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class="vector-toc-text">Algus</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Ajalugu" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ajalugu"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Ajalugu</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ajalugu-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Juudid_indoeurooplaste_ja_Euroopa_ajaloos" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Juudid_indoeurooplaste_ja_Euroopa_ajaloos"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Juudid indoeurooplaste ja Euroopa ajaloos</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Juudid_indoeurooplaste_ja_Euroopa_ajaloos-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Juudid_maailma_kultuuriloos" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Juudid_maailma_kultuuriloos"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Juudid maailma kultuuriloos</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Juudid_maailma_kultuuriloos-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Juudid_Eestis" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Juudid_Eestis"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Juudid Eestis</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Juudid_Eestis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Vaata_ka" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vaata_ka"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Vaata ka</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vaata_ka-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Viited" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Viited"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Viited</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Viited-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Kirjandus" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kirjandus"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Kirjandus</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kirjandus-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Välislingid" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Välislingid"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Välislingid</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Välislingid-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Sisukord" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Sisukord" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Lülita sisukord ümber" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Lülita sisukord ümber</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Juudid</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Mine teises keeles artiklisse. Saadaval 151 keeles" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-151" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">151 keelt</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jode" title="Jode – afrikaani" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Jode" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="afrikaani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%8A%D9%87%D9%88%D8%AF" title="يهود – araabia" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="يهود" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="araabia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chodigos" title="Chodigos – aragoni" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Chodigos" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="aragoni" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arc mw-list-item"><a href="https://arc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DC%9D%DC%97%DC%98%DC%95%DC%9D%DC%90" title="ܝܗܘܕܝܐ – aramea" lang="arc" hreflang="arc" data-title="ܝܗܘܕܝܐ" data-language-autonym="ܐܪܡܝܐ" data-language-local-name="aramea" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ܐܪܡܝܐ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pueblu_xud%C3%ADu" title="Pueblu xudíu – astuuria" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Pueblu xudíu" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="astuuria" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hudioku%C3%A9ra" title="Hudiokuéra – guaranii" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Hudiokuéra" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="guaranii" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Avañe'ẽ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-av mw-list-item"><a href="https://av.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%96%D1%83%D0%B3%D1%8C%D1%83%D1%82%D3%80%D0%B0%D0%BB" title="ЖугьутӀал – avaari" lang="av" hreflang="av" data-title="ЖугьутӀал" data-language-autonym="Авар" data-language-local-name="avaari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Авар</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Y%C9%99hudil%C9%99r" title="Yəhudilər – aserbaidžaani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Yəhudilər" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="aserbaidžaani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DB%8C%D9%87%D9%88%D8%AF%DB%8C%D9%84%D8%B1" title="یهودیلر – lõunaaserbaidžaani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="یهودیلر" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="lõunaaserbaidžaani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orang_Yahudi" title="Orang Yahudi – indoneesia" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Orang Yahudi" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="indoneesia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orang_Yahudi" title="Orang Yahudi – malai" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Orang Yahudi" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="malai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%B9%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%A6%E0%A6%BF" title="ইহুদি – bengali" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="ইহুদি" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="bengali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/I%C3%BB-th%C3%A0i-l%C3%A2ng" title="Iû-thài-lâng – lõunamini" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Iû-thài-lâng" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="lõunamini" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%99%D3%99%D2%BB%D2%AF%D0%B4%D1%82%D3%99%D1%80" title="Йәһүдтәр – baškiiri" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Йәһүдтәр" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="baškiiri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AF%D1%9E%D1%80%D1%8D%D1%96" title="Яўрэі – valgevene" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Яўрэі" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="valgevene" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B0%D0%B1%D1%80%D1%8D%D1%96" title="Габрэі – valgevene (taraškievitsa)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Габрэі" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="valgevene (taraškievitsa)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judn" title="Judn – baieri" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Judn" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="baieri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Boarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jevreji" title="Jevreji – bosnia" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Jevreji" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="bosnia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yuzevien" title="Yuzevien – bretooni" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Yuzevien" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="bretooni" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B8" title="Евреи – bulgaaria" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Евреи" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="bulgaaria" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B9_%D2%AF%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%8D%D2%BB%D1%8D%D1%82%D1%8D%D0%BD" title="Еврей үндэһэтэн – burjaadi" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Еврей үндэһэтэн" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="burjaadi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Буряад</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jueus" title="Jueus – katalaani" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Jueus" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="katalaani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hudiyo" title="Hudiyo – sebu" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Hudiyo" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="sebu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BC" title="Еврейсем – tšuvaši" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Еврейсем" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="tšuvaši" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%BDid%C3%A9" title="Židé – tšehhi" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Židé" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="tšehhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sn mw-list-item"><a href="https://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vajudha" title="Vajudha – šona" lang="sn" hreflang="sn" data-title="Vajudha" data-language-autonym="ChiShona" data-language-local-name="šona" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ChiShona</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-co mw-list-item"><a href="https://co.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ebreu" title="Ebreu – korsika" lang="co" hreflang="co" data-title="Ebreu" data-language-autonym="Corsu" data-language-local-name="korsika" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Corsu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iddewon" title="Iddewon – kõmri" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Iddewon" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="kõmri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dag mw-list-item"><a href="https://dag.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yahuda" title="Yahuda – dagbani" lang="dag" hreflang="dag" data-title="Yahuda" data-language-autonym="Dagbanli" data-language-local-name="dagbani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dagbanli</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C3%B8der" title="Jøder – taani" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Jøder" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="taani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%8A%D9%87%D9%88%D8%AF" title="يهود – Maroko araabia" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="يهود" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="Maroko araabia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>الدارجة</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juden" title="Juden – saksa" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Juden" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="saksa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%95%CE%B2%CF%81%CE%B1%CE%AF%CE%BF%CE%B9" title="Εβραίοι – kreeka" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Εβραίοι" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="kreeka" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jews" title="Jews – inglise" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Jews" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="inglise" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pueblo_jud%C3%ADo" title="Pueblo judío – hispaania" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Pueblo judío" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="hispaania" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judoj" title="Judoj – esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Judoj" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judu" title="Judu – baski" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Judu" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="baski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DB%8C%D9%87%D9%88%D8%AF%DB%8C%D8%A7%D9%86" title="یهودیان – pärsia" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="یهودیان" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="pärsia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C3%B8dar" title="Jødar – fääri" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Jødar" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="fääri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Føroyskt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juifs" title="Juifs – prantsuse" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Juifs" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="prantsuse" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joaden" title="Joaden – läänefriisi" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Joaden" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="läänefriisi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ff mw-list-item"><a href="https://ff.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yahuudinko%27en" title="Yahuudinko'en – fula" lang="ff" hreflang="ff" data-title="Yahuudinko'en" data-language-autonym="Fulfulde" data-language-local-name="fula" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fulfulde</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ewnyn" title="Ewnyn – mänksi" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Ewnyn" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="mänksi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaelg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gag mw-list-item"><a href="https://gag.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%87%C4%B1f%C4%B1tlar" title="Çıfıtlar – gagauusi" lang="gag" hreflang="gag" data-title="Çıfıtlar" data-language-autonym="Gagauz" data-language-local-name="gagauusi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gagauz</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pobo_xudeu" title="Pobo xudeu – galeegi" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Pobo xudeu" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="galeegi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-inh mw-list-item"><a href="https://inh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%96%D1%83%D0%B3%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Жугтий – inguši" lang="inh" hreflang="inh" data-title="Жугтий" data-language-autonym="ГӀалгӀай" data-language-local-name="inguši" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ГӀалгӀай</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-glk mw-list-item"><a href="https://glk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%DB%8A%D9%87%DB%8A%D8%AF" title="جۊهۊد – gilaki" lang="glk" hreflang="glk" data-title="جۊهۊد" data-language-autonym="گیلکی" data-language-local-name="gilaki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>گیلکی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-got mw-list-item"><a href="https://got.wikipedia.org/wiki/%F0%90%8C%B9%F0%90%8C%BF%F0%90%8C%B3%F0%90%8C%B0%F0%90%8C%B9%F0%90%8C%B4%F0%90%8C%B9%F0%90%8D%83" title="𐌹𐌿𐌳𐌰𐌹𐌴𐌹𐍃 – gooti" lang="got" hreflang="got" data-title="𐌹𐌿𐌳𐌰𐌹𐌴𐌹𐍃" data-language-autonym="𐌲𐌿𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺" data-language-local-name="gooti" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>𐌲𐌿𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Y%C3%B9-thai-ng%C3%ACn" title="Yù-thai-ngìn – hakka" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Yù-thai-ngìn" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="hakka" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9C%A0%EB%8C%80%EC%9D%B8" title="유대인 – korea" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="유대인" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="korea" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yahudawa" title="Yahudawa – hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Yahudawa" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hausa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%80%D6%80%D5%A5%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%A5%D6%80" title="Հրեաներ – armeenia" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Հրեաներ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="armeenia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%B9%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%80" title="यहूदी – hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="यहूदी" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%BDidovi" title="Židovi – horvaadi" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Židovi" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="horvaadi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judi" title="Judi – ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Judi" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ig mw-list-item"><a href="https://ig.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jew" title="Jew – ibo" lang="ig" hreflang="ig" data-title="Jew" data-language-autonym="Igbo" data-language-local-name="ibo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Igbo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judeo" title="Judeo – interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Judeo" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B7%D1%83%D1%82%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B3_%D0%B0%D0%B4%C3%A6%D0%BC" title="Дзуттаг адæм – osseedi" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Дзуттаг адæм" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="osseedi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ирон</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gy%C3%B0ingar" title="Gyðingar – islandi" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Gyðingar" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="islandi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ebrei" title="Ebrei – itaalia" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Ebrei" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="itaalia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%99%D7%94%D7%95%D7%93%D7%99%D7%9D" title="יהודים – heebrea" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="יהודים" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="heebrea" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yahudi" title="Yahudi – jaava" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Yahudi" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="jaava" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%AF%E0%B3%86%E0%B2%B9%E0%B3%82%E0%B2%A6%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%AF" title="ಯೆಹೂದ್ಯ – kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಯೆಹೂದ್ಯ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-krc mw-list-item"><a href="https://krc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D1%83%D1%83%D1%83%D1%82%D0%BB%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%B0" title="Чууутлула – karatšai-balkaari" lang="krc" hreflang="krc" data-title="Чууутлула" data-language-autonym="Къарачай-малкъар" data-language-local-name="karatšai-balkaari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Къарачай-малкъар</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%94%E1%83%91%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90%E1%83%94%E1%83%9A%E1%83%94%E1%83%91%E1%83%98" title="ებრაელები – gruusia" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ებრაელები" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="gruusia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B9%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Еврейлер – kasahhi" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Еврейлер" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="kasahhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%96%D3%A9%D3%A9%D1%82%D1%82%D3%A9%D1%80" title="Жөөттөр – kirgiisi" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Жөөттөр" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="kirgiisi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayahudi" title="Wayahudi – suahiili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Wayahudi" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="suahiili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kg mw-list-item"><a href="https://kg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bayuda" title="Bayuda – kongo" lang="kg" hreflang="kg" data-title="Bayuda" data-language-autonym="Kongo" data-language-local-name="kongo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kongo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jwif" title="Jwif – haiti" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Jwif" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="haiti" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku badge-Q70894304 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cih%C3%BB" title="Cihû – kurdi" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Cihû" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="kurdi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lad mw-list-item"><a href="https://lad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pueblo_djudio" title="Pueblo djudio – ladiino" lang="lad" hreflang="lad" data-title="Pueblo djudio" data-language-autonym="Ladino" data-language-local-name="ladiino" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ladino</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iudaei" title="Iudaei – ladina" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Iudaei" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="ladina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ebreji" title="Ebreji – läti" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Ebreji" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="läti" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lez mw-list-item"><a href="https://lez.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D1%83%D0%B2%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Чувудар – lesgi" lang="lez" hreflang="lez" data-title="Чувудар" data-language-autonym="Лезги" data-language-local-name="lesgi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Лезги</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%BDydai" title="Žydai – leedu" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Žydai" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="leedu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nia mw-list-item"><a href="https://nia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yahudi" title="Yahudi – niasi" lang="nia" hreflang="nia" data-title="Yahudi" data-language-autonym="Li Niha" data-language-local-name="niasi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Li Niha</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zsid%C3%B3k" title="Zsidók – ungari" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Zsidók" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="ungari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B8" title="Евреи – makedoonia" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Евреи" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="makedoonia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jiosy" title="Jiosy – malagassi" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Jiosy" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="malagassi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%9C%E0%B5%82%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%BB" title="ജൂതൻ – malajalami" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ജൂതൻ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="malajalami" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mt mw-list-item"><a href="https://mt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lhud" title="Lhud – malta" lang="mt" hreflang="mt" data-title="Lhud" data-language-autonym="Malti" data-language-local-name="malta" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%82_%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%95" title="ज्यू लोक – marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="ज्यू लोक" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98%E1%83%94%E1%83%A4%E1%83%98" title="ურიეფი – megreli" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ურიეფი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="megreli" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%8A%D9%87%D9%88%D8%AF" title="يهود – Egiptuse araabia" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="يهود" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egiptuse araabia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%87%D9%88%D8%AF" title="جهود – mazandaraani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="جهود" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="mazandaraani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urang_Yahudi" title="Urang Yahudi – minangkabau" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Urang Yahudi" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="minangkabau" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Minangkabau</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/I%C3%B9-t%C3%A1i-n%C3%A8%CC%A4ng" title="Iù-tái-nè̤ng – idamini" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Iù-tái-nè̤ng" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="idamini" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B9" title="Еврей – mongoli" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Еврей" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="mongoli" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joden" title="Joden – hollandi" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Joden" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="hollandi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeuden" title="Jeuden – Hollandi alamsaksa" lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL" data-title="Jeuden" data-language-autonym="Nedersaksies" data-language-local-name="Hollandi alamsaksa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nedersaksies</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%A6%E3%83%80%E3%83%A4%E4%BA%BA" title="ユダヤ人 – jaapani" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ユダヤ人" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="jaapani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%96%D1%83%D1%8C%D0%B3%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Жуьгтий – tšetšeeni" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Жуьгтий" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="tšetšeeni" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Нохчийн</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C3%B8der" title="Jøder – norra bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Jøder" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="norra bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C3%B8dar" title="Jødar – uusnorra" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Jødar" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="uusnorra" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nrm mw-list-item"><a href="https://nrm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juis" title="Juis – Normandia" lang="nrf" hreflang="nrf" data-title="Juis" data-language-autonym="Nouormand" data-language-local-name="Normandia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nouormand</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jusieus" title="Jusieus – oksitaani" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Jusieus" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="oksitaani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yahudiylar" title="Yahudiylar – usbeki" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Yahudiylar" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="usbeki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%AF%E0%A8%B9%E0%A9%82%E0%A8%A6%E0%A9%80" title="ਯਹੂਦੀ – pandžabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਯਹੂਦੀ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="pandžabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DB%8C%DB%81%D9%88%D8%AF%DB%8C" title="یہودی – lahnda" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="یہودی" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="lahnda" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DB%8C%D9%87%D9%88%D8%AF" title="یهود – puštu" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="یهود" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="puštu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-km mw-list-item"><a href="https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%9E%87%E1%9E%93%E1%9E%87%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%8F%E1%9E%B7%E1%9E%87%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%9C%E1%9E%B8%E1%9E%A0%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%9C" title="ជនជាតិជ្វីហ្វ – khmeeri" lang="km" hreflang="km" data-title="ជនជាតិជ្វីហ្វ" data-language-autonym="ភាសាខ្មែរ" data-language-local-name="khmeeri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ភាសាខ្មែរ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mnw mw-list-item"><a href="https://mnw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%82%E1%80%BB%E1%80%B0" title="ဂျူ – moni" lang="mnw" hreflang="mnw" data-title="ဂျူ" data-language-autonym="ဘာသာမန်" data-language-local-name="moni" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ဘာသာမန်</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joden" title="Joden – alamsaksa" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Joden" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="alamsaksa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%BBydzi" title="Żydzi – poola" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Żydzi" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="poola" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judeus" title="Judeus – portugali" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Judeus" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="portugali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-crh mw-list-item"><a href="https://crh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yeudiler" title="Yeudiler – krimmitatari" lang="crh" hreflang="crh" data-title="Yeudiler" data-language-autonym="Qırımtatarca" data-language-local-name="krimmitatari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qırımtatarca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evrei" title="Evrei – rumeenia" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Evrei" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="rumeenia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B8" title="Евреи – russiini" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Евреи" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="russiini" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B8" title="Евреи – vene" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Евреи" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="vene" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D1%8C%D1%8D%D0%B1%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8D%D0%B9%D0%B4%D1%8D%D1%80" title="Дьэбириэйдэр – jakuudi" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Дьэбириэйдэр" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="jakuudi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ebreos" title="Ebreos – sardi" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Ebreos" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="sardi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sardu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jews" title="Jews – šoti" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Jews" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="šoti" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judejt%C3%AB" title="Judejtë – albaania" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Judejtë" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="albaania" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ebbreu" title="Ebbreu – sitsiilia" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Ebbreu" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="sitsiilia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%BA%E0%B7%94%E0%B6%AF%E0%B7%99%E0%B7%80%E0%B7%94%E0%B7%80%E0%B7%9D" title="යුදෙවුවෝ – singali" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="යුදෙවුවෝ" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="singali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jew" title="Jew – lihtsustatud inglise" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Jew" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="lihtsustatud inglise" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%BDidia" title="Židia – slovaki" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Židia" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="slovaki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judje" title="Judje – sloveeni" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Judje" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="sloveeni" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl mw-list-item"><a href="https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%BBydy" title="Żydy – sileesia" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" data-title="Żydy" data-language-autonym="Ślůnski" data-language-local-name="sileesia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ślůnski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%88%D9%88" title="جوو – sorani" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="جوو" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="sorani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%88%D0%B5%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%98%D0%B8" title="Јевреји – serbia" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Јевреји" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="serbia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jevreji" title="Jevreji – serbia-horvaadi" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Jevreji" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="serbia-horvaadi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yahudi" title="Yahudi – sunda" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Yahudi" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="sunda" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juutalaiset" title="Juutalaiset – soome" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Juutalaiset" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="soome" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judar" title="Judar – rootsi" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Judar" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="rootsi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mga_Hudyo" title="Mga Hudyo – tagalogi" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Mga Hudyo" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="tagalogi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AF%E0%AF%82%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D" title="யூதர் – tamili" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="யூதர்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="tamili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AF%D2%BB%D2%AF%D0%B4%D0%BB%D3%99%D1%80" title="Яһүдләр – tatari" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Яһүдләр" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="tatari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%AF%E0%B1%82%E0%B0%A6%E0%B1%81%E0%B0%B2%E0%B1%81" title="యూదులు – telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="యూదులు" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A7" title="ชาวยิว – tai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ชาวยิว" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="tai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ng%C6%B0%E1%BB%9Di_Do_Th%C3%A1i" title="Người Do Thái – vietnami" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Người Do Thái" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="vietnami" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yahudiler" title="Yahudiler – türgi" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Yahudiler" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="türgi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kcg mw-list-item"><a href="https://kcg.wikipedia.org/wiki/A%CC%B1yahuda" title="A̱yahuda – tjapi" lang="kcg" hreflang="kcg" data-title="A̱yahuda" data-language-autonym="Tyap" data-language-local-name="tjapi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tyap</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%84%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%97" title="Євреї – ukraina" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Євреї" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="ukraina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DB%8C%DB%81%D9%88%D8%AF" title="یہود – urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="یہود" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%8A%DB%95%DA%BE%DB%87%D8%AF%D9%89%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B1" title="يەھۇدىلار – uiguuri" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="يەھۇدىلار" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="uiguuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evrejalai%C5%BEed" title="Evrejalaižed – vepsa" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Evrejalaižed" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="vepsa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vepsän kel’</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hudeyo" title="Hudeyo – varai" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Hudeyo" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="varai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%8A%B9%E5%A4%AA%E4%BA%BA" title="犹太人 – uu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="犹太人" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="uu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%99%D7%99%D7%93" title="ייד – jidiši" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="ייד" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="jidiši" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%8C%B6%E5%A4%AA%E4%BA%BA" title="猶太人 – kantoni" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="猶太人" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="kantoni" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C4%B1hudi" title="Cıhudi – dõmli" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Cıhudi" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="dõmli" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zazaki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zea mw-list-item"><a href="https://zea.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jo%C3%B4d%27n" title="Joôd'n – zeelandi" lang="zea" hreflang="zea" data-title="Joôd'n" data-language-autonym="Zeêuws" data-language-local-name="zeelandi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zeêuws</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%BD%C4%ABd%C4%81" title="Žīdā – žemaidi" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Žīdā" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="žemaidi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Žemaitėška</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%8A%B9%E5%A4%AA%E4%BA%BA" title="犹太人 – hiina" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="犹太人" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="hiina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ann mw-list-item"><a href="https://ann.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ebi_Ju" title="Ebi Ju – obolo" lang="ann" hreflang="ann" data-title="Ebi Ju" data-language-autonym="Obolo" data-language-local-name="obolo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Obolo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-iba mw-list-item"><a href="https://iba.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orang_Judah" title="Orang Judah – ibani" lang="iba" hreflang="iba" data-title="Orang Judah" data-language-autonym="Jaku Iban" data-language-local-name="ibani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jaku Iban</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kge mw-list-item"><a href="https://kge.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jolma_Yahudi" title="Jolma Yahudi – Komering" lang="kge" hreflang="kge" data-title="Jolma Yahudi" data-language-autonym="Kumoring" data-language-local-name="Komering" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kumoring</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tly mw-list-item"><a href="https://tly.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C9%99hudijon" title="Jəhudijon – talõši" lang="tly" hreflang="tly" data-title="Jəhudijon" data-language-autonym="Tolışi" data-language-local-name="talõši" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tolışi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zgh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zgh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E2%B5%93%E2%B4%B7%E2%B4%B0%E2%B5%A2%E2%B5%8F" title="ⵓⴷⴰⵢⵏ – tamasikti (Maroko)" lang="zgh" hreflang="zgh" data-title="ⵓⴷⴰⵢⵏ" data-language-autonym="ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ" data-language-local-name="tamasikti (Maroko)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q7325#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Muuda keelelinke" class="wbc-editpage">Muuda linke</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div 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class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Jews" hreflang="en"><span>Commons</span></a></li><li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikiquote mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikiquote.org/wiki/Juudid" hreflang="et"><span>Vikitsitaadid</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q7325" title="Link andmehoidla seonduva üksuse juurde [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Andmeüksus</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Lehekülje tööriistad"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Ilme"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Ilme</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">vii külgpaanile</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">peida</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">Allikas: Vikipeedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"><span class="mw-redirectedfrom">(Ümber suunatud leheküljelt <a href="/w/index.php?title=Juut&redirect=no" class="mw-redirect" title="Juut">Juut</a>)</span></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="et" dir="ltr"><table> <tbody><tr> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Disambig_gray.svg/25px-Disambig_gray.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Disambig_gray.svg/38px-Disambig_gray.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Disambig_gray.svg/50px-Disambig_gray.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="220" data-file-height="168" /></span></span> </td> <td> <i>See artikkel räägib rahvast; ajakirja kohta vaata artiklit <a href="/wiki/Juudid_(ajakiri)" title="Juudid (ajakiri)">Juudid (ajakiri)</a>; Perekonnanime kohta vaata artiklit <a href="/wiki/Juut_(perekonnanimi)" title="Juut (perekonnanimi)">Juut (perekonnanimi)</a>.</i> </td></tr></tbody></table> <hr /> <div class="nomobile"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r6739384">.mw-parser-output th.mbox-text,.mw-parser-output td.mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.9em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output td.mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output td.mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output td.mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output table.ambox{margin:0 10%;border:1px solid #aaa;border-left:10px solid #1e90ff;background:#fbfbfb}.mw-parser-output table.ambox~table.ambox:not(.mbox-small-left){margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox th.mbox-text,.mw-parser-output .ambox td.mbox-text{padding:0.25em 0.5em}.mw-parser-output .ambox td.mbox-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em}.mw-parser-output .ambox td.mbox-imageright{padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0}.mw-parser-output table.ambox-notice{border-left:10px solid #1e90ff}.mw-parser-output table.ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b22222;background:#fee}.mw-parser-output table.ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b22222}.mw-parser-output table.ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output table.ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #f4c430}.mw-parser-output table.ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output table.ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #bba}.mw-parser-output table.imbox{margin:4px 10%;border-collapse:collapse;border:3px solid #36c;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output table.cmbox{margin:3px 10%;border-collapse:collapse;border:1px solid #aaa;background:#DFE8FF}.mw-parser-output table.ombox{margin:4px 10%;border-collapse:collapse;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;background-color:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output table.tmbox{margin:4px 10%;border-collapse:collapse;border:1px solid #c0c090;background:#f8eaba}.mw-parser-output table.fmbox{clear:both;margin:0.2em 0;width:100%;border:1px solid #aaa;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output table.fmbox-editnotice{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output table.mbox-small{clear:right;float:right;margin:4px 0 4px 1em;width:238px;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output table.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cmbox{background-color:#0d1a27}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmbox{background-color:#2e2505}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cmbox{background-color:#0d1a27}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmbox{background-color:#2e2505}}</style></div><table class="metadata plainlinks ambox ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Edit-copy_orange_button.svg/35px-Edit-copy_orange_button.svg.png" decoding="async" width="35" height="35" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Edit-copy_orange_button.svg/53px-Edit-copy_orange_button.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Edit-copy_orange_button.svg/70px-Edit-copy_orange_button.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="43" data-file-height="43" /></span></span></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span"><b>See artikkel</b> <b>vajab <a href="/wiki/Vikipeedia:Artiklite_toimetamine" title="Vikipeedia:Artiklite toimetamine">toimetamist</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"></span> <small><i>(Oktoober 2012)</i></small><span class="hide-when-compact"> <br /><small>Palun aita <a class="external text" href="https://et.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Juudid&action=edit">artiklit toimetada</a>.</small> <small>(<a href="/wiki/Juhend:Toimetusm%C3%A4rkuste_eemaldamine" title="Juhend:Toimetusmärkuste eemaldamine">Kuidas ja millal see märkus eemaldada?</a>)</small></span><span class="hide-when-compact"></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div class="nomobile"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r6739384" /></div><table class="metadata plainlinks ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></span></span></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span"><b>Artiklis ei ole piisavalt <a href="/wiki/Vikipeedia:Viitamine" title="Vikipeedia:Viitamine">viiteid</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"></span> <small><i>(Jaanuar 2020)</i></small><span class="hide-when-compact"> <br /><small>Palun aita väiteid kontrollida ja <a class="external text" href="https://et.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Juudid&action=edit">viiteid lisada</a></small>. <small>(<a href="/wiki/Juhend:Toimetusm%C3%A4rkuste_eemaldamine" title="Juhend:Toimetusmärkuste eemaldamine">Kuidas ja millal see märkus eemaldada?</a>)</small></span><span class="hide-when-compact"></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fail:Map_of_the_Jewish_Diaspora_in_the_World.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Map_of_the_Jewish_Diaspora_in_the_World.svg/220px-Map_of_the_Jewish_Diaspora_in_the_World.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="114" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Map_of_the_Jewish_Diaspora_in_the_World.svg/330px-Map_of_the_Jewish_Diaspora_in_the_World.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Map_of_the_Jewish_Diaspora_in_the_World.svg/440px-Map_of_the_Jewish_Diaspora_in_the_World.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2192" data-file-height="1135" /></a><figcaption>Juutide diasporaa (2010. aastate lõpus)</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fail:Jews2.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Jews2.png/220px-Jews2.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="294" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Jews2.png/330px-Jews2.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Jews2.png/440px-Jews2.png 2x" data-file-width="526" data-file-height="702" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Albert_Einstein" title="Albert Einstein">Albert Einstein</a>, <a href="/wiki/Maimonides" title="Maimonides">Maimonides</a>, <a href="/wiki/Golda_Meir" class="mw-redirect" title="Golda Meir">Golda Meir</a>, <a href="/wiki/Emma_Lazarus" title="Emma Lazarus">Emma Lazarus</a></figcaption></figure> <p><b>Juudid</b> (ka <i>heebrealased</i>) on ühtsete religioossete ja etniliste tunnustega inimrühm, kelle esivanemaiks peetakse <a href="/wiki/Iisrael" title="Iisrael">Iisraeli</a> ja <a href="/w/index.php?title=Juuda&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Juuda (pole veel kirjutatud)">Juuda</a> elanikkonda. </p><p>Maailmas on umbes 14 miljonit juuti, kellest kõige suurem osa elab Iisraelis (6 miljonit) ja <a href="/wiki/Ameerika_%C3%9Chendriigid" title="Ameerika Ühendriigid">Ameerika Ühendriikides</a> (5,5 miljonit). </p><p>Sõna "juut" on pärit <a href="/wiki/Heebrea_keel" title="Heebrea keel">heebrea keele</a> sõnast <i>yehudi</i> (יהודי), mis tähendab kas juudamaalast ehk <a href="/w/index.php?title=Juudamaa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Juudamaa (pole veel kirjutatud)">Juudamaa</a> elanikku või siis <a href="/w/index.php?title=Juuda_suguharu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Juuda suguharu (pole veel kirjutatud)">Juuda suguharu</a> liiget. Juudid hõlmavad aga ka <a href="/w/index.php?title=Benjaminlased&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Benjaminlased (pole veel kirjutatud)">benjaminlasi</a> ja <a href="/w/index.php?title=Leviidid&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Leviidid (pole veel kirjutatud)">leviite</a>. <a href="/wiki/Kreeka_keel" title="Kreeka keel">Kreeka keeles</a> võttis see sõna kuju Ιουδαιος (<i>Iudaios</i>) ja <a href="/wiki/Ladina_keel" title="Ladina keel">ladina keeles</a> <i>Judaeus</i>. </p><p>Suur osa juute räägib nende rahvaste keeli, kelle hulgas nad elavad, <a href="/wiki/Usutunnistus" title="Usutunnistus">tunnistades</a> <a href="/wiki/Judaism" title="Judaism">judaismi</a> kõrval ka <a href="/wiki/Kristlus" title="Kristlus">kristlust</a> ja muid usundeid. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ajalugu">Ajalugu</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Juudid&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Muuda alaosa "Ajalugu"" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>muuda</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Juudid&action=edit&section=1" title="Muuda alaosa "Ajalugu" lähteteksti"><span>muuda lähteteksti</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Juute on esimest korda mainitud 3. aastatuhande lõpul eKr. Juudid elavad laialipillatult paljudes maades. Nad on saanud nimetuse juuda hõimu järgi. </p><p>Juudid asusid alates <a href="/wiki/13._sajand_eKr" title="13. sajand eKr">13.</a>–<a href="/wiki/12._sajand_eKr" title="12. sajand eKr">12. sajandist eKr</a> paiksete põlluharijatena Palestiinas. Kui osa juute maa vallutamise järel <a href="/wiki/6._sajand_eKr" title="6. sajand eKr">6. sajandi algul eKr</a> viidi sunniviisil <a href="/wiki/Bab%C3%BCloonia" title="Babüloonia">Babülooniasse</a>, sai alguse nende hajumine muudesse maadesse (<a href="/wiki/Juudi_diasporaa" title="Juudi diasporaa">juudi diasporaa</a>). Babülooniast lähtusid <a href="/wiki/P%C3%A4rsia" class="mw-redirect" title="Pärsia">Pärsia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kesk-Aasia" title="Kesk-Aasia">Kesk-Aasia</a>, <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hiina" title="Hiina">Hiina</a>, <a href="/wiki/V%C3%A4ike-Aasia" title="Väike-Aasia">Väike-Aasia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kaukaasia" title="Kaukaasia">Kaukaasia</a> ja <a href="/wiki/Jeemen" title="Jeemen">Jeemeni</a> vanad juudi asundused. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Hellenism" title="Hellenism">Hellenismiajal</a> sai oluliseks juutide keskuseks <a href="/wiki/Aleksandria" title="Aleksandria">Aleksandria</a>. Mitmed juudi haritlased üritasid lähendada oma kultuuri domineerivale kreeka kultuurile ja osaleda täisväärtuslike kodanikena hellenistlikus ühiskonnas.<sup id="cite_ref-Collins_2000_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Collins_2000-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Judaismi rangete reeglite tõttu ei olnud see alati lihtne, range <a href="/wiki/Monoteism" title="Monoteism">monoteism</a>, <a href="/wiki/%C3%9Cmberl%C3%B5ikamine" title="Ümberlõikamine">ümberlõikamine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sabat" title="Sabat">sabati</a> pidamine ja mitmesugused söögikeelud olid ümbritseva maailma kommetega raskesti ühitatavad. Kuigi ei ole andmeid arvestatavast juudi <a href="/wiki/Misjon" title="Misjon">misjonist</a>, levisid paljud kombed, nagu sabati pidamine, kogu <a href="/wiki/Rooma_riik" title="Rooma riik">Rooma riigis</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Collins_2000_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Collins_2000-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Juutide olukord oli hellenismiajal üldiselt hea, kuid nende range monoteism ja teiste rahvaste soovimatus seda mõista tekitasid sageli pingeid ning viisid lõpuks <a href="/w/index.php?title=Juudi_s%C3%B5jad&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Juudi sõjad (pole veel kirjutatud)">juudi sõdadeni</a> aastatel <a href="/wiki/66" title="66">66</a>–<a href="/wiki/70" title="70">70</a>, <a href="/wiki/115" title="115">115</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Diasporaa_%C3%BClest%C3%B5us&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Diasporaa ülestõus (pole veel kirjutatud)">diasporaa ülestõus</a>) ja <a href="/wiki/132" title="132">132</a>. Ülestõusude tagajärjel hävitati <a href="/wiki/Jeruusalemma_tempel" title="Jeruusalemma tempel">Jeruusalemma tempel</a> ning hajutati ja orjastati paljud juudi kogukonnad. See viis diasporaa hoogsale arengule lääne suunas, kui <a href="/wiki/S%C3%B5javang" title="Sõjavang">sõjavange</a> asustati arvukalt ümber Rooma ääre<a href="/wiki/Provints" title="Provints">provintsidesse</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hispaania" title="Hispaania">Hispaaniasse</a>, <a href="/wiki/Doonau" title="Doonau">Doonau</a> ja <a href="/wiki/Rein" title="Rein">Reini</a> äärde. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fail:Museum_of_the_History_of_Polish_Jews_in_Warsaw_Main_exhibition_Gwo%C5%BAdziec_synagogue.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Museum_of_the_History_of_Polish_Jews_in_Warsaw_Main_exhibition_Gwo%C5%BAdziec_synagogue.jpg/220px-Museum_of_the_History_of_Polish_Jews_in_Warsaw_Main_exhibition_Gwo%C5%BAdziec_synagogue.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="175" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Museum_of_the_History_of_Polish_Jews_in_Warsaw_Main_exhibition_Gwo%C5%BAdziec_synagogue.jpg/330px-Museum_of_the_History_of_Polish_Jews_in_Warsaw_Main_exhibition_Gwo%C5%BAdziec_synagogue.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Museum_of_the_History_of_Polish_Jews_in_Warsaw_Main_exhibition_Gwo%C5%BAdziec_synagogue.jpg/440px-Museum_of_the_History_of_Polish_Jews_in_Warsaw_Main_exhibition_Gwo%C5%BAdziec_synagogue.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2953" data-file-height="2353" /></a><figcaption>Poola juudiajaloo muuseum Varssavis, Ukraina Gwoździeci sünagoogi rekonstruktsioon</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Keskaeg" title="Keskaeg">Keskaegses</a> <a href="/wiki/Euroopa" title="Euroopa">Euroopas</a> pidasid juudid visalt kinni oma usundist ja keeldusid <a href="/wiki/Ristiusk" class="mw-redirect" title="Ristiusk">ristiusku</a> vastu võtmast. See andis tõuke nende usulisele tagakiusamisele, mis algas Hispaanias aastal <a href="/wiki/613" title="613">613</a>. Kogu kristlikus Lääne- ja Kesk-Euroopas, kus elas enamik juute, kehtestati nende jaoks eriseadused; juutidelt võeti maaomandiõigus, nad olid sunnitud elama <a href="/wiki/Linn" title="Linn">linnades</a>, kus tegelesid peamiselt <a href="/wiki/K%C3%A4sit%C3%B6%C3%B6" title="Käsitöö">käsitöö</a> ja kaubitsemisega, rikkamad <a href="/wiki/Liigkasuv%C3%B5tmine" title="Liigkasuvõtmine">liigkasuvõtmisega</a>. Eriti levis juutide jälitamine <a href="/wiki/Ristis%C3%B5jad" title="Ristisõjad">ristisõdade</a> ajal; sellega kaasnes juutide arvukas ümberasumine. <a href="/wiki/1290" title="1290">1290</a>. aastal aeti juudid välja <a href="/wiki/Inglismaa" title="Inglismaa">Inglismaalt</a>, <a href="/wiki/1306" title="1306">1306</a>. aastal <a href="/wiki/Prantsusmaa" title="Prantsusmaa">Prantsusmaalt</a>. <a href="/wiki/Saksamaa" title="Saksamaa">Saksamaalt</a> põgenes palju juute jälitamise eest (eriti pärast suurt katku aastatel <a href="/wiki/1348" title="1348">1348</a>–<a href="/wiki/1350" title="1350">1350</a>) <a href="/wiki/Poola" title="Poola">Poola</a> ja <a href="/wiki/Leedu_Suurv%C3%BCrstiriik" class="mw-redirect" title="Leedu Suurvürstiriik">Leetu</a>. Neist kujunes Kesk- ja Ida-Euroopas <i><a href="/wiki/A%C5%A1kenazi_juudid" title="Aškenazi juudid">aškenazim</a></i>-rühm (Saksamaa juutide nimetuse järgi), kes säilitas <a href="/wiki/Jidi%C5%A1" class="mw-redirect" title="Jidiš">jidiši</a> (<a href="/wiki/Juudi_keel" title="Juudi keel">juudi keele</a>), kaua ka erilise juudi <a href="/wiki/R%C3%B5ivastus" class="mw-redirect" title="Rõivastus">rõivastuse</a>, mille kandmine kehtestati Saksamaal <a href="/wiki/1229" title="1229">1229</a>. aastal. </p><p><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ibeeria&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ibeeria (pole veel kirjutatud)">Ibeerias</a> tõi <a href="/wiki/Araablased" title="Araablased">araablaste</a> vallutus <a href="/wiki/8._sajand" title="8. sajand">8. sajandil</a> kaasa juutide olukorra kergenemise ja juudi <a href="/wiki/Kultuur" title="Kultuur">kultuuri</a> õitsengu <a href="/wiki/9._sajand" title="9. sajand">9.</a>–<a href="/wiki/15._sajand" title="15. sajand">15. sajandil</a>. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Inkvisitsioon" title="Inkvisitsioon">Inkvisitsiooni</a> nõudel pagendati juudid <a href="/wiki/1492" title="1492">1492</a>. aastal Hispaaniast ja <a href="/wiki/1496" title="1496">1496</a>. aastal ka <a href="/wiki/Portugal" title="Portugal">Portugalist</a>. Hispaania juudi pagulased rändasid peamiselt <a href="/wiki/Itaalia" title="Itaalia">Itaaliasse</a>, Põhja-<a href="/wiki/Aafrika" title="Aafrika">Aafrikasse</a>, <a href="/wiki/Balkan" class="mw-redirect" title="Balkan">Balkanile</a> ja <a href="/wiki/L%C3%A4his-Ida" title="Lähis-Ida">Lähis-Itta</a>. Need <a href="/wiki/Vahemeri" title="Vahemeri">Vahemere</a> maade juudid moodustavad <i><a href="/wiki/Sefaradi_juudid" title="Sefaradi juudid">sefardim</a></i>-rühma (Hispaania heebreakeelsest nimest <i>Sefarad</i>) ja kõnelevad <a href="/w/index.php?title=Espanjool&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Espanjool (pole veel kirjutatud)">espanjooli</a> (ladiinot). </p><p><a href="/wiki/14._sajand" title="14. sajand">14.</a> ja 15. sajandil sunniti juute elama linnades eraldi kvartalites või linnaosades – <a href="/wiki/Geto" title="Geto">getodes</a>. </p><p><a href="/wiki/17._sajand" title="17. sajand">17.</a>–<a href="/wiki/19._sajand" title="19. sajand">19. sajandi</a> <a href="/wiki/Revolutsioon" title="Revolutsioon">revolutsioonide</a> järel hakati Lääne-Euroopas juutidele tehtud kitsendusi järk-järgult kaotama. </p><p><a href="/wiki/18._sajand" title="18. sajand">18. sajandi</a> lõpul elas kõige rohkem juute <a href="/wiki/Rzeczpospolita" title="Rzeczpospolita">Poolas</a>. Poola jagamistel sattus suur osa neist <a href="/wiki/Venemaa_Keisririik" title="Venemaa Keisririik">Venemaa keisririigi</a> koosseisu, kus nende õigusi korduvalt kärbiti. </p><p>19. sajandi lõpul puhkes Euroopas uus <a href="/wiki/Antisemitism" title="Antisemitism">antisemitismi</a> laine, mida Venemaa ametivõimud revolutsioonilise liikumise kõrvalejuhtimiseks eriti mahitasid. Palju juute emigreerus sel ajal <a href="/wiki/Ameerika_%C3%9Chendriigid" title="Ameerika Ühendriigid">Ameerika Ühendriikidesse</a>. </p><p>Vastureaktsioonina antisemitismile tekkis 19. sajandi lõpul <a href="/wiki/Sionism" title="Sionism">sionism</a>. </p><p>Venemaa juutide õigusetus kaotati alles pärast <a href="/wiki/1917" title="1917">1917</a>. aasta <a href="/wiki/Veebruarirevolutsioon" title="Veebruarirevolutsioon">Veebruarirevolutsiooni</a>. </p><p>Suur protsent Venemaa juutidest (võrrelduna Venemaa rahvaarvuga) võttis osa <a href="/wiki/Bol%C5%A1evikud" title="Bolševikud">bolševike</a> liikumisest ja 1917. aasta <a href="/wiki/Oktoobrirevolutsioon" title="Oktoobrirevolutsioon">Oktoobrirevolutsioonist</a>. Tuntuimad juudi bolševikud olid <a href="/wiki/Lev_Trotski" title="Lev Trotski">Lev Trotski</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lev_Kamenev" title="Lev Kamenev">Lev Kamenev</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jakov_Sverdlov" title="Jakov Sverdlov">Jakov Sverdlov</a> ja <a href="/wiki/Grigori_Zinovjev" title="Grigori Zinovjev">Grigori Zinovjev</a>. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Adolf_Hitler" title="Adolf Hitler">Adolf Hitleri</a> ja <a href="/wiki/Natsionaalsotsialistlik_Saksa_T%C3%B6%C3%B6lispartei" title="Natsionaalsotsialistlik Saksa Töölispartei">Natsionaalsotsialistliku Saksa Töölispartei</a> võimuletulek <a href="/wiki/Kolmas_Riik" class="mw-redirect" title="Kolmas Riik">Saksamaal</a> <a href="/wiki/1933" title="1933">1933</a>. aastal tõi kaasa juutide massilise tagakiusamise. <a href="/wiki/1938" title="1938">1938</a>. aastal jäeti nad kõigepealt ilma kodanikuõigustest ja varandusest, seejärel aga deporteeriti (peamiselt Ida-Euroopasse) ja paljud ka mõrvati. Nimetatud tagakiusamise ja mõrvamise protsessi on hakatud nimetama <a href="/wiki/Holokaust" title="Holokaust">holokaustiks</a>. </p><p>Pärast <a href="/wiki/Teine_maailmas%C3%B5da" title="Teine maailmasõda">Teist maailmasõda</a> on pika ajalooga juudi kogukondi jäänud Kesk-Euroopasse väga vähe – holokausti üle elanud juudid rändasid välja nii <a href="/wiki/Palestiina_(ajalooline)" class="mw-redirect" title="Palestiina (ajalooline)">Palestiinasse</a> (pannes aluse Iisraeli riigile), Ameerika Ühendriikidesse kui ka mujale. </p><p><a href="/wiki/1948" title="1948">1948</a>. aastal loodi Iisraeli riik, kus ametlikuks keeleks on uusheebrea keel ehk <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ivriit&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ivriit (pole veel kirjutatud)">ivriit</a>, mis oli juutide hulgas säilinud kultus- ja kirjakeelena. </p><p>Nende sündmuste tõttu on juudi keskused maailmas olulisel määral ümber paiknenud. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Juudid_indoeurooplaste_ja_Euroopa_ajaloos">Juudid indoeurooplaste ja Euroopa ajaloos</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Juudid&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Muuda alaosa "Juudid indoeurooplaste ja Euroopa ajaloos"" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>muuda</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Juudid&action=edit&section=2" title="Muuda alaosa "Juudid indoeurooplaste ja Euroopa ajaloos" lähteteksti"><span>muuda lähteteksti</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Juutidel on olnud oluline osa vana <a href="/wiki/Viljakas_Poolkuu" class="mw-redirect" title="Viljakas Poolkuu">Viljaka Poolkuu</a> alal alguse saanud, seadustele ja arvestustele tugineva tsiviliseerituse toomisel uude <a href="/wiki/L%C3%A4%C3%A4nemaailm" title="Läänemaailm">läänemaailma</a> ja selle seal edasiviimises. Euroopa tsiviliseerumise ja juutide lugu on siiani olnud üks teineteist täiendav tervik. </p><p>Nii juutide poolt oma ajaloo alguseks peetud <a href="/wiki/Aabraham" title="Aabraham">Aabrahami</a> kokkulepe Jumalaga, kui ka <a href="/w/index.php?title=Indoeuroopased&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Indoeuroopased (pole veel kirjutatud)">indoeurooplaste</a> tsiviliseerumise lugu algasid <a href="/wiki/2._aastatuhat_eKr" title="2. aastatuhat eKr">2. aastatuhande alguses eKr</a>. </p><p>Juutide väljarändamisega Egiptusest <a href="/wiki/Mooses" title="Mooses">Moosese</a> juhtimisel sai alguse juutide järjepidev ajalugu rahvusena ja nende saamine üheks sel ajal välja kujunema hakanud <a href="/w/index.php?title=Vahemere_maailm&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vahemere maailm (pole veel kirjutatud)">Vahemere maailma</a> maaks. Sellega umbes samal ajal toimunud <a href="/wiki/Pronksiaja_kollaps" title="Pronksiaja kollaps">Pronksiaja kollapsis</a> varisesid kokku senised Euroopa tsiviliseerituse alged ja koos osade kreeklaste rändega <a href="/wiki/Joonia" title="Joonia">Jooniasse</a> algas seal üleminek uue kultuuri sünnile (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mileetos&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mileetos (pole veel kirjutatud)">Mileetose</a> 12 linna liit). Samas toimus Väike-Aasiast ka esimene oletatav <a href="/wiki/Etruskid" title="Etruskid">etruskide</a> väljaränne <a href="/wiki/Apenniini_poolsaar" title="Apenniini poolsaar">Apenniini poolsaarele</a>. </p><p>Juutide liitmisel <a href="/wiki/Aleksander_Suur" title="Aleksander Suur">Aleksander Suure</a> poolt <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hellenistlik_maailm&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hellenistlik maailm (pole veel kirjutatud)">hellenistlikku maailma</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aleksandria" title="Aleksandria">Aleksandria</a> kogukonna tekke, <a href="/wiki/Vana_Testament" class="mw-redirect" title="Vana Testament">Vana Testamendi</a> selleaegsete raamatute kreeka keelde tõlkimise ja Aleksandria juudi filosoofiakoolkonnaga algas juba nende otsene osa indoeuroopa rahvaste ja Euroopa tsivilisatsiooni(de) ajaloos. Liidetuna Rooma riiki moodustasid nad selle rahvastikust 8–10%. Seoses kristluse sünniga ja juutide hajutamisega Rooma riigis pärast nende ülestõuse said nad ka üheks, osaliselt juba Euroopas elavatest rahvustest. </p><p>Juudid said oma <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kasaaria&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kasaaria (pole veel kirjutatud)">Kasaaria</a> ja Hispaania kuldajaga piirneval ajal Euroopas taassündiva kaubanduse ja rahamajanduse ämmaemandaks. Selleaegsed võimukandjad soosid nende tulekut, tegevust ja kogukondi. Neile jäi kristlaste poolt põlatud liigkasuvõtjate roll. Pärast rahamajanduse sündi soosingud lõppesid ja algas nende tagakiusamine ja väljasaatmine. </p><p>Hiliskeskajast alates olid nad pikka aega soositud Poolas, kus kujunesid välja aškenazi juudid, <a href="/wiki/Jidi%C5%A1" class="mw-redirect" title="Jidiš">jidiš</a> ja juutide suurim kogukond maailmas. Uusaja tulekul algas nende eraldamine <a href="/wiki/Geto" title="Geto">getodesse</a>. </p><p>Kodanlikud revolutsioonid tõid juutidele järkjärgulise vabanemise senistest piirangutest ja Ameerika kuldaja. Alates sellest ajast on neil olnud ka järjest kasvav otsene roll Lääne kultuuri- ja tsivilisatsiooniloos. Pärast <a href="/wiki/Holokaust" title="Holokaust">holokausti</a> ja Iisraeli riigi rajamist on nende kogukonnad Lääne Euroopas kokku kuivanud. Viimane suur migratsioonilaine Euroopast Iisraeli leidis aset koos <a href="/wiki/NSV_Liit" class="mw-redirect" title="NSV Liit">NSV Liidu</a> kokkuvarisemisega.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Juudid_maailma_kultuuriloos">Juudid maailma kultuuriloos</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Juudid&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Muuda alaosa "Juudid maailma kultuuriloos"" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>muuda</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Juudid&action=edit&section=3" title="Muuda alaosa "Juudid maailma kultuuriloos" lähteteksti"><span>muuda lähteteksti</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Juudi kultuuri mõju praeguses maailmas on väga suur. Judaismist pärineb näiteks seitsmepäevane <a href="/wiki/N%C3%A4dal" title="Nädal">nädal</a> ja <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hingamisp%C3%A4ev&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hingamispäev (pole veel kirjutatud)">hingamispäeva</a> pidamine. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Aabrahamlik_religioon" title="Aabrahamlik religioon">Aabrahamlike religioonidena</a> on judaistlike juurtega nii kristlus kui ka <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">islam</a>. </p><p>Paljud silmapaistvad teadlased ja ühiskonnategelased on olnud juudi taustaga, näiteks <a href="/wiki/Niels_Bohr" title="Niels Bohr">Niels Bohr</a> ja <a href="/wiki/Albert_Einstein" title="Albert Einstein">Albert Einstein</a>. <a href="/wiki/Nobeli_auhind" title="Nobeli auhind">Nobeli auhinna</a> laureaatidest on ebaproportsionaalselt suur osa juudi päritolu, kui võrrelda nende mitte eriti suure üldarvuga. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Juudid_Eestis">Juudid Eestis</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Juudid&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Muuda alaosa "Juudid Eestis"" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>muuda</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Juudid&action=edit&section=4" title="Muuda alaosa "Juudid Eestis" lähteteksti"><span>muuda lähteteksti</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <dl><dd><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Next.svg/12px-Next.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Next.svg/18px-Next.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Next.svg/24px-Next.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="160" data-file-height="160" /></span></span> <i>Pikemalt artiklis <a href="/wiki/Eesti_juudid" title="Eesti juudid">Eesti juudid</a></i></dd></dl> <p>Teadaolevalt elas Eesti esimene juut <a href="/wiki/1333" title="1333">1333</a>. aastal <a href="/wiki/Tallinn" title="Tallinn">Tallinnas</a>. </p><p>Arvukam juudi kogukond Eestis tekkis 19. sajandi algul Poolast toodud alaealiste sõjaväekasvandike, sõdurite ja rändkaubitsejate näol. Suur osa Eesti juute rändas tagakiusamise tõttu 19. sajandi lõpul <a href="/wiki/Ameerika_%C3%9Chendriigid" title="Ameerika Ühendriigid">Ameerika Ühendriikidesse</a>. </p><p>1934. aastal oli Eestis juute 4434, 1959. aastal 5436. Pärast <a href="/wiki/N%C3%B5ukogude_okupatsioon_Eestis_(1940%E2%80%931941)" title="Nõukogude okupatsioon Eestis (1940–1941)">Eesti okupeerimist ja annekteerimist NSV Liidu poolt</a> represseeriti <a href="/wiki/Juunik%C3%BC%C3%BCditamine" title="Juuniküüditamine">juuniküüditamisel</a> <a href="/wiki/1941" title="1941">1941</a> umbes 400 Eesti juuti. Enne Saksa vägede saabumist lahkus umbes 2500 Eesti juuti mobiliseerituna <a href="/wiki/Punaarmee" title="Punaarmee">Punaarmeesse</a> või evakueerituna Nõukogude Liitu. Pärast <a href="/wiki/Saksa_okupatsioon_Eestis_(1941%E2%80%931944)" title="Saksa okupatsioon Eestis (1941–1944)">Eesti okupeerimist Saksa vägede poolt</a> juulis-septembris 1941 vangistati Saksa okupatsioonivõimude korraldusel Eestisse jäänud juudid, kellest enamik hukati <a href="/wiki/Kolmas_Riik" class="mw-redirect" title="Kolmas Riik">Saksamaa</a> <a href="/wiki/Natsionaalsotsialism" title="Natsionaalsotsialism">natsionaalsotsialistlikust</a> ja riiklikust antisemitismipoliitikast juhindudes. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Eesti_Juudi_Muuseum" title="Eesti Juudi Muuseum">Eesti Juudi Muuseumi</a> andmeil oli juudi kogukonna saatus aastatel 1940–1941 järgmine: 56% evakueeriti NSV Liitu, 12% mobiliseeriti NSV Liidu Punaarmeesse, 10% deporteeriti juuniküüditamise käigus ja 22% kogukonnast represseeriti ja hukati Saksa okupatsiooni ajal Eestis.<sup id="cite_ref-Estonian_Jewish_Museum_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Estonian_Jewish_Museum-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Vaata_ka">Vaata ka</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Juudid&veaction=edit&section=5" title="Muuda alaosa "Vaata ka"" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>muuda</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Juudid&action=edit&section=5" title="Muuda alaosa "Vaata ka" lähteteksti"><span>muuda lähteteksti</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/B%27nai_B%27rith" title="B'nai B'rith">B'nai B'rith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fala%C5%A1id" class="mw-redirect" title="Falašid">falašid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Filosemitism" title="Filosemitism">filosemitism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haganah" class="mw-redirect" title="Haganah">Haganah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heebrea_keel" title="Heebrea keel">heebrea keel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heebrea_kirjandus" title="Heebrea kirjandus">heebrea kirjandus</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iisraellased&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Iisraellased (pole veel kirjutatud)">iisraellased</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irgun" class="mw-redirect" title="Irgun">Irgun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jidi%C5%A1" class="mw-redirect" title="Jidiš">jidiš</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jidi%C5%A1i_kirjandus" title="Jidiši kirjandus">jidiši kirjandus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judaistika" title="Judaistika">judaistika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juudi_autonoomne_oblast" title="Juudi autonoomne oblast">Juudi autonoomne oblast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juudi_keel" title="Juudi keel">juudi keel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juudi_kirjandus" title="Juudi kirjandus">juudi kirjandus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juudid_Jeesuse_Eest" title="Juudid Jeesuse Eest">Juudid Jeesuse Eest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juutide_asustuspiirkond" title="Juutide asustuspiirkond">Juutide asustuspiirkond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juutide_k%C3%BC%C3%BCditamine_Slovakkiast_1938._aastal" title="Juutide küüditamine Slovakkiast 1938. aastal">Juutide küüditamine Slovakkiast 1938. aastal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MOSSAD" class="mw-redirect" title="MOSSAD">MOSSAD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xueta%27d" title="Xueta'd"><i>xueta</i>'d</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Veneetsia_geto" title="Veneetsia geto">Veneetsia geto</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Viited">Viited</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Juudid&veaction=edit&section=6" title="Muuda alaosa "Viited"" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>muuda</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Juudid&action=edit&section=6" title="Muuda alaosa "Viited" lähteteksti"><span>muuda lähteteksti</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="reflist" style="list-style-type: decimal;"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Collins_2000-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Collins_2000_1-0">1,0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Collins_2000_1-1">1,1</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text">John J. Collins, "Between Athens and Jerusalem: Jewish Identity in the Hellenistic Diaspora", Eerdmans/Dove, Michigan 2000</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-2">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pbs.org/wnet/heritage/HeritageGuide.pdf">Heritage: Civilization and the jews. Resource Guide</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Estonian_Jewish_Museum-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Estonian_Jewish_Museum_3-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://muuseum.jewish.ee/Catalog_eng.pdf">Estonian Jewish Museum</a></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Kirjandus">Kirjandus</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Juudid&veaction=edit&section=7" title="Muuda alaosa "Kirjandus"" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>muuda</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Juudid&action=edit&section=7" title="Muuda alaosa "Kirjandus" lähteteksti"><span>muuda lähteteksti</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gustav_Ichheiser" title="Gustav Ichheiser">Gustav Ichheiser</a>. The Jews and Antisemitism. – Sociometry, 1946, kd 9, nr 1, lk 92-108. Vt <a href="/wiki/Gustav_Ichheiser#Juudid_ja_antisemitism" title="Gustav Ichheiser">Gustav Ichheiser#Juudid ja antisemitism</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghil%27ad_Zuckermann" title="Ghil'ad Zuckermann">Zuckermann, Ghil'ad</a> (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.degruyter.com/downloadpdf/j/ijsl.2014.2014.issue-226/ijsl-2014-frontmatter226/ijsl-2014-frontmatter226.pdf">Jewish Language Contact (Special Issue of the International Journal of the Sociology of Language 226)</a>. Berlin - Boston: De Gruyter Mouton.</li> <li>Olev Remsu, Bussiga Poolas II. Juudi-Poola, Go Group 2011</li> <li>Olev Remsu, München. Hitler ja Dostojevski, Go Group 2012</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Välislingid"><span id="V.C3.A4lislingid"></span>Välislingid</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Juudid&veaction=edit&section=8" title="Muuda alaosa "Välislingid"" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>muuda</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Juudid&action=edit&section=8" title="Muuda alaosa "Välislingid" lähteteksti"><span>muuda lähteteksti</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r6724296">.mw-parser-output table.side-box{margin:4px 0;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output th.side-box-text,.mw-parser-output td.side-box-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.9em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output td.side-box-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output td.side-box-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output table.side-box a>img{max-width:none!important}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output table.side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output table.side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output table.side-box-left{margin-right:1em;border-collapse:collapse}}</style><table role="presentation" class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"> <tbody><tr> <td class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fail:Wikiquote-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/34px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="34" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/51px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/68px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></a></span></td> <td class="side-box-text">Tsitaadid Vikitsitaatides: <b><a href="https://et.wikiquote.org/wiki/Juudid" class="extiw" title="q:Juudid">Juudid</a></b></td></tr></tbody></table> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.economist.com/news/international/21593507-competing-answers-increasingly-pressing-question-who-jew">Jewishness: Who is a Jew? | The Economist</a></li></ul>    </div><noscript><img src="https://auth.wikimedia.org/loginwiki/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Pärit leheküljelt "<a dir="ltr" href="https://et.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Juudid&oldid=6655455">https://et.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Juudid&oldid=6655455</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Eri:Kategooriad" title="Eri:Kategooriad">Kategooria</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kategooria:Juudid" title="Kategooria:Juudid">Juudid</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Peidetud kategooriad: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kategooria:Toimetamist_ootavad_(oktoober_2012)" title="Kategooria:Toimetamist ootavad (oktoober 2012)">Toimetamist ootavad (oktoober 2012)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategooria:Toimetamist_ootavad" title="Kategooria:Toimetamist ootavad">Toimetamist ootavad</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategooria:Ebapiisavalt_viidatud_artiklid" title="Kategooria:Ebapiisavalt viidatud artiklid">Ebapiisavalt viidatud artiklid</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> Selle lehekülje viimane muutmine: 13:06, 20. mai 2024.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Tekst on kasutatav vastavalt Creative Commonsi litsentsile "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.et">Autorile viitamine + jagamine samadel tingimustel</a>"; sellele võivad lisanduda täiendavad tingimused. 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cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-talk-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="talk-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-speechBubbles mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-speechBubbles"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-subject-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="subject-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-article mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-article"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-history-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="history-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-history mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-history"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only mw-watchlink" id="ca-watchstar-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="watch-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-star mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-star"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-ve-edit-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ve-edit-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-edit mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-edit"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-edit-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="wikitext-edit-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikiText mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-wikiText"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-viewsource-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ve-edit-protected-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-editLock mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-editLock"></span> <span></span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-buttons"> <button class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet mw-interlanguage-selector" id="p-lang-btn-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-language"></span> <span>151 keelt</span> </button> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive" id="ca-addsection-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="addsection-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-speechBubbleAdd-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-speechBubbleAdd-progressive"></span> <span>Lisa teema</span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icon-end"> <div class="vector-user-links"> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="mw-portlet mw-portlet-dock-bottom emptyPortlet" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul> </ul> </div> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-6f7c94ff49-jc2vh","wgBackendResponseTime":131,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"0.247","walltime":"0.470","ppvisitednodes":{"value":567,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":8605,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":250,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":9,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":0,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":0,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":8160,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 237.785 1 -total"," 48.14% 114.460 1 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