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class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Ard</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ard-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mould-board_ploughing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mould-board_ploughing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Mould-board ploughing</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mould-board_ploughing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Parts_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Parts_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3.1</span> <span>Parts</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Parts_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Iron_ploughshare" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Iron_ploughshare"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3.2</span> <span>Iron ploughshare</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Iron_ploughshare-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Types" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Types"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3.3</span> <span>Types</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Types-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Plough_wheel" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Plough_wheel"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Plough wheel</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Plough_wheel-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Plough_protective_devices" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Plough_protective_devices"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5</span> <span>Plough protective devices</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Plough_protective_devices-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Loy_ploughing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Loy_ploughing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.6</span> <span>Loy ploughing</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Loy_ploughing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Heavy_ploughs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Heavy_ploughs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.7</span> <span>Heavy ploughs</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Heavy_ploughs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Improved_designs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Improved_designs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.8</span> <span>Improved designs</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Improved_designs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Single-sided_ploughing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Single-sided_ploughing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.9</span> <span>Single-sided ploughing</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Single-sided_ploughing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Turn-wrest_plough" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Turn-wrest_plough"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.10</span> <span>Turn-wrest plough</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Turn-wrest_plough-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Reversible_plough" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reversible_plough"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.11</span> <span>Reversible plough</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Reversible_plough-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Riding_and_multiple-furrow_ploughs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Riding_and_multiple-furrow_ploughs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.12</span> <span>Riding and multiple-furrow ploughs</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Riding_and_multiple-furrow_ploughs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Improving_metallurgy_and_design" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Improving_metallurgy_and_design"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.13</span> <span>Improving metallurgy and design</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Improving_metallurgy_and_design-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Balance_plough" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Balance_plough"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.14</span> <span>Balance plough</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Balance_plough-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Stump-jump_plough" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Stump-jump_plough"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.15</span> <span>Stump-jump plough</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Stump-jump_plough-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Modern_ploughs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Modern_ploughs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.16</span> <span>Modern ploughs</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Modern_ploughs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Specialist_ploughs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Specialist_ploughs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Specialist ploughs</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Specialist_ploughs-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Specialist ploughs subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Specialist_ploughs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Chisel_plough" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Chisel_plough"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Chisel plough</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Chisel_plough-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Country_plough" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Country_plough"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Country plough</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Country_plough-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ridging_plough" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ridging_plough"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Ridging plough</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ridging_plough-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Scots_hand_plough" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Scots_hand_plough"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>Scots hand plough</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Scots_hand_plough-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ice_plough" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ice_plough"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.5</span> <span>Ice plough</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ice_plough-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mole_plough" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mole_plough"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.6</span> <span>Mole plough</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mole_plough-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Para-plough" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Para-plough"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.7</span> <span>Para-plough</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Para-plough-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Spade_plough" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Spade_plough"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.8</span> <span>Spade plough</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Spade_plough-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Switch_plough" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Switch_plough"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.9</span> <span>Switch plough</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Switch_plough-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Effects_of_mould-board_ploughing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Effects_of_mould-board_ploughing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Effects of mould-board ploughing</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Effects_of_mould-board_ploughing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Depictions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Depictions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Depictions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Depictions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> 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</label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Plough</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 133 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-133" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">133 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ploeg" title="Ploeg – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Ploeg" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pflug" title="Pflug – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Pflug" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%88%9B%E1%88%A8%E1%88%BB" title="ማረሻ – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ማረሻ" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%AD%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AB" title="محراث – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="محراث" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aladro" title="Aladro – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Aladro" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%99%E0%A6%B2" title="নাঙল – Assamese" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="নাঙল" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>অসমীয়া</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ar%C3%A1u_(pres%C3%A9u)" title="Aráu (preséu) – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Aráu (preséu)" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yvymbovoha" title="Yvymbovoha – Guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Yvymbovoha" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="Guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Avañe'ẽ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ay mw-list-item"><a href="https://ay.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arma" title="Arma – Aymara" lang="ay" hreflang="ay" data-title="Arma" data-language-autonym="Aymar aru" data-language-local-name="Aymara" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aymar aru</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kotan" title="Kotan – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Kotan" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D9%88%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86" title="کوتان – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="کوتان" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B2" title="হাল – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="হাল" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%B4e" title="Lôe – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Lôe" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%BA%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Һабан – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Һабан" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BB%D1%83%D0%B3" title="Плуг – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Плуг" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BB%D1%83%D0%B3" title="Плуг – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Плуг" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%B0" title="हर – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="हर" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>भोजपुरी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arado" title="Arado – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Arado" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BB%D1%83%D0%B3" title="Плуг – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Плуг" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pfluag" title="Pfluag – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Pfluag" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Boarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plug" title="Plug – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Plug" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arar" title="Arar – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Arar" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BD%D0%B7%D0%B0h%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Анзаhан – Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Анзаhан" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Буряад</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arada" title="Arada – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Arada" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BF%D1%83%C3%A7" title="Акапуç – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Акапуç" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pluh" title="Pluh – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Pluh" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sn mw-list-item"><a href="https://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurima_neMombe" title="Kurima neMombe – Shona" lang="sn" hreflang="sn" data-title="Kurima neMombe" data-language-autonym="ChiShona" data-language-local-name="Shona" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ChiShona</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aradr" title="Aradr – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Aradr" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plov" title="Plov – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Plov" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%AD%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AB" title="محراث – Moroccan Arabic" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="محراث" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="Moroccan Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>الدارجة</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pflug" title="Pflug – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Pflug" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ader" title="Ader – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Ader" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%86%CF%81%CE%BF%CF%84%CF%81%CE%BF" title="Άροτρο – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Άροτρο" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arado" title="Arado – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Arado" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plugilo" title="Plugilo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Plugilo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golde" title="Golde – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Golde" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%AF%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%A2%D9%87%D9%86" title="گاوآهن – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="گاوآهن" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Har" title="Har – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Har" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fiji Hindi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charrue" title="Charrue – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Charrue" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%A9achta" title="Céachta – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Céachta" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crann-treabhaidh" title="Crann-treabhaidh – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Crann-treabhaidh" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arado" title="Arado – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Arado" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9F%81%EA%B8%B0" title="쟁기 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="쟁기" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B3%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%A1%D5%B6" title="Գութան – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Գութան" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%B2" title="हल – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="हल" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plug" title="Plug – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Plug" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plugilo" title="Plugilo – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Plugilo" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arado" title="Arado – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Arado" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ilokano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bajak" title="Bajak – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Bajak" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aratro" title="Aratro – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Aratro" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pl%C3%B3gur" title="Plógur – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Plógur" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aratro" title="Aratro – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Aratro" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%97%D7%A8%D7%A9%D7%94" title="מחרשה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="מחרשה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waluku" title="Waluku – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Waluku" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%A8%E0%B3%87%E0%B2%97%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%B2%E0%B3%81" title="ನೇಗಿಲು – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ನೇಗಿಲು" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pam mw-list-item"><a href="https://pam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarul" title="Sarul – Pampanga" lang="pam" hreflang="pam" data-title="Sarul" data-language-autonym="Kapampangan" data-language-local-name="Pampanga" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kapampangan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%92%E1%83%A3%E1%83%97%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98" title="გუთანი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="გუთანი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ks mw-list-item"><a href="https://ks.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A8%D9%B2%D9%86%D8%A0" title="البٲنؠ – Kashmiri" lang="ks" hreflang="ks" data-title="البٲنؠ" data-language-autonym="कॉशुर / کٲشُر" data-language-local-name="Kashmiri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>कॉशुर / کٲشُر</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-csb mw-list-item"><a href="https://csb.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C5%82ug" title="Pług – Kashubian" lang="csb" hreflang="csb" data-title="Pług" data-language-autonym="Kaszëbsczi" data-language-local-name="Kashubian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kaszëbsczi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BE%D2%9B%D0%B0" title="Соқа – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Соқа" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arader" title="Arader – Cornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Arader" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Cornish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kernowek</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plau" title="Plau – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Plau" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%BE" title="Соко – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Соко" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aratrum" title="Aratrum – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Aratrum" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arkls" title="Arkls – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Arkls" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plou" title="Plou – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Plou" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pl%C5%ABgas" title="Plūgas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Plūgas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ploog" title="Ploog – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Ploog" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Araa" title="Araa – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Araa" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eke" title="Eke – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Eke" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BB%D1%83%D0%B3" title="Плуг – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Плуг" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angadinomby" title="Angadinomby – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Angadinomby" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%B2%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AA" title="കലപ്പ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="കലപ്പ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%B0" title="नांगर – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="नांगर" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mnw mw-list-item"><a href="https://mnw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%91%E1%80%B2" title="ထဲ – Mon" lang="mnw" hreflang="mnw" data-title="ထဲ" data-language-autonym="ဘာသာမန်" data-language-local-name="Mon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ဘာသာမန်</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bajak" title="Bajak – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Bajak" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mdf mw-list-item"><a href="https://mdf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%8F%D1%80%D1%8F%D0%B4" title="Кяряд – Moksha" lang="mdf" hreflang="mdf" data-title="Кяряд" data-language-autonym="Мокшень" data-language-local-name="Moksha" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Мокшень</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%91%E1%80%9A%E1%80%BA" title="ထယ် – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ထယ်" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ploeg_(werktuig)" title="Ploeg (werktuig) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Ploeg (werktuig)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8B" title="हलो – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="हलो" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE" title="वासा – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="वासा" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाल भाषा</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%97%E3%83%A9%E3%82%A6" title="プラウ – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="プラウ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nap mw-list-item"><a href="https://nap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arate" title="Arate – Neapolitan" lang="nap" hreflang="nap" data-title="Arate" data-language-autonym="Napulitano" data-language-local-name="Neapolitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Napulitano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plog" title="Plog – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Plog" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plog" title="Plog – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Plog" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nrm mw-list-item"><a href="https://nrm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tch%C3%A9thue" title="Tchéthue – Norman" lang="nrf" hreflang="nrf" data-title="Tchéthue" data-language-autonym="Nouormand" data-language-local-name="Norman" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nouormand</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Araire" title="Araire – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Araire" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%B2%E0%AC%99%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%97%E0%AC%B3" title="ଲଙ୍ଗଳ – Odia" lang="or" hreflang="or" data-title="ଲଙ୍ଗଳ" data-language-autonym="ଓଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-local-name="Odia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ଓଡ଼ିଆ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plug" title="Plug – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Plug" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%B9%E0%A8%B2" title="ਹਲ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਹਲ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DB%81%DD%AA" title="ہݪ – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="ہݪ" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ploog" title="Ploog – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Ploog" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C5%82ug" title="Pług – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Pług" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arado" title="Arado – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Arado" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plug" title="Plug – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Plug" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%27aklla" title="T'aklla – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="T'aklla" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BB%D1%83%D0%B3" title="Плуг – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Плуг" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BB%D1%83%D0%B3" title="Плуг – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Плуг" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sat mw-list-item"><a href="https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B1%B1%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%A6%E1%B1%AE%E1%B1%9E" title="ᱱᱟᱦᱮᱞ – Santali" lang="sat" hreflang="sat" data-title="ᱱᱟᱦᱮᱞ" data-language-autonym="ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ" data-language-local-name="Santali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-skr mw-list-item"><a href="https://skr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DB%81%D9%84" title="ہل – Saraiki" lang="skr" hreflang="skr" data-title="ہل" data-language-autonym="سرائیکی" data-language-local-name="Saraiki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سرائیکی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pleuch" title="Pleuch – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Pleuch" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-stq mw-list-item"><a href="https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plouch" title="Plouch – Saterland Frisian" lang="stq" hreflang="stq" data-title="Plouch" data-language-autonym="Seeltersk" data-language-local-name="Saterland Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Seeltersk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parmenda" title="Parmenda – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Parmenda" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aratu" title="Aratu – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Aratu" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plow" title="Plow – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Plow" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%87%D8%B1" title="هر – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="هر" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pluh" title="Pluh – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Pluh" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plug" title="Plug – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Plug" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%AF%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%86" title="گاسن – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="گاسن" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BB%D1%83%D0%B3" title="Плуг – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Плуг" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plug" title="Plug – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Plug" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wuluku" title="Wuluku – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Wuluku" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aura_(maanviljely)" title="Aura (maanviljely) – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Aura (maanviljely)" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plog" title="Plog – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Plog" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Araro" title="Araro – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Araro" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%8F%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D" title="ஏர் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="ஏர்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Сабан – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Сабан" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%A8%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%97%E0%B0%B2%E0%B0%BF" title="నాగలి – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="నాగలి" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%84%E0%B8%96%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%99" title="การไถดิน – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="การไถดิน" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saban" title="Saban – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Saban" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BB%D1%83%D0%B3" title="Плуг – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Плуг" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DB%81%D9%84" title="ہل – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="ہل" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Versoro" title="Versoro – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Versoro" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%A0y" title="Cày – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Cày" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tcherowe" title="Tcherowe – Walloon" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Tcherowe" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="Walloon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Walon</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arado" title="Arado – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Arado" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%8A%81" title="犁 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="犁" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%A7%D7%A2%D7%A8" title="אקער – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="אקער" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%8A%82" title="犂 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="犂" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haleti" title="Haleti – Dimli" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Haleti" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Dimli" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zazaki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pl%C5%ABgs" title="Plūgs – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Plūgs" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Žemaitėška</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%8A%81" title="犁 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="犁" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rsk mw-list-item"><a href="https://rsk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BB%D1%83%D0%B3" title="Плуг – Pannonian Rusyn" lang="rsk" hreflang="rsk" data-title="Плуг" data-language-autonym="Руски" data-language-local-name="Pannonian Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Руски</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q11464#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs 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id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Tool or farm implement</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Furrow", "Plow", and "Plowman" redirect here. For the Canadian soldier, see <a href="/wiki/Edward_Chester_Plow" title="Edward Chester Plow">Edward Chester Plow</a>. For the surname, see <a href="/wiki/Plowman_(surname)" title="Plowman (surname)">Plowman (surname)</a>. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Furrow_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Furrow (disambiguation)">Furrow (disambiguation)</a> and <a href="/wiki/Plough_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Plough (disambiguation)">Plough (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:04-09-12-Schaupfl%C3%BCgen-Fahrenwalde-RalfR-IMG_1232.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/04-09-12-Schaupfl%C3%BCgen-Fahrenwalde-RalfR-IMG_1232.jpg/300px-04-09-12-Schaupfl%C3%BCgen-Fahrenwalde-RalfR-IMG_1232.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="225" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/04-09-12-Schaupfl%C3%BCgen-Fahrenwalde-RalfR-IMG_1232.jpg/450px-04-09-12-Schaupfl%C3%BCgen-Fahrenwalde-RalfR-IMG_1232.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/04-09-12-Schaupfl%C3%BCgen-Fahrenwalde-RalfR-IMG_1232.jpg/600px-04-09-12-Schaupfl%C3%BCgen-Fahrenwalde-RalfR-IMG_1232.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption>Traditional ploughing: a farmer works the land with horses and plough in the UK</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Child_and_ox_ploughing,_Laos_(1).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Child_and_ox_ploughing%2C_Laos_%281%29.jpg/220px-Child_and_ox_ploughing%2C_Laos_%281%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="144" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Child_and_ox_ploughing%2C_Laos_%281%29.jpg/330px-Child_and_ox_ploughing%2C_Laos_%281%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Child_and_ox_ploughing%2C_Laos_%281%29.jpg/440px-Child_and_ox_ploughing%2C_Laos_%281%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2616" data-file-height="1708" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Water_buffalo" title="Water buffalo">Water buffalo</a> used for ploughing in <a href="/wiki/Laos" title="Laos">Laos</a></figcaption></figure> <p>A <b>plough</b> or (<a href="/wiki/Differences_between_American_and_British_spellings" class="mw-redirect" title="Differences between American and British spellings">US</a>) <b>plow</b> (both pronounced <span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="'p' in 'pie'">p</span><span title="'l' in 'lie'">l</span><span title="/aʊ/: 'ou' in 'mouth'">aʊ</span></span>/</a></span></span>) is a <a href="/wiki/Farm" title="Farm">farm</a> tool for loosening or turning the soil before <a href="/wiki/Sowing" title="Sowing">sowing</a> seed or planting.<sup id="cite_ref-Cambridge_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cambridge-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ploughs were traditionally drawn by oxen and horses but modern ploughs are drawn by tractors. A plough may have a wooden, iron or steel frame with a blade attached to cut and loosen the soil. It has been fundamental to farming for most of history.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The earliest ploughs had no wheels; such a plough was known to the <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Rome" title="Ancient Rome">Romans</a> as an <i>aratrum</i>. <a href="/wiki/Celts" title="Celts">Celtic peoples</a> first came to use wheeled ploughs in the Roman era.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The prime purpose of ploughing is to turn over the uppermost soil,<sup id="cite_ref-Britannica_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Britannica-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> bringing fresh <a href="/wiki/Plant_nutrients_in_soil" title="Plant nutrients in soil">nutrients</a> to the surface<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while burying <a href="/wiki/Weed" title="Weed">weeds</a> and crop remains to <a href="/wiki/Decomposition" title="Decomposition">decay</a>. Trenches cut by the plough are called furrows. In modern use, a ploughed field is normally left to dry and then <a href="/wiki/Harrow_(tool)" title="Harrow (tool)">harrowed</a> before planting. Ploughing and <a href="/wiki/Tillage" title="Tillage">cultivating</a> soil evens the content of the upper 12 to 25 centimetres (5 to 10 in) layer of soil, where most plant feeder <a href="/wiki/Root" title="Root">roots</a> grow. </p><p>Ploughs were initially powered by humans, but the use of farm animals is considerably more efficient. The earliest animals worked were oxen. Later, horses and <a href="/wiki/Mule" title="Mule">mules</a> were used in many areas. With the <a href="/wiki/Industrial_Revolution" title="Industrial Revolution">Industrial Revolution</a> came the possibility of <a href="/wiki/Steam_engine" title="Steam engine">steam engines</a> to pull ploughs. These in turn were superseded by <a href="/wiki/Internal_combustion_engine" title="Internal combustion engine">internal-combustion</a>-powered <a href="/wiki/Tractor" title="Tractor">tractors</a> in the early 20th century. The <a href="/wiki/Petty_Plough" title="Petty Plough">Petty Plough</a> was a notable invention for ploughing out orchard strips in Australia in the 1930s. </p><p>Use of the traditional plough has decreased in some areas threatened by soil damage and <a href="/wiki/Erosion" title="Erosion">erosion</a>. Used instead is shallower ploughing or other less-invasive <a href="/wiki/Tillage#Conservation_tillage" title="Tillage">conservation tillage</a>. </p><p>The plough appears in one of the oldest surviving pieces of written literature, from the 3rd millennium BC, where it is personified and debating with another tool, the <a href="/wiki/Hoe_(tool)" title="Hoe (tool)">hoe</a>, over which is better: a <a href="/wiki/Sumerian_disputations" title="Sumerian disputations">Sumerian disputation poem</a> known as the <a href="/wiki/Debate_between_the_hoe_and_the_plough" title="Debate between the hoe and the plough">Debate between the hoe and the plough</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Plough&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Etymology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In older English, as in other <a href="/wiki/Germanic_languages" title="Germanic languages">Germanic languages</a>, the plough was traditionally known by other names, e.g. <a href="/wiki/Old_English" title="Old English">Old English</a> <span title="Old English (ca. 450-1100)-language text"><i lang="ang">sulh</i></span> (modern dialectal <i><span title="English-language text"><span lang="en">sullow</span></span></i>), <a href="/wiki/Old_High_German" title="Old High German">Old High German</a> <span title="Old High German (ca. 750-1050)-language text"><i lang="goh">medela</i></span>, <span title="Old High German (ca. 750-1050)-language text"><i lang="goh">geiza</i></span>, <span title="Old High German (ca. 750-1050)-language text"><i lang="goh">huohilī(n)</i></span>, <a href="/wiki/Old_Norse" title="Old Norse">Old Norse</a> <span title="Old Norse-language text"><i lang="non">arðr</i></span> (<a href="/wiki/Swedish_language" title="Swedish language">Swedish</a> <span title="Swedish-language text"><i lang="sv">årder</i></span>), and <a href="/wiki/Gothic_language" title="Gothic language">Gothic</a> <span title="Gothic-language text"><i lang="got">hōha</i></span>, all presumably referring to the <a href="/wiki/Ard_(plough)" title="Ard (plough)">ard</a> (scratch plough). </p><p>The modern word comes from the <a href="/wiki/Old_Norse" title="Old Norse">Old Norse</a> <span title="Old Norse-language text"><i lang="non">plógr</i></span>, and is therefore Germanic, but it appears relatively late (it is not attested in <a href="/wiki/Gothic_language" title="Gothic language">Gothic</a>) and is thought to be a loan from one of the north <a href="/wiki/Italic_languages" title="Italic languages">Italic languages</a>. The German cognate is "pflug", the Dutch "ploeg" and the Swedish "plog". In many Slavic languages and in Romanian the word is "plug". Words with the same root appeared with related meanings: in <a href="/wiki/Raetic" class="mw-redirect" title="Raetic">Raetic</a> <span title="Raetic-language text"><i lang="xrr">plaumorati</i></span> "wheeled heavy plough" (<a href="/wiki/Pliny_the_Elder" title="Pliny the Elder">Pliny</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Natural_History_(Pliny)" title="Natural History (Pliny)">Nat. Hist.</a></i> 18, 172), and in <a href="/wiki/Latin_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin language">Latin</a> <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">plaustrum</i></span> "farm cart", <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">plōstrum, plōstellum</i></span> "cart", and <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">plōxenum, plōximum</i></span> "cart box".<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The word must have originally referred to the wheeled heavy plough, common in Roman north-western Europe by the 5th century AD.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Many view <i>plough</i> as a derivative of the verb *<i>plehan</i> ~ *<i>plegan</i> 'to take responsibility' (cf. German <i>pflegen</i> 'to look after, nurse'), which would explain, for example, Old High German <i>pfluog</i> with its double meaning of 'plough' and 'livelihood'.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Guus Kroonen (2013)<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> proposes a <i><a href="/wiki/V%E1%B9%9Bddhi" title="Vṛddhi">vṛddhi</a></i>-derivative of *<i>plag/kkōn</i> 'sod' (cf. Dutch <i>plag</i> 'sod', Old Norse <i>plagg</i> 'cloth', Middle High German <span title="Middle High German (ca. 1050-1500)-language text"><i lang="gmh">pflacke</i></span> 'rag, patch, stain'). Finally, Vladimir Orel (2003)<sup id="cite_ref-orel_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-orel-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> tentatively attaches <i>plough</i> to a <a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-European_language" title="Proto-Indo-European language">PIE</a> stem *<i><span title="Proto-Indo-European-language text" class="Unicode" style="white-space:nowrap;"><span lang="ine">blōkó-</span></span></i>, which supposedly gave <a href="/wiki/Old_Armenian" class="mw-redirect" title="Old Armenian">Old Armenian</a> <span title="Armenian-language romanization"><i lang="hy-Latn">peɫem</i></span> "to dig" and <a href="/wiki/Welsh_language" title="Welsh language">Welsh</a> <span title="Welsh-language text"><i lang="cy">bwlch</i></span> "crack", though the word may not be of Indo-European origin.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Parts">Parts</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Plough&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Parts"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Old_plough_schema.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Old_plough_schema.svg/227px-Old_plough_schema.svg.png" decoding="async" width="227" height="142" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Old_plough_schema.svg/341px-Old_plough_schema.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Old_plough_schema.svg/454px-Old_plough_schema.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="500" /></a><figcaption>Diagram – modern plough</figcaption></figure> <p>The basic parts of the modern plough are: </p> <ol><li>beam</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three-point_hitch" title="Three-point hitch">hitch</a> (<a href="/wiki/British_English" title="British English">British English</a>: hake)</li> <li>vertical regulator</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coulter_(agriculture)" title="Coulter (agriculture)">coulter</a> (knife coulter pictured, but disk coulter common)</li> <li>chisel (foreshare)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plowshare" title="Plowshare">share</a> (mainshare)</li> <li>mouldboard</li></ol> <p>Other parts include the frog (or frame), runner, landside, shin, trashboard, and stilts (handles). </p><p>On modern ploughs and some older ploughs, the mould board is separate from the share and runner, so these parts can be replaced without replacing the mould board. Abrasion eventually wears out all parts of a plough that come into contact with the soil. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Plough&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Araire_13th.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Araire_13th.jpg/220px-Araire_13th.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="171" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/18/Araire_13th.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="279" data-file-height="217" /></a><figcaption>13th century depiction of a ploughing</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hoeing">Hoeing</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Plough&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Hoeing"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Hoe-farming" title="Hoe-farming">Hoe-farming</a></div> <p>When <a href="/wiki/History_of_agriculture" title="History of agriculture">agriculture was first developed</a>, soil was turned using simple hand-held <a href="/wiki/Digging_stick" title="Digging stick">digging sticks</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hoe_(tool)" title="Hoe (tool)">hoes</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Britannica_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Britannica-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These were used in highly fertile areas, such as the banks of the <a href="/wiki/Nile" title="Nile">Nile</a>, where the annual flood rejuvenates the soil, to create drills (furrows) in which to plant seeds. Digging sticks, hoes and <a href="/wiki/Mattock" title="Mattock">mattocks</a> were not invented in any one place, and hoe cultivation must have been common everywhere agriculture was practised. Hoe-farming is the traditional tillage method in tropical or sub-tropical regions, which are marked by stony soils, steep slope gradients, predominant root crops, and coarse grains grown at wide intervals. While hoe-agriculture is best suited to these regions, it is used in some fashion everywhere. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ard">Ard</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Plough&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Ard"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Ard_(plough)" title="Ard (plough)">Ard (plough)</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Maler_der_Grabkammer_des_Sennudem_001.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Maler_der_Grabkammer_des_Sennudem_001.jpg/220px-Maler_der_Grabkammer_des_Sennudem_001.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="144" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Maler_der_Grabkammer_des_Sennudem_001.jpg/330px-Maler_der_Grabkammer_des_Sennudem_001.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Maler_der_Grabkammer_des_Sennudem_001.jpg/440px-Maler_der_Grabkammer_des_Sennudem_001.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1337" /></a><figcaption>Ancient Egyptian ard, c. 1200 BCE. (Burial chamber of <a href="/wiki/Sennedjem" title="Sennedjem">Sennedjem</a>)</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Akkadian_seal_Agricultural_scene_Louvre_Museum.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Akkadian_seal_Agricultural_scene_Louvre_Museum.jpg/220px-Akkadian_seal_Agricultural_scene_Louvre_Museum.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="114" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Akkadian_seal_Agricultural_scene_Louvre_Museum.jpg/330px-Akkadian_seal_Agricultural_scene_Louvre_Museum.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Akkadian_seal_Agricultural_scene_Louvre_Museum.jpg/440px-Akkadian_seal_Agricultural_scene_Louvre_Museum.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2097" data-file-height="1091" /></a><figcaption>Farmers using a plough. <a href="/wiki/Akkadian_Empire" title="Akkadian Empire">Akkadian Empire</a> seal, circa 2200 BCE. Louvre Museum</figcaption></figure> <p>Some ancient hoes, like the Egyptian <i>mr</i>, were pointed and strong enough to clear rocky soil and make <a href="/wiki/Seed_drill" title="Seed drill">seed drills</a>, which is why they are called <i>hand-ards</i>. However, <a href="/wiki/Domestication" title="Domestication">domestication</a> of <a href="/wiki/Ox" title="Ox">oxen</a> in <a href="/wiki/Mesopotamia" title="Mesopotamia">Mesopotamia</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Indus_Valley_Civilisation" title="Indus Valley Civilisation">Indus Valley Civilisation</a>, perhaps as early as the 6th millennium BC, provided mankind with the draft power needed to develop the larger, animal-drawn true <i>ard</i> (or scratch plough). The earliest surviving evidence of ploughing has been dated to 3500–3800 BCE, on a site in <a href="/wiki/Bubene%C4%8D" title="Bubeneč">Bubeneč</a>, Czech Republic.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability"><span title="The material near this tag needs to be fact-checked with the cited source(s). (April 2023)">verification needed</span></a></i>]</sup> A ploughed field, from <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 2800</span> BCE, was also discovered at <a href="/wiki/Kalibangan" title="Kalibangan">Kalibangan</a>, India.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A terracotta model of the early ards was found at <a href="/wiki/Banawali" title="Banawali">Banawali</a>, India, giving insight into the form of the tool used.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The ard remained easy to replace if it became damaged and easy to replicate.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The earliest was the bow ard, which consists of a draft-pole (or beam) pierced by a thinner vertical pointed stick called the head (or body), with one end being the stilt (handle) and the other a share (cutting blade) dragged through the topsoil to cut a shallow furrow suitable for most cereal crops. The ard does not clear new land well, so hoes or mattocks had to be used to pull up grass and undergrowth, and a hand-held, <a href="/wiki/Coulter_(agriculture)" title="Coulter (agriculture)">coulter</a>-like ristle could be made to cut deeper furrows ahead of the share. Because the ard left a strip of undisturbed earth between furrows, the fields were often cross-ploughed lengthwise and breadth-wise, which tended to form squarish <a href="/wiki/Celtic_field" title="Celtic field">Celtic fields</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Lynn_White,_Jr._20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lynn_White,_Jr.-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 42">: 42 </span></sup> The ard is best suited to <a href="/wiki/Loam" title="Loam">loamy</a> or sandy soils that are naturally fertilised by annual flooding, as in the <a href="/wiki/Nile_Delta" title="Nile Delta">Nile Delta</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fertile_Crescent" title="Fertile Crescent">Fertile Crescent</a>, and to a lesser extent any other <a href="/wiki/Cereal" title="Cereal">cereal</a>-growing region with light or thin soil. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mould-board_ploughing">Mould-board ploughing</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Plough&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Mould-board ploughing"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mouldboard_plough.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Mouldboard_plough.JPG/220px-Mouldboard_plough.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Mouldboard_plough.JPG/330px-Mouldboard_plough.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Mouldboard_plough.JPG/440px-Mouldboard_plough.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2288" data-file-height="1712" /></a><figcaption>A reconstruction of a wooden mould-board plough</figcaption></figure> <p>To grow crops regularly in less-fertile areas, it was once believed that the soil must be turned to bring nutrients to the surface. A major advance for this type of farming was the turn plough, also known as the mould-board plough (UK), moldboard plow (U.S.), or frame-plough.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A coulter (or skeith) could be added to cut vertically into the ground just ahead of the share (in front of the frog), a wedge-shaped cutting edge at the bottom front of the mould board with the landside of the frame supporting the under-share (below-ground component). The heavy iron moldboard plow was invented in <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Han_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Han Empire">Han Empire</a> in the 1st and 2nd century, and from there it spread to the <a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a>, which led the Agricultural Revolution.<sup id="cite_ref-temple_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-temple-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 20">: 20 </span></sup> The mould-board plough introduced in the 18th century was a major advance in technology.<sup id="cite_ref-Britannica_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Britannica-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Chinese ploughs from Han times on fulfill all these conditions of efficiency nicely, which is presumably why the standard Han plough team consisted of two animals only, and later teams usually of a single animal, rather than the four, six or eight draught animals common in Europe before the introduction of the curved mould-board and other new principles of design in the 18th century. Though the mould-board plough first appeared in Europe in early medieval, if not in late Roman, times, pre-eighteenth century mould-boards were usually wooden and straight (Fig. 59). The enormous labour involved in pulling such a clumsy construction necessitated large plough-teams, and this meant that large areas of land had to be reserved as pasture. In China, where much less animal power was required, it was not necessary to maintain the mixed arable-pasture economy typical of Europe: fallows could be reduced and the arable area expanded, and a considerably larger population could be supported than on the same amount of land in Europe.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBray1984178_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBray1984178-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Francesca Bray</cite></div></blockquote> <p>The upper parts of the frame carry (from the front) the coupling for the motive power (horses), the coulter, and the landside frame. Depending on the size of the implement, and the number of furrows it is designed to plough at one time, a fore-carriage with a wheel or wheels (known as a furrow wheel and support wheel) may be added to support the frame (wheeled plough). In the case of a single-furrow plough there is one wheel at the front and handles at the rear for the ploughman to maneuver it.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Furrows,_ploughed_field.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Furrows%2C_ploughed_field.jpg/220px-Furrows%2C_ploughed_field.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Furrows%2C_ploughed_field.jpg/330px-Furrows%2C_ploughed_field.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Furrows%2C_ploughed_field.jpg/440px-Furrows%2C_ploughed_field.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1536" data-file-height="2048" /></a><figcaption>The mouldboard plow leaves distinct furrows (trenches) across the field.</figcaption></figure> <p>When dragged through a field, the coulter cuts down into the soil and the share cuts horizontally from the previous furrow to the vertical cut. This releases a rectangular strip of sod to be lifted by the share and carried by the mould board up and over, so that the strip of <a href="/wiki/Sod" title="Sod">sod</a> (slice of the <a href="/wiki/Topsoil" title="Topsoil">topsoil</a>) that is being cut lifts and rolls over as the plough moves forward, dropping back upside down into the furrow and onto the turned soil from the previous run down the field. Each gap in the ground where the soil has been lifted and moved across (usually to the right) is called a furrow. The sod lifted from it rests at an angle of about 45 degrees in the adjacent furrow, up the back of the sod from the previous run.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A series of ploughings run down a field leaves a row of sods partly in the furrows and partly on the ground lifted earlier. Visually, across the rows, there is the land on the left, a furrow (half the width of the removed strip of soil) and the removed strip almost upside-down lying on about half of the previous strip of inverted soil, and so on across the field. Each layer of soil and the gutter it came from forms a classic furrow. The mould-board plough greatly reduced the time needed to prepare a field and so allowed a farmer to work a larger area of land. In addition, the resulting pattern of low (under the mould board) and high (beside it) ridges in the soil forms water channels, allowing the soil to drain. In areas where snow build-up causes difficulties, this lets farmers plant the soil earlier, as the <a href="/wiki/Meltwater" title="Meltwater">meltwater</a> run-off drains away more quickly.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Parts_2">Parts</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Plough&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Parts"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There are five major parts of a mouldboard plough: </p> <ol><li>Mouldboard</li> <li>Share</li> <li>Landside (short or long)</li> <li>Frog (sometimes called a standard)</li> <li>Tailpiece</li></ol> <p>The <b>share</b>, landside and mould board are bolted to the frog, which is an irregular piece of cast iron at the base of the plough body, to which the soil-wearing parts are bolted.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The share is the edge that makes the horizontal cut to separate the furrow slice from the soil below. Conventional shares are shaped to penetrate soil efficiently: the tip is pointed downward to pull the share into the ground to a regular depth. The clearance, usually referred to as suction or down suction, varies with different makes and types of plough. Share configuration is related to soil type, particularly in the down suction or concavity of its lower surface. Generally three degrees of clearance or down suction are recognised: regular for light soil, deep for ordinary dry soil, and double-deep for clay and gravelly soils.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As the share wears away, it becomes blunt and the plough will require more power to pull it through the soil. A plough body with a worn share will not have enough "suck" to ensure it delves the ground to its full working depth. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Traditional_Filipino_water_buffalo_plows.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Traditional_Filipino_water_buffalo_plows.png/220px-Traditional_Filipino_water_buffalo_plows.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="247" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Traditional_Filipino_water_buffalo_plows.png/330px-Traditional_Filipino_water_buffalo_plows.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Traditional_Filipino_water_buffalo_plows.png/440px-Traditional_Filipino_water_buffalo_plows.png 2x" data-file-width="1530" data-file-height="1716" /></a><figcaption>Two types of traditional Filipino <a href="/wiki/Water_buffalo" title="Water buffalo">water buffalo</a>-drawn ploughs used for rice-farming (1873)<sup id="cite_ref-Jagor_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jagor-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>In addition, the share has horizontal suction related to the amount its point is bent out of line with the land side. Down suction causes the plough to penetrate to proper depth when pulled forward, while horizontal suction causes the plough to create the desired width of furrow. The share is a plane part with a trapezoidal shape. It cuts the soil horizontally and lifts it. Common types are regular, winged-plane, bar-point, and share with mounted or welded point. The regular share conserves a good cut but is recommended on stone-free soils. The winged-plane share is used on heavy soil with a moderate amount of stones. The bar-point share can be used in extreme conditions (hard and stony soils). The share with a mounted point is somewhere between the last two types. Makers have designed shares of various shapes (trapesium, diamond, etc.) with bolted point and wings, often separately renewable. Sometimes the share-cutting edge is placed well in advance of the mould board to reduce the pulverizing action of the soil.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <b>mould board</b> is the part of the plough that receives the furrow slice from the share.<sup id="cite_ref-Britannica_4-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Britannica-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is responsible for lifting and turning the furrow slice and sometimes for shattering it, depending on the type of mould board, ploughing depth and soil conditions. The intensity of this depends on the type of mould board. To suit different soil conditions and crop requirements, mould boards have been designed in different shapes, each producing its own furrow profile and surface finish, but essentially they still conform to the original plough body classification. The various types have been traditionally classified as general purpose, digger, and semi-digger, as described below.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>The general-purpose mould board. This has a low draft body with a gentle, cross-sectional convex curve from top to bottom, which turns a furrow three parts wide by two parts deep, e. g. 300 mm (12 in) wide by 200 mm (7.9 in) deep. It turns the furrow slice slowly almost without breaking it, and is normally used for shallow ploughing (maximum 200 mm (7.9 in) depth). It is useful for grassland ploughing and sets up the land for weathering by winter frosts, which reduces the time taken to prepare a seedbed for spring sown crops.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></li> <li>The digger mould board is short, abruptly curved with a concave cross-section both from top to bottom and from shin to tail. It turns the furrow slice rapidly, giving maximum shatter, deeper than its width. It is normally used for very deep ploughing (300 mm (12 in) deep or more). It has a higher power requirement and leaves a very broken surface. Digger ploughs are mainly used for land for potatoes and other root crops.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></li> <li>The semi-digger mould board is somewhat shorter than the general-purpose mould board, but with a concave cross-section and a more abrupt curve. Being intermediate between the two mould boards described above, it has a performance that comes in between (approximately 250 mm (9.8 in) deep), with less shattering than the digger mouldboard. It turns an almost square-sectioned furrow and leaves a more broken surface finish. Semi-digger mould boards can be used at various depths and speeds, which suits them for most of the general ploughing on a farm.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></li> <li>In addition, slatted mould boards are preferred by some farmers, though they are a less common type. They consist of a number of curved steel slats bolted to the frog along the length of the mould board, with gaps between the slats. They tend to break up the soil more than a full mould board and improve soil movement across the mould board when working in sticky soils where a solid mould board does not scour well.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></li></ul> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Steel_plough,_Emly.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Steel_plough%2C_Emly.jpg/220px-Steel_plough%2C_Emly.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Steel_plough%2C_Emly.jpg/330px-Steel_plough%2C_Emly.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Steel_plough%2C_Emly.jpg/440px-Steel_plough%2C_Emly.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4320" data-file-height="3240" /></a><figcaption>A steel plough</figcaption></figure> <p>The <b>land side </b>is the flat plate which presses against and transmits the lateral thrust of the plough bottom to the furrow wall. It helps to resist the side pressure exerted by the furrow slice on the mould board. It also helps to stabilise the plough while in operation. The rear bottom end of the landslide, which rubs against the furrow sole, is known as the heel. A heel iron is bolted to the end of the rear of the land side and helps to support the back of the plough. The land side and share are arranged to give a "lead" towards the unploughed land, so helping to sustain the correct furrow width. The land side is usually made of solid medium-carbon steel and is very short, except at the rear bottom of the plough. The heel or rear end of the rear land side may be subject to excessive wear if the rear wheel is out of adjustment, and so a chilled iron heel piece is frequently used. This is inexpensive and can be easily replaced. The land side is fastened to the frog by plough bolts.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The <b>frog</b> (standard) is the central part of the plough bottom to which the other components of the bottom are attached. It is an irregular piece of metal, which may be made of cast iron for cast iron ploughs or welded steel for steel ploughs. The frog is the foundation of the plough bottom. It takes the shock resulting from hitting rocks, and therefore should be tough and strong. The frog is in turn fastened to the plough frame.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>A <b>runner</b> extending from behind the share to the rear of the plough controls the direction of the plough, because it is held against the bottom land-side corner of the new furrow being formed. The holding force is the weight of the sod, as it is raised and rotated, on the curved surface of the mould board. Because of this runner, the mould board plough is harder to turn around than the scratch plough, and its introduction brought about a change in the shape of fields – from mostly square fields into longer rectangular "strips" (hence the introduction of the <a href="/wiki/Furlong" title="Furlong">furlong</a>).<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Iron_ploughshare">Iron ploughshare</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Plough&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Iron ploughshare"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>An advance on the basic design was the iron ploughshare, a replaceable horizontal cutting surface mounted on the tip of the share. The earliest ploughs with a detachable and replaceable share date from around 1000 BC in the <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Near_East" title="Ancient Near East">Ancient Near East</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the earliest iron ploughshares from about 500 BC in China.<sup id="cite_ref-greenberger_2006_11-12_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-greenberger_2006_11-12-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Early mould boards were wedges that sat inside the cut formed by the coulter, turning over the soil to the side. The ploughshare spread the cut horizontally below the surface, so that when the mould board lifted it, a wider area of soil was turned over. Mould boards are known in Britain from the late 6th century onwards.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Aratro_1849.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Aratro_1849.jpg/220px-Aratro_1849.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="331" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Aratro_1849.jpg/330px-Aratro_1849.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Aratro_1849.jpg/440px-Aratro_1849.jpg 2x" data-file-width="732" data-file-height="1100" /></a><figcaption>19th century ploughs</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Types">Types</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Plough&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Types"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There are multiple types of ploughs available.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>Mould board ploughs cut the soil into pieces.</li> <li>Disc ploughs can be used where mould plows are not suitable.</li> <li>Rotary ploughs are used to prepare seed beds.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Plough_wheel">Plough wheel</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Plough&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Plough wheel"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>The gauge wheel is an auxiliary wheel to maintain uniform depths of ploughing in various soil conditions. It is usually placed in a hanging position.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The land wheel of the plough runs on the ploughed land.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_36-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The front or rear furrow wheel of the plough runs in the furrow.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_36-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Plough_protective_devices">Plough protective devices</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Plough&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Plough protective devices"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>When a plough hits a rock or other solid obstruction, serious damage may result unless the plough is equipped with some safety device. The damage may be bent or broken shares, bent standards, beams or braces.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The three basic types of safety devices used on mould-board ploughs are a spring release device in the plough drawbar, a trip beam construction on each bottom, and an automatic reset design on each bottom.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The spring release was used in the past almost universally on trailing-type ploughs with one to three or four bottoms. It is not practical on larger ploughs. When an obstruction is encountered, the spring release mechanism in the hitch permits the plough to uncouple from the tractor. When a hydraulic lift is used on the plough, the hydraulic hoses will also usually uncouple automatically when the plough uncouples. Most plough makers offer an automatic reset system for tough conditions or rocky soils. The re-set mechanism allows each body to move rearward and upward to pass without damage over obstacles such as rocks hidden below soil surface. A heavy leaf or coil-spring mechanism that holds the body in its working position under normal conditions resets the plough after the obstruction is passed.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Another type of auto-reset mechanism uses an oil (hydraulic) and gas accumulator. Shock loads cause the oil to compress the gas. When the gas expands again, the leg returns to its working ploughing position after passing over the obstacle. The simplest mechanism is a breaking (shear) bolt that needs replacement. Shear bolts that break when a plough body hits an obstruction are a cheaper overload protection device.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Trip-beam ploughs are constructed with a hinge point in the beam. This is usually located some distance above the top of the plough bottom. The bottom is held in normal ploughing position by a spring-operated latch. When an obstruction is encountered, the entire bottom is released and hinges back and up to pass over the obstruction. It is necessary to back up the tractor and plough to reset the bottom. This construction is used to protect the individual bottoms. The automatic reset design has only recently<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers"><span title="The time period mentioned near this tag is ambiguous. (April 2021)">when?</span></a></i>]</sup> been introduced on US ploughs, but has been used extensively on European and Australian ploughs. Here the beam is hinged at a point almost above the point of the share. The bottom is held in the normal position by a set of springs or a hydraulic cylinder on each bottom.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>When an obstruction is encountered, the plough bottom hinges back and up in such a way as to pass over the obstruction, without stopping the tractor and plough. The bottom automatically returns to normal ploughing position as soon as the obstruction is passed, without any interruption of forward motion. The automatic reset design permits higher field efficiencies since stopping for stones is practically eliminated. It also reduces costs for broken shares, beams and other parts. The fast resetting action helps produce a better job of ploughing, as large areas of unploughed land are not left, as they are when lifting a plough over a stone.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Loy_ploughing">Loy ploughing</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Plough&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Loy ploughing"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Loy_(spade)" title="Loy (spade)">Loy (spade)</a></div> <p>Manual loy ploughing was a form used on small farms in Ireland where farmers could not afford more, or on hilly ground that precluded horses.<sup id="cite_ref-WE2_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WE2-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was used up until the 1960s in poorer land.<sup id="cite_ref-Tribune_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tribune-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It suited the moist Irish climate, as the trenches formed by turning in the sods provided drainage. It allowed potatoes to be grown in bogs (peat swamps) and on otherwise unfarmed mountain slopes.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Heavy_ploughs">Heavy ploughs</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Plough&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Heavy ploughs"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Carruca" title="Carruca">Carruca</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:ChineseIronPlow1637.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/ChineseIronPlow1637.jpg/220px-ChineseIronPlow1637.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="310" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/ChineseIronPlow1637.jpg/330px-ChineseIronPlow1637.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/ChineseIronPlow1637.jpg/440px-ChineseIronPlow1637.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1630" data-file-height="2294" /></a><figcaption>Chinese iron plough with curved mouldboard, 1637</figcaption></figure> <p>In the basic mould-board plough, the depth of cut is adjusted by lifting against the runner in the furrow, which limited the weight of the plough to what a ploughman could easily lift. This limited the construction to a small amount of wood (although metal edges were possible). These ploughs were fairly fragile and unsuitable for the heavier soils of northern Europe. The introduction of wheels to replace the runner allowed the weight of the plough to increase, and in turn the use of a larger mould-board faced in metal. These <i>heavy ploughs</i> led to greater food production and eventually a marked population increase, beginning around AD 1000.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Before the <a href="/wiki/Han_dynasty" title="Han dynasty">Han dynasty</a> (202 BC – AD 220), Chinese ploughs were made almost wholly of wood except for the iron blade of the ploughshare. These were V-shaped iron pieces mounted on wooden blades and handles.<sup id="cite_ref-temple_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-temple-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 18">: 18 </span></sup> By the Han period the entire ploughshare was made of <a href="/wiki/Cast_iron" title="Cast iron">cast iron</a>. These are the earliest known heavy, mould-board iron ploughs.<sup id="cite_ref-greenberger_2006_11-12_33-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-greenberger_2006_11-12-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Several advancements such as the three-shared plow, the plow-and-sow implement, and the harrow were developed subsequently. By the end of the <a href="/wiki/Song_dynasty" title="Song dynasty">Song dynasty</a> in 1279, Chinese ploughs had reached a state of development that would not be seen in <a href="/wiki/Holland" title="Holland">Holland</a> until the 17th century.<sup id="cite_ref-temple_22-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-temple-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Pages: 18">: 18 </span></sup> </p><p>The Romans achieved a heavy-wheeled mould-board plough in the late 3rd and 4th century AD, for which archaeological evidence appears, for instance, in <a href="/wiki/Roman_Britain" title="Roman Britain">Roman Britain</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Greek and Roman mould-boards were usually tied to the bottom of the shaft with bits of rope, which made them more fragile than the Chinese ones, and iron mould-boards did not appear in Europe until the 10th century.<sup id="cite_ref-temple_22-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-temple-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 17">: 17 </span></sup> The first indisputable appearance after the Roman period is in a northern Italian document of 643.<sup id="cite_ref-Lynn_White,_Jr._20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lynn_White,_Jr.-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 50">: 50 </span></sup> Old words connected with the heavy plough and its use appear in <a href="/wiki/Slavic_languages" title="Slavic languages">Slavic</a>, suggesting possible early use in that region.<sup id="cite_ref-Lynn_White,_Jr._20-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lynn_White,_Jr.-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 49ff">: 49ff </span></sup> General adoption of the <a href="/wiki/Carruca" title="Carruca">carruca</a> heavy plough in Europe seems to have accompanied adoption of the <a href="/wiki/Three-field_system" title="Three-field system">three-field system</a> in the later 8th and early 9th centuries, leading to improved agricultural productivity per unit of land in northern Europe.<sup id="cite_ref-Lynn_White,_Jr._20-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lynn_White,_Jr.-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Pages: 69–78">: 69–78 </span></sup> This was accompanied by larger fields, known variously as <a href="/wiki/Carucate" title="Carucate">carucates</a>, ploughlands, and plough gates. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Improved_designs">Improved designs</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Plough&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Improved designs"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Plough.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Plough.JPG/220px-Plough.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="166" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Plough.JPG/330px-Plough.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Plough.JPG/440px-Plough.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1632" data-file-height="1232" /></a><figcaption>Modern tractor ploughing in South Africa. This plough has five non-reversible mouldboards. The fifth, empty furrow on the left may be filled by the first furrow of the next pass.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:A_champion_ploughman_from_The_Powerhouse_Museum_Collection.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/A_champion_ploughman_from_The_Powerhouse_Museum_Collection.jpg/220px-A_champion_ploughman_from_The_Powerhouse_Museum_Collection.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="164" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/A_champion_ploughman_from_The_Powerhouse_Museum_Collection.jpg/330px-A_champion_ploughman_from_The_Powerhouse_Museum_Collection.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/A_champion_ploughman_from_The_Powerhouse_Museum_Collection.jpg/440px-A_champion_ploughman_from_The_Powerhouse_Museum_Collection.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="763" /></a><figcaption>'A Champion ploughman', from Australia, c. 1900</figcaption></figure> <p>The basic plough with coulter, ploughshare and mould board remained in use for a millennium. Major changes in design spread widely in the <a href="/wiki/Age_of_Enlightenment" title="Age of Enlightenment">Age of Enlightenment</a>, when there was rapid progress in design. Joseph Foljambe in <a href="/wiki/Rotherham" title="Rotherham">Rotherham</a>, England, in 1730, used new shapes based on the Rotherham plough, which covered the mould board with iron.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Unlike the heavy plough, the Rotherham, or Rotherham swing plough consisted entirely of the coulter, mould board and handles. It was much lighter than earlier designs and became common in England. It may have been the first plough widely built in factories and commercially successful there.<sup id="cite_ref-rotherham_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rotherham-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1789 <a href="/wiki/Ransomes,_Sims_%26_Jefferies" title="Ransomes, Sims & Jefferies">Robert Ransome</a>, an <a href="/wiki/Iron_founder" title="Iron founder">iron founder</a> in <a href="/wiki/Ipswich" title="Ipswich">Ipswich</a>, started casting ploughshares in a disused malting at St Margaret's Ditches. A broken mould in his foundry caused molten metal to come into contact with cold metal, making the metal surface extremely hard. This process, chilled casting, resulted in what Ransome advertised as "self-sharpening" ploughs. He received patents for his discovery.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/James_Small_(inventor)" title="James Small (inventor)">James Small</a> further advanced the design. Using mathematical methods, he eventually arrived at a shape cast from a single piece of iron, an improvement on the <i>Scots plough</i> of <a href="/wiki/James_Anderson_of_Hermiston" title="James Anderson of Hermiston">James Anderson of Hermiston</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A single-piece cast-iron plough was also developed and patented by <a href="/wiki/Charles_Newbold" title="Charles Newbold">Charles Newbold</a> in the United States. This was again improved on by <a href="/wiki/Jethro_Wood" title="Jethro Wood">Jethro Wood</a>, a blacksmith of <a href="/wiki/Scipio,_New_York" title="Scipio, New York">Scipio, New York</a>, who made a three-part Scots plough that allowed a broken piece to be replaced. In 1833 John Lane invented a steel plough.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Then in 1837 <a href="/wiki/John_Deere_(inventor)" title="John Deere (inventor)">John Deere</a> introduced a <a href="/wiki/Steel" title="Steel">steel</a> plough; it was so much stronger than iron designs that it could work soil in US areas previously thought unsuitable for farming. </p><p>Improvements on this followed developments in metallurgy: steel coulters and shares with softer iron mould boards to prevent breakage, the chilled plough (an early example of <a href="/wiki/Case_hardening" class="mw-redirect" title="Case hardening">surface-hardened</a> steel),<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and eventually mould boards with faces strong enough to dispense with the coulter.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>By the time of the early 1900s, the steel plough had many uses, shapes and names. The "two horse breaking plough" had a point and wing used to break the soil's surface and turn the dirt out and over.<sup id="cite_ref-MarionCounty2000_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MarionCounty2000-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The "shovel plough" was used to lay off the rows.<sup id="cite_ref-MarionCounty2000_50-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MarionCounty2000-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The "harrow plough" was used to cover the planted seed.<sup id="cite_ref-MarionCounty2000_50-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MarionCounty2000-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The "scratcher" or "geewhiz" was used to deweed or cultivate the crop.<sup id="cite_ref-MarionCounty2000_50-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MarionCounty2000-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The "bulltongue" and "sweeps" were used to plough the middle of the rows.<sup id="cite_ref-MarionCounty2000_50-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MarionCounty2000-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> All these metal plough points required being re-sharpened about every ten days, due to their use on rough and rocky ground.<sup id="cite_ref-MarionCounty2000_50-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MarionCounty2000-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Single-sided_ploughing">Single-sided ploughing</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Plough&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Single-sided ploughing"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ploughing_match_from_The_Powerhouse_Museum_Collection.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Ploughing_match_from_The_Powerhouse_Museum_Collection.jpg/220px-Ploughing_match_from_The_Powerhouse_Museum_Collection.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Ploughing_match_from_The_Powerhouse_Museum_Collection.jpg/330px-Ploughing_match_from_The_Powerhouse_Museum_Collection.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Ploughing_match_from_The_Powerhouse_Museum_Collection.jpg/440px-Ploughing_match_from_The_Powerhouse_Museum_Collection.jpg 2x" data-file-width="984" data-file-height="760" /></a><figcaption>Single-sided ploughing in a ploughing match</figcaption></figure> <p>The first mould-board ploughs could only turn the soil over in one direction (<a href="/wiki/Convention_(norm)" title="Convention (norm)">conventionally</a> to the right), as dictated by the shape of the mould board; therefore, a field had to be ploughed in long strips, or <i>lands</i>. The plough was usually worked clockwise around each land, ploughing the long sides and being dragged across the short sides without ploughing. The length of the strip was limited by the distance oxen (later horses) could comfortably work without rest, and their width by the distance the plough could conveniently be dragged. These distances determined the traditional size of the strips: a <a href="/wiki/Furlong" title="Furlong">furlong</a>, (or "furrow's length", 220 yards (200 m)) by a <a href="/wiki/Chain_(length)" class="mw-redirect" title="Chain (length)">chain</a> (22 yards (20 m)) – an area of one acre (about 0.4 hectares); this is the origin of the <a href="/wiki/Acre" title="Acre">acre</a>. The one-sided action gradually moved soil from the sides to the centre line of the strip. If the strip was in the same place each year, the soil built up into a ridge, creating the <a href="/wiki/Ridge_and_furrow" title="Ridge and furrow">ridge and furrow</a> topography still seen in some ancient fields.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Turn-wrest_plough">Turn-wrest plough</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Plough&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Turn-wrest plough"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The turn-wrest plough allows ploughing to be done to either side. The mould board is removable, turning to the right for one furrow, then being moved to the other side of the plough to turn to the left. (The coulter and ploughshare are fixed.) Thus adjacent furrows can be ploughed in opposite directions, allowing ploughing to proceed continuously along the field and so avoid the ridge–furrow topography.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Reversible_plough">Reversible plough</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Plough&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Reversible plough"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Vendeplog.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Vendeplog.jpg/220px-Vendeplog.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Vendeplog.jpg/330px-Vendeplog.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Vendeplog.jpg/440px-Vendeplog.jpg 2x" data-file-width="604" data-file-height="453" /></a><figcaption>A four-furrow reversible plough</figcaption></figure> <p>The reversible (or roll-over) plough has two mould-board ploughs mounted back to back, one turning right, the other left. While one works the land, the other is borne upside-down in the air. At the end of each row the paired ploughs are turned over so that the other can be used along the next furrow, again working the field in a consistent direction.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>These ploughs date back to the days of the steam engine and the horse. In almost universal use on farms, they have right and left-handed mould boards, enabling them to work up and down the same furrow. Reversible ploughs may either be mounted or semi-mounted and are heavier and more expensive than right-handed models, but have the great advantage of leaving a level surface that facilitates seedbed preparation and harvesting. Very little marking out is necessary before ploughing can start; idle running on the headland is minimal compared with conventional ploughs.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Driving a tractor with furrow-side wheels in the furrow bottom provides the most efficient line of draught between tractor and plough. It is also easier to steer the tractor; driving with the front wheel against the furrow wall will keep the front furrow at the correct width. This is less satisfactory when using a tractor with wide front tyres. Although these make better use of the tractor power, the tyres may compact some of the last furrow slice turned on the previous run. The problem is overcome by using a furrow widener or longer mould board on the rear body. The latter moves the soil further towards the ploughed land, leaving more room for the tractor wheels on the next run.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Driving with all four wheels on unploughed land is another solution to the problem of wide tyres. Semi-mounted ploughs can be hitched in a way that allows the tractor to run on unbroken land and pull the plough in correct alignment without any sideways movement (crabbing).<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Riding_and_multiple-furrow_ploughs">Riding and multiple-furrow ploughs</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Plough&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Riding and multiple-furrow ploughs"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:OldPlow2006-05-21.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/OldPlow2006-05-21.JPG/220px-OldPlow2006-05-21.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/OldPlow2006-05-21.JPG/330px-OldPlow2006-05-21.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/OldPlow2006-05-21.JPG/440px-OldPlow2006-05-21.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2559" data-file-height="1696" /></a><figcaption>Early tractor-drawn two-furrow plough</figcaption></figure> <p>Early steel ploughs were walking ploughs, directed by a ploughman holding handles on either side of the plough. Steel ploughs were so much easier to draw through the soil that constant adjustment of the blade to deal with roots or clods was no longer necessary, as the plough could easily cut through them. Not long after that the first riding ploughs appeared, whose wheels kept the plough at an adjustable level above the ground, while the ploughman sat on a seat instead of walking. Direction was now controlled mostly through the draught team, with levers allowing fine adjustments. This led quickly to riding ploughs with multiple mould boards, which dramatically increased ploughing performance.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>A single draught horse can normally pull a single-furrow plough in clean light soil, but in heavier soils two horses are needed, one walking on the land and one in the furrow. Ploughs with two or more furrows call for more than two horses, and usually one or more have to walk on the ploughed sod, which is hard going for them and means they tread newly ploughed land down. It is usual to rest such horses every half-hour for about ten minutes.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Improving_metallurgy_and_design">Improving metallurgy and design</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Plough&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Improving metallurgy and design"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/John_Deere_(inventor)" title="John Deere (inventor)">John Deere</a>, an <a href="/wiki/Illinois" title="Illinois">Illinois</a> blacksmith, noted that ploughing many sticky, non-sandy soils might benefit from modifications in the design of the mould board and the metals used. A polished needle would enter leather and fabric with greater ease and a polished pitchfork also require less effort. Looking for a polished, slicker surface for a plough, he experimented with portions of saw blades, and by 1837 was making polished, cast steel ploughs.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Balance_plough">Balance plough</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Plough&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Balance plough"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hei%C3%9Fdampf-Kipppflug.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Hei%C3%9Fdampf-Kipppflug.jpg/234px-Hei%C3%9Fdampf-Kipppflug.jpg" decoding="async" width="234" height="161" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Hei%C3%9Fdampf-Kipppflug.jpg/351px-Hei%C3%9Fdampf-Kipppflug.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Hei%C3%9Fdampf-Kipppflug.jpg/468px-Hei%C3%9Fdampf-Kipppflug.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1285" data-file-height="886" /></a><figcaption>A German balance plough. The left-turning set of shares have just completed a pass, and the right-turning shares are about to enter the ground to return across the field.</figcaption></figure> <p>The invention of the mobile <a href="/wiki/Steam_engine" title="Steam engine">steam engine</a> allowed steam power to be applied to ploughing from about 1850. In Europe, soil conditions were often too soft to support the weight of a <a href="/wiki/Traction_engine" title="Traction engine">traction engine</a>. Instead, counterbalanced, wheeled ploughs, known as <i>balance ploughs</i>, were drawn by cables across the fields by pairs of <a href="/wiki/Ploughing_engine" class="mw-redirect" title="Ploughing engine">ploughing engines</a> on opposite field edges, or by a single engine drawing directly towards it at one end and drawing away from it via a pulley at the other. The balance plough had two sets of facing ploughs arranged so that when one was in the ground, the other was lifted in the air. When pulled in one direction, the trailing ploughs were lowered onto the ground by the tension on the cable. When the plough reached the edge of the field, the other engine pulled the opposite cable, and the plough tilted (balanced), putting the other set of shares into the ground, and the plough worked back across the field.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>One set of ploughs was right-handed and the other left-handed, allowing continuous ploughing along the field, as with the <a href="#Turn-wrest_plough">turn-wrest</a> and <a href="#Reversible_plough">reversible ploughs</a>. The man credited with inventing the ploughing engine and associated balance plough in the mid-19th century was <a href="/wiki/John_Fowler_(agricultural_engineer)" title="John Fowler (agricultural engineer)">John Fowler</a>, an English agricultural engineer and inventor.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However the Fisken brothers demonstrated (and went on to patent) a balance plough about 4 years before Fowler.<sup id="cite_ref-Haining104_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Haining104-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One notable producer of steam-powered ploughs was <a href="/wiki/Kemna_Bau" title="Kemna Bau">J.Kemna</a> of Eastern Prussia, who became the "leading steam plough company on the European continent and penetrated the monopoly of English companies on the world market"<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> at the beginning of the 20th century.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Stump-jump_plough">Stump-jump plough</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Plough&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Stump-jump plough"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Stump-jump_plough" title="Stump-jump plough">Stump-jump plough</a></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Stump-jump_plough" title="Stump-jump plough">stump-jump plough</a> was invented in 1876 by Australian <a href="/wiki/Richard_Bowyer_Smith" title="Richard Bowyer Smith">Richard Bowyer Smith</a> alongside his brother <a href="/wiki/Clarence_Herbert_Smith" title="Clarence Herbert Smith">Clarence Herbert Smith</a>. It is designed to break up new farming land that contains tree stumps and rocks expensive to remove.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It uses a moveable weight to hold the ploughshare in position. When a tree stump or rock is encountered, the ploughshare is thrown up clear of the obstacle, to avoid breaking its harness or linkage.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ploughing can continue when the weight is returned to the earth.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Disc_ploughs_from_The_Powerhouse_Museum_Collection.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Disc_ploughs_from_The_Powerhouse_Museum_Collection.jpg/220px-Disc_ploughs_from_The_Powerhouse_Museum_Collection.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="157" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Disc_ploughs_from_The_Powerhouse_Museum_Collection.jpg/330px-Disc_ploughs_from_The_Powerhouse_Museum_Collection.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Disc_ploughs_from_The_Powerhouse_Museum_Collection.jpg/440px-Disc_ploughs_from_The_Powerhouse_Museum_Collection.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="712" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Disc_plough" class="mw-redirect" title="Disc plough">Disc ploughs</a> in Australia, c. 1900</figcaption></figure> <p>A simpler, later system uses a concave disc (or pair of them) set at a wide angle to the direction of progress, using a concave shape to hold the disc into the soil – unless something hard strikes the circumference of the disc, causing it to roll up and over the obstruction. As this is dragged forward, the sharp edge of the disc cuts the soil, and the concave surface of the rotating disc lifts and throws the soil to the side. It does not work as well as a mould-board plough (but this is not seen as a drawback, because it helps to fight wind erosion), but it does lift and break up the soil (<i>see</i> <a href="/wiki/Disc_harrow" title="Disc harrow">disc harrow</a>).<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Modern_ploughs">Modern ploughs</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Plough&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Modern ploughs"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Modern ploughs are usually multiply reversible, mounted on a tractor with a <a href="/wiki/Three-point_hitch" title="Three-point hitch">three-point linkage</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These commonly have from two to as many as seven mould boards – and semi-mounted ploughs (whose lifting is assisted by a wheel about halfway along their length) can have as many as 18. The tractor's hydraulics are used to lift and reverse the implement and to adjust furrow width and depth. The plougher still has to set the draughting linkage from the tractor, so that the plough keeps the proper angle in the soil. This angle and depth can be controlled automatically by modern tractors. As a complement to the rear plough a two or three mould-board plough can be mounted on the front of the tractor if it is equipped with front three-point linkage.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Specialist_ploughs">Specialist ploughs</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Plough&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Specialist ploughs"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Chisel_plough">Chisel plough</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Plough&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Chisel plough"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:JDTractor_chisel-plough.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/JDTractor_chisel-plough.jpg/220px-JDTractor_chisel-plough.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="101" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/JDTractor_chisel-plough.jpg/330px-JDTractor_chisel-plough.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/JDTractor_chisel-plough.jpg/440px-JDTractor_chisel-plough.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1324" data-file-height="609" /></a><figcaption>A chisel plough; the ploughing tines are at the rear, the refuse-cutting <a href="/wiki/Coulter_(agriculture)" title="Coulter (agriculture)">coulters</a> at the front.</figcaption></figure> <p>The <i>chisel plough</i> is a common tool for deep tillage (prepared land) with limited soil disruption. Its main function is to loosen and aerate the soils, while leaving <a href="/wiki/Crop_residue" title="Crop residue">crop residue</a> on top. This plough can be used to reduce the effects of soil compaction and to help break up <a href="/wiki/Plowpan" class="mw-redirect" title="Plowpan">ploughpan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hardpan" title="Hardpan">hardpan</a>. Unlike many other ploughs, the chisel will not invert or turn the soil. This feature has made it a useful addition to <a href="/wiki/No-till_farming" title="No-till farming">no-till</a> and low-till farming practices that attempt to maximise the erosion-preventing benefits of keeping organic matter and farming residues present on the soil surface throughout the year. Thus the chisel plough is considered by some<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Unsupported_attributions" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch"><span title="The material near this tag possibly uses too-vague attribution or weasel words. (December 2012)">who?</span></a></i>]</sup> to be more <a href="/wiki/Sustainable_agriculture" title="Sustainable agriculture">sustainable</a> than other types of plough, such as the <a href="#Mould-board_ploughing">mould-board plough</a>. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bigham_Brother_Tomato_Tiller.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Bigham_Brother_Tomato_Tiller.JPG/220px-Bigham_Brother_Tomato_Tiller.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="103" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Bigham_Brother_Tomato_Tiller.JPG/330px-Bigham_Brother_Tomato_Tiller.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Bigham_Brother_Tomato_Tiller.JPG/440px-Bigham_Brother_Tomato_Tiller.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3991" data-file-height="1864" /></a><figcaption>Tomato tiller</figcaption></figure> <p>Chisel ploughs are becoming more popular as a primary tillage tool in row-crop farming areas. Basically the chisel plough is a heavy-duty field cultivator intended to operate at depths from 15 cm (5.9 in) to as much as 46 cm (18 in). However some models may run much deeper.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="The text near this tag may need clarification or removal of jargon. (May 2021)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Each individual plough or shank is typically set from 230 mm (9 in) to 360 mm (14 in) apart. Such a plough can meet significant soil drag: a <a href="/wiki/Tractor" title="Tractor">tractor</a> of sufficient power and traction is required. When ploughing with a chisel plough, 10–20 horsepower (7.5–14.9 kW) per shank is required, depending on depth.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2016)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Pull-type chisel ploughs are made in working widths from about 2.5 metres (8 ft 2 in) up to 13.7 metres (45 ft). They are tractor-mounted, and working depth is hydraulically controlled. Those more than about 4 metres (13 ft) wide may be equipped with folding wings to reduce transport width. Wider machines may have the wings supported by individual wheels and hinge joints to allow flexing of the machine over uneven ground. The wider models usually have a wheel each side to control working depth. Three-point hitch-mounted units are made in widths from about 1.5 to 9 metres (4 ft 11 in to 29 ft 6 in). </p><p><a href="/wiki/Cultivator" title="Cultivator">Cultivators</a> are often similar in form to chisel ploughs, but their goals are different. Cultivator teeth work near the surface, usually for weed control, whereas chisel plough shanks work deep under the surface; therefore, cultivation takes much less power per shank than does chisel ploughing. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Country_plough">Country plough</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Plough&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Country plough"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The country plough is a slanted plough.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The most common plough in India,<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> it is recommended for crops like groundnut after the use of a tractor.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ridging_plough">Ridging plough</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Plough&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Ridging plough"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A ridging plough is used for crops such as <a href="/wiki/Potato" title="Potato">potatoes</a> or <a href="/wiki/Scallion" title="Scallion">scallions</a> grown buried in ridges of soil, using a technique called <i>ridging</i> or <i><a href="/wiki/Hilling" title="Hilling">hilling</a></i>. A ridging plough has two back-to-back mould boards cutting a deep furrow on each pass with high ridges either side. The same plough may be used to split the ridges to harvest the crop. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Scots_hand_plough">Scots hand plough</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Plough&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Scots hand plough"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>This variety of ridge plough is notable for having a blade pointing towards the operator. It is used solely by human effort rather than with animal or machine assistance and pulled backwards by the operator, requiring great physical effort. It is particularly used for second breaking of ground and for potato planting. It is found in Shetland, some western crofts, and more rarely Central Scotland, typically on holdings too small or poor to merit the use of animals. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ice_plough">Ice plough</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Plough&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Ice plough"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cutting_ice_in_Norway_using_an_ice_plough_c.1910.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Cutting_ice_in_Norway_using_an_ice_plough_c.1910.jpg/220px-Cutting_ice_in_Norway_using_an_ice_plough_c.1910.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Cutting_ice_in_Norway_using_an_ice_plough_c.1910.jpg/330px-Cutting_ice_in_Norway_using_an_ice_plough_c.1910.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Cutting_ice_in_Norway_using_an_ice_plough_c.1910.jpg/440px-Cutting_ice_in_Norway_using_an_ice_plough_c.1910.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3088" data-file-height="2056" /></a><figcaption>Cutting ice in Norway using an ice plough <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1910</span></figcaption></figure> <p>Functionally operating as a saw, but pulled as a plough, this device was created in the 19th century and was mainly used in Scandinavia, as part of the ice export industry, creating blocks of ice to ship to Great Britain.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mole_plough">Mole plough</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Plough&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Mole plough"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The mole plough allows under-drainage to be installed without trenches, or breaks up the deep impermeable soil layers that impede it. It is a deep plough with a torpedo or wedge-shaped tip and a narrow blade connecting it to the body. When dragged over ground, it leaves a channel deep under it that acts as a drain. Modern mole ploughs may also bury a flexible perforated plastic drain pipe as they go, making a more permanent drain – or may be used to lay pipes for water supply or other purposes. Similar machines, so-called <a href="/wiki/Pipe-and-cable-laying_plough" title="Pipe-and-cable-laying plough">pipe-and-cable-laying ploughs</a>, are even used under the sea for laying cables or for preparing the earth for <a href="/wiki/Side-scan_sonar" title="Side-scan sonar">side-scan sonar</a> in a process used in <a href="/wiki/Oil_exploration" class="mw-redirect" title="Oil exploration">oil exploration</a>. </p><p>Compacting a tennis ball-sized sample from moling depth by hand, then pushing a pencil through is a simple check to find if the subsoil is in the right condition for mole ploughing. If the hole stays intact without splitting the ball, the soil is in ideal condition for the mole plough. </p><p>Heavy land requires draining to reduce its water content to a level efficient for plant growth. Heavy soils usually have a system of permanent drains, using perforated plastic or clay pipes that discharge into a ditch. The small tunnels (mole drains) that mole ploughs form lie at a depth of up to 950 mm (37 in) at an angle to the pipe drains. Water from the mole drains seeps into the pipes and runs along them into a ditch. </p><p>Mole ploughs are usually trailed and pulled by a crawler tractor, but lighter models for use on the three-point linkage of powerful four-wheel drive tractors are also made. A mole plough has a strong frame that slides along the ground when the machine is at work. A heavy leg, similar to a sub-soiler leg, is attached to the frame and a circular section with a larger diameter expander on a flexible link is bolted to the leg. The bullet-shaped share forms a tunnel in the soil about 75 mm (3.0 in) diameter and the expander presses the soil outwards to form a long-lasting drainage channel. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Para-plough">Para-plough</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Plough&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Para-plough"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The para-plough, or paraplow, loosens compacted soil layers 3 to 4 dm (12 to 16 inches) deep while maintaining high surface residue levels.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is primary tillage implement for deep ploughing without inversion. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Spade_plough">Spade plough</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Plough&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Spade plough"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The spade plough is designed to cut the soil and turn it on its side, minimising damage to earthworms, soil microorganism and fungi. This increases the sustainability and long-term fertility of the soil. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Switch_plough">Switch plough</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Plough&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Switch plough"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Using a bar with square shares mounted perpendicularly and a pivot point to change the bar's angle, the switch plough allows ploughing in either direction. It is best in previously-worked soils, as the ploughshares are designed more to turn the soil over than for deep tillage. At the headland, the operator pivots the bar (and so the ploughshares) to turn the soil to the opposite side of the direction of travel. Switch ploughs are usually lighter than roll-over ploughs, requiring less horsepower to operate. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Effects_of_mould-board_ploughing">Effects of mould-board ploughing</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Plough&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Effects of mould-board ploughing"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Mould-board ploughing in cold and temperate climates, down to 20 cm (7.9 in), aerates the soil by loosening it. It incorporates crop residues, solid manures, limestone, and commercial fertilisers alongside oxygen, reducing nitrogen losses by denitrification, accelerating mineralisation, and raising short-term nitrogen availability for turning organic matter into humus. It erases wheel tracks and ruts from harvesting equipment. It controls many perennial weeds and delays the growth of others until spring. It accelerates spring soil warming and water evaporation due to lower residues on the soil surface. It facilitates seeding with a lighter seed, controls many crop enemies (<a href="/wiki/Slugs" class="mw-redirect" title="Slugs">slugs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tipuloidea" class="mw-redirect" title="Tipuloidea">crane flies</a>, <a href="/wiki/Delia_platura" title="Delia platura">seedcorn maggots-bean seed flies</a>, borers), and raises the number of "soil-eating" earthworms (endogic), but deters vertical-dwelling earthworms (anecic).<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Ploughing leaves little crop residue on the surface that might otherwise reduce both wind and water erosion. Over-ploughing can lead to the formation of <a href="/wiki/Hardpan" title="Hardpan">hardpan</a>. Typically, farmers break that up with a <a href="/wiki/Subsoiler" title="Subsoiler">subsoiler</a>, which acts as a long, sharp knife slicing through the hardened layer of soil deep below the surface. <a href="/wiki/Soil_erosion" title="Soil erosion">Soil erosion</a> due to improper land and plough utilisation is possible. <a href="/wiki/Contour_plowing" title="Contour plowing">Contour ploughing</a> mitigates soil erosion by ploughing across a slope, along elevation lines. Alternatives to ploughing, such as a <a href="/wiki/No-till_method" class="mw-redirect" title="No-till method">no-till method</a>, have the potential to build soil levels and humus. These may be suitable for smaller, intensively cultivated plots and for farming on poor, shallow or degraded soils that ploughing would further degrade.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Depictions">Depictions</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Plough&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Depictions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional center"> <li class="gallerycaption">Ploughs in art</li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:100_Mark_1908_back_01_09.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Back side of a 100 mark banknote issued 1908"><img alt="Back side of a 100 mark banknote issued 1908" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/100_Mark_1908_back_01_09.jpg/200px-100_Mark_1908_back_01_09.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="99" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/100_Mark_1908_back_01_09.jpg/300px-100_Mark_1908_back_01_09.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/100_Mark_1908_back_01_09.jpg/400px-100_Mark_1908_back_01_09.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1447" data-file-height="714" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Back side of a 100 <a href="/wiki/Deutsche_Mark" title="Deutsche Mark">mark</a> banknote issued 1908</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:10_lire_1975_O.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="1975 Italian lira coin"><img alt="1975 Italian lira coin" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/10_lire_1975_O.jpg/200px-10_lire_1975_O.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/10_lire_1975_O.jpg/300px-10_lire_1975_O.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/10_lire_1975_O.jpg/400px-10_lire_1975_O.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1168" data-file-height="1168" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">1975 <a href="/wiki/Italian_lira" title="Italian lira">Italian lira</a> coin</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Robert_Burns_statue,_Schenley_Park,_Pittsburgh_-_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Robert Burns statue, Schenley Park, Pittsburgh"><img alt="Robert Burns statue, Schenley Park, Pittsburgh" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Robert_Burns_statue%2C_Schenley_Park%2C_Pittsburgh_-_1.jpg/150px-Robert_Burns_statue%2C_Schenley_Park%2C_Pittsburgh_-_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Robert_Burns_statue%2C_Schenley_Park%2C_Pittsburgh_-_1.jpg/225px-Robert_Burns_statue%2C_Schenley_Park%2C_Pittsburgh_-_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Robert_Burns_statue%2C_Schenley_Park%2C_Pittsburgh_-_1.jpg/300px-Robert_Burns_statue%2C_Schenley_Park%2C_Pittsburgh_-_1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2448" data-file-height="3264" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Burns" title="Robert Burns">Robert Burns</a> statue, <a href="/wiki/Schenley_Park" title="Schenley Park">Schenley Park</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pittsburgh" title="Pittsburgh">Pittsburgh</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Copenhagen_statue_of_Gefion.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The Gefion Fountain in Copenhagen"><img alt="The Gefion Fountain in Copenhagen" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Copenhagen_statue_of_Gefion.jpg/200px-Copenhagen_statue_of_Gefion.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Copenhagen_statue_of_Gefion.jpg/300px-Copenhagen_statue_of_Gefion.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Copenhagen_statue_of_Gefion.jpg/400px-Copenhagen_statue_of_Gefion.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The <a href="/wiki/Gefion_Fountain" title="Gefion Fountain">Gefion Fountain</a> in <a href="/wiki/Copenhagen" title="Copenhagen">Copenhagen</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Henry_Herbert_La_Thangue_-_The_Last_Furrow_1895.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Henry Herbert La Thangue, The Last Furrow, 1895"><img alt="Henry Herbert La Thangue, The Last Furrow, 1895" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Henry_Herbert_La_Thangue_-_The_Last_Furrow_1895.jpg/200px-Henry_Herbert_La_Thangue_-_The_Last_Furrow_1895.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="192" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Henry_Herbert_La_Thangue_-_The_Last_Furrow_1895.jpg/300px-Henry_Herbert_La_Thangue_-_The_Last_Furrow_1895.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Henry_Herbert_La_Thangue_-_The_Last_Furrow_1895.jpg/400px-Henry_Herbert_La_Thangue_-_The_Last_Furrow_1895.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="575" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Henry_Herbert_La_Thangue" title="Henry Herbert La Thangue">Henry Herbert La Thangue</a>, <i>The Last Furrow</i>, 1895</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Rosa_Bonheur_-_Ploughing_in_Nevers_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Ploughing in the Nivernais by Rosa Bonheur (1849)"><img alt="Ploughing in the Nivernais by Rosa Bonheur (1849)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Rosa_Bonheur_-_Ploughing_in_Nevers_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/200px-Rosa_Bonheur_-_Ploughing_in_Nevers_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="102" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Rosa_Bonheur_-_Ploughing_in_Nevers_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/300px-Rosa_Bonheur_-_Ploughing_in_Nevers_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Rosa_Bonheur_-_Ploughing_in_Nevers_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/400px-Rosa_Bonheur_-_Ploughing_in_Nevers_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5414" data-file-height="2769" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i><a href="/wiki/Ploughing_in_the_Nivernais" title="Ploughing in the Nivernais">Ploughing in the Nivernais</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Rosa_Bonheur" title="Rosa Bonheur">Rosa Bonheur</a> (1849)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Kemna_Lokomotiven.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Plough usage was revolutionized with the advent of steam locomotives (as seen in this German 1890s watercolor)"><img alt="Plough usage was revolutionized with the advent of steam locomotives (as seen in this German 1890s watercolor)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Kemna_Lokomotiven.jpg/200px-Kemna_Lokomotiven.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="142" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Kemna_Lokomotiven.jpg/300px-Kemna_Lokomotiven.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Kemna_Lokomotiven.jpg/400px-Kemna_Lokomotiven.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1365" data-file-height="968" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"> Plough usage was revolutionized with the advent of steam locomotives (as seen in this German 1890s watercolor)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:WWILandArmyPoster.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="World War I recruitment poster for the Women's Land Army"><img alt="World War I recruitment poster for the Women's Land Army" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/d3/WWILandArmyPoster.jpg/129px-WWILandArmyPoster.jpg" decoding="async" width="129" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/d3/WWILandArmyPoster.jpg/194px-WWILandArmyPoster.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/d3/WWILandArmyPoster.jpg/258px-WWILandArmyPoster.jpg 2x" data-file-width="323" data-file-height="500" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a> recruitment poster for the <a href="/wiki/Women%27s_Land_Army" title="Women's Land Army">Women's Land Army</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Young_Folks%27_History_of_Rome_illus090.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Young_Folks%27_History_of_Rome_illus090.png/200px-Young_Folks%27_History_of_Rome_illus090.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="155" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Young_Folks%27_History_of_Rome_illus090.png/300px-Young_Folks%27_History_of_Rome_illus090.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a1/Young_Folks%27_History_of_Rome_illus090.png 2x" data-file-width="392" data-file-height="303" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Aura.vaakuna.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Plough pictured in the coat of arms of Aura"><img alt="Plough pictured in the coat of arms of Aura" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Aura.vaakuna.svg/182px-Aura.vaakuna.svg.png" decoding="async" width="182" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Aura.vaakuna.svg/274px-Aura.vaakuna.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Aura.vaakuna.svg/365px-Aura.vaakuna.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="291" data-file-height="319" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Plough pictured in the coat of arms of <a href="/wiki/Aura,_Finland" title="Aura, Finland">Aura</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_the_Roman_Catholic_Archdiocese_of_Cincinnati.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Flag of the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Cincinnati"><img alt="Flag of the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Cincinnati" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Flag_of_the_Roman_Catholic_Archdiocese_of_Cincinnati.svg/200px-Flag_of_the_Roman_Catholic_Archdiocese_of_Cincinnati.svg.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Flag_of_the_Roman_Catholic_Archdiocese_of_Cincinnati.svg/300px-Flag_of_the_Roman_Catholic_Archdiocese_of_Cincinnati.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Flag_of_the_Roman_Catholic_Archdiocese_of_Cincinnati.svg/400px-Flag_of_the_Roman_Catholic_Archdiocese_of_Cincinnati.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1110" data-file-height="740" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Flag of the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Archdiocese_of_Cincinnati" title="Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Cincinnati">Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Cincinnati</a></div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Plough&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1266661725">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="grain" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Noto_Emoji_Oreo_1f33e.svg/28px-Noto_Emoji_Oreo_1f33e.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Noto_Emoji_Oreo_1f33e.svg/42px-Noto_Emoji_Oreo_1f33e.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Noto_Emoji_Oreo_1f33e.svg/56px-Noto_Emoji_Oreo_1f33e.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Agriculture_and_Agronomy" class="mw-redirect" title="Portal:Agriculture and Agronomy">Agriculture and Agronomy portal</a></span></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boustrophedon" title="Boustrophedon">Boustrophedon</a> (<a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a>: "ox-turning") – an ancient way of writing, each line being read in the opposite direction like reversible ploughing.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conduit_current_collection" title="Conduit current collection">Conduit current collection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foot_plough" title="Foot plough">Foot plough</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Headland_(agriculture)" title="Headland (agriculture)">Headland (agriculture)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_agriculture" title="History of agriculture">History of agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Railroad_plough" title="Railroad plough">Railroad plough</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ransome_Victory_Plough" title="Ransome Victory Plough">Ransome Victory Plough</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silviculture" title="Silviculture">Silviculture</a> has a technique for preparing soil for seeding in forests called scarification, which is explained in that article.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Snowplow" title="Snowplow">Snowplow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whippletree_(mechanism)" title="Whippletree (mechanism)">Whippletree</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Plough&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Cambridge-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Cambridge_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/english/plough">"Plough"</a>. <i>Cambridge English Dictionary</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 September</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Cambridge+English+Dictionary&rft.atitle=Plough&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdictionary.cambridge.org%2Fdictionary%2Fenglish%2Fplough&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APlough" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-12997877">"Anglo-Saxon 7th Century plough coulter found in Kent"</a>. <i>BBC News</i>. 7 April 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Anglo-Saxon+7th+Century+plough+coulter+found+in+Kent&rft.date=2011-04-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fuk-england-12997877&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APlough" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCollingwoodCollingwoodNowellMyres1936" class="citation book cs1">Collingwood, R. G.; Collingwood, Robin George; Nowell, John; Myres, Linton (1936). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=fMcbnMFn8lcC&pg=PA211"><i>Roman Britain and the English Settlements</i></a>. Biblo & Tannen Publishers. p. 211. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780819611604" title="Special:BookSources/9780819611604"><bdi>9780819611604</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Roman+Britain+and+the+English+Settlements&rft.pages=211&rft.pub=Biblo+%26+Tannen+Publishers&rft.date=1936&rft.isbn=9780819611604&rft.aulast=Collingwood&rft.aufirst=R.+G.&rft.au=Collingwood%2C+Robin+George&rft.au=Nowell%2C+John&rft.au=Myres%2C+Linton&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DfMcbnMFn8lcC%26pg%3DPA211&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APlough" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Britannica-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Britannica_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Britannica_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Britannica_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Britannica_4-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/technology/plow">"Plow"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclopaedia_Britannica" class="mw-redirect" title="Encyclopaedia Britannica">Encyclopaedia Britannica</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 September</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Plow&rft.btitle=Encyclopaedia+Britannica&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Ftechnology%2Fplow&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APlough" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSahgalSahgal" class="citation book cs1">Sahgal, A C; Sahgal, Mukul. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=F7aA8fzQtNMC&pg=PA7"><i>Living Sci. 8 Silver Jubilee</i></a>. India: Ratna Sagar. p. 7. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788183325035" title="Special:BookSources/9788183325035"><bdi>9788183325035</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Living+Sci.+8+Silver+Jubilee&rft.place=India&rft.pages=7&rft.pub=Ratna+Sagar&rft.isbn=9788183325035&rft.aulast=Sahgal&rft.aufirst=A+C&rft.au=Sahgal%2C+Mukul&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DF7aA8fzQtNMC%26pg%3DPA7&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APlough" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJiménez2017" class="citation book cs1">Jiménez, Enrique (2017). <i>The Babylonian disputation poems: with editions of the series of the Poplar, Palm and vine, the Series of the spider, and the Story of the poor, forlorn wren</i>. 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White (1984): <i>Greek and Roman Technology</i>, London: Thames and Hudson, p. 59.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-greenberger_2006_11-12-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-greenberger_2006_11-12_33-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-greenberger_2006_11-12_33-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Robert Greenberger, <i>The Technology of Ancient China</i> (New York: Rosen Publishing Group, Inc., 2006), pp. 11–12.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hill and Kucharski 1990.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tractoragriculture.com/plough-meaning-types-uses/">"What is a Plough - Meaning - Types of Plows & Use of Plough"</a>. <i>Tractor Agriculture</i>. 2 October 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 April</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Tractor+Agriculture&rft.atitle=What+is+a+Plough+-+Meaning+-+Types+of+Plows+%26+Use+of+Plough&rft.date=2019-10-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.tractoragriculture.com%2Fplough-meaning-types-uses%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APlough" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_36-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_36-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_36-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.eagri.org/eagri50/FMP211/lec06.html">"FMP 211 :: Lecture 06"</a>. <i>www.eagri.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 June</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Westmeath+Examiner&rft.atitle=Castlepollard+venue+to+host+Westmeath+ploughing+finals&rft.date=2011-03-03&rft.au=Paul+Hughes&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.westmeathexaminer.ie%2Fnews%2Froundup%2Farticles%2F2009%2F03%2F03%2F36691-castlepollard-venue-to-host-westmeath-ploughing-finals%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APlough" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Tribune-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Tribune_38-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPatrick_Freyne2009" class="citation news cs1">Patrick Freyne (27 September 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120331091819/http://tribune.maithu.com/archive/article/2009/sep/27/the-plough-and-the-stars/">"The plough and the stars"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Sunday_Tribune" title="Sunday Tribune">Sunday Tribune</a></i>. Dublin. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://tribune.maithu.com/archive/article/2009/sep/27/the-plough-and-the-stars/">the original</a> on 31 March 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 June</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Sunday+Tribune&rft.atitle=The+plough+and+the+stars&rft.date=2009-09-27&rft.au=Patrick+Freyne&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftribune.maithu.com%2Farchive%2Farticle%2F2009%2Fsep%2F27%2Fthe-plough-and-the-stars%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APlough" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110524230006/http://www.faminemuseum.com/the-famine-potato/">"The Famine Potato"</a>. St Mary's Famine History Museum. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 June</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Famine+Potato&rft.pub=St+Mary%27s+Famine+History+Museum&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.faminemuseum.com%2Fthe-famine-potato%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APlough" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jonathan Bell, "Wooden Ploughs From the Mountains of Mourne, Ireland", <i>Tools & Tillage</i> (1980) 4#1. pp. 46–56; Mervyn Watson, "Common Irish Plough Types and Tillage Techniques", <i>Tools & Tillage</i> (1985) 5#2. pp. 85–98.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWeber2014" class="citation book cs1">Weber, William (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=59TMBQAAQBAJ&q=population+growth+and+food+production+1000AD&pg=PA2"><i>Production, Growth, and the Environment: An Economic Approach</i></a>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 December</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=amtec-group.com&rft.atitle=What+are+the+types+of+plough%3F+%7C+Amtec+Group+%28amtec-group.com%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Famtec-group.com%2Ffaqs%2Ffarming-machinery%2Fploughs%2Fa%2Fwhat-are-the-types-of-plough&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APlough" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://rbogash.com/Horses/plowing-2.html">"Draft Horse Plowing Match"</a>. <i>rbogash.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 December</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=rbogash.com&rft.atitle=Draft+Horse+Plowing+Match&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Frbogash.com%2FHorses%2Fplowing-2.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APlough" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.invent.org/inductees/john-deere">"The John Deere Plow Invention and the NIHF Inductee"</a>. <i>www.invent.org</i>. 20 January 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 January</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.invent.org&rft.atitle=The+John+Deere+Plow+Invention+and+the+NIHF+Inductee&rft.date=2024-01-20&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.invent.org%2Finductees%2Fjohn-deere&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APlough" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFArchives" class="citation web cs1">Archives, The National. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://discovery.nationalarchives.gov.uk/details/r/ff114b8c-c253-4c55-89cf-c86db6b67708">"The Discovery Service"</a>. <i>discovery.nationalarchives.gov.uk</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 September</span> 2017</span>. <q>Patent litigation [TR FOW/CO5/116-137] is mainly concerned with a Chancery case of 1863 between John Fowler and his patent assignees in trust against James and Frederick Howard of Bedford for alleged infringement of his patents by the manufacture of balance ploughs.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=discovery.nationalarchives.gov.uk&rft.atitle=The+Discovery+Service&rft.aulast=Archives&rft.aufirst=The+National&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdiscovery.nationalarchives.gov.uk%2Fdetails%2Fr%2Fff114b8c-c253-4c55-89cf-c86db6b67708&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APlough" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Haining104-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Haining104_55-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHainingTyler1985" class="citation book cs1">Haining, John; Tyler, John (1985). <i>Ploughing by Steam A History of Steam Cultivation Over the Years</i>. Ashgrove press. pp. <span class="nowrap">104–</span>105. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0906798493" title="Special:BookSources/0906798493"><bdi>0906798493</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ploughing+by+Steam+A+History+of+Steam+Cultivation+Over+the+Years&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E104-%3C%2Fspan%3E105&rft.pub=Ashgrove+press&rft.date=1985&rft.isbn=0906798493&rft.aulast=Haining&rft.aufirst=John&rft.au=Tyler%2C+John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APlough" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBiographie" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Biographie, Deutsche. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/pnd141491124.html#ndbcontent">"Kemna, Julius - Deutsche Biographie"</a>. <i>www.deutsche-biographie.de</i> (in German)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 July</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.deutsche-biographie.de&rft.atitle=Kemna%2C+Julius+-+Deutsche+Biographie&rft.aulast=Biographie&rft.aufirst=Deutsche&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.deutsche-biographie.de%2Fpnd141491124.html%23ndbcontent&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APlough" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmith1876" class="citation archive">Smith, Clarence Herbert. Digital Collections, ID: PRG 432/4. State Library of South Australia. Retrieved August 4, 2023.</cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFColeman1948" class="citation news cs1">Coleman, Dudley (22 January 1948). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/93182324/8704492">"Richard Smith and his Stump Jumping Plow"</a>. <i>The Adelaide Chronicle</i>. pp. 18, 23<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 August</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Adelaide+Chronicle&rft.atitle=Richard+Smith+and+his+Stump+Jumping+Plow&rft.pages=18%2C+23&rft.date=1948-01-22&rft.aulast=Coleman&rft.aufirst=Dudley&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftrove.nla.gov.au%2Fnewspaper%2Farticle%2F93182324%2F8704492&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APlough" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRudder1882" class="citation archive">Rudder, Debbie. Powerhouse Collection, ID: B526. Powerhouse Museum. Retrieved August 4, 2023.</cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBlanco-CanquiLal2008" class="citation book cs1">Blanco-Canqui, Humberto; Lal, Rattan (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Wj3690PbDY0C&pg=PA198"><i>Principles of Soil Conservation and Management</i></a>. Springer. p. 198. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781402087097" title="Special:BookSources/9781402087097"><bdi>9781402087097</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Principles+of+Soil+Conservation+and+Management&rft.pages=198&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=9781402087097&rft.aulast=Blanco-Canqui&rft.aufirst=Humberto&rft.au=Lal%2C+Rattan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DWj3690PbDY0C%26pg%3DPA198&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APlough" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191104195403/http://www.hillagric.ac.in/edu/coa/agengg/lecture/243/Lecture%2011%20Primary%20Tillage.pdf">"Tillage and its Implements"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Chaudhary_Sarwan_Kumar_Himachal_Pradesh_Krishi_Vishvavidyalaya" title="Chaudhary Sarwan Kumar Himachal Pradesh Krishi Vishvavidyalaya">Himachal Pradesh Agriculture University, Palampur</a></i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hillagric.ac.in/edu/coa/agengg/lecture/243/Lecture%2011%20Primary%20Tillage.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 4 November 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 January</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Himachal+Pradesh+Agriculture+University%2C+Palampur&rft.atitle=Tillage+and+its+Implements&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hillagric.ac.in%2Fedu%2Fcoa%2Fagengg%2Flecture%2F243%2FLecture%252011%2520Primary%2520Tillage.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APlough" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ecoursesonline.iasri.res.in/mod/page/view.php?id=56836">"Fodder and Grass: Country plough"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Fodder+and+Grass%3A+Country+plough&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fecoursesonline.iasri.res.in%2Fmod%2Fpage%2Fview.php%3Fid%3D56836&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APlough" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190724174534/http://www.agritech.tnau.ac.in/agriculture/oilseeds_groundnut.html">"Agriculture :: Oil Seeds :: Groundnut"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.agritech.tnau.ac.in/agriculture/oilseeds_groundnut.html">the original</a> on 24 July 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Agriculture+%3A%3A+Oil+Seeds+%3A%3A+Groundnut&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.agritech.tnau.ac.in%2Fagriculture%2Foilseeds_groundnut.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APlough" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Case display notes, Canal and Ice Museum, London</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="ftp://ftp-fc.sc.egov.usda.gov/IA/intranet/Tillage.pdf">"Tillage Equipment"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a href="/wiki/Natural_Resources_Conservation_Service" title="Natural Resources Conservation Service">Natural Resources Conservation Service</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 June</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Tillage+Equipment&rft.pub=Natural+Resources+Conservation+Service&rft_id=ftp%3A%2F%2Fftp-fc.sc.egov.usda.gov%2FIA%2Fintranet%2FTillage.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APlough" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged March 2018">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Plough&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBray1984" class="citation book cs1">Bray, Francesca (1984). <i>Science and Civilization in China 6</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Science+and+Civilization+in+China+6&rft.date=1984&rft.aulast=Bray&rft.aufirst=Francesca&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APlough" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#What_information_to_include" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="A complete citation is needed. (April 2024)">full citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></li> <li>Liam Brunt, "Mechanical Innovation in the Industrial Revolution: The Case of Plough Design". <i>Economic History Review</i> (2003) 56#3, pp. 444–477, <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3698571">3698571</a></li> <li>P. Hill and K. Kucharski, "Early Medieval Ploughing at Whithorn and the Chronology of Plough Pebbles", <i>Transactions of the Dumfriesshire and Galloway Natural History and Antiquarian Society</i>, Vol. LXV, 1990, pp 73–83</li> <li>V. Sankaran Nair, <i>Nanchinadu: Harbinger of Rice and Plough Culture in the Ancient World</i></li> <li>Steven Stoll, <i>Larding the Lean Earth: Soil and Society in Nineteenth-Century America</i> (New York: Hill and Wang, 2002)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWainwrightWesley_F._BucheleStephen_J._MarleyWilliam_I._Baldwin1983" class="citation journal cs1">Wainwright, Raymond P.; Wesley F. Buchele; Stephen J. Marley; William I. Baldwin (1983). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://lib.dr.iastate.edu/abe_eng_pubs/134/">"A Variable Approach-Angle Moldboard Plow"</a>. <i>Transactions of the ASAE</i>. <b>26</b> (2): <span class="nowrap">392–</span>396. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.13031%2F2013.33944">10.13031/2013.33944</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Transactions+of+the+ASAE&rft.atitle=A+Variable+Approach-Angle+Moldboard+Plow&rft.volume=26&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E392-%3C%2Fspan%3E396&rft.date=1983&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.13031%2F2013.33944&rft.aulast=Wainwright&rft.aufirst=Raymond+P.&rft.au=Wesley+F.+Buchele&rft.au=Stephen+J.+Marley&rft.au=William+I.+Baldwin&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flib.dr.iastate.edu%2Fabe_eng_pubs%2F134%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APlough" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Plough&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox 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srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/60px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/80px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Look up <i><b><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Special:Search/plough" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:Special:Search/plough">plough</a></b></i> in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Ploughs" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Ploughs">Ploughs</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150924092217/http://www.rotherhamweb.co.uk/h/plough.htm">The Rotherham Plough</a> – <i>the first commercially successful iron plough</i></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070505064134/http://www.deere.com/en_US/compinfo/history/index.html">History of the steel plough</a> – <i>as developed by John Deere in the United States</i></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.antiquefarmtools.info/">Breast Ploughs and other antique hand farm tools</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100324200911/http://www.antiquefarmtools.info/">Archived</a> 24 March 2010 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=yt8DAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA877">"Tractor Guide Saves Labor for the Farmer"</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Popular_Mechanics" title="Popular Mechanics">Popular Mechanics</a></i>, December 1934</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output 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class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Averruncator" title="Averruncator">Averruncator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Axe" title="Axe">Axe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Billhook" title="Billhook">Billhook</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Broadfork" title="Broadfork">Broadfork</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daisy_grubber" title="Daisy grubber">Daisy grubber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dibber" title="Dibber">Dibber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garden_fork" title="Garden fork">Garden fork</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grafter" title="Grafter">Grafter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grass_shears" title="Grass shears">Grass shears</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grass_Stitcher" class="mw-redirect" title="Grass Stitcher">Grass Stitcher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hoe_(tool)" title="Hoe (tool)">Hoe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homi_(tool)" title="Homi (tool)">Homi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hori_hori" title="Hori 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trimmer</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><div class="hlist"> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Template:Types_of_tools" title="Template:Types of tools">Types of tools</a></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:Cleaning_tools" title="Template:Cleaning tools">Cleaning</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:Cutting_and_abrasive_tools" title="Template:Cutting and abrasive tools">Cutting and abrasive</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:Forestry_tools" title="Template:Forestry tools">Forestry</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:Garden_tools" title="Template:Garden tools">Garden</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:Hand_tools" title="Template:Hand tools">Hand</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:Kitchen_tools" title="Template:Kitchen tools">Kitchen</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:Machine_and_metalworking_tools" title="Template:Machine and metalworking tools">Machine and metalworking</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:Masonry_tools" title="Template:Masonry 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class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Pflug"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4174098-1">Germany</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85103538">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Charrues"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11964840h">France</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Charrues"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11964840h">BnF data</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="pluhy"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph115750&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech 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