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class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Elemental_vapors_(metals_and_nonmetals)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Elemental vapors (metals and nonmetals)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Elemental_vapors_(metals_and_nonmetals)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_gases" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_gases"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5</span> <span>Other gases</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_gases-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Insulating_gases" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Insulating_gases"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.6</span> <span>Insulating gases</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Insulating_gases-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gas-tube_physics_and_technology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gas-tube_physics_and_technology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Gas-tube physics and technology</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Gas-tube_physics_and_technology-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Gas-tube physics and technology subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Gas-tube_physics_and_technology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Gas_pressure" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gas_pressure"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Gas pressure</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gas_pressure-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gas_purity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gas_purity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Gas purity</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gas_purity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Lighting_and_display_gas-filled_tubes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lighting_and_display_gas-filled_tubes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Lighting and display gas-filled tubes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lighting_and_display_gas-filled_tubes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gas-filled_tubes_in_electronics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gas-filled_tubes_in_electronics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Gas-filled tubes in electronics</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Gas-filled_tubes_in_electronics-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Gas-filled tubes in electronics subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Gas-filled_tubes_in_electronics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Power_devices" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Power_devices"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Power devices</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Power_devices-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Computing_tubes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Computing_tubes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Computing tubes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Computing_tubes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Indicators" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Indicators"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Indicators</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Indicators-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Noise_diodes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Noise_diodes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>Noise diodes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Noise_diodes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Voltage-regulator_tubes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Voltage-regulator_tubes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.5</span> <span>Voltage-regulator tubes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Voltage-regulator_tubes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Elapsed-time_measurement" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Elapsed-time_measurement"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.6</span> <span>Elapsed-time measurement</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Elapsed-time_measurement-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-List_of_-tron_tubes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#List_of_-tron_tubes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>List of -tron tubes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-List_of_-tron_tubes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of 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Available in 21 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-21" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">21 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A3%D9%86%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%A8_%D8%AA%D9%81%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%BA" title="أنبوب تفريغ – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="أنبوب تفريغ" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tub_ple_de_gas" title="Tub ple de gas – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Tub ple de gas" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C3%BDbojka" title="Výbojka – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Výbojka" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gasentladungsr%C3%B6hre" title="Gasentladungsröhre – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Gasentladungsröhre" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tubo_lleno_de_gas" title="Tubo lleno de gas – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Tubo lleno de gas" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arkolampo" title="Arkolampo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Arkolampo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D9%88%D9%84%D9%87_%D9%BE%D8%B1_%D8%A7%D8%B2_%DA%AF%D8%A7%D8%B2" title="لوله پر از گاز – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="لوله پر از گاز" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tube_%C3%A0_gaz" title="Tube à gaz – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Tube à gaz" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%B0%A9%EC%A0%84%EA%B4%80" title="방전관 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="방전관" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%B8_%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%80" title="गैस नली – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="गैस नली" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gazotrons" title="Gazotrons – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Gazotrons" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gasontladingsbuis" title="Gasontladingsbuis – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Gasontladingsbuis" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%AC%E3%82%B9%E5%B0%81%E5%85%A5%E7%AE%A1" title="ガス封入管 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ガス封入管" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lampa_gazowana" title="Lampa gazowana – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Lampa gazowana" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hid" title="Hid – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Hid" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B5_%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BF%D1%8B" title="Газосветные лампы – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Газосветные лампы" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dioda_e_Gazit" title="Dioda e Gazit – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Dioda e Gazit" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gas-filled_tube" title="Gas-filled tube – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Gas-filled tube" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gasurladdningsr%C3%B6r" title="Gasurladdningsrör – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Gasurladdningsrör" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%86%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B4" title="Іонний прилад – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Іонний прилад" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%BB%90ng_ph%C3%B3ng_%C4%91i%E1%BB%87n_kh%C3%AD" title="Ống phóng điện khí – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Ống phóng điện khí" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit 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<div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Assembly of electrodes at either end of an insulated tube filled with gas</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about tubes producing visible discharges or used for switching purposes. For the use of gas-filled tubes for radiation detection, see <a href="/wiki/Gaseous_ionization_detector" title="Gaseous ionization detector">Gaseous ionization detector</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Gas-discharge_lamp" title="Gas-discharge lamp">Gas-discharge lamp</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Compact-Fluorescent-Bulb.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Compact-Fluorescent-Bulb.jpg/220px-Compact-Fluorescent-Bulb.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="242" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Compact-Fluorescent-Bulb.jpg/330px-Compact-Fluorescent-Bulb.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Compact-Fluorescent-Bulb.jpg/440px-Compact-Fluorescent-Bulb.jpg 2x" data-file-width="873" data-file-height="962" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/Compact_fluorescent_lamp" title="Compact fluorescent lamp">compact fluorescent bulb</a> is a household application of a gas-filled tube</figcaption></figure> <p>A <b>gas-filled tube</b>, also commonly known as a <b>discharge tube</b> or formerly as a <b><a href="/wiki/Julius_Pl%C3%BCcker" title="Julius Plücker">Plücker</a> tube</b>, is an arrangement of <a href="/wiki/Electrode" title="Electrode">electrodes</a> in a <a href="/wiki/Gas" title="Gas">gas</a> within an <a href="/wiki/Dielectric" title="Dielectric">insulating</a>, temperature-resistant <a href="/wiki/Envelope" title="Envelope">envelope</a>. Gas-filled tubes exploit phenomena related to <a href="/wiki/Electric_discharge_in_gases" title="Electric discharge in gases">electric discharge in gases</a>, and operate by <a href="/wiki/Ionisation" class="mw-redirect" title="Ionisation">ionizing</a> the gas with an applied <a href="/wiki/Voltage" title="Voltage">voltage</a> sufficient to cause <a href="/wiki/Electrical_conduction" class="mw-redirect" title="Electrical conduction">electrical conduction</a> by the underlying phenomena of the <a href="/wiki/Townsend_discharge" title="Townsend discharge">Townsend discharge</a>. A <a href="/wiki/Gas-discharge_lamp" title="Gas-discharge lamp">gas-discharge lamp</a> is an <a href="/wiki/Electric_light" title="Electric light">electric light</a> using a gas-filled tube; these include <a href="/wiki/Fluorescent_lamp" title="Fluorescent lamp">fluorescent lamps</a>, <a href="/wiki/Metal-halide_lamp" title="Metal-halide lamp">metal-halide lamps</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sodium-vapor_lamp" title="Sodium-vapor lamp">sodium-vapor lamps</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Neon_light" class="mw-redirect" title="Neon light">neon lights</a>. Specialized gas-filled tubes such as <a href="/wiki/Krytron" title="Krytron">krytrons</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thyratron" title="Thyratron">thyratrons</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Ignitron" title="Ignitron">ignitrons</a> are used as switching devices in electric devices. </p><p>The voltage required to initiate and sustain discharge is dependent on the <a href="/wiki/Pressure" title="Pressure">pressure</a> and composition of the fill gas and geometry of the tube. Although the envelope is typically glass, power tubes often use <a href="/wiki/Ceramic" title="Ceramic">ceramics</a>, and military tubes often use glass-lined metal. Both <a href="/wiki/Hot_cathode" title="Hot cathode">hot cathode</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cold_cathode" title="Cold cathode">cold cathode</a> type devices are encountered. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Gases_in_use">Gases in use</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gas-filled_tube&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Gases in use"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hydrogen">Hydrogen</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gas-filled_tube&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Hydrogen"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Hydrogen" title="Hydrogen">Hydrogen</a> is used in tubes used for very fast switching, e.g. some <a href="/wiki/Thyratron" title="Thyratron">thyratrons</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dekatron" title="Dekatron">dekatrons</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Krytron" title="Krytron">krytrons</a>, where very steep edges are required. The build-up and recovery times of hydrogen are much shorter than in other gases.<sup id="cite_ref-ch2_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ch2-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hydrogen thyratrons are usually hot-cathode. Hydrogen (and deuterium) can be stored in the tube in the form of a metal <a href="/wiki/Hydride" title="Hydride">hydride</a>, heated with an auxiliary filament; hydrogen by heating such storage element can be used to replenish cleaned-up gas, and even to adjust the pressure as needed for a thyratron operation at a given voltage.<sup id="cite_ref-cdvandt_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cdvandt-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Deuterium">Deuterium</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gas-filled_tube&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Deuterium"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Deuterium" title="Deuterium">Deuterium</a> is used in <a href="/wiki/Ultraviolet" title="Ultraviolet">ultraviolet</a> lamps for <a href="/wiki/Ultraviolet_spectroscopy" class="mw-redirect" title="Ultraviolet spectroscopy">ultraviolet spectroscopy</a>, in <a href="/wiki/Neutron_generator" title="Neutron generator">neutron generator</a> tubes, and in special tubes (e.g. <a href="/wiki/Crossatron" title="Crossatron">crossatron</a>). It has higher breakdown voltage than hydrogen. In fast switching tubes it is used instead of hydrogen where high voltage operation is required.<sup id="cite_ref-pasley1_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pasley1-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For a comparison, the hydrogen-filled CX1140 thyratron has anode voltage rating of 25 kV, while the deuterium-filled and otherwise identical CX1159 has 33 kV. Also, at the same voltage the pressure of deuterium can be higher than of hydrogen, allowing higher rise rates of current before it causes excessive anode dissipation. Significantly higher peak powers are achievable. Its recovery time is however about 40% slower than for hydrogen.<sup id="cite_ref-cdvandt_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cdvandt-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Noble_gases">Noble gases</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gas-filled_tube&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Noble gases"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Edelgase_in_Entladungsroehren.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Edelgase_in_Entladungsroehren.jpg/220px-Edelgase_in_Entladungsroehren.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="125" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Edelgase_in_Entladungsroehren.jpg/330px-Edelgase_in_Entladungsroehren.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Edelgase_in_Entladungsroehren.jpg/440px-Edelgase_in_Entladungsroehren.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5300" data-file-height="3000" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Noble_gas" title="Noble gas">Noble gas</a> discharge tubes; from left to right: <a href="/wiki/Helium" title="Helium">helium</a>, <a href="/wiki/Neon" title="Neon">neon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Argon" title="Argon">argon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Krypton" title="Krypton">krypton</a>, <a href="/wiki/Xenon" title="Xenon">xenon</a></figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Noble_gas" title="Noble gas">Noble gases</a> are frequently used in tubes for many purposes, from lighting to switching. Pure noble gases are employed in switching tubes. Noble-gas-filled thyratrons have better electrical parameters than mercury-based ones.<sup id="cite_ref-pasley1_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pasley1-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The electrodes undergo damage by high-velocity ions. The neutral atoms of the gas slow the ions down by collisions, and reduce the energy transferred to the electrodes by the ion impact. Gases with high molecular weight, e.g. xenon, protect the electrodes better than lighter ones, e.g. neon.<sup id="cite_ref-lamptech_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lamptech-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Helium" title="Helium">Helium</a> is used in <a href="/wiki/Helium%E2%80%93neon_laser" title="Helium–neon laser">helium–neon lasers</a> and in some thyratrons rated for high currents and high voltages. Helium provides about as short deionization time as hydrogen, but can withstand lower voltage, so it is used much less often.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neon" title="Neon">Neon</a> has low ignition voltage and is frequently used in low-voltage tubes. Discharge in neon emits relatively bright red light; neon-filled switching tubes therefore also act as indicators, shining red when switched on. This is exploited in the <a href="/wiki/Decatron" class="mw-redirect" title="Decatron">decatron</a> tubes, which act as both counters and displays. Its red light is exploited in <a href="/wiki/Neon_signage" class="mw-redirect" title="Neon signage">neon signage</a>. Used in <a href="/wiki/Fluorescent_tube" class="mw-redirect" title="Fluorescent tube">fluorescent tubes</a> with high power and short length, e.g. industrial lighting tubes. Has higher voltage drop in comparison with argon and krypton. Its low atomic mass provides only a little protection to the electrodes against accelerated ions; additional screening wires or plates can be used for prolonging the anode lifetime. In fluorescent tubes it is used in combination with mercury.<sup id="cite_ref-lamptech_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lamptech-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Argon" title="Argon">Argon</a> was the first gas used in fluorescent tubes and is still frequently used due to its low cost, high efficiency, and very low striking voltage. In fluorescent tubes it is used in combination with mercury.<sup id="cite_ref-lamptech_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lamptech-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was also used in early <a href="/wiki/Rectifier#Argon_gas_electron_tube" title="Rectifier">rectifier tubes</a>; first thyratrons were derived from such argon-filled tubes.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krypton" title="Krypton">Krypton</a> can be used in fluorescent lamps instead of argon; in that application it reduces the total energy losses on electrodes from about 15% to 7%. The voltage drop per lamp length is however lower than with argon, which can be compensated by smaller tube diameter. Krypton-filled lamps also require higher starting voltage; this can be alleviated by using e.g. 25%–75% argon-krypton mixture. In fluorescent tubes it is used in combination with mercury.<sup id="cite_ref-lamptech_4-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lamptech-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xenon" title="Xenon">Xenon</a> in pure state has high breakdown voltage, making it useful in higher-voltage switching tubes. Xenon is also used as a component of gas mixtures when production of ultraviolet radiation is required, e.g. in <a href="/wiki/Plasma_display" title="Plasma display">plasma displays</a>, usually to excite a <a href="/wiki/Phosphor" title="Phosphor">phosphor</a>. The wavelength produced is longer than with argon and krypton and penetrates the phosphors better. To lower the ionization voltage, neon-xenon or helium-xenon are used; above 350 <a href="/wiki/Torr" title="Torr">Torr</a> (47 <a href="/wiki/Pascal_(unit)" title="Pascal (unit)">kPa</a>), helium has lower breakdown voltage than neon and vice versa. At concentrations of 1% and less of xenon, the <a href="/wiki/Penning_effect" class="mw-redirect" title="Penning effect">Penning effect</a> becomes significant in such mixtures, as most of xenon ionization occurs by collision with excited atoms of the other noble gas; at more than few percents of xenon, the discharge ionizes xenon directly due to most energy of the electrons being spent on direct ionization of xenon.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radon" title="Radon">Radon</a>, despite being a noble gas, is dangerously <a href="/wiki/Radioactivity" class="mw-redirect" title="Radioactivity">radioactive</a> and its most stable isotope has a <a href="/wiki/Half-life" title="Half-life">half-life</a> of less than four days.<sup id="cite_ref-Ullmann_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ullmann-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Consequently, it is not commonly used in electronic devices.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penning_mixture" title="Penning mixture">Penning mixtures</a> are used where lower ionization voltage is required, e.g. in the <a href="/wiki/Neon_lamp" title="Neon lamp">neon lamps</a>, <a href="/wiki/Geiger%E2%80%93M%C3%BCller_tube" title="Geiger–Müller tube">Geiger–Müller tubes</a> and other gas-filled <a href="/wiki/Particle_detector" title="Particle detector">particle detectors</a>. A classical combination is about 98–99.5% of neon with 0.5–2% of argon, used in, e.g. <a href="/wiki/Neon_bulb" class="mw-redirect" title="Neon bulb">neon bulbs</a> and in monochrome <a href="/wiki/Plasma_display" title="Plasma display">plasma displays</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Elemental_vapors_(metals_and_nonmetals)"><span id="Elemental_vapors_.28metals_and_nonmetals.29"></span>Elemental vapors (metals and nonmetals)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gas-filled_tube&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Elemental vapors (metals and nonmetals)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mercury_(element)" title="Mercury (element)">Mercury</a> vapors are used for applications with high current, e.g. lights, <a href="/wiki/Mercury-arc_valve" title="Mercury-arc valve">mercury-arc valves</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ignitron" title="Ignitron">ignitrons</a>. Mercury is used because of its high vapor pressure and low ionization potential. Mercury mixed with an inert gas is used where the energy losses in the tube have to be low and the tube lifetime should be long. In mercury-inert gas mixtures, the discharge is initially carried primarily by the inert gas; the released heat then serves to evaporate enough mercury to reach the desired vapor pressure. Low-voltage (hundreds volts) rectifiers use saturated mercury vapor in combination with a small amount of inert gas, allowing cold start of the tubes. High-voltage (kilovolts and more) rectifiers use pure mercury vapor at low pressure, requiring maintenance of maximum temperature of the tube. The liquid mercury serves as a reservoir of mercury, replenishing the vapors that are used up during the discharge. Unsaturated mercury vapor can be used, but as it can not be replenished, the lifetime of such tubes is lower.<sup id="cite_ref-ch2_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ch2-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The strong dependence of vapor pressure on mercury temperature limits the environments the mercury-based tubes can operate in. In low-pressure mercury lamps, there is an optimum mercury pressure for the highest efficiency. Photons emitted by ionized mercury atoms can be absorbed by nearby nonionized atoms and either reradiated or the atom is deexcited nonradiatively, too high mercury pressure therefore causes losses of light. Too low mercury pressure leads to too few atoms present to get ionized and radiate photons. The optimum temperature for low-pressure mercury lamps is at about 42 °C, when the saturated vapor pressure of mercury (present as a drop of about 1 mg of liquid mercury in the tube, as a reservoir compensating for losses by clean-up) reaches this optimum. In lamps intended for operation at higher ambient temperatures, and at a wider temperature range, mercury is present in the form of an <a href="/wiki/Amalgam_(chemistry)" title="Amalgam (chemistry)">amalgam</a> with e.g. <a href="/wiki/Bismuth" title="Bismuth">bismuth</a> and <a href="/wiki/Indium" title="Indium">indium</a>; the vapor pressure above amalgam is lower than above liquid mercury.<sup id="cite_ref-handopto_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-handopto-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mercury is used in <a href="/wiki/Fluorescent_tube" class="mw-redirect" title="Fluorescent tube">fluorescent tubes</a> as a source of visible and ultraviolet light for exciting the <a href="/wiki/Phosphor" title="Phosphor">phosphor</a>; in that application it is usually used together with argon, or in some cases with krypton or neon. Mercury ions deionize slowly, limiting the switching speed of mercury-filled thyratrons. Ion bombardment with mercury ions of even relatively low energies also gradually destroys oxide-coated cathodes.<sup id="cite_ref-cdvandt_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cdvandt-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sodium" title="Sodium">Sodium</a> vapors are used in <a href="/wiki/Sodium-vapor_lamp" title="Sodium-vapor lamp">sodium-vapor lamps</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sulfur" title="Sulfur">Sulfur</a> vapors are used in <a href="/wiki/Sulfur_lamp" title="Sulfur lamp">sulfur lamps</a>.</li> <li>Vapors of many metals, alone or together with a noble gas, are used in many <a href="/wiki/Laser" title="Laser">lasers</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_gases">Other gases</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gas-filled_tube&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Other gases"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gase-in-Entladungsroehren.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Gase-in-Entladungsroehren.jpg/220px-Gase-in-Entladungsroehren.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="126" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Gase-in-Entladungsroehren.jpg/330px-Gase-in-Entladungsroehren.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Gase-in-Entladungsroehren.jpg/440px-Gase-in-Entladungsroehren.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5249" data-file-height="3000" /></a><figcaption>Other gases in discharge tubes; from left to right: <a href="/wiki/Hydrogen" title="Hydrogen">hydrogen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Deuterium" title="Deuterium">deuterium</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nitrogen" title="Nitrogen">nitrogen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oxygen" title="Oxygen">oxygen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mercury_(element)" title="Mercury (element)">mercury</a> </figcaption></figure> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Air" class="mw-redirect" title="Air">Air</a> can be used in some low-demanding applications.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nitrogen" title="Nitrogen">Nitrogen</a> at relatively high pressure tends to be used in <a href="/wiki/Surge_arrester" class="mw-redirect" title="Surge arrester">surge arresters</a>, due to its short build-up time, giving the tubes fast response time to voltage surges.<sup id="cite_ref-ch2_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ch2-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halogen" title="Halogen">Halogens</a> and <a href="/wiki/Alcohol_(chemistry)" title="Alcohol (chemistry)">alcohol</a> vapors absorb ultraviolet radiation and have high electron affinity. When added to inert gases, they quench the discharge; this is exploited in e.g. <a href="/wiki/Geiger%E2%80%93M%C3%BCller_tube" title="Geiger–Müller tube">Geiger–Müller tubes</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-ch2_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ch2-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Insulating_gases">Insulating gases</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gas-filled_tube&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Insulating gases"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Dielectric_gas" title="Dielectric gas">Dielectric gas</a></div> <p>In special cases (e.g., high-voltage switches), gases with good dielectric properties and very high breakdown voltages are needed. Highly <a href="/wiki/Electronegative" class="mw-redirect" title="Electronegative">electronegative</a> elements, e.g., <a href="/wiki/Halogen" title="Halogen">halogens</a>, are favored as they rapidly recombine with the ions present in the discharge channel. One of the most popular choices is <a href="/wiki/Sulfur_hexafluoride" title="Sulfur hexafluoride">sulfur hexafluoride</a>, used in special high-voltage applications. Other common options are dry pressurized <a href="/wiki/Nitrogen" title="Nitrogen">nitrogen</a> and <a href="/wiki/Halocarbon" title="Halocarbon">halocarbons</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Gas-tube_physics_and_technology">Gas-tube physics and technology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gas-filled_tube&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Gas-tube physics and technology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Townsend_discharge" title="Townsend discharge">Townsend discharge</a></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Glow_discharge_current-voltage_curve_English.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Glow_discharge_current-voltage_curve_English.svg/300px-Glow_discharge_current-voltage_curve_English.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="195" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Glow_discharge_current-voltage_curve_English.svg/450px-Glow_discharge_current-voltage_curve_English.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Glow_discharge_current-voltage_curve_English.svg/600px-Glow_discharge_current-voltage_curve_English.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1103" data-file-height="718" /></a><figcaption>Voltage-current characteristics of electrical discharge in neon at 1 Torr (130 Pa), with two planar electrodes separated by 50 cm.<br /> A: random pulses by <a href="/wiki/Cosmic_radiation" class="mw-redirect" title="Cosmic radiation">cosmic radiation</a><br /> B: saturation current<br /> C: avalanche <a href="/wiki/Townsend_discharge" title="Townsend discharge">Townsend discharge</a><br /> D: self-sustained Townsend discharge<br /> E: unstable region: <a href="/wiki/Corona_discharge" title="Corona discharge">corona discharge</a><br /> F: sub-normal <a href="/wiki/Glow_discharge" title="Glow discharge">glow discharge</a><br /> G: normal glow discharge<br /> H: abnormal glow discharge<br /> I: unstable region: glow-arc transition<br /> J: <a href="/wiki/Electric_arc" title="Electric arc">electric arc</a><br /> K: electric arc<br /> The A-D region is called a dark discharge; there is some ionization, but the current is below 10 microamperes and there is no significant amount of radiation produced.<br /> The D-G region exhibits a <a href="/wiki/Negative_resistance" title="Negative resistance">negative differential resistance</a><br /> The F-H region is a region of glow discharge; the plasma emits a faint glow that occupies almost all the volume of the tube; most of the light is emitted by excited neutral atoms.<br /> The I-K region is a region of arc discharge; the plasma is concentrated in a narrow channel along the center of the tube; a great amount of radiation is produced.</figcaption></figure> <p>The fundamental mechanism is the Townsend discharge, which is the sustained multiplication of electron flow by ion impact when a critical value of electric field strength for the density of the gas is reached. As the electric field is increased various phases of discharge are encountered as shown in the accompanying plot. The gas used dramatically influences the parameters of the tube. The breakdown voltage depends on the gas composition and electrode distance; the dependencies are described by <a href="/wiki/Paschen%27s_law" title="Paschen's law">Paschen's law</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Gas_pressure">Gas pressure</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gas-filled_tube&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Gas pressure"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The gas pressure may range between 0.001 and 1,000 Torr (0.13–130,000 Pa); most commonly, pressures between 1–10 torr are used.<sup id="cite_ref-ch2_1-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ch2-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The gas pressure influences the following factors:<sup id="cite_ref-ch2_1-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ch2-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Breakdown_voltage" title="Breakdown voltage">breakdown voltage</a> (also called ignition voltage)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Current_density" title="Current density">current density</a></li> <li>operating voltage</li> <li>backfire voltage<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>tube lifetime (lower pressure tubes tend to have shorter lifetimes due to using up of the gas)</li> <li>cathode <a href="/wiki/Sputtering" title="Sputtering">sputtering</a>, reduced at higher pressures</li></ul> <p>Above a certain value, the higher the gas pressure, the higher the ignition voltage. High-pressure lighting tubes can require a few kilovolts impulse for ignition when cold, when the gas pressure is low. After warming up, when the volatile compound used for light emission is vaporized and the pressure increases, reignition of the discharge requires either significantly higher voltage or reducing the internal pressure by cooling down the lamp.<sup id="cite_ref-handopto_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-handopto-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For example, many sodium vapor lamps cannot be re-lit immediately after being shut off; they must cool down before they can be lit up again. </p><p>The gas tends to be used up during the tube operation, by several phenomena collectively called <b>clean-up</b>. The gas atoms or molecules are <a href="/wiki/Adsorption" title="Adsorption">adsorbed</a> on the surfaces of the electrodes. In high voltage tubes, the accelerated ions can penetrate into the electrode materials. New surfaces, formed by sputtering of the electrodes and deposited on e.g. the inner surfaces of the tube, also readily adsorb gases. Non-inert gases can also chemically react with the tube components. Hydrogen may diffuse through some metals.<sup id="cite_ref-ch2_1-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ch2-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>For removal of gas in <a href="/wiki/Vacuum_tube" title="Vacuum tube">vacuum tubes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Getter" title="Getter">getters</a> are used. For resupplying gas for gas-filled tubes, <b>replenishers</b> are employed. Most commonly, replenishers are used with hydrogen; a filament made from a hydrogen-absorbing metal (e.g. zirconium or titanium) is present in the tube, and by controlling its temperature the ratio of absorbed and desorbed hydrogen is adjusted, resulting in controlling of the hydrogen pressure in the tube. The metal filament acts as a hydrogen storage. This approach is used in e.g. hydrogen thyratrons or neutron tubes. Usage of saturated mercury vapor allows using a pool of liquid mercury as a large storage of material; the atoms lost by clean-up are automatically replenished by evaporation of more mercury. The pressure in the tube is however strongly dependent on the mercury temperature, which has to be controlled carefully.<sup id="cite_ref-ch2_1-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ch2-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Large rectifiers use saturated mercury vapor with a small amount of an inert gas. The inert gas supports the discharge when the tube is cold. </p><p>The mercury arc valve current-voltage characteristics are highly dependent on the temperature of the liquid mercury. The voltage drop in forward bias decreases from about 60 volts at 0 °C to somewhat above 10 volts at 50 °C and then stays constant; the reverse bias breakdown ("arc-back") voltage drops dramatically with temperature, from 36 kV at 60 °C to 12 kV at 80 °C to even less at higher temperatures. The operating range is therefore usually between 18–65 °C.<sup id="cite_ref-refeng_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-refeng-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Gas_purity">Gas purity</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gas-filled_tube&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Gas purity"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The gas in the tube has to be kept pure to maintain the desired properties; even small amount of impurities can dramatically change the tube values. The presence of non-inert gases generally increases the breakdown and burning voltages. The presence of impurities can be observed by changes in the glow color of the gas. Air leaking into the tube introduces oxygen, which is highly electronegative and inhibits the production of electron avalanches. This makes the discharge look pale, milky, or reddish. Traces of mercury vapors glow bluish, obscuring the original gas color. Magnesium vapor colors the discharge green. To prevent <a href="/wiki/Outgassing" title="Outgassing">outgassing</a> of the tube components during operation, a <a href="/wiki/Bake-out" title="Bake-out">bake-out</a> is required before filling with gas and sealing. Thorough degassing is required for high-quality tubes; even as little as 10<sup>−8</sup> torr (≈1 μPa) of oxygen is sufficient for covering the electrodes with monomolecular oxide layer in few hours. Non-inert gases can be removed by suitable <a href="/wiki/Getter" title="Getter">getters</a>. For mercury-containing tubes, getters that do not form <a href="/wiki/Amalgam_(chemistry)" title="Amalgam (chemistry)">amalgams</a> with mercury (e.g. <a href="/wiki/Zirconium" title="Zirconium">zirconium</a>, but not <a href="/wiki/Barium" title="Barium">barium</a>) have to be used. Cathode sputtering may be used intentionally for gettering non-inert gases; some reference tubes use <a href="/wiki/Molybdenum" title="Molybdenum">molybdenum</a> cathodes for this purpose.<sup id="cite_ref-ch2_1-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ch2-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Pure inert gases are used where the difference between the ignition voltage and the burning voltage has to be high, e.g. in switching tubes. Tubes for indication and stabilization, where the difference has to be lower, tend to be filled with <a href="/wiki/Penning_mixture" title="Penning mixture">Penning mixtures</a>; the lower difference between ignition and burning voltages allows using lower power supply voltages and smaller series resistances.<sup id="cite_ref-ch2_1-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ch2-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Lighting_and_display_gas-filled_tubes">Lighting and display gas-filled tubes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gas-filled_tube&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Lighting and display gas-filled tubes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Fluorescent_lamp" title="Fluorescent lamp">Fluorescent lighting</a>, <a href="/wiki/Compact_fluorescent_lamp" title="Compact fluorescent lamp">CFL lamps</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mercury-vapor_lamp" title="Mercury-vapor lamp">mercury</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sodium-vapor_lamp" title="Sodium-vapor lamp">sodium discharge lamps</a> and <a href="/wiki/Metal-halide_lamp" title="Metal-halide lamp">HID lamps</a> are all gas-filled tubes used for lighting. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Neon_lamp" title="Neon lamp">Neon lamps</a> and <a href="/wiki/Neon_signage" class="mw-redirect" title="Neon signage">neon signage</a> (most of which is not neon based these days) are also low-pressure gas-filled tubes. </p><p>Specialized historic low-pressure gas-filled tube devices include the <a href="/wiki/Nixie_tube" title="Nixie tube">Nixie tube</a> (used to display numerals) and the <a href="/wiki/Decatron" class="mw-redirect" title="Decatron">Decatron</a> (used to count or divide pulses, with display as a secondary function). </p><p><a href="/wiki/Xenon_flash_lamp" class="mw-redirect" title="Xenon flash lamp">Xenon flash lamps</a> are gas-filled tubes used in <a href="/wiki/Camera" title="Camera">cameras</a> and <a href="/wiki/Strobe_light" title="Strobe light">strobe lights</a> to produce bright flashes of light. </p><p>The recently developed <a href="/wiki/Sulfur_lamp" title="Sulfur lamp">sulfur lamps</a> are also gas-filled tubes when hot. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Gas-filled_tubes_in_electronics">Gas-filled tubes in electronics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gas-filled_tube&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Gas-filled tubes in electronics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Since the ignition voltage depends on the ion concentration which may drop to zero after a long period of inactivity, many tubes are primed for ion availability: </p> <ul><li>optically, by ambient light or by a 2-watt incandescent lamp, or by a glow discharge in the same envelope,</li> <li>radioactively, by adding <a href="/wiki/Tritium" title="Tritium">tritium</a> to the gas, or by coating the envelope inside,</li> <li>electrically, with a <i>keep-alive</i> or <i>primer</i> electrode</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Power_devices">Power devices</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gas-filled_tube&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Power devices"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Some important examples include the <a href="/wiki/Thyratron" title="Thyratron">thyratron</a>, <a href="/wiki/Krytron" title="Krytron">krytron</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Ignitron" title="Ignitron">ignitron</a> tubes, which are used to switch high-voltage currents. A specialized type of gas-filled tube called a <a href="/wiki/Surge_protector#Gas_discharge_tube_(GDT)_spark_gap" title="Surge protector">Gas Discharge Tube (GDT)</a> is fabricated for use as <a href="/wiki/Surge_protector" title="Surge protector">surge protectors</a>, to limit voltage surges in electrical and electronic circuits. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Computing_tubes">Computing tubes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gas-filled_tube&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Computing tubes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Schmitt_trigger" title="Schmitt trigger">Schmitt trigger</a> effect of the <a href="/wiki/Negative_resistance" title="Negative resistance">negative differential resistance</a>-region can be exploited to realize timers, <a href="/wiki/Relaxation_oscillator#Pearson–Anson_electronic_relaxation_oscillator" title="Relaxation oscillator">relaxation oscillators</a> and <a href="/wiki/Digital_electronics" title="Digital electronics">digital circuits</a> with <a href="/wiki/Neon_lamp" title="Neon lamp">neon lamps</a>, <i>trigger tubes</i>, <i>relay tubes</i>, <a href="/wiki/Dekatron" title="Dekatron">dekatrons</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nixie_tube" title="Nixie tube">nixie tubes</a>. </p><p>Thyratrons can also be used as <a href="/wiki/Triode" title="Triode">triodes</a> by operating them below their ignition voltage, allowing them to amplify analog signals as a <a href="/wiki/Regenerative_circuit" title="Regenerative circuit">self-quenching superregenerative detector</a> in <a href="/wiki/Radio_control" title="Radio control">radio control</a> receivers.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Indicators">Indicators</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gas-filled_tube&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Indicators"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There were special neon lamps besides nixie tubes: </p> <ul><li><i>Tuneon</i> early tuning indicator, a glass tube with a short wire anode and a long wire cathode that glows partially; the glow length is proportional to the tube current</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phosphor" title="Phosphor">Phosphored</a> neon lamp</li> <li>Luminescent trigger tube, used as latching indicators, or <a href="/wiki/Pixel" title="Pixel">pixels</a> of <a href="/wiki/Dot-matrix_display" title="Dot-matrix display">dot-matrix displays</a> <ul><li>Direct-glow trigger tube</li> <li>Phosphored trigger tube</li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Noise_diodes">Noise diodes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gas-filled_tube&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Noise diodes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Hot-cathode" class="mw-redirect" title="Hot-cathode">Hot-cathode</a>, gas-discharge <a href="/wiki/Noise_generator" title="Noise generator">noise diodes</a> were available in normal <a href="/wiki/Vacuum_tube" title="Vacuum tube">radio tube</a> glass envelopes for frequencies up to <a href="/wiki/Ultra_high_frequency" title="Ultra high frequency">UHF</a>, and as long, thin glass tubes with a normal <a href="/wiki/Bayonet_mount" title="Bayonet mount">bayonet light bulb mount</a> for the filament and an anode <a href="/wiki/Top_cap" title="Top cap">top cap</a>, for <a href="/wiki/Super_high_frequency" title="Super high frequency">SHF</a> frequencies and diagonal insertion into a <a href="/wiki/Waveguide" title="Waveguide">waveguide</a>. </p><p>They were filled with a pure inert gas such as <a href="/wiki/Neon" title="Neon">neon</a> because <a href="/wiki/Penning_mixture" title="Penning mixture">mixtures</a> made the output temperature-dependent. Their burning voltage was under 200 V, but they needed optical priming by an incandescent 2-watt lamp and a voltage surge in the 5-kV range for ignition. </p><p>One miniature <a href="/wiki/Thyratron" title="Thyratron">thyratron</a> found an additional use as a noise source, when operated as a diode in a transverse magnetic field.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Voltage-regulator_tubes">Voltage-regulator tubes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gas-filled_tube&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Voltage-regulator tubes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the mid-20th century, <a href="/wiki/Voltage-regulator_tube" title="Voltage-regulator tube">voltage-regulator tubes</a> were commonly used. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Elapsed-time_measurement">Elapsed-time measurement</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gas-filled_tube&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Elapsed-time measurement"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Cathode sputtering is taken advantage of in the <i>Time Totalizer</i>, a metal-vapor <a href="/wiki/Coulometer" class="mw-redirect" title="Coulometer">coulometer</a>-based elapsed time meter where the sputtered metal is deposited on a collector element whose resistance therefore decreases slowly.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="List_of_-tron_tubes">List of -tron tubes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gas-filled_tube&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: List of -tron tubes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><sup id="cite_ref-ch8_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ch8-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>Mercury pool tubes <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Excitron" class="mw-redirect" title="Excitron">Excitron</a>, a mercury pool tube</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gusetron&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gusetron (page does not exist)">Gusetron</a> or <a href="/w/index.php?title=Gausitron&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gausitron (page does not exist)">gausitron</a>, a mercury arc pool tube</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ignitron" title="Ignitron">Ignitron</a>, a mercury pool tube</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sendytron&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sendytron (page does not exist)">Sendytron</a>, a mercury pool tube</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Trignitron&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Trignitron (page does not exist)">Trignitron</a>, a trade name for a mercury pool tube used in electric welders <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Capacitron&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Capacitron (page does not exist)">Capacitron</a>, a mercury pool tube</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Corotron&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Corotron (page does not exist)">Corotron</a>, a trade name for a gas-filled shunt regulator, usually contains small quantities of radioactive materials to set the regulated voltage</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crossatron" title="Crossatron">Crossatron</a>, a modulator tube</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kathetron&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kathetron (page does not exist)">Kathetron</a> or <a href="/w/index.php?title=Cathetron&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cathetron (page does not exist)">cathetron</a>, a hot cathode gas-filled <a href="/wiki/Triode" title="Triode">triode</a> with grid outside of the tube</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Neotron&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Neotron (page does not exist)">Neotron</a>, a pulse generator</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Permatron&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Permatron (page does not exist)">Permatron</a>, a hot cathode rectifier with anode current controlled by magnetic field</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Phanotron&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Phanotron (page does not exist)">Phanotron</a>, a rectifier</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Plomatron&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Plomatron (page does not exist)">Plomatron</a>, a grid-controlled mercury-arc rectifier</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strobotron" class="mw-redirect" title="Strobotron">Strobotron</a>, a cold cathode tube designed for high current narrow pulses, used in <a href="/wiki/High-speed_photography" title="High-speed photography">high-speed photography</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Takktron&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Takktron (page does not exist)">Takktron</a>, a cold cathode rectifier for low currents at high voltages</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thyratron" title="Thyratron">Thyratron</a>, a hot cathode switching tube</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trigatron" title="Trigatron">Trigatron</a>, a high-current switch similar to a spark gap</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alphatron&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Alphatron (page does not exist)">Alphatron</a>, a form of ionization tube for measuring vacuum</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dekatron" title="Dekatron">Dekatron</a>, a counting tube (see also <a href="/wiki/Nixie_tube" title="Nixie tube">nixie tube</a> and <a href="/wiki/Neon_light" class="mw-redirect" title="Neon light">neon light</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plasmatron" title="Plasmatron">Plasmatron</a>, a hot cathode tube with controlled anode current</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tacitron&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tacitron (page does not exist)">Tacitron</a>, a low-noise thyratron with interruptible current flow</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krytron" title="Krytron">Krytron</a>, a fast cold-cathode switching tube</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gas-filled_tube&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-ch2-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ch2_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ch2_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ch2_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ch2_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ch2_1-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ch2_1-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ch2_1-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ch2_1-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ch2_1-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ch2_1-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Hajo Lorens van der Horst, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.electricstuff.co.uk/ch2.pdf">Chapter 2: The construction of a gas-discharge tube</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101225112615/http://electricstuff.co.uk/ch2.pdf">Archived</a> 2010-12-25 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> <i>1964 Philips Gas-Discharge Tubes book</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-cdvandt-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-cdvandt_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-cdvandt_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-cdvandt_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">C. A. Pirrie and H. Menown <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cdvandt.org/Evolution%20of%20Hydrogen%20Thyratron.pdf">"The Evolution of the Hydrogen Thyratron"</a>, Marconi Applied Technologies Ltd, Chelmsford, U.K.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-pasley1-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-pasley1_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-pasley1_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nuclearweaponarchive.org/Library/Pasley1.html">"Pulse Power Switching Devices – An Overview"</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-lamptech-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-lamptech_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-lamptech_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-lamptech_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-lamptech_4-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lamptech.co.uk/Documents/FL%20Gases.htm">"The Fluorescent Lamp – Gas Fillings"</a>. Lamptech.co.uk. Retrieved on 2011-05-17.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cdvandt.org/thyratron_various.htm">Thyratron various</a>. Cdvandt.org. Retrieved on 2011-05-17.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Po-Cheng Chen, Yu-Ting Chien, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160305085642/http://handle.dtic.mil/100.2/ADP011307">"Gas Discharge and Experiments for Plasma Display Panel"</a>, Defense Technical Information Center Compilation Part Notice ADP011307</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ullmann-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Ullmann_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFKellerWolfShani" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Keller, Cornelius; Wolf, Walter; Shani, Jashovam. "Radionuclides, 2. Radioactive Elements and Artificial Radionuclides". <i><a href="/wiki/Ullmann%27s_Encyclopedia_of_Industrial_Chemistry" title="Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry">Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry</a></i>. Weinheim: Wiley-VCH. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2F14356007.o22_o15">10.1002/14356007.o22_o15</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3527306732" title="Special:BookSources/978-3527306732"><bdi>978-3527306732</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Radionuclides%2C+2.+Radioactive+Elements+and+Artificial+Radionuclides&rft.btitle=Ullmann%27s+Encyclopedia+of+Industrial+Chemistry&rft.place=Weinheim&rft.pub=Wiley-VCH&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2F14356007.o22_o15&rft.isbn=978-3527306732&rft.aulast=Keller&rft.aufirst=Cornelius&rft.au=Wolf%2C+Walter&rft.au=Shani%2C+Jashovam&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGas-filled+tube" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-handopto-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-handopto_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-handopto_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=3GmcgL7Z-6YC&dq=gas+discharge+properties+mercury+neon+hydrogen+deuterium&pg=PA57"><i>Handbook of optoelectronics</i>, Volume 1</a> by John Dakin, Robert G. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 16,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=conference&rft.btitle=Surface-Controlled+Mercury-pool+Rectifier&rft.pages=52&rft.pub=Institute+of+Radio+Engineers&rft.date=1940-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fworldradiohistory.com%2FArchive-IRE%2F40s%2FIRE-1940-02.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGas-filled+tube" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-refeng-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-refeng_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=R67HARlhisYC&dq=gas+filled+tube+hydrogen+neon+argon+mercury&pg=PA2-IA342"><i>Reference Data for Engineers: Radio, Electronics, Computers and Communications</i></a> by Wendy Middleton, Mac E. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mif.pg.gda.pl/homepages/frank/sheets/138/r/RK61.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 20 March 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 March</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Subminiature+gas+triode+type+RK61+data+sheet&rft.pub=Raytheon+Company&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mif.pg.gda.pl%2Fhomepages%2Ffrank%2Fsheets%2F138%2Fr%2FRK61.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGas-filled+tube" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170320233105/http://www.mif.pg.gda.pl/homepages/frank/sheets/137/6/6D4.pdf">"<i>6D4 Miniature triode thyratron</i> data sheet"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a href="/wiki/Sylvania_Electric_Products" title="Sylvania Electric Products">Sylvania</a>. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mif.pg.gda.pl/homepages/frank/sheets/201/7/7414.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 18 July 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 October</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=7414+Subminiature+Time+Totalizer+data+sheet&rft.pub=Bendix+Corporation&rft.date=1959-03-14&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mif.pg.gda.pl%2Fhomepages%2Ffrank%2Fsheets%2F201%2F7%2F7414.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGas-filled+tube" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ch8-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ch8_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hajo Lorens van der Horst <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.electricstuff.co.uk/ch8.pdf">Chapter 8: Special tubes</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101225111751/http://electricstuff.co.uk/ch8.pdf">Archived</a> 2010-12-25 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> <i>1964 Philips Gas-Discharge Tubes book</i></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gas-filled_tube&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output 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class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/MOSFET" title="MOSFET">MOS <br />transistors</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Transistor" title="Transistor">Transistor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NMOS_logic" title="NMOS logic">NMOS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PMOS_logic" title="PMOS logic">PMOS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BiCMOS" title="BiCMOS">BiCMOS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bio-FET" title="Bio-FET">BioFET</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chemical_field-effect_transistor" title="Chemical field-effect transistor">Chemical field-effect transistor</a> (ChemFET)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/CMOS" title="CMOS">Complementary MOS</a> (CMOS)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Depletion-load_NMOS_logic" title="Depletion-load NMOS logic">Depletion-load NMOS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FinFET" class="mw-redirect" title="FinFET">Fin field-effect transistor</a> (FinFET)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Floating-gate_MOSFET" title="Floating-gate MOSFET">Floating-gate MOSFET</a> (FGMOS)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insulated-gate_bipolar_transistor" title="Insulated-gate bipolar transistor">Insulated-gate bipolar transistor</a> (IGBT)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISFET" title="ISFET">ISFET</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LDMOS" title="LDMOS">LDMOS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MOSFET" title="MOSFET">MOS field-effect transistor</a> (MOSFET)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multigate_device" title="Multigate device">Multi-gate field-effect transistor</a> (MuGFET)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Power_MOSFET" title="Power MOSFET">Power MOSFET</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thin-film_transistor" title="Thin-film transistor">Thin-film transistor</a> (TFT)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/VMOS" title="VMOS">VMOS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Power_MOSFET#UMOS" title="Power MOSFET">UMOS</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Transistor" title="Transistor">Other <br />transistors</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bipolar_junction_transistor" title="Bipolar junction transistor">Bipolar junction transistor</a> (BJT)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Darlington_transistor" title="Darlington transistor">Darlington transistor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diffused_junction_transistor" title="Diffused junction transistor">Diffused junction transistor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Field-effect_transistor" title="Field-effect transistor">Field-effect transistor</a> (FET) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/JFET" title="JFET">Junction Gate FET (JFET)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organic_field-effect_transistor" title="Organic field-effect transistor">Organic FET (OFET)</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Light-emitting_transistor" title="Light-emitting transistor">Light-emitting transistor</a> (LET) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Organic_light-emitting_transistor" title="Organic light-emitting transistor">Organic LET (OLET)</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pentode_transistor" title="Pentode transistor">Pentode transistor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Point-contact_transistor" title="Point-contact transistor">Point-contact transistor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Programmable_unijunction_transistor" title="Programmable unijunction transistor">Programmable unijunction transistor</a> (PUT)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Static_induction_transistor" title="Static induction transistor">Static induction transistor</a> (SIT)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tetrode_transistor" title="Tetrode transistor">Tetrode transistor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unijunction_transistor" title="Unijunction transistor">Unijunction transistor</a> (UJT)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Diode" title="Diode">Diodes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Avalanche_diode" title="Avalanche diode">Avalanche diode</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constant-current_diode" title="Constant-current diode">Constant-current diode</a> (CLD, CRD)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gunn_diode" title="Gunn diode">Gunn diode</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laser_diode" title="Laser diode">Laser diode</a> (LD)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Light-emitting_diode" title="Light-emitting diode">Light-emitting diode</a> (LED)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/OLED" title="OLED">Organic light-emitting diode</a> (OLED)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photodiode" title="Photodiode">Photodiode</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PIN_diode" title="PIN diode">PIN diode</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schottky_diode" title="Schottky diode">Schottky diode</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Step_recovery_diode" title="Step recovery diode">Step recovery diode</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zener_diode" title="Zener diode">Zener diode</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other <br />devices</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Printed_electronics" title="Printed electronics">Printed electronics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Printed_circuit_board" title="Printed circuit board">Printed circuit board</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DIAC" title="DIAC">DIAC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heterostructure_barrier_varactor" title="Heterostructure barrier varactor">Heterostructure barrier varactor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Integrated_circuit" title="Integrated circuit">Integrated circuit</a> (IC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hybrid_integrated_circuit" title="Hybrid integrated circuit">Hybrid integrated circuit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Light_emitting_capacitor" class="mw-redirect" title="Light emitting capacitor">Light emitting capacitor</a> (LEC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Memistor" title="Memistor">Memistor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Memristor" title="Memristor">Memristor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Memtransistor" title="Memtransistor">Memtransistor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Memory_cell_(computing)" title="Memory cell (computing)">Memory cell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metal-oxide_varistor" class="mw-redirect" title="Metal-oxide varistor">Metal-oxide varistor</a> (MOV)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mixed-signal_integrated_circuit" title="Mixed-signal integrated circuit">Mixed-signal integrated circuit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MOS_integrated_circuit" class="mw-redirect" title="MOS integrated circuit">MOS integrated circuit</a> (MOS IC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organic_semiconductor" title="Organic semiconductor">Organic semiconductor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photodetector" title="Photodetector">Photodetector</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quantum_circuit" title="Quantum circuit">Quantum circuit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RF_CMOS" title="RF CMOS">RF CMOS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silicon_controlled_rectifier" title="Silicon controlled rectifier">Silicon controlled rectifier</a> (SCR)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solaristor" title="Solaristor">Solaristor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Static_induction_thyristor" title="Static induction thyristor">Static induction thyristor</a> (SITh)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three-dimensional_integrated_circuit" title="Three-dimensional integrated circuit">Three-dimensional integrated circuit</a> (3D IC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thyristor" title="Thyristor">Thyristor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trancitor" title="Trancitor">Trancitor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TRIAC" title="TRIAC">TRIAC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Varicap" title="Varicap">Varicap</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Voltage_regulator" title="Voltage regulator">Voltage regulators</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Linear_regulator" title="Linear regulator">Linear regulator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Low-dropout_regulator" title="Low-dropout regulator">Low-dropout regulator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Switching_regulator" class="mw-redirect" title="Switching regulator">Switching regulator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buck_converter" title="Buck converter">Buck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boost_converter" title="Boost converter">Boost</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buck%E2%80%93boost_converter" title="Buck–boost converter">Buck–boost</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Split-pi_topology" title="Split-pi topology">Split-pi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C4%86uk_converter" title="Ćuk converter">Ćuk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Single-ended_primary-inductor_converter" title="Single-ended primary-inductor converter">SEPIC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charge_pump" title="Charge pump">Charge pump</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Switched_capacitor" title="Switched capacitor">Switched capacitor</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Vacuum_tube" title="Vacuum tube">Vacuum tubes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acorn_tube" title="Acorn tube">Acorn tube</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Audion" title="Audion">Audion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beam_tetrode" title="Beam tetrode">Beam tetrode</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hot-wire_barretter" title="Hot-wire barretter">Barretter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compactron" title="Compactron">Compactron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vacuum_diode" class="mw-redirect" title="Vacuum diode">Diode</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fleming_valve" title="Fleming valve">Fleming valve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neutron_generator" title="Neutron generator">Neutron tube</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nonode" title="Nonode">Nonode</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuvistor" title="Nuvistor">Nuvistor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pentagrid_converter" title="Pentagrid converter">Pentagrid</a> (Hexode, Heptode, Octode)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pentode" title="Pentode">Pentode</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photomultiplier_tube" title="Photomultiplier tube">Photomultiplier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phototube" title="Phototube">Phototube</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tetrode" title="Tetrode">Tetrode</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Triode" title="Triode">Triode</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Vacuum_tube" title="Vacuum tube">Vacuum tubes</a> (<a href="/wiki/Electromagnetic_radiation" title="Electromagnetic radiation">RF</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Backward-wave_oscillator" title="Backward-wave oscillator">Backward-wave oscillator</a> (BWO)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cavity_magnetron" title="Cavity magnetron">Cavity magnetron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crossed-field_amplifier" title="Crossed-field amplifier">Crossed-field amplifier</a> (CFA)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gyrotron" title="Gyrotron">Gyrotron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inductive_output_tube" title="Inductive output tube">Inductive output tube</a> (IOT)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Klystron" title="Klystron">Klystron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maser" title="Maser">Maser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sutton_tube" title="Sutton tube">Sutton tube</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traveling-wave_tube" title="Traveling-wave tube">Traveling-wave tube</a> (TWT)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/X-ray_tube" title="X-ray tube">X-ray tube</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Cathode-ray_tube" title="Cathode-ray tube">Cathode-ray tubes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beam_deflection_tube" title="Beam deflection tube">Beam deflection tube</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charactron" title="Charactron">Charactron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iconoscope" title="Iconoscope">Iconoscope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magic_eye_tube" title="Magic eye tube">Magic eye tube</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monoscope" title="Monoscope">Monoscope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Selectron_tube" title="Selectron tube">Selectron tube</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Storage_tube" title="Storage tube">Storage tube</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trochotron" class="mw-redirect" title="Trochotron">Trochotron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Video_camera_tube" title="Video camera tube">Video camera tube</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Williams_tube" title="Williams tube">Williams tube</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Gas-filled tubes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cold_cathode" title="Cold cathode">Cold cathode</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crossatron" title="Crossatron">Crossatron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dekatron" title="Dekatron">Dekatron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ignitron" title="Ignitron">Ignitron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krytron" title="Krytron">Krytron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mercury-arc_valve" title="Mercury-arc valve">Mercury-arc valve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neon_lamp" title="Neon lamp">Neon lamp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nixie_tube" title="Nixie tube">Nixie tube</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thyratron" title="Thyratron">Thyratron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trigatron" title="Trigatron">Trigatron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voltage-regulator_tube" title="Voltage-regulator tube">Voltage-regulator tube</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Adjustable</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Potentiometer" title="Potentiometer">Potentiometer</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Digital_potentiometer" title="Digital potentiometer">digital</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Variable_capacitor" title="Variable capacitor">Variable capacitor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Varicap" title="Varicap">Varicap</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Passive</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Connector <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Audio_and_video_interfaces_and_connectors" title="Audio and video interfaces and connectors">audio and video</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AC_power_plugs_and_sockets" title="AC power plugs and sockets">electrical power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RF_connector" title="RF connector">RF</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electrolytic_detector" title="Electrolytic detector">Electrolytic detector</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferrite_core" title="Ferrite core">Ferrite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antifuse" title="Antifuse">Antifuse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fuse_(electrical)" title="Fuse (electrical)">Fuse</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Resettable_fuse" title="Resettable fuse">resettable</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EFUSE" class="mw-redirect" title="EFUSE">eFUSE</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resistor" title="Resistor">Resistor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Switch" title="Switch">Switch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thermistor" title="Thermistor">Thermistor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transformer" title="Transformer">Transformer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Varistor" title="Varistor">Varistor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wire" title="Wire">Wire</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wollaston_wire" title="Wollaston wire">Wollaston wire</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Electrical_reactance" title="Electrical reactance">Reactive</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Capacitor" title="Capacitor">Capacitor</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Capacitor_types" title="Capacitor types">types</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ceramic_resonator" title="Ceramic resonator">Ceramic resonator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crystal_oscillator" title="Crystal oscillator">Crystal oscillator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inductor" title="Inductor">Inductor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parametron" title="Parametron">Parametron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Relay" title="Relay">Relay</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Reed_relay" title="Reed relay">reed relay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mercury_relay" title="Mercury relay">mercury relay</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-label="Navbox" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" 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