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class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-1964–1966:_Paris" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1964–1966:_Paris"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 1964–1966: Paris </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1964–1966:_Paris-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1967–1974:_Minimalism:_From_Strung_Out_to_Music_in_12_Parts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1967–1974:_Minimalism:_From_Strung_Out_to_Music_in_12_Parts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2 1967–1974: Minimalism: From Strung Out to Music in 12 Parts </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1967–1974:_Minimalism:_From_Strung_Out_to_Music_in_12_Parts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1975–1979:_Another_Look_at_Harmony:_The_Portrait_Trilogy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1975–1979:_Another_Look_at_Harmony:_The_Portrait_Trilogy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3 1975–1979: Another Look at Harmony: The Portrait Trilogy </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1975–1979:_Another_Look_at_Harmony:_The_Portrait_Trilogy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1980–1986:_Completing_the_Portrait_Trilogy:_Akhnaten_and_beyond" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1980–1986:_Completing_the_Portrait_Trilogy:_Akhnaten_and_beyond"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.4 1980–1986: Completing the Portrait Trilogy: Akhnaten and beyond </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1980–1986:_Completing_the_Portrait_Trilogy:_Akhnaten_and_beyond-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1987–1991:_Operas_and_the_turn_to_symphonic_music" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1987–1991:_Operas_and_the_turn_to_symphonic_music"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.5 1987–1991: Operas and the turn to symphonic music </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1987–1991:_Operas_and_the_turn_to_symphonic_music-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1991–1996:_Cocteau_trilogy_and_symphonies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1991–1996:_Cocteau_trilogy_and_symphonies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.6 1991–1996: Cocteau trilogy and symphonies </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1991–1996:_Cocteau_trilogy_and_symphonies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1997–2004:_Symphonies,_opera,_and_concertos" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1997–2004:_Symphonies,_opera,_and_concertos"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.7 1997–2004: Symphonies, opera, and concertos </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1997–2004:_Symphonies,_opera,_and_concertos-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-2005–2007:_Songs_and_Poems" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2005–2007:_Songs_and_Poems"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.8 2005–2007: Songs and Poems </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2005–2007:_Songs_and_Poems-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-2008–present:_Chamber_music,_concertos,_and_symphonies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2008–present:_Chamber_music,_concertos,_and_symphonies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.9 2008–present: Chamber music, concertos, and symphonies </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2008–present:_Chamber_music,_concertos,_and_symphonies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Influences_and_collaborations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Influences_and_collaborations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Influences and collaborations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Influences_and_collaborations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Music_for_film" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Music_for_film"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Music for film </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Music_for_film-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_business_ventures" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_business_ventures"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Other business ventures </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Other_business_ventures-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Other business ventures subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Other_business_ventures-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Record_labels" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Record_labels"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 Record labels </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Record_labels-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Looking_Glass_Studios" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Looking_Glass_Studios"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2 Looking Glass Studios </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Looking_Glass_Studios-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Personal_life" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Personal_life"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Personal life </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Personal_life-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Critical_reception" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Critical_reception"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Critical reception </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Critical_reception-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Compositions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Compositions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Compositions </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Compositions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Awards_and_nominations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Awards_and_nominations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 Awards and nominations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Awards_and_nominations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Honorary_awards" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Honorary_awards"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 Honorary awards </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Honorary_awards-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 Bibliography </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Works_about_Glass" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Works_about_Glass"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 Works about Glass </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Works_about_Glass-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 14 References </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle References subsection </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 14.1 Sources </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 15 Further reading </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 16 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Philip Glass</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 57 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-57" aria-hidden="true" > 57 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philip_Glass" title="Philip Glass – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Philip Glass" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D9%8A%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A8_%D8%BA%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B3" title="فيليب غلاس – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="فيليب غلاس" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%DB%8C%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%BE_%D9%82%D9%84%D8%B3" title="فیلیپ قلس – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="فیلیپ قلس" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philip_Glass" title="Philip Glass – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Philip Glass" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D1%96%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%BF_%D0%93%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%81" title="Філіп Глас – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Філіп Глас" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BF_%D0%93%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%81" title="Филип Глас – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Филип Глас" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philip_Glass" title="Philip Glass – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Philip Glass" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philip_Glass" title="Philip Glass – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Philip Glass" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philip_Glass" title="Philip Glass – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Philip Glass" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philip_Glass" title="Philip Glass – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Philip Glass" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philip_Glass" title="Philip Glass – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Philip Glass" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philip_Glass" title="Philip Glass – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Philip Glass" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A6%CE%AF%CE%BB%CE%B9%CF%80_%CE%93%CE%BA%CE%BB%CE%B1%CF%82" title="Φίλιπ Γκλας – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Φίλιπ Γκλας" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philip_Glass" title="Philip Glass – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Philip Glass" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philip_Glass" title="Philip Glass – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Philip Glass" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philip_Glass" title="Philip Glass – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Philip Glass" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%DB%8C%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%BE_%DA%AF%D9%84%D8%B3" title="فیلیپ گلس – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="فیلیپ گلس" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philip_Glass" title="Philip Glass – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Philip Glass" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philip_Glass" title="Philip Glass – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Philip Glass" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%95%84%EB%A6%BD_%EA%B8%80%EB%9E%98%EC%8A%A4" title="필립 글래스 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="필립 글래스" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philip_Glass" title="Philip Glass – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Philip Glass" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philip_Glass" title="Philip Glass – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Philip Glass" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philip_Glass" title="Philip Glass – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Philip Glass" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philip_Glass" title="Philip Glass – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Philip Glass" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingua</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philip_Glass" title="Philip Glass – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Philip Glass" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A4%D7%99%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%A4_%D7%92%D7%9C%D7%90%D7%A1" title="פיליפ גלאס – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="פיליפ גלאס" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%AB%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%B2%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%AA%E0%B3%8D_%E0%B2%97%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B2%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%B8%E0%B3%8D" title="ಫಿಲಿಪ್ ಗ್ಲಾಸ್ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಫಿಲಿಪ್ ಗ್ಲಾಸ್" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target">ಕನ್ನಡ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pam badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://pam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philip_Glass" title="Philip Glass – Pampanga" lang="pam" hreflang="pam" data-title="Philip Glass" data-language-autonym="Kapampangan" data-language-local-name="Pampanga" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kapampangan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A4%E1%83%98%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98%E1%83%9E_%E1%83%92%E1%83%9A%E1%83%90%E1%83%A1%E1%83%98" title="ფილიპ გლასი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ფილიპ გლასი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippus_Glass" title="Philippus Glass – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Philippus Glass" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filips_Gl%C4%81ss" title="Filips Glāss – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Filips Glāss" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philip_Glass" title="Philip Glass – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Philip Glass" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philip_Glass" title="Philip Glass – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Philip Glass" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Limburgs</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philip_Glass" title="Philip Glass – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Philip Glass" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lombard</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philip_Glass" title="Philip Glass – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Philip Glass" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D9%8A%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A8_%D8%AC%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B3" title="فيليب جلاس – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="فيليب جلاس" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philip_Glass" title="Philip Glass – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Philip Glass" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%95%E3%82%A3%E3%83%AA%E3%83%83%E3%83%97%E3%83%BB%E3%82%B0%E3%83%A9%E3%82%B9" title="フィリップ・グラス – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="フィリップ・グラス" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philip_Glass" title="Philip Glass – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Philip Glass" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philip_Glass" title="Philip Glass – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Philip Glass" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philip_Glass" title="Philip Glass – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Philip Glass" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pcd mw-list-item"><a href="https://pcd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philip_Glass" title="Philip Glass – Picard" lang="pcd" hreflang="pcd" data-title="Philip Glass" data-language-autonym="Picard" data-language-local-name="Picard" class="interlanguage-link-target">Picard</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philip_Glass" title="Philip Glass – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Philip Glass" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philip_Glass" title="Philip Glass – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Philip Glass" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philip_Glass" title="Philip Glass – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Philip Glass" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%81,_%D0%A4%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BF" title="Гласс, Филип – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Гласс, Филип" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philip_Glass" title="Philip Glass – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Philip Glass" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philip_Glass" title="Philip Glass – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Philip Glass" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BF_%D0%93%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%81" title="Филип Глас – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Филип Глас" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philip_Glass" title="Philip Glass – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Philip Glass" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philip_Glass" title="Philip Glass – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Philip Glass" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philip_Glass" title="Philip Glass – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Philip Glass" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philip_Glass" title="Philip Glass – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Philip Glass" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D1%96%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%BF_%D2%90%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%81" title="Філіп Ґласс – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Філіп Ґласс" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philip_Glass" title="Philip Glass – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Philip Glass" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target">Winaray</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%8F%B2%E8%87%98%E5%8A%A0%E6%8B%89%E6%96%AF" title="菲臘加拉斯 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" 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free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">American composer (born 1937)</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard plainlist"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="color: #202122;background-color: #b0c4de; font-size: 125%;"><div class="">Philip Glass</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Philip_Glass_in_Florence,_Italy_-_1993_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Glass in 1993"><img alt="Glass in 1993" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Philip_Glass_in_Florence%2C_Italy_-_1993_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-Philip_Glass_in_Florence%2C_Italy_-_1993_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Philip_Glass_in_Florence%2C_Italy_-_1993_%28cropped%29.jpg/330px-Philip_Glass_in_Florence%2C_Italy_-_1993_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Philip_Glass_in_Florence%2C_Italy_-_1993_%28cropped%29.jpg/440px-Philip_Glass_in_Florence%2C_Italy_-_1993_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1267" data-file-height="1687" /></a><div class="infobox-caption">Glass in 1993</div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #b0c4de">Background information</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"> (1937-01-31) January 31, 1937 (age 87) <a href="/wiki/Baltimore" title="Baltimore">Baltimore</a>, <a href="/wiki/Maryland" title="Maryland">Maryland</a>, U.S.</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Genres</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Minimal_music" title="Minimal music">Minimalism</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Contemporary_classical_music" title="Contemporary classical music">contemporary classical</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Film_score" title="Film score">film score</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Occupation</th><td class="infobox-data role">Composer</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Discography</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/List_of_compositions_by_Philip_Glass" title="List of compositions by Philip Glass">List of compositions</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Years active</th><td class="infobox-data">1964–present</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Member of</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Philip_Glass_Ensemble" title="Philip Glass Ensemble">Philip Glass Ensemble</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #b0c4de"></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Website</th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://philipglass.com">philipglass.com</a></td></tr></tbody></table><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Musical artist</div> Philip Glass (born January 31, 1937) is an American <a href="/wiki/Composer" title="Composer">composer</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pianist" title="Pianist">pianist</a>. He is widely regarded as one of the most influential composers of the late 20th century.<a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a> Glass's work has been associated with <a href="/wiki/Minimal_music" title="Minimal music">minimalism</a>, being built up from repetitive <a href="/wiki/Phrase_(music)" title="Phrase (music)">phrases</a> and shifting layers.<a href="#cite_note-LLC1985-5">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a> Glass describes himself as a composer of "music with repetitive structures",<a href="#cite_note-bio-7">[7]</a> which he has helped to evolve stylistically.<a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-appomattox-9">[9]</a> He founded the <a href="/wiki/Philip_Glass_Ensemble" title="Philip Glass Ensemble">Philip Glass Ensemble</a>, which is still in existence, but Glass no longer performs with the ensemble. He has written 15 <a href="/wiki/Opera" title="Opera">operas</a>, numerous <a href="/wiki/Chamber_opera" title="Chamber opera">chamber operas</a> and <a href="/wiki/Musical_theatre" title="Musical theatre">musical theatre</a> works, 14 <a href="/wiki/Symphony" title="Symphony">symphonies</a>, 12 <a href="/wiki/Concerto" title="Concerto">concertos</a>, nine <a href="/wiki/String_quartet" title="String quartet">string quartets</a>, various other <a href="/wiki/Chamber_music" title="Chamber music">chamber music</a> pieces, and many <a href="/wiki/Film_score" title="Film score">film scores</a>. He has received nominations for four <a href="/wiki/Grammy_Awards" title="Grammy Awards">Grammy Awards</a> for including two for <a href="/wiki/Grammy_Award_for_Best_Contemporary_Classical_Composition" title="Grammy Award for Best Contemporary Classical Composition">Best Contemporary Classical Composition</a> for <a href="/wiki/Satyagraha_(opera)" title="Satyagraha (opera)">Satyagraha</a> (1987) and <a href="/wiki/String_Quartet_No._2_(Glass)" title="String Quartet No. 2 (Glass)">String Quartet No. 2</a> (1988). He has received three <a href="/wiki/Academy_Award_for_Best_Original_Score" title="Academy Award for Best Original Score">Academy Award for Best Original Score</a> nominations for <a href="/wiki/Martin_Scorsese" title="Martin Scorsese">Martin Scorsese</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Kundun_(film)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kundun (film)">Kundun</a> (1997), <a href="/wiki/Stephen_Daldry" title="Stephen Daldry">Stephen Daldry</a>'s <a href="/wiki/The_Hours_(film)" title="The Hours (film)">The Hours</a> (2002), and <a href="/wiki/Richard_Eyre" title="Richard Eyre">Richard Eyre</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Notes_on_a_Scandal_(film)" title="Notes on a Scandal (film)">Notes on a Scandal</a> (2006). He also composed the scores for <a href="/wiki/Mishima:_A_Life_in_Four_Chapters" title="Mishima: A Life in Four Chapters">Mishima: A Life in Four Chapters</a> (1985), <a href="/wiki/Hamburger_Hill" title="Hamburger Hill">Hamburger Hill</a> (1987), <a href="/wiki/The_Thin_Blue_Line_(1988_film)" title="The Thin Blue Line (1988 film)">The Thin Blue Line</a> (1988), <a href="/wiki/The_Truman_Show" title="The Truman Show">The Truman Show</a> (1998), and <a href="/wiki/The_Illusionist_(2006_film)" title="The Illusionist (2006 film)">The Illusionist</a> (2006). Glass is known for composing several operas such as <a href="/wiki/Einstein_on_the_Beach" title="Einstein on the Beach">Einstein on the Beach</a> (1976), <a href="/wiki/Satyagraha_(opera)" title="Satyagraha (opera)">Satyagraha</a> (1980), <a href="/wiki/Akhnaten_(opera)" title="Akhnaten (opera)">Akhnaten</a> (1983), <a href="/wiki/The_Voyage_(opera)" title="The Voyage (opera)">The Voyage</a> (1992), and <a href="/wiki/The_Perfect_American" title="The Perfect American">The Perfect American</a> (2013). He also wrote the scores for <a href="/wiki/Broadway_(theatre)" class="mw-redirect" title="Broadway (theatre)">Broadway</a> productions such as the revivals of <a href="/wiki/The_Elephant_Man" class="mw-redirect" title="The Elephant Man">The Elephant Man</a> (2002), <a href="/wiki/The_Crucible" title="The Crucible">The Crucible</a> (2016), and <a href="/wiki/King_Lear" title="King Lear">King Lear</a> (2019). For the later he won the <a href="/wiki/Drama_Desk_Award_for_Outstanding_Music_in_a_Play" title="Drama Desk Award for Outstanding Music in a Play">Drama Desk Award for Outstanding Music in a Play</a>. Over his career Glass has received several awards including a <a href="/wiki/BAFTA_Award" class="mw-redirect" title="BAFTA Award">BAFTA Award</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Drama_Desk_Award" title="Drama Desk Award">Drama Desk Award</a>, and a <a href="/wiki/Golden_Globe_Award" class="mw-redirect" title="Golden Globe Award">Golden Globe Award</a> as well as nominations for three <a href="/wiki/Academy_Awards" title="Academy Awards">Academy Awards</a>, four <a href="/wiki/Grammy_Awards" title="Grammy Awards">Grammy Awards</a>, and a <a href="/wiki/Primetime_Emmy_Award" class="mw-redirect" title="Primetime Emmy Award">Primetime Emmy Award</a>. He has also received the <a href="/wiki/Ordre_des_Arts_et_des_Lettres" title="Ordre des Arts et des Lettres">Ordre des Arts et des Lettres</a> in 1995, the <a href="/wiki/National_Medal_of_Arts" title="National Medal of Arts">National Medal of Arts</a> in 2010, the <a href="/wiki/Kennedy_Center_Honors" title="Kennedy Center Honors">Kennedy Center Honors</a> in 2018, and the <a href="/wiki/Grammy_Trustees_Award" title="Grammy Trustees Award">Grammy Trustees Award</a> in 2020. <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_life_and_education">Early life and education</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Philip_Glass&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Early life and education">edit</a>]</div> Glass was born in <a href="/wiki/Baltimore" title="Baltimore">Baltimore</a>, <a href="/wiki/Maryland" title="Maryland">Maryland</a>,<a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a><a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a> on January 31, 1937,<a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a> the son of Ida (née Gouline) and Benjamin Charles Glass.<a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a> His family were <a href="/wiki/Latvia" title="Latvia">Latvian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Russian_Jew" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian Jew">Russian-Jewish</a> emigrants.<a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a><a href="#cite_note-Mahoney-15">[15]</a><a href="#cite_note-Staines2010-16">[16]</a> His father owned a record store and his mother was a <a href="/wiki/Librarian" title="Librarian">librarian</a>.<a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a> In his memoir, Glass recalls that at the end of <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a> his mother aided Jewish <a href="/wiki/Holocaust_survivors" title="Holocaust survivors">Holocaust survivors</a>, inviting recent arrivals to America to stay at their home until they could find a job and a place to live.<a href="#cite_note-Glass-18">[18]</a>: 14  She developed a plan to help them learn English and develop skills so they could find work.<a href="#cite_note-Glass-18">[18]</a>: 15  His sister, Sheppie, would later do similar work as an active member of the <a href="/wiki/International_Rescue_Committee" title="International Rescue Committee">International Rescue Committee</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Glass-18">[18]</a>: 15  Glass developed his appreciation of music from his father, discovering later his father's side of the family had many musicians. His cousin Cevia was a <a href="/wiki/Classical_pianist" class="mw-redirect" title="Classical pianist">classical pianist</a>, while others had been in <a href="/wiki/Vaudeville" title="Vaudeville">vaudeville</a>. He learned his family was also related to <a href="/wiki/Al_Jolson" title="Al Jolson">Al Jolson</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Glass-18">[18]</a>: 16  Glass's father often received promotional copies of new recordings at his music store. Glass spent many hours listening to them, developing his knowledge and taste in music. This openness to modern sounds affected Glass at an early age:<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote">My father was self-taught, but he ended up having a very refined and rich knowledge of classical, chamber, and contemporary music. Typically he would come home and have dinner, and then sit in his armchair and listen to music until almost midnight. I caught on to this very early, and I would go and listen with him.<a href="#cite_note-Glass-18">[18]</a>: 17 </blockquote> The elder Glass promoted both new recordings and a wide selection of composers to his customers, sometimes convincing them to try something new by allowing them to return records they did not like.<a href="#cite_note-Glass-18">[18]</a>: 17  His store soon developed a reputation as Baltimore's leading source of modern music.<a href="#cite_note-WSJ_2015-19">[19]</a> Glass built a sizable record collection from the unsold records in his father's store, including modern classical music such as <a href="/wiki/Paul_Hindemith" title="Paul Hindemith">Hindemith</a>, <a href="/wiki/B%C3%A9la_Bart%C3%B3k" title="Béla Bartók">Bartók</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arnold_Schoenberg" title="Arnold Schoenberg">Schoenberg</a>,<a href="#cite_note-wiseguy-20">[20]</a> <a href="/wiki/Dmitri_Shostakovich" title="Dmitri Shostakovich">Shostakovich</a> and Western classical music including <a href="/wiki/Ludwig_van_Beethoven" title="Ludwig van Beethoven">Beethoven's</a> string quartets and <a href="/wiki/Franz_Schubert" title="Franz Schubert">Schubert</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Piano_Trio_No._1_(Schubert)" title="Piano Trio No. 1 (Schubert)">B♭ Piano Trio</a>. Glass cites Schubert's work as a "big influence" growing up.<a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a> In a 2011 interview, Glass stated that Franz Schubert—with whom he shares a birthday—is his favorite composer.<a href="#cite_note-22">[22]</a> He studied the flute as a child at the <a href="/wiki/Peabody_Preparatory" class="mw-redirect" title="Peabody Preparatory">Peabody Preparatory</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Peabody_Institute_of_Music" class="mw-redirect" title="Peabody Institute of Music">Peabody Institute of Music</a>. At the age of 15, he entered an accelerated college program at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Chicago" title="University of Chicago">University of Chicago</a> where he studied mathematics and philosophy.<a href="#cite_note-Rhein-23">[23]</a> In Chicago, he discovered the <a href="/wiki/Serialism" title="Serialism">serialism</a> of <a href="/wiki/Anton_Webern" title="Anton Webern">Anton Webern</a> and composed a <a href="/wiki/Twelve-tone_technique" title="Twelve-tone technique">twelve-tone</a> <a href="/wiki/String_trio" title="String trio">string trio</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Schwarz-24">[24]</a> In 1954, Glass traveled to Paris, where he encountered the films of <a href="/wiki/Jean_Cocteau" title="Jean Cocteau">Jean Cocteau</a>, which made a lasting impression on him. He visited artists' studios and saw their work; Glass recalls, "the <a href="/wiki/Bohemianism" title="Bohemianism">bohemian life</a> you see in [Cocteau's] <a href="/wiki/Orpheus_(film)" title="Orpheus (film)">Orphée</a> was the life I ... was attracted to, and those were the people I hung out with."<a href="#cite_note-Cott-25">[25]</a> Glass studied at the <a href="/wiki/Juilliard_School_of_Music" class="mw-redirect" title="Juilliard School of Music">Juilliard School of Music</a> where the keyboard was his main instrument. His composition teachers included <a href="/wiki/Vincent_Persichetti" title="Vincent Persichetti">Vincent Persichetti</a> and <a href="/wiki/William_Bergsma" title="William Bergsma">William Bergsma</a>. Fellow students included <a href="/wiki/Steve_Reich" title="Steve Reich">Steve Reich</a> and <a href="/wiki/Peter_Schickele" title="Peter Schickele">Peter Schickele</a>. In 1959, he was a winner in the <a href="/wiki/BMI_Foundation" title="BMI Foundation">BMI Foundation</a>'s BMI Student Composer Awards, an international prize for young composers. In the summer of 1960, he studied with <a href="/wiki/Darius_Milhaud" title="Darius Milhaud">Darius Milhaud</a> at the summer school of the <a href="/wiki/Aspen_Music_Festival" class="mw-redirect" title="Aspen Music Festival">Aspen Music Festival</a> and composed a violin concerto for a fellow student, Dorothy Pixley-Rothschild.<a href="#cite_note-26">[26]</a> After leaving Juilliard in 1962, Glass moved to <a href="/wiki/Pittsburgh" title="Pittsburgh">Pittsburgh</a> and worked as a school-based composer-in-residence in the public school system, composing various choral, chamber, and orchestral music.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPotter2000253-27">[27]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Career">Career</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Philip_Glass&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Career">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1964–1966:_Paris">1964–1966: Paris</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Philip_Glass&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: 1964–1966: Paris">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nadia_Boulanger_1925.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Nadia_Boulanger_1925.jpg/220px-Nadia_Boulanger_1925.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="275" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Nadia_Boulanger_1925.jpg/330px-Nadia_Boulanger_1925.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Nadia_Boulanger_1925.jpg/440px-Nadia_Boulanger_1925.jpg 2x" data-file-width="447" data-file-height="559" /></a><figcaption>Glass studied in Paris with music instructor <a href="/wiki/Nadia_Boulanger" title="Nadia Boulanger">Nadia Boulanger</a></figcaption></figure> In 1964, Glass received a <a href="/wiki/Fulbright_Scholarship" class="mw-redirect" title="Fulbright Scholarship">Fulbright Scholarship</a>; his studies in Paris with the eminent composition teacher <a href="/wiki/Nadia_Boulanger" title="Nadia Boulanger">Nadia Boulanger</a>, from autumn of 1964 to summer of 1966, influenced his work throughout his life, as the composer admitted in 1979: "The composers I studied with Boulanger are the people I still think about most—<a href="/wiki/Johann_Sebastian_Bach" title="Johann Sebastian Bach">Bach</a> and <a href="/wiki/Wolfgang_Amadeus_Mozart" title="Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart">Mozart</a>."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKostelanetz1999109-28">[28]</a> Glass later wrote in his autobiography Music by Philip Glass in 1987 that the new music performed at <a href="/wiki/Pierre_Boulez" title="Pierre Boulez">Pierre Boulez</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Domaine_musical" title="Domaine musical">Domaine Musical</a> concerts in Paris lacked any excitement for him (with the notable exceptions of music by <a href="/wiki/John_Cage" title="John Cage">John Cage</a> and <a href="/wiki/Morton_Feldman" title="Morton Feldman">Morton Feldman</a>), but he was deeply impressed by new films and theatre performances. His move away from modernist composers such as Boulez and <a href="/wiki/Karlheinz_Stockhausen" title="Karlheinz Stockhausen">Stockhausen</a> was nuanced, rather than outright rejection: "That generation wanted disciples and as we didn't join up it was taken to mean that we hated the music, which wasn't true. We'd studied them at Juilliard and knew their music. How on earth can you reject <a href="/wiki/Luciano_Berio" title="Luciano Berio">Berio</a>? Those early works of Stockhausen are still beautiful. But there was just no point in attempting to do their music better than they did and so we started somewhere else."<a href="#cite_note-29">[29]</a> During this time, he encountered revolutionary films of the <a href="/wiki/French_New_Wave" title="French New Wave">French New Wave</a>, such as those of <a href="/wiki/Jean-Luc_Godard" title="Jean-Luc Godard">Jean-Luc Godard</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Truffaut" title="François Truffaut">François Truffaut</a>, which upended the rules set by an older generation of artists,<a href="#cite_note-musicby-30">[30]</a> and Glass made friends with American visual artists (the sculptor <a href="/wiki/Richard_Serra" title="Richard Serra">Richard Serra</a> and his wife <a href="/wiki/Nancy_Graves" title="Nancy Graves">Nancy Graves</a>),<a href="#cite_note-Potter,_pp._266–269-31">[31]</a> actors and directors (<a href="/wiki/JoAnne_Akalaitis" title="JoAnne Akalaitis">JoAnne Akalaitis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ruth_Maleczech" title="Ruth Maleczech">Ruth Maleczech</a>, <a href="/wiki/David_Warrilow" title="David Warrilow">David Warrilow</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Lee_Breuer" title="Lee Breuer">Lee Breuer</a>, with whom Glass later founded the experimental theatre group <a href="/wiki/Mabou_Mines" title="Mabou Mines">Mabou Mines</a>). Together with Akalaitis (they married in 1965), Glass in turn attended performances by theatre groups including <a href="/wiki/Jean-Louis_Barrault" title="Jean-Louis Barrault">Jean-Louis Barrault</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Od%C3%A9on" class="mw-redirect" title="Odéon">Odéon</a> theatre, <a href="/wiki/The_Living_Theatre" title="The Living Theatre">The Living Theatre</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Berliner_Ensemble" title="Berliner Ensemble">Berliner Ensemble</a> in 1964 to 1965.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPotter2000255-32">[32]</a> These significant encounters resulted in a collaboration with Breuer for which Glass contributed music for a 1965 staging of <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Beckett" title="Samuel Beckett">Samuel Beckett</a>'s Comédie (<a href="/wiki/Play_(play)" title="Play (play)">Play</a>, 1963). The resulting piece (written for two <a href="/wiki/Soprano_saxophone" title="Soprano saxophone">soprano saxophones</a>) was directly influenced by the play's open-ended, repetitive and almost musical structure and was the first one of a series of four early pieces in a minimalist, yet still <a href="/wiki/Consonance_and_dissonance" title="Consonance and dissonance">dissonant</a>, idiom.<a href="#cite_note-Schwarz-24">[24]</a> After Play, Glass also acted in 1966 as music director of a Breuer production of <a href="/wiki/Brecht" class="mw-redirect" title="Brecht">Brecht</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Mother_Courage_and_Her_Children" title="Mother Courage and Her Children">Mother Courage and Her Children</a>, featuring the theatre score by <a href="/wiki/Paul_Dessau" title="Paul Dessau">Paul Dessau</a>. In parallel with his early excursions in experimental theatre, Glass worked in winter 1965 and spring 1966 as a music director and composer<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPotter2000257–258-33">[33]</a> on a film score (<a href="/wiki/Chappaqua_(film)" title="Chappaqua (film)">Chappaqua</a>, Conrad Rooks, 1966) with <a href="/wiki/Ravi_Shankar" title="Ravi Shankar">Ravi Shankar</a> and <a href="/wiki/Alla_Rakha" title="Alla Rakha">Alla Rakha</a>, which added another important influence on Glass's musical thinking. His distinctive style arose from his work with Shankar and Rakha and their perception of rhythm in <a href="/wiki/Indian_classical_music" title="Indian classical music">Indian music</a> as being entirely additive. He renounced all his compositions in a moderately modern style resembling <a href="/wiki/Darius_Milhaud" title="Darius Milhaud">Milhaud</a>'s, <a href="/wiki/Aaron_Copland" title="Aaron Copland">Aaron Copland</a>'s, and <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Barber" title="Samuel Barber">Samuel Barber</a>'s, and began writing pieces based on repetitive structures of Indian music and a sense of time influenced by Samuel Beckett: a piece for two actresses and chamber ensemble, a work for chamber ensemble and his first numbered string quartet (No. 1, 1966).<a href="#cite_note-34">[34]</a> Glass then left Paris for northern India in 1966, where he came in contact with <a href="/wiki/Tibet" title="Tibet">Tibetan</a> refugees and began to gravitate towards <a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhism</a>. He met <a href="/wiki/Tenzin_Gyatso,_14th_Dalai_Lama" class="mw-redirect" title="Tenzin Gyatso, 14th Dalai Lama">Tenzin Gyatso</a>, the 14th <a href="/wiki/Dalai_Lama" title="Dalai Lama">Dalai Lama</a>, in 1972, and has been a strong supporter of the Tibetan independence ever since. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1967–1974:_Minimalism:_From_Strung_Out_to_Music_in_12_Parts">1967–1974: Minimalism: From Strung Out to Music in 12 Parts</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Philip_Glass&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: 1967–1974: Minimalism: From Strung Out to Music in 12 Parts">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Minimalist_music" class="mw-redirect" title="Minimalist music">Minimalist music</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:86_St_2_Av_Jan_2017_17.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/86_St_2_Av_Jan_2017_17.jpg/220px-86_St_2_Av_Jan_2017_17.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="164" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/86_St_2_Av_Jan_2017_17.jpg/330px-86_St_2_Av_Jan_2017_17.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/86_St_2_Av_Jan_2017_17.jpg/440px-86_St_2_Av_Jan_2017_17.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1936" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Chuck_Close" title="Chuck Close">Chuck Close</a>'s portrait of Glass in a <a href="/wiki/New_York_City_Subway" title="New York City Subway">New York City Subway</a>'s <a href="/wiki/86th_Street_station_(Second_Avenue_Subway)" title="86th Street station (Second Avenue Subway)">86th Street station</a></figcaption></figure> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1224211176">.mw-parser-output .quotebox{background-color:#F9F9F9;border:1px solid #aaa;box-sizing:border-box;padding:10px;font-size:88%;max-width:100%}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatleft{margin:.5em 1.4em .8em 0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatright{margin:.5em 0 .8em 1.4em}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.centered{overflow:hidden;position:relative;margin:.5em auto .8em auto}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatleft span,.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatright span{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .quotebox>blockquote{margin:0;padding:0;border-left:0;font-family:inherit;font-size:inherit}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-title{text-align:center;font-size:110%;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote>:first-child{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote:last-child>:last-child{margin-bottom:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:before{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" “ ";vertical-align:-45%;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:after{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" ” ";line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .left-aligned{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .right-aligned{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .center-aligned{text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .quote-title,.mw-parser-output .quotebox .quotebox-quote{display:block}.mw-parser-output .quotebox cite{display:block;font-style:normal}@media screen and (max-width:640px){.mw-parser-output .quotebox{width:100%!important;margin:0 0 .8em!important;float:none!important}}</style><div class="quotebox pullquote floatright" style="width:25em; ; color: #202122;background-color: MistyRose;"> <blockquote class="quotebox-quote left-aligned" style=""> Glass' musical style is instantly recognizable, with its trademark churning <a href="/wiki/Ostinato" title="Ostinato">ostinatos</a>, undulating <a href="/wiki/Arpeggio" title="Arpeggio">arpeggios</a> and repeating rhythms that morph over various lengths of time atop broad fields of tonal harmony. That style has taken permanent root in our pop-middlebrow sensibility. Glass' music is now indelibly a part of our cultural <a href="/wiki/Lingua_franca" title="Lingua franca">lingua franca</a>, just a click away on YouTube. </blockquote> <cite class="left-aligned" style="">John von Rhein, Chicago Tribune writer<a href="#cite_note-Rhein-23">[23]</a></cite> </div> Shortly after arriving in New York City in March 1967, Glass attended a performance of works by <a href="/wiki/Steve_Reich" title="Steve Reich">Steve Reich</a> (including the ground-breaking minimalist piece <a href="/wiki/Piano_Phase" title="Piano Phase">Piano Phase</a>), which left a deep impression on him; he simplified his style and turned to a radical "<a href="/wiki/Consonance_and_dissonance" title="Consonance and dissonance">consonant</a> vocabulary".<a href="#cite_note-Schwarz-24">[24]</a> Finding little sympathy from traditional performers and performance spaces, Glass eventually formed an ensemble with fellow ex-student <a href="/wiki/Jon_Gibson_(minimalist_musician)" title="Jon Gibson (minimalist musician)">Jon Gibson</a>, and others, and began performing mainly in art galleries and studio lofts of <a href="/wiki/SoHo" class="mw-redirect" title="SoHo">SoHo</a>. The visual artist Richard Serra provided Glass with Gallery contacts, while both collaborated on various sculptures, films and installations; from 1971 to 1974, he was Serra's regular studio assistant.<a href="#cite_note-Potter,_pp._266–269-31">[31]</a><a href="#cite_note-35">[35]</a> Between summer of 1967 and the end of 1968, Glass composed nine works, including Strung Out (for amplified solo violin, composed in summer of 1967), Gradus (for solo saxophone, 1968), Music in the Shape of a Square (for two flutes, composed in May 1968, an homage to <a href="/wiki/Erik_Satie" title="Erik Satie">Erik Satie</a>), How Now (for solo piano, 1968) and 1+1 (for amplified tabletop, November 1968) which were "clearly designed to experiment more fully with his new-found minimalist approach".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPotter2000277-36">[36]</a> The first concert of Glass's new music was at <a href="/wiki/Jonas_Mekas" title="Jonas Mekas">Jonas Mekas</a>'s Film-Makers Cinemathèque (<a href="/wiki/Anthology_Film_Archives" title="Anthology Film Archives">Anthology Film Archives</a>) in September 1968. This concert included the first work of this series with Strung Out (performed by the violinist Pixley-Rothschild) and Music in the Shape of a Square (performed by Glass and Gibson). The musical scores were tacked on the wall, and the performers had to move while playing. Glass's new works met with a very enthusiastic response by the audience which consisted mainly of visual and performance artists who were highly sympathetic to Glass's reductive approach. Apart from his music career, Glass had a <a href="/wiki/Moving_company" title="Moving company">moving company</a> with his cousin, the sculptor <a href="/w/index.php?title=Jene_Highstein&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jene Highstein (page does not exist)">Jene Highstein</a>, and also worked as a plumber and <a href="/wiki/Taxicab" class="mw-redirect" title="Taxicab">cab</a> driver (during 1973 to 1978). He recounts installing a dishwasher and looking up from his work to see an astonished <a href="/wiki/Robert_Hughes_(critic)" title="Robert Hughes (critic)">Robert Hughes</a>, Time magazine's art critic, staring at him.<a href="#cite_note-37">[37]</a> During this time, he made friends with other New York-based artists such as <a href="/wiki/Sol_LeWitt" title="Sol LeWitt">Sol LeWitt</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nancy_Graves" title="Nancy Graves">Nancy Graves</a>, <a href="/wiki/Michael_Snow" title="Michael Snow">Michael Snow</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bruce_Nauman" title="Bruce Nauman">Bruce Nauman</a>, <a href="/wiki/Laurie_Anderson" title="Laurie Anderson">Laurie Anderson</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Chuck_Close" title="Chuck Close">Chuck Close</a> (who created a now-famous portrait of Glass).<a href="#cite_note-38">[38]</a> (Glass returned the compliment in 2005 with A Musical Portrait of Chuck Close for piano.) With 1+1 and Two Pages (composed in February 1969), Glass turned to a more "rigorous approach" to his "most basic minimalist technique, additive process",<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPotter2000252-39">[39]</a> pieces which were followed in the same year by Music in Contrary Motion and Music in Fifths (a kind of homage to his composition teacher <a href="/wiki/Nadia_Boulanger" title="Nadia Boulanger">Nadia Boulanger</a>, who pointed out "<a href="/wiki/Hidden_fifths" class="mw-redirect" title="Hidden fifths">hidden fifths</a>" in his works but regarded them as cardinal sins). Eventually Glass's music grew less austere, becoming more complex and dramatic, with pieces such as Music in Similar Motion (1969), and Music with Changing Parts (1970). These pieces were performed by the <a href="/wiki/Philip_Glass_Ensemble" title="Philip Glass Ensemble">Philip Glass Ensemble</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Whitney_Museum_of_American_Art" class="mw-redirect" title="Whitney Museum of American Art">Whitney Museum of American Art</a> in 1969 and in the <a href="/wiki/Solomon_R._Guggenheim_Museum" title="Solomon R. Guggenheim Museum">Solomon R. Guggenheim Museum</a> in 1970, often encountering hostile reaction from critics,<a href="#cite_note-Schwarz-24">[24]</a> but Glass's music was also met with enthusiasm from younger artists such as <a href="/wiki/Brian_Eno" title="Brian Eno">Brian Eno</a> and <a href="/wiki/David_Bowie" title="David Bowie">David Bowie</a> (at the Royal College of Art ca. 1970).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPotter2000340-40">[40]</a> Eno described this encounter with Glass's music as one of the "most extraordinary musical experiences of [his] life", as a "viscous bath of pure, thick energy", concluding "this was actually the most detailed music I'd ever heard. It was all intricacy, exotic <a href="/wiki/Harmonic" title="Harmonic">harmonics</a>".<a href="#cite_note-41">[41]</a> In 1970, Glass returned to the theatre, composing music for the theatre group <a href="/wiki/Mabou_Mines" title="Mabou Mines">Mabou Mines</a>, resulting in his first minimalist pieces employing voices: Red Horse Animation and Music for Voices (both 1970, and premiered at the <a href="/wiki/Paula_Cooper_Gallery" title="Paula Cooper Gallery">Paula Cooper Gallery</a>).<a href="#cite_note-42">[42]</a> After differences of opinion with Steve Reich in 1971,<a href="#cite_note-Schwarz-24">[24]</a> Glass formed the Philip Glass Ensemble (while Reich formed <a href="/wiki/Steve_Reich_and_Musicians" title="Steve Reich and Musicians">Steve Reich and Musicians</a>), an amplified ensemble including keyboards, wind instruments (saxophones, flutes), and <a href="/wiki/Soprano" title="Soprano">soprano</a> voices. Glass's music for his ensemble culminated in the four-hour-long <a href="/wiki/Music_in_Twelve_Parts" title="Music in Twelve Parts">Music in Twelve Parts</a> (1971–1974), which began as a single piece with twelve instrumental parts but developed into a cycle that summed up Glass's musical achievement since 1967, and even transcended it—the last part features a <a href="/wiki/Twelve-tone_technique" title="Twelve-tone technique">twelve-tone</a> theme, sung by the soprano voice of the ensemble. "I had broken the rules of <a href="/wiki/Modernism_(music)" title="Modernism (music)">modernism</a> and so I thought it was time to break some of my own rules", according to Glass.<a href="#cite_note-timpage-43">[43]</a> Though he finds the term minimalist inaccurate to describe his later work, Glass does accept this term for pieces up to and including Music in 12 Parts, excepting this last part which "was the end of minimalism" for Glass. As he pointed out: "I had worked for eight or nine years inventing a system, and now I'd written through it and come out the other end."<a href="#cite_note-timpage-43">[43]</a> He now prefers to describe himself as a composer of "music with repetitive structures".<a href="#cite_note-Rhein-23">[23]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1975–1979:_Another_Look_at_Harmony:_The_Portrait_Trilogy">1975–1979: Another Look at Harmony: The Portrait Trilogy</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Philip_Glass&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: 1975–1979: Another Look at Harmony: The Portrait Trilogy">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Einstein_on_the_beach_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Einstein_on_the_beach_2.jpg/220px-Einstein_on_the_beach_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Einstein_on_the_beach_2.jpg/330px-Einstein_on_the_beach_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Einstein_on_the_beach_2.jpg/440px-Einstein_on_the_beach_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4160" data-file-height="2336" /></a><figcaption>A scene from a 2017 rehearsal of <a href="/wiki/Einstein_on_the_Beach" title="Einstein on the Beach">Einstein on the Beach</a>, a 1975 opera by Glass in <a href="/wiki/Dortmund" title="Dortmund">Dortmund</a>, Germany</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox" style="clear: right; float:right;margin:0 0 1.5em 1.5em"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:115%">External images</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="text-align: left"><img alt="image icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/61/Searchtool.svg/16px-Searchtool.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/61/Searchtool.svg/24px-Searchtool.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/61/Searchtool.svg/32px-Searchtool.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tate.org.uk/art/artworks/mapplethorpe-philip-glass-and-robert-wilson-ar00214">Philip Glass and Robert Wilson (1976)</a> by <a href="/wiki/Robert_Mapplethorpe" title="Robert Mapplethorpe">Robert Mapplethorpe</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="text-align: left"><img alt="image icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/61/Searchtool.svg/16px-Searchtool.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/61/Searchtool.svg/24px-Searchtool.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/61/Searchtool.svg/32px-Searchtool.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://it-was-like-this.blogspot.com.au/2011/12/zen-and-art-of-mapplethorpe.html">Philip Glass and Robert Wilson (2008)</a> by Georgia Oetker</td></tr></tbody></table> Glass continued his work with a series of instrumental works, called Another Look at Harmony (1975–1977). For Glass, this series demonstrated a new start, hence the title: "What I was looking for was a way of combining harmonic progression with the rhythmic structure I had been developing, to produce a new overall structure. ... I'd taken everything out with my early works and it was now time to decide just what I wanted to put in—a process that would occupy me for several years to come."<a href="#cite_note-timpage-43">[43]</a> Parts 1 and 2 of Another Look at Harmony were included in a collaboration with <a href="/wiki/Robert_Wilson_(director)" title="Robert Wilson (director)">Robert Wilson</a>, a piece of musical theater later designated by Glass as the first opera of his portrait opera trilogy: <a href="/wiki/Einstein_on_the_Beach" title="Einstein on the Beach">Einstein on the Beach</a>. Composed in spring to fall of 1975 in close collaboration with Wilson, Glass's first opera was first premiered in summer 1976 at the <a href="/wiki/Festival_d%27Avignon" title="Festival d'Avignon">Festival d'Avignon</a>, and in November of the same year to a mixed and partly enthusiastic reaction from the audience at the <a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_Opera" title="Metropolitan Opera">Metropolitan Opera</a> in New York City. Scored for the Philip Glass Ensemble, solo violin, chorus, and featuring actors (reciting texts by <a href="/wiki/Christopher_Knowles_(poet)" title="Christopher Knowles (poet)">Christopher Knowles</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lucinda_Childs" title="Lucinda Childs">Lucinda Childs</a> and Samuel M. Johnson), Glass's and Wilson's essentially plotless opera was conceived as a "<a href="/wiki/Metaphorical" class="mw-redirect" title="Metaphorical">metaphorical</a> look at <a href="/wiki/Albert_Einstein" title="Albert Einstein">Albert Einstein</a>: scientist, humanist, amateur musician—and the man whose theories ... led to the splitting of the atom", evoking <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_holocaust" title="Nuclear holocaust">nuclear holocaust</a> in the climactic scene, as critic <a href="/wiki/Tim_Page_(music_critic)" title="Tim Page (music critic)">Tim Page</a> pointed out.<a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-44">[44]</a> As with Another Look at Harmony, "Einstein added a new functional harmony that set it apart from the early conceptual works".<a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-44">[44]</a> Composer <a href="/wiki/Tom_Johnson_(composer)" title="Tom Johnson (composer)">Tom Johnson</a> came to the same conclusion, comparing the solo violin music to <a href="/wiki/Johann_Sebastian_Bach" title="Johann Sebastian Bach">Johann Sebastian Bach</a>, and the "organ figures ... to those <a href="/wiki/Alberti_bass" title="Alberti bass">Alberti basses</a> <a href="/wiki/Mozart" class="mw-redirect" title="Mozart">Mozart</a> loved so much".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKostelanetz199958-45">[45]</a> The piece was praised by <a href="/wiki/The_Washington_Post" title="The Washington Post">The Washington Post</a> as "one of the seminal artworks of the century". Einstein on the Beach was followed by further music for projects by the theatre group Mabou Mines such as Dressed like an Egg (1975), and again music for plays and adaptations from prose by <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Beckett" title="Samuel Beckett">Samuel Beckett</a>, such as <a href="/wiki/The_Lost_Ones_(Beckett)" class="mw-redirect" title="The Lost Ones (Beckett)">The Lost Ones</a> (1975), Cascando (1975), <a href="/wiki/Mercier_and_Camier" title="Mercier and Camier">Mercier and Camier</a> (1979). Glass also turned to other media; two multi-movement instrumental works for the Philip Glass Ensemble originated as music for film and TV: North Star (1977 score for the documentary <a href="/wiki/North_Star:_Mark_di_Suvero" title="North Star: Mark di Suvero">North Star: Mark di Suvero</a> by François de Menil and <a href="/wiki/Barbara_Rose" title="Barbara Rose">Barbara Rose</a>) and four short cues for the children's TV series <a href="/wiki/Sesame_Street" title="Sesame Street">Sesame Street</a> named Geometry of Circles (1979). Another series, Fourth Series (1977–79), included music for chorus and organ ("Part One", 1977), organ and piano ("Part Two" and "Part Four", 1979), and music for a radio adaption of <a href="/wiki/Constance_DeJong_(writer)" title="Constance DeJong (writer)">Constance DeJong</a>'s novel Modern Love ("Part Three", 1978). "Part Two" and "Part Four" were used (and hence renamed) in two dance productions by choreographer <a href="/wiki/Lucinda_Childs" title="Lucinda Childs">Lucinda Childs</a> (who had already contributed to and performed in Einstein on the Beach). "Part Two" was included in Dance (a collaboration with visual artist <a href="/wiki/Sol_LeWitt" title="Sol LeWitt">Sol LeWitt</a>, 1979), and "Part Four" was renamed as Mad Rush, and performed by Glass on several occasions such as the first public appearance of the <a href="/wiki/14th_Dalai_Lama" title="14th Dalai Lama">14th Dalai Lama</a> in New York City in fall 1981. The piece demonstrates Glass's turn to more traditional models: the composer added a conclusion to an open-structured piece which "can be interpreted as a sign that he [had] abandoned the radical non-narrative, undramatic approaches of his early period", as the pianist <a href="/wiki/Steffen_Schleiermacher" title="Steffen Schleiermacher">Steffen Schleiermacher</a> points out.<a href="#cite_note-46">[46]</a> In spring 1978, Glass received a commission from the <a href="/wiki/De_Nederlandse_Opera" class="mw-redirect" title="De Nederlandse Opera">Netherlands Opera</a> (as well as a <a href="/wiki/Rockefeller_Foundation" title="Rockefeller Foundation">Rockefeller Foundation</a> grant) which "marked the end of his need to earn money from non-musical employment".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPotter2000260-47">[47]</a> With the commission Glass continued his work in music theater, composing his opera <a href="/wiki/Satyagraha_(opera)" title="Satyagraha (opera)">Satyagraha</a> (composed in 1978–1979, premiered in 1980 at Rotterdam), based on the early life of <a href="/wiki/Mahatma_Gandhi" title="Mahatma Gandhi">Mahatma Gandhi</a> in South Africa, <a href="/wiki/Leo_Tolstoy" title="Leo Tolstoy">Leo Tolstoy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rabindranath_Tagore" title="Rabindranath Tagore">Rabindranath Tagore</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther_King_Jr." title="Martin Luther King Jr.">Martin Luther King Jr.</a> For Satyagraha, Glass worked in close collaboration with two "<a href="/wiki/SoHo" class="mw-redirect" title="SoHo">SoHo</a> friends": the writer <a href="/wiki/Constance_DeJong_(writer)" title="Constance DeJong (writer)">Constance deJong</a>, who provided the libretto, and the set designer Robert Israel. This piece was in other ways a turning point for Glass, as it was his first work since 1963 scored for symphony orchestra, even if the most prominent parts were still reserved for solo voices and chorus. Shortly after completing the score in August 1979, Glass met the conductor <a href="/wiki/Dennis_Russell_Davies" title="Dennis Russell Davies">Dennis Russell Davies</a>, whom he helped prepare for performances in Germany (using a piano-four-hands version of the score); together they started to plan another opera, to be premiered at the <a href="/wiki/Staatsoper_Stuttgart" title="Staatsoper Stuttgart">Stuttgart State Opera</a>.<a href="#cite_note-musicby-30">[30]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1980–1986:_Completing_the_Portrait_Trilogy:_Akhnaten_and_beyond">1980–1986: Completing the Portrait Trilogy: Akhnaten and beyond</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Philip_Glass&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: 1980–1986: Completing the Portrait Trilogy: Akhnaten and beyond">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gandhi_in_Berlin_(Satyagraha).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Gandhi_in_Berlin_%28Satyagraha%29.jpg/220px-Gandhi_in_Berlin_%28Satyagraha%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Gandhi_in_Berlin_%28Satyagraha%29.jpg/330px-Gandhi_in_Berlin_%28Satyagraha%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Gandhi_in_Berlin_%28Satyagraha%29.jpg/440px-Gandhi_in_Berlin_%28Satyagraha%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption>A scene from a 2017 performance in <a href="/wiki/Berlin" title="Berlin">Berlin</a> of <a href="/wiki/Satyagraha_(opera)" title="Satyagraha (opera)">Satyagraha</a>, an opera by Glass</figcaption></figure> While planning a third part of his "Portrait Trilogy", Glass turned to smaller music theatre projects such as the non-narrative Madrigal Opera (for six voices and violin and viola, 1980), and <a href="/wiki/The_Photographer" title="The Photographer">The Photographer</a>, a biographic study on the photographer <a href="/wiki/Eadweard_Muybridge" title="Eadweard Muybridge">Eadweard Muybridge</a> (1982). Glass also continued to write for the orchestra with the score of <a href="/wiki/Koyaanisqatsi" title="Koyaanisqatsi">Koyaanisqatsi</a> (<a href="/wiki/Godfrey_Reggio" title="Godfrey Reggio">Godfrey Reggio</a>, 1981–1982). Some pieces which were not used in the film (such as Façades) eventually appeared on the album <a href="/wiki/Glassworks_(composition)" title="Glassworks (composition)">Glassworks</a> (1982, CBS Records), which brought Glass's music to a wider public. The "Portrait Trilogy" was completed with <a href="/wiki/Akhnaten_(opera)" title="Akhnaten (opera)">Akhnaten</a> (1982–1983, premiered in 1984), a vocal and orchestral composition sung in <a href="/wiki/Akkadian_language" title="Akkadian language">Akkadian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Biblical_Hebrew" title="Biblical Hebrew">Biblical Hebrew</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egyptian" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Egyptian">Ancient Egyptian</a>. In addition, this opera featured an actor reciting ancient Egyptian texts in the language of the audience. Akhnaten was commissioned by the <a href="/wiki/Stuttgart_Opera" class="mw-redirect" title="Stuttgart Opera">Stuttgart Opera</a> in a production designed by <a href="/wiki/Achim_Freyer" title="Achim Freyer">Achim Freyer</a>. It premiered simultaneously at the <a href="/wiki/Houston_Opera" class="mw-redirect" title="Houston Opera">Houston Opera</a> in a production directed by David Freeman and designed by <a href="/wiki/Peter_Sellars" title="Peter Sellars">Peter Sellars</a>. At the time of the commission, the Stuttgart Opera House was undergoing renovation, necessitating the use of a nearby playhouse with a smaller orchestra pit. Upon learning this, Glass and conductor Dennis Russell Davies visited the playhouse, placing music stands around the pit to determine how many players the pit could accommodate. The two found they could not fit a full orchestra in the pit. Glass decided to eliminate the violins, which had the effect of "giving the orchestra a low, dark sound that came to characterize the piece and suited the subject very well".<a href="#cite_note-musicby-30">[30]</a> As Glass remarked in 1992, Akhnaten is significant in his work since it represents a "first extension out of a <a href="/wiki/Triad_(music)" title="Triad (music)">triadic harmonic</a> language", an experiment with the <a href="/wiki/Polytonality" title="Polytonality">polytonality</a> of his teachers <a href="/wiki/Vincent_Persichetti" title="Vincent Persichetti">Persichetti</a> and <a href="/wiki/Darius_Milhaud" title="Darius Milhaud">Milhaud</a>, a musical technique which Glass compares to "an optical illusion, such as in the paintings of <a href="/wiki/Josef_Albers" title="Josef Albers">Josef Albers</a>".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKostelanetz1999269-48">[48]</a> Glass again collaborated with <a href="/wiki/Robert_Wilson_(director)" title="Robert Wilson (director)">Robert Wilson</a> on another opera, <a href="/wiki/The_Civil_Wars:_A_Tree_Is_Best_Measured_When_It_Is_Down" title="The Civil Wars: A Tree Is Best Measured When It Is Down">the CIVIL warS</a> (1983, premiered in 1984), which also functioned as the final part (the Rome section) of Wilson's epic work by the same name, originally planned for an "international arts festival that would accompany the Olympic Games in Los Angeles".<a href="#cite_note-49">[49]</a> (Glass also composed a prestigious work for chorus and orchestra for the opening of the Games, The Olympian: Lighting of the Torch and Closing ). The premiere of The CIVIL warS in Los Angeles never materialized[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify">clarification needed</a>] and the opera was in the end premiered at the Opera of Rome. Glass's and Wilson's opera includes musical settings of Latin texts by the 1st-century-Roman playwright <a href="/wiki/Seneca_the_Younger" title="Seneca the Younger">Seneca</a> and allusions to the music of <a href="/wiki/Giuseppe_Verdi" title="Giuseppe Verdi">Giuseppe Verdi</a> and from the <a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">American Civil War</a>, featuring the 19th century figures <a href="/wiki/Giuseppe_Garibaldi" title="Giuseppe Garibaldi">Giuseppe Garibaldi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Robert_E._Lee" title="Robert E. Lee">Robert E. Lee</a> as characters. In the mid-1980s, Glass produced "works in different media at an extraordinarily rapid pace".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchwarz1996151-50">[50]</a> Projects from that period include music for dance (<a href="/wiki/Glass_Pieces" title="Glass Pieces">Glass Pieces</a> choreographed for <a href="/wiki/New_York_City_Ballet" title="New York City Ballet">New York City Ballet</a> by <a href="/wiki/Jerome_Robbins" title="Jerome Robbins">Jerome Robbins</a> in 1983 to a score drawn from existing Glass compositions created for other media including an excerpt from Akhnaten; and In the Upper Room, <a href="/wiki/Twyla_Tharp" title="Twyla Tharp">Twyla Tharp</a>, 1986), music for theatre productions <a href="/wiki/Endgame_(play)" title="Endgame (play)">Endgame</a> (1984) and <a href="/wiki/String_Quartet_No._2_(Glass)" title="String Quartet No. 2 (Glass)">Company</a> (1983). Beckett vehemently disapproved of the production of Endgame at the <a href="/wiki/American_Repertory_Theater" title="American Repertory Theater">American Repertory Theater</a> (Cambridge, Massachusetts), which featured <a href="/wiki/JoAnne_Akalaitis" title="JoAnne Akalaitis">JoAnne Akalaitis</a>'s direction and Glass's Prelude for timpani and double bass, but in the end, he authorized the music for Company, four short, intimate pieces for <a href="/wiki/String_quartet" title="String quartet">string quartet</a> that were played in the intervals of the dramatization. This composition was initially regarded by the composer as a piece of <a href="/wiki/Gebrauchsmusik" title="Gebrauchsmusik">Gebrauchsmusik</a> ('music for use')—"like salt and pepper ... just something for the table", as he noted.<a href="#cite_note-51">[51]</a> Eventually Company was published as Glass's <a href="/wiki/String_Quartet_No._2_(Glass)" title="String Quartet No. 2 (Glass)">String Quartet No. 2</a> and in a version for string orchestra, being performed by ensembles ranging from student orchestras to renowned formations such as the <a href="/wiki/Kronos_Quartet" title="Kronos Quartet">Kronos Quartet</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Kremerata_Baltica" title="Kremerata Baltica">Kremerata Baltica</a>. This interest in writing for the <a href="/wiki/String_quartet" title="String quartet">string quartet</a> and the string orchestra led to a chamber and orchestral film score for <a href="/wiki/Mishima:_A_Life_in_Four_Chapters" title="Mishima: A Life in Four Chapters">Mishima: A Life in Four Chapters</a> (<a href="/wiki/Paul_Schrader" title="Paul Schrader">Paul Schrader</a>, 1984–85), which Glass recently described as his "musical turning point" that developed his "technique of film scoring in a very special way".<a href="#cite_note-watchnewspapers1-52">[52]</a> Glass also dedicated himself to vocal works with two sets of songs, Three Songs for chorus (1984, settings of poems by <a href="/wiki/Leonard_Cohen" title="Leonard Cohen">Leonard Cohen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Octavio_Paz" title="Octavio Paz">Octavio Paz</a> and <a href="/wiki/Raymond_L%C3%A9vesque" title="Raymond Lévesque">Raymond Lévesque</a>), and a song cycle initiated by <a href="/wiki/CBS_Masterworks_Records" class="mw-redirect" title="CBS Masterworks Records">CBS Masterworks Records</a>: <a href="/wiki/Songs_from_Liquid_Days" title="Songs from Liquid Days">Songs from Liquid Days</a> (1985), with texts by songwriters such as <a href="/wiki/David_Byrne" title="David Byrne">David Byrne</a>, <a href="/wiki/Paul_Simon" title="Paul Simon">Paul Simon</a>, in which the <a href="/wiki/Kronos_Quartet" title="Kronos Quartet">Kronos Quartet</a> is featured (as it is in Mishima) in a prominent role. Glass also continued his series of operas with adaptations from literary texts such as The Juniper Tree (an opera collaboration with composer <a href="/wiki/Robert_Moran_(composer)" title="Robert Moran (composer)">Robert Moran</a>, 1984), <a href="/wiki/Edgar_Allan_Poe" title="Edgar Allan Poe">Edgar Allan Poe</a>'s <a href="/wiki/The_Fall_of_the_House_of_Usher" title="The Fall of the House of Usher">The Fall of the House of Usher</a> (1987), and also worked with novelist <a href="/wiki/Doris_Lessing" title="Doris Lessing">Doris Lessing</a> on the opera <a href="/wiki/The_Making_of_the_Representative_for_Planet_8_(opera)" title="The Making of the Representative for Planet 8 (opera)">The Making of the Representative for Planet 8</a> (1985–86, and performed by the <a href="/wiki/Houston_Grand_Opera" title="Houston Grand Opera">Houston Grand Opera</a> and <a href="/wiki/English_National_Opera" title="English National Opera">English National Opera</a> in 1988). <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1987–1991:_Operas_and_the_turn_to_symphonic_music">1987–1991: Operas and the turn to symphonic music</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Philip_Glass&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: 1987–1991: Operas and the turn to symphonic music">edit</a>]</div> Compositions such as Company, Facades and String Quartet No. 3 (the last two extracted from the scores to Koyaanisqatsi and Mishima) gave way to a series of works more accessible to ensembles such as the <a href="/wiki/String_quartet" title="String quartet">string quartet</a> and <a href="/wiki/Symphony_orchestra" class="mw-redirect" title="Symphony orchestra">symphony orchestra</a>, in this returning to the structural roots of his student days. In taking this direction his <a href="/wiki/Chamber_music" title="Chamber music">chamber</a> and orchestral works were also written in a more and more traditional and lyrical style. In these works, Glass often employs old musical forms such as the <a href="/wiki/Chaconne" title="Chaconne">chaconne</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Passacaglia" title="Passacaglia">passacaglia</a>—for instance in <a href="/wiki/Satyagraha_(opera)" title="Satyagraha (opera)">Satyagraha</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Schwarz-24">[24]</a> the <a href="/wiki/Violin_Concerto_No._1_(Glass)" title="Violin Concerto No. 1 (Glass)">Violin Concerto No. 1</a> (1987), <a href="/wiki/Symphony_No._3_(Glass)" title="Symphony No. 3 (Glass)">Symphony No. 3</a> (1995), Echorus (1995) and also recent works such as <a href="/wiki/Symphony_No._8_(Glass)" title="Symphony No. 8 (Glass)">Symphony No. 8</a> (2005),<a href="#cite_note-53">[53]</a> and Songs and Poems for Solo Cello (2006). A series of orchestral works originally composed for the concert hall commenced with the three-movement <a href="/wiki/Violin_Concerto_No._1_(Glass)" title="Violin Concerto No. 1 (Glass)">Violin Concerto No. 1</a> (1987). This work was commissioned by the <a href="/wiki/American_Composers_Orchestra" title="American Composers Orchestra">American Composers Orchestra</a> and written for and in close collaboration with the violinist <a href="/wiki/Paul_Zukofsky" title="Paul Zukofsky">Paul Zukofsky</a> and the conductor Dennis Russell Davies, who since then has encouraged the composer to write numerous orchestral pieces. The Concerto is dedicated to the memory of Glass's father: "His favorite form was the violin concerto, and so I grew up listening to the <a href="/wiki/Violin_Concerto_(Mendelssohn)" title="Violin Concerto (Mendelssohn)">Mendelssohn</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Paganini" class="mw-redirect" title="Paganini">Paganini</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Violin_Concerto_(Brahms)" title="Violin Concerto (Brahms)">Brahms</a> concertos. ... So when I decided to write a violin concerto, I wanted to write one that my father would have liked."<a href="#cite_note-54">[54]</a> Among its multiple recordings, in 1992, the Concerto was performed and recorded by <a href="/wiki/Gidon_Kremer" title="Gidon Kremer">Gidon Kremer</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Vienna_Philharmonic" title="Vienna Philharmonic">Vienna Philharmonic</a>. This turn to orchestral music was continued with a symphonic trilogy of "portraits of nature", commissioned by the <a href="/wiki/Cleveland_Orchestra" title="Cleveland Orchestra">Cleveland Orchestra</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Rotterdam_Philharmonic_Orchestra" title="Rotterdam Philharmonic Orchestra">Rotterdam Philharmonic Orchestra</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Atlanta_Symphony_Orchestra" title="Atlanta Symphony Orchestra">Atlanta Symphony Orchestra</a>: <a href="/wiki/The_Light_(Glass)" title="The Light (Glass)">The Light</a> (1987), The Canyon (1988), and <a href="/wiki/Itaipu_(composition)" class="mw-redirect" title="Itaipu (composition)">Itaipu</a> (1989). While composing for symphonic ensembles, Glass also composed music for piano, with the cycle of five movements titled Metamorphosis (adapted from music for a theatrical adaptation of <a href="/wiki/Franz_Kafka" title="Franz Kafka">Franz Kafka</a>'s <a href="/wiki/The_Metamorphosis" title="The Metamorphosis">The Metamorphosis</a>), and for the <a href="/wiki/Errol_Morris" title="Errol Morris">Errol Morris</a> film <a href="/wiki/The_Thin_Blue_Line_(1988_film)" title="The Thin Blue Line (1988 film)">The Thin Blue Line</a>, 1988. In the same year Glass met the poet <a href="/wiki/Allen_Ginsberg" title="Allen Ginsberg">Allen Ginsberg</a> by chance in a book store in the <a href="/wiki/East_Village,_Manhattan" title="East Village, Manhattan">East Village</a> of New York City, and they immediately "decided on the spot to do something together, reached for one of Allen's books and chose <a href="/wiki/Wichita_Vortex_Sutra" title="Wichita Vortex Sutra">Wichita Vortex Sutra</a>",<a href="#cite_note-55">[55]</a> a piece for reciter and piano which in turn developed into a music theatre piece for singers and ensemble, <a href="/wiki/Hydrogen_Jukebox" title="Hydrogen Jukebox">Hydrogen Jukebox</a> (1990). Glass also returned to chamber music; he composed two String Quartets (<a href="/wiki/String_Quartet_No._4_(Glass)" title="String Quartet No. 4 (Glass)">No. 4 Buczak</a> in 1989 and No. 5 in 1991), and chamber works which originated as incidental music for plays, such as Music from "The Screens" (1989/1990). This work originated in one of many theater music collaborations with the director <a href="/wiki/JoAnne_Akalaitis" title="JoAnne Akalaitis">JoAnne Akalaitis</a>, who originally asked the <a href="/wiki/Music_of_the_Gambia" title="Music of the Gambia">Gambian</a> musician <a href="/wiki/Foday_Musa_Suso" title="Foday Musa Suso">Foday Musa Suso</a> "to do the score [for <a href="/wiki/Jean_Genet" title="Jean Genet">Jean Genet</a>'s <a href="/wiki/The_Screens" title="The Screens">The Screens</a>] in collaboration with a western composer".<a href="#cite_note-56">[56]</a> Glass had already collaborated with Suso in the film score to <a href="/wiki/Powaqqatsi" title="Powaqqatsi">Powaqqatsi</a> (<a href="/wiki/Godfrey_Reggio" title="Godfrey Reggio">Godfrey Reggio</a>, 1988). Music from "The Screens" is on occasion a touring piece for Glass and Suso (one set of tours also included percussionist <a href="/wiki/Yousif_Sheronick" title="Yousif Sheronick">Yousif Sheronick</a> ), and individual pieces found their way into the repertoire of Glass and the cellist Wendy Sutter. Another collaboration was a collaborative recording project with <a href="/wiki/Ravi_Shankar" title="Ravi Shankar">Ravi Shankar</a>, initiated by <a href="/wiki/Peter_Baumann" title="Peter Baumann">Peter Baumann</a> (a member of the band <a href="/wiki/Tangerine_Dream" title="Tangerine Dream">Tangerine Dream</a>), which resulted in the album <a href="/wiki/Passages_(Ravi_Shankar_and_Philip_Glass_album)" title="Passages (Ravi Shankar and Philip Glass album)">Passages</a> (1990). In the late 1980s and early 1990s, Glass's projects also included two highly prestigious opera commissions based on the life of explorers: <a href="/wiki/The_Voyage_(opera)" title="The Voyage (opera)">The Voyage</a> (1992), with a libretto by <a href="/wiki/David_Henry_Hwang" title="David Henry Hwang">David Henry Hwang</a>, was commissioned by the <a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_Opera" title="Metropolitan Opera">Metropolitan Opera</a> for the 500th anniversary of the discovery of America by <a href="/wiki/Christopher_Columbus" title="Christopher Columbus">Christopher Columbus</a>; and <a href="/wiki/White_Raven_(opera)" title="White Raven (opera)">White Raven</a> (1991), about <a href="/wiki/Vasco_da_Gama" title="Vasco da Gama">Vasco da Gama</a>, a collaboration with Robert Wilson and composed for the closure of the <a href="/wiki/Expo_%2798" title="Expo '98">1998 World Fair</a> in Lisbon. Especially in The Voyage, the composer "explore[d] new territory", with its "newly arching lyricism", "<a href="/wiki/Jean_Sibelius" title="Jean Sibelius">Sibelian</a> starkness and sweep", and "dark, brooding tone ... a reflection of its increasingly <a href="/wiki/Chromatic" class="mw-redirect" title="Chromatic">chromatic</a> (and <a href="/wiki/Consonance_and_dissonance" title="Consonance and dissonance">dissonant</a>) palette", as one commentator put it.<a href="#cite_note-Schwarz-24">[24]</a> Glass remixed the <a href="/wiki/S%27Express" title="S'Express">S'Express</a> song "Hey Music Lover", for the b-side of its 1989 release as a single.<a href="#cite_note-57">[57]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1991–1996:_Cocteau_trilogy_and_symphonies">1991–1996: Cocteau trilogy and symphonies</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Philip_Glass&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: 1991–1996: Cocteau trilogy and symphonies">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Philip_Glass_003.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Philip_Glass_003.jpg/220px-Philip_Glass_003.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="345" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Philip_Glass_003.jpg/330px-Philip_Glass_003.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Philip_Glass_003.jpg/440px-Philip_Glass_003.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2120" data-file-height="3328" /></a><figcaption>Glass performing in <a href="/wiki/Florence" title="Florence">Florence</a>, Italy in 1993</figcaption></figure> After these operas, Glass began working on a symphonic cycle, commissioned by the conductor Dennis Russell Davies, who told Glass at the time: "I'm not going to let you ... be one of those opera composers who never write a <a href="/wiki/Symphony" title="Symphony">symphony</a>".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMaycock200271-58">[58]</a> Glass responded with a pair of three-movement symphonies (<a href="/wiki/Symphony_No._1_(Glass)" title="Symphony No. 1 (Glass)">"Low"</a> [1992], and <a href="/wiki/Symphony_No._2_(Glass)" title="Symphony No. 2 (Glass)">Symphony No. 2</a> [1994]); his first in an ongoing series of symphonies is a combination of the composer's own musical material with themes featured in prominent tracks of the David Bowie/Brian Eno album <a href="/wiki/Low_(David_Bowie_album)" title="Low (David Bowie album)">Low</a> (1977),<a href="#cite_note-59">[59]</a> whereas Symphony No. 2 is described by Glass as a study in <a href="/wiki/Polytonality" title="Polytonality">polytonality</a>. He referred to the music of <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Honegger" title="Arthur Honegger">Honegger</a>, <a href="/wiki/Darius_Milhaud" title="Darius Milhaud">Milhaud</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Heitor_Villa-Lobos" title="Heitor Villa-Lobos">Villa-Lobos</a> as possible models for his symphony.<a href="#cite_note-60">[60]</a> With the Concerto Grosso (1992), <a href="/wiki/Symphony_No._3_(Glass)" title="Symphony No. 3 (Glass)">Symphony No. 3</a> (1995), a Concerto for Saxophone Quartet and Orchestra (1995), written for the <a href="/wiki/Rasch%C3%A8r_Saxophone_Quartet" title="Raschèr Saxophone Quartet">Rascher Quartet</a> (all commissioned by conductor Dennis Russell Davies), and Echorus (1994/95), a more transparent, refined, and intimate chamber-orchestral style paralleled the excursions of his large-scale symphonic pieces. In the four movements of his Third Symphony, Glass treats a 19-piece string orchestra as an extended chamber ensemble. In the third movement, Glass re-uses the chaconne as a formal device; one commentator characterized Glass's symphony as one of the composer's "most tautly unified works".<a href="#cite_note-61">[61]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMaycock200290-62">[62]</a> The third Symphony was closely followed by a fourth, subtitled <a href="/wiki/Symphony_No._4_(Glass)" title="Symphony No. 4 (Glass)">Heroes</a> (1996), commissioned the <a href="/wiki/American_Composers_Orchestra" title="American Composers Orchestra">American Composers Orchestra</a>. Its six movements are symphonic reworkings of themes by Glass, David Bowie, and Brian Eno (from their album <a href="/wiki/%22Heroes%22_(David_Bowie_album)" class="mw-redirect" title=""Heroes" (David Bowie album)">"Heroes"</a>, 1977); as in other works by the composer, it is also a hybrid work and exists in two versions: one for the concert hall, and another, shorter one for dance, choreographed by <a href="/wiki/Twyla_Tharp" title="Twyla Tharp">Twyla Tharp</a>. Another commission by Dennis Russell Davies was a second series for piano, the Etudes for Piano (dedicated to Davies as well as the production designer <a href="/wiki/Achim_Freyer" title="Achim Freyer">Achim Freyer</a>); the complete first set of ten Etudes has been recorded and performed by Glass himself. <a href="/wiki/Bruce_Brubaker" title="Bruce Brubaker">Bruce Brubaker</a> and Dennis Russell Davies have each recorded the original set of six. Most of the Etudes are composed in the post-minimalist and increasingly lyrical style of the times: "Within the framework of a concise form, Glass explores possible sonorities ranging from typically Baroque passagework to Romantically tinged moods".<a href="#cite_note-63">[63]</a> Some of the pieces also appeared in different versions such as in the theatre music to Robert Wilson's Persephone (1994, commissioned by the <a href="/wiki/Relache_(ensemble)" class="mw-redirect" title="Relache (ensemble)">Relache Ensemble</a>) or Echorus (a version of Etude No. 2 for two violins and string orchestra, written for Edna Mitchell and <a href="/wiki/Yehudi_Menuhin" title="Yehudi Menuhin">Yehudi Menuhin</a> 1995). Glass's prolific output in the 1990s continued to include operas with an opera <a href="/wiki/Triptych" title="Triptych">triptych</a> (1991–1996), which the composer described as an "homage" to writer and film director <a href="/wiki/Jean_Cocteau" title="Jean Cocteau">Jean Cocteau</a>, based on his prose and cinematic work: <a href="/wiki/Orpheus_(film)" title="Orpheus (film)">Orphée</a> (1950), <a href="/wiki/Beauty_and_the_Beast_(1946_film)" title="Beauty and the Beast (1946 film)">La Belle et la Bête</a> (1946), and the novel <a href="/wiki/Les_Enfants_terribles" title="Les Enfants terribles">Les Enfants terribles</a> (1929, later made into a film by Cocteau and <a href="/wiki/Jean-Pierre_Melville" title="Jean-Pierre Melville">Jean-Pierre Melville</a>, 1950). In the same way the triptych is also a musical homage to the work of the group of French composers associated with Cocteau, <a href="/wiki/Les_Six" title="Les Six">Les Six</a> (and especially to Glass's teacher Darius Milhaud), as well as to various 18th-century composers such as <a href="/wiki/Christoph_Willibald_Gluck" title="Christoph Willibald Gluck">Gluck</a> and <a href="/wiki/Johann_Sebastian_Bach" title="Johann Sebastian Bach">Bach</a> whose music featured as an essential part of the films by Cocteau. The inspiration of the first part of the trilogy, Orphée (composed in 1991, and premiered in 1993 at the <a href="/wiki/American_Repertory_Theatre" class="mw-redirect" title="American Repertory Theatre">American Repertory Theatre</a>) can be conceptually and musically traced to Gluck's opera <a href="/wiki/Orfeo_ed_Euridice" title="Orfeo ed Euridice">Orfeo ed Euridice</a> (Orphée et Euridyce, 1762/1774),<a href="#cite_note-Schwarz-24">[24]</a> which had a prominent part in Cocteau's 1949 film Orphee.<a href="#cite_note-64">[64]</a> One theme of the opera, the death of <a href="/wiki/Eurydice" title="Eurydice">Eurydice</a>, has some similarity to the composer's personal life: the opera was composed after the unexpected death in 1991 of Glass's wife, artist <a href="/wiki/Candy_Jernigan" title="Candy Jernigan">Candy Jernigan</a>: "... One can only suspect that Orpheus' grief must have resembled the composer's own", K. Robert Schwartz suggests.<a href="#cite_note-Schwarz-24">[24]</a> The opera's "transparency of texture, a subtlety of instrumental color, ... a newly expressive and unfettered vocal writing"<a href="#cite_note-Schwarz-24">[24]</a> was praised, and <a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a>'s critic remarked "Glass has a real affinity for the French text and sets the words eloquently, underpinning them with delicately patterned instrumental textures".<a href="#cite_note-65">[65]</a> For the second opera, La Belle et la Bête (1994, scored for either the Philip Glass Ensemble or a more conventional chamber orchestra), Glass replaced the soundtrack (including <a href="/wiki/Georges_Auric" title="Georges Auric">Georges Auric</a>'s film music) of Cocteau's film, wrote "a new fully operatic score and synchronize[d] it with the film".<a href="#cite_note-Cott-25">[25]</a> The final part of the triptych returned again to a more traditional setting with the "Dance Opera" <a href="/wiki/Les_Enfants_terribles_(opera)" title="Les Enfants terribles (opera)">Les Enfants terribles</a> (1996), scored for voices, three pianos and dancers, with choreography by <a href="/wiki/Susan_Marshall_(choreographer)" title="Susan Marshall (choreographer)">Susan Marshall</a>. The characters are depicted by both singers and dancers. The scoring of the opera evokes Bach's <a href="/wiki/Harpsichord_concertos_(J._S._Bach)" class="mw-redirect" title="Harpsichord concertos (J. S. Bach)">Concerto for Four Harpsichords</a>, but in another way also "the snow, which falls relentlessly throughout the opera ... bearing witness to the unfolding events. Here time stands still. There is only music, and the movement of children through space" (Glass).<a href="#cite_note-66">[66]</a><a href="#cite_note-67">[67]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1997–2004:_Symphonies,_opera,_and_concertos">1997–2004: Symphonies, opera, and concertos</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Philip_Glass&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: 1997–2004: Symphonies, opera, and concertos">edit</a>]</div> In the late 1990s and early 2000s, Glass's lyrical and romantic styles peaked with a variety of projects: operas, theatre and film scores (<a href="/wiki/Martin_Scorsese" title="Martin Scorsese">Martin Scorsese</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Kundun" title="Kundun">Kundun</a>, 1997, <a href="/wiki/Godfrey_Reggio" title="Godfrey Reggio">Godfrey Reggio</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Naqoyqatsi" title="Naqoyqatsi">Naqoyqatsi</a>, 2002, and <a href="/wiki/Stephen_Daldry" title="Stephen Daldry">Stephen Daldry</a>'s <a href="/wiki/The_Hours_(film)" title="The Hours (film)">The Hours</a>, 2002), a series of five concerts, and three symphonies centered on orchestra-singer and orchestra-chorus interplay. Two symphonies, <a href="/wiki/Symphony_No._5_(Glass)" title="Symphony No. 5 (Glass)">Symphony No. 5</a> "Choral" (1999) and <a href="/wiki/Symphony_No._7_(Glass)" title="Symphony No. 7 (Glass)">Symphony No. 7</a> "<a href="/wiki/Toltec" title="Toltec">Toltec</a>" (2004), and the song cycle Songs of <a href="/wiki/Milarepa" title="Milarepa">Milarepa</a> (1997) have a meditative theme. The operatic Symphony No. 6 <a href="/wiki/Plutonian_Ode" title="Plutonian Ode">Plutonian Ode</a> (2002) for soprano and orchestra was commissioned by the Brucknerhaus, Linz, and <a href="/wiki/Carnegie_Hall" title="Carnegie Hall">Carnegie Hall</a> in celebration of Glass's sixty-fifth birthday, and developed from Glass's collaboration with <a href="/wiki/Allen_Ginsberg" title="Allen Ginsberg">Allen Ginsberg</a> (poet, piano—Ginsberg, Glass), based on his poem of the same name. Besides writing for the concert hall, Glass continued his ongoing operatic series with adaptions from literary texts: The Marriages of Zones 3, 4 and 5 ([1997] story-libretto by Doris Lessing), <a href="/wiki/In_the_Penal_Colony_(opera)" title="In the Penal Colony (opera)">In the Penal Colony</a> (2000, after the <a href="/wiki/In_the_Penal_Colony" title="In the Penal Colony">story</a> by <a href="/wiki/Franz_Kafka" title="Franz Kafka">Franz Kafka</a>), and the chamber opera <a href="/wiki/The_Sound_of_a_Voice_(opera)" title="The Sound of a Voice (opera)">The Sound of a Voice</a> (2003, with David Henry Hwang), which features the <a href="/wiki/Pipa" title="Pipa">Pipa</a>, performed by <a href="/wiki/Wu_Man" title="Wu Man">Wu Man</a> at its premiere. Glass also collaborated again with the co-author of Einstein on the Beach, <a href="/wiki/Robert_Wilson_(director)" title="Robert Wilson (director)">Robert Wilson</a>, on <a href="/wiki/Monsters_of_Grace" title="Monsters of Grace">Monsters of Grace</a> (1998), and created a biographic <a href="/wiki/Galileo_Galilei_(opera)" title="Galileo Galilei (opera)">opera on the life of astronomer Galileo Galilei</a> (2001). In the early 2000s, Glass started a series of five concerti with the <a href="/wiki/Tirol_Concerto_for_Piano_and_Orchestra" title="Tirol Concerto for Piano and Orchestra">Tirol Concerto for Piano and Orchestra</a> (2000, premiered by <a href="/wiki/Dennis_Russell_Davies" title="Dennis Russell Davies">Dennis Russell Davies</a> as conductor and soloist), and the <a href="/wiki/Concerto_Fantasy_for_Two_Timpanists_and_Orchestra" title="Concerto Fantasy for Two Timpanists and Orchestra">Concerto Fantasy for Two Timpanists and Orchestra</a> (2000, for the timpanist Jonathan Haas). The <a href="/wiki/Cello_Concerto_(Glass)" class="mw-redirect" title="Cello Concerto (Glass)">Concerto for Cello and Orchestra</a> (2001) had its premiere performance in Beijing, featuring cellist <a href="/wiki/Julian_Lloyd_Webber" title="Julian Lloyd Webber">Julian Lloyd Webber</a>; it was composed in celebration of his fiftieth birthday.<a href="#cite_note-68">[68]</a> These concertos were followed by the concise and rigorously neo-Baroque <a href="/wiki/Harpsichord_Concerto_(Glass)" title="Harpsichord Concerto (Glass)">Concerto for Harpsichord and Orchestra</a> (2002), demonstrating in its transparent, chamber orchestral textures Glass's classical technique, evocative in the "improvisatory chords" of its beginning a <a href="/wiki/Toccata" title="Toccata">toccata</a> of <a href="/wiki/Froberger" class="mw-redirect" title="Froberger">Froberger</a> or <a href="/wiki/Girolamo_Frescobaldi" title="Girolamo Frescobaldi">Frescobaldi</a>, and 18th century music.<a href="#cite_note-69">[69]</a> Two years later, the concerti series continued with <a href="/wiki/Piano_Concerto_No._2_(Glass)" title="Piano Concerto No. 2 (Glass)">Piano Concerto No. 2: After Lewis and Clark</a> (2004), composed for the pianist <a href="/wiki/Paul_Barnes_(pianist)" title="Paul Barnes (pianist)">Paul Barnes</a>. The concerto celebrates the pioneers' trek across North America, and the second movement features a duet for piano and <a href="/wiki/Native_American_flute" title="Native American flute">Native American flute</a>. With the chamber opera The Sound of a Voice, Glass's Piano Concerto No. 2 might be regarded as bridging his traditional compositions and his more popular excursions to <a href="/wiki/World_Music" class="mw-redirect" title="World Music">World Music</a>, also found in Orion (also composed in 2004). <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="2005–2007:_Songs_and_Poems">2005–2007: Songs and Poems</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Philip_Glass&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: 2005–2007: Songs and Poems">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Philip_Glass_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Philip_Glass_1.jpg/220px-Philip_Glass_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="273" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Philip_Glass_1.jpg/330px-Philip_Glass_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Philip_Glass_1.jpg/440px-Philip_Glass_1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1284" data-file-height="1592" /></a><figcaption>Glass in December 2007</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Waiting_for_the_Barbarians_(opera)" title="Waiting for the Barbarians (opera)">Waiting for the Barbarians</a>, an opera from <a href="/wiki/J._M._Coetzee" title="J. M. Coetzee">J. M. Coetzee</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Waiting_for_the_Barbarians" title="Waiting for the Barbarians">novel</a> (with the libretto by <a href="/wiki/Christopher_Hampton" title="Christopher Hampton">Christopher Hampton</a>), had its premiere performance in September 2005. Glass defined the work as a "social/political opera", as a critique on the <a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_George_W._Bush" title="Presidency of George W. Bush">Bush administration</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Iraq_War" title="Iraq War">war</a> in Iraq, a "dialogue about political <a href="/wiki/Crisis" title="Crisis">crisis</a>", and an illustration of the "power of art to turn our attention toward the human dimension of history".<a href="#cite_note-70">[70]</a> While the opera's themes are <a href="/wiki/Imperialism" title="Imperialism">Imperialism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Apartheid" title="Apartheid">apartheid</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Torture" title="Torture">torture</a>, the composer chose an understated approach by using "very simple means, and the <a href="/wiki/Orchestration" title="Orchestration">orchestration</a> is very clear and very traditional; it's almost <a href="/wiki/Classical_period_(music)" title="Classical period (music)">classical</a> in sound", as the conductor Dennis Russell Davies notes.<a href="#cite_note-71">[71]</a><a href="#cite_note-mercury-72">[72]</a> Two months after the premiere of this opera, in November 2005, Glass's <a href="/wiki/Symphony_No._8_(Glass)" title="Symphony No. 8 (Glass)">Symphony No. 8</a>, commissioned by the <a href="/wiki/Bruckner_Orchestra_Linz" title="Bruckner Orchestra Linz">Bruckner Orchestra Linz</a>, was premiered at the <a href="/wiki/Brooklyn_Academy_of_Music" title="Brooklyn Academy of Music">Brooklyn Academy of Music</a> in New York City. After three symphonies for voices and orchestra, this piece was a return to purely orchestral and abstract composition; like previous works written for the conductor Dennis Russell Davies (the 1992 <a href="/wiki/Concerto_Grosso" class="mw-redirect" title="Concerto Grosso">Concerto Grosso</a> and the 1995 Symphony No. 3), it features extended solo writing. Critic <a href="/wiki/Allan_Kozinn" title="Allan Kozinn">Allan Kozinn</a> described the symphony's <a href="/wiki/Chromaticism" title="Chromaticism">chromaticism</a> as more extreme, more fluid, and its themes and textures as continually changing, morphing without repetition, and praised the symphony's "unpredictable orchestration", pointing out the "beautiful flute and <a href="/wiki/Harp" title="Harp">harp</a> variation in the melancholy second movement".<a href="#cite_note-73">[73]</a> <a href="/wiki/Alex_Ross_(music_critic)" title="Alex Ross (music critic)">Alex Ross</a>, remarked that "against all odds, this work succeeds in adding something certifiably new to the overstuffed annals of the classical symphony. ... The musical material is cut from familiar fabric, but it's striking that the composer forgoes the expected bustling conclusion and instead delves into a mood of deepening twilight and unending night."<a href="#cite_note-74">[74]</a> The Passion of Ramakrishna (2006), was composed for the <a href="/wiki/Pacific_Symphony" title="Pacific Symphony">Pacific Symphony</a> orchestra, the Pacific Chorale and the conductor <a href="/wiki/Carl_St._Clair" class="mw-redirect" title="Carl St. Clair">Carl St. Clair</a>. The 45 minutes choral work is based on the writings of Indian spiritual leader <a href="/wiki/Ramakrishna" title="Ramakrishna">Ramakrishna</a>, which seem "to have genuinely inspired and revived the composer out of his old formulas to write something fresh", as one critic remarked, whereas another noted "The musical style breaks little new ground for Glass, except for the glorious <a href="/wiki/George_Frideric_Handel" title="George Frideric Handel">Handelian</a> ending ... the composer's style ideally fits the devotional text".<a href="#cite_note-75">[75]</a><a href="#cite_note-76">[76]</a> A cello suite, composed for the cellist Wendy Sutter, Songs and Poems for Solo Cello (2005–2007), was equally lauded by critics. It was described by Lisa Hirsch as "a major work, ... a major addition to the cello repertory" and "deeply Romantic in spirit, and at the same time deeply <a href="/wiki/Baroque_music" title="Baroque music">Baroque</a>".<a href="#cite_note-77">[77]</a> Another critic, <a href="/wiki/Anne_Midgette" title="Anne Midgette">Anne Midgette</a> of The Washington Post, noted the suite "maintains an unusual degree of directness and warmth"; she also noted a kinship to a major work by <a href="/wiki/Johann_Sebastian_Bach" title="Johann Sebastian Bach">Johann Sebastian Bach</a>: "Digging into the lower registers of the instrument, it takes flight in handfuls of notes, now gentle, now impassioned, variously evoking the minor-mode keening of <a href="/wiki/Klezmer" title="Klezmer">klezmer</a> music and the interior meditations of <a href="/wiki/Cello_Suites_(Bach)" title="Cello Suites (Bach)">Bach's cello suites</a>".<a href="#cite_note-78">[78]</a> Glass himself pointed out "in many ways it owes more to Schubert than to Bach".<a href="#cite_note-autogenerated1-79">[79]</a> In 2007, Glass also worked alongside <a href="/wiki/Leonard_Cohen" title="Leonard Cohen">Leonard Cohen</a> on an adaptation of Cohen's poetry collection <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Longing" title="Book of Longing">Book of Longing</a>. The work, which premiered in June 2007 in Toronto, is a piece for seven instruments and a vocal quartet, and contains recorded spoken word performances by Cohen and imagery from his collection. <a href="/wiki/Appomattox_(opera)" title="Appomattox (opera)">Appomattox</a>, an opera surrounding the events at the end of the American Civil War, was commissioned by the <a href="/wiki/San_Francisco_Opera" title="San Francisco Opera">San Francisco Opera</a> and premiered on October 5, 2007. As in Waiting for the Barbarians, Glass collaborated with the writer Christopher Hampton, and as with the preceding opera and Symphony No. 8, the piece was conducted by Glass's long-time collaborator Dennis Russell Davies, who noted "in his recent operas the bass line has taken on an increasing prominence,... (an) increasing use of melodic elements in the deep register, in the <a href="/wiki/Contrabass" title="Contrabass">contrabass</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Contrabassoon" title="Contrabassoon">contrabassoon</a>—he's increasingly using these sounds and these textures can be derived from using these instruments in different combinations. ... He's definitely developed more skill as an orchestrator, in his ability to conceive melodies and harmonic structures for specific instrumental groups. ... what he gives them to play is very organic and idiomatic."<a href="#cite_note-mercury-72">[72]</a> Apart from this large-scale opera, Glass added a work to his catalogue of theater music in 2007, and continuing—after a gap of twenty years—to write music for the dramatic work of Samuel Beckett. He provided a "hypnotic" original score for a compilation of Beckett's short plays <a href="/wiki/Act_Without_Words_I" title="Act Without Words I">Act Without Words I</a>, <a href="/wiki/Act_Without_Words_II" title="Act Without Words II">Act Without Words II</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rough_for_Theatre_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Rough for Theatre I">Rough for Theatre I</a> and <a href="/wiki/Eh_Joe" title="Eh Joe">Eh Joe</a>, directed by JoAnne Akalaitis and premiered in December 2007. Glass's work for this production was described by <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a> as "icy, repetitive music that comes closest to piercing the heart".<a href="#cite_note-80">[80]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="2008–present:_Chamber_music,_concertos,_and_symphonies">2008–present: Chamber music, concertos, and symphonies</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Philip_Glass&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: 2008–present: Chamber music, concertos, and symphonies">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:20.IX_Book_of_Longing.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/20.IX_Book_of_Longing.jpg/220px-20.IX_Book_of_Longing.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/20.IX_Book_of_Longing.jpg/330px-20.IX_Book_of_Longing.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/20.IX_Book_of_Longing.jpg/440px-20.IX_Book_of_Longing.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2303" data-file-height="1535" /></a><figcaption>Glass performing Book of Longing in <a href="/wiki/Milan" title="Milan">Milan</a> in September 2008</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Philip_Glass.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Philip_Glass.jpg/220px-Philip_Glass.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Philip_Glass.jpg/330px-Philip_Glass.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Philip_Glass.jpg/440px-Philip_Glass.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6000" data-file-height="6000" /></a><figcaption>Philip Glass by <a href="/wiki/Luis_Alvarez_Roure" title="Luis Alvarez Roure">Luis Alvarez Roure</a>, a 2016 oil on board portrait at the <a href="/wiki/Smithsonian_Institution" title="Smithsonian Institution">Smithsonian Institution</a>'s <a href="/wiki/National_Portrait_Gallery_(United_States)" title="National Portrait Gallery (United States)">National Portrait Gallery</a> in <a href="/wiki/Washington,_D.C." title="Washington, D.C.">Washington, D.C.</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Philip-glass_x4.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Philip-glass_x4.jpg/220px-Philip-glass_x4.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Philip-glass_x4.jpg/330px-Philip-glass_x4.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Philip-glass_x4.jpg/440px-Philip-glass_x4.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="534" /></a><figcaption>Glass at the world premiere of Passacaglia for Piano at <a href="/wiki/Musikhuset_Aarhus" title="Musikhuset Aarhus">Musikhuset Aarhus</a> in Denmark</figcaption></figure> Between 2008 and 2010, Glass continued to work on a series of chamber music pieces which started with Songs and Poems: the Four Movements for Two Pianos (2008, premiered by Dennis Russell Davies and Maki Namekawa in July 2008), a Sonata for Violin and Piano composed in "the <a href="/wiki/Brahms" class="mw-redirect" title="Brahms">Brahms</a> tradition" (completed in 2008, premiered by violinist Maria Bachman and pianist Jon Klibonoff in February 2009); a <a href="/wiki/String_sextet" title="String sextet">String sextet</a> (an adaption of the Symphony No. 3 of 1995 made by Glass's musical director Michael Riesman) followed in 2009. Pendulum (2010, a one-movement piece for violin and piano), a second Suite of cello pieces for Wendy Sutter (2011), and Partita for solo violin for violinist Tim Fain (2010, first performance of the complete work 2011), are recent entries in the series.<a href="#cite_note-81">[81]</a> Other works for the theater were a score for <a href="/wiki/Euripides" title="Euripides">Euripides</a>' <a href="/wiki/The_Bacchae" title="The Bacchae">The Bacchae</a> (2009, directed by <a href="/wiki/JoAnne_Akalaitis" title="JoAnne Akalaitis">JoAnne Akalaitis</a>), and <a href="/wiki/Kepler_(opera)" title="Kepler (opera)">Kepler</a> (2009), yet another operatic biography of a scientist or explorer. The opera is based on the life of 17th century astronomer <a href="/wiki/Johannes_Kepler" title="Johannes Kepler">Johannes Kepler</a>, against the background of the <a href="/wiki/Thirty_Years%27_War" title="Thirty Years' War">Thirty Years' War</a>, with a libretto compiled from Kepler's texts and poems by his contemporary <a href="/wiki/Andreas_Gryphius" title="Andreas Gryphius">Andreas Gryphius</a>. It is Glass's first opera in German, and was premiered by the <a href="/wiki/Bruckner_Orchestra_Linz" title="Bruckner Orchestra Linz">Bruckner Orchestra Linz</a> and Dennis Russell Davies in September 2009. LA Times critic <a href="/wiki/Mark_Swed" title="Mark Swed">Mark Swed</a> and others described the work as "<a href="/wiki/Oratorio" title="Oratorio">oratorio</a>-like"; Swed pointed out the work is Glass's "most chromatic, complex, psychological score" and "the orchestra dominates ... I was struck by the muted, glowing colors, the character of many orchestral solos and the poignant emphasis on bass instruments".<a href="#cite_note-82">[82]</a> In 2009 and 2010, Glass returned to the concerto genre. <a href="/wiki/Violin_Concerto_No._2_(Glass)" title="Violin Concerto No. 2 (Glass)">Violin Concerto No. 2</a> in four movements was commissioned by violinist <a href="/wiki/Robert_McDuffie" title="Robert McDuffie">Robert McDuffie</a>, and subtitled "The American Four Seasons" (2009), as an homage to <a href="/wiki/Vivaldi" class="mw-redirect" title="Vivaldi">Vivaldi</a>'s set of concertos <a href="/wiki/The_Four_Seasons_(Vivaldi)" title="The Four Seasons (Vivaldi)">The Four Seasons</a>. It premiered in December 2009 by the <a href="/wiki/Toronto_Symphony_Orchestra" title="Toronto Symphony Orchestra">Toronto Symphony Orchestra</a>, and was subsequently performed by the <a href="/wiki/London_Philharmonic_Orchestra" title="London Philharmonic Orchestra">London Philharmonic Orchestra</a> in April 2010.<a href="#cite_note-83">[83]</a> The Double Concerto for Violin and Cello and Orchestra (2010) was composed for soloists Maria Bachmann and Wendy Sutter and also as a ballet score for the <a href="/wiki/Nederlands_Dans_Theater" title="Nederlands Dans Theater">Nederlands Dans Theater</a>.<a href="#cite_note-84">[84]</a><a href="#cite_note-85">[85]</a> Other orchestral projects of 2010 are short orchestral scores for films; to a multimedia presentation based on the novel <a href="/wiki/Icarus_at_the_Edge_of_Time" title="Icarus at the Edge of Time">Icarus at the Edge of Time</a> by <a href="/wiki/Theoretical_physicist" class="mw-redirect" title="Theoretical physicist">theoretical physicist</a> <a href="/wiki/Brian_Greene" title="Brian Greene">Brian Greene</a>, which premiered on June 6, 2010, and the score for the Brazilian film <a href="/wiki/Nosso_Lar_(film)" class="mw-redirect" title="Nosso Lar (film)">Nosso Lar</a> (released in Brazil on September 3, 2010). Glass also donated a short work, Brazil, to the video game <a href="/wiki/Chime_(video_game)" title="Chime (video game)">Chime</a>, which was released on February 3, 2010. In August 2011, Glass presented a series of music, dance, and theater performances as part of the Days and Nights Festival.<a href="#cite_note-86">[86]</a> Along with the Philip Glass Ensemble, scheduled performers include <a href="/wiki/Molissa_Fenley" title="Molissa Fenley">Molissa Fenley</a> and Dancers, <a href="/wiki/John_Moran_(composer)" title="John Moran (composer)">John Moran</a> with Saori Tsukada, as well as a screening of <a href="/wiki/Dracula_(1931_English-language_film)" title="Dracula (1931 English-language film)">Dracula</a> with Glass's score.<a href="#cite_note-87">[87]</a> Other works completed since 2010 include <a href="/wiki/Symphony_No._9_(Glass)" title="Symphony No. 9 (Glass)">Symphony No. 9</a> (2010–2011), <a href="/wiki/Symphony_No._10_(Glass)" title="Symphony No. 10 (Glass)">Symphony No. 10</a> (2012), Cello Concerto No. 2 (2012, based on the film score to <a href="/wiki/Naqoyqatsi" title="Naqoyqatsi">Naqoyqatsi</a>) as well as String Quartet No. 6 and No. 7. Glass's Ninth Symphony was co-commissioned by the Bruckner Orchestra Linz, the <a href="/wiki/American_Composers_Orchestra" title="American Composers Orchestra">American Composers Orchestra</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles_Philharmonic_Orchestra" class="mw-redirect" title="Los Angeles Philharmonic Orchestra">Los Angeles Philharmonic Orchestra</a>. The symphony's first performance took place on January 1, 2012, at the <a href="/wiki/Brucknerhaus" title="Brucknerhaus">Brucknerhaus</a> in Linz, Austria (Dennis Russell Davies conducting the Bruckner Orchestra Linz); the American premiere was on January 31, 2012, (Glass's 75th birthday), at Carnegie Hall (Dennis Russell Davies conducting the American Composers Orchestra), and the West Coast premiere with the <a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles_Philharmonic" title="Los Angeles Philharmonic">Los Angeles Philharmonic</a> under the baton of <a href="/wiki/John_Adams_(composer)" title="John Adams (composer)">John Adams</a> on April 5.<a href="#cite_note-88">[88]</a> Glass's Tenth Symphony, written in five movements, was commissioned by the <a href="/wiki/Orchestre_fran%C3%A7ais_des_jeunes" class="mw-redirect" title="Orchestre français des jeunes">Orchestre français des jeunes</a> for its 30th anniversary. The symphony's first performance took place on August 9, 2012, at the <a href="/wiki/Grand_Th%C3%A9%C3%A2tre_de_Provence" title="Grand Théâtre de Provence">Grand Théâtre de Provence</a> in <a href="/wiki/Aix-en-Provence" title="Aix-en-Provence">Aix-en-Provence</a> under Dennis Russell Davies.<a href="#cite_note-89">[89]</a><a href="#cite_note-90">[90]</a><a href="#cite_note-91">[91]</a><a href="#cite_note-92">[92]</a> The opera <a href="/wiki/The_Perfect_American" title="The Perfect American">The Perfect American</a> was composed in 2011 to a commission from <a href="/wiki/Teatro_Real" title="Teatro Real">Teatro Real</a> Madrid.<a href="#cite_note-93">[93]</a> The libretto is based on a book of the same name by <a href="/wiki/Peter_Stephan_Jungk" title="Peter Stephan Jungk">Peter Stephan Jungk</a> and covers the final months of the life of <a href="/wiki/Walt_Disney" title="Walt Disney">Walt Disney</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Huffington-94">[94]</a> The world premiere was at the Teatro Real, Madrid, on January 22, 2013, with British <a href="/wiki/Baritone" title="Baritone">baritone</a> <a href="/wiki/Christopher_Purves" title="Christopher Purves">Christopher Purves</a> taking the role of Disney.<a href="#cite_note-Huffington-94">[94]</a> The UK premiere took place on June 1, 2013, in a production by the <a href="/wiki/English_National_Opera" title="English National Opera">English National Opera</a> at the <a href="/wiki/London_Coliseum" title="London Coliseum">London Coliseum</a>.<a href="#cite_note-95">[95]</a> The US premiere took place on March 12, 2017, in a production by <a href="/wiki/Long_Beach_Opera" title="Long Beach Opera">Long Beach Opera</a>.<a href="#cite_note-96">[96]</a> His opera <a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Lost_(opera)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="The Lost (opera) (page does not exist)">The Lost</a> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Lost_(op%C3%A9ra)" class="extiw" title="fr:The Lost (opéra)">fr</a>], based on a play by Austrian playwright and novelist <a href="/wiki/Peter_Handke" title="Peter Handke">Peter Handke</a>, Die Spuren der Verirrten (2007), premiered at the Musiktheater Linz} in April 2013, conducted by Dennis Russell Davies and directed by <a href="/wiki/David_Pountney" title="David Pountney">David Pountney</a>. On June 28, 2013, Glass's piano piece Two Movements for Four Pianos was premiered at the <a href="/wiki/Museum_Kunstpalast" title="Museum Kunstpalast">Museum Kunstpalast</a>, performed by <a href="/wiki/Katia_and_Marielle_Lab%C3%A8que" title="Katia and Marielle Labèque">Katia and Marielle Labèque</a>, Maki Namekawa, and Dennis Russell Davies.<a href="#cite_note-97">[97]</a> On January 17, 2014, Glass's collaboration with <a href="/wiki/Ang%C3%A9lique_Kidjo" title="Angélique Kidjo">Angélique Kidjo</a> Ifé: Three Yorùbá Songs for Orchestra premiered at the <a href="/wiki/Philharmonie_Luxembourg" title="Philharmonie Luxembourg">Philharmonie Luxembourg</a>.<a href="#cite_note-98">[98]</a> In May 2015, Glass's Double Concerto for Two Pianos was premiered by <a href="/wiki/Katia_and_Marielle_Lab%C3%A8que" title="Katia and Marielle Labèque">Katia and Marielle Labèque</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gustavo_Dudamel" title="Gustavo Dudamel">Gustavo Dudamel</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles_Philharmonic" title="Los Angeles Philharmonic">Los Angeles Philharmonic</a>. Glass published his memoir, Words Without Music, in 2015.<a href="#cite_note-99">[99]</a> His <a href="/wiki/Symphony_No._11_(Glass)" title="Symphony No. 11 (Glass)">11th symphony</a>, commissioned by the Bruckner Orchestra Linz, the <a href="/wiki/Istanbul_International_Music_Festival" title="Istanbul International Music Festival">Istanbul International Music Festival</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Queensland_Symphony_Orchestra" title="Queensland Symphony Orchestra">Queensland Symphony Orchestra</a>, premiered on January 31, 2017, Glass's 80th birthday, at Carnegie Hall, Dennis Russell Davies conducting the Bruckner Orchestra.<a href="#cite_note-100">[100]</a><a href="#cite_note-101">[101]</a> On September 22, 2017, his Piano Concerto No. 3 was premiered by pianist <a href="/wiki/Simone_Dinnerstein" title="Simone Dinnerstein">Simone Dinnerstein</a> with the strings of the chamber orchestra <a href="/wiki/A_Far_Cry" title="A Far Cry">A Far Cry</a> at <a href="/wiki/Jordan_Hall_(Boston)" title="Jordan Hall (Boston)">Jordan Hall</a> at the <a href="/wiki/New_England_Conservatory_of_Music" title="New England Conservatory of Music">New England Conservatory of Music</a>, Boston, Massachusetts.<a href="#cite_note-102">[102]</a> Glass' String Quartet No. 8 was premiered by the JACK Quartet at Centennial Concert Hall in Winnipeg, Canada on February 1, 2018. The work was commissioned by the Winnipeg Symphony Orchestra New Music Festival, the <a href="/wiki/Winnipeg_Symphony_Orchestra" title="Winnipeg Symphony Orchestra">Winnipeg Symphony Orchestra</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Carnegie_Hall" title="Carnegie Hall">Carnegie Hall</a>.<a href="#cite_note-103">[103]</a> Glass's <a href="/wiki/Symphony_No._12_(Glass)" title="Symphony No. 12 (Glass)">12th symphony</a> was premiered by the <a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles_Philharmonic" title="Los Angeles Philharmonic">Los Angeles Philharmonic</a> under <a href="/wiki/John_Adams_(composer)" title="John Adams (composer)">John Adams</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Walt_Disney_Concert_Hall" title="Walt Disney Concert Hall">Walt Disney Concert Hall</a> in Los Angeles on January 10, 2019. Commissioned by the orchestra, the work is based on David Bowie's 1979 album <a href="/wiki/Lodger_(album)" title="Lodger (album)">Lodger</a>, it completes Glass's trilogy of symphonies based on Bowie's Berlin Trilogy of albums.<a href="#cite_note-104">[104]</a> In collaboration with stage auteur, performer and co-director (with Kirsty Housley) <a href="/wiki/Phelim_McDermott" title="Phelim McDermott">Phelim McDermott</a>, Glass composed the score for the new work Tao of Glass, which premiered at the 2019 <a href="/wiki/Manchester_International_Festival" title="Manchester International Festival">Manchester International Festival</a><a href="#cite_note-105">[105]</a> before touring to the 2020 <a href="/wiki/Perth_Festival" title="Perth Festival">Perth Festival</a>. During the COVID-19 pandemic, Glass continued composing, with three major works for opera and symphony premiering in 2021 and 2022. Glass' opera <a href="/w/index.php?title=Circus_Days_and_Nights&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Circus Days and Nights (page does not exist)">Circus Days and Nights</a> was commissioned by Cirkus Cirkor.<a href="#cite_note-106">[106]</a> The libretto by <a href="/wiki/David_Henry_Hwang" title="David Henry Hwang">David Henry Hwang</a> and Tilde Björfors is based on a book of poems by <a href="/wiki/Robert_Lax" title="Robert Lax">Robert Lax</a>. The world premiere was at the Malmo Opera, Malmo, Sweden, on May 29, 2021.<a href="#cite_note-107">[107]</a> Glass's Symphony No. 14 was premiered by the <a href="/w/index.php?title=LGT_Young_Soloists&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="LGT Young Soloists (page does not exist)">LGT Young Soloists</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Royal_College_of_Music" title="Royal College of Music">Royal College of Music</a> in London on September 17, 2021. The work was commissioned by the orchestra.<a href="#cite_note-108">[108]</a> Glass's Symphony No. 13 was premiered by the <a href="/wiki/National_Arts_Centre_Orchestra" title="National Arts Centre Orchestra">National Arts Centre Orchestra</a> under <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Shelley" title="Alexander Shelley">Alexander Shelley</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Roy_Thompson_Hall" class="mw-redirect" title="Roy Thompson Hall">Roy Thompson Hall</a> in Los Angeles on March 30, 2022. Commissioned by the orchestra, the work was written as a tribute to Canadian journalist <a href="/wiki/Peter_Jennings" title="Peter Jennings">Peter Jennings</a>.<a href="#cite_note-109">[109]</a> On November 7, 2023, Glass and <a href="/wiki/Artisan_Books" class="mw-redirect" title="Artisan Books">Artisan Books</a> released Philip Glass Piano Etudes: The Complete Folios 1–20 & Essays from Fellow Artists a nine-pound deluxe boxed set of Glass' piano etudes and Studies in Time: Essays on the Music of Philip Glass. <a href="#cite_note-110">[110]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Influences_and_collaborations">Influences and collaborations</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Philip_Glass&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Influences and collaborations">edit</a>]</div> Glass describes himself as a "classicist", pointing out he is trained in <a href="/wiki/Harmony" title="Harmony">harmony</a> and <a href="/wiki/Counterpoint" title="Counterpoint">counterpoint</a> and studied such composers as <a href="/wiki/Franz_Schubert" title="Franz Schubert">Franz Schubert</a>, <a href="/wiki/Johann_Sebastian_Bach" title="Johann Sebastian Bach">Johann Sebastian Bach</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Wolfgang_Amadeus_Mozart" title="Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart">Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart</a> with <a href="/wiki/Nadia_Boulanger" title="Nadia Boulanger">Nadia Boulanger</a>.<a href="#cite_note-111">[111]</a> Aside from composing in the Western classical tradition, his music has ties to rock, <a href="/wiki/Ambient_music" title="Ambient music">ambient music</a>, <a href="/wiki/Electronic_music" title="Electronic music">electronic music</a>, and <a href="/wiki/World_music" title="World music">world music</a>. Early admirers of his minimalism include musicians <a href="/wiki/Brian_Eno" title="Brian Eno">Brian Eno</a> and <a href="/wiki/David_Bowie" title="David Bowie">David Bowie</a>.<a href="#cite_note-112">[112]</a> In the 1990s, Glass composed the aforementioned symphonies <a href="/wiki/Symphony_No._1_(Glass)" title="Symphony No. 1 (Glass)">Low</a> (1992) and <a href="/wiki/Symphony_No._4_(Glass)" title="Symphony No. 4 (Glass)">Heroes</a> (1996), thematically derived from the Bowie-Eno collaboration albums <a href="/wiki/Low_(David_Bowie_album)" title="Low (David Bowie album)">Low</a> and <a href="/wiki/%22Heroes%22_(David_Bowie_album)" class="mw-redirect" title=""Heroes" (David Bowie album)">"Heroes"</a> composed in late 1970s Berlin. Glass has collaborated with recording artists such as <a href="/wiki/Paul_Simon" title="Paul Simon">Paul Simon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Suzanne_Vega" title="Suzanne Vega">Suzanne Vega</a>,<a href="#cite_note-113">[113]</a> <a href="/wiki/Mick_Jagger" title="Mick Jagger">Mick Jagger</a>,<a href="#cite_note-114">[114]</a> <a href="/wiki/Leonard_Cohen" title="Leonard Cohen">Leonard Cohen</a>, <a href="/wiki/David_Byrne" title="David Byrne">David Byrne</a>, <a href="/wiki/Uakti_(band)" title="Uakti (band)">Uakti</a>, <a href="/wiki/Natalie_Merchant" title="Natalie Merchant">Natalie Merchant</a>,<a href="#cite_note-115">[115]</a> <a href="/wiki/S%27Express" title="S'Express">S'Express</a> (Glass remixed their track Hey Music Lover in 1989)<a href="#cite_note-116">[116]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Aphex_Twin" title="Aphex Twin">Aphex Twin</a> (yielding an orchestration of Icct Hedral in 1995 on the <a href="/wiki/Donkey_Rhubarb_(EP)" title="Donkey Rhubarb (EP)">Donkey Rhubarb</a> EP). Glass's compositional influence extends to musicians such as <a href="/wiki/Mike_Oldfield" title="Mike Oldfield">Mike Oldfield</a> (who included parts from Glass's North Star in <a href="/wiki/Platinum_(Mike_Oldfield_album)" title="Platinum (Mike Oldfield album)">Platinum</a>), and bands such as <a href="/wiki/Tangerine_Dream" title="Tangerine Dream">Tangerine Dream</a> and <a href="/wiki/Talking_Heads" title="Talking Heads">Talking Heads</a>. Glass and his sound designer Kurt Munkacsi produced the American <a href="/wiki/Post-punk" title="Post-punk">post-punk</a>/<a href="/wiki/New_wave_music" title="New wave music">new wave</a> band <a href="/wiki/Polyrock" title="Polyrock">Polyrock</a> (1978 to the mid-1980s), as well as the recording of <a href="/wiki/John_Moran_(composer)" title="John Moran (composer)">John Moran's</a> The Manson Family (An Opera) in 1991, which featured punk legend <a href="/wiki/Iggy_Pop" title="Iggy Pop">Iggy Pop</a>, and a second (unreleased) recording of Moran's work featuring poet <a href="/wiki/Allen_Ginsberg" title="Allen Ginsberg">Allen Ginsberg</a>. Glass counts many artists among his friends and collaborators, including visual artists (<a href="/wiki/Richard_Serra" title="Richard Serra">Richard Serra</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chuck_Close" title="Chuck Close">Chuck Close</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fredericka_Foster" title="Fredericka Foster">Fredericka Foster</a>),<a href="#cite_note-117">[117]</a><a href="#cite_note-118">[118]</a> writers (<a href="/wiki/Doris_Lessing" title="Doris Lessing">Doris Lessing</a>, <a href="/wiki/David_Henry_Hwang" title="David Henry Hwang">David Henry Hwang</a>, <a href="/wiki/Allen_Ginsberg" title="Allen Ginsberg">Allen Ginsberg</a>), film and theatre directors (including <a href="/wiki/Errol_Morris" title="Errol Morris">Errol Morris</a>, <a href="/wiki/Robert_Wilson_(director)" title="Robert Wilson (director)">Robert Wilson</a>, <a href="/wiki/JoAnne_Akalaitis" title="JoAnne Akalaitis">JoAnne Akalaitis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Godfrey_Reggio" title="Godfrey Reggio">Godfrey Reggio</a>, <a href="/wiki/Paul_Schrader" title="Paul Schrader">Paul Schrader</a>, <a href="/wiki/Martin_Scorsese" title="Martin Scorsese">Martin Scorsese</a>, <a href="/wiki/Christopher_Hampton" title="Christopher Hampton">Christopher Hampton</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bernard_Rose_(director)" title="Bernard Rose (director)">Bernard Rose</a>, and many others), choreographers (<a href="/wiki/Lucinda_Childs" title="Lucinda Childs">Lucinda Childs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jerome_Robbins" title="Jerome Robbins">Jerome Robbins</a>, <a href="/wiki/Twyla_Tharp" title="Twyla Tharp">Twyla Tharp</a>), and musicians and composers (<a href="/wiki/Ravi_Shankar" title="Ravi Shankar">Ravi Shankar</a>, <a href="/wiki/David_Byrne" title="David Byrne">David Byrne</a>, the conductor <a href="/wiki/Dennis_Russell_Davies" title="Dennis Russell Davies">Dennis Russell Davies</a>, <a href="/wiki/Foday_Musa_Suso" title="Foday Musa Suso">Foday Musa Suso</a>, <a href="/wiki/Laurie_Anderson" title="Laurie Anderson">Laurie Anderson</a>, <a href="/wiki/Linda_Ronstadt" title="Linda Ronstadt">Linda Ronstadt</a>, <a href="/wiki/Paul_Simon" title="Paul Simon">Paul Simon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pierce_Turner" title="Pierce Turner">Pierce Turner</a>, <a href="/wiki/Joan_La_Barbara" title="Joan La Barbara">Joan La Barbara</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Russell_(musician)" title="Arthur Russell (musician)">Arthur Russell</a>, <a href="/wiki/David_Bowie" title="David Bowie">David Bowie</a>, <a href="/wiki/Brian_Eno" title="Brian Eno">Brian Eno</a>, <a href="/wiki/Roberto_Carnevale" title="Roberto Carnevale">Roberto Carnevale</a>, <a href="/wiki/Patti_Smith" title="Patti Smith">Patti Smith</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aphex_Twin" title="Aphex Twin">Aphex Twin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lisa_Bielawa" title="Lisa Bielawa">Lisa Bielawa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Shapiro" title="Andrew Shapiro">Andrew Shapiro</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_Moran_(composer)" title="John Moran (composer)">John Moran</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bryce_Dessner" title="Bryce Dessner">Bryce Dessner</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nico_Muhly" title="Nico Muhly">Nico Muhly</a>). Among recent collaborators are Glass's fellow New Yorker <a href="/wiki/Woody_Allen" title="Woody Allen">Woody Allen</a> and <a href="/wiki/Stephen_Colbert" title="Stephen Colbert">Stephen Colbert</a>.<a href="#cite_note-119">[119]</a> Glass had begun[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify">clarification needed</a>] using the <a href="/wiki/Farfisa" title="Farfisa">Farfisa</a> portable organ out of convenience,<a href="#cite_note-120">[120]</a> and he has used it in concert.<a href="#cite_note-121">[121]</a> It is featured on several recordings including North Star<a href="#cite_note-122">[122]</a> and Dance Nos. 1–5.<a href="#cite_note-123">[123]</a><a href="#cite_note-124">[124]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Music_for_film">Music for film</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Philip_Glass&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Music for film">edit</a>]</div> Glass has composed many film scores, starting with the orchestral score for <a href="/wiki/Koyaanisqatsi" title="Koyaanisqatsi">Koyaanisqatsi</a> (1982), and continuing with two biopics, <a href="/wiki/Mishima:_A_Life_in_Four_Chapters" title="Mishima: A Life in Four Chapters">Mishima: A Life in Four Chapters</a> (1985, resulting in the String Quartet No. 3) and <a href="/wiki/Kundun" title="Kundun">Kundun</a> (1997) about the <a href="/wiki/Dalai_Lama" title="Dalai Lama">Dalai Lama</a>, for which he received his first <a href="/wiki/Academy_Award" class="mw-redirect" title="Academy Award">Academy Award</a> nomination. In 1968 he composed and conducted the score for director Harrison Engle's minimalist comedy short, Railroaded, played by the Philip Glass Ensemble. This was one of his earliest film efforts. The year after scoring <a href="/wiki/Hamburger_Hill" title="Hamburger Hill">Hamburger Hill</a> (1987), Glass began a long collaboration with the filmmaker <a href="/wiki/Errol_Morris" title="Errol Morris">Errol Morris</a> with his music for Morris's celebrated documentaries, including <a href="/wiki/The_Thin_Blue_Line_(1988_film)" title="The Thin Blue Line (1988 film)">The Thin Blue Line</a> (1988) and <a href="/wiki/A_Brief_History_of_Time_(film)" title="A Brief History of Time (film)">A Brief History of Time</a> (1991).<a href="#cite_note-125">[125]</a> He continued composing for the <a href="/wiki/Qatsi_trilogy" title="Qatsi trilogy">Qatsi trilogy</a> with the scores for <a href="/wiki/Powaqqatsi" title="Powaqqatsi">Powaqqatsi</a> (1988) and <a href="/wiki/Naqoyqatsi" title="Naqoyqatsi">Naqoyqatsi</a> (2002). In 1995, he composed the theme for <a href="/wiki/Godfrey_Reggio" title="Godfrey Reggio">Reggio</a>'s short independent film <a href="/w/index.php?title=Evidence_(1995_film)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Evidence (1995 film) (page does not exist)">Evidence</a>. He made a cameo appearance—briefly visible performing at the piano—in <a href="/wiki/Peter_Weir" title="Peter Weir">Peter Weir</a>'s <a href="/wiki/The_Truman_Show" title="The Truman Show">The Truman Show</a> (1998), which uses music from Powaqqatsi, Anima Mundi and Mishima, as well as three original tracks by Glass. In the 1990s, he also composed scores for <a href="/wiki/Bent_(1997_film)" title="Bent (1997 film)">Bent</a> (1997) and the supernatural horror film <a href="/wiki/Candyman_(1992_film)" title="Candyman (1992 film)">Candyman</a> (1992) and its sequel, <a href="/wiki/Candyman:_Farewell_to_the_Flesh" title="Candyman: Farewell to the Flesh">Candyman: Farewell to the Flesh</a> (1995), plus a film adaptation of <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Conrad" title="Joseph Conrad">Joseph Conrad</a>'s <a href="/wiki/The_Secret_Agent_(1996_film)" title="The Secret Agent (1996 film)">The Secret Agent</a> (1996). In 1999, he finished a new soundtrack for the 1931 film <a href="/wiki/Dracula_(1931_English-language_film)" title="Dracula (1931 English-language film)">Dracula</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Hours_(film)" title="The Hours (film)">The Hours</a> (2002) earned him a second Academy Award nomination. The circular, recurring nature of Glass' music has been praised for providing stability and contrast to frequent jumps across time and geography in the film's narrative. In this way, the soundtrack has a distinctive personality, so much so that director Stephen Daldry believes Glass's music serves as "another stream of consciousness, another character"<a href="#cite_note-126">[126]</a> in the film. The Hours was followed by another Morris documentary, <a href="/wiki/The_Fog_of_War" title="The Fog of War">The Fog of War</a> (2003). In the mid-2000s Glass provided the scores to films such as <a href="/wiki/Secret_Window" title="Secret Window">Secret Window</a> (2004), <a href="/wiki/Neverwas" title="Neverwas">Neverwas</a> (2005), <a href="/wiki/The_Illusionist_(2006_film)" title="The Illusionist (2006 film)">The Illusionist</a> and <a href="/wiki/Notes_on_a_Scandal_(film)" title="Notes on a Scandal (film)">Notes on a Scandal</a>, garnering his third Academy Award nomination for the latter. Glass's most recent film scores include <a href="/wiki/No_Reservations_(film)" title="No Reservations (film)">No Reservations</a> (Glass makes a brief cameo in the film sitting at an outdoor café), <a href="/wiki/Cassandra%27s_Dream" title="Cassandra's Dream">Cassandra's Dream</a> (2007), Les Regrets (2009), Mr Nice (2010), the Brazilian film Nosso Lar (2010) and <a href="/wiki/Fantastic_Four_(2015_film)" title="Fantastic Four (2015 film)">Fantastic Four</a> (2015, in collaboration with <a href="/wiki/Marco_Beltrami" title="Marco Beltrami">Marco Beltrami</a>). In 2009, Glass composed original theme music for <a href="/wiki/Transcendent_Man" title="Transcendent Man">Transcendent Man</a>, about the life and ideas of <a href="/wiki/Ray_Kurzweil" title="Ray Kurzweil">Ray Kurzweil</a> by filmmaker <a href="/wiki/Barry_Ptolemy" title="Barry Ptolemy">Barry Ptolemy</a>. In the 2000s, Glass's work from the 1980s again became known to wider public through various media. In 2005, his Concerto for Violin and Orchestra (1987) was featured in the French film <a href="/wiki/The_Moustache_(film)" title="The Moustache (film)">The Moustache</a>, providing a tone intentionally incongruous to the banality of the movie's plot.<a href="#cite_note-127">[127]</a> Metamorphosis: Metamorphosis One from <a href="/wiki/Solo_Piano_(Philip_Glass_album)" title="Solo Piano (Philip Glass album)">Solo Piano</a> (1989) was featured in the <a href="/wiki/Battlestar_Galactica_(2004_TV_series)" title="Battlestar Galactica (2004 TV series)">reimagined Battlestar Galactica</a> in the episode "<a href="/wiki/Valley_of_Darkness" title="Valley of Darkness">Valley of Darkness</a>"<a href="#cite_note-FrakYou-128">[128]</a> and also in the final episode ("return 0") of <a href="/wiki/Person_of_Interest_(TV_series)" title="Person of Interest (TV series)">Person of Interest</a>. In 2008, <a href="/wiki/Rockstar_Games" title="Rockstar Games">Rockstar Games</a> released <a href="/wiki/Grand_Theft_Auto_IV" title="Grand Theft Auto IV">Grand Theft Auto IV</a> featuring Glass's "Pruit Igoe" (from Koyaanisqatsi). "Pruit Igoe" and "Prophecies" (also from Koyaanisqatsi) were used both in a trailer for <a href="/wiki/Watchmen_(film)" title="Watchmen (film)">Watchmen</a> and in the film itself. Watchmen also included two other Glass pieces in the score: "Something She Has To Do" from The Hours and "Protest" from Satyagraha, act 2, scene 3. In 2013, Glass contributed a piano piece "Duet" to the <a href="/wiki/Park_Chan-wook" title="Park Chan-wook">Park Chan-wook</a> film <a href="/wiki/Stoker_(film)" title="Stoker (film)">Stoker</a> which is performed diegetically in the film.<a href="#cite_note-129">[129]</a><a href="#cite_note-130">[130]</a> Glass contributed compositions to the feature documentary "The General & Me" by filmmaker <a href="/wiki/Tiana_Alexandra" title="Tiana Alexandra">Tiana Alexandra</a>-Silliphant, which was showcased at Glass's "Days and Nights Festival" in 2017.<a href="#cite_note-131">[131]</a> In 2017, Glass scored the <a href="/wiki/National_Geographic_Films" class="mw-redirect" title="National Geographic Films">National Geographic Films</a> documentary Jane (a documentary on the life of renowned British <a href="/wiki/Primatologist" class="mw-redirect" title="Primatologist">primatologist</a> <a href="/wiki/Jane_Goodall" title="Jane Goodall">Jane Goodall</a>). Glass's music was featured in two award-winning films by Russian director <a href="/wiki/Andrey_Zvyagintsev" title="Andrey Zvyagintsev">Andrey Zvyagintsev</a>, <a href="/wiki/Elena_(2011_film)" title="Elena (2011 film)">Elena</a> (2011) and <a href="/wiki/Leviathan_(2014_film)" title="Leviathan (2014 film)">Leviathan</a> (2014). For television, Glass composed the theme for <a href="/wiki/Night_Stalker_(TV_series)" title="Night Stalker (TV series)">Night Stalker</a> (2005) and the soundtrack for <a href="/wiki/Tales_from_the_Loop" title="Tales from the Loop">Tales from the Loop</a> (2020). Glass's "Confrontation and Rescue" (from Satyagraha) was used in the ending of Season 3 Chapter 6 of <a href="/wiki/Stranger_Things" title="Stranger Things">Stranger Things</a> (2019), whilst "Window of Appearances", "Akhnaten and Nefertiti" (from Akhnaten) and "Prophecies" (from Koyaanisqatsi) were used in the finale of Season 4 Volume 1 (2022). <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Other_business_ventures">Other business ventures</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Philip_Glass&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Other business ventures">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Record_labels">Record labels</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Philip_Glass&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Record labels">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Orange_Mountain_Music_logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Orange_Mountain_Music_logo.svg/220px-Orange_Mountain_Music_logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="159" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Orange_Mountain_Music_logo.svg/330px-Orange_Mountain_Music_logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Orange_Mountain_Music_logo.svg/440px-Orange_Mountain_Music_logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="155" data-file-height="112" /></a><figcaption>The Orange Mountain Music logo</figcaption></figure> In 1970, Glass and <a href="/wiki/Klaus_Kertess" title="Klaus Kertess">Klaus Kertess</a> (owner of the <a href="/wiki/Bykert_Gallery" title="Bykert Gallery">Bykert Gallery</a>) formed a record label named Chatham Square Productions after <a href="/wiki/Chatham_Square,_Manhattan" class="mw-redirect" title="Chatham Square, Manhattan">the location</a> of the studio of a Philip Glass Ensemble member Dick Landry.<a href="#cite_note-musicby-30">[30]</a> In 1993, Glass formed another record label, Point Music; in 1997, Point Music released <a href="/wiki/Music_for_Airports" class="mw-redirect" title="Music for Airports">Music for Airports</a>, a live, instrumental version of Eno's composition of the same name, by <a href="/wiki/Bang_on_a_Can" title="Bang on a Can">Bang on a Can</a> All-Stars. In 2002, Glass and his producer Kurt Munkacsi and artist Don Christensen founded the Orange Mountain Music company, dedicated to "establishing the recording legacy of Philip Glass" and, to date, have released sixty albums of Glass's music. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Looking_Glass_Studios">Looking Glass Studios</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Philip_Glass&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Looking Glass Studios">edit</a>]</div> In 1992, Glass built his own recording studio in New York City and named it Looking Glass Studios. In addition to Glass' own recording projects, the studio hosted recording projects of notable artists including Beck, Bjork, Sheryl Crow, The Cure, Grace Jones, Lou Reed, and Roger Waters before its closure in February 2009.<a href="#cite_note-132">[132]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Personal_life">Personal life</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Philip_Glass&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Personal life">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Philip_Glass_wordmark.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Philip_Glass_wordmark.svg/220px-Philip_Glass_wordmark.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="49" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Philip_Glass_wordmark.svg/330px-Philip_Glass_wordmark.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Philip_Glass_wordmark.svg/440px-Philip_Glass_wordmark.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="40" /></a><figcaption>Wordmark of Philip Glass</figcaption></figure> Glass lives in <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York City</a> and in <a href="/wiki/Cape_Breton_Island" title="Cape Breton Island">Cape Breton</a> in <a href="/wiki/Nova_Scotia" title="Nova Scotia">Nova Scotia</a>. He has described himself as "a Jewish-<a href="/wiki/Taoist" class="mw-redirect" title="Taoist">Taoist</a>-<a href="/wiki/Hindu" class="mw-redirect" title="Hindu">Hindu</a>-<a href="/wiki/Toltec" title="Toltec">Toltec</a>-<a href="/wiki/Buddhist" class="mw-redirect" title="Buddhist">Buddhist</a>"<a href="#cite_note-wiseguy-20">[20]</a> and is a supporter of the <a href="/wiki/Tibetan_independence_movement" title="Tibetan independence movement">Tibetan independence movement</a>. In 1987, he co-founded the <a href="/wiki/Tibet_House_US" title="Tibet House US">Tibet House US</a> with <a href="/wiki/Columbia_University" title="Columbia University">Columbia University</a> professor <a href="/wiki/Robert_Thurman" title="Robert Thurman">Robert Thurman</a> and the actor <a href="/wiki/Richard_Gere" title="Richard Gere">Richard Gere</a> at the request of the <a href="/wiki/14th_Dalai_Lama" title="14th Dalai Lama">14th Dalai Lama</a>.<a href="#cite_note-133">[133]</a> He's also chair of the magazine <a href="/wiki/Tricycle:_The_Buddhist_Review" title="Tricycle: The Buddhist Review">Tricycle: The Buddhist Review</a>.<a href="#cite_note-tricycle.org-134">[134]</a> Glass is a vegetarian.<a href="#cite_note-135">[135]</a> Glass has been married four times; he has four children and one granddaughter. <ul><li>His first marriage was to theater director <a href="/wiki/JoAnne_Akalaitis" title="JoAnne Akalaitis">JoAnne Akalaitis</a> (m. 1965, div. 1980), with whom he has two children: Juliet (b. 1968) and Zachary (b. 1971).</li> <li>His second marriage was to <a href="/w/index.php?title=Luba_Burtyk&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Luba Burtyk (page does not exist)">Luba Burtyk</a> (m. 1980), a physician.<a href="#cite_note-136">[136]</a><a href="#cite_note-137">[137]</a></li> <li>His third wife, the artist <a href="/wiki/Candy_Jernigan" title="Candy Jernigan">Candy Jernigan</a>, died of liver cancer in 1991, aged 39.</li> <li>Glass's fourth marriage was to restaurant manager, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Holly_Critchlow&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Holly Critchlow (page does not exist)">Holly Critchlow</a> (m. in 2001), whom he later divorced.<a href="#cite_note-Mahoney-15">[15]</a> They had two sons, Cameron (b. 2002) and Marlowe (b. 2003).</li></ul> He was romantically involved with cellist <a href="/w/index.php?title=Wendy_Sutter&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wendy Sutter (page does not exist)">Wendy Sutter</a> for approximately five years.<a href="#cite_note-138">[138]</a><a href="#cite_note-139">[139]</a> As of December 2018<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Philip_Glass&action=edit">[update]</a>, his partner was Japanese-born dancer <a href="/wiki/Saori_Tsukada" class="mw-redirect" title="Saori Tsukada">Saori Tsukada</a>.<a href="#cite_note-140">[140]</a><a href="#cite_note-141">[141]</a> Glass is the <a href="/wiki/First_cousin_once_removed" class="mw-redirect" title="First cousin once removed">first cousin once removed</a> of <a href="/wiki/Ira_Glass" title="Ira Glass">Ira Glass</a>, host of the radio show <a href="/wiki/This_American_Life" title="This American Life">This American Life</a>.<a href="#cite_note-142">[142]</a> Ira interviewed Glass onstage at Chicago's <a href="/wiki/Field_Museum_of_Natural_History" title="Field Museum of Natural History">Field Museum</a>; this interview was broadcast on <a href="/wiki/NPR" title="NPR">NPR</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Fresh_Air" title="Fresh Air">Fresh Air</a>. Ira interviewed Glass a second time at a fundraiser for <a href="/wiki/St._Ann%27s_Warehouse" title="St. Ann's Warehouse">St. Ann's Warehouse</a>; this interview was given away to public-radio listeners as a pledge-drive thank-you gift in 2010. Ira and Glass recorded a version of the composition Glass wrote to accompany his friend <a href="/wiki/Allen_Ginsberg" title="Allen Ginsberg">Allen Ginsberg</a>'s poem "<a href="/wiki/Wichita_Vortex_Sutra" title="Wichita Vortex Sutra">Wichita Vortex Sutra</a>". In 2014, This American Life broadcast a live performance at the <a href="/wiki/Brooklyn_Academy_of_Music" title="Brooklyn Academy of Music">Brooklyn Academy of Music</a> that included the world premier of the opera Help, a short <a href="/wiki/Monodrama" title="Monodrama">monodrama</a> that Philip Glass wrote for the occasion.<a href="#cite_note-143">[143]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Critical_reception">Critical reception</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Philip_Glass&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Critical reception">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:MX_PHILIP_GLASS_BELLAS_ARTES_(27224066057).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/MX_PHILIP_GLASS_BELLAS_ARTES_%2827224066057%29.jpg/220px-MX_PHILIP_GLASS_BELLAS_ARTES_%2827224066057%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/MX_PHILIP_GLASS_BELLAS_ARTES_%2827224066057%29.jpg/330px-MX_PHILIP_GLASS_BELLAS_ARTES_%2827224066057%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/MX_PHILIP_GLASS_BELLAS_ARTES_%2827224066057%29.jpg/440px-MX_PHILIP_GLASS_BELLAS_ARTES_%2827224066057%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3300" data-file-height="2200" /></a><figcaption>Glass playing at <a href="/wiki/Palacio_de_Bellas_Artes" title="Palacio de Bellas Artes">Palacio de Bellas Artes</a> in <a href="/wiki/Mexico_City" title="Mexico City">Mexico City</a> in 2018</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Musical_Opinion" title="Musical Opinion">Musical Opinion</a> said, "Philip Glass must be one of the most influential living composers."<a href="#cite_note-144">[144]</a> The <a href="/wiki/National_Endowment_for_the_Arts" title="National Endowment for the Arts">National Endowment for the Arts</a>, while noting that many of his operas have been produced by the world's leading opera houses said, "He is the first composer to win a wide, multigenerational audience in the opera house, the concert hall, the dance world, in film, and in popular music."<a href="#cite_note-NEA-145">[145]</a> Classical Music Review called his opera <a href="/wiki/Akhnaten_(opera)" title="Akhnaten (opera)">Akhnaten</a> "a musically sophisticated and imposing work".<a href="#cite_note-146">[146]</a> The New York <a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_Opera" title="Metropolitan Opera">Metropolitan Opera</a>'s production of Akhnaten won the <a href="/wiki/Grammy_Award_for_Best_Opera_Recording" title="Grammy Award for Best Opera Recording">Grammy Award for Best Opera Recording</a> in 2022.<a href="#cite_note-147">[147]</a> <a href="/wiki/Justin_Davidson" title="Justin Davidson">Justin Davidson</a> of <a href="/wiki/New_York_(magazine)" title="New York (magazine)">New York</a> magazine has criticized Glass, saying, "Glass never had a good idea he didn't flog to death: He repeats the haunting scale 30 mind-numbing times, until it's long past time to go home."<a href="#cite_note-148">[148]</a> <a href="/wiki/Richard_Schickel" title="Richard Schickel">Richard Schickel</a> of <a href="/wiki/Time_(magazine)" title="Time (magazine)">Time</a> criticized Glass's score for <a href="/wiki/The_Hours_(film)" title="The Hours (film)">The Hours</a>, saying, "This ultimately proves insufficient to lend meaning to their lives or profundity to a grim and uninvolving film, for which Philip Glass unwittingly provides the perfect score—tuneless, oppressive, droning, painfully self-important."<a href="#cite_note-149">[149]</a> Michael White of <a href="/wiki/The_Daily_Telegraph" title="The Daily Telegraph">The Daily Telegraph</a> described Glass's <a href="/wiki/Violin_Concerto_No._2_(Glass)" title="Violin Concerto No. 2 (Glass)">Violin Concerto No. 2</a> as being <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">as rewarding as chewing gum that's lost its flavour, and they're not dissimilar activities. This new concerto is unmitigated trash: the usual strung out sequences of arpeggiated banality, driven by the rise and fall of fast-moving but still leaden triplets, and vacuously formulaic. Philip Glass is no <a href="/wiki/Antonio_Vivaldi" title="Antonio Vivaldi">Vivaldi</a>, a composer who even at his most wallpaper baroque still has something to say. Glass has nothing—though he presumably deludes himself into thinking he does: hence the preponderance of slow, reflective solo writing in the piece which assumes there's something to reflect on.<a href="#cite_note-150">[150]</a></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Compositions">Compositions</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Philip_Glass&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Compositions">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/List_of_compositions_by_Philip_Glass" title="List of compositions by Philip Glass">List of compositions by Philip Glass</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Awards_and_nominations">Awards and nominations</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Philip_Glass&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Awards and nominations">edit</a>]</div> <table class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Organizations </th> <th scope="col">Year </th> <th scope="col">Category </th> <th scope="col">Work </th> <th scope="col">Result </th> <th scope="col" class="unsortable"><abbr title="Reference(s)">Ref.</abbr> </th></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" rowspan="3"><a href="/wiki/Academy_Awards" title="Academy Awards">Academy Awards</a> </th> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/70th_Academy_Awards" title="70th Academy Awards">1997</a> </td> <td rowspan="3"><a href="/wiki/Academy_Award_for_Best_Original_Score" title="Academy Award for Best Original Score">Best Original Score</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Kundun" title="Kundun">Kundun</a> </td> <td style="background: #FFE3E3; color: black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="no table-no2 notheme">Nominated </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-151">[151]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/75th_Academy_Awards" title="75th Academy Awards">2002</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/The_Hours_(film)" title="The Hours (film)">The Hours</a> </td> <td style="background: #FFE3E3; color: black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="no table-no2 notheme">Nominated </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-152">[152]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/79th_Academy_Awards" title="79th Academy Awards">2006</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Notes_on_a_Scandal_(film)" title="Notes on a Scandal (film)">Notes on a Scandal</a> </td> <td style="background: #FFE3E3; color: black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="no table-no2 notheme">Nominated </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-153">[153]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" rowspan="1"><a href="/wiki/BAFTA_Awards" class="mw-redirect" title="BAFTA Awards">BAFTA Awards</a> </th> <td style="text-align:center;">2002 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/BAFTA_Award_for_Best_Film_Music" class="mw-redirect" title="BAFTA Award for Best Film Music">Anthony Asquith Award for Film Music</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/The_Hours_(film)" title="The Hours (film)">The Hours</a> </td> <td style="background: #9EFF9E; color: #000; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="yes table-yes2 notheme">Won </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-NEA-145">[145]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Critics_Choice_Movie_Awards" class="mw-redirect" title="Critics Choice Movie Awards">Critics Choice Movie Awards</a> </th> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/8th_Critics%27_Choice_Awards" title="8th Critics' Choice Awards">2002</a> </td> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Critics%27_Choice_Movie_Award_for_Best_Score" title="Critics' Choice Movie Award for Best Score">Best Composer</a> </td> <td>The Hours </td> <td style="background: #FFE3E3; color: black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="no table-no2 notheme">Nominated </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/12th_Critics%27_Choice_Awards" title="12th Critics' Choice Awards">2006</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/The_Illusionist_(2006_film)" title="The Illusionist (2006 film)">The Illusionist</a> </td> <td style="background: #9EFF9E; color: #000; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="yes table-yes2 notheme">Won </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-154">[154]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Drama_Desk_Awards" class="mw-redirect" title="Drama Desk Awards">Drama Desk Awards</a> </th> <td style="text-align:center;">2010 </td> <td rowspan="2">Outstanding Music in a Play </td> <td><a href="/wiki/The_Bacchae" title="The Bacchae">The Bacchae</a> </td> <td style="background: #FFE3E3; color: black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="no table-no2 notheme">Nominated </td> <td rowspan="1"><a href="#cite_note-155">[155]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center;">2016 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/The_Crucible" title="The Crucible">The Crucible</a> </td> <td style="background: #9EFF9E; color: #000; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="yes table-yes2 notheme">Won </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-156">[156]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" rowspan="3"><a href="/wiki/Golden_Globe_Awards" title="Golden Globe Awards">Golden Globe Awards</a> </th> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/55th_Golden_Globe_Awards" title="55th Golden Globe Awards">1997</a> </td> <td rowspan="3"><a href="/wiki/Golden_Globe_Award_for_Best_Original_Score" title="Golden Globe Award for Best Original Score">Best Original Score</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Kundun" title="Kundun">Kundun</a> </td> <td style="background: #FFE3E3; color: black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="no table-no2 notheme">Nominated </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-globes-157">[157]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/56th_Golden_Globe_Awards" title="56th Golden Globe Awards">1998</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/The_Truman_Show" title="The Truman Show">The Truman Show</a> </td> <td style="background: #9EFF9E; color: #000; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="yes table-yes2 notheme">Won </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-globes-157">[157]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/60th_Golden_Globe_Awards" title="60th Golden Globe Awards">2002</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/The_Hours_(film)" title="The Hours (film)">The Hours</a> </td> <td style="background: #FFE3E3; color: black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="no table-no2 notheme">Nominated </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-globes-157">[157]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" rowspan="5"><a href="/wiki/Grammy_Awards" title="Grammy Awards">Grammy Awards</a> </th> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/28th_Annual_Grammy_Awards" title="28th Annual Grammy Awards">1987</a> </td> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Grammy_Award_for_Best_Contemporary_Classical_Composition" title="Grammy Award for Best Contemporary Classical Composition">Best Contemporary Composition</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Satyagraha_(opera)" title="Satyagraha (opera)">Satyagraha</a> </td> <td style="background: #FFE3E3; color: black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="no table-no2 notheme">Nominated </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-158">[158]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/29th_Annual_Grammy_Awards" title="29th Annual Grammy Awards">1988</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/String_Quartet_No._2_(Glass)" title="String Quartet No. 2 (Glass)">String Quartet No. 2</a> </td> <td style="background: #FFE3E3; color: black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="no table-no2 notheme">Nominated </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-159">[159]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/46th_Annual_Grammy_Awards" title="46th Annual Grammy Awards">2004</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Grammy_Award_for_Best_Score_Soundtrack_for_Visual_Media" title="Grammy Award for Best Score Soundtrack for Visual Media">Best Score Soundtrack for Visual Media</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/The_Hours_(soundtrack)" title="The Hours (soundtrack)">The Hours</a> </td> <td style="background: #FFE3E3; color: black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="no table-no2 notheme">Nominated </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-160">[160]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/50th_Annual_Grammy_Awards" title="50th Annual Grammy Awards">2008</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Grammy_Award_for_Best_Instrumental_Composition" title="Grammy Award for Best Instrumental Composition">Best Instrumental Composition</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Notes_on_a_Scandal_(film)" title="Notes on a Scandal (film)">Notes on a Sandal</a> ("I Knew Her") </td> <td style="background: #FFE3E3; color: black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="no table-no2 notheme">Nominated </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-161">[161]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center;">2020 </td> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Grammy_Trustees_Award" title="Grammy Trustees Award">Trustees Award</a> </td> <td style="background: #BFD; color: black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="yes table-yes2">Honored </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-162">[162]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" rowspan="1"><a href="/wiki/Primetime_Emmy_Awards" title="Primetime Emmy Awards">Primetime Emmy Awards</a> </th> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/56th_Primetime_Emmy_Awards" title="56th Primetime Emmy Awards">2004</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Primetime_Emmy_Award_for_Outstanding_Music_Composition_for_a_Series_(Original_Dramatic_Score)" title="Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Music Composition for a Series (Original Dramatic Score)">Outstanding Music Composition for a Series</a> </td> <td>Pandemic: Facing AIDS </td> <td style="background: #FFE3E3; color: black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="no table-no2 notheme">Nominated </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-163">[163]</a> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Honorary_awards">Honorary awards</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Philip_Glass&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Honorary awards">edit</a>]</div> <table class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Organizations </th> <th scope="col">Year </th> <th scope="col">Award </th> <th scope="col">Result </th> <th scope="col" class="unsortable"><abbr title="Reference(s)">Ref.</abbr> </th></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" rowspan="1"><a href="/wiki/Musical_America" title="Musical America">Musical America</a> </th> <td style="text-align:center;">1985 </td> <td>Musician of the Year </td> <td style="background: #BFD; color: black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="yes table-yes2">Honored </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-164">[164]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" rowspan="1"><a href="/wiki/Minister_of_Culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Minister of Culture">Minister of Culture</a>, France </th> <td style="text-align:center;">1995 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Ordre_des_Arts_et_des_Lettres" title="Ordre des Arts et des Lettres">Ordre des Arts et des Lettres</a> (France) </td> <td style="background: #BFD; color: black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="yes table-yes2">Honored </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-165">[165]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" rowspan="1"><a href="/wiki/American_Academy_of_Arts_and_Letters" title="American Academy of Arts and Letters">American Academy of Arts and Letters</a> </th> <td style="text-align:center;">2003 </td> <td>Member of the Department of Music </td> <td style="background: #BFD; color: black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="yes table-yes2">Honored </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-166">[166]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" rowspan="1"><a href="/wiki/Palm_Springs_International_Film_Festival" title="Palm Springs International Film Festival">Palm Springs International Film Festival</a> </th> <td style="text-align:center;">2007 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Frederick_Loewe" title="Frederick Loewe">Frederick Loewe</a> Award </td> <td style="background: #BFD; color: black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="yes table-yes2">Honored </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-167">[167]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" rowspan="1"><a href="/wiki/Fulbright_Program" title="Fulbright Program">Fulbright Program</a> </th> <td style="text-align:center;">2009 </td> <td>Lifetime Achievement Award Laureate </td> <td style="background: #BFD; color: black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="yes table-yes2">Honored </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-168">[168]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" rowspan="1"><a href="/wiki/American_Philosophical_Society" title="American Philosophical Society">American Philosophical Society</a> </th> <td style="text-align:center;">2009 </td> <td>Honorary Member </td> <td style="background: #BFD; color: black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="yes table-yes2">Honored </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-169">[169]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" rowspan="1"><a href="/wiki/American_Classical_Music_Hall_of_Fame" class="mw-redirect" title="American Classical Music Hall of Fame">American Classical Music Hall of Fame</a> </th> <td style="text-align:center;">2010 </td> <td>Inductee </td> <td style="background: #BFD; color: black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="yes table-yes2">Honored </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-170">[170]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" rowspan="1"><a href="/wiki/National_Endowment_for_the_Arts" title="National Endowment for the Arts">National Endowment for the Arts</a> </th> <td style="text-align:center;">2010 </td> <td>Opera Honors Award </td> <td style="background: #BFD; color: black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="yes table-yes2">Honored </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-171">[171]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" rowspan="1"><a href="/wiki/Japan_Art_Association" title="Japan Art Association">Japan Art Association</a> </th> <td style="text-align:center;">2012 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Praemium_Imperiale" title="Praemium Imperiale">Praemium Imperiale</a> </td> <td style="background: #BFD; color: black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="yes table-yes2">Honored </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-172">[172]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" rowspan="1"><a href="/wiki/Dance_Magazine" title="Dance Magazine">Dance Magazine</a> </th> <td style="text-align:center;">2013 </td> <td>Award </td> <td style="background: #BFD; color: black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="yes table-yes2">Honored </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-173">[173]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" rowspan="1"><a href="/wiki/Juilliard_School" title="Juilliard School">Juilliard School</a> </th> <td style="text-align:center;">2014 </td> <td>Honorary Doctor of Music </td> <td style="background: #BFD; color: black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="yes table-yes2">Honored </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-174">[174]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" rowspan="1"><a href="/wiki/Museum_of_the_City_of_New_York" title="Museum of the City of New York">Museum of the City of New York</a> </th> <td style="text-align:center;">2014 </td> <td>Louis Auchincloss Prize </td> <td style="background: #BFD; color: black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="yes table-yes2">Honored </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-175">[175]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" rowspan="1"><a href="/wiki/Glenn_Gould_Prize" title="Glenn Gould Prize">Glenn Gould Prize</a> </th> <td style="text-align:center;">2015 </td> <td>Laureate Award </td> <td style="background: #BFD; color: black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="yes table-yes2">Honored </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-176">[176]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" rowspan="1"><a href="/wiki/President_of_the_United_States" title="President of the United States">President of the United States</a> </th> <td style="text-align:center;">2015 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/National_Medal_of_Arts" title="National Medal of Arts">National Medal of Arts</a> </td> <td style="background: #BFD; color: black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="yes table-yes2">Honored </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-177">[177]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" rowspan="1"><a href="/wiki/Chicago_Tribune" title="Chicago Tribune">Chicago Tribune</a> </th> <td style="text-align:center;">2016 </td> <td>Literary Award for memoir Words Without Music </td> <td style="background: #BFD; color: black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="yes table-yes2">Honored </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-178">[178]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" rowspan="1"><a href="/wiki/Carnegie_Hall" title="Carnegie Hall">Carnegie Hall</a> </th> <td style="text-align:center;">2017 </td> <td>Richard and Barbara Debs Composer's Chair </td> <td style="background: #BFD; color: black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="yes table-yes2">Honored </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-179">[179]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" rowspan="1"><a href="/wiki/Society_of_Composers_%26_Lyricists" title="Society of Composers & Lyricists">Society of Composers & Lyricists</a> </th> <td style="text-align:center;">2017 </td> <td>Lifetime Achievement Award </td> <td style="background: #BFD; color: black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="yes table-yes2">Honored </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-180">[180]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" rowspan="1"><a href="/wiki/John_F._Kennedy_Center_for_the_Performing_Arts" title="John F. Kennedy Center for the Performing Arts">John F. Kennedy Center for the Performing Arts</a> </th> <td style="text-align:center;">2018 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Kennedy_Center_Honors" title="Kennedy Center Honors">Kennedy Center Honors</a> </td> <td style="background: #BFD; color: black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="yes table-yes2">Honored </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-181">[181]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" rowspan="1"><a href="/wiki/Recording_Academy" class="mw-redirect" title="Recording Academy">Recording Academy</a> </th> <td style="text-align:center;">2020 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Grammy_Trustees_Award" title="Grammy Trustees Award">Grammy Trustees Award</a> </td> <td style="background: #BFD; color: black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="yes table-yes2">Honored </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-182">[182]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" rowspan="1"><a href="/wiki/American_Society_of_Composers,_Authors_and_Publishers" title="American Society of Composers, Authors and Publishers">American Society of Composers, Authors and Publishers</a> </th> <td style="text-align:center;">2021 </td> <td>Television Theme of the Year, Tales from the Loop </td> <td style="background: #BFD; color: black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="yes table-yes2">Honored </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-183">[183]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" rowspan="1"><a href="/wiki/Banco_Bilbao_Vizcaya_Argentaria" title="Banco Bilbao Vizcaya Argentaria">BBVA Foundation</a> </th> <td style="text-align:center;">2022 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/BBVA_Foundation_Frontiers_of_Knowledge_Award" title="BBVA Foundation Frontiers of Knowledge Award">Frontiers of Knowledge Award</a> </td> <td style="background: #BFD; color: black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="yes table-yes2">Honored </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-184">[184]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" rowspan="1"><a href="/wiki/University_of_Chicago" title="University of Chicago">University of Chicago</a> </th> <td style="text-align:center;">2023 </td> <td>Alumni Award </td> <td style="background: #BFD; color: black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="yes table-yes2">Honored </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-185">[185]</a> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Philip_Glass&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Bibliography">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation book cs1">Glass, Philip (1987). Music by Philip Glass. Edited and with supplementary material by Robert T. Jones (1st ed.). New York: <a href="/wiki/Harper_(publisher)" title="Harper (publisher)">Harper & Row</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-06-015823-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-06-015823-9"><bdi>0-06-015823-9</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/15521553">15521553</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Music+by+Philip+Glass&rft.place=New+York&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=Harper+%26+Row&rft.date=1987&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F15521553&rft.isbn=0-06-015823-9&rft.aulast=Glass&rft.aufirst=Philip&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilip+Glass" class="Z3988"> <ul><li>Reprinted in 1995 by <a href="/wiki/Da_Capo_Press" title="Da Capo Press">Da Capo Press</a> (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-306-80636-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-306-80636-0">978-0-306-80636-0</a>) with the addition of a new foreword by Glass and an updated music catalog and discography with 52 black & white photographs.<a href="#cite_note-186">[186]</a></li></ul></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">—— (2015). Words without music: a memoir. London: <a href="/wiki/Faber_and_Faber" class="mw-redirect" title="Faber and Faber">Faber & Faber</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-571-32373-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-571-32373-9"><bdi>978-0-571-32373-9</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/908632624">908632624</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Words+without+music%3A+a+memoir&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Faber+%26+Faber&rft.date=2015&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F908632624&rft.isbn=978-0-571-32373-9&rft.aulast=Glass&rft.aufirst=Philip&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilip+Glass" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">With Brumbach, Linda; Regas, Alisa E. (2023). Philip Glass Piano Etudes: The Complete Folios 1-20 & Essays from 20 Fellow Artists. New York: <a href="/wiki/Artisan_Books" class="mw-redirect" title="Artisan Books">Artisan Books</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1648291883" title="Special:BookSources/978-1648291883"><bdi>978-1648291883</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Philip+Glass+Piano+Etudes%3A+The+Complete+Folios+1-20+%26+Essays+from+20+Fellow+Artists&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Artisan+Books&rft.date=2023&rft.isbn=978-1648291883&rft.aulast=Glass&rft.aufirst=Philip&rft.au=Brumbach%2C+Linda&rft.au=Regas%2C+Alisa+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilip+Glass" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Works_about_Glass">Works about Glass</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Philip_Glass&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Works about Glass">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li>Music with Roots in the Aether: Opera for Television (1976). Tape 2: Philip Glass. Produced and directed by <a href="/wiki/Robert_Ashley" title="Robert Ashley">Robert Ashley</a></li> <li>Philip Glass, from Four American Composers (1983); directed by <a href="/wiki/Peter_Greenaway" title="Peter Greenaway">Peter Greenaway</a></li> <li>A Composer's Notes: Philip Glass and the Making of an Opera (1985); directed by Michael Blackwood</li> <li>Einstein on the Beach: The Changing Image of Opera (1986); directed by Mark Obenhaus</li> <li>Looking Glass (2005); directed by Éric Darmon</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glass:_A_Portrait_of_Philip_in_Twelve_Parts" title="Glass: A Portrait of Philip in Twelve Parts">Glass: A Portrait of Philip in Twelve Parts</a> (2007); directed by <a href="/wiki/Scott_Hicks_(director)" title="Scott Hicks (director)">Scott Hicks</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Philip_Glass&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ambient_music_artists" title="List of ambient music artists">List of ambient music artists</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Philip_Glass&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230402013453/https://www.naxos.com/podcasts/naxospodcasts.xml">"Naxos Classical Music Spotlight podcast: Philip Glass Heroes Symphony"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.naxos.com/podcasts/naxospodcasts.xml">the original</a> on April 2, 2023. Retrieved January 21, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Naxos+Classical+Music+Spotlight+podcast%3A+Philip+Glass+Heroes+Symphony&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.naxos.com%2Fpodcasts%2Fnaxospodcasts.xml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilip+Glass" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nymag.com/news/features/influentials/16903/">"The Most Influential People in Classical and Dance"</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_York_(magazine)" title="New York (magazine)">New York</a>, May 8, 2006, retrieved November 10, 2008</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New+York&rft.atitle=The+Most+Influential+People+in+Classical+and+Dance&rft.date=2006-05-08&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnymag.com%2Fnews%2Ffeatures%2Finfluentials%2F16903%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilip+Glass" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFO'Mahony2001" class="citation cs2">O'Mahony, John (November 24, 2001), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/Archive/Article/0,4273,4306156,00.html">"The Guardian Profile: Philip Glass"</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a>, London, retrieved November 10, 2008</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=The+Guardian+Profile%3A+Philip+Glass&rft.date=2001-11-24&rft.aulast=O%27Mahony&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2FArchive%2FArticle%2F0%2C4273%2C4306156%2C00.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilip+Glass" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a> Merriam-Webster's Encyclopedia (2000), "Glass, Philip," Encyclopaedia Britannica Inc., p. 659. There, Glass is described as "today perhaps the world's most famous living composer." </li> <li id="cite_note-LLC1985-5"><a href="#cite_ref-LLC1985_5-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSPIN_Media_LLC1985" class="citation book cs1">SPIN Media LLC (May 1985). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_9ugCQfxwym0C">SPIN</a>. SPIN Media LLC. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_9ugCQfxwym0C/page/n54">55</a>–. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0886-3032">0886-3032</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=SPIN&rft.pages=55-&rft.pub=SPIN+Media+LLC&rft.date=1985-05&rft.issn=0886-3032&rft.au=SPIN+Media+LLC&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbub_gb_9ugCQfxwym0C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilip+Glass" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a> Merriam-Webster's Encyclopedia (2000), "Glass, Philip," Encyclopaedia Britannica Inc., p. 659. There, Glass is described as "today perhaps the world's most famous living composer." </li> <li id="cite_note-bio-7"><a href="#cite_ref-bio_7-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130804233252/http://www.philipglass.com/bio.php">Biography</a>, PhilipGlass.com, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.philipglass.com/bio.php">the original</a> on August 4, 2013, retrieved November 10, 2008, <q>The new musical style that Glass was evolving was eventually dubbed "minimalism". Glass himself never liked the term and preferred to speak of himself as a composer of "music with repetitive structures". Much of his early work was based on the extended reiteration of brief, elegant melodic fragments that wove in and out of an aural tapestry.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Biography&rft.pub=PhilipGlass.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.philipglass.com%2Fbio.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilip+Glass" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmith1999" class="citation cs2">Smith, Ethan (January 18, 1999), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nymag.com/nymetro/arts/music/pop/reviews/485/">"Is Glass Half Empty?"</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_York_(magazine)" title="New York (magazine)">New York</a>, retrieved November 10, 2008</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New+York&rft.atitle=Is+Glass+Half+Empty%3F&rft.date=1999-01-18&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=Ethan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnymag.com%2Fnymetro%2Farts%2Fmusic%2Fpop%2Freviews%2F485%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilip+Glass" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-appomattox-9"><a href="#cite_ref-appomattox_9-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmith2007" class="citation cs2">Smith, Steve (September 23, 2007), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2007/09/23/arts/music/23smit.html">"If Grant Had Been Singing at Appomattox"</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=If+Grant+Had+Been+Singing+at+Appomattox&rft.date=2007-09-23&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=Steve&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2007%2F09%2F23%2Farts%2Fmusic%2F23smit.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilip+Glass" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation audio-visual cs1"><a href="/wiki/Scott_Hicks_(director)" title="Scott Hicks (director)">Scott Hicks</a> (2007). <a href="/wiki/Glass:_A_Portrait_of_Philip_in_Twelve_Parts" title="Glass: A Portrait of Philip in Twelve Parts">Glass: A Portrait of Philip in Twelve Parts</a>. Event occurs at 33:20.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Glass%3A+A+Portrait+of+Philip+in+Twelve+Parts&rft.date=2007&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilip+Glass" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a> Contemporary Authors. New Revision Series. Vol. 131 (Farmington Hills, MI: Thomson Gale, 2005):169–180. </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.biography.com/people/philip-glass-9313058">"Philip Glass Biography – Facts, Birthday, Life Story"</a>. Biography.com. Retrieved March 29, 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Philip+Glass+Biography+%E2%80%93+Facts%2C+Birthday%2C+Life+Story&rft.pub=Biography.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.biography.com%2Fpeople%2Fphilip-glass-9313058&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilip+Glass" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.filmreference.com/film/57/Philip-Glass.html">"Philip Glass Biography (1937–)"</a>. Filmreference.com. Retrieved September 20, 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Philip+Glass+Biography+%281937%E2%80%93%29&rft.pub=Filmreference.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.filmreference.com%2Ffilm%2F57%2FPhilip-Glass.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilip+Glass" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGlass2015" class="citation book cs1">Glass, Philip (2015). Words Without Music. W.W. Norton & Co. p. 16. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87140-438-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-87140-438-1"><bdi>978-0-87140-438-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Words+Without+Music&rft.pages=16&rft.pub=W.W.+Norton+%26+Co.&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-0-87140-438-1&rft.aulast=Glass&rft.aufirst=Philip&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilip+Glass" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Mahoney-15">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Mahoney_15-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mahoney_15-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohn_O'Mahony2001" class="citation news cs1">John O'Mahony (November 24, 2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/education/2001/nov/24/arts.highereducation1">"When less means more"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a>. London. Retrieved March 29, 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=When+less+means+more&rft.date=2001-11-24&rft.au=John+O%27Mahony&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Feducation%2F2001%2Fnov%2F24%2Farts.highereducation1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilip+Glass" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Staines2010-16"><a href="#cite_ref-Staines2010_16-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJoe_Staines2010" class="citation book cs1">Joe Staines (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=g1ga2hNiiAgC&pg=PA209">The Rough Guide to Classical Music</a>. Penguin. p. 209. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4053-8321-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4053-8321-9"><bdi>978-1-4053-8321-9</bdi></a>. Retrieved March 20, 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Rough+Guide+to+Classical+Music&rft.pages=209&rft.pub=Penguin&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-1-4053-8321-9&rft.au=Joe+Staines&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dg1ga2hNiiAgC%26pg%3DPA209&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilip+Glass" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMaddocks2015" class="citation news cs1">Maddocks, Fiona (April 26, 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/music/2015/apr/26/philip-glass-words-without-music-memoir-review-fiona-maddocks">"Words Without Music review – Philip Glass's deft, quietly witty memoir"</a>. The Guardian. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0261-3077">0261-3077</a>. Retrieved March 27, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Words+Without+Music+review+%E2%80%93+Philip+Glass%27s+deft%2C+quietly+witty+memoir&rft.date=2015-04-26&rft.issn=0261-3077&rft.aulast=Maddocks&rft.aufirst=Fiona&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fmusic%2F2015%2Fapr%2F26%2Fphilip-glass-words-without-music-memoir-review-fiona-maddocks&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilip+Glass" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Glass-18">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Glass_18-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Glass_18-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Glass_18-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Glass_18-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Glass_18-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Glass_18-5">f</a> Glass, Philip. Words Without Music: A Memoir, New York: W. W. Norton. (2016) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-63149-143-1" title="Special:BookSources/1-63149-143-1">1-63149-143-1</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-WSJ_2015-19"><a href="#cite_ref-WSJ_2015_19-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wsj.com/articles/composer-philip-glasss-childhood-gig-1431444915">"Composer Philip Glass's Childhood Gig"</a>. The Wall Street Journal. May 12, 2015. 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Retrieved April 19, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Play+it+again+...&rft.date=2007-10-13&rft.aulast=Wroe&rft.aufirst=Nicholas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fbooks%2F2007%2Foct%2F13%2Fclassicalmusicandopera.art1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilip+Glass" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-musicby-30">^ <a href="#cite_ref-musicby_30-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-musicby_30-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-musicby_30-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-musicby_30-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGlass1985" class="citation cs2">Glass, Philip (1985), Music by Philip Glass, New York: DaCapo Press, p. 14, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-06-015823-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-06-015823-9"><bdi>0-06-015823-9</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Music+by+Philip+Glass&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=14&rft.pub=DaCapo+Press&rft.date=1985&rft.isbn=0-06-015823-9&rft.aulast=Glass&rft.aufirst=Philip&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilip+Glass" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Potter,_pp._266–269-31">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Potter,_pp._266–269_31-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Potter,_pp._266–269_31-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFPotter2000">Potter 2000</a>, pp. 266–269 </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPotter2000255-32"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPotter2000255_32-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPotter2000">Potter 2000</a>, p. 255. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPotter2000257–258-33"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPotter2000257–258_33-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPotter2000">Potter 2000</a>, pp. 257–258. </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a> Joan La Barbara: "Philip Glass and Steve Reich: Two from the Steady State School" in <a href="#CITEREFKostelanetz1999">Kostelanetz 1999</a>, pp. 40–41 </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a> Richard Serra, Writings Interviews, Chicago: The University of Chicago Press, 1994, p. 7 </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPotter2000277-36"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPotter2000277_36-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPotter2000">Potter 2000</a>, p. 277. </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://interlude.hk/philip-glass-composer-taxi-driver/">"Philip Glass: Composer and...Taxi Driver?"</a>. 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Retrieved September 27, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+Yorker&rft.atitle=Glass%27s+Master+Class&rft.date=2006-03-20&rft.aulast=Seabrook&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newyorker.com%2Fmagazine%2F2006%2F03%2F20%2Fglasss-master-class&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilip+Glass" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-watchnewspapers1-52"><a href="#cite_ref-watchnewspapers1_52-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStetson" class="citation web cs1">Stetson, Greta. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20130209013953/http://watchnewspapers.com/printer_friendly/2919214">"Philip Glass wishes he had time to take a four-hour hike"</a>. watchnewspapers.com. 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Retrieved August 6, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+2016+Louis+Auchincloss+Prize&rft.pub=McNY&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmcny.org%2Fjoin-and-support%2F2016-louis-auchincloss-prize&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilip+Glass" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-176"><a href="#cite_ref-176">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.glenngould.ca/eleventh-laureate-announced/">"Philip Glass Announced as Eleventh Glenn Gould Prize Laureate"</a>. The Glenn Gould Foundation. April 14, 2015. Retrieved August 6, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Philip+Glass+Announced+as+Eleventh+Glenn+Gould+Prize+Laureate&rft.pub=The+Glenn+Gould+Foundation&rft.date=2015-04-14&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.glenngould.ca%2Feleventh-laureate-announced%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilip+Glass" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-177"><a href="#cite_ref-177">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmith2015" class="citation web cs1">Smith, Drew (September 15, 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://philipglass.com/glassnotes/philip-glass-awarded-national-medal-of-arts/">"Philip Glass Notes"</a>. philipglass. Retrieved August 6, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Philip+Glass+Notes&rft.pub=philipglass&rft.date=2015-09-15&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=Drew&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fphilipglass.com%2Fglassnotes%2Fphilip-glass-awarded-national-medal-of-arts%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilip+Glass" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-178"><a href="#cite_ref-178">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180806180913/http://philipglass.com/event/chicago-il-2016-chicago-tribune-literary-award-philip-glass-solo-piano-and-discussion-of-words-without-music/">"Chicago, IL (2016 Chicago Tribune Literary Award / Philip Glass, Solo Piano and Discussion of Words Without Music)"</a>. Philip Glass. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://philipglass.com/event/chicago-il-2016-chicago-tribune-literary-award-philip-glass-solo-piano-and-discussion-of-words-without-music/">the original</a> on August 6, 2018. Retrieved August 6, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Chicago%2C+IL+%282016+Chicago+Tribune+Literary+Award+%2F+Philip+Glass%2C+Solo+Piano+and+Discussion+of+Words+Without+Music%29&rft.pub=Philip+Glass&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fphilipglass.com%2Fevent%2Fchicago-il-2016-chicago-tribune-literary-award-philip-glass-solo-piano-and-discussion-of-words-without-music%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilip+Glass" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-179"><a href="#cite_ref-179">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.carnegiehall.org/Calendar/2018/02/16/PHILIP-GLASS-ENSEMBLE--MUSIC-WITH-CHANGING-PARTS-0800PM">"Philip Glass The 2017–2018 Richard and Barbara Debs Composer's chair"</a>. Carnegie Hall. Retrieved August 6, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Philip+Glass+The+2017%E2%80%932018+Richard+and+Barbara+Debs+Composer%27s+chair&rft.pub=Carnegie+Hall&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.carnegiehall.org%2FCalendar%2F2018%2F02%2F16%2FPHILIP-GLASS-ENSEMBLE--MUSIC-WITH-CHANGING-PARTS-0800PM&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilip+Glass" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-180"><a href="#cite_ref-180">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.24-7pressrelease.com/press-release/447757/the-society-of-composers-lyricists-to-present-their-highest-honor-on-prolific-composer-philip-glass">"The Society of Composers & Lyricists to Present Their Highest Honor on Prolific Composer Philip Glass"</a>. 24–7 press release. December 10, 2017. Retrieved August 6, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Society+of+Composers+%26+Lyricists+to+Present+Their+Highest+Honor+on+Prolific+Composer+Philip+Glass&rft.pub=24%E2%80%937+press+release&rft.date=2017-12-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.24-7pressrelease.com%2Fpress-release%2F447757%2Fthe-society-of-composers-lyricists-to-present-their-highest-honor-on-prolific-composer-philip-glass&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilip+Glass" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-181"><a href="#cite_ref-181">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKreps2018" class="citation magazine cs1">Kreps, Daniel (July 25, 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rollingstone.com/music/music-news/cher-hamilton-philip-glass-to-receive-kennedy-center-honors-703455/">"Cher, Hamilton, Philip Glass to Receive Kennedy Center Honors"</a>. Rolling Stone. Retrieved August 6, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Rolling+Stone&rft.atitle=Cher%2C+Hamilton%2C+Philip+Glass+to+Receive+Kennedy+Center+Honors&rft.date=2018-07-25&rft.aulast=Kreps&rft.aufirst=Daniel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rollingstone.com%2Fmusic%2Fmusic-news%2Fcher-hamilton-philip-glass-to-receive-kennedy-center-honors-703455%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilip+Glass" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-182"><a href="#cite_ref-182">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.grammy.com/press-releases/chicago-roberta-flack-isaac-hayes-iggy-pop-john-prine-public-enemy-and-sister-rosetta">"Chicago, Roberta Flack, Isaac Hayes, Iggy Pop, John Prine, Public Enemy and Sister Rosetta Tharpe to Be Honored with Recording Academy Lifetime Achievement Award"</a>. GRAMMY.com. December 18, 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=GRAMMY.com&rft.atitle=Chicago%2C+Roberta+Flack%2C+Isaac+Hayes%2C+Iggy+Pop%2C+John+Prine%2C+Public+Enemy+and+Sister+Rosetta+Tharpe+to+Be+Honored+with+Recording+Academy+Lifetime+Achievement+Award&rft.date=2019-12-18&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.grammy.com%2Fpress-releases%2Fchicago-roberta-flack-isaac-hayes-iggy-pop-john-prine-public-enemy-and-sister-rosetta&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilip+Glass" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-183"><a href="#cite_ref-183">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ascap.com/screenawards21">"2021 ASCAP Screen Music Awards"</a>. ascap.com. May 17, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ascap.com&rft.atitle=2021+ASCAP+Screen+Music+Awards&rft.date=2021-05-17&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ascap.com%2Fscreenawards21&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilip+Glass" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-184"><a href="#cite_ref-184">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbva.com/en/the-frontiers-of-knowledge-award-goes-to-philip-glass-for-forging-a-unique-musical-style">"The Frontiers of Knowledge Award goes to Philip Glass for forging a unique musical style"</a>. NEWS BBVA. March 23, 2022. Retrieved May 27, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=NEWS+BBVA&rft.atitle=The+Frontiers+of+Knowledge+Award+goes+to+Philip+Glass+for+forging+a+unique+musical+style&rft.date=2022-03-23&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbva.com%2Fen%2Fthe-frontiers-of-knowledge-award-goes-to-philip-glass-for-forging-a-unique-musical-style&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilip+Glass" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-185"><a href="#cite_ref-185">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.uchicago.edu/story/uchicago-announces-recipients-2023-alumni-awards">"UChicago announces recipients of 2023 Alumni Awards"</a>. February 1, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=UChicago+announces+recipients+of+2023+Alumni+Awards&rft.date=2023-02-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnews.uchicago.edu%2Fstory%2Fuchicago-announces-recipients-2023-alumni-awards&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilip+Glass" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-186"><a href="#cite_ref-186">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPhilip_Glass" class="citation web cs1">Philip Glass. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://philipglass.com/books/music_by_philip_glass/">"Music By Philip Glass"</a>. philipglass.com. Retrieved March 6, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=philipglass.com&rft.atitle=Music+By+Philip+Glass&rft.au=Philip+Glass&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fphilipglass.com%2Fbooks%2Fmusic_by_philip_glass%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilip+Glass" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sources">Sources</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Philip_Glass&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Sources">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKostelanetz1999" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Richard_Kostelanetz" title="Richard Kostelanetz">Kostelanetz, Richard</a>, ed. (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_D8-I4aZALzMC">Writings on Glass. Essays, Interviews, Criticism</a>. Berkeley, Los Angeles, London: University of California Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-02-864657-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-02-864657-6"><bdi>0-02-864657-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Writings+on+Glass.+Essays%2C+Interviews%2C+Criticism&rft.place=Berkeley%2C+Los+Angeles%2C+London&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=0-02-864657-6&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbub_gb_D8-I4aZALzMC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilip+Glass" class="Z3988"> (hardcover); <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-520-21491-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-520-21491-9">0-520-21491-9</a> (paperback).</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMaycock2002" class="citation book cs1">Maycock, Robert (2002). Glass: A Biography of Philip Glass. Sanctuary Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-86074-347-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-86074-347-4"><bdi>978-1-86074-347-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Glass%3A+A+Biography+of+Philip+Glass&rft.pub=Sanctuary+Publishing&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-1-86074-347-4&rft.aulast=Maycock&rft.aufirst=Robert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilip+Glass" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPotter2000" class="citation book cs1">Potter, Keith (2000). Four Musical Minimalists: La Monte Young, Terry Riley, Steve Reich, Philip Glass. Music in the Twentieth Century series. Cambridge, UK; New York City: Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-48250-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-48250-9"><bdi>978-0-521-48250-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Four+Musical+Minimalists%3A+La+Monte+Young%2C+Terry+Riley%2C+Steve+Reich%2C+Philip+Glass&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+UK%3B+New+York+City&rft.series=Music+in+the+Twentieth+Century+series&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-521-48250-9&rft.aulast=Potter&rft.aufirst=Keith&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilip+Glass" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchwarz1996" class="citation book cs1">Schwarz, K. Robert (1996). Minimalists. 20th-Century Composers Series. London: Phaidon Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7148-3381-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7148-3381-1"><bdi>978-0-7148-3381-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Minimalists&rft.place=London&rft.series=20th-Century+Composers+Series&rft.pub=Phaidon+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-0-7148-3381-1&rft.aulast=Schwarz&rft.aufirst=K.+Robert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilip+Glass" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Philip_Glass&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Further reading">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li>Bartman, William and Kesten, Joanne (eds). The Portraits Speak: Chuck Close in Conversation with 27 of his subjects, New York: A.R.T. Press, 1997. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-923183-18-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-923183-18-9">978-0-923183-18-9</a>.</li> <li>Duckworth, William (1995, 1999). Talking Music: Conversations With John Cage, Philip Glass, Laurie Anderson, and Five Generations of American Experimental Composers. New York City: Da Capo Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-306-80893-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-306-80893-7">978-0-306-80893-7</a> (1999 edition).</li> <li>Knowlson, James (2004). Damned to Fame: The Life of Samuel Beckett, New York: Grove Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8021-4125-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8021-4125-5">978-0-8021-4125-5</a>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Wim_Mertens" title="Wim Mertens">Mertens, Wim</a> (1988). American minimal music : La Monte Young, Terry Riley, Steve Reich, Philip Glass (1st pbk. ed.). London: Kahn & Averill. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-912483-15-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-912483-15-3"><bdi>978-0-912483-15-3</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/18215156">18215156</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=American+minimal+music+%3A+La+Monte+Young%2C+Terry+Riley%2C+Steve+Reich%2C+Philip+Glass&rft.place=London&rft.edition=1st+pbk.&rft.pub=Kahn+%26+Averill&rft.date=1988&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F18215156&rft.isbn=978-0-912483-15-3&rft.aulast=Mertens&rft.aufirst=Wim&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilip+Glass" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Richardson, John (1999). Singing Archaeology: Philip Glass's "Akhnaten". Wesleyan University Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8195-6317-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8195-6317-0">978-0-8195-6317-0</a>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation magazine cs1"><a href="/wiki/Alex_Ross_(music_critic)" title="Alex Ross (music critic)">Ross, Alex</a> (February 13–20, 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2012/02/13/number-nine-2">"Musical Events: Number Nine"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_New_Yorker" title="The New Yorker">The New Yorker</a>. Vol. 88, no. 1. pp. 116–117. Retrieved November 13, 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+Yorker&rft.atitle=Musical+Events%3A+Number+Nine&rft.volume=88&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=116-117&rft.date=2012-02-13%2F2012-02-20&rft.aulast=Ross&rft.aufirst=Alex&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.newyorker.com%2Fmagazine%2F2012%2F02%2F13%2Fnumber-nine-2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilip+Glass" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Zimmerman, Walter, Desert Plants – Conversations with 23 American Musicians, Berlin: Beginner Press in cooperation with Mode Records, 2020 (originally published in 1976 by A.R.C., Vancouver). The 2020 edition includes a cd featuring the original interview recordings with <a href="/wiki/Larry_Austin" title="Larry Austin">Larry Austin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Robert_Ashley" title="Robert Ashley">Robert Ashley</a>, Jim Burton, <a href="/wiki/John_Cage" title="John Cage">John Cage</a>, <a href="/wiki/Philip_Corner" title="Philip Corner">Philip Corner</a>, <a href="/wiki/Morton_Feldman" title="Morton Feldman">Morton Feldman</a>, Philip Glass, <a href="/wiki/Joan_La_Barbara" title="Joan La Barbara">Joan La Barbara</a>, <a href="/wiki/Garrett_List" title="Garrett List">Garrett List</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alvin_Lucier" title="Alvin Lucier">Alvin Lucier</a>, John McGuire, Charles Morrow, J.B. Floyd (on <a href="/wiki/Conlon_Nancarrow" title="Conlon Nancarrow">Conlon Nancarrow</a>), <a href="/wiki/Pauline_Oliveros" title="Pauline Oliveros">Pauline Oliveros</a>, <a href="/wiki/Charlemagne_Palestine" title="Charlemagne Palestine">Charlemagne Palestine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ben_Johnston_(composer)" title="Ben Johnston (composer)">Ben Johnston</a> (on <a href="/wiki/Harry_Partch" title="Harry Partch">Harry Partch</a>), <a href="/wiki/Steve_Reich" title="Steve Reich">Steve Reich</a>, <a href="/wiki/David_Rosenboom" title="David Rosenboom">David Rosenboom</a>, <a href="/wiki/Frederic_Rzewski" title="Frederic Rzewski">Frederic Rzewski</a>, <a href="/wiki/Richard_Teitelbaum" title="Richard Teitelbaum">Richard Teitelbaum</a>, <a href="/wiki/James_Tenney" title="James Tenney">James Tenney</a>, <a href="/wiki/Christian_Wolff_(composer)" title="Christian Wolff (composer)">Christian Wolff</a>, and <a href="/wiki/La_Monte_Young" title="La Monte Young">La Monte Young</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Philip_Glass&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output 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//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.allmusic.com/artist/q2378">Philip Glass</a> at <a href="/wiki/AllMusic_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="AllMusic (identifier)">AllMusic</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.discogs.com/artist/Philip+Glass">Philip Glass</a> discography at <a href="/wiki/Discogs" title="Discogs">Discogs</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.imdb.com/name/nm0001275/">Philip Glass</a> at <a href="/wiki/IMDb_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="IMDb (identifier)">IMDb</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bruceduffie.com/glass.html">Two interviews with Glass</a> by Bruce Duffie, February 19, 1982, and July 29, 1987</li></ul> <div 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.navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Philip_Glass" title="Template:Philip Glass"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Philip_Glass" title="Template talk:Philip Glass"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Philip_Glass" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Philip Glass"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Philip_Glass" class="fn" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Philip Glass</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="/wiki/List_of_compositions_by_Philip_Glass" title="List of compositions by Philip Glass">List of compositions</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Compositions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Music_in_Twelve_Parts" title="Music in Twelve Parts">Music in Twelve Parts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glassworks_(composition)" title="Glassworks (composition)">Glassworks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/String_Quartet_No._2_(Glass)" title="String Quartet No. 2 (Glass)">String Quartet No. 2</a> (Company)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/String_Quartet_No._4_(Glass)" title="String Quartet No. 4 (Glass)">String Quartet No. 4</a> (Buczak)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Light_(Glass)" title="The Light (Glass)">The Light</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Passages_(Ravi_Shankar_and_Philip_Glass_album)" title="Passages (Ravi Shankar and Philip Glass album)">Passages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Itaipu_(Glass)" title="Itaipu (Glass)">Itaipu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Songs_from_Liquid_Days" title="Songs from Liquid Days">Songs from Liquid Days</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aguas_da_Amazonia" title="Aguas da Amazonia">Aguas da Amazonia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Operas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Einstein_on_the_Beach" title="Einstein on the Beach">Einstein on the Beach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satyagraha_(opera)" title="Satyagraha (opera)">Satyagraha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Photographer" title="The Photographer">The Photographer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akhnaten_(opera)" title="Akhnaten (opera)">Akhnaten</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Civil_Wars:_A_Tree_Is_Best_Measured_When_It_Is_Down" title="The Civil Wars: A Tree Is Best Measured When It Is Down">The Civil Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Juniper_Tree_(opera)" title="The Juniper Tree (opera)">The Juniper Tree</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Fall_of_the_House_of_Usher_(Glass_opera)" title="The Fall of the House of Usher (Glass opera)">The Fall of the House of Usher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Making_of_the_Representative_for_Planet_8_(opera)" title="The Making of the Representative for Planet 8 (opera)">The Making of the Representative for Planet 8</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1000_Airplanes_on_the_Roof" title="1000 Airplanes on the Roof">1000 Airplanes on the Roof</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydrogen_Jukebox" title="Hydrogen Jukebox">Hydrogen Jukebox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Voyage_(opera)" title="The Voyage (opera)">The Voyage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orph%C3%A9e_(Glass)" title="Orphée (Glass)">Orphée</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Les_Enfants_terribles_(opera)" title="Les Enfants terribles (opera)">Les Enfants terribles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/La_Belle_et_la_B%C3%AAte_(opera)" title="La Belle et la Bête (opera)">La Belle et la Bête</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monsters_of_Grace" title="Monsters of Grace">Monsters of Grace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_Raven_(opera)" title="White Raven (opera)">White Raven</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/In_the_Penal_Colony_(opera)" title="In the Penal Colony (opera)">In the Penal Colony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galileo_Galilei_(opera)" title="Galileo Galilei (opera)">Galileo Galilei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Sound_of_a_Voice_(opera)" title="The Sound of a Voice (opera)">The Sound of a Voice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waiting_for_the_Barbarians_(opera)" title="Waiting for the Barbarians (opera)">Waiting for the Barbarians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Appomattox_(opera)" title="Appomattox (opera)">Appomattox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kepler_(opera)" title="Kepler (opera)">Kepler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Perfect_American" title="The Perfect American">The Perfect American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Trial_(2014_opera)" title="The Trial (2014 opera)">The Trial</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Symphonies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Symphony_No._1_(Glass)" title="Symphony No. 1 (Glass)">No. 1</a> (Low)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Symphony_No._2_(Glass)" title="Symphony No. 2 (Glass)">No. 2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Symphony_No._3_(Glass)" title="Symphony No. 3 (Glass)">No. 3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Symphony_No._4_(Glass)" title="Symphony No. 4 (Glass)">No. 4</a> ("Heroes")</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Symphony_No._5_(Glass)" title="Symphony No. 5 (Glass)">No. 5</a> (Choral)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Symphony_No._6_(Glass)" title="Symphony No. 6 (Glass)">No. 6</a> (Plutonian Ode)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Symphony_No._7_(Glass)" title="Symphony No. 7 (Glass)">No. 7</a> (Toltec)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Symphony_No._8_(Glass)" title="Symphony No. 8 (Glass)">No. 8</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Symphony_No._9_(Glass)" title="Symphony No. 9 (Glass)">No. 9</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Symphony_No._10_(Glass)" title="Symphony No. 10 (Glass)">No. 10</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Symphony_No._11_(Glass)" title="Symphony No. 11 (Glass)">No. 11</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Symphony_No._12_(Glass)" title="Symphony No. 12 (Glass)">No. 12</a> (Lodger)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concertos</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tirol_Concerto_for_Piano_and_Orchestra" title="Tirol Concerto for Piano and Orchestra">Piano Concerto No. 1 (Tirol)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piano_Concerto_No._2_(Glass)" title="Piano Concerto No. 2 (Glass)">Piano Concerto No. 2 (After Lewis and Clark)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harpsichord_Concerto_(Glass)" title="Harpsichord Concerto (Glass)">Harpsichord Concerto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Violin_Concerto_(Glass)" title="Violin Concerto (Glass)">Violin Concerto (withdrawn)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Violin_Concerto_No._1_(Glass)" title="Violin Concerto No. 1 (Glass)">Violin Concerto No. 1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Violin_Concerto_No._2_(Glass)" title="Violin Concerto No. 2 (Glass)">Violin Concerto No. 2 (American Four Seasons)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cello_Concerto_No._1_(Glass)" title="Cello Concerto No. 1 (Glass)">Cello Concerto No. 1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Concerto_Fantasy_for_Two_Timpanists_and_Orchestra" title="Concerto Fantasy for Two Timpanists and Orchestra">Concerto Fantasy for Two Timpanists and Orchestra</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Film scores</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dracula_(album)" title="Dracula (album)">Dracula</a> (1999)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related articles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Philip_Glass_Ensemble" title="Philip Glass Ensemble">Philip Glass Ensemble</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glass:_A_Portrait_of_Philip_in_Twelve_Parts" title="Glass: A Portrait of Philip in Twelve Parts">Glass: A Portrait of Philip in Twelve Parts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minimal_music" title="Minimal music">Minimal music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Wilson_(director)" title="Robert Wilson (director)">Robert Wilson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dennis_Russell_Davies" title="Dennis Russell Davies">Dennis Russell Davies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Henry_Hwang" title="David Henry Hwang">David Henry Hwang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Godfrey_Reggio" title="Godfrey Reggio">Godfrey Reggio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Errol_Morris" title="Errol Morris">Errol Morris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/La_Monte_Young" title="La Monte Young">La Monte Young</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steve_Reich" title="Steve Reich">Steve Reich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terry_Riley" title="Terry Riley">Terry Riley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kronos_Quartet" title="Kronos Quartet">Kronos Quartet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_Glass_Buys_a_Loaf_of_Bread" title="Philip Glass Buys a Loaf of Bread">Philip Glass Buys a Loaf of Bread</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Philip_Glass" title="Category:Philip Glass">Category</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Awards_for_Philip_Glass" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#e8e8ff;"><div id="Awards_for_Philip_Glass" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Awards for Philip Glass</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;font-size:114%"><div style="padding:0px"> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="BAFTA_Award_for_Best_Original_Music" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background: #BDB76B"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:BAFTA_Award_for_Best_Original_Music" title="Template:BAFTA Award for Best Original Music"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:BAFTA_Award_for_Best_Original_Music" title="Template talk:BAFTA Award for Best Original Music"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:BAFTA_Award_for_Best_Original_Music" title="Special:EditPage/Template:BAFTA Award for Best Original Music"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="BAFTA_Award_for_Best_Original_Music" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/BAFTA_Award_for_Best_Original_Music" title="BAFTA Award for Best Original Music">BAFTA Award for Best Original Music</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #BDB76B;width:1%;background: #C5B358">1968–2000</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_Barry_(composer)" title="John Barry (composer)">John Barry</a> (1968)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mikis_Theodorakis" title="Mikis Theodorakis">Mikis Theodorakis</a> (1969)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burt_Bacharach" title="Burt Bacharach">Burt Bacharach</a> (1970)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michel_Legrand" title="Michel Legrand">Michel Legrand</a> (1971)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nino_Rota" title="Nino Rota">Nino Rota</a> (1972)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alan_Price" title="Alan Price">Alan Price</a> (1973)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Rodney_Bennett" title="Richard Rodney Bennett">Richard Rodney Bennett</a> (1974)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Williams" title="John Williams">John Williams</a> (1975)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernard_Herrmann" title="Bernard Herrmann">Bernard Herrmann</a> (1976)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Addison" title="John Addison">John Addison</a> (1977)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Williams" title="John Williams">John Williams</a> (1978)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ennio_Morricone" title="Ennio Morricone">Ennio Morricone</a> (1979)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Williams" title="John Williams">John Williams</a> (1980)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Davis" title="Carl Davis">Carl Davis</a> (1981)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Williams" title="John Williams">John Williams</a> (1982)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ryuichi_Sakamoto" title="Ryuichi Sakamoto">Ryuichi Sakamoto</a> (1983)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ennio_Morricone" title="Ennio Morricone">Ennio Morricone</a> (1984)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maurice_Jarre" title="Maurice Jarre">Maurice Jarre</a> (1985)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ennio_Morricone" title="Ennio Morricone">Ennio Morricone</a> (1986)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ennio_Morricone" title="Ennio Morricone">Ennio Morricone</a> (1987)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Williams" title="John Williams">John Williams</a> (1988)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maurice_Jarre" title="Maurice Jarre">Maurice Jarre</a> (1989)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrea_Morricone" title="Andrea Morricone">Andrea</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ennio_Morricone" title="Ennio Morricone">Ennio Morricone</a> (1990)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Claude_Petit" title="Jean-Claude Petit">Jean-Claude Petit</a> (1991)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Hirschfelder" title="David Hirschfelder">David Hirschfelder</a> (1992)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Williams" title="John Williams">John Williams</a> (1993)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Don_Was" title="Don Was">Don Was</a> (1994)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luis_Bacalov" title="Luis Bacalov">Luis Bacalov</a> (1995)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabriel_Yared" title="Gabriel Yared">Gabriel Yared</a> (1996)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nellee_Hooper" title="Nellee Hooper">Nellee Hooper</a>, <a href="/wiki/Craig_Armstrong_(composer)" title="Craig Armstrong (composer)">Craig Armstrong</a> and <a href="/wiki/Marius_de_Vries" title="Marius de Vries">Marius de Vries</a> (1997)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Hirschfelder" title="David Hirschfelder">David Hirschfelder</a> (1998)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Newman" title="Thomas Newman">Thomas Newman</a> (1999)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tan_Dun" title="Tan Dun">Tan Dun</a> (2000)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #BDB76B;width:1%;background: #C5B358">2001–present</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Craig_Armstrong_(composer)" title="Craig Armstrong (composer)">Craig Armstrong</a> and <a href="/wiki/Marius_de_Vries" title="Marius de Vries">Marius de Vries</a> (2001)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Philip Glass</a> (2002)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/T_Bone_Burnett" title="T Bone Burnett">T Bone Burnett</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gabriel_Yared" title="Gabriel Yared">Gabriel Yared</a> (2003)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gustavo_Santaolalla" title="Gustavo Santaolalla">Gustavo Santaolalla</a> (2004)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Williams" title="John Williams">John Williams</a> (2005)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gustavo_Santaolalla" title="Gustavo Santaolalla">Gustavo Santaolalla</a> (2006)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christopher_Gunning" title="Christopher Gunning">Christopher Gunning</a> (2007)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/A._R._Rahman" title="A. R. Rahman">A. R. Rahman</a> (2008)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Giacchino" title="Michael Giacchino">Michael Giacchino</a> (2009)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexandre_Desplat" title="Alexandre Desplat">Alexandre Desplat</a> (2010)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ludovic_Bource" title="Ludovic Bource">Ludovic Bource</a> (2011)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Newman" title="Thomas Newman">Thomas Newman</a> (2012)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steven_Price_(composer)" title="Steven Price (composer)">Steven Price</a> (2013)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexandre_Desplat" title="Alexandre Desplat">Alexandre Desplat</a> (2014)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ennio_Morricone" title="Ennio Morricone">Ennio Morricone</a> (2015)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Justin_Hurwitz" title="Justin Hurwitz">Justin Hurwitz</a> (2016)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexandre_Desplat" title="Alexandre Desplat">Alexandre Desplat</a> (2017)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bradley_Cooper" title="Bradley Cooper">Bradley Cooper</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lady_Gaga" title="Lady Gaga">Lady Gaga</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Lukas_Nelson_%26_Promise_of_the_Real" title="Lukas Nelson & Promise of the Real">Lukas Nelson</a> (2018)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hildur_Gu%C3%B0nad%C3%B3ttir" title="Hildur Guðnadóttir">Hildur Guðnadóttir</a> (2019)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jon_Batiste" title="Jon Batiste">Jon Batiste</a>, <a href="/wiki/Trent_Reznor" title="Trent Reznor">Trent Reznor</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Atticus_Ross" title="Atticus Ross">Atticus Ross</a> (2020)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans_Zimmer" title="Hans Zimmer">Hans Zimmer</a> (2021)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volker_Bertelmann" class="mw-redirect" title="Volker Bertelmann">Volker Bertelmann</a> (2022)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ludwig_G%C3%B6ransson" title="Ludwig Göransson">Ludwig Göransson</a> (2023)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Critics&#039;_Choice_Movie_Award_for_Best_Score" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Broadcast_Film_Critics_Association_Award_for_Best_Score" title="Template:Broadcast Film Critics Association Award for Best Score"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Broadcast_Film_Critics_Association_Award_for_Best_Score" title="Template talk:Broadcast Film Critics Association Award for Best Score"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Broadcast_Film_Critics_Association_Award_for_Best_Score" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Broadcast Film Critics Association Award for Best Score"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Critics&#039;_Choice_Movie_Award_for_Best_Score" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Critics%27_Choice_Movie_Award_for_Best_Score" title="Critics' Choice Movie Award for Best Score">Critics' Choice Movie Award for Best Score</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_Williams" title="John Williams">John Williams</a> (1998)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabriel_Yared" title="Gabriel Yared">Gabriel Yared</a> (1999)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lisa_Gerrard" title="Lisa Gerrard">Lisa Gerrard</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hans_Zimmer" title="Hans Zimmer">Hans Zimmer</a> (2000)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Howard_Shore" title="Howard Shore">Howard Shore</a> (2001)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Williams" title="John Williams">John Williams</a> (2002)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Howard_Shore" title="Howard Shore">Howard Shore</a> (2003)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Howard_Shore" title="Howard Shore">Howard Shore</a> (2004)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Williams" title="John Williams">John Williams</a> (2005)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Philip Glass</a> (2006)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jonny_Greenwood" title="Jonny Greenwood">Jonny Greenwood</a> (2007)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/A._R._Rahman" title="A. R. Rahman">A. R. Rahman</a> (2008)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Giacchino" title="Michael Giacchino">Michael Giacchino</a> (2009)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trent_Reznor" title="Trent Reznor">Trent Reznor</a> and <a href="/wiki/Atticus_Ross" title="Atticus Ross">Atticus Ross</a> (2010)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ludovic_Bource" title="Ludovic Bource">Ludovic Bource</a> (2011)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Williams" title="John Williams">John Williams</a> (2012)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steven_Price_(composer)" title="Steven Price (composer)">Steven Price</a> (2013)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonio_S%C3%A1nchez_(drummer)" title="Antonio Sánchez (drummer)">Antonio Sánchez</a> (2014)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ennio_Morricone" title="Ennio Morricone">Ennio Morricone</a> (2015)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Justin_Hurwitz" title="Justin Hurwitz">Justin Hurwitz</a> (2016)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexandre_Desplat" title="Alexandre Desplat">Alexandre Desplat</a> (2017)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Justin_Hurwitz" title="Justin Hurwitz">Justin Hurwitz</a> (2018)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hildur_Gu%C3%B0nad%C3%B3ttir" title="Hildur Guðnadóttir">Hildur Guðnadóttir</a> (2019)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trent_Reznor" title="Trent Reznor">Trent Reznor</a>, <a href="/wiki/Atticus_Ross" title="Atticus Ross">Atticus Ross</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jon_Batiste" title="Jon Batiste">Jon Batiste</a> (2020)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans_Zimmer" title="Hans Zimmer">Hans Zimmer</a> (2021)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hildur_Gu%C3%B0nad%C3%B3ttir" title="Hildur Guðnadóttir">Hildur Guðnadóttir</a> (2022)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ludwig_G%C3%B6ransson" title="Ludwig Göransson">Ludwig Göransson</a> (2023)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Drama_Desk_Award_for_Outstanding_Music_in_a_Play" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background: #D7F1D7;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:DramaDesk_MusicPlay" title="Template:DramaDesk MusicPlay"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Template_talk:DramaDesk_MusicPlay&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Template talk:DramaDesk MusicPlay (page does not exist)"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:DramaDesk_MusicPlay" title="Special:EditPage/Template:DramaDesk MusicPlay"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Drama_Desk_Award_for_Outstanding_Music_in_a_Play" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Drama_Desk_Award_for_Outstanding_Music_in_a_Play" title="Drama Desk Award for Outstanding Music in a Play">Drama Desk Award for Outstanding Music in a Play</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Norman_L._Berman" title="Norman L. Berman">Norman L. Berman</a> (1980)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jan_A.P._Kaczmarek" class="mw-redirect" title="Jan A.P. Kaczmarek">Jan A.P. Kaczmarek</a> (1992)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ladysmith_Black_Mambazo" title="Ladysmith Black Mambazo">Ladysmith Black Mambazo</a> (1993)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Warbeck" title="Stephen Warbeck">Stephen Warbeck</a> (1994)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeanine_Tesori" title="Jeanine Tesori">Jeanine Tesori</a> (1999)</li> <li>Willy Schwarz (2002)</li> <li>Mark Bennett (2007)</li> <li>Dominic Kanza (2009)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Branford_Marsalis" title="Branford Marsalis">Branford Marsalis</a> (2010)</li> <li>Wayne Barker (2011)</li> <li>Grant Olding (2012)</li> <li>Glen Kelly (2013)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nico_Muhly" title="Nico Muhly">Nico Muhly</a> (2014)</li> <li>Arthur Solari and Jane Shaw (2015)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Philip Glass</a> (2016)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bill_Sims" title="Bill Sims">Bill Sims Jr.</a> (2017)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imogen_Heap" title="Imogen Heap">Imogen Heap</a> (2018)</li> <li>Jason Michael Webb and Fitz Patton (2019)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martha_Redbone" title="Martha Redbone">Martha Redbone</a> (2020)</li> <li>No Award (2021)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bill_Sims" title="Bill Sims">Bill Sims Jr.</a> (2022)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suzan-Lori_Parks" title="Suzan-Lori Parks">Suzan-Lori Parks</a> (2023)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Will_Butler" title="Will Butler">Will Butler</a> (2024)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Glenn_Gould_Prize_laureates" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#d3d3d3;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Glenn_Gould_Prize_laureates" title="Template:Glenn Gould Prize laureates"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Glenn_Gould_Prize_laureates" title="Template talk:Glenn Gould Prize laureates"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Glenn_Gould_Prize_laureates" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Glenn Gould Prize laureates"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Glenn_Gould_Prize_laureates" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Glenn_Gould_Prize" title="Glenn Gould Prize">Glenn Gould Prize laureates</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>1987 <a href="/wiki/R._Murray_Schafer" title="R. Murray Schafer">R. Murray Schafer</a></li> <li>1990 <a href="/wiki/Yehudi_Menuhin" title="Yehudi Menuhin">Yehudi Menuhin</a></li> <li>1993 <a href="/wiki/Oscar_Peterson" title="Oscar Peterson">Oscar Peterson</a></li> <li>1996 <a href="/wiki/T%C5%8Dru_Takemitsu" title="Tōru Takemitsu">Tōru Takemitsu</a></li> <li>1999 <a href="/wiki/Yo-Yo_Ma" title="Yo-Yo Ma">Yo-Yo Ma</a></li> <li>2002 <a href="/wiki/Pierre_Boulez" title="Pierre Boulez">Pierre Boulez</a></li> <li>2005 <a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Previn" title="André Previn">André Previn</a></li> <li>2008 <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Antonio_Abreu" title="José Antonio Abreu">José Antonio Abreu</a></li> <li>2011 <a href="/wiki/Leonard_Cohen" title="Leonard Cohen">Leonard Cohen</a></li> <li>2013 <a href="/wiki/Robert_Lepage" title="Robert Lepage">Robert Lepage</a></li> <li>2015 <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Philip Glass</a></li> <li>2018 <a href="/wiki/Jessye_Norman" title="Jessye Norman">Jessye Norman</a></li> <li>2020 <a href="/wiki/Alanis_Obomsawin" title="Alanis Obomsawin">Alanis Obomsawin</a></li> <li>2022 <a href="/wiki/Gustavo_Dudamel" title="Gustavo Dudamel">Gustavo Dudamel</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Golden_Globe_Award_for_Best_Original_Score" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background: #CFB53B"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Golden_Globe_Award_for_Best_Original_Score" title="Template:Golden Globe Award for Best Original Score"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Golden_Globe_Award_for_Best_Original_Score" title="Template talk:Golden Globe Award for Best Original Score"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Golden_Globe_Award_for_Best_Original_Score" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Golden Globe Award for Best Original Score"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Golden_Globe_Award_for_Best_Original_Score" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Golden_Globe_Award_for_Best_Original_Score" title="Golden Globe Award for Best Original Score">Golden Globe Award for Best Original Score</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #CFB53B;width:1%;background: #CFB53B">1940s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Life_with_Father_(film)" title="Life with Father (film)">Life with Father</a> – <a href="/wiki/Max_Steiner" title="Max Steiner">Max Steiner</a> (1947)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Red_Shoes_(1948_film)" title="The Red Shoes (1948 film)">The Red Shoes</a> – <a href="/wiki/Brian_Easdale" title="Brian Easdale">Brian Easdale</a> (1948)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Inspector_General_(1949_film)" title="The Inspector General (1949 film)">The Inspector General</a> – <a href="/wiki/Johnny_Green" title="Johnny Green">Johnny Green</a> (1949)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #CFB53B;width:1%;background: #CFB53B">1950s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sunset_Boulevard_(soundtrack)" title="Sunset Boulevard (soundtrack)">Sunset Boulevard</a> – <a href="/wiki/Franz_Waxman" title="Franz Waxman">Franz Waxman</a> (1950)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/September_Affair" title="September Affair">September Affair</a> – <a href="/wiki/Victor_Young" title="Victor Young">Victor Young</a> (1951)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_Noon" title="High Noon">High Noon</a> – <a href="/wiki/Dimitri_Tiomkin" title="Dimitri Tiomkin">Dimitri Tiomkin</a> (1952)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/On_the_Beach_(1959_film)" title="On the Beach (1959 film)">On the Beach</a> – <a href="/wiki/Ernest_Gold" title="Ernest Gold">Ernest Gold</a> (1959)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #CFB53B;width:1%;background: #CFB53B">1960s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Alamo_(1960_film)" title="The Alamo (1960 film)">The Alamo</a> – <a href="/wiki/Dimitri_Tiomkin" title="Dimitri Tiomkin">Dimitri Tiomkin</a> (1960)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Guns_of_Navarone_(film)" title="The Guns of Navarone (film)">The Guns of Navarone</a> – <a href="/wiki/Dimitri_Tiomkin" title="Dimitri Tiomkin">Dimitri Tiomkin</a> (1961)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/To_Kill_a_Mockingbird_(film)" title="To Kill a Mockingbird (film)">To Kill a Mockingbird</a> – <a href="/wiki/Elmer_Bernstein" title="Elmer Bernstein">Elmer Bernstein</a> (1962)</li> <li>(1963)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Fall_of_the_Roman_Empire_(film)" title="The Fall of the Roman Empire (film)">The Fall of the Roman Empire</a> – <a href="/wiki/Dimitri_Tiomkin" title="Dimitri Tiomkin">Dimitri Tiomkin</a> (1964)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doctor_Zhivago_(soundtrack)" title="Doctor Zhivago (soundtrack)">Doctor Zhivago</a> – <a href="/wiki/Maurice_Jarre" title="Maurice Jarre">Maurice Jarre</a> (1965)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hawaii_(1966_film)" title="Hawaii (1966 film)">Hawaii</a> – <a href="/wiki/Elmer_Bernstein" title="Elmer Bernstein">Elmer Bernstein</a> (1966)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camelot_(film)" title="Camelot (film)">Camelot</a> – <a href="/wiki/Frederick_Loewe" title="Frederick Loewe">Frederick Loewe</a> (1967)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Shoes_of_the_Fisherman_(film)" title="The Shoes of the Fisherman (film)">The Shoes of the Fisherman</a> – <a href="/wiki/Alex_North" title="Alex North">Alex North</a> (1968)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Butch_Cassidy_and_the_Sundance_Kid" title="Butch Cassidy and the Sundance Kid">Butch Cassidy and the Sundance Kid</a> – <a href="/wiki/Burt_Bacharach" title="Burt Bacharach">Burt Bacharach</a> (1969)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #CFB53B;width:1%;background: #CFB53B">1970s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Love_Story_(1970_film)" title="Love Story (1970 film)">Love Story</a> – <a href="/wiki/Francis_Lai" title="Francis Lai">Francis Lai</a> (1970)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaft_(Isaac_Hayes_album)" title="Shaft (Isaac Hayes album)">Shaft</a> – <a href="/wiki/Isaac_Hayes" title="Isaac Hayes">Isaac Hayes</a> (1971)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Godfather_(soundtrack)" title="The Godfather (soundtrack)">The Godfather</a> – <a href="/wiki/Nino_Rota" title="Nino Rota">Nino Rota</a> (1972)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Livingston_Seagull_(film)" title="Jonathan Livingston Seagull (film)">Jonathan Livingston Seagull</a> – <a href="/wiki/Neil_Diamond" title="Neil Diamond">Neil Diamond</a> (1973)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Little_Prince_(1974_film)" title="The Little Prince (1974 film)">The Little Prince</a> – <a href="/wiki/Alan_Jay_Lerner" title="Alan Jay Lerner">Alan Jay Lerner</a> and <a href="/wiki/Frederick_Loewe" title="Frederick Loewe">Frederick Loewe</a> (1974)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jaws_(soundtrack)" title="Jaws (soundtrack)">Jaws</a> – <a href="/wiki/John_Williams" title="John Williams">John Williams</a> (1975)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/A_Star_Is_Born_(1976_soundtrack)" title="A Star Is Born (1976 soundtrack)">A Star is Born</a> – <a href="/wiki/Kenneth_Ascher" title="Kenneth Ascher">Kenneth Ascher</a> and <a href="/wiki/Paul_Williams_(songwriter)" title="Paul Williams (songwriter)">Paul Williams</a> (1976)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Star_Wars_(soundtrack)" title="Star Wars (soundtrack)">Star Wars</a> – <a href="/wiki/John_Williams" title="John Williams">John Williams</a> (1977)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Midnight_Express_(film)" title="Midnight Express (film)">Midnight Express</a> – <a href="/wiki/Giorgio_Moroder" title="Giorgio Moroder">Giorgio Moroder</a> (1978)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apocalypse_Now" title="Apocalypse Now">Apocalypse Now</a> – <a href="/wiki/Carmine_Coppola" title="Carmine Coppola">Carmine Coppola</a> and <a href="/wiki/Francis_Ford_Coppola" title="Francis Ford Coppola">Francis Ford Coppola</a> (1979)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #CFB53B;width:1%;background: #CFB53B">1980s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Stunt_Man" title="The Stunt Man">The Stunt Man</a> – <a href="/wiki/Dominic_Frontiere" title="Dominic Frontiere">Dominic Frontiere</a> (1980)</li> <li>No Award (1981)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/E.T._the_Extra-Terrestrial_(soundtrack)" title="E.T. the Extra-Terrestrial (soundtrack)">E.T. the Extra-Terrestrial</a> – <a href="/wiki/John_Williams" title="John Williams">John Williams</a> (1982)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flashdance" title="Flashdance">Flashdance</a> – <a href="/wiki/Giorgio_Moroder" title="Giorgio Moroder">Giorgio Moroder</a> (1983)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/A_Passage_to_India_(film)" title="A Passage to India (film)">A Passage to India</a> – <a href="/wiki/Maurice_Jarre" title="Maurice Jarre">Maurice Jarre</a> (1984)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Out_of_Africa_(film)" title="Out of Africa (film)">Out of Africa</a> – <a href="/wiki/John_Barry_(composer)" title="John Barry (composer)">John Barry</a> (1985)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Mission_(soundtrack)" title="The Mission (soundtrack)">The Mission</a> – <a href="/wiki/Ennio_Morricone" title="Ennio Morricone">Ennio Morricone</a> (1986)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Last_Emperor_(album)" title="The Last Emperor (album)">The Last Emperor</a> – <a href="/wiki/David_Byrne" title="David Byrne">David Byrne</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ryuichi_Sakamoto" title="Ryuichi Sakamoto">Ryuichi Sakamoto</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cong_Su" title="Cong Su">Cong Su</a> (1987)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gorillas_in_the_Mist" title="Gorillas in the Mist">Gorillas in the Mist</a> – <a href="/wiki/Maurice_Jarre" title="Maurice Jarre">Maurice Jarre</a> (1988)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Little_Mermaid_(1989_soundtrack)" title="The Little Mermaid (1989 soundtrack)">The Little Mermaid</a> – <a href="/wiki/Alan_Menken" title="Alan Menken">Alan Menken</a> (1989)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #CFB53B;width:1%;background: #CFB53B">1990s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Sheltering_Sky_(soundtrack)" title="The Sheltering Sky (soundtrack)">The Sheltering Sky</a> – <a href="/wiki/Richard_Horowitz" title="Richard Horowitz">Richard Horowitz</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ryuichi_Sakamoto" title="Ryuichi Sakamoto">Ryuichi Sakamoto</a> (1990)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beauty_and_the_Beast_(1991_soundtrack)" title="Beauty and the Beast (1991 soundtrack)">Beauty and the Beast</a> – <a href="/wiki/Alan_Menken" title="Alan Menken">Alan Menken</a> (1991)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aladdin_(1992_soundtrack)" title="Aladdin (1992 soundtrack)">Aladdin</a> – <a href="/wiki/Alan_Menken" title="Alan Menken">Alan Menken</a> (1992)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heaven_%26_Earth_(soundtrack)" title="Heaven & Earth (soundtrack)">Heaven & Earth</a> – <a href="/wiki/Kitar%C5%8D" title="Kitarō">Kitarō</a> (1993)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Lion_King_(1994_soundtrack)" title="The Lion King (1994 soundtrack)">The Lion King</a> – <a href="/wiki/Hans_Zimmer" title="Hans Zimmer">Hans Zimmer</a> (1994)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/A_Walk_in_the_Clouds_(soundtrack)" title="A Walk in the Clouds (soundtrack)">A Walk in the Clouds</a> – <a href="/wiki/Maurice_Jarre" title="Maurice Jarre">Maurice Jarre</a> (1995)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_English_Patient_(soundtrack)" title="The English Patient (soundtrack)">The English Patient</a> – <a href="/wiki/Gabriel_Yared" title="Gabriel Yared">Gabriel Yared</a> (1996)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Titanic:_Music_from_the_Motion_Picture" title="Titanic: Music from the Motion Picture">Titanic</a> – <a href="/wiki/James_Horner" title="James Horner">James Horner</a> (1997)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Truman_Show:_Music_from_the_Motion_Picture" title="The Truman Show: Music from the Motion Picture">The Truman Show</a> – <a href="/wiki/Burkhard_Dallwitz" title="Burkhard Dallwitz">Burkhard Dallwitz</a> and <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Philip Glass</a> (1998)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Legend_of_1900_(soundtrack)" title="The Legend of 1900 (soundtrack)">The Legend of 1900</a> – <a href="/wiki/Ennio_Morricone" title="Ennio Morricone">Ennio Morricone</a> (1999)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #CFB53B;width:1%;background: #CFB53B">2000s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gladiator_(2000_soundtrack)" title="Gladiator (2000 soundtrack)">Gladiator</a> – <a href="/wiki/Lisa_Gerrard" title="Lisa Gerrard">Lisa Gerrard</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hans_Zimmer" title="Hans Zimmer">Hans Zimmer</a> (2000)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moulin_Rouge!" title="Moulin Rouge!">Moulin Rouge!</a> – <a href="/wiki/Craig_Armstrong_(composer)" title="Craig Armstrong (composer)">Craig Armstrong</a> (2001)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frida_(soundtrack)" title="Frida (soundtrack)">Frida</a> – <a href="/wiki/Elliot_Goldenthal" title="Elliot Goldenthal">Elliot Goldenthal</a> (2002)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Lord_of_the_Rings:_The_Return_of_the_King_(soundtrack)" title="The Lord of the Rings: The Return of the King (soundtrack)">The Lord of the Rings: The Return of the King</a> – <a href="/wiki/Howard_Shore" title="Howard Shore">Howard Shore</a> (2003)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Aviator_(soundtrack)" title="The Aviator (soundtrack)">The Aviator</a> – <a href="/wiki/Howard_Shore" title="Howard Shore">Howard Shore</a> (2004)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Memoirs_of_a_Geisha_(soundtrack)" title="Memoirs of a Geisha (soundtrack)">Memoirs of a Geisha</a> – <a href="/wiki/John_Williams" title="John Williams">John Williams</a> (2005)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Painted_Veil_(soundtrack)" title="The Painted Veil (soundtrack)">The Painted Veil</a> – <a href="/wiki/Alexandre_Desplat" title="Alexandre Desplat">Alexandre Desplat</a> (2006)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atonement_(soundtrack)" title="Atonement (soundtrack)">Atonement</a> – <a href="/wiki/Dario_Marianelli" title="Dario Marianelli">Dario Marianelli</a> (2007)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slumdog_Millionaire:_Music_from_the_Motion_Picture" title="Slumdog Millionaire: Music from the Motion Picture">Slumdog Millionaire</a> – <a href="/wiki/A._R._Rahman" title="A. R. Rahman">A. R. Rahman</a> (2008)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Up_(soundtrack)" title="Up (soundtrack)">Up</a> – <a href="/wiki/Michael_Giacchino" title="Michael Giacchino">Michael Giacchino</a> (2009)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #CFB53B;width:1%;background: #CFB53B">2010s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Social_Network_(soundtrack)" title="The Social Network (soundtrack)">The Social Network</a> – <a href="/wiki/Trent_Reznor" title="Trent Reznor">Trent Reznor</a> and <a href="/wiki/Atticus_Ross" title="Atticus Ross">Atticus Ross</a> (2010)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Artist_(soundtrack)" title="The Artist (soundtrack)">The Artist</a> – <a href="/wiki/Ludovic_Bource" title="Ludovic Bource">Ludovic Bource</a> (2011)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Life_of_Pi_(soundtrack)" title="Life of Pi (soundtrack)">Life of Pi</a> – <a href="/wiki/Mychael_Danna" title="Mychael Danna">Mychael Danna</a> (2012)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/All_Is_Lost" title="All Is Lost">All Is Lost</a> – <a href="/wiki/Alex_Ebert" title="Alex Ebert">Alex Ebert</a> (2013)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Theory_of_Everything_(soundtrack)" title="The Theory of Everything (soundtrack)">The Theory of Everything</a> – <a href="/wiki/J%C3%B3hann_J%C3%B3hannsson" title="Jóhann Jóhannsson">Jóhann Jóhannsson</a> (2014)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Hateful_Eight_(soundtrack)" title="The Hateful Eight (soundtrack)">The Hateful Eight</a> – <a href="/wiki/Ennio_Morricone" title="Ennio Morricone">Ennio Morricone</a> (2015)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/La_La_Land_(soundtrack)" title="La La Land (soundtrack)">La La Land</a> – <a href="/wiki/Justin_Hurwitz" title="Justin Hurwitz">Justin Hurwitz</a> (2016)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Shape_of_Water_(soundtrack)" title="The Shape of Water (soundtrack)">The Shape of Water</a> – <a href="/wiki/Alexandre_Desplat" title="Alexandre Desplat">Alexandre Desplat</a> (2017)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Man_(soundtrack)" title="First Man (soundtrack)">First Man</a> – <a href="/wiki/Justin_Hurwitz" title="Justin Hurwitz">Justin Hurwitz</a> (2018)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joker_(soundtrack)" title="Joker (soundtrack)">Joker</a> – <a href="/wiki/Hildur_Gu%C3%B0nad%C3%B3ttir" title="Hildur Guðnadóttir">Hildur Guðnadóttir</a> (2019)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #CFB53B;width:1%;background: #CFB53B">2020s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Soul_(soundtrack)" title="Soul (soundtrack)">Soul</a> – <a href="/wiki/Trent_Reznor" title="Trent Reznor">Trent Reznor</a>, <a href="/wiki/Atticus_Ross" title="Atticus Ross">Atticus Ross</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Jon_Batiste" title="Jon Batiste">Jon Batiste</a> (2020)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Dune_(2021_film)" title="Music of Dune (2021 film)">Dune</a> – <a href="/wiki/Hans_Zimmer" title="Hans Zimmer">Hans Zimmer</a> (2021)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Babylon_(soundtrack)" title="Babylon (soundtrack)">Babylon</a> – <a href="/wiki/Justin_Hurwitz" title="Justin Hurwitz">Justin Hurwitz</a> (2022)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oppenheimer_(soundtrack)" title="Oppenheimer (soundtrack)">Oppenheimer</a> – <a href="/wiki/Ludwig_G%C3%B6ransson" title="Ludwig Göransson">Ludwig Göransson</a> (2023)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Hollywood_Music_in_Media_Award_for_Best_Original_Score_in_a_Documentary" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background: #BDB76B"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Hollywood_Music_in_Media_Award_for_Best_Original_Score_in_a_Documentary" title="Template:Hollywood Music in Media Award for Best Original Score in a Documentary"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Hollywood_Music_in_Media_Award_for_Best_Original_Score_in_a_Documentary" title="Template talk:Hollywood Music in Media Award for Best Original Score in a Documentary"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Hollywood_Music_in_Media_Award_for_Best_Original_Score_in_a_Documentary" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Hollywood Music in Media Award for Best Original Score in a Documentary"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Hollywood_Music_in_Media_Award_for_Best_Original_Score_in_a_Documentary" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Hollywood_Music_in_Media_Award_for_Best_Original_Score_in_a_Documentary" title="Hollywood Music in Media Award for Best Original Score in a Documentary">Hollywood Music in Media Award for Best Original Score in a Documentary</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Mark Adler (2014)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miriam_Cutler" title="Miriam Cutler">Miriam Cutler</a> (2015)</li> <li>Mark Adler (2016)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Philip Glass</a> (2017)</li> <li>Cyrille Aufort (2018)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeff_Beal" title="Jeff Beal">Jeff Beal</a> (2019)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steven_Price_(composer)" title="Steven Price (composer)">Steven Price</a> (2020)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rachel_Portman" title="Rachel Portman">Rachel Portman</a> (2021)</li> <li>Jessica Jones (2022)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Powell_(film_composer)" title="John Powell (film composer)">John Powell</a> (2023)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ilan_Eshkeri" title="Ilan Eshkeri">Ilan Eshkeri</a> (2024)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Kennedy_Center_Honorees_(2010s)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Kennedy_Center_Honorees_2010s" title="Template:Kennedy Center Honorees 2010s"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Kennedy_Center_Honorees_2010s" title="Template talk:Kennedy Center Honorees 2010s"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Kennedy_Center_Honorees_2010s" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Kennedy Center Honorees 2010s"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Kennedy_Center_Honorees_(2010s)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Kennedy_Center_Honors" title="Kennedy Center Honors">Kennedy Center Honorees</a> (2010s)</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2010</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Merle_Haggard" title="Merle Haggard">Merle Haggard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jerry_Herman" title="Jerry Herman">Jerry Herman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bill_T._Jones" title="Bill T. Jones">Bill T. Jones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_McCartney" title="Paul McCartney">Paul McCartney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oprah_Winfrey" title="Oprah Winfrey">Oprah Winfrey</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2011</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Barbara_Cook" title="Barbara Cook">Barbara Cook</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neil_Diamond" title="Neil Diamond">Neil Diamond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yo-Yo_Ma" title="Yo-Yo Ma">Yo-Yo Ma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sonny_Rollins" title="Sonny Rollins">Sonny Rollins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meryl_Streep" title="Meryl Streep">Meryl Streep</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2012</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddy_Guy" title="Buddy Guy">Buddy Guy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dustin_Hoffman" title="Dustin Hoffman">Dustin Hoffman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Letterman" title="David Letterman">David Letterman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Led_Zeppelin" title="Led Zeppelin">Led Zeppelin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natalia_Makarova" title="Natalia Makarova">Natalia Makarova</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2013</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Martina_Arroyo" title="Martina Arroyo">Martina Arroyo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbie_Hancock" title="Herbie Hancock">Herbie Hancock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Billy_Joel" title="Billy Joel">Billy Joel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shirley_MacLaine" title="Shirley MacLaine">Shirley MacLaine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carlos_Santana" title="Carlos Santana">Carlos Santana</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2014</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Al_Green" title="Al Green">Al Green</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tom_Hanks" title="Tom Hanks">Tom Hanks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patricia_McBride" title="Patricia McBride">Patricia McBride</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sting_(musician)" title="Sting (musician)">Sting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lily_Tomlin" title="Lily Tomlin">Lily Tomlin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2015</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carole_King" title="Carole King">Carole King</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Lucas" title="George Lucas">George Lucas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rita_Moreno" title="Rita Moreno">Rita Moreno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seiji_Ozawa" title="Seiji Ozawa">Seiji Ozawa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cicely_Tyson" title="Cicely Tyson">Cicely Tyson</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2016</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Martha_Argerich" title="Martha Argerich">Martha Argerich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eagles_(band)" title="Eagles (band)">Eagles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al_Pacino" title="Al Pacino">Al Pacino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mavis_Staples" title="Mavis Staples">Mavis Staples</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Taylor" title="James Taylor">James Taylor</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2017</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carmen_de_Lavallade" title="Carmen de Lavallade">Carmen de Lavallade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gloria_Estefan" title="Gloria Estefan">Gloria Estefan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LL_Cool_J" title="LL Cool J">LL Cool J</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norman_Lear" title="Norman Lear">Norman Lear</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lionel_Richie" title="Lionel Richie">Lionel Richie</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2018</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cher" title="Cher">Cher</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Philip Glass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reba_McEntire" title="Reba McEntire">Reba McEntire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wayne_Shorter" title="Wayne Shorter">Wayne Shorter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamilton_(musical)" title="Hamilton (musical)">Hamilton</a> (<a href="/wiki/Lin-Manuel_Miranda" title="Lin-Manuel Miranda">Lin-Manuel Miranda</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Kail" title="Thomas Kail">Thomas Kail</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alex_Lacamoire" title="Alex Lacamoire">Alex Lacamoire</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Andy_Blankenbuehler" title="Andy Blankenbuehler">Andy Blankenbuehler</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2019</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Earth,_Wind_%26_Fire" title="Earth, Wind & Fire">Earth, Wind & Fire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sally_Field" title="Sally Field">Sally Field</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linda_Ronstadt" title="Linda Ronstadt">Linda Ronstadt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sesame_Street" title="Sesame Street">Sesame Street</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Tilson_Thomas" title="Michael Tilson Thomas">Michael Tilson Thomas</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kennedy_Center_Honors" title="Kennedy Center Honors">Complete list</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Kennedy_Center_Honorees_1970s" title="Template:Kennedy Center Honorees 1970s">1970s</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Kennedy_Center_Honorees_1980s" title="Template:Kennedy Center Honorees 1980s">1980s</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Kennedy_Center_Honorees_1990s" title="Template:Kennedy Center Honorees 1990s">1990s</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Kennedy_Center_Honorees_2000s" title="Template:Kennedy Center Honorees 2000s">2000s</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Kennedy_Center_Honorees_2010s" title="Template:Kennedy Center Honorees 2010s">2010s</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Kennedy_Center_Honorees_2020s" title="Template:Kennedy Center Honorees 2020s">2020s</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Los_Angeles_Film_Critics_Association_Award_for_Best_Music" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Los_Angeles_Film_Critics_Association_Award_for_Best_Music" title="Template:Los Angeles Film Critics Association Award for Best Music"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Los_Angeles_Film_Critics_Association_Award_for_Best_Music" title="Template talk:Los Angeles Film Critics Association Award for Best Music"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Los_Angeles_Film_Critics_Association_Award_for_Best_Music" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Los Angeles Film Critics Association Award for Best Music"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Los_Angeles_Film_Critics_Association_Award_for_Best_Music" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles_Film_Critics_Association_Award_for_Best_Music" title="Los Angeles Film Critics Association Award for Best Music">Los Angeles Film Critics Association Award for Best Music</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:;width:1%">1990s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Richard Horowitz and <a href="/wiki/Ryuichi_Sakamoto" title="Ryuichi Sakamoto">Ryuichi Sakamoto</a> (1990)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zbigniew_Preisner" title="Zbigniew Preisner">Zbigniew Preisner</a> (1991)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zbigniew_Preisner" title="Zbigniew Preisner">Zbigniew Preisner</a> (1992)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zbigniew_Preisner" title="Zbigniew Preisner">Zbigniew Preisner</a> (1993)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Howard_Shore" title="Howard Shore">Howard Shore</a> (1994)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patrick_Doyle" title="Patrick Doyle">Patrick Doyle</a> (1995)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hal_Willner" title="Hal Willner">Hal Willner</a> and The Hey Hey Club Musicians (1996)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Philip Glass</a> (1997)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elliot_Goldenthal" title="Elliot Goldenthal">Elliot Goldenthal</a> (1998)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trey_Parker" title="Trey Parker">Trey Parker</a> and <a href="/wiki/Marc_Shaiman" title="Marc Shaiman">Marc Shaiman</a> (1999)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:;width:1%">2000s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tan_Dun" title="Tan Dun">Tan Dun</a> (2000)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Howard_Shore" title="Howard Shore">Howard Shore</a> (2001)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elmer_Bernstein" title="Elmer Bernstein">Elmer Bernstein</a> (2002)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beno%C3%AEt_Charest" title="Benoît Charest">Benoît Charest</a> (2003)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Giacchino" title="Michael Giacchino">Michael Giacchino</a> (2004)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joe_Hisaishi" title="Joe Hisaishi">Joe Hisaishi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Youmi_Kimura" title="Youmi Kimura">Youmi Kimura</a> (2005)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexandre_Desplat" title="Alexandre Desplat">Alexandre Desplat</a> (2006)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glen_Hansard" title="Glen Hansard">Glen Hansard</a> and <a href="/wiki/Marketa_Irglova" class="mw-redirect" title="Marketa Irglova">Marketa Irglova</a> (2007)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/A._R._Rahman" title="A. R. Rahman">A. R. Rahman</a> (2008)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/T_Bone_Burnett" title="T Bone Burnett">T Bone Burnett</a> and <a href="/wiki/Stephen_Bruton" title="Stephen Bruton">Stephen Bruton</a> (2009)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:;width:1%">2010s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alexandre_Desplat" title="Alexandre Desplat">Alexandre Desplat</a> / <a href="/wiki/Trent_Reznor" title="Trent Reznor">Trent Reznor</a> and <a href="/wiki/Atticus_Ross" title="Atticus Ross">Atticus Ross</a> (2010)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Chemical_Brothers" title="The Chemical Brothers">The Chemical Brothers</a> (2011)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dan_Romer" title="Dan Romer">Dan Romer</a> and <a href="/wiki/Benh_Zeitlin" title="Benh Zeitlin">Benh Zeitlin</a> (2012)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/T_Bone_Burnett" title="T Bone Burnett">T Bone Burnett</a> (2013)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jonny_Greenwood" title="Jonny Greenwood">Jonny Greenwood</a> / <a href="/wiki/Mica_Levi" title="Mica Levi">Mica Levi</a> (2014)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carter_Burwell" title="Carter Burwell">Carter Burwell</a> (2015)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Justin_Hurwitz" title="Justin Hurwitz">Justin Hurwitz</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pasek_and_Paul" title="Pasek and Paul">Benj Pasek</a> and <a href="/wiki/Justin_Paul" title="Justin Paul">Justin Paul</a> (2016)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jonny_Greenwood" title="Jonny Greenwood">Jonny Greenwood</a> (2017)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicholas_Britell" title="Nicholas Britell">Nicholas Britell</a> (2018)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_D%C3%B8" title="The Dø">Dan Levy</a> (2019)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:;width:1%">2020s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Trent_Reznor" title="Trent Reznor">Trent Reznor</a> and <a href="/wiki/Atticus_Ross" title="Atticus Ross">Atticus Ross</a> (2020)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alberto_Iglesias" title="Alberto Iglesias">Alberto Iglesias</a> (2021)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/M._M._Keeravani" title="M. M. Keeravani">M. M. Keeravani</a> (2022)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mica_Levi" title="Mica Levi">Mica Levi</a> (2023)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="National_Medal_of_Arts_recipients_2010s_&amp;_2020s" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:National_Medal_of_Arts_recipients_2010s_%26_2020s" title="Template:National Medal of Arts recipients 2010s & 2020s"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:National_Medal_of_Arts_recipients_2010s_%26_2020s" title="Template talk:National Medal of Arts recipients 2010s & 2020s"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:National_Medal_of_Arts_recipients_2010s_%26_2020s" title="Special:EditPage/Template:National Medal of Arts recipients 2010s & 2020s"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="National_Medal_of_Arts_recipients_2010s_&amp;_2020s" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/National_Medal_of_Arts" title="National Medal of Arts">National Medal of Arts recipients</a> 2010s & 2020s</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2010</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Brustein" title="Robert Brustein">Robert Brustein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Van_Cliburn" title="Van Cliburn">Van Cliburn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_di_Suvero" title="Mark di Suvero">Mark di Suvero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_Hall" title="Donald Hall">Donald Hall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacob%27s_Pillow_Dance_Festival" class="mw-redirect" title="Jacob's Pillow Dance Festival">Jacob's Pillow Dance Festival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quincy_Jones" title="Quincy Jones">Quincy Jones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harper_Lee" title="Harper Lee">Harper Lee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sonny_Rollins" title="Sonny Rollins">Sonny Rollins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meryl_Streep" title="Meryl Streep">Meryl Streep</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Taylor" title="James Taylor">James Taylor</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2011</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Will_Barnet" title="Will Barnet">Will Barnet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rita_Dove" title="Rita Dove">Rita Dove</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al_Pacino" title="Al Pacino">Al Pacino</a></li> <li>Emily Rauh Pulitzer</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Puryear" title="Martin Puryear">Martin Puryear</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mel_Tillis" title="Mel Tillis">Mel Tillis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Service_Organization" class="mw-redirect" title="United Service Organization">United Service Organization</a> (USO)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Watts" title="André Watts">André Watts</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2012</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Herb_Alpert" title="Herb Alpert">Herb Alpert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lin_Arison" title="Lin Arison">Lin Arison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joan_Myers_Brown" title="Joan Myers Brown">Joan Myers Brown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9e_Fleming" title="Renée Fleming">Renée Fleming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernest_Gaines" class="mw-redirect" title="Ernest Gaines">Ernest Gaines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ellsworth_Kelly" title="Ellsworth Kelly">Ellsworth Kelly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tony_Kushner" title="Tony Kushner">Tony Kushner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Lucas" title="George Lucas">George Lucas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elaine_May" title="Elaine May">Elaine May</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laurie_Olin" title="Laurie Olin">Laurie Olin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allen_Toussaint" title="Allen Toussaint">Allen Toussaint</a></li> <li>Washington Performing Arts Society</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2013</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Julia_Alvarez" title="Julia Alvarez">Julia Alvarez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brooklyn_Academy_of_Music" title="Brooklyn Academy of Music">Brooklyn Academy of Music</a></li> <li>Joan Harris</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bill_T._Jones" title="Bill T. Jones">Bill T. Jones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Kander" title="John Kander">John Kander</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeffrey_Katzenberg" title="Jeffrey Katzenberg">Jeffrey Katzenberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maxine_Hong_Kingston" title="Maxine Hong Kingston">Maxine Hong Kingston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_and_David_Maysles" title="Albert and David Maysles">Albert Maysles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linda_Ronstadt" title="Linda Ronstadt">Linda Ronstadt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tod_Williams_Billie_Tsien_Architects" title="Tod Williams Billie Tsien Architects">Billie Tsien & Tod Williams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Turrell" title="James Turrell">James Turrell</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2014</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_Baldessari" title="John Baldessari">John Baldessari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ping_Chong" title="Ping Chong">Ping Chong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C3%ADriam_Col%C3%B3n" title="Míriam Colón">Míriam Colón</a></li> <li>The Doris Duke Charitable Foundation</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sally_Field" title="Sally Field">Sally Field</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ann_Hamilton_(artist)" title="Ann Hamilton (artist)">Ann Hamilton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_King" title="Stephen King">Stephen King</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meredith_Monk" title="Meredith Monk">Meredith Monk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Shirley" title="George Shirley">George Shirley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_Musical_Society" title="University Musical Society">University Musical Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tobias_Wolff" title="Tobias Wolff">Tobias Wolff</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2015</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mel_Brooks" title="Mel Brooks">Mel Brooks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sandra_Cisneros" title="Sandra Cisneros">Sandra Cisneros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eugene_O%27Neill_Theater_Center" title="Eugene O'Neill Theater Center">Eugene O'Neill Theater Center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morgan_Freeman" title="Morgan Freeman">Morgan Freeman</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Philip Glass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berry_Gordy" title="Berry Gordy">Berry Gordy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santiago_Jim%C3%A9nez_Jr." title="Santiago Jiménez Jr.">Santiago Jiménez Jr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mois%C3%A9s_Kaufman" title="Moisés Kaufman">Moisés Kaufman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ralph_Lemon" title="Ralph Lemon">Ralph Lemon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Audra_McDonald" title="Audra McDonald">Audra McDonald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luis_Valdez" title="Luis Valdez">Luis Valdez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jack_Whitten" title="Jack Whitten">Jack Whitten</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2019</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alison_Krauss" title="Alison Krauss">Alison Krauss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sharon_Percy_Rockefeller" title="Sharon Percy Rockefeller">Sharon Percy Rockefeller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_military_bands" title="United States military bands">The Musicians of the United States Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jon_Voight" title="Jon Voight">Jon Voight</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2020</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Toby_Keith" title="Toby Keith">Toby Keith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ricky_Skaggs" title="Ricky Skaggs">Ricky Skaggs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Costa" title="Mary Costa">Mary Costa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nick_Ut" title="Nick Ut">Nick Ut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earl_A._Powell_III" title="Earl A. Powell III">Earl A. Powell III</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2021</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bruce_Springsteen" title="Bruce Springsteen">Bruce Springsteen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gladys_Knight" title="Gladys Knight">Gladys Knight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mindy_Kaling" title="Mindy Kaling">Mindy Kaling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julia_Louis-Dreyfus" title="Julia Louis-Dreyfus">Julia Louis-Dreyfus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Feliciano" title="José Feliciano">José Feliciano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vera_Wang" title="Vera Wang">Vera Wang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joan_Shigekawa" title="Joan Shigekawa">Joan Shigekawa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judy_Baca" title="Judy Baca">Judith Francisca Baca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fred_Eychaner" title="Fred Eychaner">Fred Eychaner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonio_Martorell" title="Antonio Martorell">Antonio Martorell</a></li> <li>The Billie Holiday Theatre</li> <li>The International Association of Blacks in Dance</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2022</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ruth_Asawa" title="Ruth Asawa">Ruth Asawa</a></li> <li>Randy Batitsa</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clyde_Butcher" title="Clyde Butcher">Clyde Butcher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Country_Music_Hall_of_Fame_and_Museum" title="Country Music Hall of Fame and Museum">Country Music Hall of Fame and Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Missy_Elliott" title="Missy Elliott">Missy Elliott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flaco_Jim%C3%A9nez" title="Flaco Jiménez">Flaco Jiménez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eva_Longoria" title="Eva Longoria">Eva Longoria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idina_Menzel" title="Idina Menzel">Idina Menzel</a></li> <li>Herbert Ohta</li> <li>Bruce Sagan</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carrie_Mae_Weems" title="Carrie Mae Weems">Carrie Mae Weems</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2023</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mark_Bradford" title="Mark Bradford">Mark Bradford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ken_Burns" title="Ken Burns">Ken Burns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bruce_Cohen" title="Bruce Cohen">Bruce Cohen</a></li> <li>Jo Carole Lauder</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spike_Lee" title="Spike Lee">Spike Lee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queen_Latifah" title="Queen Latifah">Queen Latifah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Selena" title="Selena">Selena Quintanilla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steven_Spielberg" title="Steven Spielberg">Steven Spielberg</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_recipients_of_the_National_Medal_of_Arts" class="mw-redirect" title="List of recipients of the National Medal of Arts">Complete list</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:National_Medal_of_Arts_recipients_1980s" title="Template:National Medal of Arts recipients 1980s">1980s</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:National_Medal_of_Arts_recipients_1990s" title="Template:National Medal of Arts recipients 1990s">1990s</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:National_Medal_of_Arts_recipients_2000s" title="Template:National Medal of Arts recipients 2000s">2000s</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:National_Medal_of_Arts_recipients_2010s" class="mw-redirect" title="Template:National Medal of Arts recipients 2010s">2010s</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Minimal_music" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Minimal_music" title="Template:Minimal music"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Minimal_music" title="Template talk:Minimal music"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Minimal_music" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Minimal music"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Minimal_music" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Minimal_music" title="Minimal music">Minimal music</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_minimalist_composers" title="List of minimalist composers">Composers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_Adams_(composer)" title="John Adams (composer)">John Adams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Andriessen" title="Louis Andriessen">Louis Andriessen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gavin_Bryars" title="Gavin Bryars">Gavin Bryars</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Philip Glass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simeon_ten_Holt" title="Simeon ten Holt">Simeon ten Holt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tom_Johnson_(composer)" title="Tom Johnson (composer)">Tom Johnson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Nyman" title="Michael Nyman">Michael Nyman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steve_Reich" title="Steve Reich">Steve Reich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terry_Riley" title="Terry Riley">Terry Riley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/La_Monte_Young" title="La Monte Young">La Monte Young</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Holy_minimalism" title="Holy minimalism">Holy minimalism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Henryk_G%C3%B3recki" title="Henryk Górecki">Henryk Górecki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giya_Kancheli" title="Giya Kancheli">Giya Kancheli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arvo_P%C3%A4rt" title="Arvo Pärt">Arvo Pärt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sofia_Gubaidulina" title="Sofia Gubaidulina">Sofia Gubaidulina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Tavener" title="John Tavener">John Tavener</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Techniques</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Drone_(music)" class="mw-redirect" title="Drone (music)">Drone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phase_music" title="Phase music">Phasing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Process_music" title="Process music">Process music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Repetition_(music)" title="Repetition (music)">Repetition</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Compositions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Clapping_Music" title="Clapping Music">Clapping Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Different_Trains" title="Different Trains">Different Trains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doctor_Atomic" title="Doctor Atomic">Doctor Atomic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eight_Lines" title="Eight Lines">Eight Lines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Einstein_on_the_Beach" title="Einstein on the Beach">Einstein on the Beach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Four_Organs" title="Four Organs">Four Organs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/In_C" title="In C">In C</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/It%27s_Gonna_Rain" title="It's Gonna Rain">It's Gonna Rain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koyaanisqatsi" title="Koyaanisqatsi">Koyaanisqatsi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phrygian_Gates" title="Phrygian Gates">Phrygian Gates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piano_Phase" title="Piano Phase">Piano Phase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A_Rainbow_in_Curved_Air" title="A Rainbow in Curved Air">A Rainbow in Curved Air</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nixon_in_China" title="Nixon in China">Nixon in China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Well-Tuned_Piano" title="The Well-Tuned Piano">The Well-Tuned Piano</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related articles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maximalism" title="Maximalism">Maximalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postminimalism" title="Postminimalism">Postminimalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Repetitive_music" class="mw-redirect" title="Repetitive music">Repetitive music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Totalism" title="Totalism">Totalism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1130092004">.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-bordered{padding:0 2em;background-color:#fdfdfd;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;clear:both;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;justify-content:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-unbordered{padding:0 1.7em;margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output 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.portal-bar-content-related{border-top:none;margin:0;list-style:none}}.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.sister-bar{margin-top:-1px}</style><div class="portal-bar noprint metadata noviewer portal-bar-bordered" role="navigation" aria-label="Portals"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals" title="Wikipedia:Contents/Portals">Portals</a>:<ul class="portal-bar-content"><li class="portal-bar-item"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Audio_a.svg/21px-Audio_a.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Audio_a.svg/32px-Audio_a.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Audio_a.svg/42px-Audio_a.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="460" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Classical_music" title="Portal:Classical music">Classical music</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><a href="/wiki/File:Operalogo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Operalogo.svg/21px-Operalogo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Operalogo.svg/32px-Operalogo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Operalogo.svg/42px-Operalogo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="360" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Opera" title="Portal:Opera">Opera</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/69/P_vip.svg/19px-P_vip.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/69/P_vip.svg/28px-P_vip.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/69/P_vip.svg/37px-P_vip.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1911" data-file-height="1944" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Biography" title="Portal:Biography">Biography</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/GClef.svg/7px-GClef.svg.png" decoding="async" width="7" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/GClef.svg/10px-GClef.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/GClef.svg/14px-GClef.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="15" data-file-height="41" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Music" title="Portal:Music">Music</a></li></ul></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189729#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189729#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189729#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000121367029">ISNI</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/64191786">VIAF</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/96185/">FAST</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJpJj6pcXxBJJBcJvQyGHC">WorldCat</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/11895864X">Germany</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n82099802">United States</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb13894531f">France</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb13894531f">BnF data</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/01064332">Japan</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.sbn.it/nome/TO0V074230">Italy</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an36084228">Australia</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=js20020122071&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX852766">Spain</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.bnportugal.gov.pt/aut/catbnp/1373681">Portugal</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p073180858">Netherlands</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/90337491">Norway</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kopkatalogs.lv/F?func=direct&local_base=lnc10&doc_number=000181121&P_CON_LNG=ENG">Latvia</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://katalog.nsk.hr/F/?func=direct&doc_number=000068568&local_base=nsk10">Croatia</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lod.nl.go.kr/resource/KAC201758301">Korea</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://libris.kb.se/wt79b93f2hk48sc">Sweden</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810576741405606">Poland</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007261731505171">Israel</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://urn.fi/URN:NBN:fi:au:finaf:000190247">Finland</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cantic.bnc.cat/registre/981058608024806706">Catalonia</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.kbr.be/LIBRARY/doc/AUTHORITY/13934426">Belgium</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Academics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA03008450?l=en">CiNii</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Artists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.getty.edu/vow/ULANFullDisplay?find=&role=&nation=&subjectid=500331387">ULAN</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://musicbrainz.org/artist/5ae54dee-4dba-49c0-802a-a3b3b3adfe9b">MusicBrainz</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://rkd.nl/en/explore/artists/250903">RKD Artists</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.moma.org/artists/34740">Museum of Modern Art</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://brahms.ircam.fr/philip-glass">BRAHMS</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.grammy.com/artists/philip-glass/3567">Grammy Awards</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://trove.nla.gov.au/people/1209152">Trove</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/pnd11895864X.html?language=en">Deutsche Biographie</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-digitale-bibliothek.de/person/gnd/11895864X">DDB</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/034623124">IdRef</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w6hx4h0h">SNAC</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://collections.tepapa.govt.nz/agent/27535">Te Papa (New Zealand)</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Philip_Glass&oldid=1255830589">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Philip_Glass&oldid=1255830589</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Philip_Glass" title="Category:Philip Glass">Philip Glass</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1937_births" title="Category:1937 births">1937 births</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Living_people" title="Category:Living people">Living people</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:20th-century_American_classical_composers" title="Category:20th-century American classical composers">20th-century American classical composers</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:21st-century_American_classical_composers" title="Category:21st-century American classical composers">21st-century American classical composers</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:American_ambient_musicians" title="Category:American ambient musicians">American ambient musicians</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:American_Buddhists" title="Category:American Buddhists">American Buddhists</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:American_contemporary_classical_composers" title="Category:American contemporary classical composers">American contemporary classical composers</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:American_film_score_composers" title="Category:American film score composers">American film score composers</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:American_male_film_score_composers" title="Category:American male film score composers">American male film score composers</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:American_musical_theatre_composers" title="Category:American musical theatre composers">American musical theatre composers</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:American_opera_composers" title="Category:American opera composers">American opera composers</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:American_people_of_Lithuanian-Jewish_descent" title="Category:American people of Lithuanian-Jewish descent">American people of Lithuanian-Jewish descent</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Aspen_Music_Festival_and_School_alumni" title="Category:Aspen Music Festival and School alumni">Aspen Music Festival and School alumni</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Baltimore_City_College_alumni" title="Category:Baltimore City College alumni">Baltimore City College alumni</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Best_Original_Music_BAFTA_Award_winners" title="Category:Best Original Music BAFTA Award winners">Best Original Music BAFTA Award winners</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Classical_musicians_from_Maryland" title="Category:Classical musicians from Maryland">Classical musicians from Maryland</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Classical_musicians_from_Pennsylvania" title="Category:Classical musicians from Pennsylvania">Classical musicians from Pennsylvania</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Composers_for_carillon" title="Category:Composers for carillon">Composers for carillon</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Composers_for_piano" title="Category:Composers for piano">Composers for piano</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:American_contemporary_classical_music_performers" title="Category:American contemporary classical music performers">American contemporary classical music performers</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Converts_to_Buddhism" title="Category:Converts to Buddhism">Converts to Buddhism</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:EMI_Classics_and_Virgin_Classics_artists" title="Category:EMI Classics and Virgin Classics artists">EMI Classics and Virgin Classics artists</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Fellows_of_the_American_Academy_of_Arts_and_Sciences" title="Category:Fellows of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences">Fellows of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Glenn_Gould_Prize_winners" title="Category:Glenn Gould Prize winners">Glenn Gould Prize winners</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Golden_Globe_Award%E2%80%93winning_musicians" title="Category:Golden Globe Award–winning musicians">Golden Globe Award–winning musicians</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Jewish_American_artists" title="Category:Jewish American artists">Jewish American artists</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Jewish_American_classical_composers" title="Category:Jewish American classical composers">Jewish American classical composers</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Jewish_American_film_score_composers" title="Category:Jewish American film score composers">Jewish American film score composers</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Juilliard_School_alumni" title="Category:Juilliard School alumni">Juilliard School alumni</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Kennedy_Center_honorees" title="Category:Kennedy Center honorees">Kennedy Center honorees</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Male_musical_theatre_composers" title="Category:Male musical theatre composers">Male musical theatre composers</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:American_male_opera_composers" title="Category:American male opera composers">American male opera composers</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Members_of_the_American_Academy_of_Arts_and_Letters" title="Category:Members of the American Academy of Arts and Letters">Members of the American Academy of Arts and Letters</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Minimalist_composers" title="Category:Minimalist composers">Minimalist composers</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Musicians_from_Baltimore" title="Category:Musicians from Baltimore">Musicians from Baltimore</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Musicians_from_Pittsburgh" title="Category:Musicians from Pittsburgh">Musicians from Pittsburgh</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Nonesuch_Records_artists" title="Category:Nonesuch Records artists">Nonesuch Records artists</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Peabody_Institute_alumni" title="Category:Peabody Institute alumni">Peabody Institute alumni</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Postmodern_composers" title="Category:Postmodern composers">Postmodern composers</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pupils_of_Darius_Milhaud" title="Category:Pupils of Darius Milhaud">Pupils of Darius Milhaud</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pupils_of_William_Bergsma" title="Category:Pupils of William Bergsma">Pupils of William Bergsma</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pupils_of_Vincent_Persichetti" title="Category:Pupils of Vincent Persichetti">Pupils of Vincent Persichetti</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Recipients_of_the_Praemium_Imperiale" title="Category:Recipients of the Praemium Imperiale">Recipients of the Praemium Imperiale</a></li><li><a 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= 1,\n [\"CITEREFKostelanetz1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKreps2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLa_Rocco2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLondon_Philharmonic_Orchestra2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMaddocks2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMaycock2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMcKoen2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMidgette2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFO\u0026#039;Mahony2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPhilip_Glass\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPhilip_Glass1937\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPotter2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPurvis2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRepstad2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRichard_Guerin2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRoss2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRoy2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRuel2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSPIN_Media_LLC1985\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFScheinin2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSchickel2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSchreiber2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSchwarz1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSeabrook2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSheridan2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSkipworth2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSmith1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSmith2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSmith2015\"] = 1,\n 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[\"Glenn Gould Prize laureates\"] = 1,\n [\"Golden Globe Award for Best Original Score 1990–2009\"] = 1,\n [\"Harvnb\"] = 5,\n [\"Hlist\"] = 1,\n [\"Hollywood Music in Media Award for Best Original Score in a Documentary\"] = 1,\n [\"Honored\"] = 23,\n [\"IMDb name\"] = 1,\n [\"ISBN\"] = 7,\n [\"Infobox musical artist\"] = 1,\n [\"Interlanguage link\"] = 1,\n [\"Kennedy Center Honorees 2010s\"] = 1,\n [\"Los Angeles Film Critics Association Award for Best Music\"] = 1,\n [\"Main\"] = 1,\n [\"Minimal music\"] = 1,\n [\"Music\"] = 1,\n [\"National Medal of Arts recipients 2010s\"] = 1,\n [\"Navboxes\"] = 1,\n [\"Nom\"] = 12,\n [\"Official website\"] = 1,\n [\"Page needed\"] = 1,\n [\"Philip Glass\"] = 1,\n [\"Portal bar\"] = 1,\n [\"Quote box\"] = 1,\n [\"Refh\"] = 2,\n [\"Reflist\"] = 1,\n [\"Rp\"] = 6,\n [\"See also\"] = 1,\n [\"Sfn\"] = 13,\n [\"Short description\"] = 1,\n [\"Subscription required\"] = 1,\n [\"URL\"] = 1,\n [\"Use mdy dates\"] = 1,\n [\"Webarchive\"] = 1,\n [\"Won\"] = 4,\n}\narticle_whitelist = table#1 {\n}\n","limitreport-profile":[["?","300","25.9"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::callParserFunction","180","15.5"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::find","100","8.6"],["recursiveClone \u003CmwInit.lua:45\u003E","80","6.9"],["\u003Cmw.lua:694\u003E","60","5.2"],["dataWrapper \u003Cmw.lua:672\u003E","60","5.2"],["\u003CModule:Citation/CS1:813\u003E","60","5.2"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::plain","40","3.4"],["pairsfunc \u003Cmw.lua:676\u003E","40","3.4"],["type","20","1.7"],["[others]","220","19.0"]]},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.codfw.main-6bb4bcc5b5-gccrd","timestamp":"20241127133815","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Philip 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