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class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Epidemiology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Epidemiology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notable_deaths" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notable_deaths"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Notable deaths</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notable_deaths-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div 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class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Polycythemia vera</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 35 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-35" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">35 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%83%D8%AB%D8%B1%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%B1_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D9%82%D9%8A%D9%82%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="كثرة الحمر الحقيقية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="كثرة الحمر الحقيقية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eritremiya" title="Eritremiya – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Eritremiya" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Policitemija_vera" title="Policitemija vera – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Policitemija vera" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Policit%C3%A8mia_vera" title="Policitèmia vera – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Policitèmia vera" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polycythaemia_vera" title="Polycythaemia vera – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Polycythaemia vera" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Policitemia_vera" title="Policitemia vera – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Policitemia vera" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polizitemia_vera" title="Polizitemia vera – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Polizitemia vera" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D9%84%DB%8C%E2%80%8C%D8%B3%DB%8C%D8%AA%D9%85%DB%8C_%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%A7" title="پلی‌سیتمی ورا – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="پلی‌سیتمی ورا" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maladie_de_Vaquez" title="Maladie de Vaquez – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Maladie de Vaquez" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%A7%84%EC%84%B1%EC%A0%81%ED%98%88%EA%B5%AC%EC%A6%9D%EA%B0%80%EC%A6%9D" title="진성적혈구증가증 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="진성적혈구증가증" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BB%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%B6_%D5%BA%D5%B8%D5%AC%D5%AB%D6%81%D5%AB%D5%BF%D5%A5%D5%B4%D5%AB%D5%A1" title="Իրական պոլիցիտեմիա – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Իրական պոլիցիտեմիա" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Policitemija_vera" title="Policitemija vera – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Policitemija vera" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Policitemia_vera" title="Policitemia vera – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Policitemia vera" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A4%D7%95%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%A6%D7%99%D7%98%D7%9E%D7%99%D7%94_%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%94" title="פוליציטמיה ורה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="פוליציטמיה ורה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B0_%D0%B0%D1%83%D1%80%D1%83%D1%8B" title="Вакеза ауруы – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Вакеза ауруы" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Полицитемия – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Полицитемия" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tikroji_policitemija" title="Tikroji policitemija – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Tikroji policitemija" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polycythemia_vera" title="Polycythemia vera – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Polycythemia vera" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0_%D0%A0%D1%83%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%B0_%D0%92%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Полицитемија Рубра Вера – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Полицитемија Рубра Вера" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polycythaemia_vera" title="Polycythaemia vera – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Polycythaemia vera" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%9C%9F%E6%80%A7%E5%A4%9A%E8%A1%80%E7%97%87" title="真性多血症 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="真性多血症" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%AA%E0%AC%B2%E0%AC%BF%E0%AC%B8%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%87%E0%AC%A5%E0%AD%87%E0%AC%AE%E0%AC%BF%E0%AC%86_%E0%AC%AD%E0%AD%87%E0%AC%B0%E0%AC%BE" title="ପଲିସାଇଥେମିଆ ଭେରା – Odia" lang="or" hreflang="or" data-title="ପଲିସାଇଥେମିଆ ଭେରା" data-language-autonym="ଓଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-local-name="Odia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ଓଡ଼ିଆ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polisitemiya" title="Polisitemiya – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Polisitemiya" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Czerwienica_prawdziwa" title="Czerwienica prawdziwa – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Czerwienica prawdziwa" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Policitemia_vera" title="Policitemia vera – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Policitemia vera" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Истинная полицитемия – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Истинная полицитемия" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polycythemia_vera" title="Polycythemia vera – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Polycythemia vera" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prava_policitemija" title="Prava policitemija – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Prava policitemija" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl mw-list-item"><a href="https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prawo_czerwjy%C5%84ica" title="Prawo czerwjyńica – Silesian" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" data-title="Prawo czerwjyńica" data-language-autonym="Ślůnski" data-language-local-name="Silesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ślůnski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polysytemia_vera" title="Polysytemia vera – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Polysytemia vera" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polycytemia_vera" title="Polycytemia vera – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Polycytemia vera" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B5%E0%B9%84%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%B5%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2_%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2" title="โพลีไซทีเมีย เวอรา – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="โพลีไซทีเมีย เวอรา" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polisitemia_vera" title="Polisitemia vera – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Polisitemia vera" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B6%D0%BD%D1%8F_%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%96%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BC%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Справжня поліцитемія – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Справжня поліцитемія" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%9C%9F%E6%80%A7%E7%BA%A2%E7%BB%86%E8%83%9E%E5%A2%9E%E5%A4%9A%E7%97%87" title="真性红细胞增多症 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="真性红细胞增多症" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q948318#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit 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dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Overproduction of red blood cells by the bone marrow</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Erythremia" redirects here. For similar-sounding medical terms, see <a href="/wiki/Arrythmia" class="mw-redirect" title="Arrythmia">arrythmia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Erythema" title="Erythema">erythema</a>.</div> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Medical condition</div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox ib-medical-condition"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="background:#ccc">Polycythemia vera</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Other names</th><td class="infobox-data">Polycythaemia vera (PV, PCV), erythremia, primary polycythemia, Vaquez disease, Osler-Vaquez disease, polycythemia rubra vera<sup id="cite_ref-britannica.com_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-britannica.com-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr style="background-color: #f8f9fa;"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Polycythemia_vera,_blood_smear.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Polycythemia_vera%2C_blood_smear.jpg/220px-Polycythemia_vera%2C_blood_smear.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="153" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Polycythemia_vera%2C_blood_smear.jpg/330px-Polycythemia_vera%2C_blood_smear.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Polycythemia_vera%2C_blood_smear.jpg/440px-Polycythemia_vera%2C_blood_smear.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5872" data-file-height="4096" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Blood smear from a patient with polycythemia vera</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Medical_specialty" title="Medical specialty">Specialty</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Oncology" title="Oncology">Oncology</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hematology" title="Hematology">hematology</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Oncology" title="Oncology">oncology</a>, <b>polycythemia vera</b> (<b>PV</b>) is an uncommon <a href="/wiki/Myeloproliferative_neoplasm" title="Myeloproliferative neoplasm">myeloproliferative neoplasm</a> in which the <a href="/wiki/Bone_marrow" title="Bone marrow">bone marrow</a> makes too many <a href="/wiki/Red_blood_cell" title="Red blood cell">red blood cells</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-britannica.com_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-britannica.com-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The majority of cases<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> are caused by mutations in the <i><a href="/wiki/JAK2" class="mw-redirect" title="JAK2">JAK2</a></i> gene, most commonly resulting in a single <a href="/wiki/Amino_acid" title="Amino acid">amino acid</a> change in its protein product from <a href="/wiki/Valine" title="Valine">valine</a> to <a href="/wiki/Phenylalanine" title="Phenylalanine">phenylalanine</a> at position 617.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Most of the health concerns associated with polycythemia vera are caused by the <a href="/wiki/Blood" title="Blood">blood</a> being <a href="/wiki/Hemorheology" title="Hemorheology">thicker</a> as a result of the increased red blood cells. It is more common in the elderly and may be symptomatic or asymptomatic. Common signs and symptoms include itching (<a href="/wiki/Pruritus" class="mw-redirect" title="Pruritus">pruritus</a>), and severe burning pain in the hands or feet that is usually accompanied by a <a href="/wiki/Erythema" title="Erythema">reddish</a> or <a href="/wiki/Cyanosis" title="Cyanosis">bluish coloration</a> of the skin. Patients with polycythemia vera are more likely to have <a href="/wiki/Gouty_arthritis" class="mw-redirect" title="Gouty arthritis">gouty arthritis</a>. Treatment consists primarily of <a href="/wiki/Phlebotomy" title="Phlebotomy">phlebotomy</a> as well as oral chemotherapy and emerging treatments like long-acting <a href="/wiki/Interferon" title="Interferon">interferon</a> formulations. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Signs_and_symptoms">Signs and symptoms</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Polycythemia_vera&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Signs and symptoms"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Erythromelalgia.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Erythromelalgia.jpg/290px-Erythromelalgia.jpg" decoding="async" width="290" height="369" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Erythromelalgia.jpg/435px-Erythromelalgia.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Erythromelalgia.jpg/580px-Erythromelalgia.jpg 2x" data-file-width="611" data-file-height="777" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Erythromelalgia" title="Erythromelalgia">Erythromelalgia</a> is a rare symptom of PV, here present in a patient with longstanding polycythemia vera. Note reddish limbs and swelling.</figcaption></figure> <p>People with polycythemia vera can be <a href="/wiki/Asymptomatic" title="Asymptomatic">asymptomatic</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Clinical symptoms of polycythemia vera are mostly due to hyperviscosity of blood. A classic symptom of polycythemia vera is pruritus or <a href="/wiki/Itch" title="Itch">itching</a>, particularly after exposure to warm water (such as when taking a bath),<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which may be due to abnormal <a href="/wiki/Histamine" title="Histamine">histamine</a> release<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or <a href="/wiki/Prostaglandin" title="Prostaglandin">prostaglandin</a> production.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Such itching is present in approximately 40% of patients with polycythemia vera.<sup id="cite_ref-pvsg_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pvsg-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Gout" title="Gout">Gouty arthritis</a> may be present in up to 20% of patients.<sup id="cite_ref-pvsg_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pvsg-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Peptic_ulcer_disease" title="Peptic ulcer disease">Peptic ulcer disease</a> is also common in patients with polycythemia vera; most likely due to increased histamine from mast cells, but may be related to an increased susceptibility to infection with the ulcer-causing bacterium <i><a href="/wiki/Helicobacter_pylori" title="Helicobacter pylori">H. pylori</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A classic symptom of polycythemia vera (and the related myeloproliferative disease <a href="/wiki/Essential_thrombocythemia" title="Essential thrombocythemia">essential thrombocythemia</a>) is <a href="/wiki/Erythromelalgia" title="Erythromelalgia">erythromelalgia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This is a burning pain in the hands or feet, usually accompanied by a reddish or <a href="/wiki/Cyanosis" title="Cyanosis">bluish</a> coloration of the skin. Erythromelalgia is caused by an increased platelet count or increased platelet "stickiness" (aggregation), resulting in the formation of tiny blood clots in the vessels of the extremity; it responds rapidly to treatment with <a href="/wiki/Aspirin" title="Aspirin">aspirin</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Splenomegaly" title="Splenomegaly">Splenomegaly</a> may cause the spleen to be palpable in some patients, which has been reported by Lee et al. (2022) to be associated with both the V617F mutation and the development of <a href="/wiki/Myelofibrosis" class="mw-redirect" title="Myelofibrosis">myelofibrosis</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Pathophysiology">Pathophysiology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Polycythemia_vera&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Pathophysiology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Polycythemia vera (PV), being a primary <a href="/wiki/Polycythemia" title="Polycythemia">polycythemia</a> (increase in the fraction of volume occupied by red cells in the blood), is caused by <a href="/wiki/Neoplasm" title="Neoplasm">neoplastic</a> proliferation and maturation of <a href="/wiki/Red_blood_cell" title="Red blood cell">erythroid</a>, <a href="/wiki/Megakaryocyte" title="Megakaryocyte">megakaryocytic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Granulocyte" title="Granulocyte">granulocytic</a> elements to produce what is referred to as <a href="/wiki/Panmyelosis" class="mw-redirect" title="Panmyelosis">panmyelosis</a>. In contrast to secondary polycythemias, PV is associated with a low serum level of the hormone <a href="/wiki/Erythropoietin" title="Erythropoietin">erythropoietin</a> (EPO). Instead, PV cells often carry activating mutation in a <a href="/wiki/Tyrosine_kinase" title="Tyrosine kinase">tyrosine kinase</a>–encoding gene, <i><a href="/wiki/JAK2" class="mw-redirect" title="JAK2">JAK2</a></i>, which acts in signaling pathways of the EPO receptor, making those cells proliferate independently from EPO.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (January 2024)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Diagnosis">Diagnosis</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Polycythemia_vera&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Diagnosis"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Diagnostic criteria for polycythemia vera were modified by the <a href="/wiki/World_Health_Organization" title="World Health Organization">World Health Organization</a> in 2016.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid27069254_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid27069254-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The WHO criteria for polycythemia vera are specifically outlined in Table 4, and emphasis is given to accurate histological observations as proven predictors in the prognosis of the disease. </p><p>As summarized by Verstovek following the 2016 European Hematology Association Congress,<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> there are 3 major criteria for PV diagnosis: </p> <ol><li>The first is a very high red blood cell count, which is usually identified by elevated levels of hemoglobin or hematocrit;</li> <li>A bone marrow biopsy that shows hypercellularity and abnormalities in megakaryocytes; and</li> <li>The presence of a mutation in the Janus kinase 2 (<i>JAK2</i>) gene.</li></ol> <p>Patients usually have a very low level of erythropoietin, a growth factor that increases the production of red blood cells, which may be considered a minor diagnostic feature. </p><p>A mutation in the <a href="/wiki/JAK2" class="mw-redirect" title="JAK2">JAK2</a> kinase (V617F) is strongly associated with polycythemia vera.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While it is a JAK2 V617F mutation in 95% of patients, <i>JAK2</i> exon 12 mutations have also been observed.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The V617F mutation is not inherited, but develops as a <a href="/wiki/Somatic_mutation" title="Somatic mutation">somatic mutation</a> in the erythroid progenitor cells.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some patients may lose the normal allele in the diseased cells entirely together with the short arm of chromosome 9 (9p), likely due to <a href="/wiki/Mitotic_recombination" title="Mitotic recombination">mitotic recombination</a> causing copy-neutral <a href="/wiki/Loss_of_heterozygosity" title="Loss of heterozygosity">loss of heterozygosity</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While the JAK2 V617F mutation is generally sporadic (random), a certain inherited <a href="/wiki/Haplotype" title="Haplotype">haplotype</a> of <i>JAK2</i> has been associated with its development.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>People with untreated polycythemia vera have a substantial risk of <a href="/wiki/Budd-Chiari_syndrome" class="mw-redirect" title="Budd-Chiari syndrome">Budd-Chiari syndrome</a> (hepatic vein thrombosis).<sup id="cite_ref-pmid16827884_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid16827884-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Treatment">Treatment</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Polycythemia_vera&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Treatment"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Untreated, polycythemia vera can be fatal, with the median survival in patients being 1.5-3 years.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Data on the effect of life-span of an individual with treated polycythemia vera is inconclusive due to the rarity of the disease. Studies show the median survival rate of controlled Polycythemia Vera ranges from 10 to 20 years; however, most observations are of people diagnosed in their 60s. Patients live close to a normal life expectancy.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Frequent blood withdrawals (<a href="/wiki/Phlebotomy" title="Phlebotomy">phlebotomy</a>) are one form of treatment, which often may be combined with other therapies. The removal of blood from the body induces iron deficiency, thereby decreasing the hemoglobin / hematocrit level, and reducing the risk of blood clots. Phlebotomy is typically performed to bring their <a href="/wiki/Hematocrit" title="Hematocrit">hematocrit</a> (red blood cell percentage) down below 45 for men or 42 for women.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It has been observed that phlebotomy also reduces cognitive impairment.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Medications are also used which reduce the number of red blood cells. These include <a href="/wiki/Hydroxycarbamide" title="Hydroxycarbamide">hydroxyurea</a> and <a href="/wiki/Interferon" title="Interferon">interferon</a> therapy, among others.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The tendency of some practitioners to avoid chemotherapy if possible, especially in young patients, is a result of research indicating possible increased risk of transformation to <a href="/wiki/Acute_myeloid_leukemia" title="Acute myeloid leukemia">acute myelogenous leukemia (AML)</a>. While hydroxyurea is considered a safer chemotherapy in this aspect, there is still some debate about its long-term safety.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There are indications that the lung cancer drug <a href="/wiki/Erlotinib" title="Erlotinib">erlotinib</a> may be an additional treatment option for those with certain genetic markers.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Ruxolitinib" title="Ruxolitinib">Ruxolitinib</a> (brand name Jakafi), a <a href="/wiki/Janus_kinase_2" title="Janus kinase 2">Janus kinase 2</a> (JAK2) inhibitor, is also used to treat polycythemia.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Ropeginterferon_alfa-2b" title="Ropeginterferon alfa-2b">Ropeginterferon alfa-2b</a> (Besremi) was approved for medical use in the European Union in February 2019,<sup id="cite_ref-Besremi_EPAR_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Besremi_EPAR-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and in the United States in November 2021.<sup id="cite_ref-FDA_PR_20211112_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FDA_PR_20211112-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-PharmaEssentia_PR_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PharmaEssentia_PR-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ropeginterferon alfa-2b is the first medication approved by the U.S. <a href="/wiki/Food_and_Drug_Administration" title="Food and Drug Administration">Food and Drug Administration</a> (FDA) to treat polycythemia vera that peo </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Epidemiology">Epidemiology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Polycythemia_vera&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Epidemiology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Polycythemia vera occurs in all age groups,<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> although the incidence increases with age. One study found the median age at diagnosis to be 60 years,<sup id="cite_ref-pvsg_9-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pvsg-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while a <a href="/wiki/Mayo_Clinic" title="Mayo Clinic">Mayo Clinic</a> study in <a href="/wiki/Olmsted_County,_Minnesota" title="Olmsted County, Minnesota">Olmsted County, Minnesota</a> found that the highest incidence was in people aged 70–79 years.<sup id="cite_ref-olmsted_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-olmsted-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The overall incidence in the Minnesota population was 1.9 per 100,000 person-years, and the disease was more common in men than women.<sup id="cite_ref-olmsted_40-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-olmsted-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A cluster around a toxic site was confirmed in northeast Pennsylvania in 2008.<sup id="cite_ref-NEPennsylvania_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NEPennsylvania-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notable_deaths">Notable deaths</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Polycythemia_vera&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Notable deaths"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Phyllis_George" title="Phyllis George">Phyllis George</a> (1949–2020), American sportscaster and former <a href="/wiki/First_Lady" class="mw-redirect" title="First Lady">First Lady</a> of <a href="/wiki/Kentucky" title="Kentucky">Kentucky</a><sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ron_Miles" title="Ron Miles">Ron Miles</a> (1963–2022), American jazz trumpeter<sup id="cite_ref-Harrington_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Harrington-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nell_Rankin" title="Nell Rankin">Nell Rankin</a> (1924–2005), American <a href="/wiki/Mezzo-soprano" title="Mezzo-soprano">mezzo-soprano</a><sup id="cite_ref-NYT_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYT-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Polycythemia_vera&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-britannica.com-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-britannica.com_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-britannica.com_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/468448/polycythemia-vera">"polycythemia vera." at Encyclopædia Britannica.</a> 2010. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. 21 Sep. 2010</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFTefferiLashoGuglielmelliFinke2016" class="citation journal cs1">Tefferi A, Lasho TL, Guglielmelli P, Finke CM, Rotunno G, Elala Y, et al. (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5744051">"Targeted deep sequencing in polycythemia vera and essential thrombocytopenia"</a>. <i>Blood Advances</i>. <b>1</b> (1): 21–30. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1182%2Fbloodadvances.2016000216">10.1182/bloodadvances.2016000216</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5744051">5744051</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29296692">29296692</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Blood+Advances&rft.atitle=Targeted+deep+sequencing+in+polycythemia+vera+and+essential+thrombocytopenia&rft.volume=1&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=21-30&rft.date=2016&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC5744051%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F29296692&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1182%2Fbloodadvances.2016000216&rft.aulast=Tefferi&rft.aufirst=A&rft.au=Lasho%2C+TL&rft.au=Guglielmelli%2C+P&rft.au=Finke%2C+CM&rft.au=Rotunno%2C+G&rft.au=Elala%2C+Y&rft.au=Pacilli%2C+A&rft.au=Hanson%2C+CA&rft.au=Pancrazzi%2C+A&rft.au=Ketterling%2C+RP&rft.au=Mannarelli%2C+C&rft.au=Barraco%2C+D&rft.au=Fanelli%2C+T&rft.au=Pardanani%2C+A&rft.au=Gangat%2C+N&rft.au=Vannucchi%2C+AM&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC5744051&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolycythemia+vera" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRegimbeauMaryHermetetGirodon2022" class="citation journal cs1">Regimbeau M, Mary R, Hermetet F, Girodon F (2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9027017">"Genetic Background of Polycythemia Vera"</a>. <i>Genes</i>. <b>13</b> (4). <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3390%2Fgenes13040637">10.3390/genes13040637</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9027017">9027017</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35456443">35456443</a>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 10,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Mercury+News&rft.atitle=%27Gifted+artist%27+Ron+Miles+dies+of+a+rare+blood+disorder+at+58&rft.date=2022-03-09&rft.aulast=Harrington&rft.aufirst=Jim&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.mercurynews.com%2F2022%2F03%2F09%2Fgifted-artist-ron-miles-dies-of-a-rare-blood-disorder-at-58%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolycythemia+vera" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NYT-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-NYT_44-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAllan_Kozinn2005" class="citation news cs1">Allan Kozinn (January 19, 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2005/01/19/arts/music/19rankin.html">"Nell Rankin Is Dead at 81; Mezzo-Soprano With Met"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Nell+Rankin+Is+Dead+at+81%3B+Mezzo-Soprano+With+Met&rft.date=2005-01-19&rft.au=Allan+Kozinn&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2005%2F01%2F19%2Farts%2Fmusic%2F19rankin.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolycythemia+vera" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Polycythemia_vera&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health-topics/polycythemia-vera">Polycythemia Vera</a> National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.merck.com/mmpe/sec11/ch141/ch141d.html">11-141d.</a> at <i><a href="/wiki/The_Merck_Manual_of_Diagnosis_and_Therapy" class="mw-redirect" title="The Merck Manual of Diagnosis and Therapy">The Merck Manual of Diagnosis and Therapy</a></i> Professional Edition</li></ul> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1130092004">.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-bordered{padding:0 2em;background-color:#fdfdfd;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;clear:both;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;justify-content:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-unbordered{padding:0 1.7em;margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{margin:0 1em 0 0.5em;flex:0 0 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.navbox+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.sister-bar{margin-top:-1px}</style><div class="portal-bar noprint metadata noviewer portal-bar-bordered" role="navigation" aria-label="Portals"><span class="portal-bar-header"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals" title="Wikipedia:Contents/Portals">Portal</a>:</span><ul class="portal-bar-content"><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/WHO_Rod.svg/8px-WHO_Rod.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="19" class="mw-file-element" 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0;min-height:24px;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-logo{width:22px;line-height:22px;margin:0 0.2em;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-link{margin:0 0.2em;text-align:left}@media screen and (max-width:960px){.mw-parser-output .sister-bar{flex-flow:column wrap;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-header{flex:0 1}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-content{flex:1;border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-item{flex:0 0 20em;min-width:20em}}.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.sister-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.sister-bar,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+link+.sister-bar,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+style+.sister-bar,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+.navbox-styles+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+.navbox-styles+.portal-bar{margin-top:-1px}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sister-bar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="noprint metadata sister-bar" role="navigation" aria-label="sister-projects"><div class="sister-bar-header"><b>Polycythemia vera</b> at Wikipedia's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikimedia_sister_projects" title="Wikipedia:Wikimedia sister projects"><span id="sister-projects" style="white-space:nowrap;">sister projects</span></a>:</div><ul class="sister-bar-content"><li class="sister-bar-item"><span class="sister-bar-logo"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/14px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/21px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/28px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-bar-link"><b><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Polycythemia_vera" class="extiw" title="c:Category:Polycythemia vera">Media</a></b> from Commons</span></li><li class="sister-bar-item"><span class="sister-bar-logo"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/21px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/32px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/42px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1050" data-file-height="590" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-bar-link"><b><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q948318" class="extiw" title="d:Q948318">Data</a></b> from Wikidata</span></li></ul></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-label="Navbox" style="width:100%; margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 0;;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #EAECF0;color:black;">Classification</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div style="position:relative; float:right; font-size:0.8em;"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q948318" class="extiw" title="d:Q948318">D</a></div><div class="hlist" style="text-align:left;"><ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/International_Statistical_Classification_of_Diseases_and_Related_Health_Problems" class="mw-redirect" title="International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems">ICD</a>-<a href="/wiki/ICD-10" title="ICD-10">10</a></b>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://icd.who.int/browse10/2019/en#/D45">D45</a></li><li><b><a href="/wiki/International_Statistical_Classification_of_Diseases_and_Related_Health_Problems" class="mw-redirect" title="International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems">ICD</a>-<a href="/wiki/List_of_ICD-9_codes" title="List of ICD-9 codes">9-CM</a></b>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.icd9data.com/getICD9Code.ashx?icd9=238.4">238.4</a></li><li><b><a href="/wiki/International_Classification_of_Diseases_for_Oncology" title="International Classification of Diseases for Oncology">ICD-O</a></b>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://progenetix.org/subsets/?term_id=icdom:9950_3">M9950/3</a></li><li><b><a href="/wiki/Medical_Subject_Headings" title="Medical Subject Headings">MeSH</a></b>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://meshb.nlm.nih.gov/record/ui?ui=D011087">D011087</a></li></ul></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #EAECF0;color:black;">External resources</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="hlist" style="text-align:left;"><ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/MedlinePlus" title="MedlinePlus">MedlinePlus</a></b>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/000589.htm">000589</a></li></ul></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Myeloid-related_hematological_malignancy" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Myeloid_malignancy" title="Template:Myeloid malignancy"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Myeloid_malignancy" title="Template talk:Myeloid malignancy"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Myeloid_malignancy" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Myeloid malignancy"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Myeloid-related_hematological_malignancy" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Myeloid" class="mw-redirect" title="Myeloid">Myeloid</a>-related <a href="/wiki/Hematological_malignancy" class="mw-redirect" title="Hematological malignancy">hematological malignancy</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/CFU-GM" title="CFU-GM">CFU-GM</a>/<br />and other <a href="/wiki/Granulocyte" title="Granulocyte">granulocytes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/CFU-GM" title="CFU-GM">CFU-GM</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Myelocyte" title="Myelocyte">Myelocyte</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><span class="nobold"><i><a href="/wiki/Acute_myeloid_leukemia" title="Acute myeloid leukemia">AML</a></i></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acute_myeloblastic_leukemia" class="mw-redirect" title="Acute myeloblastic leukemia">Acute myeloblastic leukemia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minimally_differentiated_acute_myeloblastic_leukemia" title="Minimally differentiated acute myeloblastic leukemia">M0</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acute_myeloblastic_leukemia_without_maturation" title="Acute myeloblastic leukemia without maturation">M1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acute_myeloblastic_leukemia_with_maturation" title="Acute myeloblastic leukemia with maturation">M2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acute_promyelocytic_leukemia" title="Acute promyelocytic leukemia">APL/M3</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><span class="nobold"><i><a href="/wiki/Myeloproliferative_neoplasm" title="Myeloproliferative neoplasm">MP</a></i></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chronic_neutrophilic_leukemia" title="Chronic neutrophilic leukemia">Chronic neutrophilic leukemia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Monocyte" title="Monocyte">Monocyte</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><span class="nobold"><i><a href="/wiki/Acute_myeloid_leukemia" title="Acute myeloid leukemia">AML</a></i></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acute_monocytic_leukemia" title="Acute monocytic leukemia">AMoL/M5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acute_myeloid_dendritic_cell_leukemia" class="mw-redirect" title="Acute myeloid dendritic cell leukemia">Myeloid dendritic cell leukemia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><span class="nobold"><i><a href="/wiki/Chronic_myelogenous_leukemia" title="Chronic myelogenous leukemia">CML</a></i></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Philadelphia_chromosome" title="Philadelphia chromosome">Philadelphia chromosome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Accelerated_phase_chronic_myelogenous_leukemia" title="Accelerated phase chronic myelogenous leukemia">Accelerated phase chronic myelogenous leukemia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Myelomonocyte" title="Myelomonocyte">Myelomonocyte</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><span class="nobold"><i><a href="/wiki/Acute_myeloid_leukemia" title="Acute myeloid leukemia">AML</a></i></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acute_myelomonocytic_leukemia" title="Acute myelomonocytic leukemia">M4</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><span class="nobold"><i><a href="/wiki/Myelodysplastic%E2%80%93myeloproliferative_diseases" title="Myelodysplastic–myeloproliferative diseases">MD-MP</a></i></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Juvenile_myelomonocytic_leukemia" title="Juvenile myelomonocytic leukemia">Juvenile myelomonocytic leukemia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chronic_myelomonocytic_leukemia" title="Chronic myelomonocytic leukemia">Chronic myelomonocytic leukemia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Histiocytosis" title="Histiocytosis">Histiocytosis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/CFU-Baso" title="CFU-Baso">CFU-Baso</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="AML" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><span class="nobold"><i><a href="/wiki/Acute_myeloid_leukemia" title="Acute myeloid leukemia">AML</a></i></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acute_basophilic_leukemia" title="Acute basophilic leukemia">Acute basophilic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/CFU-Eos" title="CFU-Eos">CFU-Eos</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><span class="nobold"><i><a href="/wiki/Acute_myeloid_leukemia" title="Acute myeloid leukemia">AML</a></i></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acute_eosinophilic_leukemia" title="Acute eosinophilic leukemia">Acute eosinophilic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><span class="nobold"><i><a href="/wiki/Myeloproliferative_neoplasm" title="Myeloproliferative neoplasm">MP</a></i></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chronic_eosinophilic_leukemia" title="Chronic eosinophilic leukemia">Chronic eosinophilic leukemia</a>/<a href="/wiki/Hypereosinophilic_syndrome" title="Hypereosinophilic syndrome">Hypereosinophilic syndrome</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Megakaryocyte%E2%80%93erythroid_progenitor_cell" title="Megakaryocyte–erythroid progenitor cell">MEP</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/CFU-Meg" title="CFU-Meg">CFU-Meg</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><span class="nobold"><i><a href="/wiki/Myeloproliferative_neoplasm" title="Myeloproliferative neoplasm">MP</a></i></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Essential_thrombocythemia" title="Essential thrombocythemia">Essential thrombocythemia</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acute_megakaryoblastic_leukemia" title="Acute megakaryoblastic leukemia">Acute megakaryoblastic leukemia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/CFU-E" title="CFU-E">CFU-E</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><span class="nobold"><i><a href="/wiki/Acute_myeloid_leukemia" title="Acute myeloid leukemia">AML</a></i></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acute_erythroid_leukemia" title="Acute erythroid leukemia">Erythroleukemia/M6</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><span class="nobold"><i><a href="/wiki/Myeloproliferative_neoplasm" title="Myeloproliferative neoplasm">MP</a></i></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Polycythemia vera</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><span class="nobold"><i><a href="/wiki/Myelodysplastic_syndrome" title="Myelodysplastic syndrome">MD</a></i></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anemia" title="Anemia">Refractory anemia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Refractory_anemia_with_excess_of_blasts" title="Refractory anemia with excess of blasts">Refractory anemia with excess of blasts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chromosome_5q_deletion_syndrome" title="Chromosome 5q deletion syndrome">Chromosome 5q deletion syndrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sideroblastic_anemia" title="Sideroblastic anemia">Sideroblastic anemia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paroxysmal_nocturnal_hemoglobinuria" title="Paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria">Paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Refractory_cytopenia_with_multilineage_dysplasia" title="Refractory cytopenia with multilineage dysplasia">Refractory cytopenia with multilineage dysplasia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/CFU-Mast" title="CFU-Mast">CFU-Mast</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><span class="nobold"><i><a href="/wiki/Mastocytoma" title="Mastocytoma">Mastocytoma</a></i></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mast_cell_leukemia" title="Mast cell leukemia">Mast cell leukemia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mast_cell_sarcoma" title="Mast cell sarcoma">Mast cell sarcoma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mastocytosis" title="Mastocytosis">Systemic mastocytosis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Mastocytosis" title="Mastocytosis">Mastocytosis</a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Diffuse_cutaneous_mastocytosis" class="mw-redirect" title="Diffuse cutaneous mastocytosis">Diffuse cutaneous mastocytosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erythrodermic_mastocytosis" class="mw-redirect" title="Erythrodermic mastocytosis">Erythrodermic mastocytosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adult_type_of_generalized_eruption_of_cutaneous_mastocytosis" class="mw-redirect" title="Adult type of generalized eruption of cutaneous mastocytosis">Adult type of generalized eruption of cutaneous mastocytosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urticaria_pigmentosa" title="Urticaria pigmentosa">Urticaria pigmentosa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mast_cell_sarcoma" title="Mast cell sarcoma">Mast cell sarcoma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solitary_mastocytoma" title="Solitary mastocytoma">Solitary mastocytoma</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><span class="nobold">Systemic mastocytosis</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Xanthelasmoidal_mastocytosis" class="mw-redirect" title="Xanthelasmoidal mastocytosis">Xanthelasmoidal mastocytosis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Multiple/unknown</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><span class="nobold"><i><a href="/wiki/Acute_myeloid_leukemia" title="Acute myeloid leukemia">AML</a></i></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acute_panmyelosis_with_myelofibrosis" title="Acute panmyelosis with myelofibrosis">Acute panmyelosis with myelofibrosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myeloid_sarcoma" title="Myeloid sarcoma">Myeloid sarcoma</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><span class="nobold"><i><a href="/wiki/Myeloproliferative_neoplasm" title="Myeloproliferative neoplasm">MP</a></i></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Primary_myelofibrosis" title="Primary myelofibrosis">Primary myelofibrosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biphenotypic_acute_leukaemia" title="Biphenotypic acute leukaemia">Biphenotypic acute leukaemia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-label="Navbox" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a>: National <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a 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