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class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Royal Afghanistan</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Royal_Afghanistan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Saudi_Arabia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Saudi_Arabia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Saudi Arabia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Saudi_Arabia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Republican_and_non-royal_usage" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Republican_and_non-royal_usage"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Republican and non-royal usage</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Republican_and_non-royal_usage-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon 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class="vector-toc-numb">7.2.1</span> <span>United States</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-United_States-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Samoa" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Samoa"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2.2</span> <span>Samoa</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Samoa-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_Arab_Countries" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_Arab_Countries"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2.3</span> <span>Other Arab Countries</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_Arab_Countries-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_uses" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_uses"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Other uses</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_uses-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Variations_and_precedence" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Variations_and_precedence"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Variations and precedence</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Variations_and_precedence-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span 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Available in 21 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-21" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">21 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%85%D9%88" title="سمو – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="سمو" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ti%C4%81n-h%C4%81" title="Tiān-hā – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Tiān-hā" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C3%BDsost" title="Výsost – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Výsost" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hoheit_(Anrede)" title="Hoheit (Anrede) – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Hoheit (Anrede)" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A5%CF%88%CE%B7%CE%BB%CF%8C%CF%84%CE%B1%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%82" title="Υψηλότατος – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Υψηλότατος" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alteza" title="Alteza – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Alteza" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Son_Altesse" title="Son Altesse – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Son Altesse" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%A0%84%ED%95%98_(%ED%98%B8%EC%B9%AD)" title="전하 (호칭) – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="전하 (호칭)" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yang_Mulia_(kerajaan)" title="Yang Mulia (kerajaan) – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Yang Mulia (kerajaan)" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Altezza_(trattamento)" title="Altezza (trattamento) – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Altezza (trattamento)" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fens%C3%A9g" title="Fenség – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Fenség" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%99%E1%80%BC%E1%80%84%E1%80%B7%E1%80%BA%E1%80%99%E1%80%BC%E1%80%90%E1%80%BA%E1%80%9E%E1%80%B1%E1%80%AC" title="မြင့်မြတ်သော – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="မြင့်မြတ်သော" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hoogheid" title="Hoogheid – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Hoogheid" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%AE%BF%E4%B8%8B" title="殿下 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="殿下" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sua_Alteza" title="Sua Alteza – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Sua Alteza" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Highness" title="Highness – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Highness" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%84%E0%B8%AE%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%AA" title="ไฮเนส – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ไฮเนส" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B6%D0%BD%D1%96%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8C" title="Вельможність – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Вельможність" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%90i%E1%BB%87n_h%E1%BA%A1" title="Điện hạ – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Điện hạ" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%AE%BF%E4%B8%8B" title="殿下 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="殿下" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%AE%BF%E4%B8%8B" title="殿下 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="殿下" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q1623587#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit 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div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the dynastic use. For the song by Envy & Other Sins, see <a href="/wiki/Highness_(song)" title="Highness (song)">Highness (song)</a>. For the song by Simon Townshend, see <a href="/wiki/Animal_Soup" title="Animal Soup">Animal Soup</a>. 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rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks plainlist"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of the <a href="/wiki/Category:Politics" title="Category:Politics">Politics series</a></td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="border-top:1px #fafafa solid; border-bottom:1px #fafafa solid; background:#efefef; background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000); padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Monarchy" title="Monarchy">Monarchy</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Heraldic_Royal_Crown_(Common).svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Heraldic royal crown"><img alt="Heraldic royal crown" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Heraldic_Royal_Crown_%28Common%29.svg/100px-Heraldic_Royal_Crown_%28Common%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="76" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Heraldic_Royal_Crown_%28Common%29.svg/150px-Heraldic_Royal_Crown_%28Common%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Heraldic_Royal_Crown_%28Common%29.svg/200px-Heraldic_Royal_Crown_%28Common%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="389" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align:left;text-align:center;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef; border-top:1px solid;background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000);;color: var(--color-base)">Central concepts</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Monarch" title="Monarch">Monarch</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Monarchism" title="Monarchism">Monarchism</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Divine_right_of_kings" title="Divine right of kings">Divine right of kings</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Mandate_of_Heaven" title="Mandate of Heaven">Mandate of Heaven</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Royal_prerogative" title="Royal prerogative">Royal prerogative</a></li></ul></div></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align:left;text-align:center;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef; border-top:1px solid;background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000);;color: var(--color-base)">Types</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abdication_system" title="Abdication system">Abdication system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Absolute_monarchy" title="Absolute monarchy">Absolute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legalism_(Chinese_philosophy)" title="Legalism (Chinese philosophy)">Chinese Legalist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Composite_monarchy" title="Composite monarchy">Composite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitutional_monarchy" title="Constitutional monarchy">Constitutional</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crowned_republic" title="Crowned republic">Crowned republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diarchy" title="Diarchy">Diarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dual_monarchy" title="Dual monarchy">Dual</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy" title="Duchy">Duchy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Grand_duchy" title="Grand duchy">Grand</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dynastic_union" title="Dynastic union">Dynastic union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elective_monarchy" title="Elective monarchy">Elective</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emirate" title="Emirate">Emirate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnarch" title="Ethnarch">Ethnarch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_monarchy" title="Federal monarchy">Federal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hereditary_monarchy" title="Hereditary monarchy">Hereditary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khanate" title="Khanate">Khanate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-sovereign_monarchy" title="Non-sovereign monarchy">Non-sovereign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pentarchy" title="Pentarchy">Pentarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Personal_union" title="Personal union">Personal union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Popular_monarchy" title="Popular monarchy">Popular</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principality" title="Principality">Principality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Real_union" title="Real union">Real union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regent" title="Regent">Regency</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coregency" title="Coregency">Coregency</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-proclaimed_monarchy" title="Self-proclaimed monarchy">Self-proclaimed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Signoria" title="Signoria">Signoria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tetrarchy" title="Tetrarchy">Tetrarch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Triumvirate" title="Triumvirate">Triarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universal_monarchy" title="Universal monarchy">Universal</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align:left;text-align:center;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef; border-top:1px solid;background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000);;color: var(--color-base)">Philosophy</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <p><b>Philosophers</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Aquinas" title="Thomas Aquinas">Aquinas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dante" class="mw-redirect" title="Dante">Dante</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Bodin" title="Jean Bodin">Bodin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Bellarmine" title="Robert Bellarmine">Bellarmine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Filmer" title="Robert Filmer">Filmer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Hobbes" title="Thomas Hobbes">Hobbes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques-B%C3%A9nigne_Bossuet" title="Jacques-Bénigne Bossuet">Bossuet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_de_Maistre" title="Joseph de Maistre">Maistre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_de_Bonald" title="Louis de Bonald">Bonald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois-Ren%C3%A9_de_Chateaubriand" title="François-René de Chateaubriand">Chateaubriand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Novalis" title="Novalis">Novalis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Honor%C3%A9_de_Balzac" title="Honoré de Balzac">Balzac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Cr%C3%A9tineau-Joly" title="Jacques Crétineau-Joly">Crétineau-Joly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikolai_Gogol" title="Nikolai Gogol">Gogol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juan_Donoso_Cort%C3%A9s" title="Juan Donoso Cortés">Cortés</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jaime_Balmes" title="Jaime Balmes">Balmes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%B8ren_Kierkegaard" title="Søren Kierkegaard">Kierkegaard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky" title="Fyodor Dostoevsky">Dostoevsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kang_Youwei" title="Kang Youwei">Youwei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Maurras" title="Charles Maurras">Maurras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Bainville" title="Jacques Bainville">Bainville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pedro_Mu%C3%B1oz_Seca" title="Pedro Muñoz Seca">Seca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julius_Evola" title="Julius Evola">Evola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erik_von_Kuehnelt-Leddihn" title="Erik von Kuehnelt-Leddihn">Kuehnelt-Leddihn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vernon_Bogdanor" title="Vernon Bogdanor">Bogdanor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roger_Scruton" title="Roger Scruton">Scruton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans-Hermann_Hoppe" title="Hans-Hermann Hoppe">Hoppe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Curtis_Yarvin" title="Curtis Yarvin">Yarvin</a></li></ul> <p><b>Works</b> </p> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/De_regno,_ad_regem_Cypri" title="De regno, ad regem Cypri">De Regno</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1265-1266)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Monarchia" title="Monarchia">Monarchia</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1313)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Les_Six_livres_de_la_R%C3%A9publique" class="mw-redirect" title="Les Six livres de la République">Les Six livres de la République</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1576)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Leviathan_(Hobbes_book)" title="Leviathan (Hobbes book)">Leviathan</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1651)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Patriarcha" title="Patriarcha">Patriarcha</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1680)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Considerations_on_France" title="Considerations on France">Considerations on France</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1796)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Democracy:_The_God_That_Failed" title="Democracy: The God That Failed">Democracy: The God That Failed</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(2001)</span></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align:left;text-align:center;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef; border-top:1px solid;background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000);;color: var(--color-base)">Politicians</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cardinal_Mazarin" title="Cardinal Mazarin">Mazarin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_VI" title="Pope Pius VI">Pius VI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fabrizio_Ruffo" title="Fabrizio Ruffo">Ruffo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ercole_Consalvi" title="Ercole Consalvi">Consalvi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armand-Emmanuel_de_Vignerot_du_Plessis,_duc_de_Richelieu" class="mw-redirect" title="Armand-Emmanuel de Vignerot du Plessis, duc de Richelieu">Plessis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Klemens_von_Metternich" title="Klemens von Metternich">Metternich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_de_Vill%C3%A8le" title="Joseph de Villèle">Villèle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jules_de_Polignac" title="Jules de Polignac">Polignac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89lie,_duc_Decazes" title="Élie, duc Decazes">Decazes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Disraeli" title="Benjamin Disraeli">Disraeli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juan_Donoso_Cort%C3%A9s" title="Juan Donoso Cortés">Cortés</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonio_C%C3%A1novas_del_Castillo" title="Antonio Cánovas del Castillo">Castillo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otto_von_Bismarck" title="Otto von Bismarck">Bismarck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juan_V%C3%A1zquez_de_Mella" title="Juan Vázquez de Mella">Mella</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Maurras" title="Charles Maurras">Maurras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ioannis_Metaxas" title="Ioannis Metaxas">Metaxas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winston_Churchill" title="Winston Churchill">Churchill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bertand_Renouvin" class="mw-redirect" title="Bertand Renouvin">Renouvin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Zhirinovsky" title="Vladimir Zhirinovsky">Zhirinovsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C%C4%83lin_Popescu-T%C4%83riceanu" title="Călin Popescu-Tăriceanu">Popescu-Tăriceanu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salome_Zourabichvili" title="Salome Zourabichvili">Zourabichvili</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align:left;text-align:center;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef; border-top:1px solid;background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000);;color: var(--color-base)">History</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Augustus#Octavian_becomes_Augustus" title="Augustus">Birth of the Roman Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magna_Carta" title="Magna Carta">Magna Carta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rise_of_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Rise of the Ottoman Empire">Foundation of the Ottoman Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tsarist_autocracy" title="Tsarist autocracy">Tsarist autocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eighty_Years%27_War" title="Eighty Years' War">Birth of the Dutch Republic</a></li> <li><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Glorious_Revolution" title="Glorious Revolution">Glorious Revolution</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/French_Revolution" title="French Revolution">French Revolution</a></li></ul></div></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Triumvirate_of_1813" title="Triumvirate of 1813">Establishment of the Dutch monarchy</a></li> <li><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Trienio_Liberal" title="Trienio Liberal">Trienio Liberal</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/First_French_Empire" title="First French Empire">First French Empire</a></li></ul></div></li> <li><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_Wars" title="Liberal Wars">Liberal Wars</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Second_French_Empire" title="Second French Empire">Second French Empire</a></li></ul></div></li> <li><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Unification_of_Italy" title="Unification of Italy">Unification of Italy</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Meiji_Restoration" title="Meiji Restoration">Meiji Restoration</a></li></ul></div></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austro-Hungarian_Compromise_of_1867" title="Austro-Hungarian Compromise of 1867">Austro-Hungarian Compromise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unification_of_Germany" title="Unification of Germany">German unification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/5_October_1910_Revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="5 October 1910 Revolution">5 October 1910 Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proclamation_of_the_Republic_(Brazil)" title="Proclamation of the Republic (Brazil)">Proclamation of the Republic in Brazil</a></li> <li><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/1911_Revolution" title="1911 Revolution">Chinese Revolution</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Revolution" title="Russian Revolution">Russian Revolution</a></li></ul></div></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siamese_revolution_of_1932" title="Siamese revolution of 1932">Siamese revolution of 1932</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1946_Italian_institutional_referendum" title="1946 Italian institutional referendum">Birth of the Italian Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_transition_to_democracy" title="Spanish transition to democracy">Spanish transition to democracy</a></li> <li><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_Revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Iranian Revolution">Iranian Revolution</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Modern_Cambodia" title="Modern Cambodia">Modern Cambodia</a></li></ul></div></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nepalese_Civil_War" title="Nepalese Civil War">Nepalese Civil War</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align:left;text-align:center;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef; border-top:1px solid;background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000);;color: var(--color-base)">Polity</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aristocracy" title="Aristocracy">Aristocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autocracy" title="Autocracy">Autocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oligarchy" title="Oligarchy">Oligarchy</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align:left;text-align:center;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef; border-top:1px solid;background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000);;color: var(--color-base)">Administration</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Royal_court" title="Royal court">Court</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Court_appointment" title="Court appointment">Appointment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Officers_of_State" title="Great Officers of State">Great Officers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_household" title="Royal household">Household</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Retinue" title="Retinue">Retinue</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Camarilla" title="Camarilla">Camarilla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Courtier" title="Courtier">Courtier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Favourite" title="Favourite">Favourite</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_guard" title="Royal guard">Royal guard</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Privy_council" title="Privy council">Privy council</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Crown_Council_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Crown Council (disambiguation)">Crown Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Makhzen" title="Makhzen">Makhzen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Riksr%C3%A5d" title="Riksråd">Riksråd</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_assent" title="Royal assent">Royal assent</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align:left;text-align:center;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef; border-top:1px solid;background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000);;color: var(--color-base)">Related ideologies</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alfonsism" title="Alfonsism">Alfonsism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bonapartism" title="Bonapartism">Bonapartism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carlism" title="Carlism">Carlism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism" title="Conservatism">Conservatism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Authoritarian_conservatism" title="Authoritarian conservatism">Authoritarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditionalist_conservatism" title="Traditionalist conservatism">Traditionalist</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Despotism" title="Despotism">Despotism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enlightened_absolutism" title="Enlightened absolutism">Enlightened absolutism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacobitism" title="Jacobitism">Jacobitism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legitimists" title="Legitimists">Legitimism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miguelist" title="Miguelist">Miguelism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orangism_(Dutch_Republic)" title="Orangism (Dutch Republic)">Orangism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Orangism_(Belgium)" title="Orangism (Belgium)">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orangism_(Luxembourg)" title="Orangism (Luxembourg)">Luxembourg</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orl%C3%A9anist" title="Orléanist">Orléanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royalist" title="Royalist">Royalism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ultra-royalist" title="Ultra-royalist">Ultra</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tory" title="Tory">Toryism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/High_Tory" title="High Tory">High</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align:left;text-align:center;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef; border-top:1px solid;background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000);;color: var(--color-base)">Related topics</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coronation" title="Coronation">Coronation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_monarchy" title="Criticism of monarchy">Criticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dynasty" title="Dynasty">Dynasty</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_dynasties" title="Lists of dynasties">Lists</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_family" title="Royal family">Family</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Royal_descent" title="Royal descent">Descent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_family_trees" title="List of family trees">Family trees</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_bastard" title="Royal bastard">Illegitimate</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emperor_system" title="Emperor system">Emperor system of Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Figurehead" title="Figurehead">Figurehead</a></li> <li>Heir <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Heir_apparent" title="Heir apparent">apparent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heir_presumptive" title="Heir presumptive">presumptive</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingmaker" title="Kingmaker">Kingmaker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_monarchies" title="List of monarchies">List of monarchies</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_current_monarchies" title="List of current monarchies">Current</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_former_monarchies" title="List of former monarchies">Former</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_current_non-sovereign_monarchs" title="List of current non-sovereign monarchs">Non-sovereign</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nobility" title="Nobility">Nobility</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Peerage" title="Peerage">Peerage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peer_of_the_realm" title="Peer of the realm">Realm</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosopher_king" title="Philosopher king">Philosopher king</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pretender" title="Pretender">Pretender</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_heads_of_former_ruling_families" title="List of heads of former ruling families">List</a></li></ul></li> <li><a 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title="Princely rebellion">Rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_of_succession" title="War of succession">War</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Usurper" title="Usurper">Usurper</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_usurpers" title="List of usurpers">list</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below" style="background:#efefef;background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000);"> <span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:A_coloured_voting_box.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/16px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/24px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png 1.5x, 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a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Monarchism" title="Template:Monarchism"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Monarchism" title="Template talk:Monarchism"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Monarchism" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Monarchism"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Highness</b> (abbreviation <b>HH</b>, oral address <b>Your Highness</b>) is a formal <a href="/wiki/Style_(manner_of_address)" class="mw-redirect" title="Style (manner of address)">style</a> used to address (in <a href="/wiki/Grammatical_person" title="Grammatical person">second person</a>) or refer to (in <a href="/wiki/Grammatical_person" title="Grammatical person">third person</a>) certain members of a <a href="/wiki/Reign" title="Reign">reigning</a> or formerly reigning <a href="/wiki/Dynasty" title="Dynasty">dynasty</a>. It is typically used with a <a href="/wiki/Possessive_adjective" class="mw-redirect" title="Possessive adjective">possessive adjective</a>: "His Highness", "Her Highness" (HH), "Their Highnesses", etc. Although often combined with other adjectives <a href="/wiki/Honorific" title="Honorific">of honour</a> indicating rank, such as "Imperial", "Royal" or "Serene", it may be used alone. </p><p><i>Highness</i> is, both literally and figuratively, the quality of being lofty or above. It is used as a term to evoke <a href="/wiki/Dignity" title="Dignity">dignity</a> or <a href="/wiki/Honour" title="Honour">honour</a>, and to acknowledge the exalted rank of the person so described. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History_in_Europe">History in Europe</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Highness&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History in Europe"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Abstract styles arose in profusion in the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman Empire</a>, especially in the <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Byzantine</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-pine_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pine-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Styles were attached to various offices at court or in the state.<sup id="cite_ref-pine_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pine-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the <a href="/wiki/Early_Middle_Ages" title="Early Middle Ages">early Middle Ages</a> such styles, couched in the second or third person, were uncertain and much more arbitrary, and were more subject to the fancies of secretaries than in later times.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-EB1911_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EB1911-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In English usage, the terms Highness, <a href="/wiki/His_Grace" class="mw-redirect" title="His Grace">Grace</a> and <a href="/wiki/Majesty" title="Majesty">Majesty</a>, were all used as honorific styles of kings, queens and <a href="/wiki/Prince_du_sang" title="Prince du sang">princes of the blood</a> until the time of <a href="/wiki/James_I_of_England" class="mw-redirect" title="James I of England">James I of England</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-pine_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pine-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Thus in documents relating to the reign of <a href="/wiki/Henry_VIII_of_England" class="mw-redirect" title="Henry VIII of England">Henry VIII of England</a>, all three styles are used indiscriminately; an example is the king's judgment against <a href="/wiki/Dr._Edward_Crome" class="mw-redirect" title="Dr. Edward Crome">Dr. Edward Crome</a> (d. 1562), quoted, from the <a href="/wiki/Lord_Chamberlain" title="Lord Chamberlain">Lord Chamberlains</a>' books, ser. I, p. 791, in Trans. Roy. Hist. Soc. N.S. lOX. 299, where article 15 begins with <i>Also the Kinges Highness hath ordered</i>, 16 with <i>Kinges Majestie</i>, and 17 with <i>Kinges Grace</i>. In the Dedication of the Authorized Version of the Bible of 1611, James I is still styled Majesty and Highness; thus, in the first paragraph: "the appearance of Your Majesty, as of the Sun in his strength, instantly dispelled those supposed and surmised mists ... especially when we beheld the government established in Your Highness and Your hopeful Seed, by an undoubted title". It was, however, in James I's reign that Majesty became the official style.<sup id="cite_ref-EB1911_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EB1911-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Continental_Europe">Continental Europe</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Highness&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Continental Europe"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>At the conclusion of the <a href="/wiki/Congress_of_Vienna" title="Congress of Vienna">Congress of Vienna</a> in 1815, <b>His/Her Highness</b> (abbreviated <b>HH</b>), became prevalent for reigning dukes and members of their dynasties in Germany (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Anhalt" title="Duchy of Anhalt">Anhalt</a>, <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Brunswick" title="Duchy of Brunswick">Brunswick</a>, <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Nassau" title="Duchy of Nassau">Nassau</a>, the three <a href="/wiki/Ernestine_duchies" title="Ernestine duchies">Ernestine duchies</a> of <a href="/wiki/Saxe-Coburg_and_Gotha" title="Saxe-Coburg and Gotha">Saxe-Coburg and Gotha</a>, <a href="/wiki/Saxe-Meiningen" title="Saxe-Meiningen">Saxe-Meiningen</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Saxe-Altenburg" title="Saxe-Altenburg">Saxe-Altenburg</a>, as well as <a href="/wiki/Schleswig-Holstein" title="Schleswig-Holstein">Schleswig-Holstein</a>); for <a href="/wiki/Cadet_(genealogy)" title="Cadet (genealogy)">cadets</a> of some German <a href="/wiki/Grand_duchy" title="Grand duchy">grand ducal</a> houses (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Hesse" title="Grand Duchy of Hesse">Hesse</a>, <a href="/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Mecklenburg-Schwerin" title="Grand Duchy of Mecklenburg-Schwerin">Mecklenburg-Schwerin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Mecklenburg-Strelitz" title="Grand Duchy of Mecklenburg-Strelitz">Mecklenburg-Strelitz</a>, <a href="/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Oldenburg" title="Grand Duchy of Oldenburg">Oldenburg</a>, <a href="/wiki/Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach" title="Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach">Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach</a>); and cadet members of some <a href="/wiki/Emperor" title="Emperor">imperial</a> or <a href="/wiki/King" title="King">royal</a> families (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Bavaria" title="Kingdom of Bavaria">Bavaria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Denmark" title="Denmark">Denmark</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a>, <a href="/wiki/Norway" title="Norway">Norway</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Portugal" title="Kingdom of Portugal">Portugal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Prussia" title="Kingdom of Prussia">Prussia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Imperial_House_of_Russia" class="mw-redirect" title="Imperial House of Russia">Russia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Yugoslavia" title="Kingdom of Yugoslavia">Yugoslavia</a>). That custom remains official in the <a href="/wiki/Dutch_royal_family" class="mw-redirect" title="Dutch royal family">Dutch</a> and Norwegian dynasties. The <i><a href="/wiki/Almanach_de_Gotha" title="Almanach de Gotha">Almanach de Gotha</a></i> and <a href="/wiki/Burke%27s_Peerage" title="Burke's Peerage">Burke's Peerage</a> continued to ascribe <i>Highness</i> to members of <a href="/wiki/Abolished_monarchy" class="mw-redirect" title="Abolished monarchy">deposed dynasties</a> of ducal rank. </p><p>Among the nobility, the <i>Almanach de Gotha</i> notes that <i>Highness</i> was accorded to the heads of the families of <a href="/wiki/House_of_Murat" class="mw-redirect" title="House of Murat">Murat</a> (a royal dynasty during the <a href="/wiki/Napoleon" title="Napoleon">Napoleonic</a> era), <a href="/wiki/Duke_of_Hohenberg" class="mw-redirect" title="Duke of Hohenberg">Hohenberg</a>, <a href="/wiki/Francis,_Duke_of_Teck" title="Francis, Duke of Teck">Teck</a> and all members of the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Ligne" title="House of Ligne">House of Ligne</a>. </p><p>The style was discontinued in the <a href="/wiki/Danish_royal_family" title="Danish royal family">Danish royal family</a> in 2023, having been applied to junior lines for many generations.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Example of official holders of the style <i>Highness</i>: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prince_Maurits_of_Orange-Nassau,_van_Vollenhoven" title="Prince Maurits of Orange-Nassau, van Vollenhoven"><i>His Highness</i> Prince Maurits of Orange-Nassau, Van Vollenhoven</a>, son of <a href="/wiki/Princess_Margriet_of_the_Netherlands" title="Princess Margriet of the Netherlands">HRH Princess Margriet of the Netherlands</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pieter_van_Vollenhoven" title="Pieter van Vollenhoven">Mr. Pieter van Vollenhoven</a>, the maternal grandson of <a href="/wiki/Queen_Juliana" class="mw-redirect" title="Queen Juliana">HM Queen Juliana of the Netherlands</a>, and nephew of <a href="/wiki/Beatrix_of_the_Netherlands" title="Beatrix of the Netherlands">HM Queen Beatrix</a>. Upon his mother's marriage, it was decreed that her children would be known as <i>HH Prince(ss) <name> of Orange-Nassau, Van Vollenhoven</i>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_Sverre_Magnus_of_Norway" title="Prince Sverre Magnus of Norway"><i>His Highness</i> Prince Sverre Magnus of Norway</a> son of HRH <a href="/wiki/Haakon,_Crown_Prince_of_Norway" title="Haakon, Crown Prince of Norway">Crown Prince Haakon</a> and HRH <a href="/wiki/Mette-Marit,_Crown_Princess_of_Norway" title="Mette-Marit, Crown Princess of Norway">Crown Princess Mette-Marit of Norway</a>, the paternal grandson of HM <a href="/wiki/King_Harald_V_of_Norway" class="mw-redirect" title="King Harald V of Norway">King Harald V of Norway</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Modified_forms">Modified forms</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Highness&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Modified forms"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Usually members of an imperial or royal dynasty are addressed as <a href="/wiki/Imperial_Highness" title="Imperial Highness">Imperial Highness</a> or <a href="/wiki/Royal_Highness" title="Royal Highness">Royal Highness</a> (French <i>Altesse Impériale, Altesse Royale</i>; German <i>Kaiserliche Hoheit, Königliche Hoheit</i>; Spanish <i>Alteza Imperial, Alteza Real</i>, etc.) respectively. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Grand_Ducal_Highness" title="Grand Ducal Highness">Grand Ducal Highness</a> was the treatment accorded cadet princes of those families of ruling grand dukes who did not simply use "Highness", <i><a href="/wiki/Viz." title="Viz.">viz.</a></i> <a href="/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Baden" title="Grand Duchy of Baden">Baden</a>. </p><p>While "Highness" (<i>Hoheit</i>) was used for rulers of German duchies, the sovereign <a href="/wiki/Duke_of_Modena" class="mw-redirect" title="Duke of Modena">Dukes of Modena</a> and <a href="/wiki/Duke_of_Parma" title="Duke of Parma">of Parma</a> were heads of <a href="/wiki/Cadet_branch" title="Cadet branch">cadet branches</a> of ruling dynasties of higher rank. They and their cadets therefore used the imperial or royal styles borne by members of those houses, respectively the royal <a href="/wiki/House_of_Bourbon" title="House of Bourbon">House of Bourbon</a> and the imperial <a href="/wiki/House_of_Habsburg-Lorraine" title="House of Habsburg-Lorraine">House of Habsburg-Lorraine</a>. </p><p>In modern times, <a href="/wiki/Serene_Highness" title="Serene Highness">Serene Highness</a> (<i>Altesse Sérénissime</i>) is used as the equivalent of the German <i>Durchlaucht</i>. In the 17th century, it became the general style borne by the heads of the reigning princely states of the Holy Roman Empire (<i>reichsständische Fürsten</i>), as "Illustrious Highness (<i><a href="/wiki/Erlaucht" class="mw-redirect" title="Erlaucht">Erlaucht</a></i>) became customary for those of the <a href="/wiki/Graf" title="Graf">comital</a> houses (<i>reichsständische Grafen</i>, i.e. Counts of the Empire). In 1825, the Imperial German Diet agreed to grant the style <i>Durchlaucht</i> to the heads of all <a href="/wiki/German_mediatization" class="mw-redirect" title="German mediatization">mediatized</a> princely houses domiciled in Germany elevated to the rank of <i><a href="/wiki/F%C3%BCrst" title="Fürst">Fürst</a></i> are also styled Durchlaucht. In 1829, the style of Erlaucht, which had formerly been borne by the reigning Counts of the empire, was similarly granted to the mediatized countly families (<a href="/wiki/Almanach_de_Gotha" title="Almanach de Gotha">Almanach de Gotha</a>, 1909, 107).<sup id="cite_ref-EB1911_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EB1911-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><i>His Exalted Highness</i> is a rare hybrid of the title style Highness. It is used as a salutation style <i>only</i> for the <a href="/wiki/Nizams_of_Hyderabad" class="mw-redirect" title="Nizams of Hyderabad">Nizams of Hyderabad</a> and <a href="/wiki/Berar_Province" title="Berar Province">Berar</a> conferred by the <a href="/wiki/British_Government" class="mw-redirect" title="British Government">British Government</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Commonwealth_realms">Commonwealth realms</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Highness&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Commonwealth realms"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><i>Highness</i> was the style accorded to princes of the <a href="/wiki/British_royal_family" title="British royal family">British royal family</a> who were the <a href="/wiki/Patrilineality" title="Patrilineality">male-line</a> great-grandchildren of a British sovereign (and the wives/widows of great-grandsons), except the eldest son of the <a href="/wiki/Prince_of_Wales" title="Prince of Wales">Prince of Wales</a>. In 1917, <a href="/wiki/George_V" title="George V">George V</a> revoked authorization for use of that style. </p><p>The children and grandchildren in the male-line of a British sovereign were and are addressed as <a href="/wiki/Royal_Highness" title="Royal Highness">Royal Highness</a> (His or Her Royal Highness, abbreviated <i>HRH</i>), as are the children of the eldest son of the Prince of Wales (decree of 31 May 1898).<sup id="cite_ref-gazette_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gazette-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The sovereign has the right as a legal <i><a href="/wiki/Fount_of_honour" title="Fount of honour">fons honorum</a></i> to grant or revoke use of the style of Highness, as with other styles, titles and honours.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Colonial_use">Colonial use</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Highness&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Colonial use"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>In the <a href="/wiki/British_Empire" title="British Empire">British Empire</a>, the style (His) Highness became reserved for the elite of the feudatory dynastic heads of the major <a href="/wiki/Princely_state" title="Princely state">princely states</a> (mainly in <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a> and other territories—as on the <a href="/wiki/Persian_Gulf" title="Persian Gulf">Persian Gulf</a> coast—once under the <a href="/wiki/East_India_Company" title="East India Company">East India Company</a>).</li> <li>In various other empires, such as the <a href="/wiki/Dutch_East_Indies" title="Dutch East Indies">Dutch East Indies</a> (see <a href="/wiki/List_of_regencies_and_cities_of_Indonesia" class="mw-redirect" title="List of regencies and cities of Indonesia">List of regencies and cities of Indonesia</a>), a similar system was introduced.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Modern_Islamic_World">Modern Islamic World</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Highness&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Modern Islamic World"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Royal_Afghanistan">Royal Afghanistan</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Highness&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Royal Afghanistan"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In Afghanistan the title <i>Jalalat Mahab</i> is used for <a href="/wiki/Sardar" title="Sardar">Sardars</a>, or Princes of the former <a href="/wiki/Barakzai_dynasty" title="Barakzai dynasty">Muhammadzai dynasty</a>, who are descendants of the Afghan Emir Payindah Muhammad Khan Barakzai. Although <i>Jalalat Mahab</i> is derived from the Arabic term <i>Jalalat</i> literally meaning <i>His Majesty</i>, it is regarded as equal to <i>His Highness</i> internationally. A legal ground for it is a strengthened <a href="/wiki/Customary_law" title="Customary law">ius cogens</a> within the Afghan royal family with gateways in the first written constitution of Afghanistan issued by <a href="/wiki/Abdur_Rahman_Khan" title="Abdur Rahman Khan">Abdur Rahman Khan</a> in year 1890 and amended by <a href="/wiki/Amanullah_Khan" title="Amanullah Khan">Amanullah Khan</a> in year 1923.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Mohammed_Daoud_Khan" class="mw-redirect" title="Mohammed Daoud Khan">Prince Daoud Khan</a>, a member of the Telai cadet branch and Cousin of the last Afghan King <a href="/wiki/Mohammed_Zahir_Shah" class="mw-redirect" title="Mohammed Zahir Shah">Zahir Shah</a>, acting as prime minister under his cousin held the address <i>Jalalat Mahab Aali Qadr Sardari Alaa</i> (<a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a> His Honorable Highness the sublime Prince) during his term as <a href="/wiki/Prime_minister" title="Prime minister">Prime Minister</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After the <a href="/wiki/1964_Constitution_of_Afghanistan" title="1964 Constitution of Afghanistan">constitution of 1964</a> that changed Afghanistan's state system from an <a href="/wiki/Absolute_monarchy" title="Absolute monarchy">absolute</a> to a <a href="/wiki/Constitutional_monarchy" title="Constitutional monarchy">constitutional monarchy</a>, the descendants of <a href="/wiki/Mohammed_Nadir_Shah" class="mw-redirect" title="Mohammed Nadir Shah">King Nadir Shah</a> held the exclusive address as <i>Alaa Hazrat</i> in which context <i>Hazrat</i> is Turkish and means <i>Majesty</i> or <i>Highness</i> and thus literally translated means <i>Higher Majesty</i> or <i>Higher Highness</i> and is internationally also equal to <i>His Royal Highness</i>. <i>Jalalat Mahab</i> was still used for other cadet branches by <a href="/wiki/Customary_law" title="Customary law">customary law</a> and in light of the law of royal expenses, based on Article 13 and 24 of the Royal Constitution of 1964. Cadet branches include:<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>Telai, descendants of <a href="/wiki/Sultan_Mohammad_Khan" title="Sultan Mohammad Khan">Sultan Mohammed Khan</a>, including Prince Daoud Khan</li> <li>Seraj, descendants of <a href="/wiki/Dost_Mohammad_Khan" title="Dost Mohammad Khan">Dost Mohammed Khan</a></li> <li>and <a href="/wiki/Shaghasi" title="Shaghasi">Shaghasi</a>, descendants of other children of Payindah Muhammad Khan</li></ul> <p>The King himself held the title <i>Alaa Hazrat Humayoon</i> which literally translated means <i>His Most Noble Majesty</i>, and can be equalized with <i>His Majesty</i> internationally. </p><p>Despite the <a href="/wiki/De_facto" title="De facto">de facto</a> fall of <a href="/wiki/Barakzai_dynasty" title="Barakzai dynasty">Barakzai leadership</a> through the <a href="/wiki/Soviet%E2%80%93Afghan_War" title="Soviet–Afghan War">Soviet Invasion</a> in year 1978, the address is until today still used out of courtesy. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Saudi_Arabia">Saudi Arabia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Highness&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Saudi Arabia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In Saudi Arabia, all members of the royal family have the title of <a href="/wiki/Emir" title="Emir">Emir</a> (<a href="/wiki/Prince" title="Prince">Prince</a>) but sons, daughters, <a href="/wiki/Patrilineal" class="mw-redirect" title="Patrilineal">patrilineal</a> granddaughters and grandsons of <a href="/wiki/Ibn_Saud" title="Ibn Saud">Ibn Saud</a> are referred to by the <a href="/wiki/Style_(manner_of_address)" class="mw-redirect" title="Style (manner of address)">style</a> "<a href="/wiki/His_Royal_Highness" class="mw-redirect" title="His Royal Highness">His Royal Highness</a>" (HRH), differing from those belonging to the <a href="/wiki/Cadet_branch" title="Cadet branch">cadet branches</a> who are styled as "His/Her Highness" (HH), and in addition to that a reigning king has the title of <a href="/wiki/Custodian_of_the_Two_Holy_Mosques" title="Custodian of the Two Holy Mosques">Custodian of the Two Holy Mosques</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Sheikh_to_Chic_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sheikh_to_Chic-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-web.archive.org_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-web.archive.org-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Family_Tree_datarabia_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Family_Tree_datarabia-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The definition of the <a href="/wiki/Cadet_branch" title="Cadet branch">cadet branches</a> has been legally defined in year 2000 by <a href="/wiki/Abdullah_of_Saudi_Arabia" title="Abdullah of Saudi Arabia">King Abdullah</a> and includes the following:<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>Al Jiluwi, descendants of <a href="/wiki/Jiluwi_bin_Turki_Al_Saud" title="Jiluwi bin Turki Al Saud">Prince Jiluwi bin Turki al Saud</a> acting as closest allies to <a href="/wiki/Ibn_Saud" title="Ibn Saud">King Abdul Aziz</a></li> <li>Al Kabeer, descendants of <a href="/wiki/Saud_Al_Kabeer_bin_Abdulaziz_Al_Saud" title="Saud Al Kabeer bin Abdulaziz Al Saud">Saud Al Kabeer</a>, who allied with King Abdul Aziz against the <a href="/wiki/Rashidi_dynasty" title="Rashidi dynasty">Rashidi State</a></li> <li>Al Thunayan Al Mishari and Al Farhan, who descend from brothers of the dynastic founder <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_bin_Saud_Al_Muqrin" title="Muhammad bin Saud Al Muqrin">Muhammad bin Saud al Muqrin</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Republican_and_non-royal_usage">Republican and non-royal usage</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Highness&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Republican and non-royal usage"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Very rarely, the style of <i>Highness</i> or variations thereof have been used by non-monarchical heads of state, particularly before the 20th century, and often in cases where the distinction between monarchy and republic was blurred. For example, <a href="/wiki/Oliver_Cromwell" title="Oliver Cromwell">Oliver Cromwell</a> and his wife were styled "Highness" upon his elevation to <a href="/wiki/Lord_Protector" title="Lord Protector">Lord Protector</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_of_England" title="Commonwealth of England">Commonwealth</a>; he also enjoyed the style of <i><a href="/wiki/By_the_Grace_of_God" title="By the Grace of God">by the Grace of God</a></i>, was succeeded by <a href="/wiki/Richard_Cromwell" title="Richard Cromwell">his son</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Humble_Petition_and_Advice" title="Humble Petition and Advice">had even been offered the throne</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-pine_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pine-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Spanish-speaking_world">Spanish-speaking world</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Highness&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Spanish-speaking world"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the <a href="/wiki/Spanish-speaking_world" class="mw-redirect" title="Spanish-speaking world">Spanish-speaking world</a>, a handful of leaders historically enjoyed the official, if often ephemeral, style of <i>Highness</i> (<i><b>Alteza</b></i>) or variations thereof. </p><p>In Spain, <a href="/wiki/Manuel_Godoy" title="Manuel Godoy">Manuel Godoy</a>, who twice served as <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_Government_(Spain)" class="mw-redirect" title="President of the Government (Spain)">Prime Minister</a> from 1792 to 1797 and from 1801 to 1808, was granted the style of <i><a href="/wiki/Most_Serene_Highness" class="mw-redirect" title="Most Serene Highness">Most Serene Highness</a></i> (<i><b>Su Alteza Serenísima</b></i>) in 1807 by <a href="/wiki/King_of_Spain" class="mw-redirect" title="King of Spain">King</a> <a href="/wiki/Charles_IV_of_Spain" title="Charles IV of Spain">Charles IV</a>. He had been created <i>Principe de la Paz</i> ("Prince of the Peace") in 1795, but the princely title did not carry the style of <i>Highness</i> on its own. The former style was possibly derived from the traditional Spanish honorific of <i><a href="/wiki/The_Most_Excellent" title="The Most Excellent">Excelentísimo Señor</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/The_Most_Excellent" title="The Most Excellent">The Most Excellent</a>). </p><p><a href="/wiki/Baldomero_Espartero,_Prince_of_Vergara" class="mw-redirect" title="Baldomero Espartero, Prince of Vergara">Baldomero Espartero, Prince of Vergara</a>, who was <a href="/wiki/Regent" title="Regent">regent</a> for Queen <a href="/wiki/Isabella_II_of_Spain" class="mw-redirect" title="Isabella II of Spain">Isabella II</a> from 1840 to 1843, and three times served as Prime Minister: in 1837, from 1840 to 1841, and from 1854 to 1856, was created <a href="/wiki/Prince_of_Vergara" class="mw-redirect" title="Prince of Vergara">Prince of Vergara</a> <span class="citation-needed-content" style="padding-left:0.1em; padding-right:0.1em; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); border:1px solid var(--border-color-subtle, #c8ccd1);">with the exceptional (and not strictly non-royal) style of <i><a href="/wiki/Royal_Highness" title="Royal Highness">Royal Highness</a></i> (<i><b>Alteza Real</b></i>)</span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2017)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> in 1872. Espartero had previously declined an offer to the throne following the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Revolution_of_1868" class="mw-redirect" title="Spanish Revolution of 1868">Spanish Revolution of 1868</a>, which instead went to the Italian <a href="/wiki/House_of_Savoy" title="House of Savoy">Amadeo of Savoy</a>, who in turn bestowed the royal princedom on him. </p><p>Furthermore, according to the provisions of Royal Decree 1368/1987 promulgated by King <a href="/wiki/Juan_Carlos_I" title="Juan Carlos I">Juan Carlos I</a> in 1987, a <a href="/wiki/Regent" title="Regent">Regent</a> of Spain is to enjoy the style of <i>Highness</i> (as well as protocolary honours equal to those of the <a href="/wiki/Prince_of_Asturias" title="Prince of Asturias">Prince of Asturias</a>), unless they were to possess rank conferring a higher style.<sup id="cite_ref-Boletín_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Boletín-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the short-lived <i><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Junta_de_Gobierno_Aut%C3%B3noma_de_Quito" class="extiw" title="es:Junta de Gobierno Autónoma de Quito">Luz de America</a></i> uprising of 1809 in modern-day <a href="/wiki/Ecuador" title="Ecuador">Ecuador</a>, the <i>Junta de Gobierno Autónoma de Quito</i> ("Autonomous Government <a href="/wiki/Junta_(Peninsular_War)" title="Junta (Peninsular War)">Junta</a> of <a href="/wiki/Royal_Audiencia_of_Quito" class="mw-redirect" title="Royal Audiencia of Quito">[the Royal Audiencia of] Quito</a>"), granted its president, <a href="/wiki/Juan_P%C3%ADo_de_Mont%C3%BAfar,_2nd_Marquis_of_Selva_Alegre" class="mw-redirect" title="Juan Pío de Montúfar, 2nd Marquis of Selva Alegre">Juan Pío de Montúfar, 2nd Marquis of Selva Alegre</a>, the style of <i>Most Serene Highness</i>, while claiming for itself the collective dignity of "<i><a href="/wiki/Majesty" title="Majesty">Majesty</a></i>" (as it purported to be acting in the name of King <a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_VII" title="Ferdinand VII">Ferdinand VII</a>). Selva Alegre's pseudo-monarchical government, which was formed following <a href="/wiki/Peninsular_War#Napoleon.27s_invasion_of_Spain" title="Peninsular War">Napoleon's invasion of Spain</a> in 1808 and lasted for a mere seventy-five days, was considered by both contemporaries and later historians to be a thinly-disguised effort to establish a "Kingdom of Quito"; Selva dressed himself in regal vestments, bestowed honours on citizens, and instituted the <a href="/wiki/National_Order_of_San_Lorenzo" title="National Order of San Lorenzo">National Order of San Lorenzo</a> (which was much later revived by <a href="/wiki/President_of_Ecuador" title="President of Ecuador">Ecuadorian President</a> <a href="/wiki/Camilo_Ponce_Enr%C3%ADquez_(politician)" title="Camilo Ponce Enríquez (politician)">Camilo Ponce Enríquez</a> in 1959).<sup id="cite_ref-Diccionario_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Diccionario-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Antonio_L%C3%B3pez_de_Santa_Anna" title="Antonio López de Santa Anna">Antonio López de Santa Anna</a>, enjoyed the official style of <i>Most Serene Highness</i> during his <a href="/wiki/Antonio_L%C3%B3pez_de_Santa_Anna#President_for_the_last_time,_1853–1855" title="Antonio López de Santa Anna">eleventh and final tenure</a> as <a href="/wiki/President_of_Mexico" title="President of Mexico">President of Mexico</a> for life from 1853 until his deposal in 1855.<sup id="cite_ref-Sible_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sible-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Elsewhere">Elsewhere</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Highness&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Elsewhere"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="United_States">United States</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Highness&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: United States"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Shortly before the <a href="/wiki/First_inauguration_of_George_Washington" title="First inauguration of George Washington">inauguration of George Washington</a> as the first <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_United_States" title="President of the United States">President of the United States</a>, then-<a href="/wiki/Vice_President_of_the_United_States" title="Vice President of the United States">Vice President</a> <a href="/wiki/John_Adams" title="John Adams">John Adams</a> organised a <a href="/wiki/Congressional_committees" class="mw-redirect" title="Congressional committees">congressional committee</a> on the matter of the title and style of the President. There Adams agitated for the adoption of the style of <i>Highness</i> (as well as the title of <i>Protector of Their [the United States'] Liberties</i>) for the President.<sup id="cite_ref-HutsonAdams_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HutsonAdams-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Others favored the variant of <i>Electoral Highness</i> or the lesser <i>Excellency</i>, the latter of which was vociferously opposed by Adams, who contended that it was far beneath the presidential dignity, as the executives of the states, some of which were also titled "President" (e.g. the <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Executive_Council_of_the_Commonwealth_of_Pennsylvania" title="Supreme Executive Council of the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania">President of Pennsylvania</a>), at that time often enjoyed the style of <i>Excellency</i>; Adams said that the President "would be levelled with colonial governors or with functionaries from German princedoms" if he were to use the style of <i>Excellency</i>. On further consideration, Adams deemed even <i>Highness</i> insufficient and instead proposed that the Executive, both the President and the Vice President (i.e., himself), be styled <i>Majesty</i>, with only which the "great danger" of insufficient dignity being attached to the executive could be solved.<sup id="cite_ref-HutsonAdams_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HutsonAdams-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Adams' efforts were met with widespread derision and perplexion; <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson" title="Thomas Jefferson">Thomas Jefferson</a> called them "the most superlatively ridiculous thing I ever heard of", while <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Franklin" title="Benjamin Franklin">Benjamin Franklin</a> considered it "absolutely mad".<sup id="cite_ref-HutsonAdams_22-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HutsonAdams-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The proposal came to naught, and American Presidents, from Washington onwards, have eschewed honorific titles and styles altogether and are simply referred to as <i><a href="/wiki/Mr._President_(title)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mr. President (title)">Mr. President</a></i>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Samoa">Samoa</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Highness&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Samoa"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In modern-day <a href="/wiki/Samoa" title="Samoa">Samoa</a>, the <a href="/wiki/O_le_Ao_o_le_Malo" title="O le Ao o le Malo">O le Ao o le Malo</a>, the Samoan head of state, has since the country's independence enjoyed the title of <i>Highness</i>, as do the heads of the four paramount <a href="/wiki/Matai_title" class="mw-redirect" title="Matai title">chiefly dynasties</a>. However, as all of the heads of state, elected by the <i><a href="/wiki/Fono_of_Samoa" class="mw-redirect" title="Fono of Samoa">Fono</a></i>, the country's parliament (which is itself almost entirely composed of customary chiefs), since independence have been one of the four chiefs, it is ambiguous as to whether the country constitutes a <a href="/wiki/Parliamentary_republic" title="Parliamentary republic">parliamentary republic</a> or a <a href="/wiki/Democracy" title="Democracy">democratic</a> <a href="/wiki/Elective_monarchy" title="Elective monarchy">elective monarchy</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Other_Arab_Countries">Other Arab Countries</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Highness&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Other Arab Countries"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Emir" title="Emir">Emirs</a> of Qatar, Kuwait and UAE also use the style of Your Highness. </p><p>Patrilineal descendants of former ruling Emirs of Iraq use His Highness for the head of the house<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Monarchies_in_Africa" title="Monarchies in Africa">African royalty</a> commonly use "Highness" to refer to their junior dynasts. Some ranking monarchs also make use of the style. An example of the former is Princess <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Bagaya" class="mw-redirect" title="Elizabeth Bagaya">Elizabeth Bagaya</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Tooro_Kingdom" title="Tooro Kingdom">Tooro Kingdom</a> in Uganda. An example of the latter is the princess' sister-in-law, <a href="/wiki/Queen_Best_Kemigisa" title="Queen Best Kemigisa">Queen Best Kemigisa</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Other_uses">Other uses</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Highness&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Other uses"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Regardless of the official traditions in the various colonial empires, the style is evidently used to render, often merely informally, various somewhat analogous titles in non-western cultures, regardless whether there is an actual linguistic and/or historical link. Furthermore, in <a href="/wiki/North_America" title="North America">North America</a>, some chiefs of certain indigenous tribes or nations use the style of Highness, which may or may not be recognised by their governments. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Aga_Khan" title="Aga Khan">Aga Khan</a> was granted the style of <i>His Highness</i> by <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_II" title="Elizabeth II">Elizabeth II, Queen of the United Kingdom</a> in 1957 upon the death of his grandfather <a href="/wiki/Aga_Khan_III" title="Aga Khan III">Aga Khan III</a>. This has been a traditional gesture by British sovereigns since the Aga Khan III allied himself with Britain against Afghanistan. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Variations_and_precedence">Variations and precedence</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Highness&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Variations and precedence"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>While the actual precedence depends on the rank itself, and sometimes more specifically on the monarchy, rather than on the style of address, the holders tend to end up roughly in the following order of precedence: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_and_Royal_Highness" title="Imperial and Royal Highness">His/Her Imperial and Royal Highness</a> (HI&RH)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_Highness" title="Imperial Highness">His/Her Imperial Highness</a> (HIH)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Highness" title="Royal Highness">His/Her Royal Highness</a> (HRH)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Ducal_Highness" title="Grand Ducal Highness">His/Her Grand Ducal Highness</a> (HGDH), used by junior members of the houses of Luxembourg, Grand Ducal Hesse, and Baden</li> <li>His/Her Highness (HH)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exalted_Highness" class="mw-redirect" title="Exalted Highness">His/Her Exalted Highness</a> (HEH), used only by the <a href="/wiki/Nizam_of_Hyderabad" title="Nizam of Hyderabad">Nizam of Hyderabad</a>, the pre-eminent Indian princely ruler</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sultanic_Highness#Compound_ruler_titles" title="Sultanic Highness">His/Her Sultanic Highness</a> (HSH), a rare, hybrid western-Islamic honorific style, exclusively used by the son, daughter-in-law and daughters of Sultan <a href="/wiki/Hussein_Kamel_of_Egypt" title="Hussein Kamel of Egypt">Hussein Kamel of Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ducal_Serene_Highness" title="Ducal Serene Highness">His/Her Ducal Serene Highness</a> (HDSH)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/His_Eminence" class="mw-redirect" title="His Eminence">His Most Eminent Highness</a> (HMEH), a hybrid with <a href="/wiki/His_Eminence" class="mw-redirect" title="His Eminence">His Eminence</a>, created in 1630 for the <a href="/wiki/Grand_master_(order)" title="Grand master (order)">Grand Master</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Knights_Hospitaller" title="Knights Hospitaller">Knights of Malta</a>, as <a href="/wiki/Reichsf%C3%BCrst" class="mw-redirect" title="Reichsfürst">Prince of the Holy Roman Empire</a> at par with a <a href="/wiki/Cardinal_(Catholicism)" class="mw-redirect" title="Cardinal (Catholicism)">Cardinal</a> (Prince of the Church).</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Most_Serene_Highness" class="mw-redirect" title="Most Serene Highness">His/Her Most Serene Highness</a> (HMSH)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serene_Highness" title="Serene Highness">His/Her Serene Highness</a> (HSH)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illustrious_Highness" title="Illustrious Highness">His/Her Illustrious Highness</a> (HIll.H)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Highness" title="Royal Highness">His/Her Tribal Highness</a> (HTH), a rare hybrid of Highness exclusively used by <a href="/wiki/Mohammed_Ameziane" title="Mohammed Ameziane">Amghar Mohammed Ameziane, Prince of the Rif</a> and direct descendants.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Highness&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Excellency" title="Excellency">Excellency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monsignor" title="Monsignor">Monsignor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sire" title="Sire">Sire</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Highness&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-pine-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-pine_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-pine_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-pine_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-pine_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFPine,_L.G.1992" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/L.G._Pine" class="mw-redirect" title="L.G. Pine">Pine, L.G.</a> (1992). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/titleshowkingbec0000pine/page/36"><i>Titles</i></a></span>. New York: Barnes & Noble, Inc. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/titleshowkingbec0000pine/page/36">36, 69, 92, 94, 104, 148–149</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-56619-085-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-56619-085-5"><bdi>978-1-56619-085-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Titles&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=36%2C+69%2C+92%2C+94%2C+104%2C+148-149&rft.pub=Barnes+%26+Noble%2C+Inc.&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=978-1-56619-085-5&rft.au=Pine%2C+L.G.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ftitleshowkingbec0000pine%2Fpage%2F36&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHighness" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Selden, <i>Titles of Honor</i>, part I, Ch. vii. p. 100</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-EB1911-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-EB1911_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EB1911_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EB1911_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="noprint"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/18px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/24px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></span></span> </span>One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in the <a href="/wiki/Public_domain" title="Public domain">public domain</a>: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChisholm1911" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Chisholm" title="Hugh Chisholm">Chisholm, Hugh</a>, ed. (1911). "<a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Highness" class="extiw" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Highness">Highness</a>". <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. Vol. 13 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 456.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Highness&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=456&rft.edition=11th&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1911&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHighness" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kongehuset.no/c28433/seksjonstekst_person/vis.html?tid=28780">"His Highness Prince Sverre Magnus"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Norway" title="Monarchy of Norway">Monarchy of Norway</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 April</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=His+Highness+Prince+Sverre+Magnus&rft.pub=Monarchy+of+Norway&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.kongehuset.no%2Fc28433%2Fseksjonstekst_person%2Fvis.html%3Ftid%3D28780&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHighness" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.channel4.com/news/articles/society/top+100+in+line+to+the+throne/3051062.html">"Top 100 in line to the throne"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Channel_4" title="Channel 4">Channel 4</a>. 27 March 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Top+100+in+line+to+the+throne&rft.date=2009-03-27&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.channel4.com%2Fnews%2Farticles%2Fsociety%2Ftop%2B100%2Bin%2Bline%2Bto%2Bthe%2Bthrone%2F3051062.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHighness" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20120714172402/http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2008-04-23/news/27703352_1_richest-man-mir-osman-ali-khan-forbes-list">"Making money the royal way ! - Economic Times"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2008-04-23/news/27703352_1_richest-man-mir-osman-ali-khan-forbes-list">the original</a> on 14 July 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 July</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Making+money+the+royal+way+%21+-+Economic+Times&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farticles.economictimes.indiatimes.com%2F2008-04-23%2Fnews%2F27703352_1_richest-man-mir-osman-ali-khan-forbes-list&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHighness" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-andhrapradesh/%60His-Exalted-Highness-to-be-staged-today/article14734360.ece">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'His Exalted Highness' to be staged today"</a>. <i>The Hindu</i>. 2007-03-14.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Hindu&rft.atitle=%27His+Exalted+Highness%27+to+be+staged+today&rft.date=2007-03-14&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thehindu.com%2Ftodays-paper%2Ftp-national%2Ftp-andhrapradesh%2F%2560His-Exalted-Highness-to-be-staged-today%2Farticle14734360.ece&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHighness" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-gazette-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-gazette_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.london-gazette.co.uk/issues/60384/pages/213">"Crown Office"</a>. <i>The London Gazette</i> (60384): 213. 8 January 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+London+Gazette&rft.atitle=Crown+Office&rft.issue=60384&rft.pages=213&rft.date=2013-01-08&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.london-gazette.co.uk%2Fissues%2F60384%2Fpages%2F213&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHighness" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">British Royal Family Website. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.royal.uk/queen-and-honours">The Queen and Honours</a>. The Royal Household. Buckingham Palace. accessed 5 February 2019.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Encyclopedia Iranica in Constitutional History of Afghanistan</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Adamek in Who is Who in Afghanistan</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Mir Assadullah Sadat in Alqab Dowalti</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.constituteproject.org/constitution/Afghanistan_1964.pdf?lang=en">"Afghanistan's Constitution of 1964"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Constitute</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Constitute&rft.atitle=Afghanistan%27s+Constitution+of+1964&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.constituteproject.org%2Fconstitution%2FAfghanistan_1964.pdf%3Flang%3Den&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHighness" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Christopher Buyers in Royal Ark, Afghanistan</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sheikh_to_Chic-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Sheikh_to_Chic_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAmos1991" class="citation news cs1">Amos, Deborah (1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=H-cDAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA28">"Sheikh to Chic"</a>. Mother Jones. p. 28<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 July</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Sheikh+to+Chic&rft.pages=28&rft.date=1991&rft.aulast=Amos&rft.aufirst=Deborah&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DH-cDAAAAMBAJ%26pg%3DPA28&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHighness" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-web.archive.org-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-web.archive.org_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160807041830/https://americanbedu.com/2010/03/23/saudi-arabia-hrh-or-hh/">"Saudi Arabia: HRH or HH? – American Bedu"</a>. 7 August 2016. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://americanbedu.com/2010/03/23/saudi-arabia-hrh-or-hh/">the original</a> on 7 August 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Saudi+Arabia%3A+HRH+or+HH%3F+%E2%80%93+American+Bedu&rft.date=2016-08-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Famericanbedu.com%2F2010%2F03%2F23%2Fsaudi-arabia-hrh-or-hh%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHighness" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Family_Tree_datarabia-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Family_Tree_datarabia_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.datarabia.com/royals/familytree.do">"Family Tree"</a>. <i>datarabia.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 December</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=datarabia.com&rft.atitle=Family+Tree&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.datarabia.com%2Froyals%2Ffamilytree.do&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHighness" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtoninstitute.org/media/3420">Washington institute in "After King Abdullah"</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Boletín-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Boletín_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.boe.es/buscar/doc.php?id=BOE-A-1987-25284">"Real Decreto 1368/1987, de 6 de noviembre, sobre régimen de títulos, tratamientos y honores de la Familia Real y de los Regentes"</a>. <i>Boletín Oficial del Estado</i>. Agencia Estatal Boletín Oficial del Estado. p. 33717<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 November</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Bolet%C3%ADn+Oficial+del+Estado&rft.atitle=Real+Decreto+1368%2F1987%2C+de+6+de+noviembre%2C+sobre+r%C3%A9gimen+de+t%C3%ADtulos%2C+tratamientos+y+honores+de+la+Familia+Real+y+de+los+Regentes.&rft.pages=33717&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.boe.es%2Fbuscar%2Fdoc.php%3Fid%3DBOE-A-1987-25284&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHighness" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Diccionario-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Diccionario_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPimentel" class="citation web cs1">Pimentel, Rodolfo Perez. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140918020655/http://www.diccionariobiograficoecuador.com/tomos/tomo4/m11.htm">"Juan Pío Montúfar y Larrea"</a>. <i>diccionariobiograficoecuador.com</i>. Diccionario Biográfico del Ecuador. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.diccionariobiograficoecuador.com/tomos/tomo4/m11.htm">the original</a> on 18 September 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 November</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=diccionariobiograficoecuador.com&rft.atitle=Juan+P%C3%ADo+Mont%C3%BAfar+y+Larrea&rft.aulast=Pimentel&rft.aufirst=Rodolfo+Perez&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.diccionariobiograficoecuador.com%2Ftomos%2Ftomo4%2Fm11.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHighness" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sible-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Sible_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSible" class="citation web cs1">Sible, Randy. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.latinamericanstudies.org/mex-war/santa-anna2.htm">"The Life of Antonio Lopez de Santa Anna: Savior, Emperor, President, and Dictator"</a>. <i>Latin American Studies</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 November</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Latin+American+Studies&rft.atitle=The+Life+of+Antonio+Lopez+de+Santa+Anna%3A+Savior%2C+Emperor%2C+President%2C+and+Dictator&rft.aulast=Sible&rft.aufirst=Randy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.latinamericanstudies.org%2Fmex-war%2Fsanta-anna2.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHighness" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-HutsonAdams-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-HutsonAdams_22-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-HutsonAdams_22-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-HutsonAdams_22-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHutson1968" class="citation journal cs1">Hutson, James H. (March 1968). "John Adams' Title Campaign". <i>The New England Quarterly</i>. <b>41</b> (1): 30–39. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F363331">10.2307/363331</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/363331">363331</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+England+Quarterly&rft.atitle=John+Adams%27+Title+Campaign&rft.volume=41&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=30-39&rft.date=1968-03&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F363331&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F363331%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Hutson&rft.aufirst=James+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHighness" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBatatu1978" class="citation book cs1">Batatu, H (1978). <i>The Old Social Classes and the Revolutionary Movements of Iraq</i>. Princeton University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Old+Social+Classes+and+the+Revolutionary+Movements+of+Iraq&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=1978&rft.aulast=Batatu&rft.aufirst=H&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHighness" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output 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styles">Imperial, royal, and noble styles</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="/wiki/Style_(form_of_address)" title="Style (form of address)">Forms of address</a> for <a href="/wiki/Pope" title="Pope">popes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Royal_family" title="Royal family">royalty</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Nobility" title="Nobility">nobility</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Africa</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Emperor_of_Ethiopia" title="Emperor of Ethiopia">Nəgusä Nägäst</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nkosi" title="Nkosi">Nkosi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pharaoh" title="Pharaoh">Pharaoh</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Western_world" title="Western world">Western</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Holiness_(style)" title="Holiness (style)">Holiness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_and_Royal_Majesty" title="Imperial and Royal Majesty">Imperial and Royal Majesty</a> (HI&RM)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_and_Most_Faithful_Majesty" title="Imperial and Most Faithful Majesty">Imperial and Most Faithful Majesty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_Majesty" title="Imperial Majesty">Imperial Majesty</a> (HIM)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apostolic_Majesty" title="Apostolic Majesty">Apostolic Majesty</a> (HAM)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Monarchs" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholic Monarchs">Catholic Monarchs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rex_Catholicissimus" title="Rex Catholicissimus">Catholic Majesty</a> (HCM)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Style_of_the_French_sovereign#Most_Christian_King" title="Style of the French sovereign">Most Christian Majesty</a> (HMCM)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Most_Faithful_Majesty" title="Most Faithful Majesty">Most Faithful Majesty</a> (HFM)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orthodox_Majesty" title="Orthodox Majesty">Orthodox Majesty</a> (HOM)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Britannic_Majesty" title="Britannic Majesty">Britannic Majesty</a> (HBM)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Most_Excellent_Majesty" title="Most Excellent Majesty">Most Excellent Majesty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Most_Gracious_Majesty" title="Most Gracious Majesty">Most Gracious Majesty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Majesty" title="Majesty">Royal Majesty</a> (HRM)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Majesty" title="Majesty">Majesty</a> (HM)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grace_(style)" title="Grace (style)">Grace</a> (HG)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Highness" title="Royal Highness">Royal Highness</a> (HRH)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monseigneur" title="Monseigneur">Monseigneur</a> (Msgr)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/His_Eminence" class="mw-redirect" title="His Eminence">Most Eminent Highness</a> (HMEH)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exalted_Highness" class="mw-redirect" title="Exalted Highness">Exalted Highness</a> (HEH)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Highness</a> (HH)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serene_Highness" title="Serene Highness">Serene Highness</a> (HSH)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illustrious_Highness" title="Illustrious Highness">Illustrious Highness</a> (HIll.H)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Excellency" title="Excellency">Excellency</a> (HE)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Most_Excellent" title="The Most Excellent">Most Excellent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Most_Illustrious" title="The Most Illustrious">Most Illustrious</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hochgeboren" title="Hochgeboren">Hochgeboren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hochwohlgeboren" title="Hochwohlgeboren">Hochwohlgeboren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wohlgeboren" title="Wohlgeboren">Wohlgeboren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Much_Honoured" title="The Much Honoured">Much Honoured</a> (The Much Hon.)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milord" title="Milord">Milord</a> (Millourt)</li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Antiquity</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Rome" title="Ancient Rome">Ancient Rome</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pater_Patriae" title="Pater Patriae">Pater Patriae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augustus_(title)" title="Augustus (title)">Augustus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sebastos" title="Sebastos">Sebastos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominus_(title)" title="Dominus (title)">Dominus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Georgia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mepe" title="Mepe">Mepe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Middle Ages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_and_Royal_Highness" title="Imperial and Royal Highness">Imperial and Royal Highness</a> (HI&RH)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_Highness" title="Imperial Highness">Imperial Highness</a> (HIH)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Highness" title="Royal Highness">Royal Highness</a> (HRH)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Ducal_Highness" title="Grand Ducal Highness">Grand Ducal Highness</a> (HGDH)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Highness</a> (HH)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ducal_Serene_Highness" title="Ducal Serene Highness">Ducal Serene Highness</a> (HDSH)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serene_Highness" title="Serene Highness">Serene Highness</a> (HSH)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serenity_(style)" title="Serenity (style)">Serenity</a> (HS)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illustrious_Highness" title="Illustrious Highness">Illustrious Highness</a> (HIll.H)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grace_(style)" title="Grace (style)">Grace</a> (HG)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Excellency" title="Excellency">Excellency</a> (HE)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Specific culture</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Don_(honorific)" title="Don (honorific)">Don</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senhor" title="Senhor">Senhor</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Republic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Most_Serene_Republic" title="Most Serene Republic">Most Serene Republic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Asia" title="Asia">Asian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baghatur" title="Baghatur">Baghatur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duli_Yang_Maha_Mulia" title="Duli Yang Maha Mulia">Duli Yang Maha Mulia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_king" title="Great king">Great king</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khan_(title)" title="Khan (title)">Khan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Khagan" title="Khagan">Khagan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/King_of_Kings" title="King of Kings">King of Kings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maharaja" title="Maharaja">Maharaja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emperor_of_Japan" title="Emperor of Japan">Mikado</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shah" title="Shah">Shah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shogun" title="Shogun">Shogun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Son_of_Heaven" title="Son of Heaven">Son of Heaven</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Islamic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amir_al-Mu%27minin" title="Amir al-Mu'minin">Amir al-Mu'minin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Custodian_of_the_Two_Holy_Mosques" title="Custodian of the Two Holy Mosques">Custodian of the Two Holy Mosques</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hadrat" title="Hadrat">Hadrat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sharif" title="Sharif">Sharif</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sultanic_Highness" title="Sultanic Highness">Sultanic Highness</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Countries</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Style_of_the_French_sovereign" title="Style of the French sovereign">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Style_of_the_Georgian_sovereign" title="Style of the Georgian sovereign">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Style_of_the_Dutch_sovereign" title="Style of the Dutch sovereign">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Style_of_the_Portuguese_sovereign" title="Style of the Portuguese sovereign">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Style_of_the_Serbian_sovereign" title="Style of the Serbian sovereign">Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Style_of_the_Swedish_sovereign" title="Style of the Swedish sovereign">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Style_of_the_British_sovereign" title="Style of the British sovereign">United Kingdom</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Style_and_title_of_the_Canadian_sovereign" title="Style and title of the Canadian sovereign">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Style_of_the_Scottish_sovereign" title="Style of the Scottish sovereign">Scotland</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/By_the_Grace_of_God" title="By the Grace of God">By the Grace of God</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Divine_right_of_kings" title="Divine right of kings">Divine right of kings</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Defender_of_the_Faith" title="Defender of the Faith">Defender of the Faith</a> (<i>Fidei defensor</i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Godfrey_of_Bouillon" title="Godfrey of Bouillon">Defender of the Holy Sepulchre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Last_Roman_Emperor" title="Last Roman Emperor">Great Catholic Monarch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_current_sovereign_monarchs" class="mw-redirect" title="List of current sovereign monarchs">List of current sovereign monarchs</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_current_constituent_monarchs" class="mw-redirect" title="List of current constituent monarchs">List of current constituent monarchs</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacred_king" title="Sacred king">Sacred king</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Translatio_imperii" title="Translatio imperii">Translatio imperii</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victory_title" title="Victory title">Victory title</a></li></ul> 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