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<span>Philadelphia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Philadelphia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_Bronx" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Bronx"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>The Bronx</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_Bronx-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Death" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Death"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Death</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Death-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Death subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Death-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Griswold's_memoir" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Griswold's_memoir"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Griswold's memoir</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Griswold's_memoir-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Literary_style_and_themes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Literary_style_and_themes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Literary style and themes</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Literary_style_and_themes-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Literary style and themes subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Literary_style_and_themes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Genres" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Genres"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Genres</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Genres-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Literary_theory" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Literary_theory"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Literary theory</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Literary_theory-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legacy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legacy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Legacy</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Legacy-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Legacy subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Legacy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Influence" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Influence"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Influence</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Influence-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Physics_and_cosmology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Physics_and_cosmology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Physics and cosmology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Physics_and_cosmology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cryptography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cryptography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3</span> <span>Cryptography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cryptography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Commemorations_and_namesake" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Commemorations_and_namesake"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Commemorations and namesake</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Commemorations_and_namesake-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Commemorations and namesake subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Commemorations_and_namesake-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Character" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Character"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Character</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Character-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Preserved_homes,_landmarks,_and_museums" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Preserved_homes,_landmarks,_and_museums"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>Preserved homes, landmarks, and museums</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Preserved_homes,_landmarks,_and_museums-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Photographs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Photographs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.3</span> <span>Photographs</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Photographs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Poe_Toaster" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Poe_Toaster"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.4</span> <span>Poe Toaster</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Poe_Toaster-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-List_of_selected_works" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#List_of_selected_works"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>List of selected works</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-List_of_selected_works-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.1</span> <span>Citations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.2</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" 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Available in 145 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-145" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">145 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edgar_Allan_Poe" title="Edgar Allan Poe – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Edgar Allan Poe" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8A%A4%E1%8B%B5%E1%8C%8B%E1%88%AD_%E1%8A%A0%E1%88%88%E1%8A%95_%E1%8D%96" title="ኤድጋር አለን ፖ – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ኤድጋር አለን ፖ" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-smn mw-list-item"><a href="https://smn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edgar_Allan_Poe" title="Edgar Allan Poe – Inari Sami" lang="smn" hreflang="smn" data-title="Edgar Allan Poe" data-language-autonym="Anarâškielâ" data-language-local-name="Inari Sami" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Anarâškielâ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eadgar_Allan_Poe" title="Eadgar Allan Poe – Old English" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Eadgar Allan Poe" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="Old English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ænglisc</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A5%D8%AF%D8%BA%D8%A7%D8%B1_%D8%A2%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%A8%D9%88" title="إدغار آلان بو – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="إدغار آلان بو" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edgar_Allan_Poe" title="Edgar Allan Poe – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Edgar Allan Poe" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hyw mw-list-item"><a href="https://hyw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B7%D5%BF%D5%AF%D5%A1%D6%80_%D4%B1%D5%AC%D5%AC%D5%A1%D5%B6_%D5%93%D6%85" title="Էտկար Ալլան Փօ – Western Armenian" lang="hyw" hreflang="hyw" data-title="Էտկար Ալլան Փօ" data-language-autonym="Արեւմտահայերէն" data-language-local-name="Western Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Արեւմտահայերէն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%8F%E0%A6%A1%E0%A6%97%E0%A6%BE%E0%A7%B0_%E0%A6%8F%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8_%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%8B" title="এডগাৰ এলান পো – Assamese" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="এডগাৰ এলান পো" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>অসমীয়া</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edgar_Allan_Poe" title="Edgar Allan Poe – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Edgar Allan Poe" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ay mw-list-item"><a href="https://ay.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edgar_Allan_Poe" title="Edgar Allan Poe – Aymara" lang="ay" hreflang="ay" data-title="Edgar Allan Poe" data-language-autonym="Aymar aru" data-language-local-name="Aymara" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aymar aru</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edqar_Allan_Po" title="Edqar Allan Po – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Edqar Allan Po" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%B1_%D8%A2%D9%84%D9%86_%D9%BE%D9%88" title="ادقار آلن پو – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="ادقار آلن پو" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%8F%E0%A6%A1%E0%A6%97%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0_%E0%A6%85%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8_%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%8B" title="এডগার অ্যালান পো – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="এডগার অ্যালান পো" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edgar_Allan_Poe" title="Edgar Allan Poe – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Edgar Allan Poe" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%B4%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%80_%D0%9F%D0%BE" title="Эдгар По – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Эдгар По" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%B4%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%80_%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D0%9F%D0%BE" title="Эдгар Алан По – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Эдгар Алан По" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%B4%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%80_%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D0%9F%D0%BE" title="Эдгар Алан По – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Эдгар Алан По" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%8F%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%8F%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8B" title="एडगर एलन पो – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="एडगर एलन पो" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>भोजपुरी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%B4%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%80_%D0%90%D0%BB%D1%8A%D0%BD_%D0%9F%D0%BE" title="Едгар Алън По – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Едгар Алън По" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edgar_Allan_Poe" title="Edgar Allan Poe – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Edgar Allan Poe" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edgar_Allan_Poe" title="Edgar Allan Poe – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Edgar Allan Poe" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edgar_Allan_Poe" title="Edgar Allan Poe – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Edgar Allan Poe" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%B4%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%80_%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D0%9F%D0%BE" title="Эдгар Аллан По – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Эдгар Аллан По" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edgar_Allan_Poe" title="Edgar Allan Poe – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Edgar Allan Poe" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edgar_Allan_Poe" title="Edgar Allan Poe – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Edgar Allan Poe" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tum mw-list-item"><a href="https://tum.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edgar_Allan_Poe" title="Edgar Allan Poe – Tumbuka" lang="tum" hreflang="tum" data-title="Edgar Allan Poe" data-language-autonym="ChiTumbuka" data-language-local-name="Tumbuka" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ChiTumbuka</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edgar_Allan_Poe" title="Edgar Allan Poe – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Edgar Allan Poe" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edgar_Allan_Poe" title="Edgar Allan Poe – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Edgar Allan Poe" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-se mw-list-item"><a href="https://se.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edgar_Allan_Poe" title="Edgar Allan Poe – Northern Sami" lang="se" hreflang="se" data-title="Edgar Allan Poe" data-language-autonym="Davvisámegiella" data-language-local-name="Northern Sami" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Davvisámegiella</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edgar_Allan_Poe" title="Edgar Allan Poe – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Edgar Allan Poe" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edgar_Allan_Poe" title="Edgar Allan Poe – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Edgar Allan Poe" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%88%CE%BD%CF%84%CE%B3%CE%BA%CE%B1%CF%81_%CE%86%CE%BB%CE%BB%CE%B1%CE%BD_%CE%A0%CF%8C%CE%B5" title="Έντγκαρ Άλλαν Πόε – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Έντγκαρ Άλλαν Πόε" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eml mw-list-item"><a href="https://eml.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edgar_Allan_Poe" title="Edgar Allan Poe – Emiliano-Romagnolo" lang="egl" hreflang="egl" data-title="Edgar Allan Poe" data-language-autonym="Emiliàn e rumagnòl" data-language-local-name="Emiliano-Romagnolo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Emiliàn e rumagnòl</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edgar_Allan_Poe" title="Edgar Allan Poe – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Edgar Allan Poe" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edgar_Allan_Poe" title="Edgar Allan Poe – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Edgar Allan Poe" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edgar_Allan_Poe" title="Edgar Allan Poe – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Edgar Allan Poe" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%AF%DA%AF%D8%A7%D8%B1_%D8%A2%D9%84%D9%86_%D9%BE%D9%88" title="ادگار آلن پو – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="ادگار آلن پو" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edgar_Allan_Poe" title="Edgar Allan Poe – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Edgar Allan Poe" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Føroyskt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edgar_Allan_Poe" title="Edgar Allan Poe – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Edgar Allan Poe" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edgar_Allan_Poe" title="Edgar Allan Poe – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Edgar Allan Poe" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edgar_Allan_Poe" title="Edgar Allan Poe – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Edgar Allan Poe" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edgar_Allan_Poe" title="Edgar Allan Poe – Manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Edgar Allan Poe" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="Manx" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaelg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edgar_Allan_Poe" title="Edgar Allan Poe – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Edgar Allan Poe" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gan mw-list-item"><a href="https://gan.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%89%BE%E9%83%BD%E5%8A%A0%C2%B7%E9%98%BF%E8%98%AD%C2%B7%E8%96%84" title="艾都加·阿蘭·薄 – Gan" lang="gan" hreflang="gan" data-title="艾都加·阿蘭·薄" data-language-autonym="贛語" data-language-local-name="Gan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>贛語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%8F%E0%AA%A1%E0%AA%97%E0%AA%B0_%E0%AA%8D%E0%AA%B2%E0%AA%A8_%E0%AA%AA%E0%AB%8B" title="એડગર ઍલન પો – Gujarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="એડગર ઍલન પો" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="Gujarati" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ગુજરાતી</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edgar_Allan_Poe" title="Edgar Allan Poe – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Edgar Allan Poe" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%97%90%EB%93%9C%EA%B1%B0_%EC%95%A8%EB%9F%B0_%ED%8F%AC" title="에드거 앨런 포 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="에드거 앨런 포" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edgar_Allan_Poe" title="Edgar Allan Poe – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Edgar Allan Poe" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hausa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B7%D5%A4%D5%A3%D5%A1%D6%80_%D4%B1%D5%AC%D5%AC%D5%A1%D5%B6_%D5%8A%D5%B8" title="Էդգար Ալլան Պո – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Էդգար Ալլան Պո" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%8F%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%8D%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8B" title="एडगर ऍलन पो – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="एडगर ऍलन पो" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edgar_Allan_Poe" title="Edgar Allan Poe – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Edgar Allan Poe" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edgar_Allan_Poe" title="Edgar Allan Poe – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Edgar Allan Poe" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edgar_Allan_Poe" title="Edgar Allan Poe – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Edgar Allan Poe" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ilokano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edgar_Allan_Poe" title="Edgar Allan Poe – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Edgar Allan Poe" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edgar_Allan_Poe" title="Edgar Allan Poe – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Edgar Allan Poe" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ie mw-list-item"><a href="https://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edgar_Allan_Poe" title="Edgar Allan Poe – Interlingue" lang="ie" hreflang="ie" data-title="Edgar Allan Poe" data-language-autonym="Interlingue" data-language-local-name="Interlingue" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingue</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edgar_Allan_Poe" title="Edgar Allan Poe – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Edgar Allan Poe" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edgar_Allan_Poe" title="Edgar Allan Poe – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Edgar Allan Poe" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%93%D7%92%D7%A8_%D7%90%D7%9C%D7%9F_%D7%A4%D7%95" title="אדגר אלן פו – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="אדגר אלן פו" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edgar_Allan_Poe" title="Edgar Allan Poe – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Edgar Allan Poe" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pam mw-list-item"><a href="https://pam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edgar_Allan_Poe" title="Edgar Allan Poe – Pampanga" lang="pam" hreflang="pam" data-title="Edgar Allan Poe" data-language-autonym="Kapampangan" data-language-local-name="Pampanga" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kapampangan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%94%E1%83%93%E1%83%92%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0_%E1%83%90%E1%83%9A%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C_%E1%83%9E%E1%83%9D" title="ედგარ ალან პო – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ედგარ ალან პო" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%B4%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%80_%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D0%9F%D0%BE" title="Эдгар Аллан По – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Эдгар Аллан По" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edgar_Allan_Poe" title="Edgar Allan Poe – Cornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Edgar Allan Poe" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Cornish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kernowek</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-avk mw-list-item"><a href="https://avk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edgar_Allan_Poe" title="Edgar Allan Poe – Kotava" lang="avk" hreflang="avk" data-title="Edgar Allan Poe" data-language-autonym="Kotava" data-language-local-name="Kotava" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kotava</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edgar_Allan_Poe" title="Edgar Allan Poe – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Edgar Allan Poe" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edgar_Allan_Poe" title="Edgar Allan Poe – Guianan Creole" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="Edgar Allan Poe" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="Guianan Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kriyòl gwiyannen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edgar_Allan_Poe" title="Edgar Allan Poe – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Edgar Allan Poe" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%B4%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%80_%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D0%9F%D0%BE" title="Эдгар Аллан По – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Эдгар Аллан По" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edgarius_Allanus_Poe" title="Edgarius Allanus Poe – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Edgarius Allanus Poe" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edgars_Alans_Po" title="Edgars Alans Po – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Edgars Alans Po" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edgar_Allan_Poe" title="Edgar Allan Poe – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Edgar Allan Poe" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edgar_Allan_Poe" title="Edgar Allan Poe – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Edgar Allan Poe" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edgar_Allan_Poe" title="Edgar Allan Poe – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Edgar Allan Poe" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edgar_Allan_Poe" title="Edgar Allan Poe – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Edgar Allan Poe" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-olo mw-list-item"><a href="https://olo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edgar_Allan_Poe" title="Edgar Allan Poe – Livvi-Karelian" lang="olo" hreflang="olo" data-title="Edgar Allan Poe" data-language-autonym="Livvinkarjala" data-language-local-name="Livvi-Karelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Livvinkarjala</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edgar_Allan_Poe" title="Edgar Allan Poe – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Edgar Allan Poe" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%B4%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%80_%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D0%9F%D0%BE" title="Едгар Алан По – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Едгар Алан По" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edgar_Allan_Poe" title="Edgar Allan Poe – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Edgar Allan Poe" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%8E%E0%B4%A1%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%97%E0%B4%BE%E0%B5%BC_%E0%B4%85%E0%B4%B2%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B2%E0%B5%BB_%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%8B" title="എഡ്ഗാർ അല്ലൻ പോ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="എഡ്ഗാർ അല്ലൻ പോ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mi mw-list-item"><a href="https://mi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edgar_Allan_Poe" title="Edgar Allan Poe – Māori" lang="mi" hreflang="mi" data-title="Edgar Allan Poe" data-language-autonym="Māori" data-language-local-name="Māori" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Māori</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%8F%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A5%B2%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8B" title="एडगर ॲलन पो – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="एडगर ॲलन पो" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%94%E1%83%93%E1%83%92%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0_%E1%83%90%E1%83%9A%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C_%E1%83%9E%E1%83%9D" title="ედგარ ალან პო – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ედგარ ალან პო" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%AF%D8%AC%D8%A7%D8%B1_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%A8%D9%88" title="ادجار الان بو – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="ادجار الان بو" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edgar_Allan_Poe" title="Edgar Allan Poe – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Edgar Allan Poe" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edgar_Allan_Poe" title="Edgar Allan Poe – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Edgar Allan Poe" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mwl mw-list-item"><a href="https://mwl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edgar_Allan_Poe" title="Edgar Allan Poe – Mirandese" lang="mwl" hreflang="mwl" data-title="Edgar Allan Poe" data-language-autonym="Mirandés" data-language-local-name="Mirandese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Mirandés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mdf mw-list-item"><a href="https://mdf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%B4%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%80_%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D0%9F%D0%BE" title="Эдгар Аллан По – Moksha" lang="mdf" hreflang="mdf" data-title="Эдгар Аллан По" data-language-autonym="Мокшень" data-language-local-name="Moksha" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Мокшень</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%B4%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%80_%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D0%9F%D0%BE" title="Эдгар Аллан По – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Эдгар Аллан По" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%A1%E1%80%82%E1%80%B9%E1%80%82%E1%80%AB_%E1%80%A1%E1%80%B2%E1%80%9C%E1%80%94%E1%80%BA_%E1%80%95%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%B8" title="အဂ္ဂါ အဲလန် ပိုး – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="အဂ္ဂါ အဲလန် ပိုး" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nah mw-list-item"><a href="https://nah.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edgar_Allan_Poe" title="Edgar Allan Poe – Nahuatl" lang="nah" hreflang="nah" data-title="Edgar Allan Poe" data-language-autonym="Nāhuatl" data-language-local-name="Nahuatl" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nāhuatl</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edgar_Allan_Poe" title="Edgar Allan Poe – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Edgar Allan Poe" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edgar_Allan_Poe" title="Edgar Allan Poe – Low Saxon" lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL" data-title="Edgar Allan Poe" data-language-autonym="Nedersaksies" data-language-local-name="Low Saxon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nedersaksies</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%8F%E0%A4%A1%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%8F%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8B" title="एड्गार एलेन पो – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="एड्गार एलेन पो" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%8F%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%8F%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8B" title="एद्गार एलेन पो – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="एद्गार एलेन पो" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाल भाषा</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A8%E3%83%89%E3%82%AC%E3%83%BC%E3%83%BB%E3%82%A2%E3%83%A9%E3%83%B3%E3%83%BB%E3%83%9D%E3%83%BC" title="エドガー・アラン・ポー – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="エドガー・アラン・ポー" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edgar_Allan_Poe" title="Edgar Allan Poe – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Edgar Allan Poe" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edgar_Allan_Poe" title="Edgar Allan Poe – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Edgar Allan Poe" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nrm mw-list-item"><a href="https://nrm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edgar_Poe" title="Edgar Poe – Norman" lang="nrf" hreflang="nrf" data-title="Edgar Poe" data-language-autonym="Nouormand" data-language-local-name="Norman" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nouormand</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nov mw-list-item"><a href="https://nov.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edgar_Allan_Poe" title="Edgar Allan Poe – Novial" lang="nov" hreflang="nov" data-title="Edgar Allan Poe" data-language-autonym="Novial" data-language-local-name="Novial" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Novial</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edgar_Allan_Poe" title="Edgar Allan Poe – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Edgar Allan Poe" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edgar_Allan_Poe" title="Edgar Allan Poe – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Edgar Allan Poe" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%90%E0%A8%A1%E0%A8%97%E0%A8%B0_%E0%A8%90%E0%A8%B2%E0%A8%A8_%E0%A8%AA%E0%A9%8B" title="ਐਡਗਰ ਐਲਨ ਪੋ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਐਡਗਰ ਐਲਨ ਪੋ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%DB%8C%DA%88%DA%AF%D8%B1_%D8%A7%DB%8C%D9%84%D9%86_%D9%BE%D9%88" title="ایڈگر ایلن پو – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="ایڈگر ایلن پو" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%AF%DA%AB%D8%A7%D8%B1_%D8%A2%D9%84%D9%86_%D9%BE%D9%88" title="ادګار آلن پو – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="ادګار آلن پو" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jam mw-list-item"><a href="https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edga_Alan_Puo" title="Edga Alan Puo – Jamaican Creole English" lang="jam" hreflang="jam" data-title="Edga Alan Puo" data-language-autonym="Patois" data-language-local-name="Jamaican Creole English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Patois</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-km mw-list-item"><a href="https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%9E%A2%E1%9F%81%E1%9E%8A%E1%9E%A0%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%82%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%9A_%E1%9E%A2%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%A1%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%93_%E1%9E%95%E1%9E%BC" title="អេដហ្គារ អាឡាន ផូ – Khmer" lang="km" hreflang="km" data-title="អេដហ្គារ អាឡាន ផូ" data-language-autonym="ភាសាខ្មែរ" data-language-local-name="Khmer" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ភាសាខ្មែរ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edgar_Allan_Poe" title="Edgar Allan Poe – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Edgar Allan Poe" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edgar_Allan_Poe" title="Edgar Allan Poe – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Edgar Allan Poe" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edgar_Allan_Poe" title="Edgar Allan Poe – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Edgar Allan Poe" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edgar_Allan_Poe" title="Edgar Allan Poe – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Edgar Allan Poe" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edgar_Allan_Poe" title="Edgar Allan Poe – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Edgar Allan Poe" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edgar_Allan_Poe" title="Edgar Allan Poe – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Edgar Allan Poe" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%B4%D2%91%D0%B0%D1%80_A%D0%BB%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D0%9F%D0%BE%D1%83" title="Едґар Aллен Поу – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Едґар Aллен Поу" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE,_%D0%AD%D0%B4%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%80_%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="По, Эдгар Аллан – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="По, Эдгар Аллан" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE_%D0%AD%D0%B4%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%80" title="По Эдгар – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="По Эдгар" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edgar_Allan_Poe" title="Edgar Allan Poe – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Edgar Allan Poe" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-stq mw-list-item"><a href="https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edgar_Allan_Poe" title="Edgar Allan Poe – Saterland Frisian" lang="stq" hreflang="stq" data-title="Edgar Allan Poe" data-language-autonym="Seeltersk" data-language-local-name="Saterland Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Seeltersk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edgar_Allan_Poe" title="Edgar Allan Poe – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Edgar Allan Poe" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%91%E0%B6%A9%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%9C%E0%B7%8F_%E0%B6%87%E0%B6%BD%E0%B6%B1%E0%B7%8A_%E0%B6%B4%E0%B7%9D" title="එඩ්ගා ඇලන් පෝ – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="එඩ්ගා ඇලන් පෝ" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edgar_Allan_Poe" title="Edgar Allan Poe – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Edgar Allan Poe" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edgar_Allan_Poe" title="Edgar Allan Poe – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Edgar Allan Poe" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edgar_Allan_Poe" title="Edgar Allan Poe – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Edgar Allan Poe" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A6%DB%8E%D8%AF%DA%AF%D8%A7%D8%B1_%D8%A6%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%86_%D9%BE%DB%86" title="ئێدگار ئالن پۆ – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ئێدگار ئالن پۆ" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%B4%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%80_%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D0%9F%D0%BE" title="Едгар Алан По – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Едгар Алан По" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edgar_Allan_Poe" title="Edgar Allan Poe – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Edgar Allan Poe" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edgar_Allan_Poe" title="Edgar Allan Poe – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Edgar Allan Poe" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edgar_Allan_Poe" title="Edgar Allan Poe – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Edgar Allan Poe" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edgar_Allan_Poe" title="Edgar Allan Poe – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Edgar Allan Poe" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edgar_Allan_Poe" title="Edgar Allan Poe – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Edgar Allan Poe" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%8E%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%86%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8B" title="எட்கர் ஆலன் போ – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="எட்கர் ஆலன் போ" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C_%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%99_%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%9E" title="เอดการ์ แอลลัน โพ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="เอดการ์ แอลลัน โพ" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%B4%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%80_%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D0%9F%D0%BE" title="Эдгар Аллан По – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Эдгар Аллан По" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edgar_Allan_Poe" title="Edgar Allan Poe – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Edgar Allan Poe" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%B4%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%80_%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D0%9F%D0%BE" title="Едгар Аллан По – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Едгар Аллан По" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%DB%8C%DA%88%DA%AF%D8%B1%D8%A7%DB%8C%D9%84%D9%86_%D9%BE%D9%88" title="ایڈگرایلن پو – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="ایڈگرایلن پو" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edgar_Allan_Poe" title="Edgar Allan Poe – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Edgar Allan Poe" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vo mw-list-item"><a href="https://vo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edgar_Allan_Poe" title="Edgar Allan Poe – Volapük" lang="vo" hreflang="vo" data-title="Edgar Allan Poe" data-language-autonym="Volapük" data-language-local-name="Volapük" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Volapük</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edgar_Allan_Poe" title="Edgar Allan Poe – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Edgar Allan Poe" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%88%B1%E4%BC%A6%C2%B7%E5%9D%A1" title="爱伦·坡 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="爱伦·坡" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A2%D7%93%D7%92%D7%90%D7%A8_%D7%A2%D7%9C%D7%A2%D7%9F_%D7%A4%D7%90" title="עדגאר עלען פא – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="עדגאר עלען פא" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edgar_Allan_Poe" title="Edgar Allan Poe – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Edgar Allan Poe" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Yorùbá</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%84%9B%E5%80%AB%E5%9D%A1" title="愛倫坡 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="愛倫坡" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edgar_Allan_Poe" title="Edgar Allan Poe – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Edgar Allan Poe" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zazaki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%88%B1%E4%BC%A6%C2%B7%E5%9D%A1" title="爱伦·坡 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="爱伦·坡" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q16867#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet 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For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Edgar_Allan_Poe_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Edgar Allan Poe (disambiguation)">Edgar Allan Poe (disambiguation)</a> and <a href="/wiki/Poe_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Poe (disambiguation)">Poe (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;"><div style="display:inline;" class="fn">Edgar Allan Poe</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Edgar_Allan_Poe,_circa_1849,_restored,_squared_off.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Poe in 1849"><img alt="Poe in 1849" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Edgar_Allan_Poe%2C_circa_1849%2C_restored%2C_squared_off.jpg/220px-Edgar_Allan_Poe%2C_circa_1849%2C_restored%2C_squared_off.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="309" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Edgar_Allan_Poe%2C_circa_1849%2C_restored%2C_squared_off.jpg/330px-Edgar_Allan_Poe%2C_circa_1849%2C_restored%2C_squared_off.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Edgar_Allan_Poe%2C_circa_1849%2C_restored%2C_squared_off.jpg/440px-Edgar_Allan_Poe%2C_circa_1849%2C_restored%2C_squared_off.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1556" data-file-height="2188" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption" style="line-height:1.4em;">Poe in 1849</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;">Born</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.4em;">Edgar Poe<br /><span style="display:none">(<span class="bday">1809-01-19</span>)</span>January 19, 1809<br /><a href="/wiki/Boston" title="Boston">Boston</a>, Massachusetts, U.S.</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;">Died</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.4em;">October 7, 1849<span style="display:none">(1849-10-07)</span> (aged 40)<br /><a href="/wiki/Baltimore" title="Baltimore">Baltimore</a>, Maryland, U.S.</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;">Resting place</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.4em;"><a href="/wiki/Westminster_Hall_and_Burying_Ground" title="Westminster Hall and Burying Ground">Westminster Hall and Burying Ground</a>, Baltimore</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;">Spouse</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.4em;"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1151524712">.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin2px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-2px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin3px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-3px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-display-ws{display:inline;white-space:nowrap}</style> <div class="marriage-display-ws"><div style="display:inline-block;line-height:normal;margin-top:1px;white-space:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Virginia_Eliza_Clemm_Poe" title="Virginia Eliza Clemm Poe">Virginia Eliza Clemm</a></div> <div class="marriage-line-margin2px"></div> <div style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:1px;"></div>(<abbr title="married">m.</abbr> 1836; died 1847)<wbr /></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;">Parents</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.4em;"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/David_Poe_Jr." title="David Poe Jr.">David Poe Jr.</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Eliza_Poe" title="Eliza Poe">Elizabeth Arnold</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;">Relatives</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.4em;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/William_Henry_Leonard_Poe" class="mw-redirect" title="William Henry Leonard Poe">William Henry Leonard Poe</a> (brother)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Rosalie_Mackenzie_Poe" title="Rosalie Mackenzie Poe">Rosalie Mackenzie Poe</a> (sister)</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Signature</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="line-height:1.4em;"><span class="skin-invert-image" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Edgar_Allan_Poe_Signature.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Edgar_Allan_Poe_Signature.svg/150px-Edgar_Allan_Poe_Signature.svg.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="56" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Edgar_Allan_Poe_Signature.svg/225px-Edgar_Allan_Poe_Signature.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Edgar_Allan_Poe_Signature.svg/300px-Edgar_Allan_Poe_Signature.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="606" data-file-height="225" /></a></span></td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline 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//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Edgar_A._Poe_-_NARA_-_528345_%28cropped%29_%28b%29.jpg/250px-Edgar_A._Poe_-_NARA_-_528345_%28cropped%29_%28b%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="884" data-file-height="1229" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle-with-top-image">Topics related to</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="font-size: 125%; padding-bottom: 0.25em;"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Edgar Allan Poe</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <a href="/wiki/Edgar_Allan_Poe_in_popular_culture" title="Edgar Allan Poe in popular culture">In popular culture</a></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <a href="/wiki/Edgar_Allan_Poe_and_music" class="mw-redirect" title="Edgar Allan Poe and music">In music</a></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <a href="/wiki/Edgar_Allan_Poe_in_television_and_film" title="Edgar Allan Poe in television and film">In television and film</a></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <a href="/wiki/Dark_Romanticism" title="Dark Romanticism">Dark Romanticism</a></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <a href="/wiki/Edgar_Awards" title="Edgar Awards">Edgar Awards</a></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <a href="/wiki/Death_of_Edgar_Allan_Poe" title="Death of Edgar Allan Poe">Death</a></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <a href="/wiki/Edgar_Allan_Poe_bibliography" title="Edgar Allan Poe bibliography">Bibliography</a></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:PoeTopics" title="Template:PoeTopics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:PoeTopics" title="Template talk:PoeTopics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:PoeTopics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:PoeTopics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Edgar Allan Poe</b> (<span title="Name at birth"><a href="/wiki/Birth_name#Maiden_and_married_names" title="Birth name">né</a> <b>Edgar Poe</b></span>; January 19, 1809 – October 7, 1849) was an American <a href="/wiki/Writer" title="Writer">writer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Poet" title="Poet">poet</a>, <a href="/wiki/Editor" class="mw-redirect" title="Editor">editor</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Literary_critic" class="mw-redirect" title="Literary critic">literary critic</a> who is best known for his poetry and short stories, particularly his tales involving mystery and the <a href="/wiki/Macabre" title="Macabre">macabre</a>. He is widely regarded as one of the central figures of <a href="/wiki/Romanticism" title="Romanticism">Romanticism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gothic_fiction" title="Gothic fiction">Gothic fiction</a> in the United States, and of early <a href="/wiki/American_literature" title="American literature">American literature</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Poe was one of the country's first successful practitioners of the <a href="/wiki/Short_story" title="Short story">short story</a>, and is generally considered to be the inventor of the <a href="/wiki/Detective_fiction" title="Detective fiction">detective fiction</a> genre. In addition, he is credited with contributing significantly to the emergence of <a href="/wiki/Science_fiction" title="Science fiction">science fiction</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStableford200318–19_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStableford200318–19-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He is the first well-known American writer to earn a living by writing alone, which resulted in a financially difficult life and career.<sup id="cite_ref-Meyers138_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Meyers138-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Poe was born in <a href="/wiki/Boston" title="Boston">Boston</a>. He was the second child of actors <a href="/wiki/David_Poe_Jr." title="David Poe Jr.">David</a> and <a href="/wiki/Eliza_Poe" title="Eliza Poe">Elizabeth "Eliza" Poe</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His father abandoned the family in 1810, and when Eliza died the following year, Poe was taken in by John and Frances Allan of <a href="/wiki/Richmond,_Virginia" title="Richmond, Virginia">Richmond, Virginia</a>. They never formally adopted him, but he lived with them well into young adulthood. Poe attended the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Virginia" title="University of Virginia">University of Virginia</a>, but left after only a year due to a lack of money. He frequently quarreled with John Allan over the funds needed to continue his education as well as his gambling debts. In 1827, having enlisted in the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Army" title="United States Army">United States Army</a> under the assumed name of Edgar A. Perry, he published his first collection, <i><a href="/wiki/Tamerlane_and_Other_Poems" title="Tamerlane and Other Poems">Tamerlane and Other Poems</a></i>, which was credited only to "a Bostonian". Poe and Allan reached a temporary rapprochement after the death of Allan's wife Frances in 1829. However, Poe later failed as an officer cadet at <a href="/wiki/West_Point" class="mw-redirect" title="West Point">West Point</a>, declared his intention to become a writer, primarily of poems, and parted ways with Allan. </p><p>Poe switched his focus to prose, and spent the next several years working for <a href="/wiki/Literary_journal" class="mw-redirect" title="Literary journal">literary journals</a> and periodicals, becoming known for his own style of literary criticism. His work forced him to move between several cities, including <a href="/wiki/Baltimore" title="Baltimore">Baltimore</a>, <a href="/wiki/Philadelphia" title="Philadelphia">Philadelphia</a>, and <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York City</a>. In 1836, when he was 27, he married his 13-year-old cousin, <a href="/wiki/Virginia_Eliza_Clemm_Poe" title="Virginia Eliza Clemm Poe">Virginia Clemm</a>. She died of <a href="/wiki/Tuberculosis" title="Tuberculosis">tuberculosis</a> in 1847. </p><p>In January 1845, he published his poem "<a href="/wiki/The_Raven" title="The Raven">The Raven</a>" to instant success. He planned for years to produce his own journal <i>The Penn</i>, later renamed <i><a href="/wiki/The_Stylus" title="The Stylus">The Stylus</a></i>. But before it began publishing, Poe died in Baltimore in 1849, aged 40, under <a href="/wiki/Death_of_Edgar_Allan_Poe" title="Death of Edgar Allan Poe">mysterious circumstances</a>. The cause of his death remains unknown and has been attributed to many causes, including disease, alcoholism, <a href="/wiki/Substance_abuse" title="Substance abuse">substance abuse</a>, and suicide.<sup id="cite_ref-Meyers256_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Meyers256-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Poe's works influenced the development of literature throughout the world and even impacted such specialized fields as <a href="/wiki/Cosmology" title="Cosmology">cosmology</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cryptography" title="Cryptography">cryptography</a>. Since his death, he and his writings have <a href="/wiki/Edgar_Allan_Poe_in_popular_culture" title="Edgar Allan Poe in popular culture">appeared throughout popular culture</a> in such fields as art, photography, literary allusions, music, <a href="/wiki/Edgar_Allan_Poe_in_television_and_film" title="Edgar Allan Poe in television and film">motion pictures, and television</a>. Several of his homes are dedicated museums. In addition, The <a href="/wiki/Mystery_Writers_of_America" title="Mystery Writers of America">Mystery Writers of America</a> presents an annual <a href="/wiki/Edgar_Award" class="mw-redirect" title="Edgar Award">Edgar Award</a> for distinguished work in the mystery genre. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_life_and_education">Early life and education</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Edgar_Allan_Poe_Birthplace_Boston.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Edgar_Allan_Poe_Birthplace_Boston.jpg/220px-Edgar_Allan_Poe_Birthplace_Boston.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Edgar_Allan_Poe_Birthplace_Boston.jpg/330px-Edgar_Allan_Poe_Birthplace_Boston.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Edgar_Allan_Poe_Birthplace_Boston.jpg/440px-Edgar_Allan_Poe_Birthplace_Boston.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2304" data-file-height="1728" /></a><figcaption>Plaque marking the approximate location of Poe's birth on Carver Street in <a href="/wiki/Boston" title="Boston">Boston</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Edgar Poe was born in <a href="/wiki/Boston" title="Boston">Boston</a>, <a href="/wiki/Massachusetts" title="Massachusetts">Massachusetts</a>, on January 19, 1809, the second child of American actor <a href="/wiki/David_Poe_Jr." title="David Poe Jr.">David Poe Jr.</a> and <a href="/wiki/England" title="England">English</a>-born actress <a href="/wiki/Eliza_Poe" title="Eliza Poe">Elizabeth Arnold Hopkins Poe</a>. He had an elder brother, <a href="/wiki/William_Henry_Leonard_Poe" class="mw-redirect" title="William Henry Leonard Poe">Henry</a>, and a younger sister, <a href="/wiki/Rosalie_Mackenzie_Poe" title="Rosalie Mackenzie Poe">Rosalie</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Allen_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Allen-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Their grandfather, David Poe, had emigrated from <a href="/wiki/County_Cavan" title="County Cavan">County Cavan</a>, Ireland, around 1750.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEQuinn199813_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEQuinn199813-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>His father abandoned the family in 1810,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECanada1997_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECanada1997-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and his mother died a year later from <a href="/wiki/Pulmonary_tuberculosis" class="mw-redirect" title="Pulmonary tuberculosis">pulmonary tuberculosis</a>. Poe was then taken into the home of John Allan, a successful merchant in <a href="/wiki/Richmond,_Virginia" title="Richmond, Virginia">Richmond, Virginia</a>, who dealt in a variety of goods, including cloth, wheat, tombstones, tobacco, and slaves.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMeyers19928_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMeyers19928-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Allans served as a foster family and gave him the name "Edgar Allan Poe",<sup id="cite_ref-Meyers9_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Meyers9-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> although they never formally adopted him.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEQuinn199861_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEQuinn199861-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Allan family had Poe baptized into the <a href="/wiki/Episcopal_Church_(United_States)" title="Episcopal Church (United States)">Episcopal Church</a> in 1812. John Allan alternately spoiled and aggressively disciplined his foster son.<sup id="cite_ref-Meyers9_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Meyers9-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The family sailed to the United Kingdom in 1815, and Poe attended a grammar school for a short period in <a href="/wiki/Irvine,_North_Ayrshire" title="Irvine, North Ayrshire">Irvine, Ayrshire</a>, Scotland, where Allan was born, before rejoining the family in London in 1816. There he studied at a boarding school in <a href="/wiki/Chelsea,_London" title="Chelsea, London">Chelsea</a> until summer 1817. He was subsequently entered at the Reverend <a href="/wiki/John_Bransby" title="John Bransby">John Bransby</a>'s Manor House School in <a href="/wiki/Stoke_Newington" title="Stoke Newington">Stoke Newington</a>, then a suburb 4 miles (6 km) north of London.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESilverman199116–18_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESilverman199116–18-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Poe moved to Richmond with the Allans in 1820. In 1824, he served as the lieutenant of the Richmond youth honor guard as the city celebrated the <a href="/wiki/Visit_of_the_Marquis_de_Lafayette_to_the_United_States" title="Visit of the Marquis de Lafayette to the United States">visit of the Marquis de Lafayette</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPoeMuseum.org2006_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPoeMuseum.org2006-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In March 1825, Allan's uncle and business benefactor William Galt died, who was said to be one of the wealthiest men in Richmond,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMeyers199220_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMeyers199220-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> leaving Allan several acres of real estate. The inheritance was estimated at $750,000 (equivalent to $20,000,000 in 2023).<sup id="cite_ref-inflation-US_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-inflation-US-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By summer 1825, Allan celebrated his expansive wealth by purchasing a two-story brick house called Moldavia.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESilverman199127–28_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESilverman199127–28-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Poe may have become engaged to <a href="/wiki/Sarah_Elmira_Royster" class="mw-redirect" title="Sarah Elmira Royster">Sarah Elmira Royster</a> before he registered at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Virginia" title="University of Virginia">University of Virginia</a> in February 1826 to study ancient and modern languages.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESilverman199129–30_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESilverman199129–30-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The university was in its infancy, established on the ideals of its founder, <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson" title="Thomas Jefferson">Thomas Jefferson</a>. It had strict rules against gambling, horses, guns, tobacco, and alcohol, but these rules were mostly ignored. Jefferson enacted a system of student self-government, allowing students to choose their own studies, make their own arrangements for boarding, and report all wrongdoing to the faculty. </p><p>The unique system was rather chaotic, and there was a high dropout rate.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMeyers199221–22_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMeyers199221–22-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During his time there, Poe lost touch with Royster and also became estranged from his foster father over gambling debts. He claimed that Allan had not given him sufficient money to register for classes, purchase texts, or procure and furnish a dormitory. Allan did send additional money and clothes, but Poe's debts increased.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESilverman199132–34_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESilverman199132–34-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Poe gave up on the university after a year, but did not feel welcome to return to Richmond, especially when he learned that his sweetheart, Royster, had married another man, Alexander Shelton. Instead, he traveled to Boston in April 1827, sustaining himself with odd jobs as a clerk and newspaper contributor. Poe started using the <a href="/wiki/Pseudonym" title="Pseudonym">pseudonym</a> Henri Le Rennet during this period.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESilverman199141_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESilverman199141-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Military_career">Military career</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:FtIndependence2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/FtIndependence2.jpg/220px-FtIndependence2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/FtIndependence2.jpg/330px-FtIndependence2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/FtIndependence2.jpg/440px-FtIndependence2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a><figcaption>In May 1827, Poe enlisted in the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Army" title="United States Army">U.S. Army</a>, where he was first stationed at <a href="/wiki/Fort_Independence_(Massachusetts)" title="Fort Independence (Massachusetts)">Fort Independence</a> in <a href="/wiki/Boston" title="Boston">Boston</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>As Poe was unable to support himself, he decided to enlist in the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Army" title="United States Army">United States Army</a> as a private on May 27, 1827, using the name "Edgar A. Perry". Although he claimed that he was <span class="nowrap">22 years old</span>, he was actually 18.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECornelius200213_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECornelius200213-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He first served at <a href="/wiki/Fort_Independence_(Massachusetts)" title="Fort Independence (Massachusetts)">Fort Independence</a> in <a href="/wiki/Boston_Harbor" title="Boston Harbor">Boston Harbor</a> for five dollars a month.<sup id="cite_ref-Meyers32_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Meyers32-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> That same year, his first book was published, a 40-page collection of poetry titled <i><a href="/wiki/Tamerlane_and_Other_Poems" title="Tamerlane and Other Poems">Tamerlane and Other Poems</a></i>, attributed only to "A Bostonian". 50 copies were printed, and the book received virtually no attention.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMeyers199233–34_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMeyers199233–34-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Poe's <a href="/wiki/1st_Regiment_of_Artillery" class="mw-redirect" title="1st Regiment of Artillery">1st Regiment of Artillery</a><sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> was posted to <a href="/wiki/Fort_Moultrie" title="Fort Moultrie">Fort Moultrie</a> in <a href="/wiki/Charleston,_South_Carolina" title="Charleston, South Carolina">Charleston, South Carolina</a>, before embarking on the brig <i>Waltham</i> on November 8, 1827. Poe was promoted to "artificer", an enlisted tradesman tasked with preparing shells for artillery. His monthly pay doubled.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMeyers199235_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMeyers199235-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Poe served for two years, attaining the rank of sergeant major for artillery, the highest rank that a non-commissioned officer could achieve. He then sought to end his five-year enlistment early. </p><p>Poe revealed his real name and his actual circumstances to his commanding officer, Lieutenant Howard, who promised to allow Poe to be honorably <a href="/wiki/Military_discharge" title="Military discharge">discharged</a> if he reconciled with Allan. Poe then wrote a letter to Allan, who was unsympathetic and spent several months ignoring Poe's pleas. Allan may not have written to Poe to inform him of his foster mother's illness. Frances Allan died on February 28, 1829. Poe visited the day after her burial. Perhaps softened by his wife's death, Allan agreed to support Poe's desire to receive an appointment to the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Military_Academy" title="United States Military Academy">United States Military Academy</a> at <a href="/wiki/West_Point,_New_York" title="West Point, New York">West Point, New York</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESilverman199143–47_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESilverman199143–47-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Poe was finally discharged on April 15, 1829, after securing a replacement to finish his enlistment.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMeyers199238_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMeyers199238-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Before entering West Point, he moved to Baltimore, where he stayed with his widowed aunt, Maria Clemm, her daughter <a href="/wiki/Virginia_Eliza_Clemm_Poe" title="Virginia Eliza Clemm Poe">Virginia Eliza Clemm</a> (Poe's first cousin), his brother Henry, and his invalid grandmother Elizabeth Cairnes Poe.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECornelius200213–14_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECornelius200213–14-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> That September, Poe received "the very first words of encouragement I ever remember to have heard"<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESears1978114_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESears1978114-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in a review of his poetry by influential critic <a href="/wiki/John_Neal_(writer)" title="John Neal (writer)">John Neal</a>, which prompted Poe to dedicate one of the poems to Neal<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELease1972130_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELease1972130-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in his second book, <i>Al Aaraaf, Tamerlane and Minor Poems</i>, published in Baltimore in 1829.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESova20015_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESova20015-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Poe traveled to West Point and matriculated as a cadet on July 1, 1830.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKrutch192632_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKrutch192632-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In October 1830, Allan married his second wife Louisa Patterson.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECornelius200214_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECornelius200214-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This marriage and the bitter quarrels with Poe over children born to Allan out of extramarital affairs led to the foster father finally disowning Poe.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMeyers199254–55_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMeyers199254–55-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Poe then decided to leave West Point by intentionally getting <a href="/wiki/Court-martial" title="Court-martial">court-martialed</a>. On February 8, 1831, he was tried for gross neglect of duty and disobedience of orders for refusing to attend formations, classes, and church. Knowing he would be found guilty, Poe pleaded not guilty to the charges in order to induce dismissal.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHecker200549–51_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHecker200549–51-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Poe left for New York in February 1831 and then released a third volume of poems, simply titled, <i>Poems</i>. The book was financed with help from his fellow cadets at West Point, some of whom donated as much as 75 cents to the cause. The total raised was approximately $170. They may have been expecting verses similar to the satirical ones Poe had written about commanding officers in the past.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMeyers199250–51_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMeyers199250–51-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The book was printed by Elam Bliss of New York, labeled as "Second Edition", and included a page saying, "To the U.S. Corps of Cadets this volume is respectfully dedicated". It once again reprinted the somewhat lengthy poems, “Tamerlane,” and “Al Araaf,” while also including six previously unpublished poems, conspicuous among which are, “<a href="/wiki/To_Helen" title="To Helen">To Helen</a>", and "<a href="/wiki/The_City_in_the_Sea" title="The City in the Sea">The City in the Sea</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHecker200553–54_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHecker200553–54-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Poe returned to Baltimore and to his aunt, brother, and cousin in March 1831. His elder brother Henry had been seriously ill for some time, in part due to complications resulting from alcoholism, and he died on August 1, 1831.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEQuinn1998187–188_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEQuinn1998187–188-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Publishing_career">Publishing career</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:VirginiaPoe.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/VirginiaPoe.jpg/220px-VirginiaPoe.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="275" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/VirginiaPoe.jpg/330px-VirginiaPoe.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/VirginiaPoe.jpg/440px-VirginiaPoe.jpg 2x" data-file-width="506" data-file-height="632" /></a><figcaption>In 1835, at age 26, Poe obtained a license to marry his cousin <a href="/wiki/Virginia_Eliza_Clemm_Poe" title="Virginia Eliza Clemm Poe">Virginia Clemm</a>, who was then aged 13; they were married for 11 years until her death.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Edgar_Allan_Poe_by_Samuel_S_Osgood,_1845.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Edgar_Allan_Poe_by_Samuel_S_Osgood%2C_1845.png/220px-Edgar_Allan_Poe_by_Samuel_S_Osgood%2C_1845.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="274" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Edgar_Allan_Poe_by_Samuel_S_Osgood%2C_1845.png/330px-Edgar_Allan_Poe_by_Samuel_S_Osgood%2C_1845.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/8e/Edgar_Allan_Poe_by_Samuel_S_Osgood%2C_1845.png 2x" data-file-width="401" data-file-height="500" /></a><figcaption>An 1845 portrait of Poe by <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Stillman_Osgood" title="Samuel Stillman Osgood">Samuel Stillman Osgood</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Edgar_Allan_Poe%27s_house_in_the_Bronx.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Edgar_Allan_Poe%27s_house_in_the_Bronx.jpg/220px-Edgar_Allan_Poe%27s_house_in_the_Bronx.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="174" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Edgar_Allan_Poe%27s_house_in_the_Bronx.jpg/330px-Edgar_Allan_Poe%27s_house_in_the_Bronx.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Edgar_Allan_Poe%27s_house_in_the_Bronx.jpg/440px-Edgar_Allan_Poe%27s_house_in_the_Bronx.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2662" data-file-height="2102" /></a><figcaption>The cottage in the <a href="/wiki/Fordham,_Bronx" title="Fordham, Bronx">Fordham</a> section of <a href="/wiki/The_Bronx" title="The Bronx">the Bronx</a>, where Poe spent his last years</figcaption></figure> <p>After his brother's death, Poe's earnest attempts to make a living as a writer were mostly unsuccessful. However, he eventually managed to earn a living by his pen alone, becoming one of the first American authors to do so. His efforts were initially hampered by the lack of an international <a href="/wiki/Copyright_law" class="mw-redirect" title="Copyright law">copyright law</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESilverman1991247_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESilverman1991247-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> American publishers often chose to sell unauthorized copies of works by British authors rather than pay for new work written by Americans, regardless of merit. The initially anemic reception of Edgar Allan Poe's work may also have been influenced by the <a href="/wiki/Panic_of_1837" title="Panic of 1837">Panic of 1837</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWhalen200174_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhalen200174-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There was a booming growth in American periodicals around this time, fueled in part by new technology, but many did not last beyond a few issues.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESilverman199199_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESilverman199199-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Publishers often refused to pay their writers or paid them much later than they promised,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWhalen200182_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhalen200182-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Poe repeatedly resorted to humiliating pleas for money and other assistance.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMeyers1992139_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMeyers1992139-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>After his early attempts at poetry, Poe turned his attention to prose, perhaps based on John Neal's critiques in <i><a href="/wiki/The_Yankee" title="The Yankee">The Yankee</a></i> magazine.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELease1972132_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELease1972132-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He placed a few stories with a <a href="/wiki/Philadelphia" title="Philadelphia">Philadelphia</a> publication and began work on his only drama, <i><a href="/wiki/Politian_(play)" title="Politian (play)">Politian</a></i>. The <i><a href="/wiki/Baltimore_Saturday_Visiter" title="Baltimore Saturday Visiter">Baltimore Saturday Visiter</a></i> awarded him a prize in October 1833 for his often overlooked short story "<a href="/wiki/MS._Found_in_a_Bottle" title="MS. Found in a Bottle">MS. Found in a Bottle</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESova2001162_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESova2001162-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The tale brought him to the attention of <a href="/wiki/John_P._Kennedy" title="John P. Kennedy">John P. Kennedy</a>, a Baltimorean of considerable means who helped Poe place some of his other stories and introduced him to Thomas W. White, editor of the <i><a href="/wiki/Southern_Literary_Messenger" title="Southern Literary Messenger">Southern Literary Messenger</a></i> in Richmond. </p><p>In 1835, Poe became assistant editor of the <i>Southern Literary Messenger</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESova2001225_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESova2001225-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but White discharged him within a few weeks, allegedly for being drunk on the job.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMeyers199273_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMeyers199273-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Poe then returned to <a href="/wiki/Baltimore" title="Baltimore">Baltimore</a>, where he obtained a license to marry his cousin Virginia on September 22, 1835, though it is unknown if they were actually married at that time.<sup id="cite_ref-Silverman_1991_124_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Silverman_1991_124-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was 26 and she was only 13. </p><p>Poe was reinstated by White after promising to improve his behavior, and he returned to Richmond with Virginia and her mother. He remained at the <i>Messenger</i> until January 1837. During this period, Poe claimed that its circulation increased from 700 to 3,500.<sup id="cite_ref-Allen_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Allen-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He published several poems, and many book reviews, critiques, essays, and articles, as well as a few stories in the paper. On May 16, 1836, he and Virginia were officially married at a <a href="/wiki/Presbyterian" class="mw-redirect" title="Presbyterian">Presbyterian</a> wedding ceremony performed by <a href="/wiki/Amasa_Converse" title="Amasa Converse">Amasa Converse</a> at their Richmond boarding house, with a witness falsely attesting Clemm's age as 21.<sup id="cite_ref-Silverman_1991_124_49-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Silverman_1991_124-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMeyers199285_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMeyers199285-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Philadelphia">Philadelphia</h3></div> <p>In 1838, Poe relocated to <a href="/wiki/Philadelphia" title="Philadelphia">Philadelphia</a>, where he lived at four different residences between 1838 and 1844, <a href="/wiki/Edgar_Allan_Poe_National_Historic_Site" title="Edgar Allan Poe National Historic Site">one of which at 532 N. 7th Street</a> has been preserved as a <a href="/wiki/National_Historic_Landmark" title="National Historic Landmark">National Historic Landmark</a>. </p><p>That same year, Poe's only novel, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Narrative_of_Arthur_Gordon_Pym_of_Nantucket" title="The Narrative of Arthur Gordon Pym of Nantucket">The Narrative of Arthur Gordon Pym of Nantucket</a></i> was published and widely reviewed.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESilverman1991137_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESilverman1991137-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the summer of 1839, he became assistant editor of <i><a href="/wiki/Burton%27s_Gentleman%27s_Magazine" title="Burton's Gentleman's Magazine">Burton's Gentleman's Magazine</a></i>. He published numerous articles, stories, and reviews, enhancing the reputation he had established at the <i>Messenger</i> as one of America's foremost literary critics. Also in 1839, the collection <i><a href="/wiki/Tales_of_the_Grotesque_and_Arabesque" title="Tales of the Grotesque and Arabesque">Tales of the Grotesque and Arabesque</a></i> was published in two volumes, though Poe received little remuneration from it and the volumes received generally mixed reviews.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMeyers1992113_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMeyers1992113-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In June 1840, Poe published a <a href="/wiki/Prospectus_(book)" title="Prospectus (book)">prospectus</a> announcing his intentions to start his own journal called <i><a href="/wiki/The_Stylus" title="The Stylus">The Stylus</a></i>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMeyers1992119_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMeyers1992119-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> although he originally intended to call it <i>The Penn</i>, since it would have been based in Philadelphia. He bought advertising space for the prospectus in the June 6, 1840, issue of Philadelphia's <i><a href="/wiki/Saturday_Evening_Post" class="mw-redirect" title="Saturday Evening Post">Saturday Evening Post</a></i>: <i>"Prospectus of the Penn Magazine, a Monthly Literary journal to be edited and published in the city of Philadelphia by Edgar A. Poe."</i><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESilverman1991159_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESilverman1991159-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, Poe died before the journal could be produced. </p><p>Poe left <i>Burton's</i> after a year and found a position as writer and co-editor at <i><a href="/wiki/Graham%27s_Magazine" title="Graham's Magazine">Graham's Magazine</a></i>, which was a successful monthly publication.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESova200139,_99_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESova200139,_99-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the last number of <i>Graham's</i> for 1841, Poe was among the co-signatories to an editorial note of celebration concerning the tremendous success the magazine had achieved in the past year: "Perhaps the editors of no magazine, either in America or in Europe, ever sat down, at the close of a year, to contemplate the progress of their work with more satisfaction than we do now. Our success has been unexampled, almost incredible. We may assert without fear of contradiction that no periodical ever witnessed the same increase during so short a period."<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Around this time, Poe attempted to secure a position in the <a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_John_Tyler" title="Presidency of John Tyler">administration</a> of <a href="/wiki/John_Tyler" title="John Tyler">John Tyler</a>, claiming that he was a member of the <a href="/wiki/Whig_Party_(United_States)" title="Whig Party (United States)">Whig Party</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEQuinn1998321–322_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEQuinn1998321–322-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He hoped to be appointed to the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Custom_House_(Philadelphia)" title="United States Custom House (Philadelphia)">United States Custom House</a> in <a href="/wiki/Philadelphia" title="Philadelphia">Philadelphia</a> with help from President Tyler's son <a href="/wiki/Robert_Tyler_(Confederate_Register_of_the_Treasury)" title="Robert Tyler (Confederate Register of the Treasury)">Robert</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESilverman1991186_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESilverman1991186-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> an acquaintance of Poe's friend Frederick Thomas.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMeyers1992144_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMeyers1992144-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, Poe failed to appear for a meeting with Thomas to discuss the appointment in mid-September 1842, claiming to have been sick, though Thomas believed that he had been drunk.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESilverman1991187_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESilverman1991187-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Poe was promised an appointment, but all positions were eventually filled by others.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESilverman1991188_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESilverman1991188-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>One evening in January 1842, Virginia showed the first signs of consumption, or <a href="/wiki/Tuberculosis" title="Tuberculosis">tuberculosis</a>, while singing and playing the piano, which Poe described as the breaking of a blood vessel in her throat.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESilverman1991179_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESilverman1991179-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> She only partially recovered, and Poe is alleged to have begun to drink heavily due to the stress he suffered as a result of her illness. He then left <i>Graham's</i> and attempted to find a new position, for a time again angling for a government post. He finally decided to return to New York where he worked briefly at the <i>Evening Mirror</i> before becoming editor of the <i><a href="/wiki/Broadway_Journal" title="Broadway Journal">Broadway Journal</a></i>, and later its owner.<sup id="cite_ref-Sova34_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sova34-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There Poe alienated himself from other writers by, among other things, publicly accusing <a href="/wiki/Henry_Wadsworth_Longfellow" title="Henry Wadsworth Longfellow">Henry Wadsworth Longfellow</a> of <a href="/wiki/Plagiarism" title="Plagiarism">plagiarism</a>, though Longfellow never responded.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEQuinn1998455_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEQuinn1998455-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Poe later emended his accusations by expressing his belief that many writers, having absorbed ideas from others in the past, often confuse the source of their ideas with their original thoughts, but most of his contemporaries found that interpretation incomprehensible, and continued to be antagonistic towards Poe.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> On January 29, 1845, Poe's poem,"<a href="/wiki/The_Raven" title="The Raven">The Raven</a>,” appeared in the <i>Evening Mirror</i> and quickly became a popular sensation. It made Poe a household name almost instantly,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHoffman199880_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoffman199880-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> though at the time, he was paid only $9 (equivalent to $294 in 2023) for its publication.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOstrom19875_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOstrom19875-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was concurrently published in <i><a href="/wiki/The_American_Review:_A_Whig_Journal" title="The American Review: A Whig Journal">The American Review: A Whig Journal</a></i> under the pseudonym "Quarles".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESilverman1991530_67-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESilverman1991530-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_Bronx">The Bronx</h3></div> <p>The <i>Broadway Journal</i> failed in 1846,<sup id="cite_ref-Sova34_63-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sova34-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Poe then moved to a cottage in <a href="/wiki/Fordham,_Bronx" title="Fordham, Bronx">Fordham, New York</a>, in <a href="/wiki/The_Bronx" title="The Bronx">the Bronx</a>. That home, now known as the <a href="/wiki/Edgar_Allan_Poe_Cottage" title="Edgar Allan Poe Cottage">Edgar Allan Poe Cottage</a>, was relocated in later years to a park near the southeast corner of the <a href="/wiki/Grand_Concourse_(Bronx)" title="Grand Concourse (Bronx)">Grand Concourse</a> and Kingsbridge Road. Nearby, Poe befriended the <a href="/wiki/Jesuits" title="Jesuits">Jesuits</a> at St. John's College, now <a href="/wiki/Fordham_University" title="Fordham University">Fordham University</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Virginia died at the cottage on January 30, 1847.<sup id="cite_ref-Poe_Cottage_69-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Poe_Cottage-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Biographers and critics often suggest that Poe's frequent theme of the "death of a beautiful woman" stems from the repeated loss of women throughout his life, including his wife.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWeekes2002149_70-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeekes2002149-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, as Poe was a prolific writer before Virginia's death, others have suggested that this explanation of his work is an oversimplification.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Unsupported_attributions" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch"><span title="The material near this tag possibly uses too-vague attribution or weasel words. (September 2024)">who?</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Poe was increasingly unstable after his wife's death. He attempted to court the poet <a href="/wiki/Sarah_Helen_Whitman" title="Sarah Helen Whitman">Sarah Helen Whitman</a>, who lived in <a href="/wiki/Providence,_Rhode_Island" title="Providence, Rhode Island">Providence, Rhode Island</a>. Their engagement failed, purportedly because of Poe's drinking and erratic behavior. There is also strong evidence that Whitman's mother intervened and did much to derail the relationship.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBenton198719_71-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBenton198719-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Poe then returned to Richmond and resumed a relationship with his childhood sweetheart Sarah Elmira Royster.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEQuinn1998628_72-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEQuinn1998628-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Death">Death</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Death_of_Edgar_Allan_Poe" title="Death of Edgar Allan Poe">Death of Edgar Allan Poe</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:EdgarAllanPoeGrave.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/EdgarAllanPoeGrave.jpg/220px-EdgarAllanPoeGrave.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="331" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/EdgarAllanPoeGrave.jpg/330px-EdgarAllanPoeGrave.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/EdgarAllanPoeGrave.jpg/440px-EdgarAllanPoeGrave.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2848" data-file-height="4288" /></a><figcaption>Poe is interred at <a href="/wiki/Westminster_Hall_and_Burying_Ground" title="Westminster Hall and Burying Ground">Westminster Hall</a> in <a href="/wiki/Baltimore" title="Baltimore">Baltimore</a>, <a href="/wiki/Maryland" title="Maryland">Maryland</a> (Lat: 39.29027; Long: −76.62333); the circumstances and cause of his death remain uncertain.</figcaption></figure> <p>On October 3, 1849, Poe was found semiconscious in <a href="/wiki/Baltimore" title="Baltimore">Baltimore</a>, "in great distress, and... in need of immediate assistance", according to Joseph W. Walker, who found him.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEQuinn1998638_73-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEQuinn1998638-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was taken to <a href="/wiki/Church_Home_and_Hospital" title="Church Home and Hospital">Washington Medical College</a>, where he died on Sunday, October 7, 1849, at 5:00 in the morning.<sup id="cite_ref-Meyers255_74-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Meyers255-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Poe was not coherent long enough to explain how he came to be in his dire condition and why he was wearing clothes that were not his own. He is said to have repeatedly called out the name "Reynolds" on the night before his death, though it is unclear to whom he was referring. His attending physician said that Poe's final words were, "Lord help my poor soul".<sup id="cite_ref-Meyers255_74-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Meyers255-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> All of the relevant medical records have been lost, including Poe's <a href="/wiki/Death_certificate" title="Death certificate">death certificate</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBramsback197040_75-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBramsback197040-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Newspapers at the time reported Poe's death as "congestion of the brain" or "cerebral inflammation", common euphemisms for death from disreputable causes such as alcoholism.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESilverman1991435–436_76-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESilverman1991435–436-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The actual cause of death remains a mystery.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESilverman1991435_77-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESilverman1991435-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Speculation has included <i><a href="/wiki/Delirium_tremens" title="Delirium tremens">delirium tremens</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/Heart_disease" class="mw-redirect" title="Heart disease">heart disease</a>, <a href="/wiki/Epilepsy" title="Epilepsy">epilepsy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Syphilis" title="Syphilis">syphilis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Meningitis" title="Meningitis">meningeal inflammation</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Meyers256_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Meyers256-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Cholera" title="Cholera">cholera</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECrimeLibrary.com2008_78-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECrimeLibrary.com2008-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Carbon_monoxide_poisoning" title="Carbon monoxide poisoning">carbon monoxide poisoning</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Rabies" title="Rabies">rabies</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBenitez1996_80-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBenitez1996-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One theory dating from 1872 suggests that Poe's death resulted from <a href="/wiki/Cooping" title="Cooping">cooping</a>, a form of <a href="/wiki/Electoral_fraud" title="Electoral fraud">electoral fraud</a> in which citizens were forced to vote for a particular candidate, sometimes leading to violence and even murder.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWalsh200032–33_81-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWalsh200032–33-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Griswold's_memoir"><span id="Griswold.27s_memoir"></span>Griswold's memoir</h3></div> <p>Immediately after Poe's death, his literary rival <a href="/wiki/Rufus_Wilmot_Griswold" title="Rufus Wilmot Griswold">Rufus Wilmot Griswold</a>, wrote a slanted, high-profile obituary under a pseudonym, filled with falsehoods that cast Poe as a lunatic, and which described him as a person who "walked the streets, in madness or melancholy, with lips moving in indistinct curses, or with eyes upturned in passionate prayers, (never for himself, for he felt, or professed to feel, that he was already damned)".<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The long obituary appeared in the <i><a href="/wiki/New_York_Tribune" class="mw-redirect" title="New York Tribune">New York Tribune</a></i>, signed, “Ludwig" on the day Poe was buried in <a href="/wiki/Baltimore" title="Baltimore">Baltimore</a>. It was further published throughout the country. The obituary began, "Edgar Allan Poe is dead. He died in Baltimore the day before yesterday. This announcement will startle many, but few will be grieved by it."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMeyers1992259_83-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMeyers1992259-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> "Ludwig" was soon identified as Griswold, an editor, critic, and <a href="/wiki/Anthologist" class="mw-redirect" title="Anthologist">anthologist</a> who had borne a grudge against Poe since 1842. Griswold somehow became Poe's <a href="/wiki/Literary_executor" class="mw-redirect" title="Literary executor">literary executor</a> and attempted to destroy his enemy's reputation after his death.<sup id="cite_ref-Hoffman14_84-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hoffman14-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Griswold wrote a biographical article of Poe called "Memoir of the Author", which he included in an 1850 volume of the collected works. There he depicted Poe as a depraved, drunken, drug-addled madman, including some of Poe's "letters" as evidence.<sup id="cite_ref-Hoffman14_84-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hoffman14-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many of his claims were either outright lies or obvious distortions; for example, there is little to no evidence that Edgar Allan Poe was a drug addict.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEQuinn1998693_85-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEQuinn1998693-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Griswold's book was denounced by those who knew Poe well,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESova2001101_86-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESova2001101-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> including John Neal, who published an article defending Poe and attacking Griswold as a "<a href="/wiki/Rhadamanthus" title="Rhadamanthus">Rhadamanthus</a>, who is not to be bilked of his fee, a thimble-full of newspaper notoriety".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELease1972194_87-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELease1972194-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Griswold's book nevertheless became a popularly accepted biographical source. This was in part because it was the only full biography available and was widely reprinted, and in part because readers thrilled at the thought of reading works by an "evil" man.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMeyers1992263_88-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMeyers1992263-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Letters that Griswold presented as proof were later revealed as <a href="/wiki/Forgeries" class="mw-redirect" title="Forgeries">forgeries</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEQuinn1998699_89-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEQuinn1998699-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Literary_style_and_themes">Literary style and themes</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Genres">Genres</h3></div> <p>Poe's best-known fiction works have been labeled as <a href="/wiki/Gothic_fiction" title="Gothic fiction">Gothic</a> horror,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMeyers199264_90-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMeyers199264-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and adhere to that genre's general propensity to appeal to the public's taste for the terrifying or psychologically intimidating.<sup id="cite_ref-Royot57_91-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Royot57-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His most recurrent themes seem to deal with death. The physical signs indicating death, the nature of <a href="/wiki/Decomposition" title="Decomposition">decomposition</a>, the popular concerns of Poe's day about <a href="/wiki/Premature_burial" title="Premature burial">premature burial</a>, the reanimation of the dead, are all at length explored in his more notable works.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKennedy19873_92-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKennedy19873-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many of his writings are generally considered to be part of the <a href="/wiki/Dark_romanticism" class="mw-redirect" title="Dark romanticism">dark romanticism</a> genre, which is said to be a literary reaction to <a href="/wiki/Transcendentalism" title="Transcendentalism">transcendentalism</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKoster2002336_93-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKoster2002336-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which Poe strongly criticized.<sup id="cite_ref-ljunquist15_94-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ljunquist15-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He referred to followers of the transcendental movement, including Emerson, as "Frog-Pondians", after the pond on <a href="/wiki/Boston_Common" title="Boston Common">Boston Common</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoyot200261–62_95-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERoyot200261–62-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and ridiculed their writings as "metaphor—run mad,"<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHayes200216_97-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHayes200216-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> lapsing into "obscurity for obscurity's sake" or "mysticism for mysticism's sake".<sup id="cite_ref-ljunquist15_94-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ljunquist15-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, Poe once wrote in a letter to <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Holley_Chivers" title="Thomas Holley Chivers">Thomas Holley Chivers</a> that he did not dislike transcendentalists, "only the pretenders and <a href="/wiki/Sophist#Modern_usage" title="Sophist">sophists</a> among them".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESilverman1991169_98-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESilverman1991169-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Beyond the horror stories he is most famous for, Poe also wrote a number of <a href="/wiki/Satire" title="Satire">satires</a>, humor tales, and hoaxes. He was a master of sarcasm. For comic effect, he often used irony and ludicrous extravagance in a deliberate attempt to liberate the reader from cultural and literary conformity.<sup id="cite_ref-Royot57_91-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Royot57-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> "<a href="/wiki/Metzengerstein" title="Metzengerstein">Metzengerstein</a>" is the first story that Poe is known to have published,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESilverman199188_99-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESilverman199188-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and his first foray into horror, but it was originally intended as a <a href="/wiki/Burlesque" title="Burlesque">burlesque</a> satirizing the popular genres of Poe's time.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFisher1993142,_149_100-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFisher1993142,_149-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Poe was also one of the forerunners of American <a href="/wiki/Science_fiction" title="Science fiction">science fiction</a>, responding in his voluminous writing to such emerging literary trends as the explorations into the possibilities of hot air balloons as featured in such works as, "<a href="/wiki/The_Balloon-Hoax" title="The Balloon-Hoax">The Balloon-Hoax</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETresch2002114_101-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETresch2002114-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Much of Poe's work coincided with themes that readers of his day found appealing, though he often professed to abhor the tastes of the majority of the people who read for pleasure in his time. In his critical works, Poe investigated and wrote about many <a href="/wiki/Pseudoscience" title="Pseudoscience">of the pseudosciences</a> that were then popular with the majority of his fellow Americans. They included, but were not limited to, the fields of astrology, cosmology, <a href="/wiki/Phrenology" title="Phrenology">phrenology</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHungerford1930209–231_102-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHungerford1930209–231-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Physiognomy" title="Physiognomy">physiognomy</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGrayson200556–77_103-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrayson200556–77-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Literary_theory">Literary theory</h3></div> <p>Poe's writings often reflect the literary theories he introduced in his prolific critical works and expounded on in such essays as, "<a href="/wiki/The_Poetic_Principle" title="The Poetic Principle">The Poetic Principle</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-Krutch225_104-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Krutch225-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He disliked <a href="/wiki/Didacticism" title="Didacticism">didacticism</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKagle1990104_105-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKagle1990104-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and imitation masquerading as influence, believing originality to be the highest mark of genius. In Poe's conception of the artist's life, the attainment of the concretization of beauty should be the ultimate goal. That which is unique is alone of value. Works with obvious meanings, he wrote, cease to be art.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilbur196799_106-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilbur196799-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He believed that any work worthy of being praised should have as its focus a single specific effect.<sup id="cite_ref-Krutch225_104-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Krutch225-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> That which does not tend towards the effect is extraneous. In his view, every serious writer must carefully calculate each sentiment and idea in his or her work to ensure that it strengthens the theme of the piece.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJannaccone19743_107-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJannaccone19743-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Poe describes the method he employed while composing his most famous poem, “The Raven,” in an essay entitled "<a href="/wiki/The_Philosophy_of_Composition" title="The Philosophy of Composition">The Philosophy of Composition</a>.” However, many of Poe's critics have questioned whether the method enunciated in the essay was formulated before the poem was written, or afterward, or, as <a href="/wiki/T._S._Eliot" title="T. S. Eliot">T. S. Eliot</a> is quoted as saying, "It is difficult for us to read that essay without reflecting that if Poe plotted out his poem with such calculation, he might have taken a little more pains over it: the result hardly does credit to the method."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHoffman199876_108-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoffman199876-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Biographer Joseph Wood Krutch described the essay as "a rather highly ingenious exercise in the art of rationalization".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKrutch192698_109-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKrutch192698-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legacy">Legacy</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Influence">Influence</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Raven_Manet_D2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Raven_Manet_D2.jpg/220px-Raven_Manet_D2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="334" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Raven_Manet_D2.jpg/330px-Raven_Manet_D2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Raven_Manet_D2.jpg/440px-Raven_Manet_D2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3416" data-file-height="5185" /></a><figcaption>An 1875 illustration of Poe by French impressionist <a href="/wiki/%C3%89douard_Manet" title="Édouard Manet">Édouard Manet</a> for the <a href="/wiki/St%C3%A9phane_Mallarm%C3%A9" title="Stéphane Mallarmé">Stéphane Mallarmé</a> translation of "<a href="/wiki/The_Raven" title="The Raven">The Raven</a>"</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Edgar_A._Poe_-_NARA_-_528345_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Edgar_A._Poe_-_NARA_-_528345_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-Edgar_A._Poe_-_NARA_-_528345_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="272" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Edgar_A._Poe_-_NARA_-_528345_%28cropped%29.jpg/330px-Edgar_A._Poe_-_NARA_-_528345_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Edgar_A._Poe_-_NARA_-_528345_%28cropped%29.jpg/440px-Edgar_A._Poe_-_NARA_-_528345_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2052" data-file-height="2536" /></a><figcaption>Poe depicted in a modern retouched version of a <a href="/wiki/Daguerreotype" title="Daguerreotype">daguerreotype</a></figcaption></figure> <p>During his lifetime, Poe was mostly recognized as a literary critic. The vast majority of Edgar Allan Poe's writings are nonfictional. Contemporary critic <a href="/wiki/James_Russell_Lowell" title="James Russell Lowell">James Russell Lowell</a> called him, “the most discriminating, philosophical, and fearless critic upon imaginative works who has written in America,” suggesting—rhetorically—that he occasionally used <a href="/wiki/Prussic_acid" class="mw-redirect" title="Prussic acid">prussic acid</a> instead of ink.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEQuinn1998432_110-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEQuinn1998432-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Poe's often caustic reviews earned him the reputation of being a "tomahawk man".<sup id="cite_ref-111" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Poe's idea of criticism was not to praise prose or poetry that was obviously successful, and therefore could speak for itself, but to draw attention to what was not successful in the writings of even those he highly respected, his aim being to elevate the art of literature as a whole.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Poe felt no need to praise what was already so obviously praiseworthy. Rather, he attempted to point out the imperfections in works other critics considered perfect, so as to hasten the evolution of literature, and in particular, American literature.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> A so-called “favorite target”<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Unsupported_attributions" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch"><span title="The material near this tag possibly uses too-vague attribution or weasel words. (September 2024)">who?</span></a></i>]</sup> of Poe's criticism was Boston's acclaimed poet <a href="/wiki/Henry_Wadsworth_Longfellow" title="Henry Wadsworth Longfellow">Henry Wadsworth Longfellow</a>, who was defended by his friends, literary and otherwise, in what was later called, “The Longfellow War". Poe accused Longfellow of "the heresy of the didactic", writing poetry that was preachy, derivative, and thematically plagiarized.<sup id="cite_ref-Lewis_112-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lewis-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Poe correctly predicted that Longfellow's reputation and style of poetry would decline, concluding, "We grant him high qualities, but deny him the Future".<sup id="cite_ref-BosLitHist_113-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BosLitHist-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Poe became known as the creator of a type of fiction that was difficult to categorize and nearly impossible to imitate. He was one of the first American authors of the 19th century to become more popular in Europe than in the United States.<sup id="cite_ref-Meyers258_114-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Meyers258-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Poe was particularly esteemed in France, in part due to early translations of his work by <a href="/wiki/Charles_Baudelaire" title="Charles Baudelaire">Charles Baudelaire</a>. Baudelaire's translations became definitive renditions of Poe's work in Continental Europe.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarner1990218_115-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarner1990218-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Poe's early mystery tales featuring the detective, <a href="/wiki/C._Auguste_Dupin" title="C. Auguste Dupin">C. Auguste Dupin</a>, though not numerous, laid the groundwork for similar characters that would eventually become famous throughout the world. Sir <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Conan_Doyle" title="Arthur Conan Doyle">Arthur Conan Doyle</a> said, "Each [of Poe's detective stories] is a root from which a whole literature has developed.... Where was the detective story until Poe breathed the breath of life into it?"<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFrankMagistrale1997103_116-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrankMagistrale1997103-116"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Mystery_Writers_of_America" title="Mystery Writers of America">Mystery Writers of America</a> have named their awards for excellence in the mystery genre "The <a href="/wiki/Edgar_Award" class="mw-redirect" title="Edgar Award">Edgars</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENeimeyer2002206_117-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENeimeyer2002206-117"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>117<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Poe's work also influenced writings that would eventually come to be called "science fiction", notably the works of <a href="/wiki/Jules_Verne" title="Jules Verne">Jules Verne</a>, who wrote a sequel to Poe's novel <i>The Narrative of Arthur Gordon Pym of Nantucket</i> called <i><a href="/wiki/An_Antarctic_Mystery" title="An Antarctic Mystery">An Antarctic Mystery</a></i>, also known as <i>The Sphinx of the Ice Fields</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFrankMagistrale1997364_118-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrankMagistrale1997364-118"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>118<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> And as the author <a href="/wiki/H._G._Wells" title="H. G. Wells">H. G. Wells</a> noted, "<i>Pym</i> tells what a very intelligent mind could imagine about the south polar region a century ago".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFrankMagistrale1997372_119-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrankMagistrale1997372-119"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>119<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2013, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a></i> cited <i>Pym</i> as one of the greatest novels ever written in the English language, and noted its influence on later authors such as Doyle, <a href="/wiki/Henry_James" title="Henry James">Henry James</a>, <a href="/wiki/B._Traven" title="B. Traven">B. Traven</a>, and <a href="/wiki/David_Morrell" title="David Morrell">David Morrell</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-guardian_120-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-guardian-120"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>120<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Horror author and historian <a href="/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft" title="H. P. Lovecraft">H. P. Lovecraft</a> was heavily influenced by Poe's horror tales, dedicating an entire section of his long essay, "<a href="/wiki/Supernatural_Horror_in_Literature" title="Supernatural Horror in Literature">Supernatural Horror in Literature</a>", to his influence on the genre.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJoshi1996382_121-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJoshi1996382-121"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>121<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In his letters, Lovecraft described Poe as his "God of Fiction".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPedersen2018172–173Joshi2013263St._Armand1975129_122-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPedersen2018172–173Joshi2013263St._Armand1975129-122"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>122<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Lovecraft's earliest stories are clearly influenced by Poe.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJamneck2012126–151St._Armand1975129–130_123-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJamneck2012126–151St._Armand1975129–130-123"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>123<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i><a href="/wiki/At_the_Mountains_of_Madness" title="At the Mountains of Madness">At the Mountains of Madness</a></i> directly quotes him. Lovecraft made extensive use of Poe's concept of the “unity of effect” in his fiction.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJoshi2017x–xi_124-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJoshi2017x–xi-124"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>124<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Alfred_Hitchcock" title="Alfred Hitchcock">Alfred Hitchcock</a> once said, "It's because I liked Edgar Allan Poe's stories so much that I began to make suspense films".<sup id="cite_ref-125" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-125"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>125<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many references to Poe's works are present in <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Nabokov" title="Vladimir Nabokov">Vladimir Nabokov</a>'s novels.<sup id="cite_ref-126" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-126"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>126<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other writers inspired by Poe's poetry and fiction include, but are not limited to, Ray Bradbury, Stephen King, and the beat generation's Allen Ginsberg. In Japan, <a href="/wiki/Edogawa_Ranpo" title="Edogawa Ranpo">Edogawa Ranpo</a> was so inspired by Poe that his pen name is a rendering of his name into Japanese.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Poe's works have spawned many imitators.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMeyers1992281_127-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMeyers1992281-127"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>127<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One trend among Poe's more ardent fans has been the tendency to employ clairvoyants or psychics to "channel” original poems from Poe's spirit. One of the most notable of these manuscripts was by <a href="/wiki/Lizzie_Doten" title="Lizzie Doten">Lizzie Doten</a>, who published, <i>Poems from the Inner Life</i> in 1863, in which she claimed to have "received" new compositions by Poe. However, the writings appeared to be simple revisions of previously published poems.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Poe has also received criticism. This is partly because of the negative perception of his personal character and its influence upon his reputation.<sup id="cite_ref-Meyers258_114-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Meyers258-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/William_Butler_Yeats" class="mw-redirect" title="William Butler Yeats">William Butler Yeats</a> was occasionally critical of Poe and once called him "vulgar".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMeyers1992274_128-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMeyers1992274-128"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>128<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Transcendentalist <a href="/wiki/Ralph_Waldo_Emerson" title="Ralph Waldo Emerson">Ralph Waldo Emerson</a> reacted to "The Raven" by saying, "I see nothing in it",<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESilverman1991265_129-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESilverman1991265-129"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>129<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and derisively referred to Poe as "the jingle man".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTE''New_York_Times''1894_130-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTE''New_York_Times''1894-130"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>130<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Aldous_Huxley" title="Aldous Huxley">Aldous Huxley</a> wrote that Poe's writing "falls into vulgarity" by being "too poetical"—the equivalent of wearing a diamond ring on every finger.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHuxley196732_131-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHuxley196732-131"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>131<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>It is believed that only twelve copies have survived of Poe's first book <i>Tamerlane and Other Poems</i>. In December 2009, one copy sold at <a href="/wiki/Christie%27s" title="Christie's">Christie's auctioneers</a> in New York City for $662,500, a record price paid for a work of American literature.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTE''New_York_Daily_News''2009_132-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTE''New_York_Daily_News''2009-132"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>132<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Physics_and_cosmology">Physics and cosmology</h3></div> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Eureka:_A_Prose_Poem" title="Eureka: A Prose Poem">Eureka: A Prose Poem</a></i>, an essay written in 1848, included a cosmological theory that presaged the <a href="/wiki/Big_Bang" title="Big Bang">Big Bang</a> theory by 80 years,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECappi1994_133-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECappi1994-133"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>133<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERombeck2005_134-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERombeck2005-134"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>134<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as well as the first plausible solution to <a href="/wiki/Olbers%27_paradox" class="mw-redirect" title="Olbers' paradox">Olbers' paradox</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarrison1987_135-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarrison1987-135"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>135<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmootDavidson1994_136-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmootDavidson1994-136"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>136<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Poe eschewed the <a href="/wiki/Scientific_method" title="Scientific method">scientific method</a> in <i>Eureka</i> and instead wrote from pure <a href="/wiki/Intuition_(knowledge)" class="mw-redirect" title="Intuition (knowledge)">intuition</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Meyers214_137-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Meyers214-137"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>137<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For this reason, he considered it a work of art, not science,<sup id="cite_ref-Meyers214_137-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Meyers214-137"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>137<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but insisted that it was still true<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESilverman1991399_138-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESilverman1991399-138"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>138<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and considered it to be his career masterpiece.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMeyers1992219_139-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMeyers1992219-139"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>139<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Even so, <i>Eureka</i> is full of scientific errors. In particular, Poe's suggestions ignored <a href="/wiki/Newton%27s_laws_of_motion" title="Newton's laws of motion">Newtonian principles</a> regarding the density and rotation of planets.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESova200182_140-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESova200182-140"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>140<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cryptography">Cryptography</h3></div> <p>Poe had a keen interest in <a href="/wiki/Cryptography" title="Cryptography">cryptography</a>. He had placed a notice of his abilities in the Philadelphia paper <i>Alexander's Weekly (Express) Messenger</i>, inviting submissions of <a href="/wiki/Cipher" title="Cipher">ciphers</a> which he proceeded to solve.<sup id="cite_ref-Silverman152_141-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Silverman152-141"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>141<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In July 1841, Poe had published an essay called "A Few Words on Secret Writing" in <i>Graham's Magazine</i>. Capitalizing on public interest in the topic, he wrote "<a href="/wiki/The_Gold-Bug" title="The Gold-Bug">The Gold-Bug</a>" incorporating ciphers as an essential part of the story.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERosenheim19972,_6_142-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERosenheim19972,_6-142"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>142<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Poe's success with cryptography relied not so much on his deep knowledge of that field (his method was limited to the simple <a href="/wiki/Substitution_cipher" title="Substitution cipher">substitution cryptogram</a>) as on his knowledge of the magazine and newspaper culture. His keen analytical abilities, which were so evident in his detective stories, allowed him to see that the general public was largely ignorant of the methods by which a simple substitution cryptogram can be solved, and he used this to his advantage.<sup id="cite_ref-Silverman152_141-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Silverman152-141"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>141<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The sensation that Poe created with his cryptography stunts played a major role in popularizing cryptograms in newspapers and magazines.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFriedman199340–41_143-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFriedman199340–41-143"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>143<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Two ciphers he published in 1841 under the name "W. B. Tyler" were not solved until 1992 and 2000 respectively. One was a quote from <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Addison" title="Joseph Addison">Joseph Addison</a>'s play <i>Cato</i>; the other is probably based on a poem by <a href="/wiki/Hester_Thrale" title="Hester Thrale">Hester Thrale</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-144" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-144"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>144<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-145" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-145"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>145<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Poe had an influence on cryptography beyond increasing public interest during his lifetime. <a href="/wiki/William_Friedman" class="mw-redirect" title="William Friedman">William Friedman</a>, America's foremost cryptologist, was heavily influenced by Poe.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERosenheim199715_146-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERosenheim199715-146"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>146<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Friedman's initial interest in cryptography came from reading "The Gold-Bug" as a child, an interest that he later put to use in deciphering Japan's <a href="/wiki/Purple_(cipher_machine)" class="mw-redirect" title="Purple (cipher machine)">PURPLE</a> code during <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERosenheim1997146_147-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERosenheim1997146-147"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>147<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Commemorations_and_namesake">Commemorations and namesake</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Edgar_Allen_Poe,_1949_issue.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Edgar_Allen_Poe%2C_1949_issue.jpg/220px-Edgar_Allen_Poe%2C_1949_issue.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="243" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Edgar_Allen_Poe%2C_1949_issue.jpg/330px-Edgar_Allen_Poe%2C_1949_issue.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Edgar_Allen_Poe%2C_1949_issue.jpg/440px-Edgar_Allen_Poe%2C_1949_issue.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="882" /></a><figcaption>On October 7, 1949, the U.S. Post Office issued a commemorative stamp honoring Edgar Allen Poe on the 100th anniversary of his death.<sup id="cite_ref-148" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-148"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>148<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Edgar_Allan_Poe_in_popular_culture" title="Edgar Allan Poe in popular culture">Edgar Allan Poe in popular culture</a> and <a href="/wiki/Edgar_Allan_Poe_in_television_and_film" title="Edgar Allan Poe in television and film">Edgar Allan Poe in television and film</a></div> <p>Poe's image and namesake has often been used in a number of different capacities including literature, historic places, artistic works, books, film and commemorations. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Character">Character</h3></div> <p>The historical Edgar Allan Poe has appeared as a fictionalized character, often in order to represent the "mad genius" or "tormented artist" and in order to exploit his personal struggles.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENeimeyer2002209_149-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENeimeyer2002209-149"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>149<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many such depictions also blend in with characters from his stories, suggesting that Poe and his characters share identities.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGargano1967165_150-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGargano1967165-150"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>150<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Often, fictional depictions of Poe use his mystery-solving skills in such novels as <i><a href="/wiki/The_Poe_Shadow" title="The Poe Shadow">The Poe Shadow</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Matthew_Pearl" title="Matthew Pearl">Matthew Pearl</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMaslin2006_151-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMaslin2006-151"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>151<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Preserved_homes,_landmarks,_and_museums"><span id="Preserved_homes.2C_landmarks.2C_and_museums"></span>Preserved homes, landmarks, and museums</h3></div> <p><span class="anchor" id="Preserved_homes,_landmarks,_and_museums"></span> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:PoeNHS.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/PoeNHS.JPG/220px-PoeNHS.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/PoeNHS.JPG/330px-PoeNHS.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/PoeNHS.JPG/440px-PoeNHS.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2112" data-file-height="2816" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Edgar_Allan_Poe_National_Historic_Site" title="Edgar Allan Poe National Historic Site">Edgar Allan Poe National Historic Site</a> in <a href="/wiki/Philadelphia" title="Philadelphia">Philadelphia</a>, one of several preserved former residences of Poe</figcaption></figure> <p>No childhood home of Poe is still standing, including the Allan family's Moldavia estate. The oldest standing home in <a href="/wiki/Richmond,_Virginia" title="Richmond, Virginia">Richmond</a>, the Old Stone House, is in use as the <a href="/wiki/Edgar_Allan_Poe_Museum_(Richmond)" class="mw-redirect" title="Edgar Allan Poe Museum (Richmond)">Edgar Allan Poe Museum</a>, though Poe never lived there. The collection includes many items that Poe used during his time with the Allan family, and also features several rare first printings of Poe works. 13 West Range is the dorm room that Poe is believed to have used while studying at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Virginia" title="University of Virginia">University of Virginia</a> in 1826; it is preserved and available for visits. Its upkeep is overseen by a group of students and staff known as the <a href="/wiki/Raven_Society" title="Raven Society">Raven Society</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThe_Raven_Society2014_152-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThe_Raven_Society2014-152"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>152<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The earliest surviving home in which Poe lived is at 203 North Amity St. in <a href="/wiki/Baltimore" title="Baltimore">Baltimore</a>, which is preserved as the <a href="/wiki/Edgar_Allan_Poe_House_and_Museum" title="Edgar Allan Poe House and Museum">Edgar Allan Poe House and Museum</a>. Poe is believed to have lived in the home at the age of 23 when he first lived with Maria Clemm and Virginia and possibly his grandmother and possibly his brother William Henry Leonard Poe.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEdgar_Allan_Poe_Society2007_153-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEdgar_Allan_Poe_Society2007-153"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>153<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is open to the public and is also the home of the Edgar Allan Poe Society. </p><p>While in Philadelphia between 1838 and 1844, Poe lived at at least four different residences, including the Indian Queen Hotel at 15 S. 4th Street, at a residence at 16th and <a href="/wiki/Locust_Street" title="Locust Street">Locust Streets</a>, at 2502 Fairmount Street, and then in the <a href="/wiki/Spring_Garden,_Philadelphia" title="Spring Garden, Philadelphia">Spring Garden</a> section of the city at 532 N. 7th Street, a residence that has been preserved by the <a href="/wiki/National_Park_Service" title="National Park Service">National Park Service</a> as the <a href="/wiki/Edgar_Allan_Poe_National_Historic_Site" title="Edgar Allan Poe National Historic Site">Edgar Allan Poe National Historic Site</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-154" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-154"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>154<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurns2006_155-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurns2006-155"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>155<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Poe's final home in <a href="/wiki/The_Bronx" title="The Bronx">Bronx</a>, New York City, is preserved as the <a href="/wiki/Edgar_Allan_Poe_Cottage" title="Edgar Allan Poe Cottage">Edgar Allan Poe Cottage</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Poe_Cottage_69-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Poe_Cottage-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Boston" title="Boston">Boston</a>, a commemorative plaque on <a href="/wiki/Boylston_Street" title="Boylston Street">Boylston Street</a> is several blocks away from the actual location of Poe's birth.<sup id="cite_ref-RavenRet_156-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RavenRet-156"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>156<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Poe_157-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Poe-157"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>157<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVan_Hoy2007_158-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVan_Hoy2007-158"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>158<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Glenn_159-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Glenn-159"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>159<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The house which was his birthplace at 62 Carver Street no longer exists; also, the street has since been renamed "Charles Street South".<sup id="cite_ref-BosLitHistMap_160-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BosLitHistMap-160"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>160<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Glenn_159-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Glenn-159"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>159<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A "square" at the intersection of Broadway, Fayette, and Carver Streets had once been named in his honor,<sup id="cite_ref-OldPoeSq_161-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OldPoeSq-161"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>161<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but it disappeared when the streets were rearranged. In 2009, the intersection of Charles and Boylston Streets (two blocks north of his birthplace) was designated "Edgar Allan Poe Square".<sup id="cite_ref-PoeSq_162-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PoeSq-162"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>162<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In March 2014, fundraising was completed for construction of a permanent memorial sculpture, known as <i><a href="/wiki/Poe_Returning_to_Boston" title="Poe Returning to Boston">Poe Returning to Boston</a></i>, at this location. The winning design by <a href="/wiki/Stefanie_Rocknak" title="Stefanie Rocknak">Stefanie Rocknak</a> depicts a life-sized Poe striding against the wind, accompanied by a flying raven; his suitcase lid has fallen open, leaving a "paper trail" of literary works embedded in the sidewalk behind him.<sup id="cite_ref-Fox2013_163-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fox2013-163"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>163<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Kaiser_164-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kaiser-164"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>164<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-PFOB2_165-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PFOB2-165"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>165<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The public unveiling on October 5, 2014, was attended by former U.S. <a href="/wiki/United_States_Poet_Laureate" title="United States Poet Laureate">poet laureate</a> <a href="/wiki/Robert_Pinsky" title="Robert Pinsky">Robert Pinsky</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Lee_166-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lee-166"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>166<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Other Poe landmarks include a building on the <a href="/wiki/Upper_West_Side" title="Upper West Side">Upper West Side</a>, where Poe temporarily lived when he first moved to New York City. A plaque suggests that Poe wrote "<a href="/wiki/The_Raven" title="The Raven">The Raven</a>" here. On <a href="/wiki/Sullivan%27s_Island,_South_Carolina" title="Sullivan's Island, South Carolina">Sullivan's Island</a> in <a href="/wiki/Charleston_County,_South_Carolina" title="Charleston County, South Carolina">Charleston County, South Carolina</a>, the setting of Poe's tale "<a href="/wiki/The_Gold-Bug" title="The Gold-Bug">The Gold-Bug</a>" and where Poe served in the Army in 1827 at <a href="/wiki/Fort_Moultrie" title="Fort Moultrie">Fort Moultrie</a>, there is a restaurant called Poe's Tavern. In the <a href="/wiki/Fell%27s_Point,_Baltimore" title="Fell's Point, Baltimore">Fell's Point</a> section of <a href="/wiki/Baltimore" title="Baltimore">Baltimore</a>, a bar still stands where legend says that Poe was last seen drinking before his death. Known as "The Horse You Came in On", local lore insists that a ghost whom they call "Edgar" haunts the rooms above.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELake2006195_167-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELake2006195-167"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>167<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Photographs">Photographs</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Edgar_Allan_Poe_2_retouched_and_transparent_bg.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Edgar_Allan_Poe_2_retouched_and_transparent_bg.png/170px-Edgar_Allan_Poe_2_retouched_and_transparent_bg.png" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Edgar_Allan_Poe_2_retouched_and_transparent_bg.png/255px-Edgar_Allan_Poe_2_retouched_and_transparent_bg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Edgar_Allan_Poe_2_retouched_and_transparent_bg.png/340px-Edgar_Allan_Poe_2_retouched_and_transparent_bg.png 2x" data-file-width="1065" data-file-height="1421" /></a><figcaption>An 1848 "Ultima Thule" <a href="/wiki/Daguerreotype" title="Daguerreotype">daguerreotype</a> of Poe</figcaption></figure> <p>Early <a href="/wiki/Daguerreotype" title="Daguerreotype">daguerreotypes</a> of Poe continue to arouse great interest among literary historians.<sup id="cite_ref-168" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-168"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>168<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Notable among them are: </p> <ul><li>"Ultima Thule" ("far discovery") to honor the new photographic technique; taken in November 1848 in <a href="/wiki/Providence,_Rhode_Island" title="Providence, Rhode Island">Providence, Rhode Island</a>, probably by Edwin H. Manchester</li> <li>"Annie", given to Poe's friend Annie L. Richmond; probably taken in June 1849 in <a href="/wiki/Lowell,_Massachusetts" title="Lowell, Massachusetts">Lowell, Massachusetts</a>, photographer unknown</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Poe_Toaster">Poe Toaster</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Poe_Toaster" title="Poe Toaster">Poe Toaster</a></div> <p>Between 1949 and 2009, a bottle of <a href="/wiki/Cognac" title="Cognac">cognac</a> and three roses were left at Poe's original grave marker every January 19 by an unknown visitor affectionately referred to as the "Poe Toaster". Sam Porpora was a historian at the Westminster Church in <a href="/wiki/Baltimore" title="Baltimore">Baltimore</a>, where Poe is buried; he claimed on August 15, 2007, that he had started the tradition in 1949. Porpora said that the tradition began in order to raise money and enhance the profile of the church. His story has not been confirmed,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHall2007_169-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHall2007-169"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>169<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and some details which he gave to the press are factually inaccurate.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAssociated_Press2007_170-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAssociated_Press2007-170"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>170<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Poe Toaster's last appearance was on January 19, 2009, the day of Poe's bicentennial.<sup id="cite_ref-171" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-171"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>171<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="List_of_selected_works">List of selected works</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Edgar_Allan_Poe_bibliography" title="Edgar Allan Poe bibliography">Edgar Allan Poe bibliography</a></div> <p><b>Short stories</b> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 28em;"> <ul><li>"<a href="/wiki/The_Black_Cat_(short_story)" title="The Black Cat (short story)">The Black Cat</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/The_Cask_of_Amontillado" title="The Cask of Amontillado">The Cask of Amontillado</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/A_Descent_into_the_Maelstr%C3%B6m" title="A Descent into the Maelström">A Descent into the Maelström</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/The_Facts_in_the_Case_of_M._Valdemar" title="The Facts in the Case of M. Valdemar">The Facts in the Case of M. Valdemar</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/The_Fall_of_the_House_of_Usher" title="The Fall of the House of Usher">The Fall of the House of Usher</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/The_Gold-Bug" title="The Gold-Bug">The Gold-Bug</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Hop-Frog" title="Hop-Frog">Hop-Frog</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/The_Imp_of_the_Perverse_(short_story)" class="mw-redirect" title="The Imp of the Perverse (short story)">The Imp of the Perverse</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Ligeia" title="Ligeia">Ligeia</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/The_Masque_of_the_Red_Death" title="The Masque of the Red Death">The Masque of the Red Death</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Morella_(short_story)" title="Morella (short story)">Morella</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/The_Murders_in_the_Rue_Morgue" title="The Murders in the Rue Morgue">The Murders in the Rue Morgue</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Never_Bet_the_Devil_Your_Head" title="Never Bet the Devil Your Head">Never Bet the Devil Your Head</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/The_Oval_Portrait" title="The Oval Portrait">The Oval Portrait</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/The_Pit_and_the_Pendulum" title="The Pit and the Pendulum">The Pit and the Pendulum</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/The_Premature_Burial" title="The Premature Burial">The Premature Burial</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/The_Purloined_Letter" title="The Purloined Letter">The Purloined Letter</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/The_System_of_Doctor_Tarr_and_Professor_Fether" title="The System of Doctor Tarr and Professor Fether">The System of Doctor Tarr and Professor Fether</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/The_Tell-Tale_Heart" title="The Tell-Tale Heart">The Tell-Tale Heart</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Loss_of_Breath" title="Loss of Breath">Loss of Breath</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/William_Wilson_(short_story)" title="William Wilson (short story)">William Wilson</a>"</li></ul></div> <p><b>Poetry</b> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 28em;"> <ul><li>"<a href="/wiki/Al_Aaraaf" title="Al Aaraaf">Al Aaraaf</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Annabel_Lee" title="Annabel Lee">Annabel Lee</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/The_Bells_(poem)" title="The Bells (poem)">The Bells</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/The_City_in_the_Sea" title="The City in the Sea">The City in the Sea</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/The_Conqueror_Worm" title="The Conqueror Worm">The Conqueror Worm</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/A_Dream_Within_a_Dream" title="A Dream Within a Dream">A Dream Within a Dream</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Eldorado_(poem)" title="Eldorado (poem)">Eldorado</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Eulalie" title="Eulalie">Eulalie</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/The_Haunted_Palace_(poem)" title="The Haunted Palace (poem)">The Haunted Palace</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/To_Helen" title="To Helen">To Helen</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Lenore_(poem)" title="Lenore (poem)">Lenore</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Tamerlane_(poem)" title="Tamerlane (poem)">Tamerlane</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/The_Raven" title="The Raven">The Raven</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Ulalume" title="Ulalume">Ulalume</a>"</li></ul> </div> <p><b>Other works</b> </p> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Politian_(play)" title="Politian (play)">Politian</a></i> (1835) – Poe's only play</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Narrative_of_Arthur_Gordon_Pym_of_Nantucket" title="The Narrative of Arthur Gordon Pym of Nantucket">The Narrative of Arthur Gordon Pym of Nantucket</a></i> (1838) – Poe's only complete novel</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Journal_of_Julius_Rodman" title="The Journal of Julius Rodman">The Journal of Julius Rodman</a></i> (1840) – Poe's second, unfinished novel</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/The_Balloon-Hoax" title="The Balloon-Hoax">The Balloon-Hoax</a>" (1844) – A journalistic <a href="/wiki/Hoax" title="Hoax">hoax</a> printed as a true story</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/The_Philosophy_of_Composition" title="The Philosophy of Composition">The Philosophy of Composition</a>" (1846) – Essay</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Eureka:_A_Prose_Poem" title="Eureka: A Prose Poem">Eureka: A Prose Poem</a></i> (1848) – Essay</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/The_Poetic_Principle" title="The Poetic Principle">The Poetic Principle</a>" (1848) – Essay</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/The_Light-House" title="The Light-House">The Light-House</a>" (1849) – Poe's last, incomplete work</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1130092004">.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-bordered{padding:0 2em;background-color:#fdfdfd;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;clear:both;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;justify-content:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-unbordered{padding:0 1.7em;margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{margin:0 1em 0 0.5em;flex:0 0 auto;min-height:24px}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;flex:0 1 auto;padding:0.15em 0;column-gap:1em;align-items:baseline;margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-item{display:inline-block;margin:0.15em 0.2em;min-height:24px;line-height:24px}@media screen and (max-width:768px){.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;flex-flow:column wrap;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{text-align:center;flex:0;padding-left:0.5em;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;align-items:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;align-items:center;flex:0;column-gap:1em;border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;margin:0 auto;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{border-top:none;margin:0;list-style:none}}.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.sister-bar{margin-top:-1px}</style><div class="portal-bar noprint metadata noviewer portal-bar-bordered" role="navigation" aria-label="Portals"><span class="portal-bar-header"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals" title="Wikipedia:Contents/Portals">Portals</a>:</span><ul class="portal-bar-content"><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Vampire_Smiley.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Vampire_Smiley.png/21px-Vampire_Smiley.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Vampire_Smiley.png/31px-Vampire_Smiley.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Vampire_Smiley.png/41px-Vampire_Smiley.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="555" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Speculative_fiction/Horror" title="Portal:Speculative fiction/Horror">Speculative fiction/Horror</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Quill_and_ink.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Quill_and_ink.svg/19px-Quill_and_ink.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Quill_and_ink.svg/29px-Quill_and_ink.svg.png 1.5x, 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crater on Mercury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/USS_E.A._Poe" title="USS E.A. Poe">USS <i>E.A. Poe</i></a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 22em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFSun2015" class="citation journal cs1">Sun, Chunyan (April 23, 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/EJ1075227.pdf">"Horror from the Soul—Gothic Style in Allan Poe's Horror Fictions"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>English Language Teaching</i>. <b>8</b> (5). Canadian Center of Science and Education. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.5539%2Felt.v8n5p94">10.5539/elt.v8n5p94</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1916-4742">1916-4742</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=English+Language+Teaching&rft.atitle=Horror+from+the+Soul%E2%80%94Gothic+Style+in+Allan+Poe%27s+Horror+Fictions&rft.volume=8&rft.issue=5&rft.date=2015-04-23&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.5539%2Felt.v8n5p94&rft.issn=1916-4742&rft.aulast=Sun&rft.aufirst=Chunyan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffiles.eric.ed.gov%2Ffulltext%2FEJ1075227.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdgar+Allan+Poe" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStableford200318–19-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStableford200318–19_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFStableford2003">Stableford 2003</a>, pp. 18–19.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Meyers138-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Meyers138_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMeyers1992">Meyers 1992</a>, p. 138.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSemtner2012" class="citation book cs1">Semtner, Christopher P. (2012). <i>Edgar Allan Poe's Richmond: the Raven in the River City</i>. Charleston, SC: History Press. p. 15. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-60949-607-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-60949-607-4"><bdi>978-1-60949-607-4</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/779472206">779472206</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Edgar+Allan+Poe%27s+Richmond%3A+the+Raven+in+the+River+City&rft.place=Charleston%2C+SC&rft.pages=15&rft.pub=History+Press&rft.date=2012&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F779472206&rft.isbn=978-1-60949-607-4&rft.aulast=Semtner&rft.aufirst=Christopher+P.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdgar+Allan+Poe" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Meyers256-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Meyers256_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Meyers256_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMeyers1992">Meyers 1992</a>, p. 256</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Allen-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Allen_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Allen_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAllen1927">Allen 1927</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEQuinn199813-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEQuinn199813_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFQuinn1998">Quinn 1998</a>, p. 13.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECanada1997-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECanada1997_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCanada1997">Canada 1997</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMeyers19928-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMeyers19928_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMeyers1992">Meyers 1992</a>, p. 8.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Meyers9-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Meyers9_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Meyers9_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMeyers1992">Meyers 1992</a>, p. 9</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEQuinn199861-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEQuinn199861_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFQuinn1998">Quinn 1998</a>, p. 61.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESilverman199116–18-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESilverman199116–18_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSilverman1991">Silverman 1991</a>, pp. 16–18.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPoeMuseum.org2006-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPoeMuseum.org2006_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPoeMuseum.org2006">PoeMuseum.org 2006</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMeyers199220-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMeyers199220_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMeyers1992">Meyers 1992</a>, p. 20.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-inflation-US-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-inflation-US_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">1634–1699: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcCusker1997" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_J._McCusker" title="John J. McCusker">McCusker, J. J.</a> (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.americanantiquarian.org/proceedings/44525121.pdf"><i>How Much Is That in Real Money? A Historical Price Index for Use as a Deflator of Money Values in the Economy of the United States: Addenda et Corrigenda</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a href="/wiki/American_Antiquarian_Society" title="American Antiquarian Society">American Antiquarian Society</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=How+Much+Is+That+in+Real+Money%3F+A+Historical+Price+Index+for+Use+as+a+Deflator+of+Money+Values+in+the+Economy+of+the+United+States%3A+Addenda+et+Corrigenda&rft.pub=American+Antiquarian+Society&rft.date=1997&rft.aulast=McCusker&rft.aufirst=J.+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.americanantiquarian.org%2Fproceedings%2F44525121.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdgar+Allan+Poe" class="Z3988"></span> 1700–1799: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcCusker1992" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_J._McCusker" title="John J. McCusker">McCusker, J. J.</a> (1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.americanantiquarian.org/proceedings/44517778.pdf"><i>How Much Is That in Real Money? A Historical Price Index for Use as a Deflator of Money Values in the Economy of the United States</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a href="/wiki/American_Antiquarian_Society" title="American Antiquarian Society">American Antiquarian Society</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=How+Much+Is+That+in+Real+Money%3F+A+Historical+Price+Index+for+Use+as+a+Deflator+of+Money+Values+in+the+Economy+of+the+United+States&rft.pub=American+Antiquarian+Society&rft.date=1992&rft.aulast=McCusker&rft.aufirst=J.+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.americanantiquarian.org%2Fproceedings%2F44517778.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdgar+Allan+Poe" class="Z3988"></span> 1800–present: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFederal_Reserve_Bank_of_Minneapolis" class="citation web cs1">Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.minneapolisfed.org/about-us/monetary-policy/inflation-calculator/consumer-price-index-1800-">"Consumer Price Index (estimate) 1800–"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 29,</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Consumer+Price+Index+%28estimate%29+1800%E2%80%93&rft.au=Federal+Reserve+Bank+of+Minneapolis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.minneapolisfed.org%2Fabout-us%2Fmonetary-policy%2Finflation-calculator%2Fconsumer-price-index-1800-&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdgar+Allan+Poe" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESilverman199127–28-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESilverman199127–28_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSilverman1991">Silverman 1991</a>, pp. 27–28.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESilverman199129–30-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESilverman199129–30_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSilverman1991">Silverman 1991</a>, pp. 29–30.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">University of Virginia. <i>A Catalogue of the Officers and Students of the University of Virginia. Second Session, Commencing February 1, 1826</i>. Charlottesville, VA: Chronicle Steam Book Printing House, 1880, p. 10</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMeyers199221–22-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMeyers199221–22_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMeyers1992">Meyers 1992</a>, pp. 21–22.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESilverman199132–34-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESilverman199132–34_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSilverman1991">Silverman 1991</a>, pp. 32–34.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESilverman199141-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESilverman199141_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSilverman1991">Silverman 1991</a>, p. 41.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECornelius200213-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECornelius200213_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCornelius2002">Cornelius 2002</a>, p. 13.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Meyers32-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Meyers32_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMeyers1992">Meyers 1992</a>, p. 32</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMeyers199233–34-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMeyers199233–34_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMeyers1992">Meyers 1992</a>, pp. 33–34.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.usace.army.mil/About/History/Historical-Vignettes/General-History/139-Poe-and-West-Point/">https://www.usace.army.mil/About/History/Historical-Vignettes/General-History/139-Poe-and-West-Point/</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMeyers199235-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMeyers199235_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMeyers1992">Meyers 1992</a>, p. 35.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESilverman199143–47-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESilverman199143–47_27-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSilverman1991">Silverman 1991</a>, pp. 43–47.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMeyers199238-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMeyers199238_28-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMeyers1992">Meyers 1992</a>, p. 38.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECornelius200213–14-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECornelius200213–14_29-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCornelius2002">Cornelius 2002</a>, pp. 13–14.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESears1978114-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESears1978114_30-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSears1978">Sears 1978</a>, p. 114, quoting a letter from Poe to Neal.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELease1972130-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELease1972130_31-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLease1972">Lease 1972</a>, p. 130.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESova20015-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESova20015_32-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSova2001">Sova 2001</a>, p. 5.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKrutch192632-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKrutch192632_33-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKrutch1926">Krutch 1926</a>, p. 32.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECornelius200214-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECornelius200214_34-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCornelius2002">Cornelius 2002</a>, p. 14.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMeyers199254–55-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMeyers199254–55_35-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMeyers1992">Meyers 1992</a>, pp. 54–55.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHecker200549–51-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHecker200549–51_36-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHecker2005">Hecker 2005</a>, pp. 49–51.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMeyers199250–51-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMeyers199250–51_37-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMeyers1992">Meyers 1992</a>, pp. 50–51.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHecker200553–54-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a 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Montreal: McGill-Queen's University Press. pp. 85–87. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7735-2899-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7735-2899-4"><bdi>978-0-7735-2899-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Edgar+Allan+Poe%3A+Rhetoric+and+Style&rft.place=Montreal&rft.pages=85-87&rft.pub=McGill-Queen%27s+University+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-7735-2899-4&rft.aulast=Zimmerman&rft.aufirst=Brett&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdgar+Allan+Poe" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lewis-112"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Lewis_112-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLewis2011" class="citation news cs1">Lewis, Paul (March 6, 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.boston.com/ae/books/articles/2011/03/06/quoth_the_detective/?page=full">"Quoth the detective: Edgar Allan Poe's case against the Boston literati"</a>. <i>boston.com</i>. Globe Newspaper Company. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130603120501/http://www.boston.com/ae/books/articles/2011/03/06/quoth_the_detective/?page=full">Archived</a> from the original on June 3, 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 9,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=boston.com&rft.atitle=Quoth+the+detective%3A+Edgar+Allan+Poe%27s+case+against+the+Boston+literati&rft.date=2011-03-06&rft.aulast=Lewis&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.boston.com%2Fae%2Fbooks%2Farticles%2F2011%2F03%2F06%2Fquoth_the_detective%2F%3Fpage%3Dfull&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdgar+Allan+Poe" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-BosLitHist-113"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-BosLitHist_113-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bostonliteraryhistory.com/chapter-5">"Longfellow's Serenity and Poe's Prediction"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(Exhibition at Boston Public Library and Massachusetts Historical Society)</span>. <i>Forgotten Chapters of Boston's Literary History</i>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 22,</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Forgotten+Chapters+of+Boston%27s+Literary+History&rft.atitle=Longfellow%27s+Serenity+and+Poe%27s+Prediction&rft.date=2012-07-30&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bostonliteraryhistory.com%2Fchapter-5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdgar+Allan+Poe" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Meyers258-114"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Meyers258_114-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Meyers258_114-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMeyers1992">Meyers 1992</a>, p. 258</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarner1990218-115"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarner1990218_115-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHarner1990">Harner 1990</a>, p. 218.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrankMagistrale1997103-116"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFrankMagistrale1997103_116-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFrankMagistrale1997">Frank & Magistrale 1997</a>, p. 103.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENeimeyer2002206-117"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENeimeyer2002206_117-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNeimeyer2002">Neimeyer 2002</a>, p. 206.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrankMagistrale1997364-118"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFrankMagistrale1997364_118-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFrankMagistrale1997">Frank & Magistrale 1997</a>, p. 364.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrankMagistrale1997372-119"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFrankMagistrale1997372_119-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFrankMagistrale1997">Frank & Magistrale 1997</a>, p. 372.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-guardian-120"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-guardian_120-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcCrum2013" class="citation news cs1">McCrum, Robert (November 23, 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/books/2013/nov/24/arthur-gordon-pym-nantucket-edgar-allan-poe-100-novels">"The 100 best novels: No 10 – The Narrative of Arthur Gordon Pym of Nantucket by Edgar Allan Poe (1838)"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160911130937/https://www.theguardian.com/books/2013/nov/24/arthur-gordon-pym-nantucket-edgar-allan-poe-100-novels">Archived</a> from the original on September 11, 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHuxley196732-131"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHuxley196732_131-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHuxley1967">Huxley 1967</a>, p. 32.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTE''New_York_Daily_News''2009-132"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTE''New_York_Daily_News''2009_132-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNew_York_Daily_News2009"><i>New York Daily News</i> 2009</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECappi1994-133"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECappi1994_133-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCappi1994">Cappi 1994</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERombeck2005-134"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERombeck2005_134-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRombeck2005">Rombeck 2005</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarrison1987-135"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarrison1987_135-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHarrison1987">Harrison 1987</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESmootDavidson1994-136"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmootDavidson1994_136-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSmootDavidson1994">Smoot & Davidson 1994</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Meyers214-137"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Meyers214_137-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Meyers214_137-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMeyers1992">Meyers 1992</a>, p. 214</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESilverman1991399-138"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESilverman1991399_138-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSilverman1991">Silverman 1991</a>, p. 399.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMeyers1992219-139"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMeyers1992219_139-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMeyers1992">Meyers 1992</a>, p. 219.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESova200182-140"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESova200182_140-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSova2001">Sova 2001</a>, p. 82.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Silverman152-141"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Silverman152_141-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Silverman152_141-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSilverman1991">Silverman 1991</a>, p. 152</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERosenheim19972,_6-142"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERosenheim19972,_6_142-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRosenheim1997">Rosenheim 1997</a>, pp. 2, 6.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFriedman199340–41-143"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFriedman199340–41_143-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFriedman1993">Friedman 1993</a>, pp. 40–41.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-144"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-144">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Though some wondered whether Poe wrote the source text, I find that it previously appeared in the <i>Baltimore Sun</i> of July 4, 1840; and that it was in turn based on a widely reprinted poem ("Nuptial Repartee") that first appeared in the June 21, 1813, <i>Morning Herald</i> of London. A manuscript in the hand of Hester Thrale (i.e., Hester Lynch Piozzi) in Harvard's library hints that she may be the true author." From <i>Edgar Allan Poe: The Fever Called Living</i> by Paul Collins. Boston: New Harvest/<a href="/wiki/Houghton_Mifflin_Harcourt" title="Houghton Mifflin Harcourt">Houghton Mifflin Harcourt</a>, 2014: p. 111.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-145"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-145">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDonn2000" class="citation web cs1">Donn, Jeff (December 2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200817183521/https://www.tulsaworld.com/archive/poe-s-puzzle-decoded-but-meaning-is-mystery/article_26eed84f-4bac-5268-9186-8246d6053280.html">"Poe's puzzle decoded, but meaning is mystery"</a>. <i>Tulsa World</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tulsaworld.com/archive/poe-s-puzzle-decoded-but-meaning-is-mystery/article_26eed84f-4bac-5268-9186-8246d6053280.html">the original</a> on August 17, 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 2,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Tulsa+World&rft.atitle=Poe%27s+puzzle+decoded%2C+but+meaning+is+mystery&rft.date=2000-12&rft.aulast=Donn&rft.aufirst=Jeff&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.tulsaworld.com%2Farchive%2Fpoe-s-puzzle-decoded-but-meaning-is-mystery%2Farticle_26eed84f-4bac-5268-9186-8246d6053280.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdgar+Allan+Poe" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERosenheim199715-146"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERosenheim199715_146-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRosenheim1997">Rosenheim 1997</a>, p. 15.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERosenheim1997146-147"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERosenheim1997146_147-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRosenheim1997">Rosenheim 1997</a>, p. 146.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-148"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-148">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://postalmuseum.si.edu/object/npm_1980.2493.4083">"Edgar Allen Poe, issue of 1949"</a>. Smithsonian National Postal Museum<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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The Trustees of Boston College. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bc.edu/libraries/about/exhibits/oneill/2008winter/now.html">the original</a> on July 30, 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 26,</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Raven+Returns%3A+Edgar+Allan+Poe+Bicentennial+Celebration&rft.atitle=Poe+%26+Boston%3A+2009&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bc.edu%2Flibraries%2Fabout%2Fexhibits%2Foneill%2F2008winter%2Fnow.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdgar+Allan+Poe" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Poe-157"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Poe_157-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.waymarking.com/waymarks/WM2MWP">"Edgar Allan Poe Birth Place"</a>. <i>Massachusetts Historical Markers on Waymarking.com</i>. Groundspeak, Inc. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130515182453/http://www.waymarking.com/waymarks/WM2MWP">Archived</a> from the original on May 15, 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 11,</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Massachusetts+Historical+Markers+on+Waymarking.com&rft.atitle=Edgar+Allan+Poe+Birth+Place&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.waymarking.com%2Fwaymarks%2FWM2MWP&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdgar+Allan+Poe" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVan_Hoy2007-158"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVan_Hoy2007_158-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFVan_Hoy2007">Van Hoy 2007</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Glenn-159"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Glenn_159-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Glenn_159-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGlenn2007">Glenn 2007</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-BosLitHistMap-160"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-BosLitHistMap_160-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bostonliteraryhistory.com/sites/default/files/bostonliteraryhistorymap.pdf">"An Interactive Map of Literary Boston: 1794–1862"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(Exhibition)</span>. <i>Forgotten Chapters of Boston's Literary History</i>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 11,</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+City+Record%2C+and+Boston+News-letter&rft.atitle=Edgar+Allan+Poe+Square&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbostonhistory.typepad.com%2Fnotes_on_the_urban_condit%2F2007%2F01%2Fedgar_allen_poe.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdgar+Allan+Poe" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-PoeSq-162"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-PoeSq_162-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.waymarking.com/waymarks/WM6AMW_Edgar_Allan_Poe_Square__Boston_MA">"Edgar Allan Poe Square"</a>. <i>Massachusetts Historical Markers on Waymarking.com</i>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 11,</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Massachusetts+Historical+Markers+on+Waymarking.com&rft.atitle=Edgar+Allan+Poe+Square&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.waymarking.com%2Fwaymarks%2FWM6AMW_Edgar_Allan_Poe_Square__Boston_MA&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdgar+Allan+Poe" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Fox2013-163"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Fox2013_163-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFox2013" class="citation news cs1">Fox, Jeremy C. (February 1, 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.boston.com/yourtown/news/downtown/2013/02/vision_for_an_edgar_allan_poe.html">"Vision for an Edgar Allan Poe memorial in Boston comes closer to reality"</a>. <i>boston.com (Boston Globe)</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150430091910/http://www.boston.com/yourtown/news/downtown/2013/02/vision_for_an_edgar_allan_poe.html">Archived</a> from the original on April 30, 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 9,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=boston.com+%28Boston+Globe%29&rft.atitle=Vision+for+an+Edgar+Allan+Poe+memorial+in+Boston+comes+closer+to+reality&rft.date=2013-02-01&rft.aulast=Fox&rft.aufirst=Jeremy+C.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.boston.com%2Fyourtown%2Fnews%2Fdowntown%2F2013%2F02%2Fvision_for_an_edgar_allan_poe.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdgar+Allan+Poe" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kaiser-164"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Kaiser_164-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKaiser2012" class="citation news cs1">Kaiser, Johanna (April 23, 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.boston.com/yourtown/news/beacon_hill/2012/04/life-size_poe_statue_chosen_to.html">"Boston chooses life-size Edgar Allan Poe statue to commemorate writer's ties to city"</a>. <i>boston.com (Boston Globe)</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130529131250/http://www.boston.com/yourtown/news/beacon_hill/2012/04/life-size_poe_statue_chosen_to.html">Archived</a> from the original on May 29, 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 9,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=boston.com+%28Boston+Globe%29&rft.atitle=Boston+chooses+life-size+Edgar+Allan+Poe+statue+to+commemorate+writer%27s+ties+to+city&rft.date=2012-04-23&rft.aulast=Kaiser&rft.aufirst=Johanna&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.boston.com%2Fyourtown%2Fnews%2Fbeacon_hill%2F2012%2F04%2Flife-size_poe_statue_chosen_to.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdgar+Allan+Poe" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-PFOB2-165"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-PFOB2_165-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://poeboston.blogspot.com">"About the project"</a>. <i>Edgar Allan Poe Square Public Art Project</i>. Edgar Allan Poe Foundation of Boston, Inc. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130423180550/http://poeboston.blogspot.com/">Archived</a> from the original on April 23, 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 9,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Edgar+Allan+Poe+Square+Public+Art+Project&rft.atitle=About+the+project&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpoeboston.blogspot.com&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdgar+Allan+Poe" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lee-166"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Lee_166-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLee2014" class="citation news cs1">Lee, M.G. (October 5, 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bostonglobe.com/metro/2014/10/05/evermore-edgar-allan-poe-immortalized-city-loathed/LpGC9U4FZ2w3HFIXomOwON/story.html">"Edgar Allan Poe immortalized in the city he loathed"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Boston_Globe" title="The Boston Globe">The Boston Globe</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150702204922/https://www.bostonglobe.com/metro/2014/10/05/evermore-edgar-allan-poe-immortalized-city-loathed/LpGC9U4FZ2w3HFIXomOwON/story.html">Archived</a> from the original on July 2, 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 2,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Boston+Globe&rft.atitle=Edgar+Allan+Poe+immortalized+in+the+city+he+loathed&rft.date=2014-10-05&rft.aulast=Lee&rft.aufirst=M.G.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bostonglobe.com%2Fmetro%2F2014%2F10%2F05%2Fevermore-edgar-allan-poe-immortalized-city-loathed%2FLpGC9U4FZ2w3HFIXomOwON%2Fstory.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdgar+Allan+Poe" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELake2006195-167"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELake2006195_167-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLake2006">Lake 2006</a>, p. 195.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-168"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-168">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDeas1989" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Michael_J._Deas" title="Michael J. Deas">Deas, Michael J.</a> (1989). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.eapoe.org/papers/misc1921/deas109a.htm"><i>The Portraits and Daguerreotypes of Edgar Allan Poe</i></a>. University of Virginia. pp. 47–51. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8139-1180-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8139-1180-9"><bdi>978-0-8139-1180-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Portraits+and+Daguerreotypes+of+Edgar+Allan+Poe&rft.pages=47-51&rft.pub=University+of+Virginia&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=978-0-8139-1180-9&rft.aulast=Deas&rft.aufirst=Michael+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.eapoe.org%2Fpapers%2Fmisc1921%2Fdeas109a.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdgar+Allan+Poe" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHall2007-169"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHall2007_169-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHall2007">Hall 2007</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAssociated_Press2007-170"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAssociated_Press2007_170-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAssociated_Press2007">Associated Press 2007</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-171"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-171">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.baltimoresun.com/2010/01/19/poe-toaster-tribute-is-nevermore/">"Poe Toaster tribute is 'nevermore'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Baltimore_Sun" title="The Baltimore Sun">The Baltimore Sun</a></i>. Tribune Company. January 19, 2010. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120120065113/http://articles.baltimoresun.com/2010-01-19/entertainment/bal-poe0119_1_poe-toaster-jeff-jerome-edgar-allan-poe-house">Archived</a> from the original on January 20, 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 19,</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Baltimore+Sun&rft.atitle=Poe+Toaster+tribute+is+%27nevermore%27&rft.date=2010-01-19&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.baltimoresun.com%2F2010%2F01%2F19%2Fpoe-toaster-tribute-is-nevermore%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdgar+Allan+Poe" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sources">Sources</h3></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAllen1927" class="citation book cs1">Allen, Hervey (1927). "Introduction". <i>The Works of Edgar Allan Poe</i>. New York: P.F. Collier & Son. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1050810755">1050810755</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Introduction&rft.btitle=The+Works+of+Edgar+Allan+Poe&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=P.F.+Collier+%26+Son&rft.date=1927&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1050810755&rft.aulast=Allen&rft.aufirst=Hervey&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdgar+Allan+Poe" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAssociated_Press2007" class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.foxnews.com/story/man-reveals-legend-of-mystery-visitor-to-edgar-allan-poes-grave">"Man Reveals Legend of Mystery Visitor to Edgar Allan Poe's Grave"</a>. <i>Fox News</i>. Associated Press. August 15, 2007. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071222143649/http://www.foxnews.com/story/0,2933,293413,00.html">Archived</a> from the original on December 22, 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 15,</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Fox+News&rft.atitle=Man+Reveals+Legend+of+Mystery+Visitor+to+Edgar+Allan+Poe%27s+Grave&rft.date=2007-08-15&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.foxnews.com%2Fstory%2Fman-reveals-legend-of-mystery-visitor-to-edgar-allan-poes-grave&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdgar+Allan+Poe" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBenitez1996" class="citation news cs1">Benitez, R, Michael (September 15, 1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1996/09/15/us/poe-s-death-is-rewritten-as-case-of-rabies-not-telltale-alcohol.html">"Poe's Death Is Rewritten as Case of Rabies, Not Telltale Alcohol"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Poe%27s+Death+Is+Rewritten+as+Case+of+Rabies%2C+Not+Telltale+Alcohol&rft.date=1996-09-15&rft.aulast=Benitez&rft.aufirst=R%2C+Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1996%2F09%2F15%2Fus%2Fpoe-s-death-is-rewritten-as-case-of-rabies-not-telltale-alcohol.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdgar+Allan+Poe" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_news" title="Template:Cite news">cite news</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">link</a>)</span> Based on <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1">Benitez, R.M. (1996). "A 39-year-old man with mental status change". <i>Maryland Medical Journal</i>. <b>45</b> (9): 765–769. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8810221">8810221</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Maryland+Medical+Journal&rft.atitle=A+39-year-old+man+with+mental+status+change&rft.volume=45&rft.issue=9&rft.pages=765-769&rft.date=1996&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F8810221&rft.aulast=Benitez&rft.aufirst=R.M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdgar+Allan+Poe" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBenton1987" class="citation book cs1">Benton, Richard P. (1987). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.eapoe.org/papers/psbbooks/pb19871c.htm">"Poe's Literary Labors and Rewards"</a>. In Fisher, Benjamin Franklin IV (ed.). <i>Myths and Reality: The Mysterious Mr. Poe</i>. Baltimore: The Edgar Allan Poe Society. pp. 1–25. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9616449-1-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-9616449-1-8"><bdi>978-0-9616449-1-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Poe%27s+Literary+Labors+and+Rewards&rft.btitle=Myths+and+Reality%3A+The+Mysterious+Mr.+Poe&rft.place=Baltimore&rft.pages=1-25&rft.pub=The+Edgar+Allan+Poe+Society&rft.date=1987&rft.isbn=978-0-9616449-1-8&rft.aulast=Benton&rft.aufirst=Richard+P.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.eapoe.org%2Fpapers%2Fpsbbooks%2Fpb19871c.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdgar+Allan+Poe" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBramsback1970" class="citation journal cs1">Bramsback, Birgit (1970). "The Final Illness and Death of Edgar Allan Poe: An Attempt at Reassessment". <i>Studia Neophilologica</i>. <b>XLII</b>: 40. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F00393277008587456">10.1080/00393277008587456</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Studia+Neophilologica&rft.atitle=The+Final+Illness+and+Death+of+Edgar+Allan+Poe%3A+An+Attempt+at+Reassessment&rft.volume=XLII&rft.pages=40&rft.date=1970&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F00393277008587456&rft.aulast=Bramsback&rft.aufirst=Birgit&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdgar+Allan+Poe" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBronxHistoricalSociety.org2007" class="citation web cs1">BronxHistoricalSociety.org (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071011072300/http://bronxhistoricalsociety.org/about/poecottage.html">"Edgar Allan Poe Cottage"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bronxhistoricalsociety.org/about/poecottage.html">the original</a> on October 11, 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Edgar+Allan+Poe+Cottage&rft.date=2007&rft.au=BronxHistoricalSociety.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbronxhistoricalsociety.org%2Fabout%2Fpoecottage.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdgar+Allan+Poe" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBurns2006" class="citation web cs1">Burns, Niccole (November 15, 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071215130930/http://com.miami.edu/parks/philapoeauthor.htm">"Poe wrote most important works in Philadelphia"</a>. <i>School of Communication – <a href="/wiki/University_of_Miami" title="University of Miami">University of Miami</a></i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://com.miami.edu/parks/philapoeauthor.htm">the original</a> on December 15, 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 13,</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=School+of+Communication+%E2%80%93+University+of+Miami&rft.atitle=Poe+wrote+most+important+works+in+Philadelphia&rft.date=2006-11-15&rft.aulast=Burns&rft.aufirst=Niccole&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcom.miami.edu%2Fparks%2Fphilapoeauthor.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdgar+Allan+Poe" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCappi1994" class="citation journal cs1">Cappi, Alberto (1994). "Edgar Allan Poe's Physical Cosmology". <i>Quarterly Journal of the Royal Astronomical Society</i>. <b>35</b>: 177–192. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1994QJRAS..35..177C">1994QJRAS..35..177C</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Quarterly+Journal+of+the+Royal+Astronomical+Society&rft.atitle=Edgar+Allan+Poe%27s+Physical+Cosmology&rft.volume=35&rft.pages=177-192&rft.date=1994&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1994QJRAS..35..177C&rft.aulast=Cappi&rft.aufirst=Alberto&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdgar+Allan+Poe" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCanada1997" class="citation web cs1">Canada, Mark, ed. (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070518202036/http://www.uncp.edu/home/canada/work/allam/17841865/lit/poe.htm">"Edgar Allan Poe Chronology"</a>. <i>Canada's America</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.uncp.edu/home/canada/work/allam/17841865/lit/poe.htm">the original</a> on May 18, 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 3,</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Canada%27s+America&rft.atitle=Edgar+Allan+Poe+Chronology&rft.date=1997&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.uncp.edu%2Fhome%2Fcanada%2Fwork%2Fallam%2F17841865%2Flit%2Fpoe.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdgar+Allan+Poe" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCrimeLibrary.com2008" class="citation web cs1">CrimeLibrary.com (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080605045810/http://www.trutv.com/library/crime/notorious_murders/celebrity/edgar_allan_poe/5.html">"Death Suspicion Cholera"</a>. <i>TruTV.com</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.trutv.com/library/crime/notorious_murders/celebrity/edgar_allan_poe/5.html">the original</a> on June 5, 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 9,</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=TruTV.com&rft.atitle=Death+Suspicion+Cholera&rft.date=2008&rft.au=CrimeLibrary.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.trutv.com%2Flibrary%2Fcrime%2Fnotorious_murders%2Fcelebrity%2Fedgar_allan_poe%2F5.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdgar+Allan+Poe" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCarlson1996" class="citation book cs1">Carlson, Eric Walter (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=nMHFGbxYhEMC&pg=PA476"><i>A Companion to Poe Studies</i></a>. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-313-26506-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-313-26506-8"><bdi>978-0-313-26506-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Companion+to+Poe+Studies&rft.place=Westport%2C+CT&rft.pub=Greenwood+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-0-313-26506-8&rft.aulast=Carlson&rft.aufirst=Eric+Walter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DnMHFGbxYhEMC%26pg%3DPA476&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdgar+Allan+Poe" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCannon1989" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Peter_Cannon" title="Peter Cannon">Cannon, Peter</a> (1989). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://go.gale.com/ps/eToc.do?docId=GALE%7C3ESZ"><i>H. P. Lovecraft</i></a>. Twayne's United States Authors Series. Vol. 549. Boston: Twayne. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8057-7539-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-8057-7539-0"><bdi>0-8057-7539-0</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/246440364">246440364</a> – via Gale.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=H.+P.+Lovecraft&rft.place=Boston&rft.series=Twayne%27s+United+States+Authors+Series&rft.pub=Twayne&rft.date=1989&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F246440364&rft.isbn=0-8057-7539-0&rft.aulast=Cannon&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgo.gale.com%2Fps%2FeToc.do%3FdocId%3DGALE%257C3ESZ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdgar+Allan+Poe" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCornelius2002" class="citation book cs1">Cornelius, Kay (2002). "Biography of Edgar Allan Poe". In <a href="/wiki/Harold_Bloom" title="Harold Bloom">Harold Bloom</a> (ed.). <i>Bloom's BioCritiques: Edgar Allan Poe</i>. Philadelphia, PA: Chelsea House Publishers. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7910-6173-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7910-6173-2"><bdi>978-0-7910-6173-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Biography+of+Edgar+Allan+Poe&rft.btitle=Bloom%27s+BioCritiques%3A+Edgar+Allan+Poe&rft.place=Philadelphia%2C+PA&rft.pub=Chelsea+House+Publishers&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-7910-6173-2&rft.aulast=Cornelius&rft.aufirst=Kay&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdgar+Allan+Poe" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEdgar_Allan_Poe_Society2007" class="citation web cs1">Edgar Allan Poe Society (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.eapoe.org/balt/poehse.htm">"The Baltimore Poe House and Museum"</a>. <i>eapoe.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 13,</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=eapoe.org&rft.atitle=The+Baltimore+Poe+House+and+Museum&rft.date=2007&rft.au=Edgar+Allan+Poe+Society&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.eapoe.org%2Fbalt%2Fpoehse.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdgar+Allan+Poe" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFisher1993" class="citation book cs1">Fisher, Benjamin Franklin IV (1993). "Poe's 'Metzengerstein': Not a Hoax (1971)". <i>On Poe: The Best from American Literature</i>. Durham, NC: Duke University Press. pp. 142–149. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8223-1311-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8223-1311-3"><bdi>978-0-8223-1311-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Poe%27s+%27Metzengerstein%27%3A+Not+a+Hoax+%281971%29&rft.btitle=On+Poe%3A+The+Best+from+American+Literature&rft.place=Durham%2C+NC&rft.pages=142-149&rft.pub=Duke+University+Press&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=978-0-8223-1311-3&rft.aulast=Fisher&rft.aufirst=Benjamin+Franklin+IV&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdgar+Allan+Poe" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFoye1980" class="citation book cs1">Foye, Raymond, ed. (1980). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/unknownpoeanthol0000poee"><i>The Unknown Poe</i></a> (Paperback ed.). San Francisco, CA: City Lights. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87286-110-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-87286-110-7"><bdi>978-0-87286-110-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Unknown+Poe&rft.place=San+Francisco%2C+CA&rft.edition=Paperback&rft.pub=City+Lights&rft.date=1980&rft.isbn=978-0-87286-110-7&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Funknownpoeanthol0000poee&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdgar+Allan+Poe" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFrankMagistrale1997" class="citation book cs1">Frank, Frederick S.; Magistrale, Anthony (1997). <i>The Poe Encyclopedia</i>. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-313-27768-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-313-27768-9"><bdi>978-0-313-27768-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Poe+Encyclopedia&rft.place=Westport%2C+CT&rft.pub=Greenwood+Press&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0-313-27768-9&rft.aulast=Frank&rft.aufirst=Frederick+S.&rft.au=Magistrale%2C+Anthony&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdgar+Allan+Poe" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFriedman1993" class="citation book cs1">Friedman, William F. (1993). "Edgar Allan Poe, Cryptographer (1936)". <i>On Poe: The Best from American Literature</i>. Durham, NC: Duke University Press. pp. 40–54. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8223-1311-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8223-1311-3"><bdi>978-0-8223-1311-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Edgar+Allan+Poe%2C+Cryptographer+%281936%29&rft.btitle=On+Poe%3A+The+Best+from+American+Literature&rft.place=Durham%2C+NC&rft.pages=40-54&rft.pub=Duke+University+Press&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=978-0-8223-1311-3&rft.aulast=Friedman&rft.aufirst=William+F.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdgar+Allan+Poe" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGargano1967" class="citation book cs1">Gargano, James W. (1967). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/collectionofcrit0000rega/page/165">"The Question of Poe's Narrators"</a>. In Regan, Robert (ed.). <i>Poe: A Collection of Critical Essays</i>. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/collectionofcrit0000rega/page/165">165</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-13-684963-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-13-684963-6"><bdi>978-0-13-684963-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Question+of+Poe%27s+Narrators&rft.btitle=Poe%3A+A+Collection+of+Critical+Essays&rft.place=Englewood+Cliffs%2C+NJ&rft.pages=165&rft.pub=Prentice-Hall&rft.date=1967&rft.isbn=978-0-13-684963-6&rft.aulast=Gargano&rft.aufirst=James+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcollectionofcrit0000rega%2Fpage%2F165&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdgar+Allan+Poe" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGlenn2007" class="citation news cs1">Glenn, Joshua (April 9, 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131008170830/http://www.boston.com/news/globe/ideas/brainiac/2007/04/_a_globe_reader.html">"The house of Poe – mystery solved!"</a>. <i>The Boston Globe</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.boston.com/news/globe/ideas/brainiac/2007/04/_a_globe_reader.html">the original</a> on October 8, 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 7,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Boston+Globe&rft.atitle=The+house+of+Poe+%E2%80%93+mystery+solved%21&rft.date=2007-04-09&rft.aulast=Glenn&rft.aufirst=Joshua&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.boston.com%2Fnews%2Fglobe%2Fideas%2Fbrainiac%2F2007%2F04%2F_a_globe_reader.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdgar+Allan+Poe" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGrayson2005" class="citation journal cs1">Grayson, Eric (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.arts.cornell.edu/english/publications/mode/documents/grayson.html">"Weird Science, Weirder Unity: Phrenology and Physiognomy in Edgar Allan Poe"</a>. <i>Mode 1</i>: 56–77.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Mode+1&rft.atitle=Weird+Science%2C+Weirder+Unity%3A+Phrenology+and+Physiognomy+in+Edgar+Allan+Poe&rft.pages=56-77&rft.date=2005&rft.aulast=Grayson&rft.aufirst=Eric&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.arts.cornell.edu%2Fenglish%2Fpublications%2Fmode%2Fdocuments%2Fgrayson.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdgar+Allan+Poe" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHall2007" class="citation news cs1">Hall, Wiley (August 15, 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://usatoday30.usatoday.com/life/books/news/2007-08-15-poe-fan_N.htm">"Poe Fan Takes Credit for Grave Legend"</a>. <i>USA Today</i>. Associated Press<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 7,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=USA+Today&rft.atitle=Poe+Fan+Takes+Credit+for+Grave+Legend&rft.date=2007-08-15&rft.aulast=Hall&rft.aufirst=Wiley&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fusatoday30.usatoday.com%2Flife%2Fbooks%2Fnews%2F2007-08-15-poe-fan_N.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdgar+Allan+Poe" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarner1990" class="citation book cs1">Harner, Gary Wayne (1990). "Edgar Allan Poe in France: Baudelaire's Labor of Love". In Fisher, Benjamin Franklin IV (ed.). <i>Poe and His Times: The Artist and His Milieu</i>. Baltimore: The Edgar Allan Poe Society. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9616449-2-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-9616449-2-5"><bdi>978-0-9616449-2-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Edgar+Allan+Poe+in+France%3A+Baudelaire%27s+Labor+of+Love&rft.btitle=Poe+and+His+Times%3A+The+Artist+and+His+Milieu&rft.place=Baltimore&rft.pub=The+Edgar+Allan+Poe+Society&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=978-0-9616449-2-5&rft.aulast=Harner&rft.aufirst=Gary+Wayne&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdgar+Allan+Poe" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarrison1987" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Edward_Robert_Harrison" title="Edward Robert Harrison">Harrison, Edward</a> (1987). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/darknessatnightr00harr"><i>Darkness at Night: A Riddle of the Universe</i></a>. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-674-19270-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-674-19270-6"><bdi>978-0-674-19270-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Darkness+at+Night%3A+A+Riddle+of+the+Universe&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+Massachusetts&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=1987&rft.isbn=978-0-674-19270-6&rft.aulast=Harrison&rft.aufirst=Edward&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fdarknessatnightr00harr&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdgar+Allan+Poe" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarrowitz1984" class="citation cs2">Harrowitz, Nancy (1984), "The Body of the Detective Model: Charles S. Peirce and Edgar Allan Poe", in <a href="/wiki/Umberto_Eco" title="Umberto Eco">Eco, Umberto</a>; <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Sebeok" title="Thomas Sebeok">Sebeok, Thomas</a> (eds.), <i>The Sign of Three: Dupin, Holmes, Peirce</i>, Bloomington, IN: History Workshop, Indiana University Press, pp. 179–197, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-253-35235-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-253-35235-4"><bdi>978-0-253-35235-4</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Body+of+the+Detective+Model%3A+Charles+S.+Peirce+and+Edgar+Allan+Poe&rft.btitle=The+Sign+of+Three%3A+Dupin%2C+Holmes%2C+Peirce&rft.place=Bloomington%2C+IN&rft.pages=179-197&rft.pub=History+Workshop%2C+Indiana+University+Press&rft.date=1984&rft.isbn=978-0-253-35235-4&rft.aulast=Harrowitz&rft.aufirst=Nancy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdgar+Allan+Poe" class="Z3988"></span>. Harrowitz discusses Poe's "tales of ratiocination" in the light of <a href="/wiki/Charles_Sanders_Peirce" title="Charles Sanders Peirce">Charles Sanders Peirce</a>'s logic of making good guesses or <a href="/wiki/Abductive_reasoning" title="Abductive reasoning">abductive reasoning</a>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHayes2002" class="citation book cs1">Hayes, Kevin J. (2002). <i>The Cambridge Companion to Edgar Allan Poe</i>. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-79326-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-79326-1"><bdi>978-0-521-79326-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+Companion+to+Edgar+Allan+Poe&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-521-79326-1&rft.aulast=Hayes&rft.aufirst=Kevin+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdgar+Allan+Poe" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHecker2005" class="citation cs2">Hecker, William J. (2005), <i>Private Perry and Mister Poe: The West Point Poems</i>, Baton Rouge, LA: Louisiana State University Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8071-3054-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8071-3054-4"><bdi>978-0-8071-3054-4</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Private+Perry+and+Mister+Poe%3A+The+West+Point+Poems&rft.place=Baton+Rouge%2C+LA&rft.pub=Louisiana+State+University+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-8071-3054-4&rft.aulast=Hecker&rft.aufirst=William+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdgar+Allan+Poe" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHoffman1998" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Hoffman" title="Daniel Hoffman">Hoffman, Daniel</a> (1998) [1972]. <i>Poe Poe Poe Poe Poe Poe Poe</i>. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8071-2321-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8071-2321-8"><bdi>978-0-8071-2321-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Poe+Poe+Poe+Poe+Poe+Poe+Poe&rft.place=Baton+Rouge&rft.pub=Louisiana+State+University+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0-8071-2321-8&rft.aulast=Hoffman&rft.aufirst=Daniel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdgar+Allan+Poe" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHungerford1930" class="citation journal cs1">Hungerford, Edward (1930). "Poe and Phrenology". <i>American Literature</i>. <b>1</b> (3): 209–231. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2920231">10.2307/2920231</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2920231">2920231</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Literature&rft.atitle=Poe+and+Phrenology&rft.volume=1&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=209-231&rft.date=1930&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F2920231&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2920231%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Hungerford&rft.aufirst=Edward&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdgar+Allan+Poe" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHuxley1967" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Aldous_Huxley" title="Aldous Huxley">Huxley, Aldous</a> (1967). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/collectionofcrit0000rega/page/32">"Vulgarity in Literature"</a>. In Regan, Robert (ed.). <i>Poe: A Collection of Critical Essays</i>. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/collectionofcrit0000rega/page/32">32</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-13-684963-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-13-684963-6"><bdi>978-0-13-684963-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Vulgarity+in+Literature&rft.btitle=Poe%3A+A+Collection+of+Critical+Essays&rft.place=Englewood+Cliffs%2C+NJ&rft.pages=32&rft.pub=Prentice-Hall&rft.date=1967&rft.isbn=978-0-13-684963-6&rft.aulast=Huxley&rft.aufirst=Aldous&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcollectionofcrit0000rega%2Fpage%2F32&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdgar+Allan+Poe" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJamneck2012" class="citation journal cs1">Jamneck, Lynne (August 2012). "Tekeli-li! Disturbing Language in Edgar Allan Poe and H. P. Lovecraft". <i>Lovecraft Annual</i> (6): 126–151. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1935-6102">1935-6102</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/26868454">26868454</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Lovecraft+Annual&rft.atitle=Tekeli-li%21+Disturbing+Language+in+Edgar+Allan+Poe+and+H.+P.+Lovecraft&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=126-151&rft.date=2012-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F26868454%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.issn=1935-6102&rft.aulast=Jamneck&rft.aufirst=Lynne&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdgar+Allan+Poe" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJannaccone1974" class="citation journal cs1">Jannaccone, Pasquale (translated by Peter Mitilineos) (1974). "The Aesthetics of Edgar Poe". <i>Poe Studies</i>. <b>7</b> (1): 1–13. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1754-6095.1974.tb00224.x">10.1111/j.1754-6095.1974.tb00224.x</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Poe+Studies&rft.atitle=The+Aesthetics+of+Edgar+Poe&rft.volume=7&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=1-13&rft.date=1974&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1754-6095.1974.tb00224.x&rft.aulast=Jannaccone&rft.aufirst=Pasquale+%28translated+by+Peter+Mitilineos%29&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdgar+Allan+Poe" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJoshi2013" class="citation book cs1">Joshi, S.T. (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=efmXAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA241">"Lovecraft's 'Dunsanian Studies'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. In Joshi, S.T. (ed.). <i>Critical Essays on Lord Dunsany</i>. Scarecrow Press. pp. 241–264. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8108-9235-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8108-9235-4"><bdi>978-0-8108-9235-4</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1026953908">1026953908</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Lovecraft%27s+%27Dunsanian+Studies%27&rft.btitle=Critical+Essays+on+Lord+Dunsany&rft.pages=241-264&rft.pub=Scarecrow+Press&rft.date=2013&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1026953908&rft.isbn=978-0-8108-9235-4&rft.aulast=Joshi&rft.aufirst=S.T.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DefmXAAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA241&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdgar+Allan+Poe" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJoshi1996" class="citation book cs1">Joshi, S.T. (1996). <i>H. P. Lovecraft: A Life</i> (First ed.). West Warwick, Rhode Island: Necronomicon Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-940884-89-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-940884-89-5"><bdi>0-940884-89-5</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/34906142">34906142</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=H.+P.+Lovecraft%3A+A+Life&rft.place=West+Warwick%2C+Rhode+Island&rft.edition=First&rft.pub=Necronomicon+Press&rft.date=1996&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F34906142&rft.isbn=0-940884-89-5&rft.aulast=Joshi&rft.aufirst=S.T.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdgar+Allan+Poe" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJoshi2017" class="citation book cs1">Joshi, S.T. (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=jnexDgAAQBAJ&pg=PR10">"Foreword"</a>. In Moreland, Sean (ed.). <i>The Lovecraftian Poe: Essays on Influence, Reception, Interpretation, and Transformation</i>. Bethlehem, Pennsylvania: Lehigh University Press. pp. ix–xiv. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-61146-241-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-61146-241-8"><bdi>978-1-61146-241-8</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/973481779">973481779</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Foreword&rft.btitle=The+Lovecraftian+Poe%3A+Essays+on+Influence%2C+Reception%2C+Interpretation%2C+and+Transformation&rft.place=Bethlehem%2C+Pennsylvania&rft.pages=ix-xiv&rft.pub=Lehigh+University+Press&rft.date=2017&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F973481779&rft.isbn=978-1-61146-241-8&rft.aulast=Joshi&rft.aufirst=S.T.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DjnexDgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPR10&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdgar+Allan+Poe" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKagle1990" class="citation book cs1">Kagle, Steven E. (1990). "The Corpse Within Us". In Fisher, Benjamin Franklin IV (ed.). <i>Poe and His Times: The Artist and His Milieu</i>. Baltimore: The Edgar Allan Poe Society. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9616449-2-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-9616449-2-5"><bdi>978-0-9616449-2-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Corpse+Within+Us&rft.btitle=Poe+and+His+Times%3A+The+Artist+and+His+Milieu&rft.place=Baltimore&rft.pub=The+Edgar+Allan+Poe+Society&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=978-0-9616449-2-5&rft.aulast=Kagle&rft.aufirst=Steven+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdgar+Allan+Poe" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKennedy1987" class="citation book cs1">Kennedy, J. Gerald (1987). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/poedeathlife00kenn"><i>Poe, Death, and the Life of Writing</i></a>. New Haven: Yale University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-300-03773-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-300-03773-9"><bdi>978-0-300-03773-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Poe%2C+Death%2C+and+the+Life+of+Writing&rft.place=New+Haven&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=1987&rft.isbn=978-0-300-03773-9&rft.aulast=Kennedy&rft.aufirst=J.+Gerald&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fpoedeathlife00kenn&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdgar+Allan+Poe" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKoster2002" class="citation book cs1">Koster, Donald N. (2002). "Influences of Transcendentalism on American Life and Literature". In Galens, David (ed.). <i>Literary Movements for Students Vol. 1</i>. Detroit: Thomson Gale. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7876-6518-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7876-6518-0"><bdi>978-0-7876-6518-0</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/865552323">865552323</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Influences+of+Transcendentalism+on+American+Life+and+Literature&rft.btitle=Literary+Movements+for+Students+Vol.+1.&rft.place=Detroit&rft.pub=Thomson+Gale&rft.date=2002&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F865552323&rft.isbn=978-0-7876-6518-0&rft.aulast=Koster&rft.aufirst=Donald+N.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdgar+Allan+Poe" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKrutch1926" class="citation book cs1">Krutch, Joseph Wood (1926). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/edgarallanpoestu0000krut"><i>Edgar Allan Poe: A Study in Genius</i></a></span>. New York: Alfred A. Knopf.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Edgar+Allan+Poe%3A+A+Study+in+Genius&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Alfred+A.+Knopf&rft.date=1926&rft.aulast=Krutch&rft.aufirst=Joseph+Wood&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fedgarallanpoestu0000krut&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdgar+Allan+Poe" class="Z3988"></span> (1992 reprint: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7812-6835-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7812-6835-6">978-0-7812-6835-6</a>)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLake2006" class="citation book cs1">Lake, Matt (2006). <i>Weird Maryland</i>. New York: Sterling Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4027-3906-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4027-3906-4"><bdi>978-1-4027-3906-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Weird+Maryland&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Sterling+Publishing&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-1-4027-3906-4&rft.aulast=Lake&rft.aufirst=Matt&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdgar+Allan+Poe" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLease1972" class="citation book cs1">Lease, Benjamin (1972). <i>That Wild Fellow John Neal and the American Literary Revolution</i>. Chicago, Illinois: University of Chicago Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-226-46969-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-226-46969-0"><bdi>978-0-226-46969-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=That+Wild+Fellow+John+Neal+and+the+American+Literary+Revolution&rft.place=Chicago%2C+Illinois&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=1972&rft.isbn=978-0-226-46969-0&rft.aulast=Lease&rft.aufirst=Benjamin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdgar+Allan+Poe" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLjunquist2002" class="citation book cs1">Ljunquist, Kent (2002). "The poet as critic". In Hayes, Kevin J. (ed.). <span class="id-lock-limited" title="Free access subject to limited trial, subscription normally required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/cambridgecompani00haye_579"><i>The Cambridge Companion to Edgar Allan Poe</i></a></span>. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/cambridgecompani00haye_579/page/n27">7</a>–20. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-79727-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-79727-6"><bdi>978-0-521-79727-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+poet+as+critic&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+Companion+to+Edgar+Allan+Poe&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pages=7-20&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-521-79727-6&rft.aulast=Ljunquist&rft.aufirst=Kent&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcambridgecompani00haye_579&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdgar+Allan+Poe" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLovecraft2009" class="citation web cs1">Lovecraft, H.P. (August 20, 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hplovecraft.com/writings/texts/fiction/mm.aspx">"At the Mountains of Madness"</a>. <i>The H. P. Lovecraft Archive</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170225184117/http://www.hplovecraft.com/writings/texts/fiction/mm.aspx">Archived</a> from the original on February 25, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+H.+P.+Lovecraft+Archive&rft.atitle=At+the+Mountains+of+Madness&rft.date=2009-08-20&rft.aulast=Lovecraft&rft.aufirst=H.P.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hplovecraft.com%2Fwritings%2Ftexts%2Ffiction%2Fmm.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdgar+Allan+Poe" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMaslin2006" class="citation news cs1">Maslin, Janet (June 6, 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2006/06/06/arts/06iht-bookwed.1903554.html">"The Poe Shadow"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 13,</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=The+Poe+Shadow&rft.date=2006-06-06&rft.aulast=Maslin&rft.aufirst=Janet&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2006%2F06%2F06%2Farts%2F06iht-bookwed.1903554.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdgar+Allan+Poe" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMeyers1992" class="citation book cs1">Meyers, Jeffrey (1992). <i>Edgar Allan Poe: His Life and Legacy</i> (Paperback ed.). New York: Cooper Square Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8154-1038-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8154-1038-6"><bdi>978-0-8154-1038-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Edgar+Allan+Poe%3A+His+Life+and+Legacy&rft.place=New+York&rft.edition=Paperback&rft.pub=Cooper+Square+Press&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=978-0-8154-1038-6&rft.aulast=Meyers&rft.aufirst=Jeffrey&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdgar+Allan+Poe" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNeimeyer2002" class="citation book cs1">Neimeyer, Mark (2002). "Poe and Popular Culture". In Hayes, Kevin J. (ed.). <span class="id-lock-limited" title="Free access subject to limited trial, subscription normally required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/cambridgecompani00haye_579"><i>The Cambridge Companion to Edgar Allan Poe</i></a></span>. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/cambridgecompani00haye_579/page/n225">205</a>–224. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-79727-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-79727-6"><bdi>978-0-521-79727-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Poe+and+Popular+Culture&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+Companion+to+Edgar+Allan+Poe&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pages=205-224&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-521-79727-6&rft.aulast=Neimeyer&rft.aufirst=Mark&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcambridgecompani00haye_579&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdgar+Allan+Poe" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNelson1981" class="citation book cs1">Nelson, Randy F. (1981). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/almanacofamerica00nels"><i>The Almanac of American Letters</i></a>. Los Altos, CA: William Kaufmann, Inc. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-86576-008-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-86576-008-0"><bdi>978-0-86576-008-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Almanac+of+American+Letters&rft.place=Los+Altos%2C+CA&rft.pub=William+Kaufmann%2C+Inc.&rft.date=1981&rft.isbn=978-0-86576-008-0&rft.aulast=Nelson&rft.aufirst=Randy+F.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Falmanacofamerica00nels&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdgar+Allan+Poe" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNew_York_Daily_News2009" class="citation news cs1">New York Daily News (December 5, 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nydailynews.com/news/money/edgar-allan-poe-book-1827-sells-662-500-record-price-american-literature-article-1.432709">"Edgar Allan Poe's first book from 1827 sells for $662,500; record price for American literature"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 24,</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Edgar+Allan+Poe%27s+first+book+from+1827+sells+for+%24662%2C500%3B+record+price+for+American+literature&rft.date=2009-12-05&rft.au=New+York+Daily+News&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nydailynews.com%2Fnews%2Fmoney%2Fedgar-allan-poe-book-1827-sells-662-500-record-price-american-literature-article-1.432709&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdgar+Allan+Poe" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNew_York_Times1894" class="citation news cs1">New York Times (May 20, 1894). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://query.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=9A03E5D91630E033A25753C2A9639C94659ED7CF">"Emerson's Estimate of Poe"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 2,</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Emerson%27s+Estimate+of+Poe&rft.date=1894-05-20&rft.au=New+York+Times&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fquery.nytimes.com%2Fgst%2Fabstract.html%3Fres%3D9A03E5D91630E033A25753C2A9639C94659ED7CF&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdgar+Allan+Poe" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOstrom1987" class="citation book cs1">Ostrom, John Ward (1987). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.eapoe.org/papers/psbbooks/pb19871e.htm">"Poe's Literary Labors and Rewards"</a>. In Fisher, Benjamin Franklin IV (ed.). <i>Myths and Reality: The Mysterious Mr. Poe</i>. Baltimore: The Edgar Allan Poe Society. pp. 37–47. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9616449-1-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-9616449-1-8"><bdi>978-0-9616449-1-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Poe%27s+Literary+Labors+and+Rewards&rft.btitle=Myths+and+Reality%3A+The+Mysterious+Mr.+Poe&rft.place=Baltimore&rft.pages=37-47&rft.pub=The+Edgar+Allan+Poe+Society&rft.date=1987&rft.isbn=978-0-9616449-1-8&rft.aulast=Ostrom&rft.aufirst=John+Ward&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.eapoe.org%2Fpapers%2Fpsbbooks%2Fpb19871e.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdgar+Allan+Poe" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>* <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPedersen2018" class="citation journal cs1">Pedersen, Jan B.W. (August 2018). "Howard Phillips Lovecraft: Romantic on the Nightside". <i>Lovecraft Annual</i> (12): 165–173. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1935-6102">1935-6102</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/26868565">26868565</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Lovecraft+Annual&rft.atitle=Howard+Phillips+Lovecraft%3A+Romantic+on+the+Nightside&rft.issue=12&rft.pages=165-173&rft.date=2018-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F26868565%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.issn=1935-6102&rft.aulast=Pedersen&rft.aufirst=Jan+B.W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdgar+Allan+Poe" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPoe1847" class="citation journal cs1">Poe, Edgar Allan (November 1847). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.eapoe.org/works/CRITICSM/GLB47HN1.HTM">"Tale-Writing – Nathaniel Hawthorne"</a>. <i>Godey's Lady's Book</i>: 252–256<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 24,</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Godey%27s+Lady%27s+Book&rft.atitle=Tale-Writing+%E2%80%93+Nathaniel+Hawthorne&rft.pages=252-256&rft.date=1847-11&rft.aulast=Poe&rft.aufirst=Edgar+Allan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.eapoe.org%2Fworks%2FCRITICSM%2FGLB47HN1.HTM&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdgar+Allan+Poe" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPoeMuseum.org2006" class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090105212647/http://www.poemuseum.org/news_and_events/archive_2006.html">"Celebrate Edgar Allan Poe's 197th Birthday at the Poe museum"</a>. <i>PoeMuseum.org</i>. 2006. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.poemuseum.org/news_and_events/archive_2006.html">the original</a> on January 5, 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=PoeMuseum.org&rft.atitle=Celebrate+Edgar+Allan+Poe%27s+197th+Birthday+at+the+Poe+museum&rft.date=2006&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.poemuseum.org%2Fnews_and_events%2Farchive_2006.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdgar+Allan+Poe" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFQuinn1998" class="citation book cs1">Quinn, Arthur Hobson (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://eapoe.org/papers/misc1921/quinn00c.htm"><i>Edgar Allan Poe: A Critical Biography</i></a>. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8018-5730-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8018-5730-0"><bdi>978-0-8018-5730-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Edgar+Allan+Poe%3A+A+Critical+Biography&rft.place=Baltimore&rft.pub=Johns+Hopkins+University+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0-8018-5730-0&rft.aulast=Quinn&rft.aufirst=Arthur+Hobson&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Feapoe.org%2Fpapers%2Fmisc1921%2Fquinn00c.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdgar+Allan+Poe" class="Z3988"></span> (Originally published in 1941 by New York: Appleton-Century-Crofts, Inc.)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThe_Raven_Society2014" class="citation web cs1">The Raven Society (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://aig.alumni.virginia.edu/raven/history/">"History"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/University_of_Virginia" title="University of Virginia">University of Virginia</a> alumni</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 18,</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=University+of+Virginia+alumni&rft.atitle=History&rft.date=2014&rft.au=The+Raven+Society&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Faig.alumni.virginia.edu%2Fraven%2Fhistory%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdgar+Allan+Poe" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRombeck2005" class="citation journal cs1">Rombeck, Terry (January 22, 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www2.ljworld.com/news/2005/jan/22/poes_littleknown_science/">"Poe's little-known science book reprinted"</a>. <i>Lawrence Journal-World & News</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Lawrence+Journal-World+%26+News&rft.atitle=Poe%27s+little-known+science+book+reprinted&rft.date=2005-01-22&rft.aulast=Rombeck&rft.aufirst=Terry&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww2.ljworld.com%2Fnews%2F2005%2Fjan%2F22%2Fpoes_littleknown_science%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdgar+Allan+Poe" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRosenheim1997" class="citation book cs1">Rosenheim, Shawn James (1997). <i>The Cryptographic Imagination: Secret Writing from Edgar Poe to the Internet</i>. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8018-5332-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8018-5332-6"><bdi>978-0-8018-5332-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Cryptographic+Imagination%3A+Secret+Writing+from+Edgar+Poe+to+the+Internet&rft.place=Baltimore&rft.pub=Johns+Hopkins+University+Press&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0-8018-5332-6&rft.aulast=Rosenheim&rft.aufirst=Shawn+James&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdgar+Allan+Poe" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoyot2002" class="citation cs2">Royot, Daniel (2002), "Poe's Humor", in Hayes, Kevin J. (ed.), <i>The Cambridge Companion to Edgar Allan Poe</i>, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 57–71, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-79326-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-79326-1"><bdi>978-0-521-79326-1</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Poe%27s+Humor&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+Companion+to+Edgar+Allan+Poe&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pages=57-71&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-521-79326-1&rft.aulast=Royot&rft.aufirst=Daniel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdgar+Allan+Poe" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSears1978" class="citation book cs1">Sears, Donald A. (1978). <i>John Neal</i>. Boston: Twayne Publishers. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8057-7230-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8057-7230-2"><bdi>978-0-8057-7230-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=John+Neal&rft.place=Boston&rft.pub=Twayne+Publishers&rft.date=1978&rft.isbn=978-0-8057-7230-2&rft.aulast=Sears&rft.aufirst=Donald+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdgar+Allan+Poe" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSilverman1991" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Kenneth_Silverman" title="Kenneth Silverman">Silverman, Kenneth</a> (1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/edgarpoe00kenn"><i>Edgar A. Poe: Mournful and Never-Ending Remembrance</i></a> (Paperback ed.). New York: Harper Perennial. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-06-092331-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-06-092331-0"><bdi>978-0-06-092331-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Edgar+A.+Poe%3A+Mournful+and+Never-Ending+Remembrance&rft.place=New+York&rft.edition=Paperback&rft.pub=Harper+Perennial&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=978-0-06-092331-0&rft.aulast=Silverman&rft.aufirst=Kenneth&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fedgarpoe00kenn&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdgar+Allan+Poe" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmootDavidson1994" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/George_Smoot" title="George Smoot">Smoot, George</a>; Davidson, Keay (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780380720446"><i>Wrinkles in Time</i></a> (Reprint ed.). New York: Harper Perennial. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-380-72044-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-380-72044-6"><bdi>978-0-380-72044-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Wrinkles+in+Time&rft.place=New+York&rft.edition=Reprint&rft.pub=Harper+Perennial&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-0-380-72044-6&rft.aulast=Smoot&rft.aufirst=George&rft.au=Davidson%2C+Keay&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fisbn_9780380720446&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdgar+Allan+Poe" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSova2001" class="citation book cs1">Sova, Dawn B. (2001). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/edgarallanpoetoz0000sova"><i>Edgar Allan Poe A to Z: The Essential Reference to His Life and Work</i></a></span> (Paperback ed.). New York: Checkmark Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8160-4161-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8160-4161-9"><bdi>978-0-8160-4161-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Edgar+Allan+Poe+A+to+Z%3A+The+Essential+Reference+to+His+Life+and+Work&rft.place=New+York&rft.edition=Paperback&rft.pub=Checkmark+Books&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-8160-4161-9&rft.aulast=Sova&rft.aufirst=Dawn+B.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fedgarallanpoetoz0000sova&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdgar+Allan+Poe" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStableford2003" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Brian_Stableford" title="Brian Stableford">Stableford, Brian</a> (2003). "Science fiction before the genre". In James, Edward; Mendlesohn, Farah (eds.). <span class="id-lock-limited" title="Free access subject to limited trial, subscription normally required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/cambridgecompani00jame_241"><i>The Cambridge Companion to Science Fiction</i></a></span>. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/cambridgecompani00jame_241/page/n44">15</a>–31. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-01657-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-01657-5"><bdi>978-0-521-01657-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Science+fiction+before+the+genre&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+Companion+to+Science+Fiction&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pages=15-31&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-521-01657-5&rft.aulast=Stableford&rft.aufirst=Brian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcambridgecompani00jame_241&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdgar+Allan+Poe" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSt._Armand1975" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Barton_Levi_St._Armand" title="Barton Levi St. Armand">St. Armand, Barton Levi</a> (1975). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.persee.fr/doc/calib_0575-2124_1975_num_12_1_1046">"H. P. Lovecraft: New England Decadent"</a>. <i>Caliban</i>. <b>12</b> (1): 127–155. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3406%2Fcalib.1975.1046">10.3406/calib.1975.1046</a>. <a href="/wiki/EISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="EISSN (identifier)">eISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2431-1766">2431-1766</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:220649713">220649713</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Caliban&rft.atitle=H.+P.+Lovecraft%3A+New+England+Decadent&rft.volume=12&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=127-155&rft.date=1975&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A220649713%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.eissn=2431-1766&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3406%2Fcalib.1975.1046&rft.aulast=St.+Armand&rft.aufirst=Barton+Levi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.persee.fr%2Fdoc%2Fcalib_0575-2124_1975_num_12_1_1046&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdgar+Allan+Poe" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTresch2002" class="citation book cs1">Tresch, John (2002). "Extra! Extra! Poe invents science fiction". In Hayes, Kevin J. (ed.). <span class="id-lock-limited" title="Free access subject to limited trial, subscription normally required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/cambridgecompani00haye"><i>The Cambridge Companion to Edgar Allan Poe</i></a></span>. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/cambridgecompani00haye/page/n134">113</a>–132. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-79326-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-79326-1"><bdi>978-0-521-79326-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Extra%21+Extra%21+Poe+invents+science+fiction&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+Companion+to+Edgar+Allan+Poe&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pages=113-132&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-521-79326-1&rft.aulast=Tresch&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcambridgecompani00haye&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdgar+Allan+Poe" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVan_Hoy2007" class="citation news cs1">Van Hoy, David C. (February 18, 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archive.boston.com/news/local/articles/2007/02/18/the_fall_of_the_house_of_edgar/">"The Fall of the House of Edgar"</a>. <i>The Boston Globe</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 7,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Boston+Globe&rft.atitle=The+Fall+of+the+House+of+Edgar&rft.date=2007-02-18&rft.aulast=Van+Hoy&rft.aufirst=David+C.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farchive.boston.com%2Fnews%2Flocal%2Farticles%2F2007%2F02%2F18%2Fthe_fall_of_the_house_of_edgar%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdgar+Allan+Poe" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWalsh2000" class="citation book cs1">Walsh, John Evangelist (2000) [1968]. <i>Poe the Detective: The Curious Circumstances behind 'The Mystery of Marie Roget'<span></span></i>. New York: St. Martins Minotaur. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8135-0567-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8135-0567-1"><bdi>978-0-8135-0567-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Poe+the+Detective%3A+The+Curious+Circumstances+behind+%27The+Mystery+of+Marie+Roget%27&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=St.+Martins+Minotaur&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-8135-0567-1&rft.aulast=Walsh&rft.aufirst=John+Evangelist&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdgar+Allan+Poe" class="Z3988"></span> (1968 edition printed by Rutgers University Press)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWeekes2002" class="citation book cs1">Weekes, Karen (2002). "Poe's feminine ideal". In Hayes, Kevin J. (ed.). <span class="id-lock-limited" title="Free access subject to limited trial, subscription normally required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/cambridgecompani00haye_579"><i>The Cambridge Companion to Edgar Allan Poe</i></a></span>. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/cambridgecompani00haye_579/page/n168">148</a>–162. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-79326-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-79326-1"><bdi>978-0-521-79326-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Poe%27s+feminine+ideal&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+Companion+to+Edgar+Allan+Poe&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pages=148-162&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-521-79326-1&rft.aulast=Weekes&rft.aufirst=Karen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcambridgecompani00haye_579&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdgar+Allan+Poe" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWhalen2001" class="citation book cs1">Whalen, Terance (2001). "Poe and the American Publishing Industry". In Kennedy, J. Gerald (ed.). <span class="id-lock-limited" title="Free access subject to limited trial, subscription normally required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/historicalguidet00kenn"><i>A Historical Guide to Edgar Allan Poe</i></a></span>. New York: Oxford University Press. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/historicalguidet00kenn/page/n71">63</a>–94. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-512150-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-512150-6"><bdi>978-0-19-512150-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Poe+and+the+American+Publishing+Industry&rft.btitle=A+Historical+Guide+to+Edgar+Allan+Poe&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=63-94&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-19-512150-6&rft.aulast=Whalen&rft.aufirst=Terance&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhistoricalguidet00kenn&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdgar+Allan+Poe" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilbur1967" class="citation book cs1">Wilbur, Richard (1967). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/collectionofcrit0000rega/page/99">"The House of Poe"</a>. In Regan, Robert (ed.). <i>Poe: A Collection of Critical Essays</i>. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/collectionofcrit0000rega/page/99">99</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-13-684963-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-13-684963-6"><bdi>978-0-13-684963-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+House+of+Poe&rft.btitle=Poe%3A+A+Collection+of+Critical+Essays&rft.place=Englewood+Cliffs%2C+NJ&rft.pages=99&rft.pub=Prentice-Hall&rft.date=1967&rft.isbn=978-0-13-684963-6&rft.aulast=Wilbur&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcollectionofcrit0000rega%2Fpage%2F99&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdgar+Allan+Poe" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><div class="side-box metadata side-box-right"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"> <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:The_Wikipedia_Library" title="Wikipedia:The Wikipedia Library">Library resources</a> about <br /> <b>Edgar Allan Poe</b> <hr /></div> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><ul><li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?st=viaf&su=60351476&library=OLBP">Online books</a></li> <li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?st=viaf&su=60351476">Resources in your library</a></li> <li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?st=viaf&su=60351476&library=0CHOOSE0">Resources in other libraries</a></li> </ul></div></div> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"><b>By Edgar Allan Poe</b> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?at=viaf&au=60351476&library=OLBP">Online books</a></li> <li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?at=viaf&au=60351476">Resources in your library</a></li> <li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?at=viaf&au=60351476&library=0CHOOSE0">Resources in other libraries</a></li></ul> </div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239549316"><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAckroyd2008" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Peter_Ackroyd" title="Peter Ackroyd">Ackroyd, Peter</a> (2008). <i>Poe: A Life Cut Short</i>. London: Chatto & Windus. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7011-6988-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7011-6988-6"><bdi>978-0-7011-6988-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Poe%3A+A+Life+Cut+Short&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Chatto+%26+Windus&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-7011-6988-6&rft.aulast=Ackroyd&rft.aufirst=Peter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdgar+Allan+Poe" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBaab-Muguira2021" class="citation book cs1">Baab-Muguira, Catherine (September 2021). <i>Poe for Your Problems</i>. New York: Running Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7624-9909-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7624-9909-0"><bdi>978-0-7624-9909-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Poe+for+Your+Problems&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Running+Press&rft.date=2021-09&rft.isbn=978-0-7624-9909-0&rft.aulast=Baab-Muguira&rft.aufirst=Catherine&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdgar+Allan+Poe" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBittner1962" class="citation book cs1">Bittner, William (1962). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/poebiography00bitt"><i>Poe: A Biography</i></a></span>. Boston: Little, Brown and Company. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-316-09686-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-316-09686-7"><bdi>978-0-316-09686-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Poe%3A+A+Biography&rft.place=Boston&rft.pub=Little%2C+Brown+and+Company&rft.date=1962&rft.isbn=978-0-316-09686-7&rft.aulast=Bittner&rft.aufirst=William&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fpoebiography00bitt&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdgar+Allan+Poe" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGeorge_Washington_Eveleth1922" class="citation book cs1">George Washington Eveleth (1922). Thomas Ollive Mabbott (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=6j9bAAAAMAAJ&q=bibliogroup:%22Bulletin+of+the+New+York+Public+Library%22"><i>The letters from George W. Eveleth to Edgar Allan Poe</i></a>. Bulletin of the New York Public Library. Vol. 26 (reprint ed.). The New York Public Library.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+letters+from+George+W.+Eveleth+to+Edgar+Allan+Poe&rft.series=Bulletin+of+the+New+York+Public+Library&rft.edition=reprint&rft.pub=The+New+York+Public+Library&rft.date=1922&rft.au=George+Washington+Eveleth&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D6j9bAAAAMAAJ%26q%3Dbibliogroup%3A%2522Bulletin%2Bof%2Bthe%2BNew%2BYork%2BPublic%2BLibrary%2522&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdgar+Allan+Poe" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHutchisson2005" class="citation book cs1">Hutchisson, James M. (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/isbn_9781578067213"><i>Poe</i></a>. Jackson: University Press of Mississippi. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-57806-721-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-57806-721-3"><bdi>978-1-57806-721-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Poe&rft.place=Jackson&rft.pub=University+Press+of+Mississippi&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-1-57806-721-3&rft.aulast=Hutchisson&rft.aufirst=James+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fisbn_9781578067213&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdgar+Allan+Poe" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLevin1980" class="citation book cs1">Levin, Harry (1980). <i>The Power of Blackness: Hawthorne, Poe, Melville</i>. Athens, OH: Ohio University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780821405819" title="Special:BookSources/9780821405819"><bdi>9780821405819</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Power+of+Blackness%3A+Hawthorne%2C+Poe%2C+Melville&rft.place=Athens%2C+OH&rft.pub=Ohio+University+Press&rft.date=1980&rft.isbn=9780821405819&rft.aulast=Levin&rft.aufirst=Harry&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdgar+Allan+Poe" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPoe2008" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Harry_Lee_Poe" title="Harry Lee Poe">Poe, Harry Lee</a> (2008). <i>Edgar Allan Poe: An Illustrated Companion to His Tell-Tale Stories</i>. New York: Metro Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4351-0469-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4351-0469-3"><bdi>978-1-4351-0469-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Edgar+Allan+Poe%3A+An+Illustrated+Companion+to+His+Tell-Tale+Stories&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Metro+Books&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-1-4351-0469-3&rft.aulast=Poe&rft.aufirst=Harry+Lee&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdgar+Allan+Poe" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPope-Hennessy1934" class="citation book cs1">Pope-Hennessy, Una (1934). <i>Edgar Allan Poe, 1809–1849: A Critical Biography</i>. New York: Haskell House.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Edgar+Allan+Poe%2C+1809%E2%80%931849%3A+A+Critical+Biography&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Haskell+House&rft.date=1934&rft.aulast=Pope-Hennessy&rft.aufirst=Una&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdgar+Allan+Poe" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marilynne_Robinson" title="Marilynne Robinson">Robinson, Marilynne</a>, "On Edgar Allan Poe", <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Review_of_Books" title="The New York Review of Books">The New York Review of Books</a></i>, vol. LXII, no. 2 (February 5, 2015), pp. 4, 6.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTresch2021" class="citation book cs1">Tresch, John (2021). <i>The Reason for the Darkness of the Night: Edgar Allan Poe and the Forging of American Science</i>. New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-3742-4785-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-3742-4785-0"><bdi>978-0-3742-4785-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Reason+for+the+Darkness+of+the+Night%3A+Edgar+Allan+Poe+and+the+Forging+of+American+Science&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Farrar%2C+Straus+and+Giroux&rft.date=2021&rft.isbn=978-0-3742-4785-0&rft.aulast=Tresch&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdgar+Allan+Poe" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1250146164">.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow{padding:0.75em 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sistersitebox plainlinks"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"> <b>Edgar Allan Poe</b> at Wikipedia's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikimedia_sister_projects" title="Wikipedia:Wikimedia sister projects"><span id="sister-projects">sister projects</span></a></div> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><ul><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/20px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Edgar_Allan_Poe" class="extiw" title="c:Edgar Allan Poe">Media</a> from Commons</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/27px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/41px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/54px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="759" data-file-height="415" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wikinews.org/wiki/Special:Search/Edgar_Allan_Poe" class="extiw" title="n:Special:Search/Edgar Allan Poe">News</a> from Wikinews</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" 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href="https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Edgar_Allan_Poe" class="extiw" title="v:Edgar Allan Poe">Resources</a> from Wikiversity</span></li></ul></div></div> </div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235611614">.mw-parser-output .spoken-wikipedia{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);margin:0.5em 0;padding:0.2em;line-height:1.5em;font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .spoken-wikipedia-header{text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .spoken-wikipedia-listen-to{font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .spoken-wikipedia-files{text-align:center;margin-top:10px;margin-bottom:0.4em}.mw-parser-output .spoken-wikipedia-icon{float:left;margin-left:5px;margin-top:10px}.mw-parser-output .spoken-wikipedia-disclaimer{margin-left:60px;margin-top:10px;font-size:95%;line-height:1.4em}.mw-parser-output .spoken-wikipedia-footer{margin-top:10px;text-align:center}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .spoken-wikipedia{width:20em;float:right;clear:right;margin-left:1em}}</style><div class="spoken-wikipedia noprint haudio"><div class="spoken-wikipedia-header"><span class="spoken-wikipedia-listen-to">Listen to this article</span> (<span class="duration"><span class="min">33</span> minutes</span>)</div><div class="spoken-wikipedia-files"><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><span><audio id="mwe_player_0" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="200" style="width:200px;" data-durationhint="1974" data-mwtitle="Edgar_allen_poe_recording.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/8c/Edgar_allen_poe_recording.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/8/8c/Edgar_allen_poe_recording.ogg/Edgar_allen_poe_recording.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio></span><figcaption></figcaption></figure> </div><div class="spoken-wikipedia-icon"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Spoken Wikipedia"><img alt="Spoken Wikipedia icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Sound-icon.svg/45px-Sound-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="45" height="34" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Sound-icon.svg/68px-Sound-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Sound-icon.svg/90px-Sound-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="96" /></span></span></div><div class="spoken-wikipedia-disclaimer"><a href="/wiki/File:Edgar_allen_poe_recording.ogg" title="File:Edgar allen poe recording.ogg">This audio file</a> was created from a revision of this article dated 22 November 2008<span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">2008-11-22</span>)</span>, and does not reflect subsequent edits.</div><div class="spoken-wikipedia-footer">(<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Media_help" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Media help">Audio help</a> · <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Spoken_articles" title="Wikipedia:Spoken articles">More spoken articles</a>)</div></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://standardebooks.org/ebooks/edgar-allan-poe">Works by Edgar Allan Poe in eBook form</a> at <a href="/wiki/Standard_Ebooks" title="Standard Ebooks">Standard Ebooks</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/author/481">Works by Edgar Allan Poe</a> at <a href="/wiki/Project_Gutenberg" title="Project Gutenberg">Project Gutenberg</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/search.php?query=%28%28subject%3A%22Poe%2C%20Edgar%20Allan%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22Poe%2C%20Edgar%20A%2E%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22Poe%2C%20E%2E%20A%2E%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22Edgar%20Allan%20Poe%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22Edgar%20A%2E%20Poe%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22E%2E%20A%2E%20Poe%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22Poe%2C%20Edgar%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22Edgar%20Poe%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Edgar%20Allan%20Poe%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Edgar%20A%2E%20Poe%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22E%2E%20A%2E%20Poe%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22E%2E%20Allan%20Poe%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Poe%2C%20Edgar%20Allan%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Poe%2C%20Edgar%20A%2E%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Poe%2C%20E%2E%20A%2E%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Poe%2C%20E%2E%20Allan%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Edgar%20Poe%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Poe%2C%20Edgar%22%20OR%20title%3A%22Edgar%20Allan%20Poe%22%20OR%20title%3A%22Edgar%20A%2E%20Poe%22%20OR%20title%3A%22E%2E%20A%2E%20Poe%22%20OR%20title%3A%22Edgar%20Poe%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Edgar%20Allan%20Poe%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Edgar%20A%2E%20Poe%22%20OR%20description%3A%22E%2E%20A%2E%20Poe%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Poe%2C%20Edgar%20Allan%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Poe%2C%20Edgar%20A%2E%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Edgar%20Poe%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Poe%2C%20Edgar%22%29%20OR%20%28%221809-1849%22%20AND%20Poe%29%29%20AND%20%28-mediatype:software%29">Works by or about Edgar Allan Poe</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://librivox.org/author/21">Works by Edgar Allan Poe</a> at <a href="/wiki/LibriVox" title="LibriVox">LibriVox</a> (public domain audiobooks) <span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/15px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/23px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/30px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://openlibrary.org/authors/OL28127A">Works by Edgar Allan Poe</a> at <a href="/wiki/Open_Library" title="Open Library">Open Library</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16867#P648" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nps.gov/edal/index.htm">Edgar Allan Poe National Historic Site</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.eapoe.org/">Edgar Allan Poe Society in Baltimore</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.poemuseum.org/">Poe Museum in Richmond, Virginia</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.shapell.org/manuscript.aspx?169898">Edgar Allan Poe's Personal Correspondence</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150223052915/http://www.shapell.org/manuscript.aspx?169898">Archived</a> February 23, 2015, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Shapell Manuscript Foundation</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://research.hrc.utexas.edu:8080/hrcxtf/view?docId=ead/00109.xml&query=edgar%20allen%20poe&query-join=and">Edgar Allan Poe's Collection</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120301185854/http://research.hrc.utexas.edu:8080/hrcxtf/view?docId=ead%2F00109.xml&query=edgar%20allen%20poe&query-join=and">Archived</a> March 1, 2012, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Harry_Ransom_Center" title="Harry Ransom Center">Harry Ransom Center</a> at <a href="/wiki/The_University_of_Texas_at_Austin" class="mw-redirect" title="The University of Texas at Austin">The University of Texas at Austin</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/8301128.stm">'Funeral' honours Edgar Allan Poe</a> <a href="/wiki/BBC_News" title="BBC News">BBC News</a> (with video) 2009-10-11</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://xroads.virginia.edu/~HYPER/POE/contents.html">Selected Stories</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160112221713/http://xroads.virginia.edu/~Hyper/POE/contents.html">Archived</a> January 12, 2016, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> from American Studies at the University of Virginia</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.isfdb.org/cgi-bin/ea.cgi?622">Edgar Allan Poe</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Internet_Speculative_Fiction_Database" title="Internet Speculative Fiction Database">Internet Speculative Fiction Database</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lccn.loc.gov/n79029745">Edgar Allan Poe</a> at <a href="/wiki/Library_of_Congress" title="Library of Congress">Library of Congress</a>, with 944 library catalog records</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://findingaids.library.columbia.edu/ead/nnc-rb/ldpd_4079225">Finding aid to Edgar Allan Poe papers at Columbia University. Rare Book & Manuscript Library.</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output 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.navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Edgar_Allan_Poe" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Edgar_Allan_Poe" title="Template:Edgar Allan Poe"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Edgar_Allan_Poe" title="Template talk:Edgar Allan Poe"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Edgar_Allan_Poe" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Edgar Allan Poe"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Edgar_Allan_Poe" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Edgar Allan Poe</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="/wiki/Edgar_Allan_Poe_bibliography" title="Edgar Allan Poe bibliography">Bibliography</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Poems_by_Edgar_Allan_Poe" title="Poems by Edgar Allan Poe">Poems</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>"<a href="/wiki/Tamerlane_(poem)" title="Tamerlane (poem)">Tamerlane</a>" (1827)</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Al_Aaraaf" title="Al Aaraaf">Al Aaraaf</a>" (1829)</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Sonnet_to_Science" title="Sonnet to Science">Sonnet to Science</a>" (1829)</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/To_Helen" title="To Helen">To Helen</a>" (1831)</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/The_City_in_the_Sea" title="The City in the Sea">The City in the Sea</a>" (1831)</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/The_Haunted_Palace_(poem)" title="The Haunted Palace (poem)">The Haunted Palace</a>" (1839)</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/The_Conqueror_Worm" title="The Conqueror Worm">The Conqueror Worm</a>" (1843)</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Lenore_(poem)" title="Lenore (poem)">Lenore</a>" (1843)</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Eulalie" title="Eulalie">Eulalie</a>" (1843)</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/The_Raven" title="The Raven">The Raven</a>" (1845)</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Ulalume" title="Ulalume">Ulalume</a>" (1847)</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/A_Dream_Within_a_Dream" title="A Dream Within a Dream">A Dream Within a Dream</a>" (1849)</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Eldorado_(poem)" title="Eldorado (poem)">Eldorado</a>" (1849)</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/The_Bells_(poem)" title="The Bells (poem)">The Bells</a>" (1849)</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Annabel_Lee" title="Annabel Lee">Annabel Lee</a>" (1849)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Tales</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>"<a href="/wiki/Metzengerstein" title="Metzengerstein">Metzengerstein</a>" (1832)</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/The_Duc_de_L%27Omelette" title="The Duc de L'Omelette">The Duc de L'Omelette</a>" (1832)</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Bon-Bon_(short_story)" title="Bon-Bon (short story)">Bon-Bon</a>" (1832)</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/MS._Found_in_a_Bottle" title="MS. Found in a Bottle">MS. Found in a Bottle</a>" (1833)</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Berenice_(short_story)" title="Berenice (short story)">Berenice</a>" (1835)</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Morella_(short_story)" title="Morella (short story)">Morella</a>" (1835)</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/The_Unparalleled_Adventure_of_One_Hans_Pfaall" title="The Unparalleled Adventure of One Hans Pfaall">The Unparalleled Adventure of One Hans Pfaall</a>" (1835)</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Ligeia" title="Ligeia">Ligeia</a>" (1838)</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/A_Predicament" title="A Predicament">A Predicament</a>" (1838)</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/The_Devil_in_the_Belfry" title="The Devil in the Belfry">The Devil in the Belfry</a>" (1839)</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/The_Man_That_Was_Used_Up" title="The Man That Was Used Up">The Man That Was Used Up</a>" (1839)</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/The_Fall_of_the_House_of_Usher" title="The Fall of the House of Usher">The Fall of the House of Usher</a>" (1839)</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/William_Wilson_(short_story)" title="William Wilson (short story)">William Wilson</a>" (1839)</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/The_Conversation_of_Eiros_and_Charmion" title="The Conversation of Eiros and Charmion">The Conversation of Eiros and Charmion</a>" (1839)</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/The_Business_Man_(short_story)" title="The Business Man (short story)">The Business Man</a>" (1840)</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/The_Man_of_the_Crowd" title="The Man of the Crowd">The Man of the Crowd</a>" (1840)</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/The_Murders_in_the_Rue_Morgue" title="The Murders in the Rue Morgue">The Murders in the Rue Morgue</a>" (1841)</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/A_Descent_into_the_Maelstr%C3%B6m" title="A Descent into the Maelström">A Descent into the Maelström</a>" (1841)</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Never_Bet_the_Devil_Your_Head" title="Never Bet the Devil Your Head">Never Bet the Devil Your Head</a>" (1841)</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Eleonora_(short_story)" title="Eleonora (short story)">Eleonora</a>" (1841)</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/The_Oval_Portrait" title="The Oval Portrait">The Oval Portrait</a>" (1842)</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/The_Masque_of_the_Red_Death" title="The Masque of the Red Death">The Masque of the Red Death</a>" (1842)</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/The_Mystery_of_Marie_Rog%C3%AAt" title="The Mystery of Marie Rogêt">The Mystery of Marie Rogêt</a>" (1842)</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/The_Pit_and_the_Pendulum" title="The Pit and the Pendulum">The Pit and the Pendulum</a>" (1842)</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/The_Tell-Tale_Heart" title="The Tell-Tale Heart">The Tell-Tale Heart</a>" (1843)</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/The_Gold-Bug" title="The Gold-Bug">The Gold-Bug</a>" (1843)</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/The_Black_Cat_(short_story)" title="The Black Cat (short story)">The Black Cat</a>" (1843)</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/The_Spectacles_(short_story)" title="The Spectacles (short story)">The Spectacles</a>" (1844)</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/A_Tale_of_the_Ragged_Mountains" title="A Tale of the Ragged Mountains">A Tale of the Ragged Mountains</a>" (1844)</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/The_Premature_Burial" title="The Premature Burial">The Premature Burial</a>" (1844)</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/The_Oblong_Box_(short_story)" title="The Oblong Box (short story)">The Oblong Box</a>" (1844)</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/The_Angel_of_the_Odd" title="The Angel of the Odd">The Angel of the Odd</a>" (1844)</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Thou_Art_the_Man" title="Thou Art the Man">Thou Art the Man</a>" (1844)</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/The_Purloined_Letter" title="The Purloined Letter">The Purloined Letter</a>" (1844)</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Some_Words_with_a_Mummy" title="Some Words with a Mummy">Some Words with a Mummy</a>" (1845)</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/The_Thousand-and-Second_Tale_of_Scheherazade" title="The Thousand-and-Second Tale of Scheherazade">The Thousand-and-Second Tale of Scheherazade</a>" (1845)</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/The_Imp_of_the_Perverse" title="The Imp of the Perverse">The Imp of the Perverse</a>" (1845)</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/The_System_of_Doctor_Tarr_and_Professor_Fether" title="The System of Doctor Tarr and Professor Fether">The System of Doctor Tarr and Professor Fether</a>" (1845)</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/The_Facts_in_the_Case_of_M._Valdemar" title="The Facts in the Case of M. Valdemar">The Facts in the Case of M. Valdemar</a>" (1845)</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/The_Cask_of_Amontillado" title="The Cask of Amontillado">The Cask of Amontillado</a>" (1846)</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Loss_of_Breath" title="Loss of Breath">Loss of Breath</a>" (1846)</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Hop-Frog" title="Hop-Frog">Hop-Frog</a>" (1849)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Essays</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>"<a href="/wiki/Maelzel%27s_Chess_Player" title="Maelzel's Chess Player">Maelzel's Chess Player</a>" (1836)</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/The_Philosophy_of_Furniture" title="The Philosophy of Furniture">The Philosophy of Furniture</a>" (1840)</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Morning_on_the_Wissahiccon" title="Morning on the Wissahiccon">Morning on the Wissahiccon</a>" (1844)</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/The_Philosophy_of_Composition" title="The Philosophy of Composition">The Philosophy of Composition</a>" (1846)</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/The_Poetic_Principle" title="The Poetic Principle">The Poetic Principle</a>" (1846)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Eureka:_A_Prose_Poem" title="Eureka: A Prose Poem">Eureka: A Prose Poem</a></i> (1848)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Novels</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Narrative_of_Arthur_Gordon_Pym_of_Nantucket" title="The Narrative of Arthur Gordon Pym of Nantucket">The Narrative of Arthur Gordon Pym of Nantucket</a></i> (1837)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Journal_of_Julius_Rodman" title="The Journal of Julius Rodman">The Journal of Julius Rodman</a></i> (1840)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Collections</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Tamerlane_and_Other_Poems" title="Tamerlane and Other Poems">Tamerlane and Other Poems</a></i> (1827)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tales_of_the_Grotesque_and_Arabesque" title="Tales of the Grotesque and Arabesque">Tales of the Grotesque and Arabesque</a></i> (1840)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Play</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Politian_(play)" title="Politian (play)">Politian</a></i> (1835)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Conchologist%27s_First_Book" title="The Conchologist's First Book">The Conchologist's First Book</a></i> (1839)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Balloon-Hoax" title="The Balloon-Hoax">The Balloon-Hoax</a></i> (1844)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Light-House" title="The Light-House">The Light-House</a></i> (1849)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Virginia_Eliza_Clemm_Poe" title="Virginia Eliza Clemm Poe">Virginia Eliza Clemm Poe (wife)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eliza_Poe" title="Eliza Poe">Eliza Poe (mother)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Poe_Jr." title="David Poe Jr.">David Poe Jr. (father)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Henry_Leonard_Poe" class="mw-redirect" title="William Henry Leonard Poe">William Henry Poe (brother)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosalie_Mackenzie_Poe" title="Rosalie Mackenzie Poe">Rosalie Mackenzie Poe (sister)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edgar_Allan_Poe_Museum_(Richmond,_Virginia)" title="Edgar Allan Poe Museum (Richmond, Virginia)">Poe Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edgar_Allan_Poe_Cottage" title="Edgar Allan Poe Cottage">Poe Cottage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edgar_Allan_Poe_House_and_Museum" title="Edgar Allan Poe House and Museum">Edgar Allan Poe House and Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edgar_Allan_Poe_National_Historic_Site" title="Edgar Allan Poe National Historic Site">National Historic Site</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Stylus" title="The Stylus"><i>The Stylus</i> magazine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_of_Edgar_Allan_Poe" title="Death of Edgar Allan Poe">Death</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edgar_Awards" title="Edgar Awards">Edgar Awards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edgar_Allan_Poe_in_popular_culture" title="Edgar Allan Poe in popular culture">In popular culture</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Edgar_Allan_Poe_in_television_and_film" title="Edgar Allan Poe in television and film">film and television</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edgar_Allan_Poe_and_music" class="mw-redirect" title="Edgar Allan Poe and music">music</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poe_Toaster" title="Poe Toaster">Poe Toaster</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tales_of_Mystery_%26_Imagination" title="Tales of Mystery & Imagination">Tales of Mystery & Imagination</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Portrayals</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Edgar_Allen_Poe_(film)" title="Edgar Allen Poe (film)">Edgar Allen Poe</a></i> (1909 film)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Raven_(1915_film)" title="The Raven (1915 film)">The Raven</a></i> (1915 film)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Loves_of_Edgar_Allan_Poe" title="The Loves of Edgar Allan Poe">The Loves of Edgar Allan Poe</a></i> (1942 film)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Man_with_a_Cloak" title="The Man with a Cloak">The Man with a Cloak</a></i> (1951 film)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Edgar_Allan_Poe:_Once_Upon_a_Midnight" title="Edgar Allan Poe: Once Upon a Midnight">Edgar Allan Poe: Once Upon a Midnight</a></i> (2004 play)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Raven_(2012_film)" title="The Raven (2012 film)">The Raven</a></i> (2012 film)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Pale_Blue_Eye" title="The Pale Blue Eye">The Pale Blue Eye</a></i> (2022 film)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Associated_subjects" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#e8e8ff;"><div id="Associated_subjects" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Associated subjects</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;font-size:114%"><div style="padding:0px"> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Edgar_Allan_Poe&#039;s_&quot;The_Raven&quot;_(1845)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:The_Raven" title="Template:The Raven"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:The_Raven" title="Template talk:The Raven"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:The_Raven" title="Special:EditPage/Template:The Raven"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Edgar_Allan_Poe&#039;s_&quot;The_Raven&quot;_(1845)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Edgar Allan Poe</a>'s "<a href="/wiki/The_Raven" title="The Raven">The Raven</a>" (1845)</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Film</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Raven_(1915_film)" title="The Raven (1915 film)">The Raven</a></i> (1915)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Raven_(1935_film)" title="The Raven (1935 film)">The Raven</a></i> (1935)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Raven_(1963_film)" title="The Raven (1963 film)">The Raven</a></i> (1963)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Raven_(2006_film)" title="The Raven (2006 film)">The Raven</a></i> (2006)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Evil_Calls:_The_Raven" title="Evil Calls: The Raven">Evil Calls: The Raven</a></i> (2011)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Raven_(2012_film)" title="The Raven (2012 film)">The Raven</a></i> (2012)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Literature</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Barnaby_Rudge" title="Barnaby Rudge">Barnaby Rudge</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Blessed_Damozel" title="The Blessed Damozel">The Blessed Damozel</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Cadaeic_Cadenza" class="mw-redirect" title="Cadaeic Cadenza">Cadaeic Cadenza</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Music</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Raven_(Lou_Reed_album)" title="The Raven (Lou Reed album)">The Raven</a></i> (Lou Reed album)</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/The_Raven_(song)" title="The Raven (song)">The Raven</a>" (The Alan Parsons Project song)</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/That%27s_How_the_Story_Ends" class="mw-redirect" title="That's How the Story Ends">That's How the Story Ends</a>" (Five Iron Frenzy song)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Edgar_Allan_Poe:_Once_Upon_a_Midnight" title="Edgar Allan Poe: Once Upon a Midnight">Edgar Allan Poe: Once Upon a Midnight</a></i> (play)</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Treehouse_of_Horror_(The_Simpsons_episode)" title="Treehouse of Horror (The Simpsons episode)">Treehouse of Horror</a>"</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Raven_(paintings)" title="The Raven (paintings)">The Raven</a></i> (painting series)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Pigeon_(novella)" title="The Pigeon (novella)">The Pigeon</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Vincent_(1982_film)" title="Vincent (1982 film)">Vincent</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Raven_in_popular_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="The Raven in popular culture">"The Raven" in popular culture</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Grip_(raven)" title="Grip (raven)">Grip (raven)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Edgar_Allan_Poe&#039;s_&quot;The_Tell-Tale_Heart&quot;_(1843)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:The_Tell-Tale_Heart" title="Template:The Tell-Tale Heart"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:The_Tell-Tale_Heart" title="Template talk:The Tell-Tale Heart"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:The_Tell-Tale_Heart" title="Special:EditPage/Template:The Tell-Tale Heart"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Edgar_Allan_Poe&#039;s_&quot;The_Tell-Tale_Heart&quot;_(1843)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Edgar Allan Poe</a>'s "<a href="/wiki/The_Tell-Tale_Heart" title="The Tell-Tale Heart">The Tell-Tale Heart</a>" (1843)</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Adaptations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Avenging_Conscience" title="The Avenging Conscience">The Avenging Conscience</a></i> (1914 silent)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Tell-Tale_Heart_(1934_film)" title="The Tell-Tale Heart (1934 film)">The Tell-Tale Heart</a></i> (1934)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Tell-Tale_Heart_(1941_film)" title="The Tell-Tale Heart (1941 film)">The Tell-Tale Heart</a></i> (1941)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Tell-Tale_Heart_(1953_American_film)" title="The Tell-Tale Heart (1953 American film)">The Tell-Tale Heart</a></i> (1953, American)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Tell-Tale_Heart_(1953_British_film)" title="The Tell-Tale Heart (1953 British film)">The Tell-Tale Heart</a></i> (1953, British)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Tell-Tale_Heart_(1960_film)" title="The Tell-Tale Heart (1960 film)">The Tell-Tale Heart</a></i> (1960)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tell-Tale_(film)" title="Tell-Tale (film)">Tell-Tale</a></i> (2009)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tell_(2012_film)" title="Tell (2012 film)">Tell</a></i> (2012)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Tell-Tale_Heart_(2014_film)" title="The Tell-Tale Heart (2014 film)">The Tell-Tale Heart</a></i> (2014)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Manfish" title="Manfish">Manfish</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Dark_Eye_(video_game)" title="The Dark Eye (video game)">The Dark Eye</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Edgar_Allan_Poe&#039;s_&quot;The_Fall_of_the_House_of_Usher&quot;_(1839)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:The_Fall_of_the_House_of_Usher" title="Template:The Fall of the House of Usher"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:The_Fall_of_the_House_of_Usher" title="Template talk:The Fall of the House of Usher"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:The_Fall_of_the_House_of_Usher" title="Special:EditPage/Template:The Fall of the House of Usher"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Edgar_Allan_Poe&#039;s_&quot;The_Fall_of_the_House_of_Usher&quot;_(1839)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Edgar Allan Poe</a>'s "<a href="/wiki/The_Fall_of_the_House_of_Usher" title="The Fall of the House of Usher">The Fall of the House of Usher</a>" (1839)</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Film</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Fall_of_the_House_of_Usher_(1928_French_film)" title="The Fall of the House of Usher (1928 French film)">La Chute de la maison Usher</a></i> (1928, French)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Fall_of_the_House_of_Usher_(1928_American_film)" title="The Fall of the House of Usher (1928 American film)">The Fall of the House of Usher</a></i> (1928, American)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Fall_of_the_House_of_Usher_(1950_film)" title="The Fall of the House of Usher (1950 film)">The Fall of the House of Usher</a></i> (1950)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/House_of_Usher_(film)" title="House of Usher (film)">House of Usher</a></i> (1960)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_House_of_Usher_(1989_film)" title="The House of Usher (1989 film)">The House of Usher</a></i> (1989)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Fall_of_the_Louse_of_Usher" title="The Fall of the Louse of Usher">The Fall of the Louse of Usher</a></i> (2002)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Descendant_(2003_film)" title="Descendant (2003 film)">Descendant</a></i> (2003)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Usher_(film)" title="Usher (film)">Usher</a></i> (2004)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_House_of_Usher_(2006_film)" title="The House of Usher (2006 film)">The House of Usher</a></i> (2006)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Bloodhound_(2020_film)" title="The Bloodhound (2020 film)">The Bloodhound</a></i> (2020)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Television</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Fall_of_the_House_of_Usher_(miniseries)" title="The Fall of the House of Usher (miniseries)">The Fall of the House of Usher</a></i> (2023)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Operas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/La_chute_de_la_maison_Usher_(opera)" title="La chute de la maison Usher (opera)">La chute de la maison Usher</a></i> (Debussy)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Fall_of_the_House_of_Usher_(Glass_opera)" title="The Fall of the House of Usher (Glass opera)">The Fall of the House of Usher</a></i> (Glass)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Fall_of_the_House_of_Usher_(Hammill_opera)" title="The Fall of the House of Usher (Hammill opera)">The Fall of the House of Usher</a></i> (Hammill)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Usher_House" title="Usher House">Usher House</a></i> (Getty)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Fall_of_the_House_of_Usher_(1965_opera)" title="The Fall of the House of Usher (1965 opera)">The Fall of the House of Usher</a></i> (Sitsky)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Alone_in_the_Dark_(1992_video_game)" title="Alone in the Dark (1992 video game)">Alone in the Dark</a></i></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Lady_Eleanor" title="Lady Eleanor">Lady Eleanor</a>"</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Edgar_Allan_Poe&#039;s_C._Auguste_Dupin" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:C._Auguste_Dupin" title="Template:C. Auguste Dupin"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:C._Auguste_Dupin" title="Template talk:C. Auguste Dupin"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:C._Auguste_Dupin" title="Special:EditPage/Template:C. Auguste Dupin"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Edgar_Allan_Poe&#039;s_C._Auguste_Dupin" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Edgar Allan Poe</a>'s <a href="/wiki/C._Auguste_Dupin" title="C. Auguste Dupin">C. Auguste Dupin</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Stories</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>"<a href="/wiki/The_Murders_in_the_Rue_Morgue" title="The Murders in the Rue Morgue">The Murders in the Rue Morgue</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/The_Mystery_of_Marie_Rog%C3%AAt" title="The Mystery of Marie Rogêt">The Mystery of Marie Rogêt</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/The_Purloined_Letter" title="The Purloined Letter">The Purloined Letter</a>"</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Adaptations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Sherlock_Holmes_in_the_Great_Murder_Mystery" title="Sherlock Holmes in the Great Murder Mystery">Sherlock Holmes in the Great Murder Mystery</a></i> (1908)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Murders_in_the_Rue_Morgue_(1932_film)" title="Murders in the Rue Morgue (1932 film)">Murders in the Rue Morgue</a></i> (1932)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Mystery_of_Marie_Roget_(film)" title="The Mystery of Marie Roget (film)">The Mystery of Marie Roget</a></i> (1942)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Phantom_of_the_Rue_Morgue" title="Phantom of the Rue Morgue">Phantom of the Rue Morgue</a></i> (1954)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Murders_in_the_Rue_Morgue_(1971_film)" title="Murders in the Rue Morgue (1971 film)">Murders in the Rue Morgue</a></i> (1971)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Murders_in_the_Rue_Morgue_(1986_film)" title="The Murders in the Rue Morgue (1986 film)">The Murders in the Rue Morgue</a></i> (1986)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Morgue_Street" title="Morgue Street">Morgue Street</a></i> (2012)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Edgar_Allan_Poe&#039;s_&quot;The_Pit_and_the_Pendulum&quot;_(1842)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:The_Pit_and_the_Pendulum" title="Template:The Pit and the Pendulum"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:The_Pit_and_the_Pendulum" title="Template talk:The Pit and the Pendulum"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:The_Pit_and_the_Pendulum" title="Special:EditPage/Template:The Pit and the Pendulum"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Edgar_Allan_Poe&#039;s_&quot;The_Pit_and_the_Pendulum&quot;_(1842)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Edgar Allan Poe</a>'s "<a href="/wiki/The_Pit_and_the_Pendulum" title="The Pit and the Pendulum">The Pit and the Pendulum</a>" (1842)</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Film</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Pit_and_the_Pendulum_(1913_film)" title="The Pit and the Pendulum (1913 film)">The Pit and the Pendulum</a></i> (1913)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Pit_and_the_Pendulum_(1961_film)" title="The Pit and the Pendulum (1961 film)">The Pit and the Pendulum</a></i> (1961)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Pit_and_the_Pendulum_(1964_film)" title="The Pit and the Pendulum (1964 film)">The Pit and the Pendulum</a></i> (1964)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Pendulum,_the_Pit_and_Hope" title="The Pendulum, the Pit and Hope">The Pendulum, the Pit and Hope</a></i> (1983)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Pit_and_the_Pendulum_(1991_film)" title="The Pit and the Pendulum (1991 film)">The Pit and the Pendulum</a></i> (1991)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Pit_and_the_Pendulum_(2009_film)" title="The Pit and the Pendulum (2009 film)">The Pit and the Pendulum</a></i> (2009)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Edgar_Allan_Poe&#039;s_&quot;The_Masque_of_the_Red_Death&quot;_(1842)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:The_Masque_of_the_Red_Death" title="Template:The Masque of the Red Death"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:The_Masque_of_the_Red_Death" title="Template talk:The Masque of the Red Death"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:The_Masque_of_the_Red_Death" title="Special:EditPage/Template:The Masque of the Red Death"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Edgar_Allan_Poe&#039;s_&quot;The_Masque_of_the_Red_Death&quot;_(1842)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Edgar Allan Poe</a>'s "<a href="/wiki/The_Masque_of_the_Red_Death" title="The Masque of the Red Death">The Masque of the Red Death</a>" (1842)</div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Masque_of_the_Red_Death_in_popular_culture" title="The Masque of the Red Death in popular culture">In popular culture</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Films</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Plague_of_Florence" title="The Plague of Florence">The Plague of Florence</a></i> (1919)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Masque_of_the_Red_Death_(1964_film)" title="The Masque of the Red Death (1964 film)">The Masque of the Red Death</a></i> (1964)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mask_of_the_Red_Death_(1969_film)" title="Mask of the Red Death (1969 film)">Mask of the Red Death</a></i> (1969)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Masque_of_the_Red_Death_(1989_film)" title="Masque of the Red Death (1989 film)">Masque of the Red Death</a></i> (1989)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other media</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Batman:_Contagion" title="Batman: Contagion">Batman: Contagion</a></i> (comic)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Masque_of_the_Red_Death_(Ravenloft)" class="mw-redirect" title="Masque of the Red Death (Ravenloft)">Masque of the Red Death</a></i> (game campaign)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Masque_of_the_Red_Death_(play)" title="The Masque of the Red Death (play)">The Masque of the Red Death</a></i> (play)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Prospero%27s_Rooms" title="Prospero's Rooms">Prospero's Rooms</a></i> (music composition)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Wendy_Pini%27s_Masque_of_the_Red_Death" title="Wendy Pini's Masque of the Red Death">Wendy Pini's Masque of the Red Death</a></i> (comic)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Edgar_Allan_Poe&#039;s_&quot;The_Black_Cat&quot;_(1843)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:The_Black_Cat" title="Template:The Black Cat"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:The_Black_Cat" title="Template talk:The Black Cat"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:The_Black_Cat" title="Special:EditPage/Template:The Black Cat"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Edgar_Allan_Poe&#039;s_&quot;The_Black_Cat&quot;_(1843)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Edgar Allan Poe</a>'s "<a href="/wiki/The_Black_Cat_(short_story)" title="The Black Cat (short story)">The Black Cat</a>" (1843)</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Film adaptations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Unheimliche_Geschichten_(1919_film)" title="Unheimliche Geschichten (1919 film)">Unheimliche Geschichten</a></i> (1919)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Unheimliche_Geschichten_(1932_film)" title="Unheimliche Geschichten (1932 film)">Unheimliche Geschichten</a></i> (1932)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Black_Cat_(1934_film)" title="The Black Cat (1934 film)">The Black Cat</a></i> (1934)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Maniac_(1934_film)" title="Maniac (1934 film)">Maniac</a></i> (1934)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Black_Cat_(1941_film)" title="The Black Cat (1941 film)">The Black Cat</a></i> (1941)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tales_of_Terror" title="Tales of Terror">Tales of Terror</a></i> (1962)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Your_Vice_Is_a_Locked_Room_and_Only_I_Have_the_Key" title="Your Vice Is a Locked Room and Only I Have the Key">Your Vice Is a Locked Room and Only I Have the Key</a></i> (1972)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Death_Smiles_on_a_Murderer" title="Death Smiles on a Murderer">Death Smiles on a Murderer</a></i> (1973)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Black_Cat_(1981_film)" title="The Black Cat (1981 film)">The Black Cat</a></i> (1981)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Two_Evil_Eyes" title="Two Evil Eyes">Two Evil Eyes</a></i> (1990)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">TV adaptations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>"<a href="/wiki/The_Black_Cat_(Masters_of_Horror)" title="The Black Cat (Masters of Horror)">The Black Cat</a>"</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Edgar_Allan_Poe&#039;s_&quot;The_System_of_Doctor_Tarr_and_Professor_Fether&quot;_(1845)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:The_System_of_Doctor_Tarr_and_Professor_Fether" title="Template:The System of Doctor Tarr and Professor Fether"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:The_System_of_Doctor_Tarr_and_Professor_Fether" title="Template talk:The System of Doctor Tarr and Professor Fether"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:The_System_of_Doctor_Tarr_and_Professor_Fether" title="Special:EditPage/Template:The System of Doctor Tarr and Professor Fether"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Edgar_Allan_Poe&#039;s_&quot;The_System_of_Doctor_Tarr_and_Professor_Fether&quot;_(1845)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Edgar Allan Poe</a>'s "<a href="/wiki/The_System_of_Doctor_Tarr_and_Professor_Fether" title="The System of Doctor Tarr and Professor Fether">The System of Doctor Tarr and Professor Fether</a>" (1845)</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Film adaptations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_System_of_Doctor_Goudron" title="The System of Doctor Goudron">The System of Doctor Goudron</a></i> (1913)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Unheimliche_Geschichten_(1932_film)" title="Unheimliche Geschichten (1932 film)">Unheimliche Geschichten</a></i> (1932)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Forgotten_(1973_film)" title="The Forgotten (1973 film)">The Forgotten</a></i> (1973)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lunacy_(film)" title="Lunacy (film)">Lunacy</a></i> (2005)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Stonehearst_Asylum" title="Stonehearst Asylum">Stonehearst Asylum</a></i> (2014)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Music</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>"<a href="/wiki/(The_System_of)_Dr._Tarr_and_Professor_Fether" title="(The System of) Dr. Tarr and Professor Fether">(The System of) Dr. Tarr and Professor Fether</a>"</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Articles_related_to_E._A._Poe" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#e8e8ff;"><div id="Articles_related_to_E._A._Poe" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Articles related to E. A. Poe</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;font-size:114%"><div style="padding:0px"> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Romanticism" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Romanticism" title="Template:Romanticism"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Romanticism" title="Template talk:Romanticism"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Romanticism" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Romanticism"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Romanticism" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Romanticism" title="Romanticism">Romanticism</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Countries</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Danish_Golden_Age" title="Danish Golden Age">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romantic_literature_in_English" title="Romantic literature in English">England (literature)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanticism_in_France" title="Romanticism in France">France</a> <a href="/wiki/19th-century_French_literature#Romanticism" title="19th-century French literature">(literature)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_Romanticism" title="German Romanticism">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taish%C5%8D_Roman" title="Taishō Roman">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norwegian_romantic_nationalism" title="Norwegian romantic nationalism">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanticism_in_Poland" title="Romanticism in Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golden_Age_of_Russian_Poetry" title="Golden Age of Russian Poetry">Russia (literature)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanticism_in_Scotland" title="Romanticism in Scotland">Scotland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanticism_in_Spanish_literature" title="Romanticism in Spanish literature">Spain (literature)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swedish_Romantic_literature" title="Swedish Romantic literature">Sweden (literature)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Movements</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancients_(art_group)" title="Ancients (art group)">Ancients</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bohemianism" title="Bohemianism">Bohemianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coppet_group" title="Coppet group">Coppet group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counter-Enlightenment" title="Counter-Enlightenment">Counter-Enlightenment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dark_Romanticism" title="Dark Romanticism">Dark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%C3%BCsseldorf_School_of_painting" title="Düsseldorf School of painting">Düsseldorf School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_historical_school" title="German historical school">German historical school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_Revival_architecture" title="Gothic Revival architecture">Gothic revival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hudson_River_School" title="Hudson River School">Hudson River School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indianism_(arts)" title="Indianism (arts)">Indianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jena_Romanticism" title="Jena Romanticism">Jena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lake_Poets" title="Lake Poets">Lake Poets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romantic_nationalism" title="Romantic nationalism">Nationalist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazarene_movement" title="Nazarene movement">Nazarene movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-romanticism" title="Neo-romanticism">Neo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Preromanticism" class="mw-redirect" title="Preromanticism">Pre</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Sturm_und_Drang" title="Sturm und Drang">Sturm und Drang</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-romanticism" title="Post-romanticism">Post</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Purismo" title="Purismo">Purismo</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transcendentalism" title="Transcendentalism">Transcendentalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_school" title="Ukrainian school">Ukrainian school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ultra-Romanticism" title="Ultra-Romanticism">Ultra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Konrad_Wallenrod" title="Konrad Wallenrod">Wallenrodism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Themes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blue_flower" title="Blue flower">Blue flower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Marine_Art_(Romantic_Era)" title="British Marine Art (Romantic Era)">British Marine</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Gesamtkunstwerk" title="Gesamtkunstwerk">Gesamtkunstwerk</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_fiction" title="Gothic fiction">Gothic fiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hero" title="Hero">Hero</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Byronic_hero" title="Byronic hero">Byronic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romantic_hero" title="Romantic hero">Romantic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_fiction" title="Historical fiction">Historical fiction</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mal_du_si%C3%A8cle" title="Mal du siècle">Mal du siècle</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medievalism" title="Medievalism">Medievalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noble_savage" class="mw-redirect" title="Noble savage">Noble savage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nostalgia#Romanticism" title="Nostalgia">Nostalgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ossian" title="Ossian">Ossian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pantheism" title="Pantheism">Pantheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhine_romanticism" title="Rhine romanticism">Rhine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genius_(literature)#Romanticism_and_genius" title="Genius (literature)">Romantic genius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wanderlust" title="Wanderlust">Wanderlust</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Weltschmerz" title="Weltschmerz">Weltschmerz</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_Mountain_art" title="White Mountain art">White Mountain art</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Romanticism#Literature" title="Romanticism">Writers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Brazil</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Casimiro_de_Abreu" title="Casimiro de Abreu">Abreu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_de_Alencar" title="José de Alencar">Alencar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manuel_Ant%C3%B4nio_de_Almeida" title="Manuel Antônio de Almeida">Manuel Antônio de Almeida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Castro_Alves" title="Castro Alves">Alves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Machado_de_Assis" title="Machado de Assis">Assis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%81lvares_de_Azevedo" title="Álvares de Azevedo">Azevedo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tobias_Barreto" title="Tobias Barreto">Barreto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gon%C3%A7alves_Dias" title="Gonçalves Dias">Dias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernardo_Guimar%C3%A3es" title="Bernardo Guimarães">Guimarães</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joaquim_Manuel_de_Macedo" title="Joaquim Manuel de Macedo">Macedo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gon%C3%A7alves_de_Magalh%C3%A3es,_Viscount_of_Araguaia" title="Gonçalves de Magalhães, Viscount of Araguaia">Magalhães</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maria_Firmina_dos_Reis" title="Maria Firmina dos Reis">Reis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfredo_d%27Escragnolle_Taunay,_Viscount_of_Taunay" title="Alfredo d'Escragnolle Taunay, Viscount of Taunay">Taunay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fagundes_Varela" title="Fagundes Varela">Varela</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Romanticism_in_France#Literature" title="Romanticism in France">France</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Baudelaire" title="Charles Baudelaire">Baudelaire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aloysius_Bertrand" title="Aloysius Bertrand">Bertrand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois-Ren%C3%A9_de_Chateaubriand" title="François-René de Chateaubriand">Chateaubriand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexandre_Dumas" title="Alexandre Dumas">Dumas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Th%C3%A9ophile_Gautier" title="Théophile Gautier">Gautier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victor_Hugo" title="Victor Hugo">Hugo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alphonse_de_Lamartine" title="Alphonse de Lamartine">Lamartine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prosper_M%C3%A9rim%C3%A9e" title="Prosper Mérimée">Mérimée</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_de_Musset" title="Alfred de Musset">Musset</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G%C3%A9rard_de_Nerval" title="Gérard de Nerval">Nerval</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Nodier" title="Charles Nodier">Nodier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germaine_de_Sta%C3%ABl" title="Germaine de Staël">Staël</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_de_Vigny" title="Alfred de Vigny">Vigny</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Germany</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Achim_von_Arnim" title="Achim von Arnim">A. v. Arnim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bettina_von_Arnim" title="Bettina von Arnim">B. v. Arnim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Beer_(poet)" title="Michael Beer (poet)">Beer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clemens_Brentano" title="Clemens Brentano">Brentano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Freiherr_von_Eichendorff" title="Joseph Freiherr von Eichendorff">Eichendorff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_de_la_Motte_Fouqu%C3%A9" title="Friedrich de la Motte Fouqué">Fouqué</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Wolfgang_von_Goethe" title="Johann Wolfgang von Goethe">Goethe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brothers_Grimm" title="Brothers Grimm">Brothers Grimm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karoline_von_G%C3%BCnderrode" title="Karoline von Günderrode">Günderrode</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Gutzkow" title="Karl Gutzkow">Gutzkow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Hauff" title="Wilhelm Hauff">Hauff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Heine" title="Heinrich Heine">Heine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/E._T._A._Hoffmann" title="E. T. A. Hoffmann">Hoffmann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_H%C3%B6lderlin" title="Friedrich Hölderlin">Hölderlin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Paul" title="Jean Paul">Jean Paul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heinrich_von_Kleist" title="Heinrich von Kleist">Kleist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eduard_M%C3%B6rike" title="Eduard Mörike">Mörike</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Novalis" title="Novalis">Novalis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gustav_Schwab" title="Gustav Schwab">Schwab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ludwig_Tieck" title="Ludwig Tieck">Tieck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ludwig_Uhland" title="Ludwig Uhland">Uhland</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Romantic_literature_in_English" title="Romantic literature in English">Great<br />Britain</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anna_Laetitia_Barbauld" title="Anna Laetitia Barbauld">Barbauld</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Blake" title="William Blake">Blake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anne_Bront%C3%AB" title="Anne Brontë">Anne Brontë</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charlotte_Bront%C3%AB" title="Charlotte Brontë">C. Brontë</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emily_Bront%C3%AB" title="Emily Brontë">E. Brontë</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Burns" title="Robert Burns">Burns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lord_Byron" title="Lord Byron">Byron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Carlyle" title="Thomas Carlyle">Carlyle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Clare" title="John Clare">Clare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Taylor_Coleridge" title="Samuel Taylor Coleridge">Coleridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_De_Quincey" title="Thomas De Quincey">de Quincey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maria_Edgeworth" title="Maria Edgeworth">Maria Edgeworth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Keats" title="John Keats">Keats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Maturin" title="Charles Maturin">Maturin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_William_Polidori" title="John William Polidori">Polidori</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ann_Radcliffe" title="Ann Radcliffe">Radcliffe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Robinson_(poet)" title="Mary Robinson (poet)">Mary Robinson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Scott" title="Walter Scott">Scott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anna_Seward" title="Anna Seward">Seward</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Shelley" title="Mary Shelley">M. Shelley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Percy_Bysshe_Shelley" title="Percy Bysshe Shelley">P. B. Shelley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Southey" title="Robert Southey">Southey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Wordsworth" title="William Wordsworth">Wordsworth</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Romanticism_in_Poland#Notable_Polish_Romantic_writers_and_poets" title="Romanticism in Poland">Poland</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aleksander_Fredro" title="Aleksander Fredro">Fredro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zygmunt_Krasi%C5%84ski" title="Zygmunt Krasiński">Krasiński</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C3%B3zef_Ignacy_Kraszewski" title="Józef Ignacy Kraszewski">Józef Ignacy Kraszewski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antoni_Malczewski" title="Antoni Malczewski">Malczewski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adam_Mickiewicz" title="Adam Mickiewicz">Mickiewicz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyprian_Norwid" title="Cyprian Norwid">Norwid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jan_Potocki" title="Jan Potocki">Potocki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wincenty_Pol" title="Wincenty Pol">Wincenty Pol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juliusz_S%C5%82owacki" title="Juliusz Słowacki">Słowacki</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Portugal</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Camilo_Castelo_Branco" title="Camilo Castelo Branco">Castelo Branco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ant%C3%B3nio_Feliciano_de_Castilho" title="António Feliciano de Castilho">Castilho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jo%C3%A3o_de_Deus_de_Nogueira_Ramos" title="João de Deus de Nogueira Ramos">João de Deus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C3%BAlio_Dinis" title="Júlio Dinis">Dinis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Almeida_Garrett" title="Almeida Garrett">Garrett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexandre_Herculano" title="Alexandre Herculano">Herculano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ant%C3%B3nio_Augusto_Soares_de_Passos" title="António Augusto Soares de Passos">Soares dos Passos</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Russia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yevgeny_Baratynsky" title="Yevgeny Baratynsky">Baratynsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Konstantin_Batyushkov" title="Konstantin Batyushkov">Batyushkov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikolai_Gogol" title="Nikolai Gogol">Gogol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikolay_Karamzin" title="Nikolay Karamzin">Karamzin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_K%C3%BCchelbecker" title="Wilhelm Küchelbecker">Küchelbecker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Lermontov" title="Mikhail Lermontov">Lermontov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Pushkin" title="Alexander Pushkin">Pushkin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fyodor_Tyutchev" title="Fyodor Tyutchev">Tyutchev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyotr_Vyazemsky" title="Pyotr Vyazemsky">Vyazemsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vasily_Zhukovsky" title="Vasily Zhukovsky">Zhukovsky</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Serbia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C4%90ura_Jak%C5%A1i%C4%87" title="Đura Jakšić">Jakšić</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laza_Kosti%C4%87" title="Laza Kostić">Kostić</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petar_II_Petrovi%C4%87-Njego%C5%A1" title="Petar II Petrović-Njegoš">Njegoš</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Branko_Radi%C4%8Devi%C4%87" title="Branko Radičević">Radičević</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milica_Stojadinovi%C4%87-Srpkinja" title="Milica Stojadinović-Srpkinja">Stojadinović-Srpkinja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jovan_Jovanovi%C4%87_Zmaj" title="Jovan Jovanović Zmaj">Zmaj</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Spain</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gustavo_Adolfo_B%C3%A9cquer" title="Gustavo Adolfo Bécquer">Bécquer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosal%C3%ADa_de_Castro" title="Rosalía de Castro">Rosalía de Castro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_de_Espronceda" title="José de Espronceda">Espronceda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonio_Garc%C3%ADa_Guti%C3%A9rrez" title="Antonio García Gutiérrez">Gutiérrez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%81ngel_de_Saavedra,_3rd_Duke_of_Rivas" title="Ángel de Saavedra, 3rd Duke of Rivas">Saavedra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Zorrilla" title="José Zorrilla">Zorrilla</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">U.S.</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/William_Cullen_Bryant" title="William Cullen Bryant">Bryant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Fenimore_Cooper" title="James Fenimore Cooper">Cooper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ralph_Waldo_Emerson" title="Ralph Waldo Emerson">Emerson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nathaniel_Hawthorne" title="Nathaniel Hawthorne">Hawthorne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josiah_Gilbert_Holland" title="Josiah Gilbert Holland">Josiah Gilbert Holland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Washington_Irving" title="Washington Irving">Irving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Wadsworth_Longfellow" title="Henry Wadsworth Longfellow">Longfellow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Russell_Lowell" title="James Russell Lowell">Lowell</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Poe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Khachatur_Abovian" title="Khachatur Abovian">Abovian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vittorio_Alfieri" title="Vittorio Alfieri">Alfieri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans_Christian_Andersen" title="Hans Christian Andersen">Andersen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikoloz_Baratashvili" title="Nikoloz Baratashvili">Baratashvili</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hristo_Botev" title="Hristo Botev">Botev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Chavchavadze" title="Alexander Chavchavadze">Chavchavadze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mihai_Eminescu" title="Mihai Eminescu">Eminescu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ugo_Foscolo" title="Ugo Foscolo">Foscolo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naim_Frash%C3%ABri" title="Naim Frashëri">Frashëri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erik_Gustaf_Geijer" title="Erik Gustaf Geijer">Geijer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N._F._S._Grundtvig" title="N. F. S. Grundtvig">Grundtvig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ion_Heliade_R%C4%83dulescu" title="Ion Heliade Rădulescu">Heliade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jorge_Isaacs" title="Jorge Isaacs">Isaacs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikolaus_Lenau" title="Nikolaus Lenau">Lenau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giacomo_Leopardi" title="Giacomo Leopardi">Leopardi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karel_Hynek_M%C3%A1cha" title="Karel Hynek Mácha">Mácha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alessandro_Manzoni" title="Alessandro Manzoni">Manzoni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Maturin" title="Charles Maturin">Maturin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adam_Oehlenschl%C3%A4ger" title="Adam Oehlenschläger">Oehlenschläger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grigol_Orbeliani" title="Grigol Orbeliani">Orbeliani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/France_Pre%C5%A1eren" title="France Prešeren">Prešeren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raffi_(novelist)" title="Raffi (novelist)">Raffi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johan_Ludvig_Runeberg" title="Johan Ludvig Runeberg">Runeberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taras_Shevchenko" title="Taras Shevchenko">Shevchenko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zachris_Topelius" title="Zachris Topelius">Topelius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mih%C3%A1ly_V%C3%B6r%C3%B6smarty" title="Mihály Vörösmarty">Vörösmarty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henrik_Wergeland" title="Henrik Wergeland">Wergeland</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Romantic_music" title="Romantic music">Musicians</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Austria</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anton_Bruckner" title="Anton Bruckner">Bruckner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Czerny" title="Carl Czerny">Czerny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Nepomuk_Hummel" title="Johann Nepomuk Hummel">Hummel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gustav_Mahler" title="Gustav Mahler">Mahler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franz_Schubert" title="Franz Schubert">Schubert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sigismond_Thalberg" title="Sigismond Thalberg">Thalberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugo_Wolf" title="Hugo Wolf">Wolf</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Czechia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anton%C3%ADn_Dvo%C5%99%C3%A1k" title="Antonín Dvořák">Dvořák</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ignaz_Moscheles" title="Ignaz Moscheles">Moscheles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anton_Reicha" title="Anton Reicha">Reicha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bed%C5%99ich_Smetana" title="Bedřich Smetana">Smetana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jan_V%C3%A1clav_Vo%C5%99%C3%AD%C5%A1ek" title="Jan Václav Voříšek">Voříšek</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">France</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adolphe_Adam" title="Adolphe Adam">Adam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles-Valentin_Alkan" title="Charles-Valentin Alkan">Alkan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Auber" title="Daniel Auber">Auber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hector_Berlioz" title="Hector Berlioz">Berlioz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabriel_Faur%C3%A9" title="Gabriel Fauré">Fauré</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fromental_Hal%C3%A9vy" title="Fromental Halévy">Halévy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89tienne_M%C3%A9hul" title="Étienne Méhul">Méhul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Onslow_(composer)" title="George Onslow (composer)">Onslow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camille_Saint-Sa%C3%ABns" title="Camille Saint-Saëns">Saint-Saëns</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Germany</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ludwig_van_Beethoven" title="Ludwig van Beethoven">Beethoven</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johannes_Brahms" title="Johannes Brahms">Brahms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_Bruch" title="Max Bruch">Bruch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Kalkbrenner" title="Friedrich Kalkbrenner">Kalkbrenner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Loewe" title="Carl Loewe">Loewe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Marschner" title="Heinrich Marschner">Marschner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fanny_Mendelssohn" title="Fanny Mendelssohn">Fanny Mendelssohn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Felix_Mendelssohn" title="Felix Mendelssohn">Felix Mendelssohn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giacomo_Meyerbeer" title="Giacomo Meyerbeer">Meyerbeer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moritz_Moszkowski" title="Moritz Moszkowski">Moszkowski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clara_Schumann" title="Clara Schumann">C. Schumann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Schumann" title="Robert Schumann">R. Schumann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Spohr" title="Louis Spohr">Spohr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Strauss" title="Richard Strauss">Strauss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Wagner" title="Richard Wagner">Wagner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Maria_von_Weber" title="Carl Maria von Weber">Weber</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Hungary</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ferenc_Erkel" title="Ferenc Erkel">Erkel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Goldmark" title="Karl Goldmark">Goldmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Heller" title="Stephen Heller">Heller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jen%C5%91_Hubay" title="Jenő Hubay">Hubay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Joachim" title="Joseph Joachim">Joachim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franz_Liszt" title="Franz Liszt">Liszt</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Italy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vincenzo_Bellini" title="Vincenzo Bellini">Bellini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferruccio_Busoni" title="Ferruccio Busoni">Busoni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luigi_Cherubini" title="Luigi Cherubini">Cherubini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaetano_Donizetti" title="Gaetano Donizetti">Donizetti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niccol%C3%B2_Paganini" title="Niccolò Paganini">Paganini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gioachino_Rossini" title="Gioachino Rossini">Rossini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaspare_Spontini" title="Gaspare Spontini">Spontini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giuseppe_Verdi" title="Giuseppe Verdi">Verdi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Poland</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sergei_Bortkiewicz" title="Sergei Bortkiewicz">Bortkiewicz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric_Chopin" title="Frédéric Chopin">Chopin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karol_Lipi%C5%84ski" title="Karol Lipiński">Lipiński</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stanis%C5%82aw_Moniuszko" title="Stanisław Moniuszko">Moniuszko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ignacy_Jan_Paderewski" title="Ignacy Jan Paderewski">Paderewski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antoni_Stolpe" title="Antoni Stolpe">Stolpe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Tausig" title="Karl Tausig">Tausig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henryk_Wieniawski" title="Henryk Wieniawski">Wieniawski</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Russia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anton_Arensky" title="Anton Arensky">Arensky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mily_Balakirev" title="Mily Balakirev">Balakirev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Borodin" title="Alexander Borodin">Borodin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C%C3%A9sar_Cui" title="César Cui">Cui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Glinka" title="Mikhail Glinka">Glinka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sergei_Lyapunov" title="Sergei Lyapunov">Lyapunov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikolai_Medtner" title="Nikolai Medtner">Medtner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modest_Mussorgsky" title="Modest Mussorgsky">Mussorgsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sergei_Rachmaninoff" title="Sergei Rachmaninoff">Rachmaninoff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikolai_Rimsky-Korsakov" title="Nikolai Rimsky-Korsakov">Rimsky-Korsakov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anton_Rubinstein" title="Anton Rubinstein">Rubinstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Scriabin" title="Alexander Scriabin">Scriabin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyotr_Ilyich_Tchaikovsky" title="Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky">Tchaikovsky</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Serbia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stevan_Hristi%C4%87" title="Stevan Hristić">Hristić</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petar_Konjovi%C4%87" title="Petar Konjović">Konjović</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stevan_Mokranjac" title="Stevan Mokranjac">Mokranjac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kornelije_Stankovi%C4%87" title="Kornelije Stanković">Stanković</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/William_Sterndale_Bennett" title="William Sterndale Bennett">Bennett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franz_Berwald" title="Franz Berwald">Berwald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Elgar" title="Edward Elgar">Elgar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Field_(composer)" title="John Field (composer)">Field</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C%C3%A9sar_Franck" title="César Franck">Franck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edvard_Grieg" title="Edvard Grieg">Grieg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Sibelius" title="Jean Sibelius">Sibelius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fernando_Sor" title="Fernando Sor">Sor</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Romanticism_in_philosophy" title="Romanticism in philosophy">Philosophers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vissarion_Belinsky" title="Vissarion Belinsky">Belinsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Berchet" title="Giovanni Berchet">Berchet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edmund_Burke" title="Edmund Burke">Burke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Carlyle" title="Thomas Carlyle">Carlyle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyotr_Chaadayev" title="Pyotr Chaadayev">Chaadayev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Taylor_Coleridge" title="Samuel Taylor Coleridge">Coleridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Constant" title="Benjamin Constant">Constant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ralph_Waldo_Emerson" title="Ralph Waldo Emerson">Emerson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Gottlieb_Fichte" title="Johann Gottlieb Fichte">Fichte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Wolfgang_von_Goethe" title="Johann Wolfgang von Goethe">Goethe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Hazlitt" title="William Hazlitt">Hazlitt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georg_Wilhelm_Friedrich_Hegel" title="Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel">Hegel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aleksey_Khomyakov" title="Aleksey Khomyakov">Khomyakov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/F%C3%A9licit%C3%A9_de_La_Mennais" title="Félicité de La Mennais">Lamennais</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mariano_Jos%C3%A9_de_Larra" title="Mariano José de Larra">Larra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_de_Maistre" title="Joseph de Maistre">Maistre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giuseppe_Mazzini" title="Giuseppe Mazzini">Mazzini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jules_Michelet" title="Jules Michelet">Michelet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adam_M%C3%BCller" title="Adam Müller">Müller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Novalis" title="Novalis">Novalis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edgar_Quinet" title="Edgar Quinet">Quinet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Jacques_Rousseau" title="Jean-Jacques Rousseau">Rousseau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Wilhelm_Joseph_Schelling" title="Friedrich Wilhelm Joseph Schelling">Schelling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Schiller" title="Friedrich Schiller">Schiller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/August_Wilhelm_Schlegel" title="August Wilhelm Schlegel">A. Schlegel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Schlegel" title="Friedrich Schlegel">F. Schlegel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Schleiermacher" title="Friedrich Schleiermacher">Schleiermacher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89tienne_Pivert_de_Senancour" title="Étienne Pivert de Senancour">Senancour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johan_Vilhelm_Snellman" title="Johan Vilhelm Snellman">Snellman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germaine_de_Sta%C3%ABl" title="Germaine de Staël">Staël</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_David_Thoreau" title="Henry David Thoreau">Thoreau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ludwig_Tieck" title="Ludwig Tieck">Tieck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Heinrich_Wackenroder" title="Wilhelm Heinrich Wackenroder">Wackenroder</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Romanticism#Visual_arts" title="Romanticism">Visual artists</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ivan_Aivazovsky" title="Ivan Aivazovsky">Aivazovsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_Bierstadt" title="Albert Bierstadt">Bierstadt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Blake" title="William Blake">Blake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Parkes_Bonington" title="Richard Parkes Bonington">Bonington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Bryullov" title="Karl Bryullov">Bryullov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Th%C3%A9odore_Chass%C3%A9riau" title="Théodore Chassériau">Chassériau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederic_Edwin_Church" title="Frederic Edwin Church">Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Constable" title="John Constable">Constable</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Cole" title="Thomas Cole">Cole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Baptiste-Camille_Corot" title="Jean-Baptiste-Camille Corot">Corot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johan_Christian_Dahl" title="Johan Christian Dahl">Dahl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_d%27Angers" title="David d'Angers">David d'Angers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eug%C3%A8ne_Delacroix" title="Eugène Delacroix">Delacroix</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_Edelfelt" title="Albert Edelfelt">Edelfelt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caspar_David_Friedrich" title="Caspar David Friedrich">Friedrich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Fuseli" title="Henry Fuseli">Fuseli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akseli_Gallen-Kallela" title="Akseli Gallen-Kallela">Gallen-Kallela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Th%C3%A9odore_G%C3%A9ricault" title="Théodore Géricault">Géricault</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anne-Louis_Girodet_de_Roussy-Trioson" title="Anne-Louis Girodet de Roussy-Trioson">Girodet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jan_Nepomucen_G%C5%82owacki" title="Jan Nepomucen Głowacki">Głowacki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francisco_Goya" title="Francisco Goya">Goya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans_Gude" title="Hans Gude">Gude</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francesco_Hayez" title="Francesco Hayez">Hayez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Janmot" title="Louis Janmot">Janmot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Jones_(artist)" title="Thomas Jones (artist)">Jones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orest_Kiprensky" title="Orest Kiprensky">Kiprensky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Anton_Koch" title="Joseph Anton Koch">Koch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franciszek_Ksawery_Lampi" title="Franciszek Ksawery Lampi">Lampi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emanuel_Leutze" title="Emanuel Leutze">Leutze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Martin_(painter)" title="John Martin (painter)">Martin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piotr_Micha%C5%82owski" title="Piotr Michałowski">Michałowski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Palmer" title="Samuel Palmer">Palmer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manuel_de_Ara%C3%BAjo_Porto-Alegre,_Baron_of_Santo_%C3%82ngelo" title="Manuel de Araújo Porto-Alegre, Baron of Santo Ângelo">Porto-Alegre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antoine-Augustin_Pr%C3%A9ault" title="Antoine-Augustin Préault">Préault</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_R%C3%A9voil" title="Pierre Révoil">Révoil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fleury_Fran%C3%A7ois_Richard" title="Fleury François Richard">Richard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Rude" title="François Rude">Rude</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philipp_Otto_Runge" title="Philipp Otto Runge">Runge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raden_Saleh" title="Raden Saleh">Saleh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ary_Scheffer" title="Ary Scheffer">Scheffer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wojciech_Stattler" title="Wojciech Stattler">Stattler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Stroy" title="Michael Stroy">Stroy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adolph_Tidemand" title="Adolph Tidemand">Tidemand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vasily_Tropinin" title="Vasily Tropinin">Tropinin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._M._W._Turner" title="J. M. W. Turner">Turner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philipp_Veit" title="Philipp Veit">Veit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Ward_(English_artist)" title="James Ward (English artist)">Ward</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antoine_Wiertz" title="Antoine Wiertz">Wiertz</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Scholars" class="mw-redirect" title="Scholars">Scholars</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gerald_Abraham" title="Gerald Abraham">Abraham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M._H._Abrams" title="M. H. Abrams">Abrams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Barzun" title="Jacques Barzun">Barzun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_C._Beiser" title="Frederick C. Beiser">Beiser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isaiah_Berlin" title="Isaiah Berlin">Berlin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T._C._W._Blanning" title="T. C. W. Blanning">Blanning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harold_Bloom" title="Harold Bloom">Bloom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Blume" title="Friedrich Blume">Blume</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Dahlhaus" title="Carl Dahlhaus">Dahlhaus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Ferber" title="Michael Ferber">Ferber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northrop_Frye" title="Northrop Frye">Frye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maria_Janion" title="Maria Janion">Janion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippe_Lacoue-Labarthe" title="Philippe Lacoue-Labarthe">Lacoue-Labarthe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Oncken_Lovejoy" title="Arthur Oncken Lovejoy">Lovejoy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_de_Man" title="Paul de Man">de Man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Luc_Nancy" title="Jean-Luc Nancy">Nancy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henrik_Gabriel_Porthan" title="Henrik Gabriel Porthan">Porthan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christopher_Ricks" title="Christopher Ricks">Ricks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Rosen" title="Charles Rosen">Rosen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Wellek" title="René Wellek">Wellek</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coleridge%27s_theory_of_life" title="Coleridge's theory of life">Coleridge's theory of life</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_idealism" title="German idealism">German idealism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_romantics" title="List of romantics">List of romantics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Romantic_poets" title="List of Romantic poets">List of Romantic poets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages_in_history" class="mw-redirect" title="Middle Ages in history">Middle Ages in history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opium_and_Romanticism" title="Opium and Romanticism">Opium and Romanticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romantic_ballet" title="Romantic ballet">Romantic ballet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romantic_epistemology" title="Romantic epistemology">Romantic epistemology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romantic_medicine" title="Romantic medicine">Romantic medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romantic_poetry" title="Romantic poetry">Romantic poetry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romantic_psychology" title="Romantic psychology">Romantic psychology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanticism_and_economics" title="Romanticism and economics">Romanticism and economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanticism_and_the_French_Revolution" title="Romanticism and the French Revolution">Romanticism and the French Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanticism_in_science" title="Romanticism in science">Romanticism in science</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Romanticism_and_Bacon" title="Romanticism and Bacon">Bacon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanticism_in_evolution_theory" title="Romanticism in evolution theory">Evolution theory</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Wanderer_above_the_Sea_of_Fog" title="Wanderer above the Sea of Fog">Wanderer above the Sea of Fog</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><div style="position:relative;"> <div style="position:absolute;">← <b><a href="/wiki/Template:Age_of_Enlightenment" title="Template:Age of Enlightenment">Age of Enlightenment</a></b></div> <div style="position:absolute;right:0;"><b><a href="/wiki/Template:Modernism" title="Template:Modernism">Modernism</a></b> →</div> <p><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, 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plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Hall_of_Fame_for_Great_Americans" title="Template:Hall of Fame for Great Americans"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Hall_of_Fame_for_Great_Americans" title="Template talk:Hall of Fame for Great Americans"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Hall_of_Fame_for_Great_Americans" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Hall of Fame for Great Americans"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Hall_of_Fame_for_Great_Americans_inductees" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Hall_of_Fame_for_Great_Americans" title="Hall of Fame for Great Americans">Hall of Fame for Great Americans</a> inductees</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_Adams" title="John Adams">John Adams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Quincy_Adams" title="John Quincy Adams">John Quincy Adams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jane_Addams" title="Jane Addams">Jane Addams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Agassiz" title="Louis Agassiz">Louis Agassiz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Susan_B._Anthony" title="Susan B. Anthony">Susan B. Anthony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_James_Audubon" title="John James Audubon">John James Audubon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Bancroft" title="George Bancroft">George Bancroft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clara_Barton" title="Clara Barton">Clara Barton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Ward_Beecher" title="Henry Ward Beecher">Henry Ward Beecher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Graham_Bell" title="Alexander Graham Bell">Alexander Graham Bell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Boone" title="Daniel Boone">Daniel Boone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edwin_Booth" title="Edwin Booth">Edwin Booth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Brandeis" title="Louis Brandeis">Louis Brandeis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phillips_Brooks" title="Phillips Brooks">Phillips Brooks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Cullen_Bryant" title="William Cullen Bryant">William Cullen Bryant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luther_Burbank" title="Luther Burbank">Luther Burbank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Carnegie" title="Andrew Carnegie">Andrew Carnegie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Washington_Carver" title="George Washington Carver">George Washington Carver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Ellery_Channing" title="William Ellery Channing">William Ellery Channing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rufus_Choate" title="Rufus Choate">Rufus Choate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Clay" title="Henry Clay">Henry Clay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grover_Cleveland" title="Grover Cleveland">Grover Cleveland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Fenimore_Cooper" title="James Fenimore Cooper">James Fenimore Cooper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Cooper" title="Peter Cooper">Peter Cooper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charlotte_Cushman" title="Charlotte Cushman">Charlotte Cushman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Buchanan_Eads" title="James Buchanan Eads">James Buchanan Eads</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Edison" title="Thomas Edison">Thomas Alva Edison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Edwards_(theologian)" title="Jonathan Edwards (theologian)">Jonathan Edwards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ralph_Waldo_Emerson" title="Ralph Waldo Emerson">Ralph Waldo Emerson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Farragut" title="David Farragut">David Farragut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Foster" title="Stephen Foster">Stephen Foster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Franklin" title="Benjamin Franklin">Benjamin Franklin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Fulton" title="Robert Fulton">Robert Fulton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josiah_Willard_Gibbs" title="Josiah Willard Gibbs">Josiah W. Gibbs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_C._Gorgas" title="William C. Gorgas">William C. Gorgas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulysses_S._Grant" title="Ulysses S. Grant">Ulysses S. Grant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asa_Gray" title="Asa Gray">Asa Gray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Hamilton" title="Alexander Hamilton">Alexander Hamilton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nathaniel_Hawthorne" title="Nathaniel Hawthorne">Nathaniel Hawthorne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Henry" title="Joseph Henry">Joseph Henry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patrick_Henry" title="Patrick Henry">Patrick Henry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oliver_Wendell_Holmes_Sr." title="Oliver Wendell Holmes Sr.">Oliver Wendell Holmes Sr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oliver_Wendell_Holmes_Jr." title="Oliver Wendell Holmes Jr.">Oliver Wendell Holmes Jr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_Hopkins_(educator)" title="Mark Hopkins (educator)">Mark Hopkins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elias_Howe" title="Elias Howe">Elias Howe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Washington_Irving" title="Washington Irving">Washington Irving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Jackson" title="Andrew Jackson">Andrew Jackson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stonewall_Jackson" title="Stonewall Jackson">Thomas J. Jackson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson" title="Thomas Jefferson">Thomas Jefferson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Paul_Jones" title="John Paul Jones">John Paul Jones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Kent_(jurist)" title="James Kent (jurist)">James Kent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sidney_Lanier" title="Sidney Lanier">Sidney Lanier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_E._Lee" title="Robert E. Lee">Robert E. Lee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln" title="Abraham Lincoln">Abraham Lincoln</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Wadsworth_Longfellow" title="Henry Wadsworth Longfellow">Henry Wadsworth Longfellow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Russell_Lowell" title="James Russell Lowell">James Russell Lowell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Lyon" title="Mary Lyon">Mary Lyon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_MacDowell" title="Edward MacDowell">Edward MacDowell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Madison" title="James Madison">James Madison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horace_Mann" title="Horace Mann">Horace Mann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Marshall" title="John Marshall">John Marshall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthew_Fontaine_Maury" title="Matthew Fontaine Maury">Matthew Fontaine Maury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_A._Michelson" title="Albert A. Michelson">Albert A. Michelson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maria_Mitchell" title="Maria Mitchell">Maria Mitchell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Monroe" title="James Monroe">James Monroe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Morse" title="Samuel Morse">Samuel F. B. Morse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_T._G._Morton" title="William T. G. Morton">William T. G. Morton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Lothrop_Motley" title="John Lothrop Motley">John Lothrop Motley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simon_Newcomb" title="Simon Newcomb">Simon Newcomb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Paine" title="Thomas Paine">Thomas Paine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alice_Freeman_Palmer" title="Alice Freeman Palmer">Alice Freeman Palmer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Parkman" title="Francis Parkman">Francis Parkman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Peabody" title="George Peabody">George Peabody</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Penn" title="William Penn">William Penn</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Edgar Allan Poe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Reed" title="Walter Reed">Walter Reed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Franklin D. Roosevelt">Franklin D. Roosevelt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodore_Roosevelt" title="Theodore Roosevelt">Theodore Roosevelt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augustus_Saint-Gaudens" title="Augustus Saint-Gaudens">Augustus Saint-Gaudens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Tecumseh_Sherman" title="William Tecumseh Sherman">William Tecumseh Sherman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Philip_Sousa" title="John Philip Sousa">John Philip Sousa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Story" title="Joseph Story">Joseph Story</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harriet_Beecher_Stowe" title="Harriet Beecher Stowe">Harriet Beecher Stowe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gilbert_Stuart" title="Gilbert Stuart">Gilbert Stuart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sylvanus_Thayer" title="Sylvanus Thayer">Sylvanus Thayer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_David_Thoreau" title="Henry David Thoreau">Henry David Thoreau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_Twain" title="Mark Twain">Mark Twain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lillian_Wald" title="Lillian Wald">Lillian Wald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Booker_T._Washington" title="Booker T. Washington">Booker T. Washington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Washington" title="George Washington">George Washington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Webster" title="Daniel Webster">Daniel Webster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Westinghouse" title="George Westinghouse">George Westinghouse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_McNeill_Whistler" title="James McNeill Whistler">James McNeill Whistler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walt_Whitman" title="Walt Whitman">Walt Whitman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eli_Whitney" title="Eli Whitney">Eli Whitney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Greenleaf_Whittier" title="John Greenleaf Whittier">John Greenleaf Whittier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emma_Willard" title="Emma Willard">Emma Willard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frances_Willard" title="Frances Willard">Frances Willard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roger_Williams" title="Roger Williams">Roger Williams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Woodrow_Wilson" title="Woodrow Wilson">Woodrow Wilson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wright_brothers" title="Wright brothers">Orville Wright</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wright_brothers" title="Wright brothers">Wilbur Wright</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Goth_subculture" style="text-align:center;;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:black; color:white;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Goth_subculture" title="Template:Goth subculture"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:white">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Goth_subculture" title="Template talk:Goth subculture"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:white">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Goth_subculture" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Goth subculture"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:white">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Goth_subculture" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Goth_subculture" title="Goth subculture"><span style="color:white">Goth subculture</span></a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:black; color:white;;width:1%">Associated music</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_rock" title="Gothic rock">Gothic rock</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gothabilly" title="Gothabilly">Gothabilly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_country" title="Gothic country">Gothic country</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deathrock" title="Deathrock">Deathrock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dark_wave" title="Dark wave">Dark wave</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ethereal_wave" title="Ethereal wave">Ethereal wave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cold_wave_(music)" title="Cold wave (music)">Cold wave</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:black; color:white;;width:1%">Notable bands</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Cure" title="The Cure">The Cure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Death" title="Christian Death">Christian Death</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bauhaus_(band)" title="Bauhaus (band)">Bauhaus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siouxsie_and_the_Banshees" title="Siouxsie and the Banshees">Siouxsie and the Banshees</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joy_Division" title="Joy Division">Joy Division</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Sisters_of_Mercy" title="The Sisters of Mercy">The Sisters of Mercy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Damned_(band)" title="The Damned (band)">The Damned</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alien_Sex_Fiend" title="Alien Sex Fiend">Alien Sex Fiend</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dead_Can_Dance" title="Dead Can Dance">Dead Can Dance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cocteau_Twins" title="Cocteau Twins">Cocteau Twins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fields_of_the_Nephilim" title="Fields of the Nephilim">Fields of the Nephilim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_gothic_rock_artists" title="List of gothic rock artists">List of gothic rock artists</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:black; color:white;;width:1%">Notable figures</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Smith_(musician)" title="Robert Smith (musician)">Robert Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Murphy_(musician)" title="Peter Murphy (musician)">Peter Murphy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siouxsie_Sioux" title="Siouxsie Sioux">Siouxsie Sioux</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ian_Curtis" title="Ian Curtis">Ian Curtis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Eldritch" title="Andrew Eldritch">Andrew Eldritch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nick_Cave" title="Nick Cave">Nick Cave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cassandra_Peterson" title="Cassandra Peterson">Cassandra Peterson/Elvira</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eva_O" title="Eva O">Eva O</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dinah_Cancer" title="Dinah Cancer">Dinah Cancer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monica_Richards" title="Monica Richards">Monica Richards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lisa_Hammer" title="Lisa Hammer">Lisa Hammer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rozz_Williams" title="Rozz Williams">Rozz Williams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gitane_DeMone" title="Gitane DeMone">Gitane DeMone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patricia_Morrison" title="Patricia Morrison">Patricia Morrison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_McCoy" title="Carl McCoy">Carl McCoy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Fraser" title="Elizabeth Fraser">Elizabeth Fraser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doc_Hammer" title="Doc Hammer">Doc Hammer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lisa_Gerrard" title="Lisa Gerrard">Lisa Gerrard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brendan_Perry" title="Brendan Perry">Brendan Perry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bethany_Black" title="Bethany Black">Bethany Black</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wednesday_Mourning" title="Wednesday Mourning">Wednesday Mourning</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:black; color:white;;width:1%">Regional scenes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Camden_Town" title="Camden Town">Camden Town</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo_(nightclub)" title="Neo (nightclub)">Chicago</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phantasy_Theater" title="Phantasy Theater">Cleveland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Singapore_Dark_Alternative_Movement" title="Singapore Dark Alternative Movement">Singapore Dark Alternative Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toronto_goth_scene" title="Toronto goth scene">Toronto</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:black; color:white;;width:1%">Notable club nights</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/F_Club" title="F Club">F Club (1977–1982)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Le_Phonographique" title="Le Phonographique">Le Phonographique (1979–2005)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Batcave_(club)" title="Batcave (club)">Batcave (1982–1985)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electrowerkz#Slimelight" title="Electrowerkz">Slimelight (1987–)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_Guild" title="Death Guild">Death Guild (1993–)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xmortis" title="Xmortis">Xmortis (2004–)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:black; color:white;;width:1%">Notable events</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wave-Gotik-Treffen" title="Wave-Gotik-Treffen">Wave-Gotik-Treffen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%27era_Luna_Festival" title="M'era Luna Festival">M'era Luna Festival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drop_Dead_Festival" title="Drop Dead Festival">Drop Dead Festival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lumous_Gothic_Festival" title="Lumous Gothic Festival">Lumous Gothic Festival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whitby_Goth_Weekend" title="Whitby Goth Weekend">Whitby Goth Weekend</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Convergence_(goth_festival)" title="Convergence (goth festival)">Convergence (goth festival)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bats_Day_in_the_Fun_Park" title="Bats Day in the Fun Park">Bats Day in the Fun Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Goth_Day" title="World Goth Day">World Goth Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_gothic_festivals" title="List of gothic festivals">List of gothic festivals</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:black; color:white;;width:1%">Art and fashion</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/New_Gothic" title="New Gothic">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_fashion" title="Gothic fashion">Fashion</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cybergoth" title="Cybergoth">Cybergoth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_Goth" title="Health Goth">Health Goth</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drew_Bernstein" title="Drew Bernstein">Lip Service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_Beauty" title="Gothic Beauty">Gothic Beauty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rose_Mortem" title="Rose Mortem">Rose Mortem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Gorey" title="Edward Gorey">Edward Gorey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Big_hair" title="Big hair">Big hair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deathhawk" class="mw-redirect" title="Deathhawk">Deathhawk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Backcombing" title="Backcombing">Backcombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winklepickers" class="mw-redirect" title="Winklepickers">Winklepickers</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:black; color:white;;width:1%">Film and literature</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_film" title="Gothic film">Film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_fiction" title="Gothic fiction">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tim_Burton" title="Tim Burton">Tim Burton</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Edgar Allan Poe</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Addams_Family" title="The Addams Family">The Addams Family</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Triana_Orpheus" class="mw-redirect" title="Triana Orpheus">Triana Orpheus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Crow" title="The Crow">The Crow</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Goodbye_Family" title="The Goodbye Family">The Goodbye Family</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Munsters" title="The Munsters">The Munsters</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Sandman_(comic_book)" title="The Sandman (comic book)">The Sandman</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Craft_(film)" title="The Craft (film)">The Craft</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Gypsy_83" title="Gypsy 83">Gypsy 83</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:black; color:white;;width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Post-punk" title="Post-punk">Post-punk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black" title="Black">Black</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shades_of_black" title="Shades of black">Shades of black</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suicide_in_music_subcultures" title="Suicide in music subcultures">Suicide in music subcultures</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poseur" title="Poseur">Poseur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dark_culture" title="Dark culture">Dark culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mall_goth" title="Mall goth">Mall goth</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16867#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16867#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16867#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000121354025">ISNI</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/60351476">VIAF</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/32674/">FAST</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJrgDHvkdKtQCp3cjpbWXd">WorldCat</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/11859527X">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Poe, Edgar Allan, 1809-1849"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n79029745">United States</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11920094f">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11920094f">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00452995">Japan</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Poe, Edgar Allan"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.sbn.it/nome/CFIV000198">Italy</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an35426385">Australia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=jn19990006608&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX895673">Spain</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://aleph.bibnat.ro:8991/F/?func=direct&local_base=NLR10&doc_number=000176456">Romania</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.bnportugal.gov.pt/aut/catbnp/37457">Portugal</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p068374216">Netherlands</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/90081220">Norway</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" 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href="https://opac.kbr.be/LIBRARY/doc/AUTHORITY/14138483">Belgium</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Academics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA0013993X?l=en">CiNii</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://zbmath.org/authors/?q=ai:poe.edgar-allan">zbMATH</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Artists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.getty.edu/vow/ULANFullDisplay?find=&role=&nation=&subjectid=500212765">ULAN</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://musicbrainz.org/artist/f72fcfda-b560-4f16-95e1-8c25acf60288">MusicBrainz</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://rkd.nl/en/explore/artists/108502">RKD Artists</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://kulturnav.org/aa53aa93-7895-4038-bc69-68c5e44bb51a">KulturNav</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://adp.library.ucsb.edu/names/102315">Discography of American Historical Recordings</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://trove.nla.gov.au/people/948431">Trove</a></span><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://trove.nla.gov.au/people/948439">2</a></span></li></ul></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/pnd11859527X.html?language=en">Deutsche Biographie</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-digitale-bibliothek.de/person/gnd/11859527X">DDB</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/027076938">IdRef</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalog.archives.gov/id/10582268">NARA</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w69x14rt">SNAC</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://rism.online/people/30064705">RISM</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Edgar_Allan_Poe&oldid=1259372294">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Edgar_Allan_Poe&oldid=1259372294</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Edgar_Allan_Poe" title="Category:Edgar Allan Poe">Edgar Allan Poe</a></li><li><a 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[\"CITEREFEdgar_Allan_Poe_Society2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFisher1993\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFox2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFoye1980\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFrankMagistrale1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFriedman1993\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGargano1967\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGeiling\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGeorge_Washington_Eveleth1922\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGlenn2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGrahamEmburyPetersonStephens1841\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGrayson2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHall2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHarner1990\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHarrison1987\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHarrowitz1984\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHayes2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHecker2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHoffman1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHungerford1930\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHutchisson2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHuxley1967\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJamneck2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJannaccone1974\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJoshi1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJoshi2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJoshi2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKagle1990\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKaiser2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKennedy1987\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKoster2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKrutch1926\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLake2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLease1972\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLee2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLevin1980\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLewis2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLjunquist2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLovecraft2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMaslin2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMcCrum2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMeyers1992\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNeimeyer2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNelson1981\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNew_York_Daily_News2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNew_York_Times1894\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOstrom1987\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPedersen2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPoe1847\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPoe2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPoeMuseum.org2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPope-Hennessy1934\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFQuinn1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRombeck2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRosenheim1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRoyot2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSears1978\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSemtner2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSilverman1991\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSmootDavidson1994\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSova2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSt._Armand1975\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStableford2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSun2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFThe_Raven_Society2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTresch2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTresch2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVan_Hoy2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVan_Luling2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWalsh2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWeekes2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWhalen2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWilbur1967\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFZimmerman2005\"] = 1,\n [\"Preserved_homes,_landmarks,_and_museums\"] = 1,\n}\ntemplate_list = table#1 {\n [\"Anchor\"] = 1,\n [\"Authority control\"] = 1,\n [\"Birth date\"] = 1,\n [\"Citation\"] = 3,\n [\"Citation needed\"] = 6,\n [\"Cite book\"] = 53,\n [\"Cite journal\"] = 12,\n [\"Cite magazine\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite news\"] = 15,\n [\"Cite web\"] = 20,\n [\"Convert\"] = 1,\n [\"DEFAULTSORT:Poe, Edgar Allan\"] = 1,\n [\"Death date and age\"] = 1,\n [\"Div col\"] = 2,\n [\"Div col end\"] = 2,\n [\"Edgar Allan Poe\"] = 1,\n [\"Featured article\"] = 1,\n [\"Goth subculture\"] = 1,\n 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Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2001-09-26T23:43:21Z","dateModified":"2024-11-24T20:40:51Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/9\/97\/Edgar_Allan_Poe%2C_circa_1849%2C_restored%2C_squared_off.jpg","headline":"American writer and literary critic (1809\u20131849)"}</script> </body> </html>