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class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ancient"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Ancient</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ancient-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Early_Arabic" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_Arabic"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Early Arabic</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_Arabic-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Early_Chinese" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_Chinese"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Early Chinese</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_Chinese-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Early_Western" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_Western"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Early Western</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_Western-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-English_genre_establishment" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#English_genre_establishment"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5</span> <span>English genre establishment</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-English_genre_establishment-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Golden_Age_novels" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Golden_Age_novels"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Golden Age novels</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Golden_Age_novels-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Golden Age novels subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Golden_Age_novels-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Agatha_Christie" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Agatha_Christie"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Agatha Christie</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Agatha_Christie-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-By_country" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#By_country"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>By country</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-By_country-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle By country subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-By_country-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-China" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#China"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>China</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-China-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Iran" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Iran"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Iran</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Iran-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Japan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Japan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Japan</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Japan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-India" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#India"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>India</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-India-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Byomkesh_Bakshi_(Character)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Byomkesh_Bakshi_(Character)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4.1</span> <span>Byomkesh Bakshi (Character)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Byomkesh_Bakshi_(Character)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Feluda_(Character)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Feluda_(Character)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4.2</span> <span>Feluda (Character)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Feluda_(Character)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_bengali_detectives" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_bengali_detectives"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4.3</span> <span>Other bengali detectives</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_bengali_detectives-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Malayalam" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Malayalam"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4.4</span> <span>Malayalam</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Malayalam-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pakistan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pakistan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5</span> <span>Pakistan</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pakistan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Russia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Russia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.6</span> <span>Russia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Russia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-United_States" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_States"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.7</span> <span>United States</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-United_States-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Subgenres" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Subgenres"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Subgenres</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Subgenres-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Subgenres subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Subgenres-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Hardboiled" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hardboiled"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Hardboiled</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hardboiled-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Inverted" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Inverted"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Inverted</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Inverted-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Police_procedural" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Police_procedural"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Police procedural</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Police_procedural-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Historical_mystery" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Historical_mystery"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>Historical mystery</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Historical_mystery-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cozy_mystery" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cozy_mystery"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.5</span> <span>Cozy mystery</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cozy_mystery-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Serial_killer_mystery" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Serial_killer_mystery"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.6</span> <span>Serial killer mystery</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Serial_killer_mystery-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legal_thriller" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legal_thriller"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.7</span> <span>Legal thriller</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Legal_thriller-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Locked_room_mystery" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Locked_room_mystery"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.8</span> <span>Locked room mystery</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Locked_room_mystery-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Occult" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Occult"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.9</span> <span>Occult</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Occult-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-'Whodunit'" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#'Whodunit'"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.10</span> <span>'Whodunit'</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-'Whodunit'-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Modern_criticism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Modern_criticism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Modern criticism</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Modern_criticism-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Modern criticism subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Modern_criticism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Preserving_story_secrets" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Preserving_story_secrets"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Preserving story secrets</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Preserving_story_secrets-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Plausibility_and_coincidence" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Plausibility_and_coincidence"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Plausibility and coincidence</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Plausibility_and_coincidence-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Effects_of_technology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Effects_of_technology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Effects of technology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Effects_of_technology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Detective_Commandments" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Detective_Commandments"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Detective Commandments</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Detective_Commandments-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Influential_fictional_detectives" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Influential_fictional_detectives"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Influential fictional detectives</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Influential_fictional_detectives-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Influential fictional detectives subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Influential_fictional_detectives-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Sherlock_Holmes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sherlock_Holmes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Sherlock Holmes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sherlock_Holmes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hercule_Poirot" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hercule_Poirot"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>Hercule Poirot</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hercule_Poirot-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-C._Auguste_Dupin" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#C._Auguste_Dupin"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.3</span> <span>C. Auguste Dupin</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-C._Auguste_Dupin-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ellery_Queen" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ellery_Queen"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.4</span> <span>Ellery Queen</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ellery_Queen-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Detective_debuts_and_swan_songs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Detective_debuts_and_swan_songs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Detective debuts and swan songs</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Detective_debuts_and_swan_songs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Books" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Books"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Books</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Books-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Detective fiction</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 38 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-38" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">38 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A3%D8%AF%D8%A8_%D8%A8%D9%88%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%B3%D9%8A" title="أدب بوليسي – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="أدب بوليسي" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ficci%C3%B3n_de_detectives" title="Ficción de detectives – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Ficción de detectives" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Detektiv_(%C9%99d%C9%99biyyat)" title="Detektiv (ədəbiyyat) – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Detektiv (ədəbiyyat)" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%97%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A6%E0%A6%BE_%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%80" title="গোয়েন্দা কল্পকাহিনী – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="গোয়েন্দা কল্পকাহিনী" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D1%8D%D1%82%D1%8D%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%8B%D1%9E" title="Дэтэктыў – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Дэтэктыў" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ficci%C3%B3_detectivesca" title="Ficció detectivesca – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Ficció detectivesca" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Detektivka" title="Detektivka – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Detektivka" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Detektiivromaan" title="Detektiivromaan – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Detektiivromaan" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ficci%C3%B3n_detectivesca" title="Ficción detectivesca – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Ficción detectivesca" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Detektibe-fikzio" title="Detektibe-fikzio – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Detektibe-fikzio" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86_%DA%A9%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A2%DA%AF%D8%A7%D9%87%DB%8C" title="داستان کارآگاهی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="داستان کارآگاهی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiction_de_d%C3%A9tective" title="Fiction de détective – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Fiction de détective" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ficci%C3%B3n_detectivesca" title="Ficción detectivesca – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Ficción detectivesca" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%B6%94%EB%A6%AC%EB%AC%BC" title="추리물 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="추리물" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B4%D5%A5%D5%BF%D5%A5%D5%AF%D5%BF%D5%AB%D5%BE" title="Դետեկտիվ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Դետեկտիվ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cerita_detektif" title="Cerita detektif – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Cerita detektif" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poliziesco" title="Poliziesco – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Poliziesco" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A1%D7%A4%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%AA_%D7%91%D7%9C%D7%A9%D7%99%D7%AA" title="ספרות בלשית – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="ספרות בלשית" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%93%E1%83%94%E1%83%A2%E1%83%94%E1%83%A5%E1%83%A2%E1%83%98%E1%83%95%E1%83%98" title="დეტექტივი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="დეტექტივი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fabula_criminalis" title="Fabula criminalis – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Fabula criminalis" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Detekt%C4%ABvs" title="Detektīvs – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Detektīvs" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Detektyvas" title="Detektyvas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Detektyvas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cereka_detektif" title="Cereka detektif – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Cereka detektif" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Detectiveverhaal" title="Detectiveverhaal – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Detectiveverhaal" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Detektivforteljing" title="Detektivforteljing – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Detektivforteljing" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%9C%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B8%E0%A9%82%E0%A8%B8%E0%A9%80_%E0%A8%97%E0%A8%B2%E0%A8%AA" title="ਜਾਸੂਸੀ ਗਲਪ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਜਾਸੂਸੀ ਗਲਪ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fic%C3%A7%C3%A3o_investigativa" title="Ficção investigativa – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Ficção investigativa" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B2" title="Детектив – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Детектив" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Detekt%C3%ADvny_film" title="Detektívny film – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Detektívny film" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%DB%8C%D9%84%D9%85%DB%8C_%D9%84%DB%8E%DA%A9%DB%86%DA%B5%DB%95%D8%B1%DB%8C%DB%8C%DB%8C_%D8%AE%DB%95%DB%8C%D8%A7%DA%B5%DB%8C" title="فیلمی لێکۆڵەرییی خەیاڵی – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="فیلمی لێکۆڵەرییی خەیاڵی" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B2%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BA%D1%9A%D0%B8%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82" title="Детективска књижевност – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Детективска књижевност" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salapoliisikirjallisuus" title="Salapoliisikirjallisuus – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Salapoliisikirjallisuus" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%B1%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B5%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%88%E0%AE%B5%E0%AF%81" title="துப்பறிவுப் புனைவு – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="துப்பறிவுப் புனைவு" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE%D2%B3%D3%A3" title="Достони корогоҳӣ – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Достони корогоҳӣ" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B2_(%D0%B6%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%80)" title="Детектив (жанр) – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Детектив (жанр)" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Truy%E1%BB%87n_trinh_th%C3%A1m" title="Truyện trinh thám – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Truyện trinh thám" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a 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div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Detective story" redirects here. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Detective_Story_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Detective Story (disambiguation)">Detective Story</a>.</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sidney_Paget_-_The_Boscombe_Valley_Mystery_02.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Sidney_Paget_-_The_Boscombe_Valley_Mystery_02.jpg/260px-Sidney_Paget_-_The_Boscombe_Valley_Mystery_02.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="223" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Sidney_Paget_-_The_Boscombe_Valley_Mystery_02.jpg/390px-Sidney_Paget_-_The_Boscombe_Valley_Mystery_02.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Sidney_Paget_-_The_Boscombe_Valley_Mystery_02.jpg/520px-Sidney_Paget_-_The_Boscombe_Valley_Mystery_02.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2074" data-file-height="1778" /></a><figcaption>Consulting detective <a href="/wiki/Sherlock_Holmes" title="Sherlock Holmes">Sherlock Holmes</a> examines a suspect's boots in an illustration to the 1891 story "<a href="/wiki/The_Boscombe_Valley_Mystery" title="The Boscombe Valley Mystery">The Boscombe Valley Mystery</a>"</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Detective fiction</b> is a subgenre of <a href="/wiki/Crime_fiction" title="Crime fiction">crime fiction</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mystery_fiction" title="Mystery fiction">mystery fiction</a> in which an <a href="/wiki/Criminal_investigation" title="Criminal investigation">investigator</a> or a <a href="/wiki/Detective" title="Detective">detective</a>—whether professional, amateur or retired—investigates a crime, often <a href="/wiki/Murder" title="Murder">murder</a>. The detective genre began around the same time as <a href="/wiki/Speculative_fiction" title="Speculative fiction">speculative fiction</a> and other <a href="/wiki/Genre_fiction" title="Genre fiction">genre fiction</a> in the mid-nineteenth century and has remained extremely popular, particularly in novels.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some of the most famous heroes of detective fiction include <a href="/wiki/C._Auguste_Dupin" title="C. Auguste Dupin">C. Auguste Dupin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sherlock_Holmes" title="Sherlock Holmes">Sherlock Holmes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kogoro_Akechi" title="Kogoro Akechi">Kogoro Akechi</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Hercule_Poirot" title="Hercule Poirot">Hercule Poirot</a>. Juvenile stories featuring <a href="/wiki/The_Hardy_Boys" title="The Hardy Boys">The Hardy Boys</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nancy_Drew" title="Nancy Drew">Nancy Drew</a>, and <a href="/wiki/The_Boxcar_Children" title="The Boxcar Children">The Boxcar Children</a> have also remained in print for several decades. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Detective_fiction&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ancient">Ancient</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Detective_fiction&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Ancient"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Some scholars, such as R. H. Pfeiffer, have suggested that certain ancient and religious texts bear similarities to what would later be called detective fiction. In the Old Testament story of <a href="/wiki/Susanna_(Book_of_Daniel:_13)" class="mw-redirect" title="Susanna (Book of Daniel: 13)">Susanna and the Elders</a> (the <a href="/wiki/Protestant" class="mw-redirect" title="Protestant">Protestant</a> <a href="/wiki/Bible" title="Bible">Bible</a> locates this story within the <a href="/wiki/Apocrypha" title="Apocrypha">apocrypha</a>), the account told by two witnesses broke down when <a href="/wiki/Daniel_(biblical_figure)" title="Daniel (biblical figure)">Daniel</a> cross-examines them. In response, author <a href="/wiki/Julian_Symons" title="Julian Symons">Julian Symons</a> has argued that "those who search for fragments of detection in the Bible and Herodotus are looking only for puzzles" and that these puzzles are not detective stories.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the play <i><a href="/wiki/Oedipus_Rex" title="Oedipus Rex">Oedipus Rex</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek" title="Ancient Greek">Ancient Greek</a> playwright <a href="/wiki/Sophocles" title="Sophocles">Sophocles</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oedipus" title="Oedipus">Oedipus</a> investigates the unsolved murder of <a href="/wiki/Laius" title="Laius">King Laius</a> and discovers the truth after questioning various witnesses that he himself is the culprit. Although "Oedipus's enquiry is based on supernatural, pre-rational methods that are evident in most narratives of crime until the development of <a href="/wiki/Age_of_Enlightenment" title="Age of Enlightenment">Enlightenment</a> thought in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries", this narrative has "all of the central characteristics and formal elements of the detective story, including a mystery surrounding a murder, a closed circle of suspects, and the gradual uncovering of a hidden past."<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_Arabic">Early Arabic</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Detective_fiction&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Early Arabic"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><i><a href="/wiki/One_Thousand_and_One_Nights" title="One Thousand and One Nights">One Thousand and One Nights</a></i> contains several of the earliest detective stories, anticipating modern detective fiction.<sup id="cite_ref-Gerhardi_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gerhardi-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The oldest known example of a detective story was "<a href="/wiki/The_Three_Apples" title="The Three Apples">The Three Apples</a>", one of the tales narrated by <a href="/wiki/Scheherazade" title="Scheherazade">Scheherazade</a> in the <i><a href="/wiki/One_Thousand_and_One_Nights" title="One Thousand and One Nights">One Thousand and One Nights</a></i> (<i>Arabian Nights</i>). In this story, a fisherman discovers a heavy, locked chest along the <a href="/wiki/Tigris" title="Tigris">Tigris</a> river, which he then sells to the <a href="/wiki/Abbasid_Caliphate" title="Abbasid Caliphate">Abbasid Caliph</a>, <a href="/wiki/Harun_al-Rashid" title="Harun al-Rashid">Harun al-Rashid</a>. When Harun breaks open the chest, he discovers the body of a young woman who has been cut into pieces. Harun then orders his <a href="/wiki/Vizier" title="Vizier">vizier</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ja%27far_ibn_Yahya" title="Ja'far ibn Yahya">Ja'far ibn Yahya</a>, to solve the crime and to find the murderer within three days, or be executed if he fails in his assignment.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Suspense" title="Suspense">Suspense</a> is generated through multiple <a href="/wiki/Plot_twist" title="Plot twist">plot twists</a> that occur as the story progressed.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> With these characteristics this may be considered an <a href="/wiki/Archetype" title="Archetype">archetype</a> for detective fiction.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It anticipates the use of <a href="/wiki/Reverse_chronology" title="Reverse chronology">reverse chronology</a> in modern detective fiction, where the story begins with a crime before presenting a gradual reconstruction of the past.<sup id="cite_ref-Gerhardi_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gerhardi-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The main difference between Ja'far ("The Three Apples") and later fictional detectives, such as <a href="/wiki/Sherlock_Holmes" title="Sherlock Holmes">Sherlock Holmes</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hercule_Poirot" title="Hercule Poirot">Hercule Poirot</a>, is that Ja'far has no desire to solve the case. The <a href="/wiki/Whodunit" title="Whodunit">whodunit</a> mystery is solved when the murderer himself confessed his crime.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This in turn leads to another assignment in which Ja'far has to find the culprit who instigated the murder within three days or else be executed. Ja'far again fails to find the culprit before the deadline, but owing to chance, he discovers a key item. In the end, he manages to solve the case through reasoning in order to prevent his own execution.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On the other hand, two other <i>Arabian Nights</i> stories, "The Merchant and the Thief" and "Ali Khwaja", contain two of the earliest <a href="/wiki/Fictional_detectives" class="mw-redirect" title="Fictional detectives">fictional detectives</a>, who uncover clues and present evidence to catch or convict a criminal known to the audience, with the story unfolding in normal chronology and the criminal already known to the audience. The latter involves a <a href="/wiki/Climax_(narrative)" title="Climax (narrative)">climax</a> where the titular detective protagonist Ali Khwaja presents evidence from <a href="/wiki/Expert_witness" title="Expert witness">expert witnesses</a> in a court.<sup id="cite_ref-Gerhardi_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gerhardi-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_Chinese">Early Chinese</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Detective_fiction&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Early Chinese"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Gong%27an_fiction" title="Gong'an fiction">Gong'an fiction</a> (<a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%85%AC%E6%A1%88%E5%B0%8F%E8%AF%B4" class="extiw" title="zh:公案小说">公案小说</a>, literally："case records of a public law court") is an early genre of Chinese detective fiction. </p><p>Some well-known stories include the <a href="/wiki/Yuan_dynasty" title="Yuan dynasty">Yuan dynasty</a> story <i><a href="/wiki/Circle_of_Chalk" class="mw-redirect" title="Circle of Chalk">Circle of Chalk</a></i> (Chinese: <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E7%81%B0" class="extiw" title="wikt:灰">灰</a><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E9%97%8C" class="extiw" title="wikt:闌">闌</a><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E8%A8%98" class="extiw" title="wikt:記">記</a>), the <a href="/wiki/Ming_dynasty" title="Ming dynasty">Ming dynasty</a> story collection <i><a href="/wiki/Bao_Gong_An" class="mw-redirect" title="Bao Gong An">Bao Gong An</a></i> (Chinese: <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E5%8C%85" class="extiw" title="wikt:包">包</a><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E5%85%AC" class="extiw" title="wikt:公">公</a><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E6%A1%88" class="extiw" title="wikt:案">案</a>) and the 18th century <i><a href="/wiki/Di_Gong_An" class="mw-redirect" title="Di Gong An">Di Gong An</a></i> (Chinese: <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E7%8B%84" class="extiw" title="wikt:狄">狄</a><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E5%85%AC" class="extiw" title="wikt:公">公</a><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E6%A1%88" class="extiw" title="wikt:案">案</a>) story collection. The latter was translated into English as <i><a href="/wiki/Celebrated_Cases_of_Judge_Dee" title="Celebrated Cases of Judge Dee">Celebrated Cases of Judge Dee</a></i> by Dutch sinologist <a href="/wiki/Robert_Van_Gulik" class="mw-redirect" title="Robert Van Gulik">Robert Van Gulik</a>, who then used the style and characters to write the original <a href="/wiki/Judge_Dee" title="Judge Dee">Judge Dee</a> series. </p><p>The hero/detective of these novels was typically a traditional judge or similar official based on historical personages such as <a href="/wiki/Judge_Bao" class="mw-redirect" title="Judge Bao">Judge Bao</a> (<a href="/wiki/Bao_Zheng" title="Bao Zheng">Bao Qingtian</a>) or Judge Dee (<a href="/wiki/Di_Renjie" title="Di Renjie">Di Renjie</a>). Although the historical characters may have lived in an earlier period (such as the <a href="/wiki/Song_dynasty" title="Song dynasty">Song</a> or <a href="/wiki/Tang_dynasty" title="Tang dynasty">Tang dynasty</a>) most stories are written in the later <a href="/wiki/Ming_dynasty" title="Ming dynasty">Ming</a> or <a href="/wiki/Qing_dynasty" title="Qing dynasty">Qing</a> dynasty period. </p><p>These novels differ from the Western tradition in several points as described by Van Gulik:<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>The detective is the local magistrate who is usually involved in several unrelated cases simultaneously;</li> <li>The criminal is introduced at the very beginning of the story and his crime and reasons are carefully explained, thus constituting an <a href="/wiki/Inverted_detective_story" title="Inverted detective story">inverted detective story</a> rather than a "puzzle";</li> <li>The stories have a supernatural element with ghosts telling people about their death and even accusing the criminal;</li> <li>The stories are filled with digressions into philosophy, the complete texts of official documents, and much more, resulting in long books; and</li> <li>The novels tend to have a huge cast of characters, typically in the hundreds, all described with their relation to the various main actors in the story.</li></ul> <p>Van Gulik chose <i>Di Gong An</i> to translate because in his view it was closer to the Western literary style and more likely to appeal to non-Chinese readers. </p><p>A number of <a href="/wiki/Gong_An_story" class="mw-redirect" title="Gong An story">Gong An</a> works may have been <a href="/wiki/Lost_literary_work" title="Lost literary work">lost</a> or destroyed during the <a href="/wiki/Literary_Inquisition" class="mw-redirect" title="Literary Inquisition">Literary Inquisitions</a> and the <a href="/wiki/List_of_Chinese_battles" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Chinese battles">wars</a> in ancient China.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In traditional Chinese culture, this genre was not prestigious, and was therefore considered less worthy of preservation than works of philosophy or poetry. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_Western">Early Western</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Detective_fiction&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Early Western"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Edgar_Allen_Poe_1898.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Edgar_Allen_Poe_1898.jpg/220px-Edgar_Allen_Poe_1898.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="281" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Edgar_Allen_Poe_1898.jpg/330px-Edgar_Allen_Poe_1898.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Edgar_Allen_Poe_1898.jpg/440px-Edgar_Allen_Poe_1898.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1841" data-file-height="2353" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Edgar_Allan_Poe" title="Edgar Allan Poe">Edgar Allan Poe</a> (1809–1849)</figcaption></figure> <p>One of the earliest examples of detective fiction in Western literature is <a href="/wiki/Voltaire" title="Voltaire">Voltaire</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Zadig" title="Zadig">Zadig</a></i> (1748), which features a main character who performs feats of analysis.<sup id="cite_ref-Silverman171_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Silverman171-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i><a href="/wiki/Things_as_They_Are;_or,_The_Adventures_of_Caleb_Williams" title="Things as They Are; or, The Adventures of Caleb Williams">Things as They Are; or, The Adventures of Caleb Williams</a></i> (1794) by <a href="/wiki/William_Godwin" title="William Godwin">William Godwin</a> portrays the law as protecting the murderer and destroying the innocent.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Skinner_Surr" title="Thomas Skinner Surr">Thomas Skinner Sturr</a>'s anonymous <i>Richmond, or stories in the life of a Bow Street officer</i> was published in London in 1827; the Danish crime story <i><a href="/wiki/The_Rector_of_Veilbye" title="The Rector of Veilbye">The Rector of Veilbye</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Steen_Steensen_Blicher" title="Steen Steensen Blicher">Steen Steensen Blicher</a> was written in 1829; and the Norwegian crime novel <i>Mordet paa Maskinbygger Roolfsen</i> ("The Murder of Engine Maker Roolfsen") by <a href="/wiki/Maurits_Hansen" title="Maurits Hansen">Maurits Hansen</a> was published in December 1839. </p><p>"<a href="/wiki/Mademoiselle_de_Scuderi" title="Mademoiselle de Scuderi">Das Fräulein von Scuderi</a>" is an 1819 short story by <a href="/wiki/E._T._A._Hoffmann" title="E. T. A. Hoffmann">E. T. A. Hoffmann</a>, in which Mlle de Scudery establishes the innocence of the police's favorite suspect in the murder of a jeweller. This story is sometimes cited as the first detective story and as a direct influence on <a href="/wiki/Edgar_Allan_Poe" title="Edgar Allan Poe">Edgar Allan Poe</a>'s "<a href="/wiki/The_Murders_in_the_Rue_Morgue" title="The Murders in the Rue Morgue">The Murders in the Rue Morgue</a>" (1841).<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Also suggested as a possible influence on Poe is 'The Secret Cell', a short story published in September 1837 by <a href="/wiki/William_Evans_Burton" title="William Evans Burton">William Evans Burton</a>. It has been suggested that this story may have been known to Poe, who worked for Burton in 1839.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The story was about a London policeman who solves the mystery of a kidnapped girl. Burton's fictional detective relied on practical methods such as dogged legwork, knowledge of the underworld and undercover surveillance, rather than brilliance of imagination or intellect. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="English_genre_establishment">English genre establishment</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Detective_fiction&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: English genre establishment"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Detective fiction in the English-language literature is considered to have begun in 1841 with the publication of Poe's "The Murders in the Rue Morgue",<sup id="cite_ref-Silverman171_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Silverman171-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> featuring "the first fictional detective, the eccentric and brilliant <a href="/wiki/C._Auguste_Dupin" title="C. Auguste Dupin">C. Auguste Dupin</a>". When the character first appeared, the word <i>detective</i> had not yet been used in English; however, the character's name, "Dupin", originated from the English word dupe or deception.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Poe devised a "plot formula that's been successful ever since, give or take a few shifting variables."<sup id="cite_ref-NDHB_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NDHB-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Poe followed with further Auguste Dupin tales: "<a href="/wiki/The_Mystery_of_Marie_Rog%C3%AAt" title="The Mystery of Marie Rogêt">The Mystery of Marie Rogêt</a>" in 1842 and "<a href="/wiki/The_Purloined_Letter" title="The Purloined Letter">The Purloined Letter</a>" in 1844. </p><p>Poe referred to his stories as "tales of <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/ratiocination" class="extiw" title="wikt:ratiocination">ratiocination</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-Silverman171_12-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Silverman171-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In stories such as these, the primary concern of the plot is ascertaining truth, and the usual means of obtaining the truth is a complex and mysterious process combining intuitive logic, astute observation, and perspicacious inference. "Early detective stories tended to follow an investigating protagonist from the first scene to the last, making the unravelling a practical rather than emotional matter."<sup id="cite_ref-NDHB_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NDHB-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> "The Mystery of Marie Rogêt" is particularly interesting because it is a barely fictionalized account based on Poe's theory of what happened to the real-life <a href="/wiki/Mary_Rogers" title="Mary Rogers">Mary Cecilia Rogers</a>. </p><p><a href="/wiki/William_Russell_(fiction_writer)" title="William Russell (fiction writer)">William Russell</a> (1806–1876) was among the first English authors to write fictitious 'police memoirs',<sup id="cite_ref-Saunders_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Saunders-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> contributing an irregular series of stories (under the <a href="/wiki/Pseudonym" title="Pseudonym">pseudonym</a> 'Waters') to <i><a href="/wiki/Chambers%27s_Edinburgh_Journal" title="Chambers's Edinburgh Journal">Chambers's Edinburgh Journal</a></i> between 1849 and 1852. Unauthorised collections of his stories were published in <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York City</a> in 1852 and 1853, entitled <i>The Recollections of a Policeman</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Circulating_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Circulating-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Twelve stories were then collated into a volume entitled <i>Recollections of a Detective Police-Officer</i>, published in London in 1856.<sup id="cite_ref-Bookhunter_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bookhunter-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dickens_by_Watkins_1858.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Dickens_by_Watkins_1858.png/156px-Dickens_by_Watkins_1858.png" decoding="async" width="156" height="196" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Dickens_by_Watkins_1858.png/234px-Dickens_by_Watkins_1858.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Dickens_by_Watkins_1858.png/312px-Dickens_by_Watkins_1858.png 2x" data-file-width="626" data-file-height="786" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Charles_Dickens" title="Charles Dickens">Charles Dickens</a> (1812–1870). Photo from 1858</figcaption></figure><p>Literary critic Catherine Ross Nickerson credits <a href="/wiki/Louisa_May_Alcott" title="Louisa May Alcott">Louisa May Alcott</a> with creating the second-oldest work of modern detective fiction, after Poe's Dupin stories, with the 1865 thriller "V.V., or Plots and Counterplots." A short story published anonymously by Alcott, the story concerns a Scottish aristocrat who tries to prove that a mysterious woman has killed his fiancée and cousin. The detective on the case, Antoine Dupres, is a parody of Auguste Dupin who is less concerned with solving the crime than he is in setting up a way to reveal the solution with a dramatic flourish. Ross Nickerson notes that many of the American writers who experimented with Poe's established rules of the genre were women, inventing a subgenre of domestic detective fiction that flourished for several generations. These included <a href="/wiki/Metta_Fuller_Victor" class="mw-redirect" title="Metta Fuller Victor">Metta Fuller Victor</a>'s two detective novels <i>The Dead Letter</i> (1867) and <i>The Figure Eight</i> (1869).<sup id="cite_ref-Nickerson2010_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nickerson2010-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>The Dead Letter</i> is noteworthy as the first full-length work of American crime fiction.<sup id="cite_ref-pabook_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pabook-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/%C3%89mile_Gaboriau" title="Émile Gaboriau">Émile Gaboriau</a> was a pioneer of the detective fiction genre in France. In <i><a href="/wiki/Monsieur_Lecoq_(novel)" title="Monsieur Lecoq (novel)">Monsieur Lecoq</a></i> (1868), the title character is adept at disguise, a key characteristic of detectives.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Gaboriau's writing is also considered to contain the first example of a detective minutely examining a crime scene for clues.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Another early example of a whodunit is a subplot in the novel <i><a href="/wiki/Bleak_House" title="Bleak House">Bleak House</a></i> (1853) by <a href="/wiki/Charles_Dickens" title="Charles Dickens">Charles Dickens</a>. The conniving lawyer Tulkinghorn is killed in his office late one night, and the crime is investigated by Inspector Bucket of the Metropolitan police force. Numerous characters appeared on the staircase leading to Tulkinghorn's office that night, some of them in disguise, and Inspector Bucket must penetrate these mysteries to identify the murderer. Dickens also left a novel unfinished at his death, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Mystery_of_Edwin_Drood" title="The Mystery of Edwin Drood">The Mystery of Edwin Drood</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Wilkie-Collins.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Wilkie-Collins.jpg/220px-Wilkie-Collins.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="318" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Wilkie-Collins.jpg/330px-Wilkie-Collins.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Wilkie-Collins.jpg/440px-Wilkie-Collins.jpg 2x" data-file-width="550" data-file-height="795" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Wilkie_Collins" title="Wilkie Collins">Wilkie Collins</a> (1824–1889)</figcaption></figure> <p>Dickens's protégé, <a href="/wiki/Wilkie_Collins" title="Wilkie Collins">Wilkie Collins</a> (1824–1889)—sometimes called the "grandfather of English detective fiction"—is credited with the first great mystery novel, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Woman_in_White_(novel)" title="The Woman in White (novel)">The Woman in White</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/T._S._Eliot" title="T. S. Eliot">T. S. Eliot</a> called Collins's novel <i><a href="/wiki/The_Moonstone" title="The Moonstone">The Moonstone</a></i> (1868) "the first, the longest, and the best of modern English detective novels... in a genre invented by Collins and not by Poe",<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Dorothy_L._Sayers" title="Dorothy L. Sayers">Dorothy L. Sayers</a> called it "probably the very finest detective story ever written".<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>The Moonstone</i> contains a number of ideas that have established in the genre several classic features of the 20th century detective story: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/English_country_house" title="English country house">English country house</a> robbery</li> <li>An "<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/inside_job" class="extiw" title="wikt:inside job">inside job</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_herring_(plot_device)" class="mw-redirect" title="Red herring (plot device)">red herrings</a></li> <li>A celebrated, skilled, professional investigator</li> <li>Bungling local constabulary</li> <li>Detective inquiries</li> <li>Large number of false suspects</li> <li>The "least likely suspect"</li> <li>A rudimentary "<a href="/wiki/Locked_room_mystery" class="mw-redirect" title="Locked room mystery">locked room</a>" murder</li> <li>A reconstruction of the crime</li> <li>A final twist in the plot</li></ul> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Conan_doyle.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Conan_doyle.jpg/220px-Conan_doyle.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="351" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Conan_doyle.jpg/330px-Conan_doyle.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Conan_doyle.jpg/440px-Conan_doyle.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1403" data-file-height="2238" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Conan_Doyle" title="Arthur Conan Doyle">Arthur Conan Doyle</a> (1859–1930)</figcaption></figure> <p>Although <i>The Moonstone</i> is usually seen as the first detective novel, there are other contenders for the honor. A number of critics suggest that the lesser known <i><a href="/wiki/The_Notting_Hill_Mystery" title="The Notting Hill Mystery">Notting Hill Mystery</a></i> (1862–63), written by the pseudonymous "Charles Felix" (later identified as <a href="/wiki/Charles_Warren_Adams" title="Charles Warren Adams">Charles Warren Adams</a><sup id="cite_ref-collins_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-collins-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-buckler_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-buckler-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>), preceded it by a number of years and first used techniques that would come to define the genre.<sup id="cite_ref-collins_29-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-collins-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Literary critics Chris Willis and Kate Watson consider <a href="/wiki/Mary_Elizabeth_Braddon" title="Mary Elizabeth Braddon">Mary Elizabeth Braddon</a>'s first book, the even earlier <i><a href="/wiki/The_Trail_of_the_Serpent" title="The Trail of the Serpent">The Trail of the Serpent</a></i> (1861), to be the first British detective novel.<sup id="cite_ref-Watson_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Watson-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>The Trail of the Serpent</i> "features an innovative detective figure, Mr. Peters, who is lower class and mute, and who is initially dismissed both by the text and its characters."<sup id="cite_ref-Watson_32-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Watson-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Braddon's later and better-remembered work, <i><a href="/wiki/Aurora_Floyd" title="Aurora Floyd">Aurora Floyd</a></i> (printed in 1863 novel form, but serialized in 1862–63<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>), also features a compelling detective in the person of Detective Grimstone of Scotland Yard. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Tom_Taylor" title="Tom Taylor">Tom Taylor</a>'s melodrama <i><a href="/wiki/The_Ticket-of-Leave_Man_(play)" title="The Ticket-of-Leave Man (play)">The Ticket-of-Leave Man</a></i>, an adaptation of <i>Léonard</i> by Édouard Brisbarre and Eugène Nus,<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> appeared in 1863, introducing <a href="/wiki/Hawkshaw_the_Detective" title="Hawkshaw the Detective">Hawkshaw the Detective</a>. In short, it is difficult to establish who was the first to write the English-language detective novel, as various authors were exploring the theme simultaneously. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Anna_Katharine_Green" title="Anna Katharine Green">Anna Katharine Green</a>, in her 1878 debut <i><a href="/wiki/The_Leavenworth_Case" title="The Leavenworth Case">The Leavenworth Case</a></i> and other works, popularized the genre among middle-class readers and helped to shape the genre into its classic form as well as developed the concept of the series detective.<sup id="cite_ref-Nickerson2010_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nickerson2010-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1887, <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Conan_Doyle" title="Arthur Conan Doyle">Arthur Conan Doyle</a> created <a href="/wiki/Sherlock_Holmes" title="Sherlock Holmes">Sherlock Holmes</a>, arguably the most famous of all fictional detectives. Although Sherlock Holmes is not the first fictional detective (he was influenced by Poe's <a href="/wiki/C._Auguste_Dupin" title="C. Auguste Dupin">Dupin</a> and Gaboriau's <a href="/wiki/Monsieur_Lecoq" title="Monsieur Lecoq">Lecoq</a>), his name has become synonymous for the part. Conan Doyle stated that the character of Holmes was inspired by Dr. <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Bell" title="Joseph Bell">Joseph Bell</a>, for whom Doyle had worked as a clerk at the <a href="/wiki/Edinburgh_Royal_Infirmary" class="mw-redirect" title="Edinburgh Royal Infirmary">Edinburgh Royal Infirmary</a>. Like Holmes, Bell was noted for drawing large conclusions from the smallest observations.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A brilliant London-based "consulting detective" residing at <a href="/wiki/221B_Baker_Street" title="221B Baker Street">221B Baker Street</a>, Holmes is famous for his <a href="/wiki/Intelligence" title="Intelligence">intellectual prowess</a> and is renowned for his skillful use of astute <a href="/wiki/Observation" title="Observation">observation</a>, <a href="/wiki/Deductive_reasoning" title="Deductive reasoning">deductive reasoning</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Forensic" class="mw-redirect" title="Forensic">forensic</a> skills to solve difficult <a href="/wiki/Legal_case" class="mw-redirect" title="Legal case">cases</a>. Conan Doyle wrote four <a href="/wiki/Novels" class="mw-redirect" title="Novels">novels</a> and fifty-six <a href="/wiki/Short_stories" class="mw-redirect" title="Short stories">short stories</a> featuring Holmes, and all but four stories are narrated by Holmes's friend, assistant, and biographer, <a href="/wiki/Dr._Watson" title="Dr. Watson">Dr. John H. Watson</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Golden_Age_novels">Golden Age novels</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Detective_fiction&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Golden Age novels"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Golden_Age_of_Detective_Fiction" title="Golden Age of Detective Fiction">Golden Age of Detective Fiction</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Agatha_Christie.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Agatha_Christie.png/220px-Agatha_Christie.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="252" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Agatha_Christie.png/330px-Agatha_Christie.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cf/Agatha_Christie.png 2x" data-file-width="347" data-file-height="397" /></a><figcaption> <a href="/wiki/Agatha_Christie" title="Agatha Christie">Agatha Christie</a> (1890–1976)</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mika_Waltari.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e0/Mika_Waltari.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="268" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="200" data-file-height="268" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Mika_Waltari" title="Mika Waltari">Mika Waltari</a> (1908–1979), better known for his <a href="/wiki/Historical_novel" class="mw-redirect" title="Historical novel">historical novels</a>, also wrote crime novels such as <a href="/wiki/Inspector_Palmu" title="Inspector Palmu">Inspector Palmus</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Interwar_period" title="Interwar period">interwar period</a> (the 1920s and 1930s) is generally referred to as the <a href="/wiki/Golden_Age_of_Detective_Fiction" title="Golden Age of Detective Fiction">Golden Age of Detective Fiction</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During this period, a number of very popular writers emerged, including mostly British but also a notable subset of American and New Zealand writers. Female writers constituted a major portion of notable Golden Age writers. <a href="/wiki/Agatha_Christie" title="Agatha Christie">Agatha Christie</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dorothy_L._Sayers" title="Dorothy L. Sayers">Dorothy L. Sayers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Josephine_Tey" title="Josephine Tey">Josephine Tey</a>, <a href="/wiki/Margery_Allingham" title="Margery Allingham">Margery Allingham</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Ngaio_Marsh" title="Ngaio Marsh">Ngaio Marsh</a> were particularly famous female writers of this time.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_38-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Apart from Marsh (a New Zealander), they were all British. </p><p>Various conventions of the detective genre were standardized during the Golden Age, and in 1929, some of them were codified by the English Catholic priest and author of detective stories <a href="/wiki/Ronald_Knox" title="Ronald Knox">Ronald Knox</a> in his <a href="/wiki/Ronald_Knox#Knox's_Ten_Rules_for_Detective_Fiction" title="Ronald Knox">'Decalogue'</a> of rules for detective fiction. One of his rules was to avoid <a href="/wiki/Supernatural" title="Supernatural">supernatural</a> elements so that the focus remained on the mystery itself.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_38-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Knox has contended that a detective story "must have as its main interest the unravelling of a mystery; a mystery whose elements are clearly presented to the reader at an early stage in the proceedings, and whose nature is such as to arouse curiosity, a curiosity which is gratified at the end."<sup id="cite_ref-:2_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another common convention in Golden Age detective stories involved an outsider–sometimes a salaried investigator or a police officer, but often a gifted amateur—investigating a murder committed in a closed environment by one of a limited number of suspects. </p><p>The most widespread subgenre of the detective novel became the <a href="/wiki/Whodunit" title="Whodunit">whodunit</a> (or whodunnit, short for "who done it?"). In this subgenre, great ingenuity may be exercised in narrating the crime, usually a homicide, and the subsequent investigation. This objective was to conceal the identity of the criminal from the reader until the end of the book, when the method and culprit are both revealed. According to scholars Carole Kismaric and <a href="/wiki/Marvin_Heiferman" title="Marvin Heiferman">Marvin Heiferman</a>, "The golden age of detective fiction began with high-class amateur detectives sniffing out murderers lurking in rose gardens, down country lanes, and in picturesque villages. Many conventions of the detective-fiction genre evolved in this era, as numerous writers—from populist entertainers to respected poets—tried their hands at mystery stories."<sup id="cite_ref-NDHB_17-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NDHB-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/John_Dickson_Carr" title="John Dickson Carr">John Dickson Carr</a>—who also wrote as Carter Dickson—used the “puzzle” approach in his writing which was characterized by including a complex puzzle for the reader to try to unravel. He created ingenious and seemingly impossible plots and is regarded as the master of the "<a href="/wiki/Locked_room_mystery" class="mw-redirect" title="Locked room mystery">locked room mystery</a>". Two of Carr's most famous works are <i>The Case of Constant Suicides</i> (1941) and <i><a href="/wiki/The_Hollow_Man_(Carr_novel)" title="The Hollow Man (Carr novel)">The Hollow Man</a></i> (1935).<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another author, <a href="/wiki/Cecil_Street" title="Cecil Street">Cecil Street</a>—who also wrote as John Rhode—wrote of a detective, <a href="/wiki/Dr._Priestley" class="mw-redirect" title="Dr. Priestley">Dr. Priestley</a>, who specialised in elaborate technical devices. In the United States, the whodunit subgenre was adopted and extended by <a href="/wiki/Rex_Stout" title="Rex Stout">Rex Stout</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ellery_Queen" title="Ellery Queen">Ellery Queen</a>, along with others. The emphasis on formal rules during the Golden Age produced great works, albeit with highly standardized form. The most successful novels of this time included “an original and exciting plot; distinction in the writing, a vivid sense of place, a memorable and compelling hero and the ability to draw the reader into their comforting and highly individual world.”<sup id="cite_ref-:1_38-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Agatha_Christie">Agatha Christie</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Detective_fiction&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Agatha Christie"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Agatha_Christie" title="Agatha Christie">Agatha Christie</a> and <a href="/wiki/Agatha_Christie_bibliography" title="Agatha Christie bibliography">Agatha Christie bibliography</a></div> <p>Agatha Christie is not only the most famous Golden Age writer, but also considered one of the most famous authors of all genres of all time. At the time of her death in 1976, “she was the best-selling novelist in history.”<sup id="cite_ref-:2_39-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Many of the most popular books of the Golden Age were written by Agatha Christie. She produced long series of books featuring detective characters like <a href="/wiki/Hercule_Poirot" title="Hercule Poirot">Hercule Poirot</a> and <a href="/wiki/Miss_Marple" title="Miss Marple">Miss Marple</a>, among others. Her use of basing her stories on complex puzzles, “combined with her stereotyped characters and picturesque middle-class settings”, is credited for her success.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_39-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Christie's best-known works include <i><a href="/wiki/Murder_on_the_Orient_Express" title="Murder on the Orient Express">Murder on the Orient Express</a></i> (1934), <i><a href="/wiki/Death_on_the_Nile" title="Death on the Nile">Death on the Nile</a></i> (1937), <i><a href="/wiki/Three_Blind_Mice_and_Other_Stories" title="Three Blind Mice and Other Stories">Three Blind Mice</a></i> (1950) and <i><a href="/wiki/And_Then_There_Were_None" title="And Then There Were None">And Then There Were None</a></i> (1939). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="By_country">By country</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Detective_fiction&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: By country"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="China">China</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Detective_fiction&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: China"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Through China's Golden Age of <a href="/wiki/Crime_fiction" title="Crime fiction">crime fiction</a> (1900–1949), translations of Western classics, and native Chinese detective fictions<sup id="cite_ref-:6_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> circulated within the country. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Cheng_Xiaoqing" title="Cheng Xiaoqing">Cheng Xiaoqing</a> had first encountered Sir <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Conan_Doyle" title="Arthur Conan Doyle">Arthur Conan Doyle</a>'s highly popular stories as an adolescent. In the ensuing years, he played a major role in rendering them first into classical and later into <a href="/wiki/Vernacular_Chinese" class="mw-redirect" title="Vernacular Chinese">vernacular Chinese</a>. Cheng Xiaoqing's translated works from Conan Doyle introduced China to a new type of narrative style. Western detective fiction that was translated often emphasized “individuality, equality, and the importance of knowledge”,<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> appealing to China that it was the time for opening their eyes to the rest of the world. </p><p>This style began China's interest in popular <a href="/wiki/Crime_fiction" title="Crime fiction">crime fiction</a>, and is what drove Cheng Xiaoqing to write his own <a href="/wiki/Crime_fiction" title="Crime fiction">crime fiction</a> novel, <i>Sherlock in Shanghai</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the late 1910s, Cheng began writing detective fiction inspired by Conan Doyle's style, with Bao as the Watson-like narrator; a rare instance of such a direct appropriation from foreign fiction.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_43-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Famed as the “Oriental Sherlock Holmes”,<sup id="cite_ref-:6_41-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the duo Huo Sang and Bao Lang become counterparts to <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Conan_Doyle" title="Arthur Conan Doyle">Doyle</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Sherlock_Holmes" title="Sherlock Holmes">Sherlock Holmes</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dr._Watson" title="Dr. Watson">Dr. Watson</a> characters. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Iran">Iran</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Detective_fiction&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Iran"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>"Sadiq Mamquli, The Sherlock Holmes of Iran, The Sherriff of Isfahan" is the first major detective fiction in <a href="/wiki/Persian_literature" title="Persian literature">Persian</a>, written by Kazim Musta'an al-Sultan (Houshi Daryan). It was first published in 1925. There was no biographical account of the author of the book for over 70 years until being identified after the book was reprinted in 2017.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Japan">Japan</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Detective_fiction&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Japan"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Edogawa_Rampo" class="mw-redirect" title="Edogawa Rampo">Edogawa Rampo</a> is the first major Japanese modern mystery writer and the founder of the <a href="/wiki/Mystery_Writers_of_Japan" title="Mystery Writers of Japan">Detective Story Club in Japan</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Rampo was an admirer of western mystery writers. He gained his fame in the early 1920s, when he began to bring to the genre many bizarre, erotic and even fantastic elements. This is partly because of the social tension before <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:5_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1957, <a href="/wiki/Seich%C5%8D_Matsumoto" title="Seichō Matsumoto">Seicho Matsumoto</a> received the <a href="/wiki/Mystery_Writers_of_Japan_Award" title="Mystery Writers of Japan Award">Mystery Writers of Japan Award</a> for his short story <i>The Face</i> (<i>顔</i> <i>kao</i>). <i>The Face</i> and Matsumoto's subsequent works began the "social school" (社会派 <i>shakai ha</i>) within the genre, which emphasized <a href="/wiki/Social_realism" title="Social realism">social realism</a>, described crimes in an ordinary setting and sets motives within a wider context of social injustice and political corruption.<sup id="cite_ref-:5_46-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Since the 1980s, a "<a href="/wiki/Golden_Age_of_Detective_Fiction#The_"new_traditionalist"_movement_in_Japanese_mystery_writing" title="Golden Age of Detective Fiction">new orthodox school</a>" (新本格派 <i>shin honkaku ha</i>) has surfaced. It demands restoration of the classic rules of detective fiction and the use of more self-reflective elements. Famous authors of this movement include <a href="/wiki/Soji_Shimada" title="Soji Shimada">Soji Shimada</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yukito_Ayatsuji" title="Yukito Ayatsuji">Yukito Ayatsuji</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rintaro_Norizuki" title="Rintaro Norizuki">Rintaro Norizuki</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alice_Arisugawa" title="Alice Arisugawa">Alice Arisugawa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kaoru_Kitamura" title="Kaoru Kitamura">Kaoru Kitamura</a> and <a href="/wiki/Taku_Ashibe" title="Taku Ashibe">Taku Ashibe</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="India">India</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Detective_fiction&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: India"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Byomkesh_Bakshi_(Character)"><span id="Byomkesh_Bakshi_.28Character.29"></span>Byomkesh Bakshi (Character)</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Detective_fiction&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Byomkesh Bakshi (Character)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Byomkesh_Bakshi" title="Byomkesh Bakshi">Byomkesh Bakshi</a></div> <p>Created by famous <a href="/wiki/Bengali_language" title="Bengali language">Bengali</a> novelist <a href="/wiki/Sharadindu_Bandyopadhyay" title="Sharadindu Bandyopadhyay">Sharadindu Bandyopadhyay</a>, <b>Byomkesh</b> is one of the most iconic characters in Indian detective fiction. First appearing in the story Pother Kanta in 1932, Byomkesh, who refers to himself as a "truth-seeker" or Satyanweshi, is known for his acute observational skills and logical reasoning abilities. His adventures typically unfold against the backdrop of <a href="/wiki/Calcutta" class="mw-redirect" title="Calcutta">Calcutta</a>, tackling a range of crimes, from intricate murder mysteries to drug trafficking, reflecting societal issues of the time. Accompanied by his loyal friend and chronicler, Ajit Kumar Banerjee, the stories are written in a blend of formal and colloquial Bengali, making them accessible to a wide audience. The character's legacy continues to influence contemporary detective fiction in India, highlighting the genre's evolution and its cultural significance.<sup id="cite_ref-dey_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dey-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Feluda_(Character)"><span id="Feluda_.28Character.29"></span>Feluda (Character)</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Detective_fiction&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Feluda (Character)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Feluda" title="Feluda">Feluda</a></div> <p><b>Feluda</b>, created by renowned filmmaker and author <a href="/wiki/Satyajit_Ray" title="Satyajit Ray">Satyajit Ray</a>, is a celebrated Bengali detective character who first appeared in the 1965 story <i>Feludar Goyendagiri</i>. His full name is Pradosh Chandra Mitra, and he is often referred to affectionately as <i>Feluda</i>. Feluda is characterized by his keen observational skills, sharp intellect, and a flair for deduction, which he employs to solve intricate mysteries. Feluda is often accompanied by his cousin, who is also his assistant, Tapesh Ranjan Mitter (affectionately called Topshe), who serves as the narrator of the stories and his friend <i>Jatayu</i>. , The trio embarks on various adventures that blend mystery with elements of <a href="/wiki/Bengali_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Bengali culture">Bengali culture</a> and tradition. The stories often include a touch of humor, engaging dialogues, and philosophical musings, making them appealing to a wide audience. Ray's Feluda series not only captivated readers in literary form but also inspired numerous adaptations in film and television, showcasing Ray’s cinematic genius. Feluda’s impact on the genre is significant, as he represents a sophisticated blend of intellect and charm, setting a high standard for detective fiction in India.<sup id="cite_ref-dey_47-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dey-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Other_bengali_detectives">Other bengali detectives</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Detective_fiction&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Other bengali detectives"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Hemendra_Kumar_Roy" title="Hemendra Kumar Roy">Hemendra Kumar Roy</a> was an Indian <a href="/wiki/Bengali_language" title="Bengali language">Bengali</a> writer noted for his contribution to the early development of the genre with his '<a href="/wiki/Jayanta-Manik" title="Jayanta-Manik">Jayanta-Manik</a>' and adventurist '<a href="/wiki/Bimal-Kumar" title="Bimal-Kumar">Bimal-Kumar</a>' stories, dealing with the exploits of Jayanta, his assistant Manik, and police inspector Sunderbabu. </p><p><b><a href="/wiki/Mitin_Masi" title="Mitin Masi">Mitin Masi</a></b> is a fictional Bengali female detective character created by <a href="/wiki/Suchitra_Bhattacharya" title="Suchitra Bhattacharya">Suchitra Bhattacharya</a>. </p><p><br /> <b><a href="/wiki/Colonel_Niladri_Sarkar" class="mw-redirect" title="Colonel Niladri Sarkar">Colonel Niladri Sarkar</a></b> is a <a href="/wiki/Fictional_detectives" class="mw-redirect" title="Fictional detectives">fictional detective</a> character created by <a href="/wiki/Bengali_language" title="Bengali language">Bengali</a> novelist <a href="/wiki/Syed_Mustafa_Siraj" title="Syed Mustafa Siraj">Syed Mustafa Siraj</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Malayalam">Malayalam</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Detective_fiction&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Malayalam"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Kottayam_Pushpanath" title="Kottayam Pushpanath">Kottayam Pushpanath</a>, a prolific writer,<sup id="cite_ref-newindian_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-newindian-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> brought to life a vivid array of characters and mysteries. Pushpanath practiced teaching history for several years before becoming a full time writer.<sup id="cite_ref-newindian_48-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-newindian-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was in the last 1960s that he made his literary debut with <i>Chuvanna Manushyan</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pushpanath authored more than 350 detective novels.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pakistan">Pakistan</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Detective_fiction&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Pakistan"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Ibn-e-Safi" title="Ibn-e-Safi">Ibn-e-Safi</a> is the most popular <a href="/wiki/Urdu" title="Urdu">Urdo</a> detective fiction writer.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He started writing his famous <a href="/wiki/Jasoosi_Dunya" title="Jasoosi Dunya">Jasoosi Dunya</a> Series <a href="/wiki/Spy_fiction" title="Spy fiction">spy stories</a> in 1952 with Col. Fareedi & Captain. Hameed as main characters. In 1955 he started writing <a href="/wiki/Imran_series" title="Imran series">Imran Series</a> spy novels with Ali Imran as X2 the chief of secret service and his companions. After his death many other writers accepted Ali Imran character and wrote spy novels. </p><p>Another popular spy novel writer was <a href="/wiki/Ishtiaq_Ahmad_(fiction_writer)" title="Ishtiaq Ahmad (fiction writer)">Ishtiaq Ahmad</a> who wrote Inspector Jamsheed, Inspector Kamran Mirza and Shooki brother's series of spy novels. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Russia">Russia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Detective_fiction&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Russia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Stories about robbers and detectives were very popular in Russia since old times. A famous hero in the eighteenth century was Ivan Osipov (1718–after 1756), nicknamed Ivan Kain. Other examples of early Russian detective stories include: "Bitter Fate" (1789) by M. D. Chulkov (1743–1792),<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> "The Finger Ring" (1831) by <a href="/wiki/Yevgeny_Baratynsky" title="Yevgeny Baratynsky">Yevgeny Baratynsky</a>, "The White Ghost" (1834) by <a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Zagoskin" title="Mikhail Zagoskin">Mikhail Zagoskin</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Crime_and_Punishment" title="Crime and Punishment">Crime and Punishment</a></i> (1866) and <i><a href="/wiki/The_Brothers_Karamazov" title="The Brothers Karamazov">The Brothers Karamazov</a></i> (1880) by <a href="/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky" title="Fyodor Dostoevsky">Fyodor Dostoevsky</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Detective fiction in modern <a href="/wiki/Russian_literature" title="Russian literature">Russian literature</a> with clear detective plots started with <i><a href="/wiki/The_Garin_Death_Ray" title="The Garin Death Ray">The Garin Death Ray</a></i> (1926–1927) and <i>The Black Gold</i> (1931) by <a href="/wiki/Aleksey_Nikolayevich_Tolstoy" title="Aleksey Nikolayevich Tolstoy">Aleksey Nikolayevich Tolstoy</a>, <i>Mess-Mend</i> by <a href="/wiki/Marietta_Shaginyan" title="Marietta Shaginyan">Marietta Shaginyan</a>, <i>The Investigator's Notes</i> by <a href="/wiki/Lev_Sheinin" title="Lev Sheinin">Lev Sheinin</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Boris_Akunin" title="Boris Akunin">Boris Akunin</a> is a famous Russian writer of historical detective fiction in modern-day Russia. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="United_States">United States</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Detective_fiction&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: United States"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the United States, detective fiction emerged in the 1920s, and flourished with stories in pulp magazines. The genre gained prominence in later decades, as the detective character was refined, and became familiar through movies. Detective fiction was also a way for authors to bring stories about various subcultures to mainstream audiences. One scholar wrote about the detective novels of <a href="/wiki/Tony_Hillerman" title="Tony Hillerman">Tony Hillerman</a>, set among the <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas" title="Indigenous peoples of the Americas">Native American</a> population around <a href="/wiki/New_Mexico" title="New Mexico">New Mexico</a>, "many American readers have probably gotten more insight into traditional <a href="/wiki/Navajo_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Navajo people">Navajo</a> culture from his detective stories than from any other recent books."<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other notable writers who have explored regional and ethnic communities in their detective novels are <a href="/wiki/Harry_Kemelman" title="Harry Kemelman">Harry Kemelman</a>, whose <a href="/wiki/Rabbi_Small" class="mw-redirect" title="Rabbi Small">Rabbi Small</a> series were set in the <a href="/wiki/Conservative_Jewish" class="mw-redirect" title="Conservative Jewish">Conservative Jewish</a> community of <a href="/wiki/Massachusetts" title="Massachusetts">Massachusetts</a>; <a href="/wiki/Walter_Mosley" title="Walter Mosley">Walter Mosley</a>, whose <a href="/wiki/Easy_Rawlins" class="mw-redirect" title="Easy Rawlins">Easy Rawlins</a> books are set in the <a href="/wiki/African_American" class="mw-redirect" title="African American">African American</a> community of 1950s <a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles" title="Los Angeles">Los Angeles</a>; and <a href="/wiki/Sara_Paretsky" title="Sara Paretsky">Sara Paretsky</a>, whose <a href="/wiki/V._I._Warshawski" title="V. I. Warshawski">V. I. Warshawski</a> books have explored the various subcultures of <a href="/wiki/Chicago" title="Chicago">Chicago</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Subgenres">Subgenres</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Detective_fiction&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Subgenres"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hardboiled">Hardboiled</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Detective_fiction&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Hardboiled"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Hardboiled_fiction" class="mw-redirect" title="Hardboiled fiction">Hardboiled fiction</a></div> <p>Martin Hewitt, created by British author <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Morrison" title="Arthur Morrison">Arthur Morrison</a> in 1894, is one of the first examples of the modern style of fictional <a href="/wiki/Private_detective" class="mw-redirect" title="Private detective">private detective</a>. This character is described as an "'<a href="/wiki/Everyman" title="Everyman">Everyman</a>' detective meant to challenge the detective-as-superman that Holmes represented."<sup id="cite_ref-google2005_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-google2005-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>By the late 1920s, <a href="/wiki/Al_Capone" title="Al Capone">Al Capone</a> and the <a href="/wiki/American_Mafia" title="American Mafia">American mafia</a> inspired not only fear, but piqued mainstream curiosity about the American <a href="/wiki/Organized_crime" title="Organized crime">criminal underworld</a>. Popular <a href="/wiki/Pulp_fiction_magazine" class="mw-redirect" title="Pulp fiction magazine">pulp fiction magazines</a> like <i><a href="/wiki/Black_Mask_(magazine)" title="Black Mask (magazine)">Black Mask</a></i> capitalized on this, as authors such as <a href="/wiki/Carroll_John_Daly" title="Carroll John Daly">Carrol John Daly</a> published violent stories that focused on the mayhem and injustice surrounding the criminals, not the circumstances behind the crime. Very often, no actual mystery even existed: the books simply revolved around justice being served to those who deserved harsh treatment, which was described in explicit detail."<sup id="cite_ref-NDHB_17-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NDHB-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The overall theme these writers portrayed reflected "the changing face of America itself."<sup id="cite_ref-google2005_56-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-google2005-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the 1930s, the private eye genre was adopted wholeheartedly by American writers. One of the primary contributors to this style was <a href="/wiki/Dashiell_Hammett" title="Dashiell Hammett">Dashiell Hammett</a> with his famous private investigator character, <a href="/wiki/Sam_Spade" title="Sam Spade">Sam Spade</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated2006_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated2006-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His style of crime fiction came to be known as "<a href="/wiki/Hardboiled" title="Hardboiled">hardboiled</a>", a genre that "usually deals with criminal activity in a modern urban environment, a world of disconnected signs and anonymous strangers."<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated2006_57-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated2006-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> "Told in stark and sometimes elegant language through the unemotional eyes of new hero-detectives, these stories were an American phenomenon."<sup id="cite_ref-NDHB_17-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NDHB-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the late 1930s, <a href="/wiki/Raymond_Chandler" title="Raymond Chandler">Raymond Chandler</a> updated the form with his private detective <a href="/wiki/Philip_Marlowe" title="Philip Marlowe">Philip Marlowe</a>, who brought a more intimate voice to the detective than the more distanced "operative's report" style of Hammett's <a href="/wiki/The_Continental_Op" title="The Continental Op">Continental Op</a> stories.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Chandler's stories were noted for their evokations of the American criminal underworld, including dark alleys and tough thugs, rich women and powerful men. Several feature and television movies have been made about the Philip Marlowe character. <a href="/wiki/James_Hadley_Chase" title="James Hadley Chase">James Hadley Chase</a> wrote a few novels with private eyes as the main heroes, including <i>Blonde's Requiem</i> (1945), <i>Lay Her Among the Lilies</i> (1950), and <i>Figure It Out for Yourself</i> (1950). The heroes of these novels are typical private eyes, very similar to or <a href="/wiki/Plagiarism" title="Plagiarism">plagiarizing</a> Raymond Chandler's work.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Ross_Macdonald" title="Ross Macdonald">Ross Macdonald</a>, pseudonym of <a href="/wiki/Kenneth_Millar" class="mw-redirect" title="Kenneth Millar">Kenneth Millar</a>, updated the form again with his detective <a href="/wiki/Lew_Archer" title="Lew Archer">Lew Archer</a>. Archer, like Hammett's fictional heroes, was a camera eye, with hardly any known past. "Turn Archer sideways, and he disappears," one reviewer wrote. Critics praised Macdonald's use of psychology and his prose, which was full of <a href="/wiki/Imagery" title="Imagery">imagery</a>. Like other 'hardboiled' writers, Macdonald aimed to give an impression of <a href="/wiki/Literary_realism" title="Literary realism">realism</a> in his work through violence, sex and confrontation. The 1966 movie <i><a href="/wiki/Harper_(film)" title="Harper (film)">Harper</a></i> starring <a href="/wiki/Paul_Newman" title="Paul Newman">Paul Newman</a> was based on the first Lew Archer story <i><a href="/wiki/The_Moving_Target" title="The Moving Target">The Moving Target</a></i> (1949). Newman reprised the role in <i><a href="/wiki/The_Drowning_Pool" title="The Drowning Pool">The Drowning Pool</a></i> in 1976. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Michael_Collins_(American_author)" title="Michael Collins (American author)">Michael Collins</a>, pseudonym of Dennis Lynds, is generally considered the author who led the form into the Modern Age. Like Hammett, Chandler, and Macdonald, Collins' protagonist was a private investigator, Dan Fortune. However, Collins stories also involved an element of <a href="/wiki/Sociology" title="Sociology">sociological</a> reflection, exploring the meaning of his characters' places in society and the impact society had on people. Full of commentary and clipped prose, his books were more intimate than those of his predecessors, dramatizing that crime can happen in one's own living room. </p><p>The "hardboiled" novel was a male-dominated field in which female authors seldom found publication until <a href="/wiki/Marcia_Muller" title="Marcia Muller">Marcia Muller</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sara_Paretsky" title="Sara Paretsky">Sara Paretsky</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Sue_Grafton" title="Sue Grafton">Sue Grafton</a> were finally published in the late 1970s and early 1980s. Each author's detective, also female, was brainy and physical and could hold her own.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Their acceptance, and success, caused publishers to seek out other female authors. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Inverted">Inverted</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Detective_fiction&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Inverted"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Inverted_detective_story" title="Inverted detective story">Inverted detective story</a></div> <p>An <a href="/wiki/Inverted_detective_story" title="Inverted detective story">inverted detective story</a>, also known as a "<b>howcatchem</b>", is a <a href="/wiki/Murder" title="Murder">murder</a> <a href="/wiki/Mystery_fiction" title="Mystery fiction">mystery fiction</a> structure in which the commission of the crime is shown or described at the beginning,<sup id="cite_ref-:0_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> usually including the identity of the perpetrator.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The story then describes the detective's attempt to solve the mystery. There may also be subsidiary puzzles, such as why the crime was committed, and they are explained or resolved during the story. This format is the inversion of the more typical "<a href="/wiki/Whodunit" title="Whodunit">whodunit</a>", in which the perpetrator of the crime is not revealed until the story's climax. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Police_procedural">Police procedural</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Detective_fiction&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Police procedural"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Police_procedural" title="Police procedural">Police procedural</a></div> <p>Many detective stories have <a href="/wiki/Police" title="Police">police</a> officers as the main characters. These stories may take a variety of forms, but many authors try to realistically depict the routine activities of a group of police officers who are frequently working on more than one case simultaneously. Some of these stories are whodunits; in others, the criminal is well known, and the detective must gather enough evidence to charge them with the crime. </p><p>In the 1940s the <a href="/wiki/Police_procedural" title="Police procedural">police procedural</a> evolved as a new style of detective fiction. Unlike the heroes of Christie, Chandler, and Spillane, the police detective was subject to error and was constrained by rules and regulations. As Gary Huasladen writes in <i>Places for Dead Bodies</i>, "not all the clients were insatiable <a href="/wiki/Bombshell_(slang)" title="Bombshell (slang)">bombshells</a>, and invariably there was life outside the job." The detective in the police procedural does the things police officers do to catch a criminal. Prominent writers in the genre include <a href="/wiki/Ed_McBain" class="mw-redirect" title="Ed McBain">Ed McBain</a>, <a href="/wiki/P._D._James" title="P. D. James">P. D. James</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Bartholomew_Gill" title="Bartholomew Gill">Bartholomew Gill</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_61-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Historical_mystery">Historical mystery</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Detective_fiction&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Historical mystery"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Apteeker_Melchior_-_1_-_Autor_Robert_Lang_-_2728.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Apteeker_Melchior_-_1_-_Autor_Robert_Lang_-_2728.jpg/220px-Apteeker_Melchior_-_1_-_Autor_Robert_Lang_-_2728.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Apteeker_Melchior_-_1_-_Autor_Robert_Lang_-_2728.jpg/330px-Apteeker_Melchior_-_1_-_Autor_Robert_Lang_-_2728.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Apteeker_Melchior_-_1_-_Autor_Robert_Lang_-_2728.jpg/440px-Apteeker_Melchior_-_1_-_Autor_Robert_Lang_-_2728.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5783" data-file-height="3855" /></a><figcaption>Estonian writer <a href="/wiki/Indrek_Hargla" title="Indrek Hargla">Indrek Hargla</a> is known for his <a href="/wiki/Apothecary_Melchior_series" class="mw-redirect" title="Apothecary Melchior series"><i>Melchior the Apothecary</i> series</a>, which takes place in medieval <a href="/wiki/Tallinn" title="Tallinn">Tallinn</a> and has also been adapted into films</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Historical_mystery" title="Historical mystery">Historical mystery</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Historical_mystery" title="Historical mystery">Historical mystery</a> is set in a time period considered historical from the author's perspective, and the central plot involves the solving of a mystery or crime (usually murder). Though works combining these genres have existed since at least the early 20th century, many credit <a href="/wiki/Ellis_Peters" class="mw-redirect" title="Ellis Peters">Ellis Peters</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/The_Cadfael_Chronicles" title="The Cadfael Chronicles">Cadfael Chronicles</a></i> (1977–1994) for popularizing what would become known as the historical mystery.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A variation on this is <a href="/wiki/Josephine_Tey" title="Josephine Tey">Josephine Tey</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/The_Daughter_of_Time" title="The Daughter of Time">The Daughter of Time</a></i>. In it, Scotland Yard Inspector Alan Grant—who considers himself a good judge of faces—is surprised to find that what he considers to be the portrait of a sensitive man is in reality a portrait of <a href="/wiki/Richard_III_of_England" title="Richard III of England">Richard III</a>, who murdered his brother's children in order to become king. The story details his attempt to get to the historical truth of whether Richard III is the villain he has been made out to be by history. The novel was awarded the top spot in the Top 100 Crime Novels of All Time by the UK Crime Writers' Association<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the number 4 spot in The Top 100 Mystery Novels of All Time Mystery Writers of America<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cozy_mystery">Cozy mystery</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Detective_fiction&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Cozy mystery"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Cozy_mystery" title="Cozy mystery">Cozy mystery</a></div> <p>Cozy mystery began in the late 20th century as a reinvention of the <a href="/wiki/Golden_Age_of_Detective_Fiction" title="Golden Age of Detective Fiction">Golden Age</a> whodunit; these novels generally shy away from violence and suspense and frequently feature female amateur detectives. Modern cozy mysteries are frequently, though not necessarily, humorous and thematic . Variations of the subgenre include culinary mystery, animal mystery, and quilting mystery, among others. </p><p>Cozy mysteries feature minimal violence, sex, and social relevance; a solution achieved by intellect or intuition rather than police procedure, with order restored in the end; honorable characters; and a setting in a closed community. Writers include <a href="/wiki/Agatha_Christie" title="Agatha Christie">Agatha Christie</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dorothy_L._Sayers" title="Dorothy L. Sayers">Dorothy L. Sayers</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Daly" title="Elizabeth Daly">Elizabeth Daly</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_61-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Serial_killer_mystery">Serial killer mystery</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Detective_fiction&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Serial killer mystery"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Serial_killer" title="Serial killer">Serial killer</a> mystery might be thought of as a variation of the police procedural. There are early mystery novels in which a police force attempts to contend with the type of criminal known in the 1920s as a homicidal maniac, such as a few of the early novels of <a href="/wiki/Philip_Macdonald" class="mw-redirect" title="Philip Macdonald">Philip Macdonald</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ellery_Queen" title="Ellery Queen">Ellery Queen</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Cat_of_Many_Tails" title="Cat of Many Tails">Cat of Many Tails</a></i>. However, this sort of story became much more popular after the coining of the phrase "serial killer" in the 1970s and the publication of <i><a href="/wiki/The_Silence_of_the_Lambs_(novel)" title="The Silence of the Lambs (novel)">The Silence of the Lambs</a></i> in 1988. These stories frequently show the activities of many members of a police force or government agency in their efforts to apprehend a killer who is selecting victims on some obscure basis. They are also often much more violent and suspenseful than other mysteries. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Legal_thriller">Legal thriller</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Detective_fiction&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Legal thriller"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Legal_thriller" title="Legal thriller">Legal thriller</a></div> <p>The legal thriller, or courtroom novel, is also related to detective fiction. The system of justice itself is always a major part of these works, at times almost functioning as one of the characters.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In this way, the legal system provides the framework for the legal thriller as much as the system of modern police work does for the <a href="/wiki/Police_procedural" title="Police procedural">police procedural</a>. The legal thriller usually begins with the court proceedings following the closure of an investigation, often resulting in a new angle on the investigation, so as to bring about an outcome different from the one originally devised by the investigators. In the legal thriller, court proceedings play a very active, if not to say decisive part in a case reaching its ultimate solution. <a href="/wiki/Erle_Stanley_Gardner" title="Erle Stanley Gardner">Erle Stanley Gardner</a> popularized the courtroom novel in the 20th century with his <a href="/wiki/Perry_Mason" title="Perry Mason">Perry Mason</a> series. Contemporary authors of legal thrillers include <a href="/wiki/Michael_Connelly" title="Michael Connelly">Michael Connelly</a>, <a href="/wiki/Linda_Fairstein" title="Linda Fairstein">Linda Fairstein</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_Grisham" title="John Grisham">John Grisham</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_Lescroart" title="John Lescroart">John Lescroart</a>, <a href="/wiki/Paul_Levine" title="Paul Levine">Paul Levine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lisa_Scottoline" title="Lisa Scottoline">Lisa Scottoline</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Scott_Turow" title="Scott Turow">Scott Turow</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Locked_room_mystery">Locked room mystery</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Detective_fiction&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Locked room mystery"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Locked_room_mystery" class="mw-redirect" title="Locked room mystery">Locked room mystery</a></div> <p>The locked room mystery is a subgenre of detective fiction in which a <a href="/wiki/Crime" title="Crime">crime</a>—almost always <a href="/wiki/Murder" title="Murder">murder</a>—is committed under circumstances which it was seemingly impossible for the perpetrator to commit the crime and/or evade detection in the course of getting in and out of the crime scene. The genre was established in the 19th century. <a href="/wiki/Edgar_Allan_Poe" title="Edgar Allan Poe">Edgar Allan Poe</a>'s "<a href="/wiki/The_Murders_in_the_Rue_Morgue" title="The Murders in the Rue Morgue">The Murders in the Rue Morgue</a>" (1841) is considered the first locked-room mystery; since then, other authors have used the scheme. The crime in question typically involves a <a href="/wiki/Crime_scene" title="Crime scene">crime scene</a> with no indication as to how the intruder could have entered or left, i.e., a locked room. Following other conventions of classic detective fiction, the reader is normally presented with the puzzle and all of the <a href="/wiki/Evidence" title="Evidence">clues</a>, and is encouraged to solve the mystery before the solution is revealed in a dramatic <a href="/wiki/Climax_(narrative)" title="Climax (narrative)">climax</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Occult">Occult</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Detective_fiction&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Occult"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Occult_detective_fiction" title="Occult detective fiction">Occult detective fiction</a></div> <p>Occult detective fiction is a subgenre of detective fiction that combines the <a href="/wiki/Trope_(literature)" title="Trope (literature)">tropes</a> of detective fiction with those of <a href="/wiki/Supernatural_fiction" title="Supernatural fiction">supernatural</a> <a href="/wiki/Horror_fiction" title="Horror fiction">horror fiction</a>. Unlike the traditional <a href="/wiki/Detective" title="Detective">detective</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Occult" title="Occult">occult</a> detective is employed in cases involving <a href="/wiki/Ghost" title="Ghost">ghosts</a>, <a href="/wiki/Demon" title="Demon">demons</a>, <a href="/wiki/Curse" title="Curse">curses</a>, <a href="/wiki/Magic_in_fiction" title="Magic in fiction">magic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Monster" title="Monster">monsters</a> and other <a href="/wiki/Supernatural" title="Supernatural">supernatural</a> elements. Some occult detectives are portrayed as knowing magic or being themselves psychic or in possession of other paranormal powers. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="'Whodunit'"><span id=".27Whodunit.27"></span>'Whodunit'</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Detective_fiction&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: 'Whodunit'"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Whodunit" title="Whodunit">Whodunit</a></div> <p>A <i><b>whodunit</b></i> or <i><b>whodunnit</b></i> (a colloquial elision of "Who [has] done it?" or "Who did it?") is a complex, plot-driven variety of the detective story in which the audience is given the opportunity to engage in the same process of deduction as the protagonist throughout the investigation of a crime. The reader or viewer is provided with the clues from which the identity of the perpetrator may be deduced before the story provides the revelation itself at its <a href="/wiki/Climax_(narrative)" title="Climax (narrative)">climax</a>. The "whodunit" flourished during the so-called "<a href="/wiki/Golden_Age_of_Detective_Fiction" title="Golden Age of Detective Fiction">Golden Age</a>" of detective fiction, between 1920 and 1950, when it was the predominant mode of crime writing. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Modern_criticism">Modern criticism</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Detective_fiction&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Modern criticism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Preserving_story_secrets">Preserving story secrets</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Detective_fiction&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Preserving story secrets"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Even if they do not mean to, advertisers, reviewers, scholars and aficionados sometimes give away details or parts of the plot, and sometimes—for example in the case of <a href="/wiki/Mickey_Spillane" title="Mickey Spillane">Mickey Spillane</a>'s novel <i><a href="/wiki/I,_the_Jury" title="I, the Jury">I, the Jury</a></i>—even the solution. After the credits of <a href="/wiki/Billy_Wilder" title="Billy Wilder">Billy Wilder</a>'s film <i><a href="/wiki/Witness_for_the_Prosecution_(1957_film)" title="Witness for the Prosecution (1957 film)">Witness for the Prosecution</a></i>, the cinemagoers are asked not to talk to anyone about the plot so that future viewers will also be able to fully enjoy the unravelling of the mystery. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Plausibility_and_coincidence">Plausibility and coincidence</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Detective_fiction&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Plausibility and coincidence"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>For series involving amateur detectives, their frequent encounters with crime often test the limits of plausibility. The character <a href="/wiki/Miss_Marple" title="Miss Marple">Miss Marple</a> appears in twelve novels and twenty short stories,<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/William_L._DeAndrea" title="William L. DeAndrea">William L. De Andrea</a> has described Marple's home town, the quiet little village of <a href="/wiki/St._Mary_Mead" class="mw-redirect" title="St. Mary Mead">St. Mary Mead</a>, as having "put on a pageant of human depravity rivaled only by that of <a href="/wiki/Sodom_and_Gomorrah" title="Sodom and Gomorrah">Sodom and Gomorrah</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Similarly, TV heroine <a href="/wiki/Jessica_Fletcher" title="Jessica Fletcher">Jessica Fletcher</a> of <i><a href="/wiki/Murder,_She_Wrote" title="Murder, She Wrote">Murder, She Wrote</a></i> was confronted with bodies wherever she went, but most notably in her small hometown of <a href="/wiki/Cabot_Cove" class="mw-redirect" title="Cabot Cove">Cabot Cove</a>, <a href="/wiki/Maine" title="Maine">Maine</a>; <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i> estimated that, by the end of the series' 12-year run, nearly 2% of the town's residents had been killed.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is arguably more convincing if police, <a href="/wiki/Forensics" class="mw-redirect" title="Forensics">forensic experts</a> or similar professionals are made the protagonist of a series of crime novels. </p><p>The television series <i><a href="/wiki/Monk_(TV_series)" title="Monk (TV series)">Monk</a></i> has often made fun of this implausible frequency. The main character, <a href="/wiki/Adrian_Monk" title="Adrian Monk">Adrian Monk</a>, is frequently accused of being a "bad luck charm" and a "murder magnet" as the result of the frequency with which murder happens in his vicinity.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Likewise <a href="/wiki/Kogoro_Mori" class="mw-redirect" title="Kogoro Mori">Kogoro Mori</a> of the manga series <i><a href="/wiki/Detective_Conan" class="mw-redirect" title="Detective Conan">Detective Conan</a></i> earned a similar reputation. Although Mori is actually a <a href="/wiki/Private_investigator" title="Private investigator">private investigator</a> with his own agency, the police never intentionally consult him as he stumbles from one crime scene to another. </p><p>The role and legitimacy of coincidence has frequently been the topic of heated arguments ever since <a href="/wiki/Ronald_A._Knox" class="mw-redirect" title="Ronald A. Knox">Ronald A. Knox</a> categorically stated that "no accident must ever help the detective" (Commandment No. 6 in his "Decalogue").<sup id="cite_ref-:4_72-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Effects_of_technology">Effects of technology</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Detective_fiction&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Effects of technology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Technological progress has also rendered many plots implausible and antiquated. For example, the predominance of <a href="/wiki/Mobile_phone" title="Mobile phone">mobile phones</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pager" title="Pager">pagers</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Personal_digital_assistant" title="Personal digital assistant">PDAs</a> has significantly altered the previously dangerous situations in which investigators traditionally might have found themselves.<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>One tactic that avoids the issue of technology altogether is the <a href="/wiki/Historical_whodunnit" class="mw-redirect" title="Historical whodunnit">historical detective genre</a>. As global interconnectedness makes legitimate suspense more difficult to achieve, several writers—including <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Peters" class="mw-redirect" title="Elizabeth Peters">Elizabeth Peters</a>, <a href="/wiki/P._C._Doherty" class="mw-redirect" title="P. C. Doherty">P. C. Doherty</a>, <a href="/wiki/Steven_Saylor" title="Steven Saylor">Steven Saylor</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Lindsey_Davis" title="Lindsey Davis">Lindsey Davis</a>—have eschewed fabricating convoluted plots in order to manufacture tension, instead opting to set their characters in some former period. Such a strategy forces the protagonist to rely on more inventive means of investigation, lacking as they do the technological tools available to modern detectives. </p><p>Conversely, some detective fiction embraces networked computer technology and deals in <a href="/wiki/Cybercrime" title="Cybercrime">cybercrime</a>, like the <i><a href="/wiki/Daemon_(novel_series)" class="mw-redirect" title="Daemon (novel series)">Daemon</a></i> novel series by <a href="/wiki/Daniel_Suarez_(author)" title="Daniel Suarez (author)">Daniel Suarez</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Detective_Commandments">Detective Commandments</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Detective_fiction&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: Detective Commandments"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Several authors have attempted to set forth a sort of list of “Detective Commandments” for prospective authors of the genre. </p><p>According to "Twenty Rules for Writing Detective Stories," by <a href="/wiki/Van_Dine%27s_Commandments" class="mw-redirect" title="Van Dine's Commandments">Van Dine</a> in 1928: "The detective story is a kind of intellectual game. It is more—it is a sporting event. And for the writing of detective stories there are very definite laws—unwritten, perhaps, but nonetheless binding; and every respectable and self-respecting concocter of literary mysteries lives up to them. Herewith, then, is a sort of credo, based partly on the practice of all the great writers of detective stories, and partly on the promptings of the honest author's inner conscience."<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Ronald_Knox" title="Ronald Knox">Ronald Knox</a> wrote a set of <i>Ten Commandments</i> or <i>Decalogue</i> in 1929,<sup id="cite_ref-:4_72-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> see article on the <a href="/wiki/Golden_Age_of_Detective_Fiction" title="Golden Age of Detective Fiction">Golden Age of Detective Fiction</a>. </p><p>A general consensus among crime fiction authors is there is a specific set of rules that must be applied for a novel to truly be considered part of the detective fiction genre. As noted in "Introduction to the Analysis of Crime Fiction",<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> crime fiction from the past 100 years has generally contained the following key rules to be a detective novel: </p> <ul><li>A crime, most often murder, is committed early in the narrative</li> <li>There are a variety of suspects with different motives</li> <li>A central character formally or informally acts as a detective</li> <li>The detective collects evidence about the crimes and its victim</li> <li>Usually the detective interviews the suspects, as well as the witnesses</li> <li>The detective solves the mystery and indicates the real criminal</li> <li>Usually this criminal is now arrested or otherwise punished</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Influential_fictional_detectives">Influential fictional detectives</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Detective_fiction&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: Influential fictional detectives"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Fictional_detectives" class="mw-redirect" title="Fictional detectives">Fictional detectives</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sherlock_Holmes">Sherlock Holmes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Detective_fiction&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: Sherlock Holmes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Sherlock_Holmes" title="Sherlock Holmes">Sherlock Holmes</a></div> <p>Sherlock Holmes is the British fictional detective created by <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Conan_Doyle" title="Arthur Conan Doyle">Sir Arthur Conan Doyle</a>. After first appearing in <i><a href="/wiki/A_Study_in_Scarlet" title="A Study in Scarlet">A Study in Scarlet</a></i>, the <a href="/wiki/Canon_of_Sherlock_Holmes" title="Canon of Sherlock Holmes">Sherlock Holmes stories</a> were not an immediate success. However, after being published in the <a href="/wiki/The_Strand_Magazine" title="The Strand Magazine">Strand Magazine</a> in 1891, the detective became unquestionably popular.<sup id="cite_ref-Armstrong_76-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Armstrong-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Following the success of Sherlock Holmes, many mystery writers imitated Conan Doyle's structure in their own detective stories and included aspects of Sherlock Holmes's personalities in their own detectives. </p><p>Sherlock Holmes as a series is perhaps the most popular form of detective fiction. Conan Doyle attempted to kill the character off after twenty-three stories, but after popular request, he continued to write stories featuring the character. The popularity of Sherlock Holmes extends beyond the written medium.<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For example, the BBC-produced TV series <a href="/wiki/Sherlock_(TV_series)" title="Sherlock (TV series)"><i>Sherlock</i></a> gained a very large following after first airing in 2010, imbuing a renewed interest in the character in the general public. Because of the popularity of Holmes, Conan Doyle was often regarded as being “as well known as <a href="/wiki/Queen_Victoria" title="Queen Victoria">Queen Victoria</a>”.<sup id="cite_ref-Armstrong_76-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Armstrong-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hercule_Poirot">Hercule Poirot</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Detective_fiction&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: Hercule Poirot"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Hercule_Poirot" title="Hercule Poirot">Hercule Poirot</a></div> <p>Hercule Poirot is a fictional Belgian private detective, created by <a href="/wiki/Agatha_Christie" title="Agatha Christie">Agatha Christie</a>. As one of Christie's most famous and long-lived characters, Poirot appeared in 33 novels, one play (<a href="/wiki/Black_Coffee_(play)" title="Black Coffee (play)"><i>Black Coffee</i></a>), and more than 50 short stories, published between 1920 and 1975. Hercule Poirot first appeared in <i><a href="/wiki/The_Mysterious_Affair_at_Styles" title="The Mysterious Affair at Styles">The Mysterious Affair at Styles</a>,</i> published in 1920, and died in <a href="/wiki/Curtain_(novel)" class="mw-redirect" title="Curtain (novel)"><i>Curtain</i></a>, published in 1975, which is Agatha Christie's last work. On August 6, 1975, <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i> published the obituary of Poirot's death with the cover of the newly published novel on their front page.<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="C._Auguste_Dupin">C. Auguste Dupin</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Detective_fiction&action=edit&section=40" title="Edit section: C. Auguste Dupin"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/C._Auguste_Dupin" title="C. Auguste Dupin">C. Auguste Dupin</a></div> <p>Le <a href="/wiki/Knight" title="Knight">Chevalier</a> C. Auguste Dupin is a fictional character created by <a href="/wiki/Edgar_Allan_Poe" title="Edgar Allan Poe">Edgar Allan Poe</a>. Dupin made his first appearance in Poe's "<a href="/wiki/The_Murders_in_the_Rue_Morgue" title="The Murders in the Rue Morgue">The Murders in the Rue Morgue</a>" (1841), widely considered the first detective fiction story. He reappears in "<a href="/wiki/The_Mystery_of_Marie_Rog%C3%AAt" title="The Mystery of Marie Rogêt">The Mystery of Marie Rogêt</a>" (1842) and "<a href="/wiki/The_Purloined_Letter" title="The Purloined Letter">The Purloined Letter</a>" (1844). </p><p>C. Auguste Dupin is generally acknowledged as the prototype for many fictional detectives that were created later, including <a href="/wiki/Sherlock_Holmes" title="Sherlock Holmes">Sherlock Holmes</a> by <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Conan_Doyle" title="Arthur Conan Doyle">Arthur Conan Doyle</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hercule_Poirot" title="Hercule Poirot">Hercule Poirot</a> by <a href="/wiki/Agatha_Christie" title="Agatha Christie">Agatha Christie</a>. Conan Doyle once wrote, "Each [of Poe's detective stories] is a root from which a whole literature has developed... Where was the detective story until Poe breathed the breath of life into it?" </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ellery_Queen">Ellery Queen</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Detective_fiction&action=edit&section=41" title="Edit section: Ellery Queen"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Ellery_Queen" title="Ellery Queen">Ellery Queen</a></div> <p>Ellery Queen is a fictional detective created by American writers <a href="/wiki/Manfred_Bennington_Lee" class="mw-redirect" title="Manfred Bennington Lee">Manfred Bennington Lee</a> and <a href="/wiki/Frederic_Dannay" class="mw-redirect" title="Frederic Dannay">Frederic Dannay</a>, as well as the joint <a href="/wiki/Pseudonym" title="Pseudonym">pseudonym</a> for the cousins Dannay and Lee. He first appeared in <i><a href="/wiki/The_Roman_Hat_Mystery" title="The Roman Hat Mystery">The Roman Hat Mystery</a></i> (1929), and starred in more than 30 novels and several short story collections. During the 1930s and much of the 1940s, Ellery Queen was possibly the best known American fictional detective.<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Detective_debuts_and_swan_songs">Detective debuts and swan songs</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Detective_fiction&action=edit&section=42" title="Edit section: Detective debuts and swan songs"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Many detectives appear in more than one novel or story. Here is a list of a few <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/debut" class="extiw" title="wikt:debut">debut</a> stories and final appearances. </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Detective </th> <th>Author </th> <th>Debut </th> <th>Final appearance </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Misir_Ali" title="Misir Ali">Misir Ali</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Humayun_Ahmed" title="Humayun Ahmed">Humayun Ahmed</a> </td> <td><i>Devi</i></td> <td><i>Jakhan Namibe Andhar</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Roderick_Alleyn" title="Roderick Alleyn">Roderick Alleyn</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Ngaio_Marsh" title="Ngaio Marsh">Ngaio Marsh</a> </td> <td><i><a href="/wiki/A_Man_Lay_Dead" title="A Man Lay Dead">A Man Lay Dead</a></i></td> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Light_Thickens" title="Light Thickens">Light Thickens</a></i> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Lew_Archer" title="Lew Archer">Lew Archer</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Ross_Macdonald" title="Ross Macdonald">Ross Macdonald</a> </td> <td><i><a href="/wiki/The_Moving_Target" title="The Moving Target">The Moving Target</a></i></td> <td><i>The Blue Hammer</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Byomkesh_Bakshi" title="Byomkesh Bakshi">Byomkesh Bakshi</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Sharadindu_Bandyopadhyay" title="Sharadindu Bandyopadhyay">Sharadindu Bandyopadhyay</a> </td> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Satyanweshi_(novel)" title="Satyanweshi (novel)">Satyanweshi</a></i></td> <td><i>Bishupal Badh</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Inspector_Alan_Banks" title="Inspector Alan Banks">Alan Banks</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Peter_Robinson_(novelist)" title="Peter Robinson (novelist)">Peter Robinson</a> </td> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Gallows_View" title="Gallows View">Gallows View</a></i> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Parashor_Barma" title="Parashor Barma">Parashor Barma</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Premendra_Mitra" title="Premendra Mitra">Premendra Mitra</a> </td> <td><i>Goenda Kobi Parashar</i></td> <td><i>Ghanada O Dui Doshor Mamababu O Parashar</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Tom_Barnaby" title="Tom Barnaby">Tom Barnaby</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Caroline_Graham_(writer)" title="Caroline Graham (writer)">Caroline Graham</a> </td> <td><i><a href="/wiki/The_Killings_at_Badger%27s_Drift" title="The Killings at Badger's Drift">The Killings at Badger's Drift</a></i> </td> <td><i><a href="/wiki/A_Ghost_in_the_Machine" title="A Ghost in the Machine">A Ghost in the Machine</a></i> </td></tr> <tr> <td>J. P. Beaumont </td> <td><a href="/wiki/J._A._Jance" title="J. A. Jance">J. A. Jance</a> </td> <td><i>Until Proven Guilty</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Martin_Beck" title="Martin Beck">Martin Beck</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Maj_Sj%C3%B6wall" title="Maj Sjöwall">Maj Sjöwall</a> and <a href="/wiki/Per_Wahl%C3%B6%C3%B6" title="Per Wahlöö">Per Wahlöö</a> </td> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Roseanna_(novel)" title="Roseanna (novel)">Roseanna</a></i></td> <td><i><a href="/wiki/The_Terrorists" title="The Terrorists">The Terrorists</a></i> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Bimal" class="mw-redirect" title="Bimal">Bimal</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Hemendra_Kumar_Roy" title="Hemendra Kumar Roy">Hemendra Kumar Roy</a> </td> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Jakher_Dhan" title="Jakher Dhan">Jakher Dhan</a></i> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Anita_Blake" title="Anita Blake">Anita Blake</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Laurell_K._Hamilton" title="Laurell K. Hamilton">Laurell K. Hamilton</a> </td> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Guilty_Pleasures_(novel)" title="Guilty Pleasures (novel)">Guilty Pleasures</a></i> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Sexton_Blake" title="Sexton Blake">Sexton Blake</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Harry_Blyth" title="Harry Blyth">Harry Blyth</a>, <a href="/wiki/George_Hamilton_Teed" title="George Hamilton Teed">George Hamilton Teed</a>, <a href="/wiki/Edwy_Searles_Brooks" title="Edwy Searles Brooks">Edwy Searles Brooks</a> </td> <td><i>The Missing Millionaire</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Harry_Bosch" title="Harry Bosch">Harry Bosch</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Michael_Connelly" title="Michael Connelly">Michael Connelly</a> </td> <td><i>The Black Echo</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Joanna Brady </td> <td><a href="/wiki/J._A._Jance" title="J. A. Jance">J. A. Jance</a> </td> <td><i>Desert Heat</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Jackson_Brodie" class="mw-redirect" title="Jackson Brodie">Jackson Brodie</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Kate_Atkinson_(writer)" title="Kate Atkinson (writer)">Kate Atkinson</a> </td> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Case_Histories" title="Case Histories">Case Histories</a></i> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Father_Brown" title="Father Brown">Father Brown</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/G._K._Chesterton" title="G. K. Chesterton">G. K. Chesterton</a> </td> <td>"<a href="/wiki/The_Blue_Cross_(short_story)" title="The Blue Cross (short story)">The Blue Cross</a>"</td> <td>"The Mask of Midas" </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Brother_Cadfael" class="mw-redirect" title="Brother Cadfael">Brother Cadfael</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Ellis_Peters" class="mw-redirect" title="Ellis Peters">Ellis Peters</a> </td> <td><i><a href="/wiki/A_Morbid_Taste_for_Bones" title="A Morbid Taste for Bones">A Morbid Taste for Bones</a></i></td> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Brother_Cadfael%27s_Penance" title="Brother Cadfael's Penance">Brother Cadfael's Penance</a></i> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Jack Caffery </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Mo_Hayder" title="Mo Hayder">Mo Hayder</a> </td> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Birdman_(novel)" title="Birdman (novel)">Birdman</a></i></td> <td><i>Wolf</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Vincent_Calvino" title="Vincent Calvino">Vincent Calvino</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Christopher_G._Moore" title="Christopher G. Moore">Christopher G. Moore</a> </td> <td><i>Spirit House</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="3"><a href="/wiki/Albert_Campion" title="Albert Campion">Albert Campion</a> </td> <td rowspan="3"><a href="/wiki/Margery_Allingham" title="Margery Allingham">Margery Allingham</a> </td> <td rowspan="3"><i><a href="/wiki/The_Crime_at_Black_Dudley" title="The Crime at Black Dudley">The Crime at Black Dudley</a></i> </td> <td><i><a href="/wiki/The_Mind_Readers" title="The Mind Readers">The Mind Readers</a></i> (last story completed by Allingham) </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>Mr. Campion's Falcon</i> (last story completed by <a href="/wiki/Philip_Youngman_Carter" class="mw-redirect" title="Philip Youngman Carter">Philip Youngman Carter</a>) </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>(Series continues written by <a href="/wiki/Mike_Ripley" title="Mike Ripley">Mike Ripley</a>)</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Georgia Cantini </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Grazia_Verasani" title="Grazia Verasani">Grazia Verasani</a> </td> <td><i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.italicapress.com/index488.html">Quo Vadis, Baby?</a></i> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Nick_and_Nora_Charles" title="Nick and Nora Charles">Nick and Nora Charles</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Dashiell_Hammett" title="Dashiell Hammett">Dashiell Hammett</a> </td> <td colspan="2"><i><a href="/wiki/The_Thin_Man" title="The Thin Man">The Thin Man</a></i> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Cao Chen </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Qiu_Xiaolong" title="Qiu Xiaolong">Xiaolong Qiu</a> </td> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Death_of_a_Red_Heroine" title="Death of a Red Heroine">Death of a Red Heroine</a></i> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Elvis_Cole" class="mw-redirect" title="Elvis Cole">Elvis Cole</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Robert_Crais" title="Robert Crais">Robert Crais</a> </td> <td><i><a href="/wiki/The_Monkey%27s_Raincoat" title="The Monkey's Raincoat">The Monkey's Raincoat</a></i> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Quinn Colson </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Ace_Atkins" title="Ace Atkins">Ace Atkins</a> </td> <td><i>The Ranger</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/The_Continental_Op" title="The Continental Op">The Continental Op</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Dashiell_Hammett" title="Dashiell Hammett">Dashiell Hammett</a> </td> <td><i>Arson Plus</i> </td> <td><i><a href="/wiki/The_Dain_Curse" title="The Dain Curse">The Dain Curse</a></i> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Lord Edward Corinth and Verity Browne </td> <td><a href="/wiki/David_Roberts_(novelist)" title="David Roberts (novelist)">David Roberts</a> </td> <td><i>Sweet Poison</i></td> <td><i>Sweet Sorrow</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Jerry_Cornelius" title="Jerry Cornelius">Jerry Cornelius</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Michael_Moorcock" title="Michael Moorcock">Michael Moorcock</a> </td> <td><i><a href="/wiki/The_Final_Programme" title="The Final Programme">The Final Programme</a></i> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Dr._Phil_D%27Amato" class="mw-redirect" title="Dr. Phil D'Amato">Dr. Phil D'Amato</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Paul_Levinson" title="Paul Levinson">Paul Levinson</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Phil_D%27Amato#The_Novelettes" title="Phil D'Amato">"The Chronology Protection Case"</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Harry_D%27Amour" title="Harry D'Amour">Harry D'Amour</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Clive_Barker" title="Clive Barker">Clive Barker</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Books_of_Blood" title="Books of Blood">"The Last Illusion"</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Adam_Dalgliesh" title="Adam Dalgliesh">Adam Dalgliesh</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/PD_James" class="mw-redirect" title="PD James">PD James</a> </td> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Cover_Her_Face" title="Cover Her Face">Cover Her Face</a></i></td> <td><i><a href="/wiki/The_Private_Patient" title="The Private Patient">The Private Patient</a></i> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Dalziel_and_Pascoe" title="Dalziel and Pascoe">Andrew Dalziel and Peter Pascoe</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Reginald_Hill" title="Reginald Hill">Reginald Hill</a> </td> <td><i><a href="/wiki/A_Clubbable_Woman" title="A Clubbable Woman">A Clubbable Woman</a></i></td> <td><i>Midnight Fugue</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Peter_Decker" title="Peter Decker">Peter Decker</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Faye_Kellerman" title="Faye Kellerman">Faye Kellerman</a> </td> <td><i>The Ritual Bath</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Alex_Delaware" title="Alex Delaware">Alex Delaware</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Kellerman" title="Jonathan Kellerman">Jonathan Kellerman</a> </td> <td><i>When the Bough Breaks</i></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Harry_Devlin_(fictional_detective)" title="Harry Devlin (fictional detective)">Harry Devlin</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Martin_Edwards_(author)" title="Martin Edwards (author)">Martin Edwards</a> </td> <td><i>All the Lonely People</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Peter Diamond </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Peter_Lovesey" title="Peter Lovesey">Peter Lovesey</a> </td> <td><i><a href="/wiki/The_Last_Detective_(book)" title="The Last Detective (book)">The Last Detective</a></i> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Harry_Dresden" class="mw-redirect" title="Harry Dresden">Harry Dresden</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Jim_Butcher" title="Jim Butcher">Jim Butcher</a> </td> <td><i>Storm Front</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Nancy_Drew" title="Nancy Drew">Nancy Drew</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Carolyn_Keene" title="Carolyn Keene">Carolyn Keene</a> </td> <td><i><a href="/wiki/The_Secret_of_the_Old_Clock" title="The Secret of the Old Clock">The Secret of the Old Clock</a></i> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Auguste_Dupin" class="mw-redirect" title="Auguste Dupin">Auguste Dupin</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Edgar_Allan_Poe" title="Edgar Allan Poe">Edgar Allan Poe</a> </td> <td><i><a href="/wiki/The_Murders_in_the_Rue_Morgue" title="The Murders in the Rue Morgue">The Murders in the Rue Morgue</a></i></td> <td><i><a href="/wiki/The_Purloined_Letter" title="The Purloined Letter">The Purloined Letter</a></i> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Marcus_Didius_Falco" class="mw-redirect" title="Marcus Didius Falco">Marcus Didius Falco</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Lindsey_Davis" title="Lindsey Davis">Lindsey Davis</a> </td> <td><i><a href="/wiki/The_Silver_Pigs" title="The Silver Pigs">The Silver Pigs</a></i> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Feluda" title="Feluda">Feluda</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Satyajit_Ray" title="Satyajit Ray">Satyajit Ray</a> </td> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Feludar_Goendagiri" title="Feludar Goendagiri">Feludar Goendagiri</a></i></td> <td><i>Robertson-er Ruby</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Erast_Fandorin" title="Erast Fandorin">Erast Fandorin</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Boris_Akunin" title="Boris Akunin">Boris Akunin</a> </td> <td><i><a href="/wiki/The_Winter_Queen_(novel)" title="The Winter Queen (novel)">The Winter Queen</a></i> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Kate_Fansler" title="Kate Fansler">Kate Fansler</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Carolyn_Gold_Heilbrun" title="Carolyn Gold Heilbrun">Amanda Cross</a> </td> <td><i>In the Last Analysis</i> </td> <td><i>The Edge of Doom</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Dr._Gideon_Fell" class="mw-redirect" title="Dr. Gideon Fell">Dr. Gideon Fell</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/John_Dickson_Carr" title="John Dickson Carr">John Dickson Carr</a> </td> <td><i>Hag's Nook</i></td> <td><i>Dark of the Moon</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/John_Fielding" title="John Fielding">Sir John Fielding</a> and Jeremy Proctor </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Bruce_Alexander_Cook" title="Bruce Alexander Cook">Bruce Alexander</a> </td> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Blind_Justice_(novel)" title="Blind Justice (novel)">Blind Justice</a></i> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Tecumseh Fox </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Rex_Stout" title="Rex Stout">Rex Stout</a> </td> <td><i>Double for Death</i></td> <td><i>The Broken Vase</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/List_of_Case_Closed_characters#Rei_Furuya" title="List of Case Closed characters">Rei Furuya</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Gosho_Aoyama" title="Gosho Aoyama">Gosho Aoyama</a> </td> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Detective_Conan" class="mw-redirect" title="Detective Conan">Detective Conan</a></i> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Dirk_Gently" title="Dirk Gently">Dirk Gently (Svlad Cjelli)</a> </td> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Douglas_Adams" title="Douglas Adams">Douglas Adams</a> </td> <td rowspan="2"><i><a href="/wiki/Dirk_Gently%27s_Holistic_Detective_Agency" title="Dirk Gently's Holistic Detective Agency">Dirk Gently's Holistic Detective Agency</a></i> </td> <td><i><a href="/wiki/The_Long_Dark_Tea-Time_of_the_Soul" title="The Long Dark Tea-Time of the Soul">The Long Dark Tea-Time of the Soul</a></i> (last completed work) </td></tr> <tr> <td><i><a href="/wiki/The_Salmon_of_Doubt" title="The Salmon of Doubt">The Salmon of Doubt</a></i> (unfinished) </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Inspector_Ghote" title="Inspector Ghote">Ganesh Ghote</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/H._R._F._Keating" title="H. R. F. Keating">H. R. F. Keating</a> </td> <td><i><a href="/wiki/The_Perfect_Murder_(novel)" title="The Perfect Murder (novel)">The Perfect Murder</a></i></td> <td><i>A Small Case for Inspector Ghote?</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/George_Gideon" title="George Gideon">George Gideon</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/John_Creasey" title="John Creasey">John Creasey</a> </td> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Gideon%27s_Day" title="Gideon's Day">Gideon's Day</a></i> </td> <td><i>Gideon's Drive</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Gordianus_the_Finder" class="mw-redirect" title="Gordianus the Finder">Gordianus the Finder</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Steven_Saylor" title="Steven Saylor">Steven Saylor</a> </td> <td><i>Roman Blood</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Saguru_Hakuba" class="mw-redirect" title="Saguru Hakuba">Saguru Hakuba</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Gosho_Aoyama" title="Gosho Aoyama">Gosho Aoyama</a> </td> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Magic_Kaito" title="Magic Kaito">Magic Kaito</a></i> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Mike_Hammer_(character)" title="Mike Hammer (character)">Mike Hammer</a> </td> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Mickey_Spillane" title="Mickey Spillane">Mickey Spillane</a> </td> <td rowspan="2"><i><a href="/wiki/I,_the_Jury" title="I, the Jury">I, the Jury</a></i> </td> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Black_Alley" title="Black Alley">Black Alley</a></i> (last story completed by Spillane) </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>(Series continues from unfinished Spillane manuscripts completed by <a href="/wiki/Max_Allan_Collins" title="Max Allan Collins">Max Allan Collins</a>)</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/The_Hardy_Boys" title="The Hardy Boys">The Hardy Boys</a> </td> <td>(<a href="/wiki/Ghostwriter" title="Ghostwriter">ghostwriters</a>) </td> <td><i><a href="/wiki/The_Tower_Treasure" title="The Tower Treasure">The Tower Treasure</a></i> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Harley_Hartwell" class="mw-redirect" title="Harley Hartwell">Heiji Hattori</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Gosho_Aoyama" title="Gosho Aoyama">Gosho Aoyama</a> </td> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Detective_Conan" class="mw-redirect" title="Detective Conan">Detective Conan</a></i> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Dr._Tony_Hill" title="Dr. Tony Hill">Tony Hill</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Val_McDermid" title="Val McDermid">Val McDermid</a> </td> <td><i><a href="/wiki/The_Mermaids_Singing" title="The Mermaids Singing">The Mermaids Singing</a></i> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Neil Hockaday </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Adcock" title="Thomas Adcock">Thomas Adcock</a> </td> <td><i>Sea of Green</i> </td> <td><i>Grief Street</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Sherlock_Holmes" title="Sherlock Holmes">Sherlock Holmes</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Sir_Arthur_Conan_Doyle" class="mw-redirect" title="Sir Arthur Conan Doyle">Sir Arthur Conan Doyle</a> </td> <td><i><a href="/wiki/A_Study_in_Scarlet" title="A Study in Scarlet">A Study in Scarlet</a></i></td> <td><i><a href="/wiki/The_Adventure_of_Shoscombe_Old_Place" title="The Adventure of Shoscombe Old Place">The Adventure of Shoscombe Old Place</a></i> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Jayanta" title="Jayanta">Jayanta</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Hemendra_Kumar_Roy" title="Hemendra Kumar Roy">Hemendra Kumar Roy</a> </td> <td><i>Jayanter Keerti</i></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Art Keller </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Don_Winslow" title="Don Winslow">Don Winslow</a> </td> <td><i><a href="/wiki/The_Power_of_the_Dog_(Winslow_novel)" title="The Power of the Dog (Winslow novel)">The Power of the Dog</a></i> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Craig_Kennedy" title="Craig Kennedy">Craig Kennedy</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Arthur_B._Reeve" title="Arthur B. Reeve">Arthur B. Reeve</a> </td> <td><i>The Silent Bullet</i></td> <td><i>The Stars Scream Murder</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Sammy_Keyes" title="Sammy Keyes">Sammy Keyes</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Wendelin_Van_Draanen" title="Wendelin Van Draanen">Wendelin Van Draanen</a> </td> <td>Sammy Keyes and the Hotel Thief </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Kikira" class="mw-redirect" title="Kikira">Kikira</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Bimal_Kar" title="Bimal Kar">Bimal Kar</a> </td> <td><i>Kapalikera Ekhono Ache</i></td> <td><i>Ekti Photo Churir Rahasya</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Shinichi_Kudo" class="mw-redirect" title="Shinichi Kudo">Shinichi Kudo</a> / Conan Edogawa </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Gosho_Aoyama" title="Gosho Aoyama">Gosho Aoyama</a> </td> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Detective_Conan" class="mw-redirect" title="Detective Conan">Detective Conan</a></i></td> <td>  </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Jake_Lassiter" class="mw-redirect" title="Jake Lassiter">Jake Lassiter</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Paul_Levine" title="Paul Levine">Paul Levine</a> </td> <td>"To Speak For The Dead" </td></tr> <tr> <td>Charles Latimer </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Eric_Ambler" title="Eric Ambler">Eric Ambler</a> </td> <td><i><a href="/wiki/The_Mask_of_Dimitrios" title="The Mask of Dimitrios">The Mask of Dimitrios</a></i> (AKA <i>A Coffin for Dimitrios</i>) </td> <td><i>The Intercom Conspiracy</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Joe_Leaphorn" title="Joe Leaphorn">Joe Leaphorn</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Tony_Hillerman" title="Tony Hillerman">Tony Hillerman</a> </td> <td><i><a href="/wiki/The_Blessing_Way" title="The Blessing Way">The Blessing Way</a></i> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Nelson_Lee_(detective)" title="Nelson Lee (detective)">Nelson Lee</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/John_William_Staniforth" title="John William Staniforth">Maxwell Scott</a> </td> <td><i>A Dead Man's Secret</i></td> <td><i>Waldo, the Gang Buster</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Inspector Lund </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Willy_Corsari" title="Willy Corsari">Willy Corsari</a> </td> <td><i>Het Mysterie van de Mondscheinsonate</i> (<i>The Mystery of the Moonlight Sonata</i>) </td> <td><i>Spelen met de Dood</i> (<i>Playing with Death</i>) </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Lynley" class="mw-redirect" title="Thomas Lynley">Thomas Lynley</a> and <a href="/wiki/Barbara_Havers" class="mw-redirect" title="Barbara Havers">Barbara Havers</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_George" title="Elizabeth George">Elizabeth George</a> </td> <td><i><a href="/wiki/A_Great_Deliverance" title="A Great Deliverance">A Great Deliverance</a></i> </td></tr> <tr> <td>John Madden </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Rennie_Airth" title="Rennie Airth">Rennie Airth</a> </td> <td><i>River of Darkness</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Jules_Maigret" title="Jules Maigret">Jules Maigret</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Georges_Simenon" title="Georges Simenon">Georges Simenon</a> </td> <td><i><a href="/wiki/The_Strange_Case_of_Peter_the_Lett" title="The Strange Case of Peter the Lett">The Strange Case of Peter the Lett</a></i></td> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Maigret_and_Monsieur_Charles" title="Maigret and Monsieur Charles">Maigret and Monsieur Charles</a></i> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Philip_Marlowe" title="Philip Marlowe">Philip Marlowe</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Raymond_Chandler" title="Raymond Chandler">Raymond Chandler</a> </td> <td><i><a href="/wiki/The_Big_Sleep" title="The Big Sleep">The Big Sleep</a></i></td> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Playback_(novel)" title="Playback (novel)">Playback</a></i> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Miss_Marple" title="Miss Marple">Miss Marple</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Agatha_Christie" title="Agatha Christie">Agatha Christie</a> </td> <td><i><a href="/wiki/The_Murder_at_the_Vicarage" title="The Murder at the Vicarage">The Murder at the Vicarage</a></i></td> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Sleeping_Murder" title="Sleeping Murder">Sleeping Murder</a></i> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Darren Matthews </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Attica_Locke" title="Attica Locke">Attica Locke</a> </td> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Bluebird,_Bluebird" title="Bluebird, Bluebird">Bluebird, Bluebird</a></i> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Travis_McGee" title="Travis McGee">Travis McGee</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/John_D._MacDonald" title="John D. MacDonald">John D. MacDonald</a> </td> <td><i><a href="/wiki/The_Deep_Blue_Good-by" title="The Deep Blue Good-by">The Deep Blue Good-by</a></i></td> <td><i><a href="/wiki/The_Lonely_Silver_Rain" title="The Lonely Silver Rain">The Lonely Silver Rain</a></i> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Sir_Henry_Merrivale" title="Sir Henry Merrivale">Sir Henry Merrivale</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Carter_Dickson" class="mw-redirect" title="Carter Dickson">Carter Dickson</a> </td> <td><i><a href="/wiki/The_Plague_Court_Murders" title="The Plague Court Murders">The Plague Court Murders</a></i></td> <td><i><a href="/wiki/The_Cavalier%27s_Cup" title="The Cavalier's Cup">The Cavalier's Cup</a></i> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Kinsey_Millhone" class="mw-redirect" title="Kinsey Millhone">Kinsey Millhone</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Sue_Grafton" title="Sue Grafton">Sue Grafton</a> </td> <td><i><a href="/wiki/%22A%22_Is_for_Alibi" title=""A" Is for Alibi">"A" Is for Alibi</a></i> </td> <td><i><a href="/wiki/%22Y%22_Is_for_Yesterday" title=""Y" Is for Yesterday">"Y" Is for Yesterday</a></i> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Kiyoshi Mitarai </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Soji_Shimada" title="Soji Shimada">Soji Shimada</a> </td> <td><i><a href="/wiki/The_Tokyo_Zodiac_Murders" title="The Tokyo Zodiac Murders">The Tokyo Zodiac Murders</a></i> </td> <td><i>Final Pitch</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Kogoro_Mouri" class="mw-redirect" title="Kogoro Mouri">Kogoro Mori</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Gosho_Aoyama" title="Gosho Aoyama">Gosho Aoyama</a> </td> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Detective_Conan" class="mw-redirect" title="Detective Conan">Detective Conan</a></i> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Inspector_Morse" title="Inspector Morse">Inspector Morse</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Colin_Dexter" title="Colin Dexter">Colin Dexter</a> </td> <td><i>Last Bus to Woodstock</i></td> <td><i>Remorseful Day</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Thursday_Next" title="Thursday Next">Thursday Next</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Jasper_Fforde" title="Jasper Fforde">Jasper Fforde</a> </td> <td><i><a href="/wiki/The_Eyre_Affair" title="The Eyre Affair">The Eyre Affair</a></i> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Gideon Oliver </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Aaron_Elkins" title="Aaron Elkins">Aaron Elkins</a> </td> <td><i>Fellowship of Fear</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Jimmy Perez </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Ann_Cleeves" title="Ann Cleeves">Ann Cleeves</a> </td> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Raven_Black" title="Raven Black">Raven Black</a></i> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Stephanie_Plum" title="Stephanie Plum">Stephanie Plum</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Janet_Evanovich" title="Janet Evanovich">Janet Evanovich</a> </td> <td><i>One for the Money</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Hercule_Poirot" title="Hercule Poirot">Hercule Poirot</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Agatha_Christie" title="Agatha Christie">Agatha Christie</a> </td> <td><i><a href="/wiki/The_Mysterious_Affair_at_Styles" title="The Mysterious Affair at Styles">The Mysterious Affair at Styles</a></i></td> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Curtain_(novel)" class="mw-redirect" title="Curtain (novel)">Curtain</a></i> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Ellery_Queen" title="Ellery Queen">Ellery Queen</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Ellery_Queen" title="Ellery Queen">Ellery Queen</a> </td> <td><i><a href="/wiki/The_Roman_Hat_Mystery" title="The Roman Hat Mystery">The Roman Hat Mystery</a></i></td> <td><i>A Fine and Private Place</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Jack_Reacher" title="Jack Reacher">Jack Reacher</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Lee_Child" title="Lee Child">Lee Child</a> </td> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Killing_Floor_(novel)" title="Killing Floor (novel)">Killing Floor</a></i> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Precious_Ramotswe" class="mw-redirect" title="Precious Ramotswe">Precious Ramotswe</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Alexander_McCall_Smith" title="Alexander McCall Smith">Alexander McCall Smith</a> </td> <td><i><a href="/wiki/The_No._1_Ladies%27_Detective_Agency" title="The No. 1 Ladies' Detective Agency">The No. 1 Ladies' Detective Agency</a></i> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Detective_Inspector_John_Rebus" class="mw-redirect" title="Detective Inspector John Rebus">John Rebus</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Ian_Rankin" title="Ian Rankin">Ian Rankin</a> </td> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Knots_and_Crosses" title="Knots and Crosses">Knots and Crosses</a></i> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Dave_Robicheaux" title="Dave Robicheaux">Dave Robicheaux</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/James_Lee_Burke" title="James Lee Burke">James Lee Burke</a> </td> <td><i>The Neon Rain</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Kiriti_Roy" title="Kiriti Roy">Kiriti Roy</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Nihar_Ranjan_Gupta" title="Nihar Ranjan Gupta">Nihar Ranjan Gupta</a> </td> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Kalo_Bhramar" title="Kalo Bhramar">Kalo Bhramar</a></i></td> <td><i>Avagunthita</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Lincoln_Rhyme" class="mw-redirect" title="Lincoln Rhyme">Lincoln Rhyme</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Jeffery_Deaver" title="Jeffery Deaver">Jeffery Deaver</a> </td> <td><i><a href="/wiki/The_Bone_Collector_(novel)" title="The Bone Collector (novel)">The Bone Collector</a></i> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Huo Sang </td> <td><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%A8%8B%E5%B0%8F%E9%9D%92" class="extiw" title="zh:程小青">Chen Xiaoqing</a> </td> <td><i>The Shadow in the Lamplight</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Matthew_Scudder" title="Matthew Scudder">Matthew Scudder</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Lawrence_Block" title="Lawrence Block">Lawrence Block</a> </td> <td>The Sins of the Fathers </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/List_of_Case_Closed_characters#Masumi_Sera" title="List of Case Closed characters">Masumi Sera</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Gosho_Aoyama" title="Gosho Aoyama">Gosho Aoyama</a> </td> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Detective_Conan" class="mw-redirect" title="Detective Conan">Detective Conan</a></i> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Dan Shepherd </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Leather" title="Stephen Leather">Stephen Leather</a> </td> <td><i>True Colours</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Miss_Silver" title="Miss Silver">Miss Silver</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Patricia_Wentworth" title="Patricia Wentworth">Patricia Wentworth</a> </td> <td><i>Grey Mask</i> </td> <td><i>The Girl in the Cellar</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Arthur Simpson </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Eric_Ambler" title="Eric Ambler">Eric Ambler</a> </td> <td><i><a href="/wiki/The_Light_of_Day_(Eric_Ambler_novel)" title="The Light of Day (Eric Ambler novel)">The Light of Day</a></i></td> <td><i>Dirty Story</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Rabbi David Small </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Harry_Kemelman" title="Harry Kemelman">Harry Kemelman</a> </td> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Friday_the_Rabbi_Slept_Late" title="Friday the Rabbi Slept Late">Friday the Rabbi Slept Late</a></i></td> <td><i>That Day the Rabbi Left Town</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Sam_Spade" title="Sam Spade">Sam Spade</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Dashiell_Hammett" title="Dashiell Hammett">Dashiell Hammett</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/The_Maltese_Falcon_(novel)" title="The Maltese Falcon (novel)"><i>The Maltese Falcon</i></a> </td> <td><i>They Can Only Hang You Once</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Spenser_(fictional_detective)" class="mw-redirect" title="Spenser (fictional detective)">Spenser</a> </td> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Robert_B._Parker" title="Robert B. Parker">Robert B. Parker</a> </td> <td rowspan="2"><i>The Godwulf Manuscript</i> </td> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Sixkill_(novel)" title="Sixkill (novel)">Sixkill</a></i> (last novel completed by Parker) </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>(Series continues written by <a href="/wiki/Ace_Atkins" title="Ace Atkins">Ace Atkins</a>)</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Vera Stanhope </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Ann_Cleeves" title="Ann Cleeves">Ann Cleeves</a> </td> <td><i>The Crow Trap</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Cormoran_Strike" title="Cormoran Strike">Cormoran Strike</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/J.K._Rowling" class="mw-redirect" title="J.K. Rowling">J.K. Rowling</a> (under the pen name Robert Galbraith) </td> <td><i><a href="/wiki/The_Cuckoo%27s_Calling" title="The Cuckoo's Calling">The Cuckoo's Calling</a></i> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/The_Adventures_of_Tintin" title="The Adventures of Tintin">Tintin</a> </td> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Herg%C3%A9" title="Hergé">Hergé</a> </td> <td rowspan="2"><i><a href="/wiki/Tintin_in_the_Land_of_the_Soviets" title="Tintin in the Land of the Soviets">Tintin in the Land of the Soviets</a></i> </td> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Tintin_and_the_Picaros" title="Tintin and the Picaros">Tintin and the Picaros</a></i> (last completed work) </td></tr> <tr> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Tintin_and_Alph-Art" title="Tintin and Alph-Art">Tintin and Alph-Art</a></i> (unfinished) </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Tommy_and_Tuppence" title="Tommy and Tuppence">Tommy and Tuppence</a> (Thomas and Prudence Beresford) </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Agatha_Christie" title="Agatha Christie">Agatha Christie</a> </td> <td><i><a href="/wiki/The_Secret_Adversary" title="The Secret Adversary">The Secret Adversary</a></i></td> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Postern_of_Fate" title="Postern of Fate">Postern of Fate</a></i> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Philip_Trent" class="mw-redirect" title="Philip Trent">Philip Trent</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Edmund_Clerihew_Bentley" title="Edmund Clerihew Bentley">E. C. Bentley</a> </td> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Trent%27s_Last_Case_(novel)" title="Trent's Last Case (novel)">Trent's Last Case</a></i> </td> <td><i>Trent Intervenes</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Kurt_Wallander" title="Kurt Wallander">Kurt Wallander</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Henning_Mankell" title="Henning Mankell">Henning Mankell</a> </td> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Faceless_Killers" title="Faceless Killers">Faceless Killers</a></i> </td> <td><i><a href="/wiki/The_Troubled_Man" title="The Troubled Man">The Troubled Man</a></i> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/V.I._Warshawski" class="mw-redirect" title="V.I. Warshawski">V.I. Warshawski</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Sara_Paretsky" title="Sara Paretsky">Sara Paretsky</a> </td> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Indemnity_Only" title="Indemnity Only">Indemnity Only</a></i> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Willam Warwick </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Jeffrey_Archer" title="Jeffrey Archer">Jeffrey Archer</a> </td> <td><i>Nothing Ventured</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Inspector_Wexford" title="Inspector Wexford">Reginald Wexford</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Ruth_Rendell" title="Ruth Rendell">Ruth Rendell</a> </td> <td><i><a href="/wiki/From_Doon_with_Death" title="From Doon with Death">From Doon with Death</a></i> </td> <td><i><a href="/wiki/No_Man%27s_Nightingale" title="No Man's Nightingale">No Man's Nightingale</a></i> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="3"><a href="/wiki/Lord_Peter_Wimsey" title="Lord Peter Wimsey">Lord Peter Wimsey</a> </td> <td rowspan="3"><a href="/wiki/Dorothy_L._Sayers" title="Dorothy L. Sayers">Dorothy L. Sayers</a> </td> <td rowspan="3"><i><a href="/wiki/Whose_Body%3F" title="Whose Body?">Whose Body?</a></i> </td> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Busman%27s_Honeymoon" title="Busman's Honeymoon">Busman's Honeymoon</a></i> (last novel completed by Sayers) </td></tr> <tr> <td>"Talboys" (last story written by Sayers) </td></tr> <tr> <td><i><a href="/wiki/The_Late_Scholar" title="The Late Scholar">The Late Scholar</a></i> (last story completed by <a href="/wiki/Jill_Paton_Walsh" title="Jill Paton Walsh">Jill Paton Walsh</a>) </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Nero_Wolfe" title="Nero Wolfe">Nero Wolfe</a> </td> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Rex_Stout" title="Rex Stout">Rex Stout</a> </td> <td rowspan="2"><i><a href="/wiki/Fer-de-Lance_(novel)" title="Fer-de-Lance (novel)">Fer-de-Lance</a></i> </td> <td><i><a href="/wiki/A_Family_Affair_(novel)" title="A Family Affair (novel)">A Family Affair</a></i> (last novel completed by Stout) </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>(Series continues written by <a href="/wiki/Robert_Goldsborough_(writer)" title="Robert Goldsborough (writer)">Robert Goldsborough</a>)</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Manabu Yukawa </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Keigo_Higashino" title="Keigo Higashino">Keigo Higashino</a> </td> <td><i>Tantei Galileo</i> (AKA <i>Detective Galileo</i>) </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Books">Books</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Detective_fiction&action=edit&section=43" title="Edit section: Books"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><i>Bloody Murder: From the Detective Story to the Crime Novel – A History</i> by Julian Symons <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0571094651" title="Special:BookSources/0571094651">0571094651</a></li> <li>Stacy Gillis and Philippa Gates (Editors), <i>The Devil Himself: Villainy in Detective Fiction and Film,</i> Greenwood, 2001. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0313316554" title="Special:BookSources/0313316554">0313316554</a></li> <li><i>The Manichean Investigators: A Postcolonial and Cultural Rereading of the Sherlock Holmes and Byomkesh Bakshi Stories</i> by Pinaki Roy, New Delhi: Sarup and Sons, 2008, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8176258494" title="Special:BookSources/978-8176258494">978-8176258494</a></li> <li><i>Killer Books</i> by Jean Swanson & Dean James, Berkley Prime Crime edition 1998, Penguin Putnam Inc. New York <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0425162184" title="Special:BookSources/0425162184">0425162184</a></li> <li><i>Delightful Murder: A Social History of the Crime Story</i> by <a href="/wiki/Ernest_Mandel" title="Ernest Mandel">Ernest Mandel</a>, 1985. Univ. of Minnesota Press.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="Please supply an ISBN for this book.">ISBN missing</span></a></i>]</sup></li> <li><i>Clifford's War: The Bluegrass Battleground</i> by J. Denison Reed <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1737164029" title="Special:BookSources/978-1737164029">978-1737164029</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Detective_fiction&action=edit&section=44" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Book_collection.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Book_collection.jpg/32px-Book_collection.jpg" decoding="async" width="32" height="25" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Book_collection.jpg/48px-Book_collection.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Book_collection.jpg/64px-Book_collection.jpg 2x" data-file-width="299" data-file-height="238" /></a></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Novels" title="Portal:Novels">Novels portal</a></span></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Closed_circle_of_suspects" title="Closed circle of suspects">Closed circle of suspects</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Ace_mystery_double_titles" title="List of Ace mystery double titles">List of Ace mystery double titles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Ace_mystery_letter-series_single_titles" title="List of Ace mystery letter-series single titles">List of Ace mystery letter-series single titles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Ace_mystery_numeric-series_single_titles" title="List of Ace mystery numeric-series single titles">List of Ace mystery numeric-series single titles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_crime_writers" title="List of crime writers">List of crime writers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_detective_fiction_authors" title="List of detective fiction authors">List of detective fiction authors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_female_detective_characters" title="List of female detective characters">List of female detective characters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mafia_(party_game)" title="Mafia (party game)">Mafia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mystery_film" title="Mystery film">Mystery film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metaphysical_detective_story" title="Metaphysical detective story">Metaphysical detective story</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Detective_fiction&action=edit&section=45" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMichael1992" class="citation book cs1">Michael, Cox (1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/victoriantalesof00coxm"><i>Victorian Tales of Mystery and Detection: An Oxford Anthology</i></a>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0192123084" title="Special:BookSources/978-0192123084"><bdi>978-0192123084</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Victorian+Tales+of+Mystery+and+Detection%3A+An+Oxford+Anthology&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=978-0192123084&rft.aulast=Michael&rft.aufirst=Cox&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fvictoriantalesof00coxm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADetective+fiction" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFScaggs2005" class="citation book cs1">Scaggs, John (2005). <span class="id-lock-limited" title="Free access subject to limited trial, subscription normally required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/crimefiction00scag_758"><i>Crime Fiction (The New Critical Idiom)</i></a></span>. Routledge. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/crimefiction00scag_758/page/n8">8</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0415318259" title="Special:BookSources/978-0415318259"><bdi>978-0415318259</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Crime+Fiction+%28The+New+Critical+Idiom%29&rft.pages=8&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0415318259&rft.aulast=Scaggs&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcrimefiction00scag_758&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADetective+fiction" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFScaggs2005" class="citation book cs1">Scaggs, John (2005). <span class="id-lock-limited" title="Free access subject to limited trial, subscription normally required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/crimefiction00scag_758"><i>Crime Fiction (The New Critical Idiom)</i></a></span>. Routledge. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/crimefiction00scag_758/page/n9">9</a>–11. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0415318259" title="Special:BookSources/978-0415318259"><bdi>978-0415318259</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Crime+Fiction+%28The+New+Critical+Idiom%29&rft.pages=9-11&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0415318259&rft.aulast=Scaggs&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcrimefiction00scag_758&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADetective+fiction" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gerhardi-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Gerhardi_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gerhardi_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gerhardi_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGerhardi1963" class="citation book cs1">Gerhardi, Mia I. (1963). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=f88UAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA169"><i>The Art of Story-Telling</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Brill_Publishers" title="Brill Publishers">Brill Archive</a>. pp. 169–170.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Art+of+Story-Telling&rft.pages=169-170&rft.pub=Brill+Archive&rft.date=1963&rft.aulast=Gerhardi&rft.aufirst=Mia+I.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Df88UAAAAIAAJ%26pg%3DPA169&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADetective+fiction" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPinault1992" class="citation cs2">Pinault, David (1992), <i>Story-Telling Techniques in the Arabian Nights</i>, <a href="/wiki/Brill_Publishers" title="Brill Publishers">Brill Publishers</a>, pp. 86–91, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-09530-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-09530-4"><bdi>978-90-04-09530-4</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Story-Telling+Techniques+in+the+Arabian+Nights&rft.pages=86-91&rft.pub=Brill+Publishers&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=978-90-04-09530-4&rft.aulast=Pinault&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADetective+fiction" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPinault1992" class="citation cs2">Pinault, David (1992), <i>Story-Telling Techniques in the Arabian Nights</i>, <a href="/wiki/Brill_Publishers" title="Brill Publishers">Brill Publishers</a>, pp. 93, 95, 97, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-09530-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-09530-4"><bdi>978-90-04-09530-4</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Story-Telling+Techniques+in+the+Arabian+Nights&rft.pages=93%2C+95%2C+97&rft.pub=Brill+Publishers&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=978-90-04-09530-4&rft.aulast=Pinault&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADetective+fiction" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPinault1992" class="citation cs2">Pinault, David (1992), <i>Story-Telling Techniques in the Arabian Nights</i>, <a href="/wiki/Brill_Publishers" title="Brill Publishers">Brill Publishers</a>, p. 91, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-09530-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-09530-4"><bdi>978-90-04-09530-4</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Story-Telling+Techniques+in+the+Arabian+Nights&rft.pages=91&rft.pub=Brill+Publishers&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=978-90-04-09530-4&rft.aulast=Pinault&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADetective+fiction" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPinault1992" class="citation cs2">Pinault, David (1992), <i>Story-Telling Techniques in the Arabian Nights</i>, <a href="/wiki/Brill_Publishers" title="Brill Publishers">Brill Publishers</a>, pp. 91–92, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-09530-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-09530-4"><bdi>978-90-04-09530-4</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Story-Telling+Techniques+in+the+Arabian+Nights&rft.pages=91-92&rft.pub=Brill+Publishers&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=978-90-04-09530-4&rft.aulast=Pinault&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADetective+fiction" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPinault1992" class="citation cs2">Pinault, David (1992), <i>Story-Telling Techniques in the Arabian Nights</i>, <a href="/wiki/Brill_Publishers" title="Brill Publishers">Brill Publishers</a>, pp. 96–97, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-09530-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-09530-4"><bdi>978-90-04-09530-4</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Story-Telling+Techniques+in+the+Arabian+Nights&rft.pages=96-97&rft.pub=Brill+Publishers&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=978-90-04-09530-4&rft.aulast=Pinault&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADetective+fiction" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGulik1976" class="citation book cs1">Gulik, Van (1976). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/celebratedcaseso00guli/page/1"><i>Celebrated Cases of Judge Dee</i></a>. Dover Publications. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/celebratedcaseso00guli/page/1">1–237</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0486233376" title="Special:BookSources/978-0486233376"><bdi>978-0486233376</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Celebrated+Cases+of+Judge+Dee&rft.pages=1-237&rft.pub=Dover+Publications&rft.date=1976&rft.isbn=978-0486233376&rft.aulast=Gulik&rft.aufirst=Van&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcelebratedcaseso00guli%2Fpage%2F1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADetective+fiction" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKoyama2015" class="citation web cs1">Koyama, Mark (February 11, 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/62103/1/MPRA_paper_62103.pdf">"The Literary Inquisition: The Persecution of Intellectuals and Human Capital Accumulation in China"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150218202726/http://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/62103/1/MPRA_paper_62103.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 2015-02-18.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Literary+Inquisition%3A+The+Persecution+of+Intellectuals+and+Human+Capital+Accumulation+in+China&rft.date=2015-02-11&rft.aulast=Koyama&rft.aufirst=Mark&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de%2F62103%2F1%2FMPRA_paper_62103.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADetective+fiction" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Silverman171-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Silverman171_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Silverman171_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Silverman171_12-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSilverman1991" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Kenneth_Silverman" title="Kenneth Silverman">Silverman, Kenneth</a> (1991), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/edgarpoe00kenn/page/171"><i>Edgar A. Poe: Mournful and Never-ending Remembrance</i></a> (Paperback ed.), New York: Harper Perennial, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/edgarpoe00kenn/page/171">171</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-06-092331-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-06-092331-0"><bdi>978-0-06-092331-0</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Edgar+A.+Poe%3A+Mournful+and+Never-ending+Remembrance&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=171&rft.edition=Paperback&rft.pub=Harper+Perennial&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=978-0-06-092331-0&rft.aulast=Silverman&rft.aufirst=Kenneth&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fedgarpoe00kenn%2Fpage%2F171&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADetective+fiction" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFClifford1977" class="citation journal cs1">Clifford, Gay (1977). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://knarf.english.upenn.edu/Articles/clifford.html">"<i>1Caleb Williams</i> and <i>Frankenstein</i>: First-Person Narratives and "Things as They Are"<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i>Genre</i> (10): 601–617. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141103113438/http://knarf.english.upenn.edu/Articles/clifford.html">Archived</a> from the original on 2014-11-03<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2013-12-10</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Genre&rft.atitle=1Caleb+Williams+and+Frankenstein%3A+First-Person+Narratives+and+%22Things+as+They+Are%22&rft.issue=10&rft.pages=601-617&rft.date=1977&rft.aulast=Clifford&rft.aufirst=Gay&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fknarf.english.upenn.edu%2FArticles%2Fclifford.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADetective+fiction" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBooker2004" class="citation book cs1">Booker, Christopher (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/sevenbasicplotsw0000book/page/507"><i>The Seven Basic Plots</i></a>. Bloomsbury Academic. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/sevenbasicplotsw0000book/page/507">507</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0826480378" title="Special:BookSources/978-0826480378"><bdi>978-0826480378</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Seven+Basic+Plots&rft.pages=507&rft.pub=Bloomsbury+Academic&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0826480378&rft.aulast=Booker&rft.aufirst=Christopher&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsevenbasicplotsw0000book%2Fpage%2F507&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADetective+fiction" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSims2011" class="citation book cs1">Sims, Michael (2011). <i>The Dead Witness: A Connoisseur's Collection of Victorian Detective Stories</i>. Walker Books. pp. 2–3. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0802779182" title="Special:BookSources/978-0802779182"><bdi>978-0802779182</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Dead+Witness%3A+A+Connoisseur%27s+Collection+of+Victorian+Detective+Stories&rft.pages=2-3&rft.pub=Walker+Books&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0802779182&rft.aulast=Sims&rft.aufirst=Michael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADetective+fiction" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.librarypoint.org/detective_fiction_origins">"A History of Detective Fiction: Literary Origins"</a>. <i>www.librarypoint.org</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180401033508/http://www.librarypoint.org/detective_fiction_origins">Archived</a> from the original on 2018-04-01<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2018-03-29</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.librarypoint.org&rft.atitle=A+History+of+Detective+Fiction%3A+Literary+Origins&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.librarypoint.org%2Fdetective_fiction_origins&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADetective+fiction" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NDHB-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-NDHB_17-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NDHB_17-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NDHB_17-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NDHB_17-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NDHB_17-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Kismaric, Carole and Heiferman, Marvin. <i>The Mysterious Case of Nancy Drew & The Hardy Boys</i>. New York: Simon & Schuster, 1998. p. 56. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-684-84689-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-684-84689-6">0-684-84689-6</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Saunders-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Saunders_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSaunders2018" class="citation journal cs1">Saunders, Samuel (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/35910203">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'To Pry Unnecessarily into Other Men's Secrets': Crime Writing, Private Spaces and the Mid-Victorian Police Memoir"</a>. <i>Law, Crime and History</i>. <b>1</b>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220829201450/https://www.academia.edu/35910203">Archived</a> from the original on 29 August 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 May</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Law%2C+Crime+and+History&rft.atitle=%27To+Pry+Unnecessarily+into+Other+Men%27s+Secrets%27%3A+Crime+Writing%2C+Private+Spaces+and+the+Mid-Victorian+Police+Memoir&rft.volume=1&rft.date=2018&rft.aulast=Saunders&rft.aufirst=Samuel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F35910203&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADetective+fiction" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Circulating-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Circulating_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.victorianresearch.org/atcl/show_author.php?aid=2566">"Author Information: William Russell"</a>. <i>At the Circulating Library: A database of Victorian fiction</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210504074135/http://www.victorianresearch.org/atcl/show_author.php?aid=2566">Archived</a> from the original on 4 May 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 May</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=At+the+Circulating+Library%3A+A+database+of+Victorian+fiction&rft.atitle=Author+Information%3A+William+Russell&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.victorianresearch.org%2Fatcl%2Fshow_author.php%3Faid%3D2566&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADetective+fiction" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bookhunter-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Bookhunter_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ashrarebooks.com/2015/06/04/mysterious-waters/">"Mysterious Waters"</a>. <i>The Bookhunter on Safari</i>. 4 June 2015. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210504075505/https://ashrarebooks.com/2015/06/04/mysterious-waters/">Archived</a> from the original on 4 May 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 May</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Bookhunter+on+Safari&rft.atitle=Mysterious+Waters&rft.date=2015-06-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fashrarebooks.com%2F2015%2F06%2F04%2Fmysterious-waters%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADetective+fiction" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Nickerson2010-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Nickerson2010_21-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Nickerson2010_21-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoss_Nickerson2010" class="citation book cs1">Ross Nickerson, Catherine (2010). "4: Women Writers Before 1960". In Catherine Ross Nickerson (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=HlkUqB7wYpsC"><i>The Cambridge Companion to American Crime Fiction</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. pp. 29–41. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-13606-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-13606-8"><bdi>978-0-521-13606-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=4%3A+Women+Writers+Before+1960&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+Companion+to+American+Crime+Fiction&rft.pages=29-41&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-521-13606-8&rft.aulast=Ross+Nickerson&rft.aufirst=Catherine&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DHlkUqB7wYpsC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADetective+fiction" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-pabook-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-pabook_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOrso2002" class="citation web cs1">Orso, Miranda (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130515194856/http://pabook.libraries.psu.edu/palitmap/bios/Victor__Metta_Fuller.html">"Victor, Metta Victoria Fuller"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://pabook.libraries.psu.edu/palitmap/bios/Victor__Metta_Fuller.html">the original</a> on 2013-05-15<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2013-11-04</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Victor%2C+Metta+Victoria+Fuller&rft.date=2002&rft.aulast=Orso&rft.aufirst=Miranda&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpabook.libraries.psu.edu%2Fpalitmap%2Fbios%2FVictor__Metta_Fuller.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADetective+fiction" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bonnoit, R: <i><a href="/wiki/%C3%89mile_Gaboriau" title="Émile Gaboriau">Émile Gaboriau</a> ou la Naissance du Roman Policier</i>, Paris: Librairie Philosophique J Vrin, 1985, p. 198</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGunning2005" class="citation journal cs1">Gunning, Tom (2005). "Lynx-Eyed Detectives and Shadow Bandits: Visuality and Eclipse in French Detective Stories and Films before WWI". <i>Yale French Studies</i> (108): 74–88. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F4149299">10.2307/4149299</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/4149299">4149299</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Yale+French+Studies&rft.atitle=Lynx-Eyed+Detectives+and+Shadow+Bandits%3A+Visuality+and+Eclipse+in+French+Detective+Stories+and+Films+before+WWI&rft.issue=108&rft.pages=74-88&rft.date=2005&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F4149299&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F4149299%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Gunning&rft.aufirst=Tom&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADetective+fiction" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Kate_Dickens_Perugini" class="mw-redirect" title="Kate Dickens Perugini">Kate Dickens Perugini</a> (1906), "<i>Edwin Drood</i> and the Last Days of Charles Dickens", <i>Pall Mall Magazine</i>, Vol. 37.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDubberke1989" class="citation book cs1">Dubberke, Ray (1989). <i>Dickens, Drood and the Detectives</i>. Todd & Honeywell. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0899628264" title="Special:BookSources/978-0899628264"><bdi>978-0899628264</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dickens%2C+Drood+and+the+Detectives&rft.pub=Todd+%26+Honeywell&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=978-0899628264&rft.aulast=Dubberke&rft.aufirst=Ray&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADetective+fiction" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavid2013" class="citation book cs1">David, Deirdre (2013). <i>The Cambridge Companion to the Victorian Novel</i>. Cambridge University Press. p. 179. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0521182157" title="Special:BookSources/978-0521182157"><bdi>978-0521182157</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+Companion+to+the+Victorian+Novel&rft.pages=179&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-0521182157&rft.aulast=David&rft.aufirst=Deirdre&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADetective+fiction" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hall, Sharon K (1979). <i>Twentieth century literary criticism</i>. p. 531. University of Michigan</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-collins-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-collins_29-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-collins_29-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Paul_Collins_(American_writer)" title="Paul Collins (American writer)">Paul Collins</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2011/01/09/books/review/Collins-t.html">"The Case of the First Mystery Novelist"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220616150018/https://www.nytimes.com/2011/01/09/books/review/Collins-t.html">Archived</a> 2022-06-16 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, in-print as "Before Hercule or Sherlock, There Was Ralph", <i><a href="/wiki/New_York_Times_Book_Review" class="mw-redirect" title="New York Times Book Review">New York Times Book Review</a></i>, January 7, 2011, p. 46</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-buckler-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-buckler_30-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBuckler1952" class="citation journal cs1">Buckler, William E. (1952). "Once a Week under Samuel Lucas, 1859–65". <i>PMLA</i>. <b>67</b> (7): 924–941. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F459949">10.2307/459949</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/459949">459949</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=PMLA&rft.atitle=Once+a+Week+under+Samuel+Lucas%2C+1859%E2%80%9365&rft.volume=67&rft.issue=7&rft.pages=924-941&rft.date=1952&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F459949&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F459949%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Buckler&rft.aufirst=William+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADetective+fiction" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSymons1974" class="citation book cs1">Symons, Julian (1974). <i>Bloody Murder: From the Detective Story to the Crime Novel: A History</i>. Penguin Books Ltd. p. 51. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0140037944" title="Special:BookSources/978-0140037944"><bdi>978-0140037944</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bloody+Murder%3A+From+the+Detective+Story+to+the+Crime+Novel%3A+A+History&rft.pages=51&rft.pub=Penguin+Books+Ltd&rft.date=1974&rft.isbn=978-0140037944&rft.aulast=Symons&rft.aufirst=Julian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADetective+fiction" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Watson-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Watson_32-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Watson_32-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWatson2012" class="citation book cs1">Watson, Kate (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=6ZQrQAx7BvgC"><i>Women Writing Crime Fiction, 1860–1880: Fourteen American, British and Australian Authors</i></a>. Jefferson, North Carolina: McFarland & Company, Inc. p. 46. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7864-6782-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7864-6782-2"><bdi>978-0-7864-6782-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Women+Writing+Crime+Fiction%2C+1860%E2%80%931880%3A+Fourteen+American%2C+British+and+Australian+Authors&rft.place=Jefferson%2C+North+Carolina&rft.pages=46&rft.pub=McFarland+%26+Company%2C+Inc.&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0-7864-6782-2&rft.aulast=Watson&rft.aufirst=Kate&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D6ZQrQAx7BvgC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADetective+fiction" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.broadviewpress.com/product.php?productid=95">"Broadview Press: "Aurora Floyd"<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i>www.broadviewpress.com</i>. Broadview Press. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140228121521/https://www.broadviewpress.com/product.php?productid=95">Archived</a> from the original on 28 February 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 February</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.broadviewpress.com&rft.atitle=Broadview+Press%3A+%22Aurora+Floyd%22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.broadviewpress.com%2Fproduct.php%3Fproductid%3D95&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADetective+fiction" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"The Ticket-of-Leave Man" in <i>Dictionary Central</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.dictionarycentral.com/definition/the-ticket-of-leave-man.html">http://www.dictionarycentral.com/definition/the-ticket-of-leave-man.html</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131212084002/http://www.dictionarycentral.com/definition/the-ticket-of-leave-man.html">Archived</a> 2013-12-12 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> . Accessed 2013.12.10.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGrondahl1995" class="citation news cs1">Grondahl, Paul (January 15, 1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://infoweb.newsbank.com/iw-search/we/InfoWeb?p_product=AWNB&p_theme=aggregated5&p_action=doc&p_docid=0FB5F01E4F4C41D5&p_docnum=2&p_queryname=1">"Secret to longevity? Elementary, for Holmes while the Master happily tends bees in the Sussex countryside, his fans each January 6 fete him on his birthday"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Times_Union_(Albany)" title="Times Union (Albany)">The Times Union</a></i>. Colonie, New York: <a href="/wiki/George_Randolph_Hearst_III" title="George Randolph Hearst III">George Randolph Hearst III</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 8,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Times+Union&rft.atitle=Secret+to+longevity%3F+Elementary%2C+for+Holmes+while+the+Master+happily+tends+bees+in+the+Sussex+countryside%2C+his+fans+each+January+6+fete+him+on+his+birthday&rft.date=1995-01-15&rft.aulast=Grondahl&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Finfoweb.newsbank.com%2Fiw-search%2Fwe%2FInfoWeb%3Fp_product%3DAWNB%26p_theme%3Daggregated5%26p_action%3Ddoc%26p_docid%3D0FB5F01E4F4C41D5%26p_docnum%3D2%26p_queryname%3D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADetective+fiction" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLycett2007" class="citation cs2">Lycett, Andrew (2007), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/manwhocreatedshe00lyce/page/53"><i>The Man Who Created Sherlock Holmes: The Life and Times of Sir Arthur Conan Doyle</i></a>, Free Press, pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/manwhocreatedshe00lyce/page/53">53–54, 190</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7432-7523-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7432-7523-1"><bdi>978-0-7432-7523-1</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Man+Who+Created+Sherlock+Holmes%3A+The+Life+and+Times+of+Sir+Arthur+Conan+Doyle&rft.pages=53-54%2C+190&rft.pub=Free+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-7432-7523-1&rft.aulast=Lycett&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmanwhocreatedshe00lyce%2Fpage%2F53&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADetective+fiction" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bonnierrights.fi/books/who-murdered-mrs-skrof/">"Who Murdered Mrs. Skrof? - Bonnier Rights Finland"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201026095849/https://www.bonnierrights.fi/books/who-murdered-mrs-skrof/">Archived</a> from the original on 2020-10-26<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-08-01</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Who+Murdered+Mrs.+Skrof%3F+-+Bonnier+Rights+Finland&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bonnierrights.fi%2Fbooks%2Fwho-murdered-mrs-skrof%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADetective+fiction" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_38-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_38-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_38-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_38-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.spectator.co.uk/2013/12/a-nice-gentle-murder/">"P.D. James: Who killed the golden age of crime?"</a>. <i>The Spectator</i>. 2013-12-14. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180330082433/https://www.spectator.co.uk/2013/12/a-nice-gentle-murder/">Archived</a> from the original on 2018-03-30<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2018-03-29</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Spectator&rft.atitle=P.D.+James%3A+Who+killed+the+golden+age+of+crime%3F&rft.date=2013-12-14&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.spectator.co.uk%2F2013%2F12%2Fa-nice-gentle-murder%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADetective+fiction" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:2-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:2_39-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_39-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_39-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBernthal2016" class="citation book cs1">Bernthal, J. C. (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=gYL2DAAAQBAJ&pg=PA4"><i>Queering Agatha Christie: Revisiting the Golden Age of Detective Fiction</i></a>. Springer. pp. 1–24. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-319-33533-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-319-33533-9"><bdi>978-3-319-33533-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Queering+Agatha+Christie%3A+Revisiting+the+Golden+Age+of+Detective+Fiction&rft.pages=1-24&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-3-319-33533-9&rft.aulast=Bernthal&rft.aufirst=J.+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DgYL2DAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADetective+fiction" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcKinty2014" class="citation news cs1">McKinty, Adrian (2014-01-29). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/books/2014/jan/29/top-10-locked-room-mysteries-adrian-mckinty">"The top 10 locked-room mysteries"</a>. <i>The Guardian</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170424180807/https://www.theguardian.com/books/2014/jan/29/top-10-locked-room-mysteries-adrian-mckinty">Archived</a> from the original on 2017-04-24<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2018-03-29</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=The+top+10+locked-room+mysteries&rft.date=2014-01-29&rft.aulast=McKinty&rft.aufirst=Adrian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fbooks%2F2014%2Fjan%2F29%2Ftop-10-locked-room-mysteries-adrian-mckinty&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADetective+fiction" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:6-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:6_41-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:6_41-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKinkley2000" class="citation book cs1">Kinkley, Jeffrey C. (2000). <i>Chinese Justice, the Fiction: Law and Literature in Modern China</i>. Stanford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0804734431" title="Special:BookSources/978-0804734431"><bdi>978-0804734431</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Chinese+Justice%2C+the+Fiction%3A+Law+and+Literature+in+Modern+China&rft.pub=Stanford+University+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0804734431&rft.aulast=Kinkley&rft.aufirst=Jeffrey+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADetective+fiction" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPing2005" class="citation journal cs1">Ping, Zhang (2005-10-13). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080/09076760508668979">"Sherlock Holmes in China"</a>. <i>Perspectives</i>. <b>13</b> (2): 106–114. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F09076760508668979">10.1080/09076760508668979</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0907-676X">0907-676X</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:144094471">144094471</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Perspectives&rft.atitle=Sherlock+Holmes+in+China&rft.volume=13&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=106-114&rft.date=2005-10-13&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A144094471%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=0907-676X&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F09076760508668979&rft.aulast=Ping&rft.aufirst=Zhang&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1080%2F09076760508668979&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADetective+fiction" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:3-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:3_43-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_43-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCheng2007" class="citation book cs1">Cheng, Xiaoqing (2007). <i>Sherlock in Shanghai : stories of crime and detection</i>. Translated by Wong, Timothy C. Honolulu: University of Hawai'i Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0824864286" title="Special:BookSources/978-0824864286"><bdi>978-0824864286</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/256676525">256676525</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sherlock+in+Shanghai+%3A+stories+of+crime+and+detection&rft.place=Honolulu&rft.pub=University+of+Hawai%27i+Press&rft.date=2007&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F256676525&rft.isbn=978-0824864286&rft.aulast=Cheng&rft.aufirst=Xiaoqing&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADetective+fiction" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ganjavi, Mahdi. sarnakhhayi tazi az khaliq avalin roman polisi tarikh adabiayat farsi, ibna, 2019</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.redcircleauthors.com/factbook/japans-first-detective-story-was-published-in-1889/">"Japan's first detective story was published in 1889"</a>. <i>Red Circle Authors</i>. 15 April 2021. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200811105520/https://www.redcircleauthors.com/factbook/japans-first-detective-story-was-published-in-1889/">Archived</a> from the original on 2020-08-11.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Red+Circle+Authors&rft.atitle=Japan%27s+first+detective+story+was+published+in+1889&rft.date=2021-04-15&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.redcircleauthors.com%2Ffactbook%2Fjapans-first-detective-story-was-published-in-1889%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADetective+fiction" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:5-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:5_46-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:5_46-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFManji1993" class="citation journal cs1">Manji, Gonda (1 April 1993). "Crime Fiction with a Social Consciousness". <i>Japan Quarterly</i>. <b>40</b> (2): 157. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ProQuest" title="ProQuest">ProQuest</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.proquest.com/docview/1304283380">1304283380</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Japan+Quarterly&rft.atitle=Crime+Fiction+with+a+Social+Consciousness&rft.volume=40&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=157&rft.date=1993-04-01&rft.aulast=Manji&rft.aufirst=Gonda&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADetective+fiction" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-dey-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-dey_47-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-dey_47-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDey2021" class="citation book cs1">Dey, Anindita (2021-12-27). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=hYBTEAAAQBAJ"><i>Sherlock Holmes, Byomkesh Bakshi, and Feluda: Negotiating the Center and the Periphery</i></a>. Rowman & Littlefield. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4985-1211-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4985-1211-4"><bdi>978-1-4985-1211-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sherlock+Holmes%2C+Byomkesh+Bakshi%2C+and+Feluda%3A+Negotiating+the+Center+and+the+Periphery&rft.pub=Rowman+%26+Littlefield&rft.date=2021-12-27&rft.isbn=978-1-4985-1211-4&rft.aulast=Dey&rft.aufirst=Anindita&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DhYBTEAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADetective+fiction" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-newindian-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-newindian_48-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-newindian_48-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/kerala/2018/may/02/malayalam-detective-fiction-writer-kottayam-pushpanath-passes-away-1809160.html">"Malayalam detective fiction writer Kottayam Pushpanath passes away"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/New_Indian_Express" class="mw-redirect" title="New Indian Express">New Indian Express</a></i>. May 2, 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 26,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=New+Indian+Express&rft.atitle=Malayalam+detective+fiction+writer+Kottayam+Pushpanath+passes+away&rft.date=2018-05-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newindianexpress.com%2Fstates%2Fkerala%2F2018%2Fmay%2F02%2Fmalayalam-detective-fiction-writer-kottayam-pushpanath-passes-away-1809160.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADetective+fiction" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://english.mathrubhumi.com/news/kerala/kottayam-pushpanath-1.2780833">"Detective novelist Kottayam Pushpanath passes away"</a>. May 2, 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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London. pp. 1–12. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1057%2F978-1-137-40730-6_1">10.1057/978-1-137-40730-6_1</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-137-40730-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-137-40730-6"><bdi>978-1-137-40730-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+legal+thriller+from+Gardner+to+Grisham+%3A+see+you+in+court%21&rft.place=London&rft.pages=1-12&rft.date=2016&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1057%2F978-1-137-40730-6_1&rft.isbn=978-1-137-40730-6&rft.aulast=Sauerberg&rft.aufirst=Lars+Ole&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flink.springer.com%2Fchapter%2F10.1057%2F978-1-137-40730-6_1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADetective+fiction" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.agathachristie.com/en/characters/miss-marple">"Miss Marple - Characters"</a>. <i>www.agathachristie.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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New York, NY: Prentice Hall General Reference. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-671-85025-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-671-85025-8"><bdi>978-0-671-85025-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+mysteriosa%3A+a+comprehensive+guide+to+the+art+of+detection+in+print%2C+film%2C+radio%2C+and+television&rft.place=New+York%2C+NY&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=Prentice+Hall+General+Reference&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-0-671-85025-8&rft.aulast=DeAndrea&rft.aufirst=William+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADetective+fiction" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarron1996" class="citation news cs1">Barron, James (1996-04-14). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1996/04/14/weekinreview/whodunit-that-under-40-crowd.html">"Whodunit? That Under-40 Crowd"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331">0362-4331</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180129062218/http://www.nytimes.com/1996/04/14/weekinreview/whodunit-that-under-40-crowd.html">Archived</a> from the original on 2018-01-29<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2018-03-29</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Whodunit%3F+That+Under-40+Crowd&rft.date=1996-04-14&rft.issn=0362-4331&rft.aulast=Barron&rft.aufirst=James&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1996%2F04%2F14%2Fweekinreview%2Fwhodunit-that-under-40-crowd.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADetective+fiction" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://mondayeveningclub.blogspot.ca/2009/02/butler-did-it-passion-for-mystery.html">"The butler did it: A passion for mystery novels"</a>. <i>mondayeveningclub.blogspot.ca</i>. 2009-02-28. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180322081851/http://mondayeveningclub.blogspot.ca/2009/02/butler-did-it-passion-for-mystery.html">Archived</a> from the original on 2018-03-22<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2018-03-22</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=mondayeveningclub.blogspot.ca&rft.atitle=The+butler+did+it%3A+A+passion+for+mystery+novels&rft.date=2009-02-28&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmondayeveningclub.blogspot.ca%2F2009%2F02%2Fbutler-did-it-passion-for-mystery.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADetective+fiction" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:4-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:4_72-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:4_72-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thrillingdetective.com/trivia/triv186.html">"Father Knox's Decalogue: The Ten Rules of (Golden Age) Detective Fiction"</a>. <i>www.thrillingdetective.com</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180401060245/http://www.thrillingdetective.com/trivia/triv186.html">Archived</a> from the original on 2018-04-01<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2018-03-22</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.thrillingdetective.com&rft.atitle=Father+Knox%27s+Decalogue%3A+The+Ten+Rules+of+%28Golden+Age%29+Detective+Fiction&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thrillingdetective.com%2Ftrivia%2Ftriv186.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADetective+fiction" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deadgoodbooks.co.uk/stav-sherez-crime-fiction-and-technology/">"Stav Sherez: crime fiction and technology – Dead Good"</a>. <i>Dead Good</i>. 2017-01-29. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180322142803/https://www.deadgoodbooks.co.uk/stav-sherez-crime-fiction-and-technology/">Archived</a> from the original on 2018-03-22<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2018-03-22</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Dead+Good&rft.atitle=Stav+Sherez%3A+crime+fiction+and+technology+%E2%80%93+Dead+Good&rft.date=2017-01-29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.deadgoodbooks.co.uk%2Fstav-sherez-crime-fiction-and-technology%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADetective+fiction" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130113070900/http://gaslight.mtroyal.ca/vandine.htm">"Twenty rules for writing detective stories (1928) by S. S. Van Dine"</a>. Gaslight.mtroyal.ca. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://gaslight.mtroyal.ca/vandine.htm">the original</a> on 2013-01-13<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2013-02-14</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Twenty+rules+for+writing+detective+stories+%281928%29+by+S.+S.+Van+Dine&rft.pub=Gaslight.mtroyal.ca&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fgaslight.mtroyal.ca%2Fvandine.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADetective+fiction" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMilda2011" class="citation book cs1">Milda, Danytė (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://eltalpykla.vdu.lt/handle/1/225;jsessionid=0031AA6D5371C55A12C9211F3AD3D94E"><i>Introduction to the analysis of crime fiction : a user-friendly guide</i></a>. Vytauto Didžiojo universitetas. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789955126980" title="Special:BookSources/9789955126980"><bdi>9789955126980</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180322082209/https://eltalpykla.vdu.lt/handle/1/225;jsessionid=0031AA6D5371C55A12C9211F3AD3D94E">Archived</a> from the original on 2018-03-22<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2018-03-22</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Introduction+to+the+analysis+of+crime+fiction+%3A+a+user-friendly+guide&rft.pub=Vytauto+Did%C5%BEiojo+universitetas&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=9789955126980&rft.aulast=Milda&rft.aufirst=Danyt%C4%97&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Feltalpykla.vdu.lt%2Fhandle%2F1%2F225%3Bjsessionid%3D0031AA6D5371C55A12C9211F3AD3D94E&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADetective+fiction" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Armstrong-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Armstrong_76-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Armstrong_76-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFArmstrong" class="citation web cs1">Armstrong, Jennifer Keishin. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/culture/story/20160106-how-sherlock-holmes-changed-the-world">"How Sherlock Holmes changed the world"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180217093624/http://www.bbc.com/culture/story/20160106-how-sherlock-holmes-changed-the-world">Archived</a> from the original on 2018-02-17<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2018-03-22</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=How+Sherlock+Holmes+changed+the+world&rft.aulast=Armstrong&rft.aufirst=Jennifer+Keishin&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fculture%2Fstory%2F20160106-how-sherlock-holmes-changed-the-world&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADetective+fiction" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNathan2020" class="citation web cs1">Nathan, Richard (18 December 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.redcircleauthors.com/news-and-views/ultra-influencers-the-two-british-fictional-victorians-that-changed-japan/">"Ultra-Influencers: The Two British Fictional Victorians that Changed Japan"</a>. <i>Red Circle Authors</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201218082150/https://www.redcircleauthors.com/news-and-views/ultra-influencers-the-two-british-fictional-victorians-that-changed-japan/">Archived</a> from the original on 2020-12-18<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 April</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Red+Circle+Authors&rft.atitle=Ultra-Influencers%3A+The+Two+British+Fictional+Victorians+that+Changed+Japan&rft.date=2020-12-18&rft.aulast=Nathan&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.redcircleauthors.com%2Fnews-and-views%2Fultra-influencers-the-two-british-fictional-victorians-that-changed-japan%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADetective+fiction" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100412131601/http://uk.agathachristie.com/story-explorer/characters/poirot/">"Agatha Christie: Characters – Poirot"</a>. 2010-04-12. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://uk.agathachristie.com/story-explorer/characters/poirot/">the original</a> on 2010-04-12<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2018-03-29</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Agatha+Christie%3A+Characters+%E2%80%93+Poirot&rft.date=2010-04-12&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fuk.agathachristie.com%2Fstory-explorer%2Fcharacters%2Fpoirot%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADetective+fiction" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLask1975" class="citation news cs1">Lask, Thomas (1975-08-06). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1975/08/06/archives/hercule-poirot-is-dead-famed-belgian-detective-hercule-poirot-the.html">"Hercule Poirot Is Dead; Famed Belgian Detective"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331">0362-4331</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171107112341/http://www.nytimes.com/1975/08/06/archives/hercule-poirot-is-dead-famed-belgian-detective-hercule-poirot-the.html">Archived</a> from the original on 2017-11-07<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2018-03-21</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Hercule+Poirot+Is+Dead%3B+Famed+Belgian+Detective&rft.date=1975-08-06&rft.issn=0362-4331&rft.aulast=Lask&rft.aufirst=Thomas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1975%2F08%2F06%2Farchives%2Fhercule-poirot-is-dead-famed-belgian-detective-hercule-poirot-the.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADetective+fiction" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHerbert2003" class="citation book cs1">Herbert, Rosemary (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=UjgE_CRiIW4C&pg=PA161"><i>Whodunit?: A Who's who in Crime & Mystery Writing</i></a>. Oxford University Press. p. 161. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-515761-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-515761-1"><bdi>978-0-19-515761-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Whodunit%3F%3A+A+Who%27s+who+in+Crime+%26+Mystery+Writing&rft.pages=161&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-19-515761-1&rft.aulast=Herbert&rft.aufirst=Rosemary&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DUjgE_CRiIW4C%26pg%3DPA161&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADetective+fiction" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Detective_fiction&action=edit&section=46" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Detective_fiction" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Detective fiction">Detective fiction</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWitschi2002" class="citation cs2">Witschi, N. S. (2002), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=opfSb5vI1e8C"><i>Traces of Gold: California's Natural Resources and the Claim to Realism in Western American Literature</i></a>, Tuscaloosa: University of Alabama Press., <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8173-1117-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8173-1117-9"><bdi>978-0-8173-1117-9</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Traces+of+Gold%3A+California%27s+Natural+Resources+and+the+Claim+to+Realism+in+Western+American+Literature&rft.place=Tuscaloosa&rft.pub=University+of+Alabama+Press.&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-8173-1117-9&rft.aulast=Witschi&rft.aufirst=N.+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DopfSb5vI1e8C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADetective+fiction" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.monash.edu/library/collections/exhibitions/detective-fiction">An exhibition of detective fiction</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200220222513/https://www.monash.edu/library/collections/exhibitions/detective-fiction">Archived</a> 2020-02-20 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Monash_University" title="Monash University">Monash University</a> Library</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl 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]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Crime_fiction" title="Template:Crime fiction"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Crime_fiction" title="Template talk:Crime fiction"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Crime_fiction" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Crime fiction"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Detective,_mystery,_and_crime_fiction" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Detective</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mystery_fiction" title="Mystery fiction">mystery</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Crime_fiction" title="Crime fiction">crime fiction</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">General info</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_crime_fiction" title="History of crime fiction">History of crime fiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_crime_writers" title="List of crime writers">Crime writers</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Subgenres</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Theme</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Caper_story" title="Caper story">Caper</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Detective</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Closed_circle_of_suspects" title="Closed circle of suspects">Closed circle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Girl_detective_(genre)" class="mw-redirect" title="Girl detective (genre)">girl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occult_detective_fiction" title="Occult detective fiction">occult</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weird_menace" title="Weird menace">Weird menace</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giallo" title="Giallo">Giallo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gong%27an_fiction" title="Gong'an fiction">Gong'an</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hardboiled" title="Hardboiled">Hardboiled</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inverted_detective_story" title="Inverted detective story">Inverted detective story</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legal_drama" title="Legal drama">Legal drama</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Legal_thriller" title="Legal thriller">thriller</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mystery_fiction" title="Mystery fiction">Mystery</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cozy_mystery" title="Cozy mystery">cozy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Locked-room_mystery" title="Locked-room mystery">locked room</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noir_fiction" title="Noir fiction">Noir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nordic_noir" title="Nordic noir">Nordic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spy_fiction" title="Spy fiction">Spy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spy-Fi_(subgenre)" class="mw-redirect" title="Spy-Fi (subgenre)">Spy-Fi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tartan_Noir" title="Tartan Noir">Tartan Noir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tart_Noir" title="Tart Noir">Tart Noir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thriller_(genre)" title="Thriller (genre)">Thriller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whodunit" title="Whodunit">Whodunit</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Historical_mystery" title="Historical mystery">historical mystery</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Film and television</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Police_procedural" title="Police procedural">Police procedural</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Procedural_drama" title="Procedural drama">Procedural drama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heist_film" title="Heist film">Heist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mystery_film" title="Mystery film">Mystery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Film_noir" title="Film noir">Noir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-noir" title="Neo-noir">Neo-noir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trial_film" title="Trial film">Trial</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Character</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fictional_detectives" class="mw-redirect" title="Fictional detectives">Fictional detectives</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_male_detective_characters" title="List of male detective characters">male</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_female_detective_characters" title="List of female detective characters">female</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_fictional_police_detectives" title="List of fictional police detectives">police</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_fictional_private_investigators" title="List of fictional private investigators">private</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_fictional_historical_detectives" class="mw-redirect" title="List of fictional historical detectives">historical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_fictional_detective_teams" title="List of fictional detective teams">teams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_science_fiction_and_fantasy_detectives" title="List of science fiction and fantasy detectives">science fiction and fantasy</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Lists_of_fictional_agents" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Fictional_espionage_navbox" title="Template:Fictional espionage navbox"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Fictional_espionage_navbox" title="Template talk:Fictional espionage navbox"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Fictional_espionage_navbox" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Fictional espionage navbox"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Lists_of_fictional_agents" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Lists of fictional agents</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_fictional_espionage_organizations" title="List of fictional espionage organizations">Espionage organizations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_fictional_secret_police_and_intelligence_organizations" title="List of fictional secret police and intelligence organizations">Secret police and intelligence organizations</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Fictional_detectives" class="mw-redirect" title="Fictional detectives">Detectives</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Fictional_amateur_detectives" title="Category:Fictional amateur detectives">Amateur detectives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_fictional_detective_teams" title="List of fictional detective teams">Detective teams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_female_detective_characters" title="List of female detective characters">Female detectives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_mystery#List_of_fictional_historical_detectives" title="Historical mystery">Historical detectives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_male_detective_characters" title="List of male detective characters">Male detectives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_fictional_police_detectives" title="List of fictional police detectives">Police detectives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_fictional_private_investigators" title="List of fictional private investigators">Private investigators</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_science_fiction_and_fantasy_detectives" title="List of science fiction and fantasy detectives">Science fiction and fantasy detectives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minor_Sherlock_Holmes_characters#Inspectors" title="Minor Sherlock Holmes characters"><i>Sherlock Holmes</i> inspectors</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Secret agents</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_fictional_double_agents" title="List of fictional double agents">Double agents</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_fictional_secret_agents" title="List of fictional secret agents">Secret agents</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_fictional_spymasters" title="List of fictional spymasters">Spymasters</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gentleman_detective" class="mw-redirect" title="Gentleman detective">Gentleman detective</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Special_agent" title="Special agent">Special agent</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" 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