%2C+Direction+de+l%27Infanterie&rft.date=1922&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgallica.bnf.fr%2Fark%3A%2F12148%2Fbpt6k6552143h%2Ff93.item&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrench+Army+in+World+War+I" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKrause2013545–546-105"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKrause2013545–546_105-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKrause2013">Krause 2013</a>, pp. 545–546.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-106"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-106">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAbelshauser2003" class="citation book cs1">Abelshauser, Werner (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/germanindustrygl00wern"><i>German Industry and Global Enterprise, BASF: The History of a Company</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-82726-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-82726-4"><bdi>0-521-82726-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=German+Industry+and+Global+Enterprise%2C+BASF%3A+The+History+of+a+Company&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=0-521-82726-4&rft.aulast=Abelshauser&rft.aufirst=Werner&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fgermanindustrygl00wern&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrench+Army+in+World+War+I" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENicholson196261–65-107"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENicholson196261–65_107-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNicholson1962">Nicholson 1962</a>, pp. 61–65.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEClodfelter2017423-108"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEClodfelter2017423_108-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEClodfelter2017423_108-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFClodfelter2017">Clodfelter 2017</a>, p. 423.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoya2018205–206-109"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGoya2018205–206_109-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGoya2018">Goya 2018</a>, pp. 205–206.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoya2018207-110"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGoya2018207_110-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGoya2018">Goya 2018</a>, pp. 207.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoya2018212–213-111"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGoya2018212–213_111-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGoya2018">Goya 2018</a>, pp. 212–213.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-112"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-112">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chars-francais.net/2015/index.php/engins-blindes/chars?task=view&id=688">"1917 Renault FT"</a>. <i>www.chars-francais.net</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.chars-francais.net&rft.atitle=1917+Renault+FT&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.chars-francais.net%2F2015%2Findex.php%2Fengins-blindes%2Fchars%3Ftask%3Dview%26id%3D688&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrench+Army+in+World+War+I" class="Z3988"></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMirouze200749–50-113"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMirouze200749–50_113-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMirouze2007">Mirouze 2007</a>, pp. 49–50.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-114"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-114">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Louis Delperier, pages 60-70 "Les Cuirassiers 1845-1918", Argout-Editions Paris 1981</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMirouze200714–15-115"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMirouze200714–15_115-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMirouze2007">Mirouze 2007</a>, pp. 14–15.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESumner201285-116"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESumner201285_116-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSumner2012">Sumner 2012</a>, p. 85.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMollo1972227-117"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMollo1972227_117-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMollo1972">Mollo 1972</a>, p. 227.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-118"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-118">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">"1914, la véritable histoire du bleu horizon". <i>Militaria Magazine</i> (in French) (358). Paris: Histoire & Collections: 64. May 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Militaria+Magazine&rft.atitle=1914%2C+la+v%C3%A9ritable+histoire+du+bleu+horizon&rft.issue=358&rft.pages=64&rft.date=2015-05&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrench+Army+in+World+War+I" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESumner201286-119"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESumner201286_119-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSumner2012">Sumner 2012</a>, p. 86.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-120"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-120">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Barbara W. Tuchman, page 274 "The Guns of August", Constable & Co. Ltd 1962</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESumner201240-121"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESumner201240_121-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSumner2012">Sumner 2012</a>, p. 40.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-122"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-122">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBertin1988" class="citation book cs1">Bertin, Pierre (1988). <i><span></span></i>Le Fantassin de France<i><span></span></i>. Service historique de l'armée de Terre. p. 205. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/2-905393-11-4" title="Special:BookSources/2-905393-11-4"><bdi>2-905393-11-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Le+Fantassin+de+France&rft.pages=205&rft.pub=Service+historique+de+l%27arm%C3%A9e+de+Terre&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=2-905393-11-4&rft.aulast=Bertin&rft.aufirst=Pierre&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrench+Army+in+World+War+I" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJouineau2009b4-123"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJouineau2009b4_123-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJouineau2009b">Jouineau 2009b</a>, p. 4.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-124"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-124">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Clayton, 2003, pg 73.'From the end of 1914, bleu horizon uniforms, with khaki for [the units belonging to the <a href="/wiki/Army_of_Africa_(France)" title="Army of Africa (France)">19th Military District</a> and subsequently the <i>Tirailleurs Sénégalais</i>], were introduced together with puttees and [simplified] kepis.'</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Uniformes09dec1914-125"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Uniformes09dec1914_125-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k8588418">"Notice descriptive des nouveaux uniformes. (Décision ministérielle du 9 décembre 1914 mise à jour avec le modificatif du 28 janvier 1915)"</a> (in French). Paris: Ministère de la Guerre. 1915<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 July</span> 2021</span> – via Bibliothèque Nationale de France.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Notice+descriptive+des+nouveaux+uniformes.+%28D%C3%A9cision+minist%C3%A9rielle+du+9+d%C3%A9cembre+1914+mise+%C3%A0+jour+avec+le+modificatif+du+28+janvier+1915%29&rft.place=Paris&rft.pub=Minist%C3%A8re+de+la+Guerre&rft.date=1915&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgallica.bnf.fr%2Fark%3A%2F12148%2Fbpt6k8588418&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrench+Army+in+World+War+I" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMirouze200754-126"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMirouze200754_126-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMirouze2007">Mirouze 2007</a>, p. 54.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJouineau2009b17-127"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJouineau2009b17_127-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJouineau2009b">Jouineau 2009b</a>, p. 17.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMirouze2008284–285-128"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMirouze2008284–285_128-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMirouze2008">Mirouze 2008</a>, pp. 284–285.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJouineau2009b43,_63-129"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJouineau2009b43,_63_129-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJouineau2009b">Jouineau 2009b</a>, pp. 43, 63.</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=French_Army_in_World_War_I&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAFGG_1-1_1936" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><i>Les armées françaises dans la Grande guerre. Tome I. 1er Volume. Les préliminaires, La bataille des frontières</i>. Ministère De la Guerre, Etat-Major de l'Armée - Service Historique (in French). Vol. Les préliminaires, La bataille des frontières. Paris: Imprimerie Nationale. 1936.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Les+arm%C3%A9es+fran%C3%A7aises+dans+la+Grande+guerre.+Tome+I.+1er+Volume.+Les+pr%C3%A9liminaires%2C+La+bataille+des+fronti%C3%A8res&rft.place=Paris&rft.series=Minist%C3%A8re+De+la+Guerre%2C+Etat-Major+de+l%27Arm%C3%A9e+-+Service+Historique&rft.pub=Imprimerie+Nationale&rft.date=1936&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrench+Army+in+World+War+I" class="Z3988"></span>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k6274616s">available</a> at <i><a href="/wiki/Gallica" class="mw-redirect" title="Gallica">Gallica</a></i></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMichelin1919" class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/arraslensdouaiba00cler"><i>Arras, Lens–Douai and the Battles of Artois</i></a>. Michelin's Illustrated Guides to the Battlefields (1914–1918) (English ed.). Clermont-Ferrand: Michelin & Cie. 1919. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/154114243">154114243</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 February</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Arras%2C+Lens%E2%80%93Douai+and+the+Battles+of+Artois&rft.place=Clermont-Ferrand&rft.series=Michelin%27s+Illustrated+Guides+to+the+Battlefields+%281914%E2%80%931918%29&rft.edition=English&rft.pub=Michelin+%26+Cie&rft.date=1919&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F154114243&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Farraslensdouaiba00cler&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrench+Army+in+World+War+I" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFClayton2003" class="citation book cs1">Clayton, Anthony (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/pathsofgloryfren0000clay/"><i>Paths of glory: the French Army 1914-18</i></a>. Cassell Military. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-30-435949-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-30-435949-3"><bdi>978-0-30-435949-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Paths+of+glory%3A+the+French+Army+1914-18&rft.pub=Cassell+Military&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-30-435949-3&rft.aulast=Clayton&rft.aufirst=Anthony&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fpathsofgloryfren0000clay%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrench+Army+in+World+War+I" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFClodfelter2017" class="citation book cs1">Clodfelter, Micheal (2017). <i>Warfare and Armed Conflicts: A Statistical Encyclopedia of Casualty and Other Figures, 1492-2015, 4th ed</i>. Jefferson, NC: McFarland. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-47-662585-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-47-662585-0"><bdi>978-1-47-662585-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Warfare+and+Armed+Conflicts%3A+A+Statistical+Encyclopedia+of+Casualty+and+Other+Figures%2C+1492-2015%2C+4th+ed.&rft.place=Jefferson%2C+NC&rft.pub=McFarland&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-1-47-662585-0&rft.aulast=Clodfelter&rft.aufirst=Micheal&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrench+Army+in+World+War+I" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCorrigan2012" class="citation book cs1">Corrigan, Gordon (2012) [2003]. <i>Mud, Blood & Poppycock</i>. Cassell Military Paperback. Cassell. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-3043-6659-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-3043-6659-0"><bdi>978-0-3043-6659-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mud%2C+Blood+%26+Poppycock&rft.series=Cassell+Military+Paperback&rft.pub=Cassell&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0-3043-6659-0&rft.aulast=Corrigan&rft.aufirst=Gordon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrench+Army+in+World+War+I" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCrocé_et_al.1986" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Crocé, Eliane; Lefevre, Eric; Mabire, Ingrid (1986). <i>Les Troupes de Marine 1622-1984</i> (in French). Paris: Charles-Lavauzelle. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-70-250142-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-2-70-250142-9"><bdi>978-2-70-250142-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Les+Troupes+de+Marine+1622-1984&rft.place=Paris&rft.pub=Charles-Lavauzelle&rft.date=1986&rft.isbn=978-2-70-250142-9&rft.aulast=Croc%C3%A9&rft.aufirst=Eliane&rft.au=Lefevre%2C+Eric&rft.au=Mabire%2C+Ingrid&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrench+Army+in+World+War+I" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDoughty2005" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Robert_A._Doughty" title="Robert A. Doughty">Doughty, R. A.</a> (2005). <i>Pyrrhic victory: French Strategy and Operations in the Great War</i>. Cambridge, MA: Belknap Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-674-01880-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-674-01880-8"><bdi>978-0-674-01880-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pyrrhic+victory%3A+French+Strategy+and+Operations+in+the+Great+War&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+MA&rft.pub=Belknap+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-674-01880-8&rft.aulast=Doughty&rft.aufirst=R.+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrench+Army+in+World+War+I" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEdmonds1926" class="citation book cs1">Edmonds, J. E. (1926). <i>Military Operations France and Belgium 1914: Mons, the Retreat to the Seine, the Marne and the Aisne August–October 1914</i>. History of the Great War Based on Official Documents by Direction of the Historical Section of the Committee of Imperial Defence. Vol. I (2nd ed.). London: Macmillan. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/58962523">58962523</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Military+Operations+France+and+Belgium+1914%3A+Mons%2C+the+Retreat+to+the+Seine%2C+the+Marne+and+the+Aisne+August%E2%80%93October+1914&rft.place=London&rft.series=History+of+the+Great+War+Based+on+Official+Documents+by+Direction+of+the+Historical+Section+of+the+Committee+of+Imperial+Defence&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Macmillan&rft.date=1926&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F58962523&rft.aulast=Edmonds&rft.aufirst=J.+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrench+Army+in+World+War+I" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEdmonds1925" class="citation book cs1">Edmonds, J. E. (1925). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/3edmilitaryopera02edmouoft"><i>Military Operations France and Belgium, 1914: Antwerp, La Bassée, Armentières, Messines and Ypres October–November 1914</i></a>. History of the Great War Based on Official Documents by Direction of the Historical Section of the Committee of Imperial Defence. Vol. II (1st ed.). London: Macmillan. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/220044986">220044986</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 May</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Military+Operations+France+and+Belgium%2C+1914%3A+Antwerp%2C+La+Bass%C3%A9e%2C+Armenti%C3%A8res%2C+Messines+and+Ypres+October%E2%80%93November+1914&rft.place=London&rft.series=History+of+the+Great+War+Based+on+Official+Documents+by+Direction+of+the+Historical+Section+of+the+Committee+of+Imperial+Defence&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=Macmillan&rft.date=1925&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F220044986&rft.aulast=Edmonds&rft.aufirst=J.+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2F3edmilitaryopera02edmouoft&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrench+Army+in+World+War+I" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFoley2007" class="citation book cs1">Foley, R. T. (2007) [2005]. <i>German Strategy and the Path to Verdun: Erich Von Falkenhayn and the Development of Attrition, 1870–1916</i>. Cambridge: CUP. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-04436-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-04436-3"><bdi>978-0-521-04436-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=German+Strategy+and+the+Path+to+Verdun%3A+Erich+Von+Falkenhayn+and+the+Development+of+Attrition%2C+1870%E2%80%931916&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pub=CUP&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-521-04436-3&rft.aulast=Foley&rft.aufirst=R.+T.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrench+Army+in+World+War+I" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFrançois2010" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">François, Guy (2010). <i>L'Artillerie de Côte Et l'Artillerie de Tranchée</i>. Les Canons de la Victoire 1914-1918 volume 3 (in French). Paris: Histoire et Collections. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-35250-161-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-2-35250-161-9"><bdi>978-2-35250-161-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=L%27Artillerie+de+C%C3%B4te+Et+l%27Artillerie+de+Tranch%C3%A9e&rft.place=Paris&rft.series=Les+Canons+de+la+Victoire+1914-1918+volume+3&rft.pub=Histoire+et+Collections&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-2-35250-161-9&rft.aulast=Fran%C3%A7ois&rft.aufirst=Guy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrench+Army+in+World+War+I" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFromkin2004" class="citation book cs1">Fromkin, David (2004). <i>Europe's Last Summer: Who Started the Great War in 1914?</i>. <a href="/wiki/Knopf" class="mw-redirect" title="Knopf">Knopf</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780375411564" title="Special:BookSources/9780375411564"><bdi>9780375411564</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Europe%27s+Last+Summer%3A+Who+Started+the+Great+War+in+1914%3F&rft.pub=Knopf&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=9780375411564&rft.aulast=Fromkin&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrench+Army+in+World+War+I" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGoya2018" class="citation book cs1">Goya, Michel (2018) [2004]. <i>La chair et l'acier</i> [<i>Flesh and Steel during the Great War - The Transformation of the French Army and the Invention of Modern Warfare</i>]. Translated by Uffindell, Andrew. Pen & Sword Military. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4738-8696-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4738-8696-4"><bdi>978-1-4738-8696-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=La+chair+et+l%27acier&rft.pub=Pen+%26+Sword+Military&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-1-4738-8696-4&rft.aulast=Goya&rft.aufirst=Michel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrench+Army+in+World+War+I" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGreenhalgh2014" class="citation book cs1">Greenhalgh, Elizabeth (2014). <i>The French Army and the First World War</i>. Armies of the Great War. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1107605688" title="Special:BookSources/978-1107605688"><bdi>978-1107605688</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+French+Army+and+the+First+World+War&rft.series=Armies+of+the+Great+War&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-1107605688&rft.aulast=Greenhalgh&rft.aufirst=Elizabeth&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrench+Army+in+World+War+I" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHam2014" class="citation book cs1">Ham, Paul (2014). <i>1914 The year the world ended</i>. London: Transworld. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-85-752236-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-85-752236-8"><bdi>978-0-85-752236-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=1914+The+year+the+world+ended&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Transworld&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-0-85-752236-8&rft.aulast=Ham&rft.aufirst=Paul&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrench+Army+in+World+War+I" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHerwig2009" class="citation book cs1">Herwig, H. (2009). <i>The Marne, 1914: The Opening of World War I and the Battle that Changed the World</i>. New York: Random House. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4000-6671-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4000-6671-1"><bdi>978-1-4000-6671-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Marne%2C+1914%3A+The+Opening+of+World+War+I+and+the+Battle+that+Changed+the+World&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Random+House&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-1-4000-6671-1&rft.aulast=Herwig&rft.aufirst=H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrench+Army+in+World+War+I" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHuré_et_al.1977" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Huré, Robert; De Nanteuil, Hugues de La Barre; Devautour, Paul; de Pradel de Lamaze, Jean-Marie (1977). <i>L'Armée d'Afrique : 1830-1962</i> (in French). Paris: Charles-Lavauzelle. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/757208988">757208988</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=L%27Arm%C3%A9e+d%27Afrique+%3A+1830-1962&rft.place=Paris&rft.pub=Charles-Lavauzelle&rft.date=1977&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F757208988&rft.aulast=Hur%C3%A9&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft.au=De+Nanteuil%2C+Hugues+de+La+Barre&rft.au=Devautour%2C+Paul&rft.au=de+Pradel+de+Lamaze%2C+Jean-Marie&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrench+Army+in+World+War+I" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJagielski2014" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Jagielski, Jean-François (9 October 2014). Loez, André (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.crid1418.org/doc/pedago/dossier_cdd_loez_05.pdf">"Dossier pédagogique pour une visite au Chemin des Dames"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Casualty table for the Chemin des Dames 1917 (in French) – via CRID 14-18.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Dossier+p%C3%A9dagogique+pour+une+visite+au+Chemin+des+Dames&rft.series=Casualty+table+for+the+Chemin+des+Dames+1917&rft.date=2014-10-09&rft.aulast=Jagielski&rft.aufirst=Jean-Fran%C3%A7ois&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.crid1418.org%2Fdoc%2Fpedago%2Fdossier_cdd_loez_05.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrench+Army+in+World+War+I" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJouineau2009b" class="citation book cs1">Jouineau, André (2009b) [2009]. <i>Officiers et soldats de l'armée française Tome 2 : 1915-1918</i> [<i>Officers and Soldiers of the French Army Volume II: 1915-18</i>]. Officers and Soldiers #12. Translated by McKay, Alan. Paris: Histoire & Collections. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-35250-105-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-2-35250-105-3"><bdi>978-2-35250-105-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Officiers+et+soldats+de+l%27arm%C3%A9e+fran%C3%A7aise+Tome+2+%3A+1915-1918&rft.place=Paris&rft.series=Officers+and+Soldiers+%2312&rft.pub=Histoire+%26+Collections&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-2-35250-105-3&rft.aulast=Jouineau&rft.aufirst=Andr%C3%A9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrench+Army+in+World+War+I" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKrause2013" class="citation journal cs1">Krause, Jonathan (2013). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jstor.org/stable/26098246">"The Origins of Chemical Warfare in the French Army"</a></span>. <i>War in History</i>. <b>20</b> (4): 545–556. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F0968344513494659">10.1177/0968344513494659</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/2436%2F623660">2436/623660</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/26098246">26098246</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:159845664">159845664</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=War+in+History&rft.atitle=The+Origins+of+Chemical+Warfare+in+the+French+Army&rft.volume=20&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=545-556&rft.date=2013&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F2436%2F623660&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A159845664%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F26098246%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F0968344513494659&rft.aulast=Krause&rft.aufirst=Jonathan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F26098246&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrench+Army+in+World+War+I" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMallinson2014" class="citation book cs1">Mallinson, Allan (2014). <i>1914: Fight the Good Fight: Britain, the Army and the Coming of the First World War</i>. London: Transworld. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-85-750059-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-85-750059-5"><bdi>978-0-85-750059-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=1914%3A+Fight+the+Good+Fight%3A+Britain%2C+the+Army+and+the+Coming+of+the+First+World+War&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Transworld&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-0-85-750059-5&rft.aulast=Mallinson&rft.aufirst=Allan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrench+Army+in+World+War+I" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMertz_von_Quirnheim1929" class="citation book cs1">Mertz von Quirnheim, Hermann Ritter, ed. (1929). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://digi.landesbibliothek.at/viewer/!image/AC01859873/1/-/"><i>Der Weltkrieg 1914 bis 1918: Militärischen Operationen zu Lande, Fünfte Band, Der Herbst-Feldzug 1914: Im Osten bis zum Rückzug, Im Westen bis zum Stellungskrieg</i></a> [<i>The World War 1914–1918: Military Land Operations, Volume Five, The Autumn Campaign In the East and in the West, until the Withdrawal to Position Warfare</i>]. Vol. V (online scan [2012] ed.). Berlin: Verlag Ernst Siegfried Mittler & Sohn. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/838299944">838299944</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 May</span> 2021</span> – via Die Digitale Landesbibliothek Oberösterreich.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Der+Weltkrieg+1914+bis+1918%3A+Milit%C3%A4rischen+Operationen+zu+Lande%2C+F%C3%BCnfte+Band%2C+Der+Herbst-Feldzug+1914%3A+Im+Osten+bis+zum+R%C3%BCckzug%2C+Im+Westen+bis+zum+Stellungskrieg&rft.place=Berlin&rft.edition=online+scan+%5B2012%5D&rft.pub=Verlag+Ernst+Siegfried+Mittler+%26+Sohn&rft.date=1929&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F838299944&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdigi.landesbibliothek.at%2Fviewer%2F%21image%2FAC01859873%2F1%2F-%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrench+Army+in+World+War+I" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMirouze2007" class="citation book cs1">Mirouze, Laurent, ed. (2007). <i>The French Army in the First World War Volume I - to battle 1914</i>. Vienna: Verlag Militaria. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-9515171-0-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-2-9515171-0-3"><bdi>978-2-9515171-0-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+French+Army+in+the+First+World+War+Volume+I+-+to+battle+1914&rft.place=Vienna&rft.pub=Verlag+Militaria&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-2-9515171-0-3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrench+Army+in+World+War+I" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMirouze2008" class="citation book cs1">Mirouze, Laurent, ed. (2008). <i>The French Army in the First World War Volume II - 1914 to 1918 Uniforms - Equipment - Armament</i>. Vienna: Verlag Militaria. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-90-252620-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-90-252620-5"><bdi>978-3-90-252620-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+French+Army+in+the+First+World+War+Volume+II+-+1914+to+1918+Uniforms+-+Equipment+-+Armament&rft.place=Vienna&rft.pub=Verlag+Militaria&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-3-90-252620-5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrench+Army+in+World+War+I" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMollo1972" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_Mollo" title="John Mollo">Mollo, John</a> (1972). <i>Military Fashion: A Comparative History of the Great Armies From the 17th Century to the First World War</i>. Barrie & Jenkins. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-21-465349-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-21-465349-0"><bdi>978-0-21-465349-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Military+Fashion%3A+A+Comparative+History+of+the+Great+Armies+From+the+17th+Century+to+the+First+World+War&rft.pub=Barrie+%26+Jenkins&rft.date=1972&rft.isbn=978-0-21-465349-0&rft.aulast=Mollo&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrench+Army+in+World+War+I" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNicholson1962" class="citation book cs1">Nicholson, G. W. L. (1962). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110826165151/http://www.cmp-cpm.forces.gc.ca/dhh-dhp/his/docs/CEF_e.pdf"><i>Canadian Expeditionary Force 1914–1919</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Official History of the Canadian Army in the First World War. Ottawa: Queen's Printer and Controller of Stationery. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/59609928">59609928</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cmp-cpm.forces.gc.ca/dhh-dhp/his/docs/CEF_e.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 26 August 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 October</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Canadian+Expeditionary+Force+1914%E2%80%931919&rft.place=Ottawa&rft.series=Official+History+of+the+Canadian+Army+in+the+First+World+War&rft.pub=Queen%27s+Printer+and+Controller+of+Stationery&rft.date=1962&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F59609928&rft.aulast=Nicholson&rft.aufirst=G.+W.+L.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cmp-cpm.forces.gc.ca%2Fdhh-dhp%2Fhis%2Fdocs%2FCEF_e.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrench+Army+in+World+War+I" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOrtholanVerney2004" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Ortholan, Henri; Verney, Jean-Pierre (2004). <i>L'armée française de l'été 1914</i> (in French). Paris: Bernard Giovanangeli & Ministère de la Défense. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/2-909034-48-8" title="Special:BookSources/2-909034-48-8"><bdi>2-909034-48-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=L%27arm%C3%A9e+fran%C3%A7aise+de+l%27%C3%A9t%C3%A9+1914&rft.place=Paris&rft.pub=Bernard+Giovanangeli+%26+Minist%C3%A8re+de+la+D%C3%A9fense&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=2-909034-48-8&rft.aulast=Ortholan&rft.aufirst=Henri&rft.au=Verney%2C+Jean-Pierre&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrench+Army+in+World+War+I" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPhillipi2020" class="citation book cs1">Phillipi, Didier (2020). <i>L'histoire des Troupes de Marine au travers de L'uniforme 1622 - 2020</i>. Histoire & collections. p. 78. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/979-10-380-1001-7" title="Special:BookSources/979-10-380-1001-7"><bdi>979-10-380-1001-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=L%27histoire+des+Troupes+de+Marine+au+travers+de+L%27uniforme+1622+-+2020&rft.pages=78&rft.pub=Histoire+%26+collections&rft.date=2020&rft.isbn=979-10-380-1001-7&rft.aulast=Phillipi&rft.aufirst=Didier&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrench+Army+in+World+War+I" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPompé1924" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Pompé, Daniel; et al., eds. (1924). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k6279687d?rk=536483;2"><i>Les armées françaises dans la Grande guerre. Tome X. 1er Volume. Ordres de bataille des grandes unités - Groupes D'Armées, Armées, Corps d'Armées</i></a>. Ministère De la Guerre, Etat-Major de l'Armée - Service Historique (in French) (1st ed.). Paris: Imprimerie Nationale<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 August</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Les+arm%C3%A9es+fran%C3%A7aises+dans+la+Grande+guerre.+Tome+X.+1er+Volume.+Ordres+de+bataille+des+grandes+unit%C3%A9s+-+Groupes+D%27Arm%C3%A9es%2C+Arm%C3%A9es%2C+Corps+d%27Arm%C3%A9es&rft.place=Paris&rft.series=Minist%C3%A8re+De+la+Guerre%2C+Etat-Major+de+l%27Arm%C3%A9e+-+Service+Historique&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=Imprimerie+Nationale&rft.date=1924&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgallica.bnf.fr%2Fark%3A%2F12148%2Fbpt6k6279687d%3Frk%3D536483%3B2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrench+Army+in+World+War+I" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRevue_d'infanterie1920" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><i>La revue d'infanterie</i>. Ministère de la Guerre (in French). Vol. 332. Paris: Henri Charles-Lavauzelle. 1920.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=La+revue+d%27infanterie&rft.place=Paris&rft.series=Minist%C3%A8re+de+la+Guerre&rft.pub=Henri+Charles-Lavauzelle&rft.date=1920&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrench+Army+in+World+War+I" class="Z3988"></span>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k65352615">available</a> at <i><a href="/wiki/Gallica" class="mw-redirect" title="Gallica">Gallica</a></i>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSheldon2010" class="citation book cs1">Sheldon, J. (2010). <i>The German Army at Ypres 1914</i> (1st ed.). Barnsley: Pen and Sword Military. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84884-113-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84884-113-0"><bdi>978-1-84884-113-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+German+Army+at+Ypres+1914&rft.place=Barnsley&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=Pen+and+Sword+Military&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-1-84884-113-0&rft.aulast=Sheldon&rft.aufirst=J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrench+Army+in+World+War+I" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStrachan2001" class="citation book cs1">Strachan, H. (2001). <i>The First World War: To Arms</i>. Vol. I. Oxford: OUP. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-926191-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-926191-8"><bdi>978-0-19-926191-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+First+World+War%3A+To+Arms&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=OUP&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-19-926191-8&rft.aulast=Strachan&rft.aufirst=H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrench+Army+in+World+War+I" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSumner2009" class="citation book cs1">Sumner, Ian (2009). <i>French Poilu 1914–18</i>. Warrior. Oxford: Osprey. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1846033322" title="Special:BookSources/978-1846033322"><bdi>978-1846033322</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=French+Poilu+1914%E2%80%9318&rft.place=Oxford&rft.series=Warrior&rft.pub=Osprey&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-1846033322&rft.aulast=Sumner&rft.aufirst=Ian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrench+Army+in+World+War+I" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSumner2012" class="citation book cs1">Sumner, Ian (2012). <i>They Shall Not Pass: The French Army on the Western Front 1914–1918</i>. Barnsley: Pen & Sword Military. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1848842090" title="Special:BookSources/978-1848842090"><bdi>978-1848842090</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=They+Shall+Not+Pass%3A+The+French+Army+on+the+Western+Front+1914%E2%80%931918&rft.place=Barnsley&rft.pub=Pen+%26+Sword+Military&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-1848842090&rft.aulast=Sumner&rft.aufirst=Ian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrench+Army+in+World+War+I" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThomas2001" class="citation book cs1">Thomas, Nigel (25 July 2001). <i>Armies in the Balkans 1914-18</i>. Bloomsbury USA. p. 20. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-84176-194-X" title="Special:BookSources/1-84176-194-X"><bdi>1-84176-194-X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Armies+in+the+Balkans+1914-18&rft.pages=20&rft.pub=Bloomsbury+USA&rft.date=2001-07-25&rft.isbn=1-84176-194-X&rft.aulast=Thomas&rft.aufirst=Nigel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrench+Army+in+World+War+I" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTouzinVauvillier2009" class="citation book cs1">Touzin, Pierre; Vauvillier, François (2009). <i>Les Matériels de l'Armée Française: Les canons de la victoire, 1914–1918. Tome 1: L'Artillerie de Campagne</i>. Paris: Histoire et Collections. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-35250-022-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-2-35250-022-3"><bdi>978-2-35250-022-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Les+Mat%C3%A9riels+de+l%27Arm%C3%A9e+Fran%C3%A7aise%3A+Les+canons+de+la+victoire%2C+1914%E2%80%931918.+Tome+1%3A+L%27Artillerie+de+Campagne&rft.place=Paris&rft.pub=Histoire+et+Collections&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-2-35250-022-3&rft.aulast=Touzin&rft.aufirst=Pierre&rft.au=Vauvillier%2C+Fran%C3%A7ois&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrench+Army+in+World+War+I" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSimkins2013" class="citation book cs1">Simkins, Peter (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/firstworldwarwar0000simk/"><i>The First World War: the war to end all wars</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Osprey_Publishing" title="Osprey Publishing">Osprey Publishing</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1782002802" title="Special:BookSources/978-1782002802"><bdi>978-1782002802</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+First+World+War%3A+the+war+to+end+all+wars&rft.pub=Osprey+Publishing&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1782002802&rft.aulast=Simkins&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ffirstworldwarwar0000simk%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrench+Army+in+World+War+I" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZuber2009" class="citation book cs1">Zuber, T. (2009) [2007]. <i>The Battle of the Frontiers: Ardennes 1914</i>. Stroud, Gloucestershire: <a href="/wiki/The_History_Press" title="The History Press">The History Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7524-5255-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7524-5255-5"><bdi>978-0-7524-5255-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Battle+of+the+Frontiers%3A+Ardennes+1914&rft.place=Stroud%2C+Gloucestershire&rft.pub=The+History+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-7524-5255-5&rft.aulast=Zuber&rft.aufirst=T.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrench+Army+in+World+War+I" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=French_Army_in_World_War_I&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Arnold, Joseph C, "French tactical doctrine 1870–1914", <i><a href="/wiki/Military_Affairs:_The_Journal_of_Military_History,_Including_Theory_and_Technology" class="mw-redirect" title="Military Affairs: The Journal of Military History, Including Theory and Technology">Military Affairs: The Journal of Military History, Including Theory and Technology</a></i>. (1978): 61–67, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1987399">10.2307/1987399</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1987399">Link</a> in <a href="/wiki/JSTOR" title="JSTOR">JSTOR</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBuffetaut1992" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Buffetaut, Yves (1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k3320713w/f5.item.texteImage"><i>Batailles de Flandres et d'Artois, 1914-1918</i></a> (in French). Paris: Tallandier. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-23-502090-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-2-23-502090-9"><bdi>978-2-23-502090-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Batailles+de+Flandres+et+d%27Artois%2C+1914-1918&rft.place=Paris&rft.pub=Tallandier&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=978-2-23-502090-9&rft.aulast=Buffetaut&rft.aufirst=Yves&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgallica.bnf.fr%2Fark%3A%2F12148%2Fbpt6k3320713w%2Ff5.item.texteImage&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrench+Army+in+World+War+I" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBuffetaut2003" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Buffetaut, Yves (2003). "Ypres, 22 novembre 1915 : Bretons, coloniaux et Normands dans l'enfer des gaz". <i>La Première attaque aux gaz</i>. Un jour de la Grande guerre (in French). Louvier: Ysec. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-84-673020-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-2-84-673020-4"><bdi>978-2-84-673020-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Ypres%2C+22+novembre+1915+%3A+Bretons%2C+coloniaux+et+Normands+dans+l%27enfer+des+gaz&rft.btitle=La+Premi%C3%A8re+attaque+aux+gaz&rft.place=Louvier&rft.series=Un+jour+de+la+Grande+guerre&rft.pub=Ysec&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-2-84-673020-4&rft.aulast=Buffetaut&rft.aufirst=Yves&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrench+Army+in+World+War+I" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Cabanes Bruno. <i>August 1914: France, the Great War, and a Month That Changed the World Forever</i> (2016) argues that the extremely high casualty rate in very first month of fighting permanently transformed France.</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Charles_Delvert&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Charles Delvert (page does not exist)">Delvert, Charles</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Delvert" class="extiw" title="fr:Charles Delvert">fr</a>]</span> (translator Ian Sumner). <i>From Marne to Verdun: A French Officer's Diary</i>, <a href="/wiki/Pen_%26_Sword_Military" class="mw-redirect" title="Pen & Sword Military">Pen & Sword Military</a> (2016) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1473823792" title="Special:BookSources/978-1473823792">978-1473823792</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDenizot2002" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Denizot, Alain (2002). <i>La Bataille de la Somme juillet-novembre 1916</i> (in French). Paris: Perrin. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-262-02426-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-2-262-02426-0"><bdi>978-2-262-02426-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=La+Bataille+de+la+Somme+juillet-novembre+1916&rft.place=Paris&rft.pub=Perrin&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-2-262-02426-0&rft.aulast=Denizot&rft.aufirst=Alain&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrench+Army+in+World+War+I" class="Z3988"></span>.</li> <li>Desagneaux, Henri. <i>A French Soldier's War Diary 1914-1918</i>, The Elmfield Press (1975) UK translation; reprinted by Pen & Sword (2014)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_A._Doughty" title="Robert A. Doughty">Doughty, Robert A.</a> (2008). <i>Pyrrhic Victory: French Strategy and Operations in the Great War</i> , 592pp; <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/gp/reader/0674027264/">excerpt and text search</a></li> <li>Fogarty, Richard S. <i>Race and war in France: Colonial subjects in the French army, 1914–1918</i> (Johns Hopkins University Press, 2008)</li> <li>Gilbert, Bentley B. and Bernard, Paul P. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1540-6563.1959.tb01641.x/abstract">"The French Army Mutinies of 1917"</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Historian_(journal)" title="The Historian (journal)">The Historian</a></i> (1959) Volume 22 Issue 1, pp 24–41, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1540-6563.1959.tb01641.x">10.1111/j.1540-6563.1959.tb01641.x</a></li> <li>Herwig, Holger H. and Neil Heyman. (1982). <i>Biographical Dictionary of World War I</i> , 425pp</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horne,_Alistair" class="mw-redirect" title="Horne, Alistair">Horne, Alistair</a>. <i>The French Army and Politics, 1870–1970</i>, Macmillan (1984)</li> <li>Horne, Alistair. <i>The Price of Glory: Verdun 1916</i>, Macmillan (1962)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJouineau2009a" class="citation book cs1">Jouineau, André (2009a) [2008]. <i>Officiers et soldats de l'armée française Tome 1 : 1914</i> [<i>Officers and Soldiers of the French Army Volume I: 1914</i>]. Officers and Soldiers #11. Translated by McKay, Alan. Paris: Histoire & Collections. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-35250-104-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-2-35250-104-6"><bdi>978-2-35250-104-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Officiers+et+soldats+de+l%27arm%C3%A9e+fran%C3%A7aise+Tome+1+%3A+1914&rft.place=Paris&rft.series=Officers+and+Soldiers+%2311&rft.pub=Histoire+%26+Collections&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-2-35250-104-6&rft.aulast=Jouineau&rft.aufirst=Andr%C3%A9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrench+Army+in+World+War+I" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMiquel2001" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Miquel, Pierre (2001). <i>Les Oubliés de la Somme</i> (in French). Paris: Tallandier. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-23-502090-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-2-23-502090-9"><bdi>978-2-23-502090-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Les+Oubli%C3%A9s+de+la+Somme&rft.place=Paris&rft.pub=Tallandier&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-2-23-502090-9&rft.aulast=Miquel&rft.aufirst=Pierre&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrench+Army+in+World+War+I" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPorch2003" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Douglas_Porch" title="Douglas Porch">Porch, Douglas</a> (2003). <i>The March to the Marne: The French Army 1871–1914</i>. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0521545921" title="Special:BookSources/978-0521545921"><bdi>978-0521545921</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+March+to+the+Marne%3A+The+French+Army+1871%E2%80%931914&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0521545921&rft.aulast=Porch&rft.aufirst=Douglas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrench+Army+in+World+War+I" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSaint-Ramond2019" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Saint-Ramond, Francine (2019). <i>Les Désorientés: Expériences des soldats français aux Dardanelles et en Macédoine, 1915-1919</i> (in French). Presses de l’Inalco. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-85-831299-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-2-85-831299-3"><bdi>978-2-85-831299-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Les+D%C3%A9sorient%C3%A9s%3A+Exp%C3%A9riences+des+soldats+fran%C3%A7ais+aux+Dardanelles+et+en+Mac%C3%A9doine%2C+1915-1919&rft.pub=Presses+de+l%E2%80%99Inalco&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=978-2-85-831299-3&rft.aulast=Saint-Ramond&rft.aufirst=Francine&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrench+Army+in+World+War+I" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Shapiro, Ann‐Louise. "Fixing History: Narratives of World War I in France." <i>History and Theory</i> 36.4 (1997): 111–130. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/0018-2656.00034">online</a></li> <li>Sumner, Ian. <i>The First Battle of the Marne: The French 'Miracle' Halts the Germans (Campaign)</i>, <a href="/wiki/Osprey_Publishing" title="Osprey Publishing">Osprey Publishing</a> (2010) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1846035029" title="Special:BookSources/978-1846035029">978-1846035029</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSumner1995" class="citation book cs1">Sumner, Ian (1995). <i>The French Army: 1914–18</i>. Men-at-Arms 315. Illustrated by Gerry Embleton. Osprey. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-85532-516-0" title="Special:BookSources/1-85532-516-0"><bdi>1-85532-516-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+French+Army%3A+1914%E2%80%9318&rft.series=Men-at-Arms+315&rft.pub=Osprey&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=1-85532-516-0&rft.aulast=Sumner&rft.aufirst=Ian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrench+Army+in+World+War+I" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Sumner, Ian. (2016). <i>The French Army at Verdun</i> (Images of War), Pen & Sword Military <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1473856158" title="Special:BookSources/978-1473856158">978-1473856158</a></li> <li>Sumner, Ian. (2016). <i>The French Army in the First World War</i> (Images of War), Pen & Sword Military <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1473856196" title="Special:BookSources/978-1473856196">978-1473856196</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="World_War_I" style=";wide;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:World_War_I" title="Template:World War I"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:inherit">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:World_War_I" title="Template talk:World War I"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:World_War_I" title="Special:EditPage/Template:World War I"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="World_War_I" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_World_War_I" title="Outline of World War I">Outline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_military_engagements_of_World_War_I" title="List of military engagements of World War I">Military engagements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aftermath_of_World_War_I" title="Aftermath of World War I">Aftermath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_World_War_I" title="Economic history of World War I">Economic history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Role_of_geography_in_World_War_I" title="Role of geography in World War I">Geography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historiography_of_World_War_I" title="Historiography of World War I">Historiography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Home_front_during_World_War_I" title="Home front during World War I">Home fronts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_War_I_memorials" title="World War I memorials">Memorials</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opposition_to_World_War_I" title="Opposition to World War I">Opposition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_War_I_in_popular_culture" title="World War I in popular culture">Popular culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propaganda_in_World_War_I" title="Propaganda in World War I">Propaganda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_War_I_puppet_states" title="List of World War I puppet states">Puppet states</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technology_during_World_War_I" title="Technology during World War I">Technology</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;text-align:left;">Theatres</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/European_theatre_of_World_War_I" title="European theatre of World War I">European</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Balkans_theatre" title="Balkans theatre">Balkans</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Serbian_campaign" title="Serbian campaign">Serbia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Front_(World_War_I)" title="Western Front (World War I)">Western Front</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Front_(World_War_I)" title="Eastern Front (World War I)">Eastern Front</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Romania_in_World_War_I" title="Romania in World War I">Romania</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_front_(World_War_I)" title="Italian front (World War I)">Italian Front</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Middle_Eastern_theatre_of_World_War_I" title="Middle Eastern theatre of World War I">Middle Eastern</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gallipoli_campaign" title="Gallipoli campaign">Gallipoli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinai_and_Palestine_campaign" title="Sinai and Palestine campaign">Sinai and Palestine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caucasus_campaign" title="Caucasus campaign">Caucasus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persian_campaign_(World_War_I)" title="Persian campaign (World War I)">Persia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mesopotamian_campaign" title="Mesopotamian campaign">Mesopotamia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Revolt" title="Arab Revolt">Hejaz & Levant</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/African_theatre_of_World_War_I" title="African theatre of World War I">African</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/South_West_Africa_campaign" title="South West Africa campaign">South West</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_African_campaign_(World_War_I)" title="East African campaign (World War I)">East</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamerun_campaign" title="Kamerun campaign">Kamerun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Togoland_campaign" title="Togoland campaign">Togoland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_operations_in_North_Africa_during_World_War_I" title="Military operations in North Africa during World War I">North</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Asian_and_Pacific_theatre_of_World_War_I" title="Asian and Pacific theatre of World War I">Asian and Pacific</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Tsingtao" title="Siege of Tsingtao">Tsingtao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occupation_of_German_Samoa" title="Occupation of German Samoa">German Samoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_occupation_of_German_New_Guinea" class="mw-redirect" title="Australian occupation of German New Guinea">German New Guinea</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Naval_warfare_of_World_War_I" title="Naval warfare of World War I">Naval warfare</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/U-boat_campaign" title="U-boat campaign">U-boat campaign</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atlantic_U-boat_campaign_of_World_War_I" title="Atlantic U-boat campaign of World War I">North Atlantic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naval_warfare_in_the_Mediterranean_during_World_War_I" title="Naval warfare in the Mediterranean during World War I">Mediterranean</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;text-align:left;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Principal<br />participants</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Allies_of_World_War_I" title="Allies of World War I">Entente Powers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Allied_leaders_of_World_War_I" title="Allied leaders of World War I">Leaders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belgium_in_World_War_I" title="Belgium in World War I">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazil_during_World_War_I" title="Brazil during World War I">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China_during_World_War_I" title="China during World War I">China</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">France</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/French_colonial_empire" title="French colonial empire">French Empire</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greece_during_World_War_I" title="Greece during World War I">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Hejaz" title="Kingdom of Hejaz">Hejaz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Italy_during_World_War_I" title="Military history of Italy during World War I">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japan_during_World_War_I" title="Japan during World War I">Japan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Japan" title="Empire of Japan">Empire of Japan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Montenegro#World_War_I" title="History of Montenegro">Montenegro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portugal_during_World_War_I" title="Portugal during World War I">Portuguese Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romania_in_World_War_I" title="Romania in World War I">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russia_in_the_First_World_War" title="Russia in the First World War">Russia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Russia_(1894%E2%80%931917)#Russia_at_war,_1914–1916" title="History of Russia (1894–1917)">Russian Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Republic" title="Russian Republic">Russian Republic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Serbia#Serbia_in_World_War_I_(1914–1918)" title="History of Serbia">Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siam_in_World_War_I" title="Siam in World War I">Siam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_Kingdom_during_the_First_World_War" title="History of the United Kingdom during the First World War">United Kingdom</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/British_Empire" title="British Empire">British Empire</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_in_World_War_I" title="United States in World War I">United States</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Central_Powers" title="Central Powers">Central Powers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Leaders_of_the_Central_Powers_of_World_War_I" title="Leaders of the Central Powers of World War I">Leaders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_Empire" title="German Empire">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Austria-Hungary_during_World_War_I" title="History of Austria-Hungary during World War I">Austria-Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire_in_World_War_I" title="Ottoman Empire in World War I">Ottoman Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgaria_during_World_War_I" title="Bulgaria during World War I">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senussi_Campaign" class="mw-redirect" title="Senussi Campaign">Senussi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maritz_Rebellion" class="mw-redirect" title="Maritz Rebellion">South African Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_Darfur" title="Invasion of Darfur">Darfur</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_World_War_I" title="Timeline of World War I">Timeline</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal;">Pre-War conflicts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Franco-Prussian_War" title="Franco-Prussian War">Franco-Prussian War</a> (1870–71)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scramble_for_Africa" title="Scramble for Africa">Scramble for Africa</a> (1880–1914)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russo-Japanese_War" title="Russo-Japanese War">Russo-Japanese War</a> (1905)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Moroccan_Crisis" title="First Moroccan Crisis">Tangier Crisis</a> (1905–06)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bosnian_Crisis" title="Bosnian Crisis">Bosnian Crisis</a> (1908–09)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agadir_Crisis" title="Agadir Crisis">Agadir Crisis</a> (1911)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italo-Turkish_War" title="Italo-Turkish War">Italo-Turkish War</a> (1911–12)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Balkan_War" title="First Balkan War">First Balkan War</a> (1912–13)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Balkan_War" title="Second Balkan War">Second Balkan War</a> (1913)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal;">Prelude</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Causes_of_World_War_I" title="Causes of World War I">Origins</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Historiography_of_the_causes_of_World_War_I" title="Historiography of the causes of World War I">Historiography</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_Archduke_Franz_Ferdinand" title="Assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand">Sarajevo assassination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Serb_riots_in_Sarajevo" title="Anti-Serb riots in Sarajevo">Anti-Serb riots in Sarajevo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/July_Crisis" title="July Crisis">July Crisis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal;">1914</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/German_invasion_of_Belgium_(1914)" title="German invasion of Belgium (1914)">German invasion of Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Frontiers" title="Battle of the Frontiers">Battle of the Frontiers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Cer" title="Battle of Cer">Battle of Cer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Galicia" title="Battle of Galicia">Battle of Galicia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_invasion_of_East_Prussia_(1914)" title="Russian invasion of East Prussia (1914)">Russian invasion of East Prussia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tannenberg" title="Battle of Tannenberg">Battle of Tannenberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Tsingtao" title="Siege of Tsingtao">Siege of Tsingtao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Battle_of_the_Masurian_Lakes" title="First Battle of the Masurian Lakes">First Battle of the Masurian Lakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Grand_Couronn%C3%A9" title="Battle of Grand Couronné">Battle of Grand Couronné</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Battle_of_the_Marne" title="First Battle of the Marne">First Battle of the Marne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Przemy%C5%9Bl" title="Siege of Przemyśl">Siege of Przemyśl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Race_to_the_Sea" title="Race to the Sea">Race to the Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Battle_of_Ypres" title="First Battle of Ypres">First Battle of Ypres</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Sea_raid" title="Black Sea raid">Black Sea raid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kolubara" title="Battle of Kolubara">Battle of Kolubara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Sarikamish" title="Battle of Sarikamish">Battle of Sarikamish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_truce" title="Christmas truce">Christmas truce</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal;">1915</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Second_Battle_of_the_Masurian_Lakes" title="Second Battle of the Masurian Lakes">Second Battle of the Masurian Lakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_%C5%81om%C5%BCa" title="Battle of Łomża">Battle of Łomża</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Battle_of_Ypres" title="Second Battle of Ypres">Second Battle of Ypres</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinking_of_the_RMS_Lusitania" title="Sinking of the RMS Lusitania">Sinking of the RMS <i>Lusitania</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gallipoli_campaign" title="Gallipoli campaign">Battle of Gallipoli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Battle_of_Artois" title="Second Battle of Artois">Second Battle of Artois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battles_of_the_Isonzo" title="Battles of the Isonzo">Battles of the Isonzo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gorlice%E2%80%93Tarn%C3%B3w_offensive" title="Gorlice–Tarnów offensive">Gorlice–Tarnów offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Retreat_(Russia)" title="Great Retreat (Russia)">Great Retreat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bug%E2%80%93Narew_Offensive" title="Bug–Narew Offensive">Bug-Narew Offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Novogeorgievsk" title="Siege of Novogeorgievsk">Siege of Novogeorgievsk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vistula%E2%80%93Bug_offensive" title="Vistula–Bug offensive">Vistula–Bug offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Battle_of_Champagne" title="Second Battle of Champagne">Second Battle of Champagne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kosovo_offensive_(1915)" title="Kosovo offensive (1915)">Kosovo offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Kut" title="Siege of Kut">Siege of Kut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Loos" title="Battle of Loos">Battle of Loos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Robat_Karim" title="Battle of Robat Karim">Battle of Robat Karim</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal;">1916</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Erzurum_offensive" title="Erzurum offensive">Erzurum offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Verdun" title="Battle of Verdun">Battle of Verdun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lake_Naroch_offensive" title="Lake Naroch offensive">Lake Naroch offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Asiago" title="Battle of Asiago">Battle of Asiago</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Jutland" title="Battle of Jutland">Battle of Jutland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Somme" title="Battle of the Somme">Battle of the Somme</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_day_on_the_Somme" title="First day on the Somme">first day</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brusilov_offensive" title="Brusilov offensive">Brusilov offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baranovichi_offensive" title="Baranovichi offensive">Baranovichi offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Romani" title="Battle of Romani">Battle of Romani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monastir_offensive" title="Monastir offensive">Monastir offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Transylvania" title="Battle of Transylvania">Battle of Transylvania</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_World_War_I_(1917%E2%80%931918)" title="Timeline of World War I (1917–1918)">1917</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fall_of_Baghdad_(1917)" title="Fall of Baghdad (1917)">Capture of Baghdad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/February_Revolution" title="February Revolution">February Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zimmermann_telegram" title="Zimmermann telegram">Zimmermann telegram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Arras_(1917)" title="Battle of Arras (1917)">Second battle of Arras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_battle_of_the_Aisne" class="mw-redirect" title="Second battle of the Aisne">Second battle of the Aisne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kerensky_offensive" title="Kerensky offensive">Kerensky offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_M%C4%83r%C4%83%C8%99ti" title="Battle of Mărăști">Battle of Mărăști</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Passchendaele" title="Battle of Passchendaele">Third Battle of Ypres (Passchendaele)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_M%C4%83r%C4%83%C8%99e%C8%99ti" title="Battle of Mărășești">Battle of Mărășești</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Battle_of_Oituz" title="Third Battle of Oituz">Third Battle of Oituz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Caporetto" title="Battle of Caporetto">Battle of Caporetto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Palestine_offensive" title="Southern Palestine offensive">Southern Palestine offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/October_Revolution" title="October Revolution">October Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_La_Malmaison" title="Battle of La Malmaison">Battle of La Malmaison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Cambrai_(1917)" title="Battle of Cambrai (1917)">Battle of Cambrai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armistice_of_Foc%C8%99ani" title="Armistice of Focșani">Armistice of Focșani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armistice_between_Russia_and_the_Central_Powers" title="Armistice between Russia and the Central Powers">Armistice between Russia and the Central Powers</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_World_War_I_(1917%E2%80%931918)" title="Timeline of World War I (1917–1918)">1918</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Faustschlag" title="Operation Faustschlag">Operation Faustschlag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Brest-Litovsk" title="Treaty of Brest-Litovsk">Treaty of Brest-Litovsk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_spring_offensive" title="German spring offensive">German spring offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zeebrugge_Raid" title="Zeebrugge Raid">Zeebrugge Raid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Bucharest_(1918)" title="Treaty of Bucharest (1918)">Treaty of Bucharest of 1918</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Goychay" title="Battle of Goychay">Battle of Goychay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Battle_of_the_Piave_River" title="Second Battle of the Piave River">Second Battle of the Piave River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Battle_of_the_Marne" title="Second Battle of the Marne">Second Battle of the Marne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hundred_Days_Offensive" title="Hundred Days Offensive">Hundred Days Offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vardar_offensive" title="Vardar offensive">Vardar offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Megiddo_(1918)" title="Battle of Megiddo (1918)">Battle of Megiddo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Transjordan_attack" title="Third Transjordan attack">Third Transjordan attack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meuse%E2%80%93Argonne_offensive" title="Meuse–Argonne offensive">Meuse–Argonne offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Vittorio_Veneto" title="Battle of Vittorio Veneto">Battle of Vittorio Veneto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armistice_of_Salonica" title="Armistice of Salonica">Armistice of Salonica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armistice_of_Mudros" title="Armistice of Mudros">Armistice of Mudros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armistice_of_Villa_Giusti" title="Armistice of Villa Giusti">Armistice of Villa Giusti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Romanian_campaign_of_World_War_I" title="Second Romanian campaign of World War I">Second Romanian campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armistice_of_11_November_1918" title="Armistice of 11 November 1918">Armistice with Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bollettino_della_Vittoria_Navale" title="Bollettino della Vittoria Navale">Naval Victory Bulletin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armistice_of_Belgrade" title="Armistice of Belgrade">Armistice of Belgrade</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal;">Co-belligerent conflicts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Somaliland_campaign" title="Somaliland campaign">Somaliland campaign</a> (1900–1920)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexican_Revolution" title="Mexican Revolution">Mexican Revolution</a> (1910–1920)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maritz_rebellion" title="Maritz rebellion">Maritz rebellion</a> (1914–15)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muscat_rebellion" title="Muscat rebellion">Muscat rebellion</a> (1913–1920)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zaian_War" title="Zaian War">Zaian War</a> (1914–1921)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurdish_rebellions_during_World_War_I" title="Kurdish rebellions during World War I">Kurdish rebellions</a> (1914–1917)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ovambo_Uprising" title="Ovambo Uprising">Ovambo Uprising</a> (1914–1917)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kelantan_rebellion" title="Kelantan rebellion">Kelantan rebellion</a> (1915)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senussi_campaign" title="Senussi campaign">Senussi campaign</a> (1915–1917)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volta-Bani_War" title="Volta-Bani War">Volta-Bani War</a> (1915–1917)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Protection_War" title="National Protection War">National Protection War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Revolt" title="Arab Revolt">Arab Revolt</a> (1916–1918)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Asian_revolt_of_1916" title="Central Asian revolt of 1916">Central Asian Revolt</a> (1916–17)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_Darfur" title="Invasion of Darfur">Invasion of Darfur</a> (1916)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Easter_Rising" title="Easter Rising">Easter Rising</a> (1916)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaocen_revolt" title="Kaocen revolt">Kaocen revolt</a> (1916–17)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Revolution" title="Russian Revolution">Russian Revolution</a> (1917)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finnish_Civil_War" title="Finnish Civil War">Finnish Civil War</a> (1918)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal;">Post-War conflicts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Civil_War" title="Russian Civil War">Russian Civil War</a> (1917–1921)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian%E2%80%93Soviet_War" title="Ukrainian–Soviet War">Ukrainian–Soviet War</a> (1917–1921)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian%E2%80%93Azerbaijani_war_(1918%E2%80%931920)" title="Armenian–Azerbaijani war (1918–1920)">Armenian–Azerbaijani War</a> (1918–1920)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armeno-Georgian_War" title="Armeno-Georgian War">Armeno-Georgian War</a> (1918)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_Revolution_of_1918%E2%80%931919" class="mw-redirect" title="German Revolution of 1918–1919">German Revolution</a> (1918–19)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolutions_and_interventions_in_Hungary_(1918%E2%80%931920)" title="Revolutions and interventions in Hungary (1918–1920)">Revolutions and interventions in Hungary</a> (1918–1920)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian%E2%80%93Romanian_War" title="Hungarian–Romanian War">Hungarian–Romanian War</a> (1918–19)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Poland_uprising_(1918%E2%80%931919)" title="Greater Poland uprising (1918–1919)">Greater Poland Uprising</a> (1918–19)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estonian_War_of_Independence" title="Estonian War of Independence">Estonian War of Independence</a> (1918–1920)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latvian_War_of_Independence" title="Latvian War of Independence">Latvian War of Independence</a> (1918–1920)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithuanian_Wars_of_Independence" title="Lithuanian Wars of Independence">Lithuanian Wars of Independence</a> (1918–1920)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Ukrainian_War" title="Polish–Ukrainian War">Polish–Ukrainian War</a> (1918–19)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Anglo-Afghan_War" title="Third Anglo-Afghan War">Third Anglo-Afghan War</a> (1919)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1919_Egyptian_revolution" title="1919 Egyptian revolution">Egyptian Revolution</a> (1919)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Lithuanian_War" title="Polish–Lithuanian War">Polish–Lithuanian War</a> (1919–1920)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Soviet_War" title="Polish–Soviet War">Polish–Soviet War</a> (1919–1921)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_War_of_Independence" title="Irish War of Independence">Irish War of Independence</a> (1919–1921)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_War_of_Independence" title="Turkish War of Independence">Turkish War of Independence</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_during_the_Turkish_War_of_Independence" title="United Kingdom during the Turkish War of Independence">Anglo-Turkish War</a> (1918–1923)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franco-Turkish_War" title="Franco-Turkish War">Franco-Turkish War</a> (1918–1921)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greco-Turkish_War_(1919%E2%80%931922)" title="Greco-Turkish War (1919–1922)">Greco-Turkish War</a> (1919–1922)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish%E2%80%93Armenian_War" title="Turkish–Armenian War">Turkish–Armenian War</a> (1920)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraqi_Revolt" title="Iraqi Revolt">Iraqi Revolt</a> (1920)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vlora_War" title="Vlora War">Vlora War</a> (1920)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franco-Syrian_War" title="Franco-Syrian War">Franco-Syrian War</a> (1920)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_Army_invasion_of_Georgia" title="Red Army invasion of Georgia">Soviet–Georgian War</a> (1921)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;text-align:left;">Aspects</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal;">Warfare</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aviation_in_World_War_I" title="Aviation in World War I">Aviation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Strategic_bombing_during_World_War_I" title="Strategic bombing during World War I">Strategic bombing</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chemical_weapons_in_World_War_I" title="Chemical weapons in World War I">Chemical weapons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_War_I_cryptography" title="World War I cryptography">Cryptography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horses_in_World_War_I" title="Horses in World War I">Horses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Logistics_in_World_War_I" title="Logistics in World War I">Logistics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naval_warfare_of_World_War_I" title="Naval warfare of World War I">Naval warfare</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Convoys_in_World_War_I" title="Convoys in World War I">Convoy system</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trench_warfare" title="Trench warfare">Trench warfare</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th id="Conscription" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal;">Conscription</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/World_War_I_conscription_in_Australia" title="World War I conscription in Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conscription_Crisis_of_1917" title="Conscription Crisis of 1917">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seferberlik" title="Seferberlik">Ottoman Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recruitment_to_the_British_Army_during_World_War_I" title="Recruitment to the British Army during World War I">United Kingdom</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conscription_Crisis_of_1918" title="Conscription Crisis of 1918">Ireland</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Selective_Service_Act_of_1917" title="Selective Service Act of 1917">United States</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/World_War_I_casualties" title="World War I casualties">Casualties</a> /<br />Civilian impact</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>British casualties <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_British_parliamentarians_who_died_in_the_First_World_War" title="List of British parliamentarians who died in the First World War">Parliamentarians</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_casualties_of_World_War_I" title="Ottoman casualties of World War I">Ottoman casualties</a></li> <li>Sports <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_international_rugby_union_players_killed_in_World_War_I" title="List of international rugby union players killed in World War I">Rugby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Olympians_killed_in_World_War_I" title="List of Olympians killed in World War I">Olympians</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal;">Disease</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1899%E2%80%931923_cholera_pandemic" title="1899–1923 cholera pandemic">1899–1923 cholera pandemic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1915_typhus_and_relapsing_fever_epidemic_in_Serbia" title="1915 typhus and relapsing fever epidemic in Serbia">1915 typhus epidemic in Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_flu" title="Spanish flu">Spanish flu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal;">Occupations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Austro-Hungarian_occupation_of_Serbia" title="Austro-Hungarian occupation of Serbia">Austro-Hungarian occupation of Serbia</a></li> <li>Bulgarian occupations <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_occupation_of_Albania" title="Bulgarian occupation of Albania">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_occupation_of_Serbia_(World_War_I)" title="Bulgarian occupation of Serbia (World War I)">Serbia</a></li></ul></li> <li>German occupations <ul><li><a href="/wiki/German_occupation_of_Belgium_during_World_War_I" title="German occupation of Belgium during World War I">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_occupation_of_Luxembourg_during_World_War_I" title="German occupation of Luxembourg during World War I">Luxembourg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_occupation_of_north-east_France_during_World_War_I" title="German occupation of north-east France during World War I">Northeast France</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ober_Ost" title="Ober Ost">Ober Ost</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occupied_Enemy_Territory_Administration" title="Occupied Enemy Territory Administration">Occupied Enemy Territory Administration</a></li> <li>Russian occupations <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Russian_occupation_of_Eastern_Galicia_(1914%E2%80%931915)" title="Russian occupation of Eastern Galicia (1914–1915)">Eastern Galicia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occupation_of_Western_Armenia" title="Occupation of Western Armenia">Western Armenia</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Prisoners_of_war_in_World_War_I" title="Prisoners of war in World War I">POWs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Germans <ul><li><a href="/wiki/German_prisoners_of_war_in_the_United_States" title="German prisoners of war in the United States">in the United States</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_prisoners_of_war_in_World_War_I" title="Italian prisoners of war in World War I">Italians</a></li> <li>POW locations <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_War_I_prisoner-of-war_camps_in_Canada" title="List of World War I prisoner-of-war camps in Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_War_I_prisoners_of_war_in_Germany" title="World War I prisoners of war in Germany">Germany</a> / <a href="/wiki/German_prisoner-of-war_camps_in_World_War_I" title="German prisoner-of-war camps in World War I">camps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prisoner_of_war_camps_in_Switzerland_during_World_War_I" title="Prisoner of war camps in Switzerland during World War I">Switzerland</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Refugees_of_World_War_I" title="Refugees of World War I">Refugees</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Belgian refugees <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Belgian_refugees_in_the_Netherlands_during_the_First_World_War" title="Belgian refugees in the Netherlands during the First World War">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belgian_refugees_in_Britain_during_the_First_World_War" title="Belgian refugees in Britain during the First World War">United Kingdom</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/War_crimes_in_World_War_I" title="War crimes in World War I">War crimes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Allied blockades <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blockade_of_the_Eastern_Mediterranean" title="Blockade of the Eastern Mediterranean">Eastern Mediterranean</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Great_Famine_of_Mount_Lebanon" title="Great Famine of Mount Lebanon">Mount Lebanon famine</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blockade_of_Germany_(1914%E2%80%931919)" title="Blockade of Germany (1914–1919)">Germany</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deportations_from_East_Prussia_during_World_War_I" title="Deportations from East Prussia during World War I">Deportations from East Prussia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Destruction_of_Kalisz" title="Destruction of Kalisz">Destruction of Kalisz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sack_of_Dinant" title="Sack of Dinant">Sack of Dinant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Late_Ottoman_genocides" title="Late Ottoman genocides">Late Ottoman genocides</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_genocide" title="Armenian genocide">Armenian genocide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sayfo" title="Sayfo">Assyrian genocide (Sayfo)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_genocide" title="Greek genocide">Pontic Greek genocide</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rape_of_Belgium" title="Rape of Belgium">Rape of Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Asian_revolt_of_1916" title="Central Asian revolt of 1916">Urkun (Kyrgyzstan)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Massacres_of_Albanians_in_World_War_I" title="Massacres of Albanians in World War I">Massacres of Albanians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_Canadian_internment" title="Ukrainian Canadian internment">Ukrainian Canadian internment</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Diplomatic_history_of_World_War_I" title="Diplomatic history of World War I">Diplomacy</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal;">Entry into the war</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Austro-Hungarian_entry_into_World_War_I" title="Austro-Hungarian entry into World War I">Austria-Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_entry_into_World_War_I" title="French entry into World War I">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_entry_into_World_War_I" title="German entry into World War I">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_entry_into_World_War_I" title="Italian entry into World War I">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_entry_into_World_War_I" title="Japanese entry into World War I">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_entry_into_World_War_I" title="Ottoman entry into World War I">Ottoman Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_entry_into_World_War_I" title="Russian entry into World War I">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_entry_into_World_War_I" title="British entry into World War I">United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_entry_into_World_War_I" title="American entry into World War I">United States</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Declarations_of_war_during_World_War_I" title="Declarations of war during World War I">Declarations of war</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/To_my_peoples" title="To my peoples">Austria-Hungary against Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_declaration_of_war_upon_Germany_(1914)" title="United Kingdom declaration of war upon Germany (1914)">UK against Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire_in_World_War_I#Declaration_of_jihad" title="Ottoman Empire in World War I">Ottomans against the Triple Entente</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_declaration_of_war_on_Germany_(1917)" title="United States declaration of war on Germany (1917)">USA against Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_declaration_of_war_on_Austria-Hungary" title="United States declaration of war on Austria-Hungary">USA against Austria-Hungary</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal;">Agreements</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constantinople_Agreement" title="Constantinople Agreement">Constantinople Agreement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_London_(1915)" title="Treaty of London (1915)">Treaty of London</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Damascus_Protocol" title="Damascus Protocol">Damascus Protocol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgaria%E2%80%93Germany_treaty_(1915)" title="Bulgaria–Germany treaty (1915)">Bulgaria–Germany treaty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Darin" title="Treaty of Darin">Treaty of Darin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sykes%E2%80%93Picot_Agreement" title="Sykes–Picot Agreement">Sykes–Picot Agreement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sazonov%E2%80%93Pal%C3%A9ologue_Agreement" title="Sazonov–Paléologue Agreement">Sazonov–Paléologue Agreement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paris_Economy_Pact" title="Paris Economy Pact">Paris Economy Pact</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Bucharest_(1916)" title="Treaty of Bucharest (1916)">Treaty of Bucharest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agreement_of_Saint-Jean-de-Maurienne" title="Agreement of Saint-Jean-de-Maurienne">Agreement of Saint-Jean-de-Maurienne</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Peace treaties</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Modus_vivendi_of_Acroma" title="Modus vivendi of Acroma">Modus vivendi of Acroma</a></li> <li>Treaties of Brest-Litovsk <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Brest-Litovsk" title="Treaty of Brest-Litovsk">Russia–Central Powers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Brest-Litovsk_(Ukraine%E2%80%93Central_Powers)" title="Treaty of Brest-Litovsk (Ukraine–Central Powers)">Ukraine–Central Powers</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Bucharest_(1918)" title="Treaty of Bucharest (1918)">Treaty of Bucharest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paris_Peace_Conference_(1919%E2%80%931920)" title="Paris Peace Conference (1919–1920)">Paris Peace Conference</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Versailles" title="Treaty of Versailles">Treaty of Versailles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Saint-Germain-en-Laye_(1919)" title="Treaty of Saint-Germain-en-Laye (1919)">Treaty of St. Germain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Neuilly-sur-Seine" title="Treaty of Neuilly-sur-Seine">Treaty of Neuilly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Trianon" title="Treaty of Trianon">Treaty of Trianon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_S%C3%A8vres" title="Treaty of Sèvres">Treaty of Sèvres</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Lausanne" title="Treaty of Lausanne">Treaty of Lausanne</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal;">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Arrest_of_a_Suspect_in_Sarajevo" title="Arrest of a Suspect in Sarajevo">Arrest of a Suspect in Sarajevo</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mutilated_victory" title="Mutilated victory">Mutilated victory</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Golden_Virgin" title="The Golden Virgin">The Golden Virgin</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/They_shall_not_pass" title="They shall not pass">They shall not pass</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:World_War_I" title="Category:World War I">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="History_of_World_War_I_by_region_and_country" style=";wide;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:WWI_history_by_nation" title="Template:WWI history by nation"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:inherit">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:WWI_history_by_nation" title="Template talk:WWI history by nation"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:WWI_history_by_nation" title="Special:EditPage/Template:WWI history by nation"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="History_of_World_War_I_by_region_and_country" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">History of <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a> by region and country</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Africa</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/German_campaign_in_Angola" title="German campaign in Angola">Angola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_African_campaign_(World_War_I)" title="East African campaign (World War I)">East Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinai_and_Palestine_campaign" title="Sinai and Palestine campaign">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethiopia_in_World_War_I" title="Ethiopia in World War I">Ethiopia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberia_in_World_War_I" title="Liberia in World War I">Liberia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zaian_War" title="Zaian War">Morocco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_African_Overseas_Expeditionary_Force" title="South African Overseas Expeditionary Force">South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_West_Africa_campaign" title="South West Africa campaign">South West Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Rhodesia_in_World_War_I" title="Southern Rhodesia in World War I">Southern Rhodesia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Americas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brazil_during_World_War_I" title="Brazil during World War I">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canada_in_World_War_I" title="Canada in World War I">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_in_World_War_I" title="United States in World War I">United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venezuela_during_World_War_I" title="Venezuela during World War I">Venezuela</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Asia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Caucasus_campaign" title="Caucasus campaign">Caucasus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China_during_World_War_I" title="China during World War I">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_during_World_War_I" title="Hong Kong during World War I">Hong Kong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Army_during_World_War_I" title="Indian Army during World War I">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persian_campaign_(World_War_I)" title="Persian campaign (World War I)">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mesopotamian_campaign" title="Mesopotamian campaign">Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japan_during_World_War_I" title="Japan during World War I">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire_in_World_War_I" title="Ottoman Empire in World War I">Ottoman Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinai_and_Palestine_campaign" title="Sinai and Palestine campaign">Palestine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siam_in_World_War_I" title="Siam in World War I">Siam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Vietnam_during_World_War_I" title="History of Vietnam during World War I">Vietnam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Arabia_during_World_War_I" title="South Arabia during World War I">Yemen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Europe</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/World_War_I_in_Albania" title="World War I in Albania">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Austria-Hungary_during_World_War_I" title="History of Austria-Hungary during World War I">Austria-Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belgium_in_World_War_I" title="Belgium in World War I">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgaria_during_World_War_I" title="Bulgaria during World War I">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Croatia_during_World_War_I" title="Croatia during World War I">Croatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denmark_during_World_War_I" title="Denmark during World War I">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_occupation_of_Estonia_during_World_War_I" title="German occupation of Estonia during World War I">Estonia</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Germany_during_World_War_I" title="History of Germany during World War I">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greece_during_World_War_I" title="Greece during World War I">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungary_in_World_War_I" title="Hungary in World War I">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ireland_and_World_War_I" title="Ireland and World War I">Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Italy_during_World_War_I" title="Military history of Italy during World War I">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liechtenstein_in_World_War_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Liechtenstein in World War I">Liechtenstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_occupation_of_Luxembourg_during_World_War_I" title="German occupation of Luxembourg during World War I">Luxembourg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Netherlands_in_World_War_I" title="Netherlands in World War I">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norway_in_World_War_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Norway in World War I">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire_in_World_War_I" title="Ottoman Empire in World War I">Ottoman Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Poland_during_World_War_I" title="History of Poland during World War I">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portugal_during_World_War_I" title="Portugal during World War I">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romania_in_World_War_I" title="Romania in World War I">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russia_in_the_First_World_War" title="Russia in the First World War">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbian_campaign" title="Serbian campaign">Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spain_during_World_War_I" title="Spain during World War I">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sweden_during_World_War_I" title="Sweden during World War I">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Switzerland_during_the_World_Wars" class="mw-redirect" title="Switzerland during the World Wars">Switzerland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukraine_during_World_War_I" title="Ukraine during World War I">Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_Kingdom_during_the_First_World_War" title="History of the United Kingdom during the First World War">United Kingdom</a> (<a href="/wiki/Wales_in_the_World_Wars" class="mw-redirect" title="Wales in the World Wars">Wales</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ireland_and_World_War_I" title="Ireland and World War I">Ireland</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Oceania</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Australia_during_World_War_I" title="Military history of Australia during World War I">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_New_Zealand_during_World_War_I" title="Military history of New Zealand during World War I">New Zealand</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=French_Army_in_World_War_I&oldid=1253542911">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=French_Army_in_World_War_I&oldid=1253542911</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" 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