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.sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks plainlist"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle" style="padding-bottom:0.2em;">Part of a series on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="padding-top:0.1em;background:#ddddff;"><a href="/wiki/Sex_and_sexuality_in_speculative_fiction" title="Sex and sexuality in speculative fiction">Sex and sexuality in speculative fiction</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="padding-left:0.4em;text-align:left;;color: var(--color-base)">Main topics</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sex_and_sexuality_in_speculative_fiction" title="Sex and sexuality in speculative fiction">Sex and sexuality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_in_speculative_fiction" title="Gender in speculative fiction">Gender</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_speculative_fiction" title="Women in speculative fiction">Women</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reproduction_and_pregnancy_in_speculative_fiction" title="Reproduction and pregnancy in speculative fiction">Reproduction</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="padding-left:0.4em;text-align:left;;color: var(--color-base)">Genres</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Portrayal_of_women_in_American_comics" title="Portrayal of women in American comics">Women in comics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_science_fiction" title="Feminist science fiction">Feminist science fiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slash_fiction" title="Slash fiction">Slash fiction</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="padding-left:0.4em;text-align:left;;color: var(--color-base)"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">LGBT themes</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_themes_in_comics" title="LGBT themes in comics">In comics</a> (<a href="/wiki/Category:LGBTQ_characters_in_comics" title="Category:LGBTQ characters in comics">characters</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_themes_in_mythology" title="LGBT themes in mythology">In mythology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_themes_in_horror_fiction" title="LGBTQ themes in horror fiction">In horror fiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lesbian_vampire" title="Lesbian vampire">Lesbian vampires</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yaoi" class="mw-redirect" title="Yaoi">Yaoi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yuri_(genre)" title="Yuri (genre)">Yuri</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="padding-left:0.4em;text-align:left;;color: var(--color-base)">Recurring elements</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sex_in_space" title="Sex in space">Sex in space</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Male_pregnancy" title="Male pregnancy">Male pregnancy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Single-gender_world" title="Single-gender world">Single-gender worlds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lesbian_vampire" title="Lesbian vampire">Lesbian vampires</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_warriors_in_literature_and_culture" title="Women warriors in literature and culture">Woman warriors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gynoid" title="Gynoid">Gynoids</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="padding-left:0.4em;text-align:left;;color: var(--color-base)">Awards and <a href="/wiki/Fan_convention" title="Fan convention">conventions</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gaylactic_Network" title="Gaylactic Network">Gaylactic Network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaylaxicon" title="Gaylaxicon">Gaylaxicon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaylactic_Spectrum_Awards" title="Gaylactic Spectrum Awards">Gaylactic Spectrum Awards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Lambda_Literary_Awards_winners_and_nominees_for_science_fiction,_fantasy_and_horror" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Lambda Literary Awards winners and nominees for science fiction, fantasy and horror">Lambda Literary Awards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otherwise_Award" title="Otherwise Award">Otherwise Award</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wiscon" title="Wiscon">Wiscon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Broad_Universe" title="Broad Universe">Broad Universe</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="padding-left:0.4em;text-align:left;;color: var(--color-base)">Other topics</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Refrigerators" class="mw-redirect" title="Women in Refrigerators">Women in Refrigerators (website)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexuality_in_Star_Trek" title="Sexuality in Star Trek">Sexuality in Star Trek</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Sex_in_SF" title="Template:Sex in SF"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Sex_in_SF" title="Template talk:Sex in SF"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Sex_in_SF" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Sex in SF"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Aurora_and_Margaret.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Aurora_and_Margaret.png/200px-Aurora_and_Margaret.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="188" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Aurora_and_Margaret.png/300px-Aurora_and_Margaret.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Aurora_and_Margaret.png/400px-Aurora_and_Margaret.png 2x" data-file-width="1107" data-file-height="1039" /></a><figcaption>Aurora and Margaret, the heroines of <a href="/wiki/Gregory_Casparian" class="mw-redirect" title="Gregory Casparian">Gregory Casparian</a>'s 1906 lesbian science fiction novel <a href="/wiki/An_Anglo-American_Alliance:_A_Serio-Comic_Romance_and_Forecast_of_the_Future" class="mw-redirect" title="An Anglo-American Alliance: A Serio-Comic Romance and Forecast of the Future">An Anglo-American Alliance: A Serio-Comic Romance and Forecast of the Future</a></figcaption></figure> LGBT themes in speculative fiction include <a href="/wiki/Lesbian" title="Lesbian">lesbian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gay" title="Gay">gay</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bisexual" class="mw-redirect" title="Bisexual">bisexual</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Transgender" title="Transgender">transgender</a> (<a href="/wiki/LGBTQ" title="LGBTQ">LGBTQ</a>) themes in science fiction, <a href="/wiki/Fantasy" title="Fantasy">fantasy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Horror_fiction" title="Horror fiction">horror fiction</a> and related genres.<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1041539562">.mw-parser-output .citation{word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}</style><a href="#endnote_Note1a">[a]</a> Such elements may include an LGBT character as the protagonist or a major character, or explorations of <a href="/wiki/Sexual_orientation" title="Sexual orientation">sexuality</a> or <a href="/wiki/Gender" title="Gender">gender</a> that deviate from the <a href="/wiki/Heteronormativity" title="Heteronormativity">heteronormative</a>. Science fiction and fantasy have traditionally been aimed at a male readership,<a href="#cite_note-oxfordresearch-1">[1]</a> and can be more restricted than non-genre literature by their <a href="/wiki/Genre_convention" class="mw-redirect" title="Genre convention">conventions</a> of characterisation and the effect that these conventions have on depictions of sexuality and gender. However, speculative fiction also gives authors and readers the freedom to imagine societies that are different from real-life cultures. This freedom makes speculative fiction a useful means of examining sexual bias, by forcing the reader to reconsider their heteronormative cultural assumptions. It has also been claimed by critics such as <a href="/wiki/Nicola_Griffith" title="Nicola Griffith">Nicola Griffith</a> that LGBT readers identify strongly with the <a href="/wiki/Mutant_(fictional)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mutant (fictional)">mutants</a>, <a href="/wiki/Extraterrestrials_in_fiction" title="Extraterrestrials in fiction">aliens</a>, and other outsider characters found in speculative fiction. <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=LGBT_themes_in_speculative_fiction&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History">edit</a>]</div> Before the 1960s, explicit sexuality of any kind was rare in speculative fiction, as the editors who controlled what was published attempted to protect their perceived key market of adolescent male readers. As the readership broadened, it became possible to include characters who were undisguised homosexuals, though these tended to be villains, and lesbians remained almost entirely unrepresented. In the 1960s, science fiction and fantasy began to reflect the changes prompted by the <a href="/wiki/Civil_rights_movement" title="Civil rights movement">civil rights movement</a> and the emergence of a <a href="/wiki/Counterculture" title="Counterculture">counterculture</a>. <a href="/wiki/New_Wave_(science_fiction)" title="New Wave (science fiction)">New wave</a> and <a href="/wiki/Feminist_science_fiction" title="Feminist science fiction">feminist science fiction</a> authors realised cultures in which homosexuality, bisexuality and a variety of gender models were the norm, and in which sympathetic depictions of alternative sexuality were commonplace. From the 1980s onwards, homosexuality gained much wider mainstream acceptance and was often incorporated into otherwise conventional speculative fiction stories. Works emerged that went beyond simple representation of homosexuality to explorations of specific issues relevant to the <a href="/wiki/LGBT_community" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT community">LGBT community</a>. This development was helped by the growing number of openly gay or lesbian authors and their early acceptance by <a href="/wiki/Science_fiction_fandom" title="Science fiction fandom">speculative fiction fandom</a>. Specialist gay publishing presses and a number of awards recognising LGBT achievements in the genre emerged, and by the twenty-first century, blatant <a href="/wiki/Homophobia" title="Homophobia">homophobia</a> was no longer considered acceptable by most readers of speculative fiction. There was a concurrent increase in representation of homosexuality within non-literary forms of speculative fiction. The inclusion of LGBT themes in comic books, television and film continues to attract media attention and controversy, while the perceived lack of sufficient representation, along with unrealistic depictions, provokes criticism from LGBT sources. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Critical_analysis">Critical analysis</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=LGBT_themes_in_speculative_fiction&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Critical analysis">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hyacinthus_and_Zephyrus_3.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Hyacinthus_and_Zephyrus_3.jpg/220px-Hyacinthus_and_Zephyrus_3.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Hyacinthus_and_Zephyrus_3.jpg/330px-Hyacinthus_and_Zephyrus_3.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Hyacinthus_and_Zephyrus_3.jpg/440px-Hyacinthus_and_Zephyrus_3.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1558" data-file-height="1561" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Zephyrus" title="Zephyrus">Zephyrus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hyacinth_(mythology)" title="Hyacinth (mythology)">Hyacinthus</a>: Greek mythology, which often features homosexuality, is a source for much modern speculative fiction and mythic figures continue to appear in fantasy stories.<a href="#cite_note-glbtq1-6-2">[2]</a></figcaption></figure> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/LGBT_themes_in_horror_fiction" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT themes in horror fiction">LGBT themes in horror fiction</a> and <a href="/wiki/LGBT_themes_in_mythology" title="LGBT themes in mythology">LGBT themes in mythology</a></div> As genres of popular literature, science fiction (SF) and fantasy often seem more constrained than non-genre literature by their conventions of characterisation and the effects that these conventions have on depictions of sexuality and gender.<a href="#cite_note-glbtq1-6-2">[2]</a> Science fiction in particular has traditionally been a puritanical genre oriented toward a male readership.<a href="#cite_note-EoSF4-3">[3]</a> Sex is often linked to disgust in SF and horror,<a href="#cite_note-EoSF4-3">[3]</a> and plots based on sexual relationships have mainly been avoided in genre fantasy narratives.<a href="#cite_note-EoF-4">[4]</a> On the other hand, science fiction and fantasy can also provide more freedom than <a href="/wiki/Realism_(arts)" title="Realism (arts)">realistic</a> literature to imagine alternatives to the default assumptions of heterosexuality and masculinity that permeate many cultures.<a href="#cite_note-glbtq1-6-2">[2]</a> Homosexuality is now an accepted and common feature of science fiction and fantasy literature, its prevalence due to the influence of lesbian-feminist and gay liberation movements.<a href="#cite_note-UWx-5">[5]</a> In speculative fiction, extrapolation allows writers to focus not on the way things are (or were), as non-genre literature does, but on the way things could be different. It provides science fiction with a quality that science fiction critic <a href="/wiki/Darko_Suvin" title="Darko Suvin">Darko Suvin</a> has called "<a href="/wiki/Cognition" title="Cognition">cognitive</a> estrangement": the recognition that what we are reading is not the world as we know it, but a world whose differences force us to reconsider our own with an outsider's perspective.<a href="#cite_note-Suvin_cog_estrangment-6">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-WP2-7">[7]</a> When the extrapolation involves sexuality or gender, it can force the reader to reconsider their <a href="/wiki/Heteronormative" class="mw-redirect" title="Heteronormative">heteronormative</a> cultural assumptions; the freedom to imagine societies different from real-life cultures makes SF an effective tool for examining sexual bias.<a href="#cite_note-EoSF4-3">[3]</a> In science fiction, such estranging features include technologies that significantly alter sex or <a href="/wiki/Reproduction" title="Reproduction">reproduction</a>. In fantasy, such features include figures such as <a href="/wiki/Mythology" class="mw-redirect" title="Mythology">mythological</a> <a href="/wiki/Deities" class="mw-redirect" title="Deities">deities</a> and heroic archetypes, who are not limited by preconceptions of human sexuality and gender, allowing them to be reinterpreted.<a href="#cite_note-glbtq1-6-2">[2]</a> SF has also depicted a plethora of alien methods of reproduction and sex,<a href="#cite_note-EoSF4-3">[3]</a> some of which can be viewed as homo- or bisexual through a human <a href="/wiki/Gender_binary" title="Gender binary">binary-gender</a> lens. In spite of the freedom offered by the genres, gay characters often remain contrived and stereotypical,<a href="#cite_note-UWxix-8">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-UWxi-9">[9]</a> and most SF stories take for granted the continuation of heteronormative institutions.<a href="#cite_note-Farah_Mendlesohn_Eds_p._153-10">[10]</a> Alternative sexualities have usually been approached <a href="/wiki/Allegory" title="Allegory">allegorically</a>, or by including LGBT characters in such a way as to not contradict mainstream society's assumptions about <a href="/wiki/Gender_role" title="Gender role">gender roles</a>.<a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a> Works that feature gay characters are more likely to be written by women writers, and to be viewed as being aimed at other women or girls; big-name male writers are less likely to explore gay themes.<a href="#cite_note-SFC137-12">[12]</a> Speculative fiction has traditionally been "straight";<a href="#cite_note-oxford-13">[13]</a> <a href="/wiki/Samuel_R._Delany" title="Samuel R. Delany">Samuel R. Delany</a> has written that the science fiction community is predominantly made up of white male heterosexuals, but that the proportion of minorities, including gay people, is generally higher than found in a "literary" group.<a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a> The inclusion of homosexuality in SF has been described in Science Fiction Culture as "sometimes lagging behind the general population, sometimes surging ahead".<a href="#cite_note-SFC135-15">[15]</a> <a href="/wiki/Nicola_Griffith" title="Nicola Griffith">Nicola Griffith</a> has written that LGBT readers tend to identify strongly with the outsider status of mutants, aliens, and characters who lead hidden or double lives in science fiction.<a href="#cite_note-Bending_landscape_SF-16">[16]</a> In comparison, <a href="/wiki/Geoff_Ryman" title="Geoff Ryman">Geoff Ryman</a> has claimed that the gay and SF genre markets are incompatible, with his books being marketed as one or the other, but never both,<a href="#cite_note-ryman1-17">[17]</a> and David Seed said that SF purists have denied that SF that focuses on <a href="/wiki/Soft_science_fiction" title="Soft science fiction">soft science fiction</a> themes and marginalised groups (including "gay SF") is "real" science fiction.<a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a> Gay and lesbian science fiction have at times been grouped as distinct subgenres of SF,<a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a> and have some tradition of separate publishers and awards. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Literature">Literature</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=LGBT_themes_in_speculative_fiction&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Literature">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_speculative_fiction">Early speculative fiction</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=LGBT_themes_in_speculative_fiction&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Early speculative fiction">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Carmilla.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Carmilla.jpg/220px-Carmilla.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="151" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Carmilla.jpg/330px-Carmilla.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Carmilla.jpg/440px-Carmilla.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1098" /></a><figcaption>Illustration by <a href="/wiki/D._H._Friston" class="mw-redirect" title="D. H. Friston">D. H. Friston</a> that accompanied the first publication of lesbian vampire novella Carmilla in The Dark Blue magazine in 1872</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/A_True_History" class="mw-redirect" title="A True History">A True History</a> by the Greek writer <a href="/wiki/Lucian" title="Lucian">Lucian</a> (A.D. 120–185) is noted for both its fantastical setting and its depiction of sexuality, being termed by some as the earliest surviving example of science fiction<a href="#cite_note-Fredericks,_S.C.-20">[20]</a><a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a> or the first ever "gay science fiction story".<a href="#cite_note-First_gay_pope-22">[22]</a> The narrator is suddenly enveloped by a <a href="/wiki/Typhoon" title="Typhoon">typhoon</a> and swept up to the moon, which is inhabited by a society of men that are at war with the sun. After the hero distinguishes himself in combat, the king gives him his son the prince in marriage. The all-male society reproduces (male children only) by giving birth from the thigh or by growing a child from a plant produced by planting the left <a href="/wiki/Testicle" title="Testicle">testicle</a> in the moon's soil.<a href="#cite_note-encylhomos1-23">[23]</a> In other fantastical works, sex itself, of any type, was equated with base desires or "beastliness", as in <a href="/wiki/Gulliver%27s_Travels" title="Gulliver's Travels">Gulliver's Travels</a>, which contrasts the animalistic and overtly sexual <a href="/wiki/Yahoo_(Gulliver%27s_Travels)" title="Yahoo (Gulliver's Travels)">Yahoos</a> with the reserved and intelligent <a href="/wiki/Houyhnhnm" title="Houyhnhnm">Houyhnhnms</a>.<a href="#cite_note-EoSF4-3">[3]</a> The frank treatment of sexual topics of pre-nineteenth century literature was abandoned in most speculative fiction,<a href="#cite_note-EoSF4-3">[3]</a> although Wendy Pearson has written that issues of gender and sexuality have been central to SF since its inception but were ignored by readers and critics until the late twentieth century.<a href="#cite_note-24">[24]</a> Early works that contained LGBT themes and showed the gay characters to be morally impure include the first <a href="/wiki/Lesbian_vampire" title="Lesbian vampire">lesbian vampire</a> story <a href="/wiki/Carmilla" title="Carmilla">Carmilla</a> (1872) by <a href="/wiki/Sheridan_Le_Fanu" title="Sheridan Le Fanu">Sheridan Le Fanu</a><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><a href="#endnote_Note1b">[b]</a><a href="#cite_note-25">[25]</a> and <a href="/wiki/The_Picture_of_Dorian_Gray" title="The Picture of Dorian Gray">The Picture of Dorian Gray</a> (1890) by <a href="/wiki/Oscar_Wilde" title="Oscar Wilde">Oscar Wilde</a>, which shocked contemporary readers with its sensuality and overtly homosexual characters.<a href="#cite_note-26">[26]</a> <a href="/wiki/An_Anglo-American_Alliance" title="An Anglo-American Alliance">An Anglo-American Alliance</a>, a 1906 novel by Gregory Casparian, was the first speculative novel to openly portray a lesbian romantic relationship.<a href="#cite_note-io9-27">[27]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pulp_era_(1920–30s)">Pulp era (1920–30s)</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=LGBT_themes_in_speculative_fiction&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Pulp era (1920–30s)">edit</a>]</div> During the <a href="/wiki/Pulp_magazine" title="Pulp magazine">pulp</a> era,<a href="#cite_note-History-28">[28]</a> explicit sexuality of any kind was rare in genre science fiction and fantasy.<a href="#cite_note-EoSF4-3">[3]</a> For many years, the editors who controlled what was published felt that they had to protect the adolescent male readership that they identified as their principal market.<a href="#cite_note-EoSF4-3">[3]</a> Although the covers of some 1930s pulp magazines showed scantily clad women menaced by tentacled aliens, the covers were often more lurid than the magazines' contents.<a href="#cite_note-EoSF4-3">[3]</a> In such a context, writers like <a href="/wiki/Edgar_Pangborn" title="Edgar Pangborn">Edgar Pangborn</a>, who featured passionate male friendships in his work, were exceptional; almost until the end of their careers, including so much as a kiss would have been too much. Implied or disguised sexuality was as important as that which was openly revealed.<a href="#cite_note-EoSF4-3">[3]</a> As such, genre SF reflected the social mores of the day, paralleling common prejudices;<a href="#cite_note-EoSF4-3">[3]</a> this was particularly true of pulp fiction, more so than literary works of the time.<a href="#cite_note-EoSF4-3">[3]</a> As the demographics of the readership broadened, it became possible to include characters who were more or less undisguised homosexuals, but these, in accordance with the attitudes of the times, tended to be villains: evil, demented, or effeminate stereotypes. The most popular role for the homosexual was as a 'decadent slaveholding lordling' whose corrupt tyranny was doomed to be overthrown by the young male heterosexual hero.<a href="#cite_note-encylhomos1-23">[23]</a> During this period, lesbians were almost entirely unrepresented as either heroes or villains.<a href="#cite_note-encylhomos1-23">[23]</a> One of the earliest examples of genre science fiction that involves a challenging amount of unconventional sexual activity is the early novel <a href="/wiki/Odd_John" title="Odd John">Odd John</a> (1935), by <a href="/wiki/Olaf_Stapledon" title="Olaf Stapledon">Olaf Stapledon</a>. John is a <a href="/wiki/Mutant_(fictional)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mutant (fictional)">mutant</a> with extraordinary mental abilities who will not allow himself to be bound by many of the rules imposed by the ordinary British society of his time. The novel strongly implies that he seduces an older boy who becomes devoted to him but also suffers from the affront that the relationship creates to his own morals.<a href="#cite_note-29">[29]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Golden_Age_(1940–50s)">Golden Age (1940–50s)</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=LGBT_themes_in_speculative_fiction&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Golden Age (1940–50s)">edit</a>]</div> In the <a href="/wiki/Golden_Age_of_Science_Fiction" title="Golden Age of Science Fiction">Golden Age of Science Fiction</a>,<a href="#cite_note-History-28">[28]</a> the genre "resolutely ignored the whole subject" of homosexuality, according to Joanna Russ.<a href="#cite_note-UW_pg._xxii-30">[30]</a> As the readership for science fiction and fantasy began to age in the 1950s, however, writers like <a href="/wiki/Philip_Jose_Farmer" class="mw-redirect" title="Philip Jose Farmer">Philip Jose Farmer</a> and <a href="/wiki/Theodore_Sturgeon" title="Theodore Sturgeon">Theodore Sturgeon</a> were able to introduce more explicit sexuality into their work. Until the late 1960s, however, few other writers depicted alternative sexuality or revised gender roles, or openly investigated sexual questions.<a href="#cite_note-EoSF4-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-SFC135-15">[15]</a> The majority of LGBT characters were depicted as caricatures, such as "man-hating amazons", and attempts at portraying homosexuals sympathetically or non-stereotypically were met with hostility.<a href="#cite_note-Farah_Mendlesohn_Eds_p._153-10">[10]</a> Sturgeon wrote many stories during the Golden Age of Science Fiction that emphasised the importance of love, regardless of the current social norms. In his short story "<a href="/wiki/The_World_Well_Lost" title="The World Well Lost">The World Well Lost</a>" (1953),<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><a href="#endnote_Note1c">[c]</a> first published in Universe magazine, homosexual alien fugitives and unrequited (and taboo) human homosexual love are portrayed. The tagline for the Universe cover was "[His] most daring story";<a href="#cite_note-31">[31]</a> its sensitive treatment of homosexuality was unusual for science fiction published at that time, and it is now regarded as a milestone in science fiction's portrayal of homosexuality.<a href="#cite_note-UW_pg._130-32">[32]</a> According to an anecdote related by Samuel R. Delany, when Sturgeon first submitted the story, the editor (Haywood Braun) not only rejected it but phoned every other editor he knew and urged them to reject it as well.<a href="#cite_note-UW_pg._xviii-33">[33]</a><a href="#cite_note-34">[34]</a> Sturgeon would later write Affair with a Green Monkey, which examined social stereotyping of homosexuals, and in 1960 published <a href="/wiki/Venus_Plus_X" title="Venus Plus X">Venus Plus X</a>, in which a single-gender society is depicted and the protagonist's homophobia portrayed unfavourably.<a href="#cite_note-encylhomos1-23">[23]</a> Images of homosexual male societies remained strongly negative in the eyes of most SF authors. For example, when overpopulation drives the world away from heterosexuality in <a href="/wiki/Charles_Beaumont" title="Charles Beaumont">Charles Beaumont</a>'s short story "The Crooked Man" (1955), first published in <a href="/wiki/Playboy" title="Playboy">Playboy</a>, inhumane homosexuals begin to oppress the heterosexual minority. In <a href="/wiki/Anthony_Burgess" title="Anthony Burgess">Anthony Burgess</a>'s <a href="/wiki/The_Wanting_Seed" title="The Wanting Seed">The Wanting Seed</a> (1962) homosexuality is required for official employment; Burgess treats this as one aspect of an unnatural state of affairs which includes violent warfare and the failing of the natural world.<a href="#cite_note-encylhomos1-23">[23]</a> Although not usually identified as a genre writer, <a href="/wiki/William_S._Burroughs" title="William S. Burroughs">William S. Burroughs</a> produced works with a surreal narrative that estranged the action from the ordinary world as science fiction and fantasy do. In 1959 he published <a href="/wiki/Naked_Lunch" title="Naked Lunch">Naked Lunch</a>, the first of many works such as <a href="/wiki/The_Nova_Trilogy" title="The Nova Trilogy">The Nova Trilogy</a> and <a href="/wiki/The_Wild_Boys_(novel)" title="The Wild Boys (novel)">The Wild Boys</a> in which he linked drug use and homosexuality as anti-authoritarian activities.<a href="#cite_note-glbtq1-6-2">[2]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="New_Wave_era_(1960–70s)">New Wave era (1960–70s)</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=LGBT_themes_in_speculative_fiction&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: New Wave era (1960–70s)">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1224211176">.mw-parser-output .quotebox{background-color:#F9F9F9;border:1px solid #aaa;box-sizing:border-box;padding:10px;font-size:88%;max-width:100%}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatleft{margin:.5em 1.4em .8em 0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatright{margin:.5em 0 .8em 1.4em}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.centered{overflow:hidden;position:relative;margin:.5em auto .8em auto}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatleft span,.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatright span{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .quotebox>blockquote{margin:0;padding:0;border-left:0;font-family:inherit;font-size:inherit}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-title{text-align:center;font-size:110%;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote>:first-child{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote:last-child>:last-child{margin-bottom:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:before{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" “ ";vertical-align:-45%;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:after{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" ” ";line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .left-aligned{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .right-aligned{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .center-aligned{text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .quote-title,.mw-parser-output .quotebox .quotebox-quote{display:block}.mw-parser-output .quotebox cite{display:block;font-style:normal}@media screen and (max-width:640px){.mw-parser-output .quotebox{width:100%!important;margin:0 0 .8em!important;float:none!important}}</style><div class="quotebox pullquote floatright" style="width:25%; ;"> <blockquote class="quotebox-quote left-aligned" style=""> <div style="text-align:left;">In a little more than a decade, from the late 1960s to 1980, the number of works which contained homosexuality in science fiction and fantasy more than doubled all that had come previously.</div> </blockquote> <cite class="left-aligned" style="">Eric Garber, Lyn Paleo, "Preface" in Uranian worlds.<a href="#cite_note-Uranian_worlds_viii-35">[35]</a></cite> </div> By the late 1960s, science fiction and fantasy began to reflect the changes prompted by the civil rights movement and the emergence of a counterculture.<a href="#cite_note-GLBTQ3-36">[36]</a> Within the genres, these changes were incorporated into a movement called "the <a href="/wiki/New_Wave_(science_fiction)" title="New Wave (science fiction)">New Wave</a>,"<a href="#cite_note-History-28">[28]</a> a movement more sceptical of technology, more liberated socially, and more interested in stylistic experimentation.<a href="#cite_note-GLBTQ3-36">[36]</a> New Wave writers were more likely to claim an interest in "inner space" instead of outer space. They were less shy about explicit sexuality and more sympathetic to reconsiderations of gender roles and the social status of sexual minorities. Under the influence of New Wave editors and authors such as <a href="/wiki/Michael_Moorcock" title="Michael Moorcock">Michael Moorcock</a> (editor of the influential <a href="/wiki/New_Worlds_(magazine)" title="New Worlds (magazine)">New Worlds</a>), sympathetic depictions of alternative sexuality and gender multiplied in science fiction and fantasy, becoming commonplace.<a href="#cite_note-EoSF4-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-GLBTQ3-36">[36]</a><a href="#cite_note-encylhomos2-37">[37]</a> The introduction of gay imagery has also been attributed to the influence of lesbian-feminist and gay liberation movements in the 1960s.<a href="#cite_note-UW_pg._x-38">[38]</a> In the 1970s, lesbians and gay men became a more visible presence in the SF community and as writers; notable gay authors included <a href="/wiki/Joanna_Russ" title="Joanna Russ">Joanna Russ</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thomas_M._Disch" title="Thomas M. Disch">Thomas M. Disch</a> and <a href="/wiki/Samuel_R._Delany" title="Samuel R. Delany">Samuel R. Delany</a>.<a href="#cite_note-39">[39]</a> <a href="/wiki/Feminist_SF" class="mw-redirect" title="Feminist SF">Feminist SF</a> authors imagined cultures in which homo- and bisexuality and a variety of gender models were the norm.<a href="#cite_note-EoSF4-3">[3]</a> <a href="/wiki/Joanna_Russ" title="Joanna Russ">Joanna Russ</a>'s <a href="/wiki/The_Female_Man" title="The Female Man">The Female Man</a> (1975) and the award-winning story "<a href="/wiki/When_It_Changed" title="When It Changed">When It Changed</a>", showing a female-only lesbian society that flourished without men, were enormously influential.<a href="#cite_note-UW_pg._x-38">[38]</a> Russ is largely responsible for introducing radical lesbian feminism into science fiction;<a href="#cite_note-UW_pg._118-40">[40]</a> she has stated that being openly lesbian was bad for her career and sales.<a href="#cite_note-SFC137-12">[12]</a> Similar themes are explored in <a href="/wiki/James_Tiptree_Jr." title="James Tiptree Jr.">James Tiptree Jr.</a>'s award-winning "<a href="/wiki/Houston,_Houston,_Do_You_Read%3F" title="Houston, Houston, Do You Read?">Houston, Houston, Do You Read?</a>"<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><a href="#endnote_Note1d">[d]</a>, which presents a female-only society after the extinction of men from disease. The society lacks stereotypically "male" problems such as war, but is stagnant. The women reproduce via cloning and consider men to be comical. Tiptree was a closeted bisexual woman writing secretly under a male pseudonym,<a href="#cite_note-41">[41]</a><a href="#cite_note-42">[42]</a> and explored the sexual impulse as her main theme.<a href="#cite_note-EoSF4-3">[3]</a> Other feminist utopias do not include lesbianism: <a href="/wiki/Ursula_K._Le_Guin" title="Ursula K. Le Guin">Ursula K. Le Guin</a>'s <a href="/wiki/The_Left_Hand_of_Darkness" title="The Left Hand of Darkness">The Left Hand of Darkness</a> (1969) depicts trans-<a href="/wiki/Species" title="Species">species</a> sexuality, in which individuals are neither "male" nor "female" but can have both male and female sexual organs and reproductive abilities, making them in some senses bisexual.<a href="#cite_note-EoSF4-3">[3]</a> In The Language of the Night, a collection of Le Guin's criticism, she admits to having "quite unnecessarily locked the Gethenians into heterosexuality ... the omission [of the homosexual option] implies that sexuality is heterosexuality. I regret this very much."<a href="#cite_note-43">[43]</a> Le Guin often explores alternative sexuality in her works,<a href="#cite_note-44">[44]</a> and has subsequently written many stories that examine the possibilities SF allows for non-traditional homosexuality,<a href="#cite_note-Garber1-45">[45]</a> such as the bisexual bonding between clones in "<a href="/wiki/Nine_Lives_(novelette)" title="Nine Lives (novelette)">Nine Lives</a>".<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><a href="#endnote_Note1e">[e]</a><a href="#cite_note-encylhomos2-37">[37]</a><a href="#cite_note-46">[46]</a> Sexual themes and fluid genders also figure in the works of <a href="/wiki/John_Varley_(author)" title="John Varley (author)">John Varley</a>, who came to prominence in the 1970s.<a href="#cite_note-EoSF4-3">[3]</a> Many of his stories contain mentions of same-sex love and gay and lesbian characters.<a href="#cite_note-47">[47]</a> In his "<a href="/wiki/Eight_Worlds" title="Eight Worlds">Eight Worlds</a>" suite of stories and novels, humanity has achieved the ability to change sex on a whim. Homophobia is shown to initially inhibit uptake of this technology, as in his story "Options", as it engenders drastic changes in relationships, with bisexuality eventually becoming the norm for society.<a href="#cite_note-48">[48]</a> His <a href="/wiki/Gaea_trilogy" title="Gaea trilogy">Gaea trilogy</a> features lesbian protagonists, and almost all the characters are to some degree bisexual.<a href="#cite_note-49">[49]</a> <a href="/wiki/Samuel_R._Delany" title="Samuel R. Delany">Samuel R. Delany</a> was one of the first openly gay science fiction authors;<a href="#cite_note-oxford-13">[13]</a><a href="#cite_note-50">[50]</a> in his earliest stories the gay sexual aspect appears as a "sensibility", rather than in overt sexual references. In some stories, such as <a href="/wiki/Babel-17" title="Babel-17">Babel-17</a> (1966), same-sex love and same-sex intercourse are clearly implied but are given a kind of protective colouration because the protagonist is a woman who is involved in a three-person marriage with two men. The affection all three characters share for each other is in the forefront, and sexual activity between or among them is not directly described. In <a href="/wiki/Dhalgren" title="Dhalgren">Dhalgren</a> (1975), his most famous science fiction novel, Delany peoples his large canvas with characters of a wide variety of sexualities.<a href="#cite_note-Dhalgrenrev-51">[51]</a> Once again, sexual activity is not the focus of the novel although there are some of the first explicitly described scenes of gay sex in SF and Delany depicts characters with a wide variety of motivations and behaviours.<a href="#cite_note-davidseed-52">[52]</a> Delany's <a href="/wiki/Nebula_Award_for_Best_Short_Story" title="Nebula Award for Best Short Story">Nebula</a>-winning short story "<a href="/wiki/Aye,_and_Gomorrah" title="Aye, and Gomorrah">Aye, and Gomorrah</a>" posits the development of neutered human astronauts and then depicts the people who become sexually oriented toward them. By imagining a new gender and resultant sexual orientation, the story allows readers to reflect on the real world while maintaining an estranging distance. Further award-winning stories featuring gay characters, such as "<a href="/wiki/Time_Considered_as_a_Helix_of_Semi-Precious_Stones" title="Time Considered as a Helix of Semi-Precious Stones">Time Considered as a Helix of Semi-Precious Stones</a>", were to follow, all collected in Delany's short story retrospective <a href="/wiki/Aye,_and_Gomorrah,_and_other_stories" class="mw-redirect" title="Aye, and Gomorrah, and other stories">Aye, and Gomorrah, and other stories</a>.<a href="#cite_note-encylhomos2-37">[37]</a> Delany faced censorship from book distribution companies for treatment of these topics.<a href="#cite_note-EoSF4-3">[3]</a> In later works, gay themes become increasingly central to Delany's works, attracting controversy,<a href="#cite_note-davidseed-52">[52]</a> and some blur the line between science fiction and gay pornography.<a href="#cite_note-madman-53">[53]</a> Delany's SF series <a href="/wiki/Return_to_Neveryon" class="mw-redirect" title="Return to Neveryon">Return to Neveryon</a> was the first novel from a major US publisher to deal with the impact of AIDS,<a href="#cite_note-54">[54]</a> and he later won the <a href="/w/index.php?title=William_Whitehead_Memorial_Award&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="William Whitehead Memorial Award (page does not exist)">William Whitehead Memorial Award</a> for lifetime achievement in gay and lesbian writing.<a href="#cite_note-davidseed-52">[52]</a> His most recent gay-themed novel is <a href="/wiki/Through_the_Valley_of_the_Nest_of_Spiders" title="Through the Valley of the Nest of Spiders">Through the Valley of the Nest of Spiders</a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1224211176"><div class="quotebox pullquote floatright" style="width:25%; ;"> <blockquote class="quotebox-quote left-aligned" style=""> <div style="text-align:left;">Reading over any large body of science fiction referring to gay men and women, one can't avoid seeing it as a system of stereotypes with a few more or less effective tries at a kind of fashionable liberalism</div> </blockquote> <cite class="left-aligned" style="">Samuel Delany, "Introduction" in Uranian worlds.<a href="#cite_note-UWxix-8">[8]</a></cite> </div> Other big name SF authors approached LGBT themes in individual works: In <a href="/wiki/Time_Enough_for_Love" title="Time Enough for Love">Time Enough for Love</a> (1973) by <a href="/wiki/Robert_A._Heinlein" title="Robert A. Heinlein">Robert A. Heinlein</a>, the main character argues strongly for the future liberty of homosexual sex, but sex for the purpose of procreation remains held as the ideal.<a href="#cite_note-EoSF4-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-Garber1-45">[45]</a> The female bisexuality in <a href="/wiki/Stranger_in_a_Strange_Land" title="Stranger in a Strange Land">Stranger in a Strange Land</a> (1961) has been described as mere titillation and male homosexuality in the same work was a "wrongness" deserving pity.<a href="#cite_note-55">[55]</a> Heinlein's use of sexuality is discussed in an essay entitled "The Embarrassments of Science Fiction" by SF writer <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Disch" class="mw-redirect" title="Thomas Disch">Thomas Disch</a>.<a href="#cite_note-56">[56]</a> Disch was publicly gay from 1968; this came out occasionally in his poetry and particularly in his novel <a href="/wiki/On_Wings_of_Song_(Disch_novel)" class="mw-redirect" title="On Wings of Song (Disch novel)">On Wings of Song</a> (1979). His other major SF novels also contained bisexual characters: in his <a href="/wiki/Mosaic_novel" title="Mosaic novel">mosaic novel</a> <a href="/wiki/334_(novel)" title="334 (novel)">334</a>, gay people are referred to as "republicans" in contrast to the straight "democrats". However, he did not try to write to a particular community: "I'm gay myself, but I don't write 'gay' literature."<a href="#cite_note-horwich-57">[57]</a> <a href="/wiki/Michael_Moorcock" title="Michael Moorcock">Michael Moorcock</a> was one of the first scifi authors to depict positive portrayals of homosexual, lesbian and bisexual relationships and sex in his novels. For example, in his 1965 novel, <a href="/wiki/The_Final_Programme" title="The Final Programme">The Final Programme</a>, most of the leading characters, including the central 'hero' Jerry Cornelius, engage in same sex relationships on multiple occasions and same sex relationships are depicted as entirely normal and without any moralising, negative consequences or gratuitous titillation, this is the case in the whole Jerry Cornelius series and in Moorcock's fiction generally (particularly in the Dancers at the End of Time series) sexuality is seen as polymorphic and fluid rather than based in fixed identities and gender roles. <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_A._Lynn" title="Elizabeth A. Lynn">Elizabeth Lynn</a> is an openly lesbian science fiction and fantasy writer who has written numerous works featuring positive gay protagonists.<a href="#cite_note-lynn-58">[58]</a> Her <a href="/wiki/Chronicles_of_Tornor" class="mw-redirect" title="Chronicles of Tornor">Chronicles of Tornor</a> novels (1979–80), the first of which won the World Fantasy Award, were among the first <a href="/wiki/Fantasy" title="Fantasy">fantasy</a> novels to have gay relationships as an unremarkable part of the cultural background, and included explicit and sympathetic depictions of same-sex love;<a href="#cite_note-59">[59]</a> the third novel is of particular lesbian interest.<a href="#cite_note-lynn-58">[58]</a> Her SF novel <a href="/w/index.php?title=A_Different_Light_(novel)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="A Different Light (novel) (page does not exist)">A Different Light</a> (1978) featured a same-sex relationship between two men,<a href="#cite_note-60">[60]</a> and inspired the name of the LGBT bookstore and chain "A Different Light".<a href="#cite_note-61">[61]</a><a href="#cite_note-62">[62]</a> The "magical lesbian tale" "The Woman Who Loved the Moon" also won a World Fantasy Award and is the title story in the Lynn's <a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Woman_Who_Loved_the_Moon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="The Woman Who Loved the Moon (page does not exist)">The Woman Who Loved the Moon</a>, a collection also containing other gay speculative fiction stories.<a href="#cite_note-lynn-58">[58]</a><a href="#cite_note-63">[63]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Modern_science_fiction">Modern science fiction</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=LGBT_themes_in_speculative_fiction&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Modern science fiction">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1224211176"><div class="quotebox pullquote floatright" style="width:30%; ;"> <blockquote class="quotebox-quote left-aligned" style=""> <div style="text-align:left;">Lesbians and gay men have become less alien in the world of SF in the last little while; we have, indeed, experienced a minor boom in the publishing of stories of 'alternative sexuality'. Despite this, we remain aliens within that world in many of the same ways that our characters are aliens within those stories.</div> </blockquote> <cite class="left-aligned" style="">Wendy Pearson, Science Fiction Studies.<a href="#cite_note-WPearson-64">[64]</a></cite> </div> After the pushing back of boundaries in the 1960s and 1970s, homosexuality gained much wider tolerance, and was often incorporated into otherwise conventional SF stories with little comment. This was helped by the growing number of openly gay or lesbian authors,<a href="#cite_note-encylhomos2-37">[37]</a> such as <a href="/wiki/David_Gerrold" title="David Gerrold">David Gerrold</a>, <a href="/wiki/Geoff_Ryman" title="Geoff Ryman">Geoff Ryman</a>,<a href="#cite_note-ryman1-17">[17]</a> <a href="/wiki/Nicola_Griffith" title="Nicola Griffith">Nicola Griffith</a> and <a href="/wiki/Melissa_Scott" title="Melissa Scott">Melissa Scott</a>,<a href="#cite_note-MSinterv-65">[65]</a> and transgender writers such as <a href="/wiki/Jessica_Amanda_Salmonson" title="Jessica Amanda Salmonson">Jessica Amanda Salmonson</a>,<a href="#cite_note-66">[66]</a> an author who chronicled the progress of her gender change in the pages of The Literary Magazine of Fantasy and Terror.<a href="#cite_note-67">[67]</a> In the 1980s, blatant homophobia was no longer considered acceptable to most readers.<a href="#cite_note-encylhomos2-37">[37]</a> However, depictions of unrealistic lesbians continue to propagate for the titillation of straight men in genre works.<a href="#cite_note-UW_pg._xxiii-68">[68]</a> In the 1990s, stories depicting alternative sexualities experienced a resurgence.<a href="#cite_note-WPearson-64">[64]</a> Uranian Worlds, by Eric Garber and Lyn Paleo, was compiled in 1983 and is an authoritative guide to science fiction literature featuring gay, lesbian, transgender, and related themes. The book covers science fiction literature published before 1990 (2nd edition, 1990), providing a short review and commentary on each piece.<a href="#cite_note-Uranian_worlds-69">[69]</a><a href="#cite_note-70">[70]</a> In <a href="/wiki/Lois_McMaster_Bujold" title="Lois McMaster Bujold">Lois McMaster Bujold</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Ethan_of_Athos" title="Ethan of Athos">Ethan of Athos</a> (1986), the titular "unlikely hero" is gay obstetrician Dr. Ethan Urquhart of the <a href="/wiki/Single-gender_world" title="Single-gender world">single-gender world</a> Athos, whose dangerous adventure alongside the first woman he has ever met presents both a future society where homosexuality is the norm and the lingering sexism and homophobia of our own world.<a href="#cite_note-Buffalo-71">[71]</a><a href="#cite_note-Tor_Walton-72">[72]</a><a href="#cite_note-SF_Site_Athos-73">[73]</a> <a href="/wiki/Cyberpunk" title="Cyberpunk">Cyberpunk</a>, a genre arising in the mid-1980s, has been seen as heteronormative and masculine to a large extent, although feminist and "<a href="/wiki/Queer_theory" title="Queer theory">queer</a>" interpretations are mooted by some critics.<a href="#cite_note-QU9-74">[74]</a><a href="#cite_note-QU121-75">[75]</a> <a href="/wiki/Melissa_Scott" title="Melissa Scott">Melissa Scott</a>, a lesbian writer, has written several cyberpunk works that prominently feature LGBT characters, including Lambda-award-winning <a href="/wiki/Trouble_and_Her_Friends" title="Trouble and Her Friends">Trouble and Her Friends</a> (1994) and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Shadow_Man_(book)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Shadow Man (book) (page does not exist)">Shadow Man</a> (1995), the latter having also been inducted into the <a href="/wiki/Gaylactic_Spectrum_Award_for_Best_Novel#Hall_of_Fame_novels" class="mw-redirect" title="Gaylactic Spectrum Award for Best Novel">Gaylactic Spectrum Hall of Fame</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Offic92-95-76">[76]</a><a href="#cite_note-offig03-77">[77]</a> Scott has reported that reviewers called some of these works "too gay" for mixing cyberpunk clichés with political themes.<a href="#cite_note-MSinterv-65">[65]</a> Many of Scott's other SF works also contain LGBT themes; she said that she chooses to write about gay themes using SF because these genres allow her to explore situations in which LGBT people are treated better or worse than in reality, and that it also gives an estranging distance for readers averse to such themes, who might otherwise feel accused of similar discriminatory practices as those in the books.<a href="#cite_note-MSinterv-65">[65]</a> A number of <a href="/wiki/List_of_gay_SF#Themed_anthologies" class="mw-redirect" title="List of gay SF">LGBT-themed anthologies</a> of speculative short fiction have been published since the 1980s, the first being the science fiction-themed Kindred Spirits (1984), edited by Jeffrey M. Elliot. These anthologies often focus on particular sexual identities, such as the New Exploits of Lesbians series with titles in the fantasy (Magical lesbians, Fairy-tale lesbians) and horror (Twilight lesbians) areas. Others are grouped around particular genres, such as the award-winning <a href="/wiki/Bending_the_Landscape" title="Bending the Landscape">Bending the Landscape</a> series edited by Nicola Griffith and Stephen Pagel, in which each of the three volumes focus upon <a href="/wiki/Bending_the_Landscape#Bending_the_Landscape:_Science_Fiction" title="Bending the Landscape">science fiction</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bending_the_Landscape#Bending_the_Landscape:_Fantasy" title="Bending the Landscape">fantasy</a> or <a href="/wiki/Bending_the_Landscape#Bending_the_Landscape:_Horror" title="Bending the Landscape">horror</a>; or the horror-oriented Queer Fear anthologies, edited by <a href="/wiki/Michael_Rowe" title="Michael Rowe">Michael Rowe</a>. Gay characters became common enough that <a href="/wiki/Diana_Wynne_Jones" title="Diana Wynne Jones">Diana Wynne Jones</a>' <a href="/wiki/The_Tough_Guide_to_Fantasyland" title="The Tough Guide to Fantasyland">The Tough Guide to Fantasyland</a> contains an entry on gay mages as a fantasy cliché.<a href="#cite_note-78">[78]</a> Such characters are found in <a href="/wiki/Mercedes_Lackey" title="Mercedes Lackey">Mercedes Lackey</a>'s works,<a href="#cite_note-Lackey-79">[79]</a> such as the Lambda award-winning <a href="/wiki/Mercedes_Lackey#The_Last_Herald_Mage" title="Mercedes Lackey">The Last Herald Mage trilogy</a> (1989), in which the protagonists are gay<a href="#cite_note-glbtq1-6-2">[2]</a> and have magical powers. Their relationships are an integral part of the story, which takes places in the <a href="/wiki/Fictional_country" title="Fictional country">fictional country</a> of <a href="/wiki/Valdemar_(fictional_country)" class="mw-redirect" title="Valdemar (fictional country)">Valdemar</a>. Much of the extended series provides non-heterosexual role-models for younger readers.<a href="#cite_note-80">[80]</a> <a href="/wiki/David_Gerrold" title="David Gerrold">David Gerrold</a> is an openly gay science fiction writer with a number of LGBT-themed works. <a href="/wiki/The_Man_Who_Folded_Himself" title="The Man Who Folded Himself">The Man Who Folded Himself</a> (1973) examines the narcissistic love of a time traveler who has gay orgies with alternate versions of himself, including female and lesbian versions.<a href="#cite_note-81">[81]</a> Gerrold's multi-award-winning Jumping Off the Planet (2000) is the first book in a young adult series, in which a father kidnaps his three sons and goes to the moon; one son is gay, and rejected from college as he is ineligible for a scholarship available to straight people who agree to have their sexual orientation changed to prevent overpopulation. Gerrold received a <a href="/wiki/Nebula_Award_for_Best_Novelette" title="Nebula Award for Best Novelette">Nebula Award</a> for a semi-autobiographical short story "<a href="/wiki/The_Martian_Child" title="The Martian Child">The Martian Child</a>" (1994), in which a gay man adopts a child. The story was later expanded to book length, and a <a href="/wiki/Martian_Child" title="Martian Child">feature film</a> was produced in which the protagonist was straight, causing criticism.<a href="#cite_note-82">[82]</a><a href="#cite_note-83">[83]</a><a href="#cite_note-84">[84]</a> <a href="/wiki/Geoff_Ryman" title="Geoff Ryman">Geoff Ryman</a> wrote several award-winning novels and short stories that prominently feature LGBT characters: The protagonist of <a href="/wiki/The_Child_Garden" title="The Child Garden">The Child Garden</a> (1989), an outsider because of her resistance to genetic manipulation and her lesbianism, enters into a relationship with a similarly outcast lesbian polar bear. <a href="/wiki/Lust_(Ryman_novel)" class="mw-redirect" title="Lust (Ryman novel)">Lust</a> (2001) follows a gay man who finds that his sexual fantasies are magically coming true. <a href="/wiki/Was_(novel)" title="Was (novel)">Was</a> (1992) includes a gay actor with AIDS and a mentally challenged abused child, linked by their connection to The Wizard of Oz <a href="/wiki/The_Wonderful_Wizard_of_Oz" title="The Wonderful Wizard of Oz">books</a> and <a href="/wiki/The_Wizard_of_Oz_(1939_film)" class="mw-redirect" title="The Wizard of Oz (1939 film)">film</a>.<a href="#cite_note-85">[85]</a> In a <a href="/wiki/Locus_(magazine)" title="Locus (magazine)">Locus</a> magazine interview Ryman claimed that the gay and SF genre markets are incompatible:<a href="#cite_note-ryman1-17">[17]</a><blockquote>In 1990, if you had asked me which was the worst thing to be labeled as, gay or an SF writer, I'd have said gay: kills you stone-dead in the market. Then Was came out.... They had it in the gay section of bookstores and they had stuff in gay magazines, but they didn't say SF — at which point I realized that being a science fiction writer is worse than being gay.</blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="21st_century">21st century</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=LGBT_themes_in_speculative_fiction&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: 21st century">edit</a>]</div> The beginning of the 21st century saw a continual growth of speculative LGBT fiction. Some examples are given below: <a href="/wiki/Larissa_Lai" title="Larissa Lai">Larissa Lai</a>'s novel Salt Fish Girl (2002) depicts lesbian relationships in the context of a dystopian corporate future. The novel features Asian-Canadian characters in these lesbian relationships, incorporating racial and ethnic identity into a queer understanding of speculative fiction. Salt Fish Girl engages queer ideas in regards to procreation and bodies, as characters are able to give birth without sperm by eating the <a href="/wiki/Durian" title="Durian">durian</a> fruit. It was shortlisted for the James Tiptree Jr. Award in 2002.<a href="#cite_note-86">[86]</a> <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Bear" title="Elizabeth Bear">Elizabeth Bear</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Carnival_(Bear_novel)" title="Carnival (Bear novel)">Carnival</a> (2006) revisits the <a href="/wiki/Trope_(literature)" title="Trope (literature)">trope</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Single-gender_world" title="Single-gender world">single-gender world</a>, as a pair of gay male ambassador-spies attempt to infiltrate and subvert the predominately lesbian civilization of New Amazonia, whose <a href="/wiki/Matriarchy" title="Matriarchy">matriarchal</a> rulers have all but enslaved their men.<a href="#cite_note-ion_Carnival-87">[87]</a><a href="#cite_note-SF_Site_Carnival-88">[88]</a> <a href="/wiki/Sarah_Hall_(writer)" title="Sarah Hall (writer)">Sarah Hall</a>'s dystopian novel The Carhullan Army (2007), published in the US under the title Daughters of the North, matter-of-factly features lesbians as primary characters. The novel won the 2007 John Llewellyn Rhys Prize<a href="#cite_note-89">[89]</a> and James Tiptree, Jr. Award,<a href="#cite_note-90">[90]</a> and was shortlisted for the 2008 <a href="/wiki/Arthur_C._Clarke_Award" title="Arthur C. Clarke Award">Arthur C. Clarke Award</a>.<a href="#cite_note-91">[91]</a> It is perhaps telling of the evolution of public perception of same-sex relationships that the relationships are unmentioned or only peripherally noted in reviews.<a href="#cite_note-92">[92]</a><a href="#cite_note-93">[93]</a><a href="#cite_note-94">[94]</a><a href="#cite_note-95">[95]</a><a href="#cite_note-96">[96]</a><a href="#cite_note-97">[97]</a><a href="#cite_note-98">[98]</a> <a href="/wiki/Rafael_Grugman" title="Rafael Grugman">Rafael Grugman</a>'s dystopian novel <a href="/wiki/Nontraditional_Love" title="Nontraditional Love">Nontraditional Love</a> (2008) describes an inverted world in which mixed-sex marriages are forbidden and conception occurs in test tubes. In lesbian families, one of the women carries the child while gay male couples turn to surrogate mothers to bring their children to term. The Netherlands is the only country where mixed-sex marriages are permitted. In this world intimacy between the opposite sexes is rejected, world history and the classics of world literature have been falsified in order to support the ideology of the homosexual world. The author paints a grotesque situation, but underlying this story is the idea that society should be tolerant and accepting and respect the right of every person to be themselves.<a href="#cite_note-99">[99]</a> Reviewing the field of lesbian romance speculative fiction in 2012, Liz Bourke concluded that it remained a niche subgenre of uneven quality, but mentioned <a href="/wiki/Jane_Fletcher_(writer)" title="Jane Fletcher (writer)">Jane Fletcher</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Chris_Anne_Wolfe&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Chris Anne Wolfe (page does not exist)">Chris Anne Wolfe</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Barbara_Ann_Wright&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Barbara Ann Wright (page does not exist)">Barbara Ann Wright</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sandra_Barret&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sandra Barret (page does not exist)">Sandra Barret</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ruth_Diaz&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ruth Diaz (page does not exist)">Ruth Diaz</a> as contributors of note.<a href="#cite_note-100">[100]</a> More recently in <a href="/wiki/Rick_Riordan" title="Rick Riordan">Rick Riordan</a>'s 2013 teen fantasy novel <a href="/wiki/The_House_of_Hades" title="The House of Hades">The House of Hades</a>, character <a href="/wiki/Nico_di_Angelo" class="mw-redirect" title="Nico di Angelo">Nico di Angelo</a> professes romantic feelings for protagonist <a href="/wiki/Percy_Jackson" title="Percy Jackson">Percy Jackson</a>. In terms of gender identity, <a href="/wiki/Kim_Stanley_Robinson" title="Kim Stanley Robinson">Kim Stanley Robinson</a>'s 2012 novel <a href="/wiki/2312_(novel)#World,_technology,_and_gender" title="2312 (novel)">2312</a> depicts a world of fluid gender, where "self-images for gender" include feminine, masculine, androgynous, gyandromorphous, hermaphrodite, ambisexual, bisexual, intersex, neuter, eunuch, nonsexual, undifferentiated, gay, lesbian, queer, invert, homosexual, polymorphous, poly, labile, berdache, hijra, and <a href="/wiki/Two-spirit" title="Two-spirit">two-spirit</a>. In 2013, Natasja Hellenthal's lesbian fantasy debut novel The Queen's Curse became an Amazon bestseller, and in her The Comyenti Series the main female character is bisexual and falls in love with a lesbian character. The comyentis are a supernatural/paranormal bisexual species. <a href="/wiki/Ellen_Kushner" title="Ellen Kushner">Ellen Kushner</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Mannerpunk" class="mw-redirect" title="Mannerpunk">mannerpunk</a> <a href="/wiki/Swordspoint" title="Swordspoint">Swordspoint</a> series of novels feature homosexual and bisexual protagonists in the 18th century fantasy world of Riverside. It spawned Swordspoint: Tremontaine, a thirteen-part "Fantasy of Manners" written by a variety of authors. The audiobooks of Swordspoint won the 2013 <a href="/wiki/Audie_Awards" title="Audie Awards">Audie Award</a> for Best Audio Drama,<a href="#cite_note-101">[101]</a> the Earphones Award from <a href="/wiki/AudioFile_Magazine" class="mw-redirect" title="AudioFile Magazine">AudioFile Magazine</a>,<a href="#cite_note-102">[102]</a> and the 2013 Communicator Award: Gold Award of Excellence (Audio).<a href="#cite_note-103">[103]</a> The Swordspoint sequel The Fall of the Kings, written with Kushner's wife <a href="/wiki/Delia_Sherman" title="Delia Sherman">Delia Sherman</a>, won the 2014 Wilbur Award.<a href="#cite_note-104">[104]</a> Within the realm of <a href="/wiki/Tie-in" title="Tie-in">tie-in</a> speculative fiction, there was also an increase in LGBT representation. In particular, from 2001 onwards there was a concerted effort to explore this in licensed <a href="/wiki/Star_Trek" title="Star Trek">Star Trek</a> literature.<a href="#cite_note-105">[105]</a> In the <a href="/wiki/Star_Trek:_Deep_Space_Nine_relaunch" class="mw-redirect" title="Star Trek: Deep Space Nine relaunch">Star Trek: Deep Space Nine relaunch</a>, the post-series novels following the end of the eponymous television series, a passing line in one series to a certain species, the <a href="/wiki/Andorian" title="Andorian">Andorians</a>, marrying in fours allowed the exploration of a quatri-gendered species, who partnered in broadly two 'male' and two 'female' species.<a href="#cite_note-106">[106]</a> <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Robinson_(actor)" title="Andrew Robinson (actor)">Andrew J. Robinson</a>'s Garak novel, <a href="/wiki/A_Stitch_in_Time_(Robinson_novel)" title="A Stitch in Time (Robinson novel)">A Stitch in Time</a>, suggested the <a href="/wiki/Omnisexuality" class="mw-redirect" title="Omnisexuality">omnisexuality</a> of his character, which was followed up in subsequent novels, in particular <a href="/wiki/Una_McCormack" title="Una McCormack">Una McCormack</a>'s 2014 novel, The Crimson Shadow.<a href="#cite_note-107">[107]</a> In the original series <a href="/wiki/Star_Trek:_Vanguard" title="Star Trek: Vanguard">Star Trek: Vanguard</a>, created by Marco Palmieri and <a href="/wiki/David_Alan_Mack" title="David Alan Mack">David Alan Mack</a>, two of the main characters were a lesbian <a href="/wiki/Vulcan_(Star_Trek)" title="Vulcan (Star Trek)">Vulcan</a> officer and a lesbian <a href="/wiki/Klingon" title="Klingon">Klingon</a> intelligence agent.<a href="#cite_note-108">[108]</a> <a href="/wiki/Sarah_Waters" title="Sarah Waters">Sarah Waters</a> is a Welsh author popular for lesbian romances in historical times, most often the <a href="/wiki/Victorian_Era" class="mw-redirect" title="Victorian Era">Victorian Era</a>. Popular works of hers include <a href="/wiki/Tipping_the_Velvet" title="Tipping the Velvet">Tipping the Velvet</a> (1998) and <a href="/wiki/Fingersmith_(novel)" title="Fingersmith (novel)">Fingersmith</a> (2002). <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Comics_and_manga">Comics and manga</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=LGBT_themes_in_speculative_fiction&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Comics and manga">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/LGBT_themes_in_comics" title="LGBT themes in comics">LGBT themes in comics</a></div> For much of the 20th century, gay relationships were discouraged from being shown in comics which were seen mainly as directed towards children. Until 1989, the <a href="/wiki/Comics_Code_Authority" title="Comics Code Authority">Comics Code Authority</a> (CCA), which imposed de facto censorship on comics sold through <a href="/wiki/News_stand" class="mw-redirect" title="News stand">news stands</a> in the United States, forbade any suggestion of homosexuality.<a href="#cite_note-109">[109]</a> Artists had to drop subtle hints while not stating directly a character's orientation.<a href="#cite_note-110">[110]</a> Overt gay and lesbian themes were first found in <a href="/wiki/Underground_comics" class="mw-redirect" title="Underground comics">underground</a> and <a href="/wiki/Alternative_comics" title="Alternative comics">alternative</a> titles which did not carry the CCA's seal of approval. The CCA came into being in response to <a href="/wiki/Fredric_Wertham" title="Fredric Wertham">Fredric Wertham</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Seduction_of_the_Innocent" title="Seduction of the Innocent">Seduction of the Innocent</a>, in which comic book creators were accused of attempting to negatively influence children with images of violence and sexuality, including subliminal homosexuality. Wertham claimed <a href="/wiki/Wonder_Woman" title="Wonder Woman">Wonder Woman</a>'s strength and independence made her a lesbian,<a href="#cite_note-111">[111]</a> and stated that "The <a href="/wiki/Batman" title="Batman">Batman</a> type of story may stimulate children to homosexual fantasies."<a href="#cite_note-Batman-112">[112]</a> In recent years the number of LGBT characters has increased greatly in mainstream superhero comics; however, LGBT characters continue to be relegated to supporting roles, and generate criticism for the treatment gay characters receive.<a href="#cite_note-113">[113]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Marvel">Marvel</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=LGBT_themes_in_speculative_fiction&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Marvel">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/Alpha_Flight" title="Alpha Flight">Alpha Flight</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Northstar_(Marvel_Comics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Northstar (Marvel Comics)">Northstar</a> was the first major gay character in the Marvel universe and remains the most famous gay character in mainstream comics. Created by <a href="/wiki/Marvel_Comics" title="Marvel Comics">Marvel Comics</a> in 1979 as a member of the original Alpha Flight superhero team, Northstar's sexual identity was hinted at early in his history, in 1983 in issues 7 and 8 of Alpha Flight, but not openly stated; his apparent lack of interest in women was chalked up to his obsessive drive to win as a ski champion.<a href="#cite_note-northstar-114">[114]</a><a href="#cite_note-rzero-115">[115]</a> The character was finally revealed to be gay in 1992's Alpha Flight issue 106 and his outing made national headlines.<a href="#cite_note-116">[116]</a> In 2002, <a href="/wiki/Marvel_Comics" title="Marvel Comics">Marvel Comics</a> revived <a href="/wiki/The_Rawhide_Kid" class="mw-redirect" title="The Rawhide Kid">The Rawhide Kid</a> in their <a href="/wiki/MAX_(comics)" class="mw-redirect" title="MAX (comics)">Marvel MAX</a> imprint,<a href="#cite_note-117">[117]</a> introducing the first openly gay comic book character to star in his own magazine.<a href="#cite_note-CNN_rawhide-118">[118]</a> The first edition of the Rawhide Kid's gay saga was called Slap Leather. According to a CNN.com article, the character's sexuality is conveyed indirectly, through euphemisms and puns, and the comic's style is <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/campy" class="extiw" title="wikt:campy">campy</a>.<a href="#cite_note-CNN_rawhide-118">[118]</a> Conservative groups quickly protested the gay take on the character and claimed that children would be corrupted by it, and the covers carried an "Adults only" label. Marvel's policy had stated that all series emphasizing solo gay characters must carry an "Adults only" label, in response to conservative protests. But in 2006, Marvel editor-in-chief <a href="/wiki/Joe_Quesada" title="Joe Quesada">Joe Quesada</a> claimed that this policy was no longer in force,<a href="#cite_note-washblade-119">[119]</a> and Marvel received <a href="/wiki/GLAAD" title="GLAAD">GLAAD</a>'s 2005 Best Comic Book Award for its superhero comic book <a href="/wiki/Young_Avengers" title="Young Avengers">Young Avengers</a>, which included gay characters but was published as a mainstream book with no warning label.<a href="#cite_note-washblade-119">[119]</a><a href="#cite_note-120">[120]</a> In 2012, despite protests, Marvel published an issue of <a href="/wiki/Astonishing_X-Men" title="Astonishing X-Men">Astonishing X-Men</a> in which Northstar married his partner, Kyle. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="DC">DC</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=LGBT_themes_in_speculative_fiction&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: DC">edit</a>]</div> DC often still draws criticism for its use of stereotypes for LGBT characters. <a href="/wiki/Firebrand_(DC_Comics)" title="Firebrand (DC Comics)">Firebrand</a>, a superhero debuting in 1941, is thought by some to be an early example, with his pink or transparent costume.<a href="#cite_note-firebrand-121">[121]</a> Writer Roy Thomas penned <a href="/wiki/Thought_balloon" class="mw-redirect" title="Thought balloon">thought balloons</a> that suggested Firebrand had been involved in a gay relationship with his sidekick and bodyguard Slugger Dunn,<a href="#cite_note-firebrand-121">[121]</a> although these hints never moved beyond <a href="/wiki/Subtext" title="Subtext">subtext</a>. A more modern example is the violent vigilante superhero <a href="/wiki/Midnighter" title="Midnighter">Midnighter</a>. The Batman-like Midnighter was shown as being in a relationship with the Superman-like Apollo during their time as members of the superhero team The Authority.<a href="#cite_note-Lendrum-122">[122]</a> Midnighter and <a href="/wiki/Apollo_(comics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Apollo (comics)">Apollo</a> are now married and have an adopted daughter – Midnighter has gone on to star in his own title. In 2006, <a href="/wiki/DC_Comics" title="DC Comics">DC Comics</a> could still draw widespread media attention by announcing a new, lesbian incarnation of the well-known character <a href="/wiki/Batwoman" title="Batwoman">Batwoman</a>,<a href="#cite_note-123">[123]</a><a href="#cite_note-124">[124]</a><a href="#cite_note-125">[125]</a> even though openly lesbian minor characters such as <a href="/wiki/Gotham_City" title="Gotham City">Gotham City</a> police officer <a href="/wiki/Renee_Montoya" title="Renee Montoya">Renee Montoya</a> already existed in the franchise.<a href="#cite_note-out-126">[126]</a><a href="#cite_note-127">[127]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Batbed.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/7/77/Batbed.png/220px-Batbed.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="188" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/7/77/Batbed.png 1.5x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="256" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Bruce_Wayne" class="mw-redirect" title="Bruce Wayne">Bruce Wayne</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dick_Grayson" title="Dick Grayson">Dick Grayson</a>. Panel from <a href="/wiki/Batman" title="Batman">Batman</a> No. 84 (June 1954), page 24.</figcaption></figure> In addition to true LGBT characters, there has been controversy over various homosexual interpretations of the most famous superhero comic book characters. <a href="/wiki/Batman" title="Batman">Batman</a>'s relationship with <a href="/wiki/Robin_(comics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Robin (comics)">Robin</a> has <a href="/wiki/Homosexuality_in_the_Batman_franchise" title="Homosexuality in the Batman franchise">famously</a> come under scrutiny, in spite of the majority of creators associated with the creator denying that the character is gay.<a href="#cite_note-128">[128]</a> Psychologist Fredric Wertham, who in Seduction of the Innocent asserted that "Batman stories are psychologically homosexual", claimed to find a "subtle atmosphere of homoeroticism which pervades the adventures of the mature 'Batman' and his young friend 'Robin'".<a href="#cite_note-Batman-112">[112]</a> It has also been claimed that Batman is interesting to gay audiences because "he was one of the first fictional characters to be attacked on the grounds of his presumed homosexuality," and "the 1960s TV series remains a touchstone of camp."<a href="#cite_note-129">[129]</a> <a href="/wiki/Frank_Miller_(comics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Frank Miller (comics)">Frank Miller</a> has described the relationship between Batman and <a href="/wiki/Joker_(character)" title="Joker (character)">the Joker</a> as a "homophobic nightmare";<a href="#cite_note-sharret-130">[130]</a> he views the character as sublimating his sexual urges into crime fighting.<a href="#cite_note-sharret-130">[130]</a> Some continue to play off the homosexual interpretations of Batman. One notable example occurred in 2000, when DC Comics refused to allow permission for the reprinting of four panels (from Batman #79, 92, 105 and 139) to illustrate Christopher York's paper All in the Family: Homophobia and Batman Comics in the 1950s.<a href="#cite_note-131">[131]</a> Another happened in the summer of 2005, when painter Mark Chamberlain displayed a number of watercolors depicting both Batman and Robin in suggestive and sexually explicit poses.<a href="#cite_note-132">[132]</a> DC threatened both artist and the Kathleen Cullen Fine Arts gallery with legal action if they did not cease selling the works and demanded all remaining art, as well as any profits derived from them.<a href="#cite_note-133">[133]</a> Many of DC's gay characters, such as Obsidian and Renee Montoya, were changed or essentially erased in <a href="/wiki/The_New_52" title="The New 52">The New 52</a> reboot of 2011. Meanwhile, others, such as <a href="/wiki/Kate_Kane" title="Kate Kane">Kate Kane</a>, were given far less attention than before the reboot. In 2012 DC announced that an "iconic" character would now be gay in the new DC universe. It was then revealed that <a href="/wiki/Alan_Scott" title="Alan Scott">Alan Scott</a>, the original <a href="/wiki/Green_Lantern" title="Green Lantern">Green Lantern</a>, was that character. This led to fan outcry because his status as "iconic" is debatable, and he does not actually exist in the mainstream DC universe. This also effectively meant that the already gay character, Obsidian, could not exist as he was Alan Scott's child. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Manga">Manga</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=LGBT_themes_in_speculative_fiction&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Manga">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/Yaoi" class="mw-redirect" title="Yaoi">Yaoi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Yuri_(genre)" title="Yuri (genre)">yuri</a> (also known as Boys' Love and Girls' Love, respectively) are Japanese genres which have homosexual romance themes, across a variety of media. Yaoi and yuri have spread beyond Japan: both translated and original yaoi and yuri is now available in many countries and languages. The characters of yaoi and yuri do not tend to self-identify as homosexual or bisexual.<a href="#cite_note-bonking-134">[134]</a><a href="#cite_note-Akibayaoi-135">[135]</a><a href="#cite_note-about-136">[136]</a> As with much manga and anime, SF and fantasy tropes and environments are common: For example, <a href="/wiki/Ai_no_Kusabi" title="Ai no Kusabi">Ai no Kusabi</a>, a 1980s yaoi <a href="/wiki/Light_novel" title="Light novel">light novel</a> series described as a "magnum opus" of the Boys Love genre,<a href="#cite_note-137">[137]</a> involves a science fictional caste system. <a href="/wiki/Simoun_(anime)" class="mw-redirect" title="Simoun (anime)">Simoun</a> has been described as being "a wonderful sci fi series"<a href="#cite_note-ANN_rev_V5-138">[138]</a> which does not have to rely on its yuri content to appeal to the audience.<a href="#cite_note-ANN_rev_V1-139">[139]</a> Yaoi has been criticised for stereotypical and homophobic portrayals of its characters,<a href="#cite_note-Yaoi_Debate-140">[140]</a><a href="#cite_note-Mori_Mari-141">[141]</a><a href="#cite_note-142">[142]</a><a href="#cite_note-girly_uke-143">[143]</a> and failing to address gay issues.<a href="#cite_note-Mori_Mari-141">[141]</a><a href="#cite_note-Korean_Fandom-144">[144]</a> <a href="/wiki/Homophobia" title="Homophobia">Homophobia</a>, when it is presented as an issue at all,<a href="#cite_note-Yowie-145">[145]</a> is used as a plot device to "heighten the drama",<a href="#cite_note-146">[146]</a> or to show the purity of the leads' love.<a href="#cite_note-Mori_Mari-141">[141]</a> <a href="/wiki/Rachel_Thorn" title="Rachel Thorn">Rachel Thorn</a> has suggested that as BL is a romance narrative, having strong political themes may be a "turn off" to the readers.<a href="#cite_note-out_of_hand-147">[147]</a> Critics state that the genre challenges heteronormativity via the "queer" <a href="/wiki/Bish%C5%8Dnen" title="Bishōnen">bishōnen</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Welker06-148">[148]</a><a href="#cite_note-149">[149]</a> There is also a style of manga called <a href="/wiki/Bara_(genre)" title="Bara (genre)">Bara</a>, which is typically written by gay men for a gay male adult audience. Bara often has more realistic themes than yaoi and is more likely to acknowledge homophobia and the taboo nature of homosexuality in Japan. While western commentators sometimes group bara and yaoi together, writers and fans consider them separate genres.<a href="#cite_note-Suchio_on_yaoi-150">[150]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Film_and_television">Film and television</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=LGBT_themes_in_speculative_fiction&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Film and television">edit</a>]</div> In general, speculative fiction on television and film has lagged behind literature in its portrayals of homosexuality.<a href="#cite_note-lesbmom1-151">[151]</a> Sexual relationships in major speculative fiction franchises have generally been depicted as heterosexual in nature. Inter-species and inter-ethnic relationships have been commonly depicted, while homosexual relationships and transgender characters are more rare. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Film">Film</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=LGBT_themes_in_speculative_fiction&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Film">edit</a>]</div> LGBT characters in films began to appear more regularly only in the 1980s.<a href="#cite_note-lesbmom1-151">[151]</a> Films in the late 1920s and early 1930s reflected the liberal attitudes of the day and could include <a href="/wiki/Sexual_innuendo" class="mw-redirect" title="Sexual innuendo">sexual innuendos</a> and references to homosexuality,<a href="#cite_note-152">[152]</a> but from the 1930s until 1968 the film industry in the US followed the <a href="/wiki/Production_Code" class="mw-redirect" title="Production Code">Production Code</a>. The code spelled out what was <a href="/wiki/Public_morality" title="Public morality">morally acceptable</a> for a public audience; references to sexual "perversions" such as homosexuality were forbidden.<a href="#cite_note-153">[153]</a><a href="#cite_note-154">[154]</a> Virtually all motion pictures produced in the United States adhered to the code,<a href="#cite_note-Doherty-155">[155]</a> and similar censorship was common in other countries, for example an early version of the first <a href="/wiki/Lesbian_vampire" title="Lesbian vampire">lesbian vampire</a> film <a href="/wiki/Dracula%27s_Daughter" title="Dracula's Daughter">Dracula's Daughter</a>,<a href="#cite_note-156">[156]</a> a film described by <a href="/wiki/Vito_Russo" title="Vito Russo">Vito Russo</a> in <a href="/wiki/The_Celluloid_Closet_(book)" title="The Celluloid Closet (book)">The Celluloid Closet</a> as presenting "homosexuality as a predatory weakness",<a href="#cite_note-157">[157]</a> was rejected by the <a href="/wiki/British_Board_of_Film_Censors" class="mw-redirect" title="British Board of Film Censors">British Board of Film Censors</a> in 1935, who said in part "...Dracula's Daughter would require half a dozen ... languages to adequately express its beastliness.".<a href="#cite_note-158">[158]</a> Horror author <a href="/wiki/Anne_Rice" title="Anne Rice">Anne Rice</a> has named Dracula's Daughter as a direct inspiration for her own <a href="/wiki/Homoerotic" class="mw-redirect" title="Homoerotic">homoerotic</a> vampire fiction,<a href="#cite_note-159">[159]</a> naming a bar in her novel <a href="/wiki/Queen_of_the_Damned" title="Queen of the Damned">Queen of the Damned</a> "Dracula's Daughter" in honor of the film.<a href="#cite_note-160">[160]</a> Films produced under such censorship could only introduce homosexuality as a disguised undercurrent, and still flirted with controversy in doing so, such as in the cult horror film <a href="/wiki/White_Zombie_(film)" title="White Zombie (film)">White Zombie</a>.<a href="#cite_note-161">[161]</a><a href="#cite_note-162">[162]</a> The less stringent rules of the post-Hayes film industry allowed sexuality to be more open, and cinema as a whole became more sexually explicit from the 1980s in particular,<a href="#cite_note-EoSF4-3">[3]</a> but aimed to purely to entertain rather than exploring underlying sexual dynamics. Much of the sex in speculative fiction film is merely intended to titillate;<a href="#cite_note-EoSF4-3">[3]</a> a review of fantasy films identified 10–15% as softcore pornography.<a href="#cite_note-163">[163]</a> but it remained rare to see gay characters in speculative fiction films. Horror films, that had sex as one of their major preoccupations, continued to be more leniently censored, due to the perception of being unserious and lightweight. Vampires in particular have been described as obvious erotic metaphors and as a result, numerous vampire films since the 1970s strongly imply or explicitly show lesbianism, following the inspiration of <a href="/wiki/Lesbian_vampire" title="Lesbian vampire">lesbian vampire</a> story <a href="/wiki/Carmilla" title="Carmilla">Carmilla</a>.<a href="#cite_note-DR-164">[164]</a> The prototypical Hollywood vampire, <a href="/wiki/Dracula" title="Dracula">Dracula</a>, was shown to be openly gay in the spoof film Does Dracula Suck? in 1969.<a href="#cite_note-DR-164">[164]</a> Gay genre films remain rare,<a href="#cite_note-165">[165]</a> and science fiction films' inclusion of gay characters continues to relegate them to supporting roles, such as the "stereotypical, limp-wristed, frantic homosexual" minor character played by <a href="/wiki/Harvey_Fierstein" title="Harvey Fierstein">Harvey Fierstein</a> in the 1996 blockbuster <a href="/wiki/Independence_Day_(1996_film)" title="Independence Day (1996 film)">Independence Day</a>,<a href="#cite_note-166">[166]</a> a film whose main theme has been described as being the anxiety surrounding male friendships and homosexual panic.<a href="#cite_note-167">[167]</a> It is also interesting to note that the film's director, <a href="/wiki/Roland_Emmerich" title="Roland Emmerich">Roland Emmerich</a>, is openly gay. Still there are some curious cases like <a href="/wiki/Cthulhu_(2007_film)" title="Cthulhu (2007 film)">Cthulhu</a> (2007) a horror/thriller film based on the works of <a href="/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft" title="H. P. Lovecraft">H. P. Lovecraft</a>, in which the main character is gay but his homosexuality is not the main aspect of the character, although it is important in the development of the character's psychology. The film is plagued with monsters and disturbing happenings. Also, in <a href="/wiki/V_for_Vendetta_(film)" title="V for Vendetta (film)">V for Vendetta</a> there are two secondary characters – one gay, one lesbian – shown as victims of the totalitarian <a href="/wiki/Dystopia" title="Dystopia">dystopia</a>. 2012 saw the light of <a href="/wiki/The_Wachowskis" title="The Wachowskis">the Wachowskis</a> + <a href="/wiki/Tom_Tykwer" title="Tom Tykwer">Tom Tykwer</a> blockbuster, <a href="/wiki/Cloud_Atlas_(film)" title="Cloud Atlas (film)">Cloud Atlas</a>, featuring in one of the six stories a couple of gay characters. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Television">Television</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=LGBT_themes_in_speculative_fiction&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Television">edit</a>]</div> LGBT characters began appearing on television with increasing frequency only in the 1990s.<a href="#cite_note-lesbmom1-151">[151]</a> The 1994 television science fiction show <a href="/wiki/Babylon_5" title="Babylon 5">Babylon 5</a> introduced a bisexual character, <a href="/wiki/Susan_Ivanova" title="Susan Ivanova">Susan Ivanova</a>, whose relationship with a fellow female telepath was revealed in season 2 (1995). <a href="/wiki/The_Advocate_(LGBT_magazine)" class="mw-redirect" title="The Advocate (LGBT magazine)">The Advocate</a> called this relationship out as the closest that the Star Trek franchise or any "Star Trek clone", as he called the show, had come to a "gay creature—much less a gay human being."<a href="#cite_note-advocate-b5-168">[168]</a> Babylon 5 continued to explore the state of same-sex relationships in the future with the introduction of a male-male marriage and subsequent honeymoon as cover for two of the main characters who were on a covert mission to a Mars colony in season 4.<a href="#cite_note-showtime-b5-169">[169]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Xena:_Warrior_Princess" title="Xena: Warrior Princess">Xena: Warrior Princess</a> fantasy television series introduced its main characters, <a href="/wiki/Xena" title="Xena">Xena</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gabrielle_(Xena)" class="mw-redirect" title="Gabrielle (Xena)">Gabrielle</a>, as close companions; fan speculation about lesbian overtones led to them becoming lesbian icons, although the lesbian content remained at the <a href="/wiki/Subtext" title="Subtext">subtext</a> level.<a href="#cite_note-170">[170]</a><a href="#cite_note-lesbmom3-171">[171]</a> The series has been cited as "trail-blazing" and breaking down barriers, allowing the production of subsequent programming such as <a href="/wiki/Buffy_the_Vampire_Slayer_(TV_series)" class="mw-redirect" title="Buffy the Vampire Slayer (TV series)">Buffy the Vampire Slayer</a>,<a href="#cite_note-172">[172]</a> which introduced a number of LGBT characters. The most famous is the major character, <a href="/wiki/Willow_Rosenberg" title="Willow Rosenberg">Willow</a> and her partners <a href="/wiki/Tara_Maclay" title="Tara Maclay">Tara</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kennedy_(Buffy_the_Vampire_Slayer)" title="Kennedy (Buffy the Vampire Slayer)">Kennedy</a>.<a href="#cite_note-173">[173]</a> Although praised for their "healthy relationship" and being the first lesbian relationship between major characters on prime-time television, others criticised the use of witchcraft as a metaphor for lesbian sex.<a href="#cite_note-warriorwomen104-174">[174]</a> Tara's death directly after reconciliatory sex with Willow caused an outcry among the LGBT community, who saw it as a "homophobic cliché".<a href="#cite_note-warriorwomen104-174">[174]</a> <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Wells" title="Andrew Wells">Andrew Wells</a>, a recurring villain and eventual ally, was strongly implied to be gay, although closeted.<a href="#cite_note-175">[175]</a> The series was influential on subsequent television speculative fiction, including Torchwood.<a href="#cite_note-buffy-176">[176]</a><a href="#cite_note-walker-177">[177]</a> The series won a number of LGBT themed awards,<a href="#cite_note-178">[178]</a> and was regarded as groundbreaking in its portrayal of gay youth.<a href="#cite_note-179">[179]</a><a href="#cite_note-180">[180]</a> <a href="/wiki/Torchwood" title="Torchwood">Torchwood</a> is a British science fiction drama television programme, part of the long-running <a href="/wiki/Doctor_Who" title="Doctor Who">Doctor Who</a> franchise, which began airing in 2006 on <a href="/wiki/BBC_Three" title="BBC Three">BBC Three</a>. The series explores <a href="/wiki/Themes_in_Torchwood" class="mw-redirect" title="Themes in Torchwood">several themes</a> in its narrative, in particular <a href="/wiki/LGBTQ" title="LGBTQ">LGBTQ</a> themes. Various characters are portrayed as sexually fluid; through those characters, the series examines homosexual and <a href="/wiki/Bisexuality" title="Bisexuality">bisexual</a> relationships. Although the nature of their sexual flexibility is not explicitly discussed, the characters offer varying perspectives on orientation,<a href="#cite_note-gay_times-181">[181]</a> Series creator <a href="/wiki/Russell_T_Davies" title="Russell T Davies">Russell T Davies</a> said that he hoped to defy audience expectations of <a href="/wiki/Monosexuality" title="Monosexuality">monosexual</a> characters: "Without making it political or dull, this is going to be a very bisexual programme. I want to knock down the barriers so we can't define which of the characters is gay. We need to start mixing things up, rather than thinking, 'This is a gay character and he'll only ever go off with men.'"<a href="#cite_note-gay_times-181">[181]</a> Davies has also described <a href="/wiki/Jack_Harkness" title="Jack Harkness">Jack Harkness</a> as <a href="/wiki/Omnisexual" class="mw-redirect" title="Omnisexual">omnisexual</a>: "He'll shag anything with a hole. Jack doesn't categorise people: if he fancies you, he'll do it with you."<a href="#cite_note-metro2-182">[182]</a> The inclusion of significant LGBT characters in modern speculative fiction television series has not been universal. For example, the <a href="/wiki/Star_Trek" title="Star Trek">Star Trek</a> franchise's <a href="/wiki/Sexuality_in_Star_Trek" title="Sexuality in Star Trek">lack of same-sex relationships</a> has long been a sore spot with LGBT fandom,<a href="#cite_note-WP2-7">[7]</a><a href="#cite_note-GLBCoST-183">[183]</a> some of whom have organised boycotts against the franchise to protest its failure to include LGBT characters. They also point out that <a href="/wiki/Gene_Roddenberry" title="Gene Roddenberry">Gene Roddenberry</a> had made statements in later life favourable to acceptance of homosexuality and the portrayal of same-sex relationships in Star Trek, but that the franchise's coverage has remained meagre.<a href="#cite_note-GLBCoST-183">[183]</a> Within the Star Trek <a href="/wiki/Canon_(fiction)" title="Canon (fiction)">canon</a>, there had been little LGBT representation until <a href="/wiki/Star_Trek:_Discovery" title="Star Trek: Discovery">Star Trek: Discovery</a> in 2017. The International Review of Science Fiction ran a feature entitled "Prisoners of Dogma and Prejudice: Why There Are no G/L/B/T Characters in Star Trek: Deep Space 9".<a href="#cite_note-184">[184]</a> However, <a href="/wiki/Gender_identity" title="Gender identity">gender identity</a> has occasionally been treated as an "issue" within the new Star Trek series, to be dealt with as a theme in individual episodes, such as the 1995 <a href="/wiki/Star_Trek:_Deep_Space_Nine" title="Star Trek: Deep Space Nine">Star Trek: Deep Space Nine</a> episode "<a href="/wiki/Rejoined" title="Rejoined">Rejoined</a>", which was the first episode of the show to feature a same-sex relationship and romantic same-sex kiss between women. Subsequently, the Star Trek franchise has portrayed a few same-sex kisses, but always in the context of either the evil "mirror universe" ("<a href="/wiki/The_Emperor%27s_New_Cloak" title="The Emperor's New Cloak">The Emperor's New Cloak</a>") or body possession ("<a href="/wiki/Warlord" title="Warlord">Warlord</a>" and others). In a 2000 Fandom interview, Star Trek screenwriter <a href="/wiki/Ronald_D._Moore" title="Ronald D. Moore">Ronald D. Moore</a> suggested that the reason why no gay characters existed in the television franchise was because someone wanted it that way, and no amount of support from fans, cast or crew was going to make any difference.<a href="#cite_note-185">[185]</a> In recent years, a few of the Star Trek novels and comics, which are officially licensed but not considered <a href="/wiki/Canon_(fiction)" title="Canon (fiction)">canon</a>, have featured serious direct same-sex relationships, including portraying a minor canon character as gay.<a href="#cite_note-186">[186]</a> In 2005 the television series <a href="/wiki/Dante%27s_Cove" title="Dante's Cove">Dante's Cove</a> premiered on the <a href="/wiki/Here!" class="mw-redirect" title="Here!">here!</a> cable station. The series included both gay and lesbian couples dealing with supernatural situations in the coastal town of the same name. The following year, <a href="/wiki/Syfy" title="Syfy">Syfy</a> premiered the series <a href="/wiki/Eureka_(2006_TV_series)" title="Eureka (2006 TV series)">Eureka</a>. The series spotlighted a fictional town in Oregon that consisted almost entirely of geniuses. This included the town's café owner Vincent, who also happened to be gay. <a href="/wiki/HBO" title="HBO">HBO</a> brought then new series <a href="/wiki/True_Blood" title="True Blood">True Blood</a> to the forefront of gay genre television, introducing a variety of omnisexual characters to the small screen in 2008 including: Lafayette Reynolds (played by <a href="/wiki/Nelsan_Ellis" title="Nelsan Ellis">Nelsan Ellis</a>), Jesus Velasquez (played by <a href="/wiki/Kevin_Alejandro" title="Kevin Alejandro">Kevin Alejandro</a>), Tara Thornton (played by <a href="/wiki/Rutina_Wesley" title="Rutina Wesley">Rutina Wesley</a>), Pam Swynford De Beaufort (played by <a href="/wiki/Kristin_Bauer_van_Straten" title="Kristin Bauer van Straten">Kristin Bauer van Straten</a>), Eddie Gauthier (played by <a href="/wiki/Stephen_Root" title="Stephen Root">Stephen Root</a>), Russell Edgington (played by <a href="/wiki/Denis_O%27Hare" title="Denis O'Hare">Denis O'Hare</a>), and Rev. Steve Newlin (played by <a href="/wiki/Michael_McMillian" title="Michael McMillian">Michael McMillian</a>). <a href="/wiki/Stargate_Universe" title="Stargate Universe">Stargate Universe</a> in 2009 became the first space-based science fiction show to feature an openly gay character in its primary cast, which was "Camille Wray" played by <a href="/wiki/Ming-Na" class="mw-redirect" title="Ming-Na">Ming-Na</a>. Wray was also the first gay character in the franchise and the first primary lesbian Asian-American character on primetime television.<a href="#cite_note-187">[187]</a><a href="#cite_note-188">[188]</a> Wray's storyline featured a committed long-term relationship with her Earth-bound partner Sharon (played by <a href="/wiki/Reiko_Aylesworth" title="Reiko Aylesworth">Reiko Aylesworth</a>), the lifelike portrayal of which was very positively received by the lesbian community and press. Stargate Universe was cancelled after a two-season run.<a href="#cite_note-189">[189]</a> In 2009 the series <a href="/wiki/Warehouse_13" title="Warehouse 13">Warehouse 13</a> premiered on the <a href="/wiki/Syfy" title="Syfy">Syfy</a> cable network. The series later introduced a character named Steve Jinks, played by actor <a href="/wiki/Aaron_Ashmore" title="Aaron Ashmore">Aaron Ashmore</a>, a gay government agent assigned to assist in the containment of bizarre artifacts. In 2010 a cable series prequel to <a href="/wiki/Battlestar_Galactica_(2004_TV_series)" title="Battlestar Galactica (2004 TV series)">Battlestar Galactica</a> was introduced titled <a href="/wiki/Caprica_(TV_series)" class="mw-redirect" title="Caprica (TV series)">Caprica</a>. The series highlighted a world in which same-sex marriage was common. One of the central characters named Sam Adama, played by <a href="/wiki/Sasha_Roiz" title="Sasha Roiz">Sasha Roiz</a>, had a husband named Larry, played by Julius Chapple. In 2011 the cable station Syfy premiered the series <a href="/wiki/Being_Human_(North_American_TV_series)" title="Being Human (North American TV series)">Being Human</a>, an Americanized version of the previously released British series of the same name. A lesbian character named Emily Levison, played by actress <a href="/wiki/Alison_Louder" title="Alison Louder">Alison Louder</a>, was introduced as the sister to one of the main characters. That same year the <a href="/wiki/FX_(TV_channel)" title="FX (TV channel)">FX</a> cable series <a href="/wiki/American_Horror_Story" title="American Horror Story">American Horror Story</a> highlighted gay ghost couple Chad Warwick and Patrick, played by <a href="/wiki/Zachary_Quinto" title="Zachary Quinto">Zachary Quinto</a> and <a href="/wiki/Teddy_Sears" title="Teddy Sears">Teddy Sears</a>. The <a href="/wiki/HBO" title="HBO">HBO</a> cable station premiered <a href="/wiki/Game_of_Thrones" title="Game of Thrones">Game of Thrones</a>, based on the book series of the same name. The series included gay couple Renly Baratheon and Loras Tyrell, played by actors <a href="/wiki/Gethin_Anthony" title="Gethin Anthony">Gethin Anthony</a> and <a href="/wiki/Finn_Jones" title="Finn Jones">Finn Jones</a>. <a href="/wiki/MTV" title="MTV">MTV</a> also premiered the cable series <a href="/wiki/Teen_Wolf_(2011_TV_series)" title="Teen Wolf (2011 TV series)">Teen Wolf</a> that same year. One of the characters depicted is an out gay high school <a href="/wiki/Lacrosse" title="Lacrosse">lacrosse</a> player named Danny Mahealani, played by <a href="/wiki/Keahu_Kahuanui" title="Keahu Kahuanui">Keahu Kahuanui</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Slash_fiction">Slash fiction</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=LGBT_themes_in_speculative_fiction&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Slash fiction">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Slash_fiction" title="Slash fiction">Slash fiction</a> and <a href="/wiki/Femslash" title="Femslash">Femslash</a></div> The platonic close male relationships in television and film science fiction have been reinterpreted by fans as <a href="/wiki/Slash_fiction" title="Slash fiction">slash fiction</a> – <a href="/wiki/Kirk/Spock" title="Kirk/Spock">Kirk/Spock</a> being the earliest example.<a href="#cite_note-190">[190]</a> Slash cannot be commercially distributed due to copyright, and until the 1990s was either undistributed or published in <a href="/wiki/Zine" title="Zine">zines</a>.<a href="#cite_note-EEL-191">[191]</a> With the advent of the internet, the slash fiction community of fans and writers began to cluster at sites such as <a href="/wiki/FanFiction.Net" title="FanFiction.Net">FanFiction.Net</a>,<a href="#cite_note-CHot20thcent798-192">[192]</a> and websites and fanzines dedicated to popular speculative fiction franchises such as <a href="/wiki/X-files" class="mw-redirect" title="X-files">X-files</a> and Star Trek have become common. The use of characters from major SF franchises in "gay readings" has caused legal action: LucasFilm has sent cease and desist orders to prevent gay reinterpretations of <a href="/wiki/Star_Wars" title="Star Wars">Star Wars</a> characters,<a href="#cite_note-193">[193]</a> and Anne Rice is notorious for attempts to stop production of slash fiction based on her <a href="/wiki/Vampire_Chronicles" class="mw-redirect" title="Vampire Chronicles">Vampire Chronicles</a> characters, although many of the characters are bisexual in <a href="/wiki/Canon_(fiction)" title="Canon (fiction)">canon</a>.<a href="#cite_note-CHot20thcent800-194">[194]</a> Slash fiction has been described as important to the LGBT community and the formation of queer identities, as it represents a resistance to the expectation of compulsory heterosexuality,<a href="#cite_note-195">[195]</a> but has also been noted as being unrepresentative of the gay community, being more a medium to express feminist dissatisfactions with SF.<a href="#cite_note-196">[196]</a> According to polls, most of slash fandom is made up of heterosexual women with a college degree.<a href="#cite_note-Kustritz-197">[197]</a> These demographics are older than the yaoi fans and they tend to be more easily disturbed about slash depicting underage sexuality,<a href="#cite_note-198">[198]</a> but this is becoming less true due to the popularity of <a href="/wiki/Harry_Potter" title="Harry Potter">Harry Potter</a>-inspired slash fiction.<a href="#cite_note-WorldofYaoi-199">[199]</a> <a href="/wiki/Femslash" title="Femslash">Femslash</a> is a subgenre of slash fiction which focuses on romantic and/or sexual relationships between female fictional characters,<a href="#cite_note-Lo-200">[200]</a> Typically, characters featured in femslash are heterosexual in the canon universe; however, similar fan fiction about lesbian characters are commonly labeled as femslash for convenience.<a href="#cite_note-201">[201]</a> There is less femslash than there is slash based on male couples – it has been suggested that heterosexual female slash authors generally do not write femslash,<a href="#cite_note-202">[202]</a> and that it is rare to find a fandom with two sufficiently engaging female characters.<a href="#cite_note-Lo-200">[200]</a> Janeway/Seven is the main Star Trek femslash pairing, as only they have "an on-screen relationship fraught with deep emotional connection and conflict".<a href="#cite_note-203">[203]</a> There is debate about whether fanfiction about canon lesbians such as Willow and Tara of Buffy the Vampire Slayer counts as "slash", their relationship storylines are more coy than heterosexual ones, which entices Willow/Tara femslash authors to fill in the gaps in the known relationship storyline.<a href="#cite_note-Lo-200">[200]</a> It is "relatively recently" that male writers have begun writing femslash.<a href="#cite_note-204">[204]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Reaction_of_the_speculative_fiction_community">Reaction of the speculative fiction community</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=LGBT_themes_in_speculative_fiction&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Reaction of the speculative fiction community">edit</a>]</div> There has been a long history of tolerance of LGBT people in SF fandom. The presence of gay members was noted by attendees of early conventions, but generally not discussed — the idea that gay or lesbian members would seek recognition within the SF community was "unthinkable," and an accusation in the 1940s by a fanzine editor that the Los Angeles Science Fiction Association was "full of gay members" caused a scandal in fan circles.<a href="#cite_note-SFC137-12">[12]</a><a href="#cite_note-SFC136-205">[205]</a> Prominent SF fan <a href="/wiki/Forrest_Ackerman" class="mw-redirect" title="Forrest Ackerman">Forrest Ackerman</a> is regarded as one of the first members of fandom to openly support the gay and lesbian movements. He was known for writing early lesbian fiction and aided in the publication of The Ladder, the journal of the recently formed lesbian group the <a href="/wiki/Daughters_of_Bilitis" title="Daughters of Bilitis">Daughters of Bilitis</a>.<a href="#cite_note-SFC136-205">[205]</a> He claims the group named him an honorary lesbian for his support, and to have pseudonymously written the earliest work of "lesbian SF" in 1947 in Vice Versa, the lesbian fanzine edited by <a href="/wiki/Lisa_Ben" title="Lisa Ben">Lisa Ben</a>.<a href="#cite_note-SFC136-205">[205]</a> As the number of works featuring LGBT characters increased, so did the visibility of LGBT fans. At least as early as the 1980 <a href="/wiki/Worldcon" title="Worldcon">Worldcon</a> (<a href="/wiki/38th_World_Science_Fiction_Convention" title="38th World Science Fiction Convention">Noreascon Two</a>), there were gatherings of gay and gay-friendly members of the SF community, including <a href="/wiki/Samuel_R._Delany" title="Samuel R. Delany">Samuel R. Delany</a>, <a href="/wiki/Marion_Zimmer_Bradley" title="Marion Zimmer Bradley">Marion Zimmer Bradley</a> and <a href="/wiki/Melissa_Scott_(writer)" class="mw-redirect" title="Melissa Scott (writer)">Melissa Scott</a>.<a href="#cite_note-SFC139-206">[206]</a> However, such meetings did not necessarily indicate whole-hearted acceptance within the fan community, and gay and lesbian fans were not regarded as a unified interest group. Informal gatherings at conferences and the attempted creation of a newsletter for LGBT fans drew little notice.<a href="#cite_note-SFC140-207">[207]</a> Networking between gay fans continued, finally coalescing at the 1986 Worldcon into a plan of action. This led to the first <a href="/wiki/Gaylaxicon" title="Gaylaxicon">Gaylaxicon</a> <a href="/wiki/Science_fiction_convention" title="Science fiction convention">science fiction convention</a> being held in 1988 and subsequently to the creation of the <a href="/wiki/Gaylactic_Network" title="Gaylactic Network">Gaylactic Network</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Gaylactic_Spectrum_Awards" title="Gaylactic Spectrum Awards">Gaylactic Spectrum Awards</a> by the <a href="/wiki/Science_fiction_fandom" title="Science fiction fandom">science fiction community</a>.<a href="#cite_note-SFC140-207">[207]</a><a href="#cite_note-208">[208]</a><a href="#cite_note-209">[209]</a><a href="#cite_note-210">[210]</a> Gay-themed discussions are now a staple at conventions such as <a href="/wiki/WisCon" class="mw-redirect" title="WisCon">WisCon</a>; for example, WisCon 30 featured a panel discussing "Why Women Write About Gay Men", and the 38th World Science Fiction Convention in Boston had a discussion panel entitled "The Closed Open Mind – Homophobia in Science Fiction and Fantasy Stories".<a href="#cite_note-UW_pg._xviii-33">[33]</a> Other SF authors, such as <a href="/wiki/Orson_Scott_Card" title="Orson Scott Card">Orson Scott Card</a>, have been criticised by the LGBT community for their works or opinions, which have been described as homophobic.<a href="#cite_note-211">[211]</a> Some lesbian science fiction is targeted specifically to a lesbian audience, rather than science fiction fans, and published by small feminist or <a href="/wiki/Lesbian_fiction" class="mw-redirect" title="Lesbian fiction">lesbian fiction</a> presses such as <a href="/wiki/Bella_Books" title="Bella Books">Bella Books</a>,<a href="#cite_note-212">[212]</a><a href="#cite_note-213">[213]</a> <a href="/wiki/Bold_Strokes_Books" title="Bold Strokes Books">Bold Strokes Books</a>,<a href="#cite_note-214">[214]</a> Ylva Publishing,<a href="#cite_note-215">[215]</a> <a href="/wiki/Regal_Crest_Enterprises" title="Regal Crest Enterprises">Regal Crest Enterprises</a>,<a href="#cite_note-216">[216]</a> Bedazzled Ink,<a href="#cite_note-217">[217]</a> Intaglio Publications,<a href="#cite_note-218">[218]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Spinsters_Ink" title="Spinsters Ink">Spinsters Ink</a>.<a href="#cite_note-219">[219]</a> A notable author writing science fiction published by lesbian presses is <a href="/wiki/Katherine_V._Forrest" title="Katherine V. Forrest">Katherine V. Forrest</a>.<a href="#cite_note-220">[220]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="LGBT_speculative_fiction_awards">LGBT speculative fiction awards</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=LGBT_themes_in_speculative_fiction&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: LGBT speculative fiction awards">edit</a>]</div> A number of awards exist that recognise works at the intersection of LGBT and speculative fiction:<a href="#cite_note-221">[221]</a> <ul><li>The <a href="/wiki/Gaylactic_Spectrum_Awards" title="Gaylactic Spectrum Awards">Gaylactic Spectrum Awards</a> honour works in science fiction, fantasy and horror which include positive explorations of gay, lesbian, bisexual or transgender characters, themes, or issues. The awards were instituted in 1999 and are given for best <a href="/wiki/List_of_Gaylactic_Spectrum_Award_winners_and_nominees_for_best_novel" title="List of Gaylactic Spectrum Award winners and nominees for best novel">novel</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_Gaylactic_Spectrum_Award_winners_and_nominees_for_best_short_fiction" title="List of Gaylactic Spectrum Award winners and nominees for best short fiction">short fiction</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_Gaylactic_Spectrum_Award_winners_and_nominees_for_best_other_work" title="List of Gaylactic Spectrum Award winners and nominees for best other work">other works</a> of the previous year. Works produced before the awards' inception are eligible for entry into the <a href="/wiki/Gaylactic_Spectrum_Award_Hall_of_Fame_inductees_and_nominees" class="mw-redirect" title="Gaylactic Spectrum Award Hall of Fame inductees and nominees">Hall of Fame</a>.<a href="#cite_note-222">[222]</a></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Lambda_Literary_Award" class="mw-redirect" title="Lambda Literary Award">Lambda Literary Awards</a> include <a href="/wiki/Lambda_Literary_Awards_winners_and_nominees_for_science_fiction,_fantasy_and_horror" class="mw-redirect" title="Lambda Literary Awards winners and nominees for science fiction, fantasy and horror">awards for science fiction, fantasy and horror</a>. The awards were first presented in 1989, with separate categories for speculative fiction for lesbians and gay men. In 1993 these categories were merged and the combined award has undergone several name changes since then. Although the awards are given based on the quality of the writing and the LGBT themes, the author's sexual orientation is also a factor.<a href="#cite_note-223">[223]</a></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Otherwise_Award" title="Otherwise Award">Otherwise Award</a> (formerly the James Tiptree, Jr. Award) honours works of science fiction or fantasy that expand or explore one's understanding of gender.<a href="#cite_note-224">[224]</a> Thus, it often goes to works which deal directly or tangentially with gay, lesbian, bisexual or transgender issues.<a href="#cite_note-225">[225]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golden_Crown_Literary_Society" title="Golden Crown Literary Society">Golden Crown Literary Society</a> Awards (or "Goldies") are given to works containing lesbian themes or depictions of lesbian characters. Awards are given in numerous categories, including speculative fiction (or "SciFi/Fantasy/Horror") and <a href="/wiki/Paranormal_romance" title="Paranormal romance">paranormal romance</a>.<a href="#cite_note-226">[226]</a><a href="#cite_note-227">[227]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=LGBT_themes_in_speculative_fiction&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1259569809">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><a href="/wiki/File:Dragon-149393.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Dragon-149393.svg/27px-Dragon-149393.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Dragon-149393.svg/41px-Dragon-149393.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Dragon-149393.svg/54px-Dragon-149393.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="529" /></a><a href="/wiki/Portal:Speculative_fiction" title="Portal:Speculative fiction">Speculative fiction portal</a></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Nuvola_LGBT_flag.svg/28px-Nuvola_LGBT_flag.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Nuvola_LGBT_flag.svg/42px-Nuvola_LGBT_flag.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Nuvola_LGBT_flag.svg/56px-Nuvola_LGBT_flag.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /><a href="/wiki/Portal:LGBTQ" title="Portal:LGBTQ">LGBTQ portal</a></li></ul> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sex_and_sexuality_in_speculative_fiction" title="Sex and sexuality in speculative fiction">Sex and sexuality in speculative fiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_in_speculative_fiction" title="Gender in speculative fiction">Gender in speculative fiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_literature" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT literature">LGBT literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_LGBT-themed_speculative_fiction" title="List of LGBT-themed speculative fiction">List of LGBT-themed speculative fiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_LGBT_figures_in_mythology" class="mw-redirect" title="List of LGBT figures in mythology">List of LGBT figures in mythology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Single-gender_worlds" class="mw-redirect" title="Single-gender worlds">Single-gender worlds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_themes_in_Western_animation" title="LGBTQ themes in Western animation">LGBTQ themes in Western animation</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Footnotes">Footnotes</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=LGBT_themes_in_speculative_fiction&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Footnotes">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><a href="#ref_Note1a">a</a> SF is used throughout as an abbreviation for speculative fiction, for convenience. Science fiction and slash fiction are written in full when referred to specifically. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><a href="#ref_Note1b">b</a> Collected in <a href="/wiki/In_a_Glass_Darkly" title="In a Glass Darkly">In a Glass Darkly</a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><a href="#ref_Note1c">c</a> Collected in <a href="/w/index.php?title=A_Saucer_of_Loneliness_(collection)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="A Saucer of Loneliness (collection) (page does not exist)">A Saucer of Loneliness</a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><a href="#ref_Note1d">d</a> Collected in <a href="/wiki/Her_Smoke_Rose_Up_Forever" title="Her Smoke Rose Up Forever">Her Smoke Rose Up Forever</a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><a href="#ref_Note1e">e</a> Collected in <a href="/wiki/The_Wind%27s_Twelve_Quarters" title="The Wind's Twelve Quarters">The Wind's Twelve Quarters</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=LGBT_themes_in_speculative_fiction&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <dl><dt>Citations</dt></dl> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-oxfordresearch-1"><a href="#cite_ref-oxfordresearch_1-0">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFOziewicz2017" class="citation journal cs1">Oziewicz, Marek (March 29, 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://oxfordre.com/literature/view/10.1093/acrefore/9780190201098.001.0001/acrefore-9780190201098-e-78">"Speculative Fiction"</a>. Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Literature. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Facrefore%2F9780190201098.013.78">10.1093/acrefore/9780190201098.013.78</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780190201098" title="Special:BookSources/9780190201098"><bdi>9780190201098</bdi></a>. Retrieved June 29, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Oxford+Research+Encyclopedia+of+Literature&rft.atitle=Speculative+Fiction&rft.date=2017-03-29&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Facrefore%2F9780190201098.013.78&rft.isbn=9780190201098&rft.aulast=Oziewicz&rft.aufirst=Marek&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Foxfordre.com%2Fliterature%2Fview%2F10.1093%2Facrefore%2F9780190201098.001.0001%2Facrefore-9780190201098-e-78&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALGBT+themes+in+speculative+fiction" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-glbtq1-6-2">^ <a href="#cite_ref-glbtq1-6_2-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-glbtq1-6_2-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-glbtq1-6_2-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-glbtq1-6_2-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-glbtq1-6_2-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-glbtq1-6_2-5">f</a> Marchesani, pp.1–6 </li> <li id="cite_note-EoSF4-3">^ <a href="#cite_ref-EoSF4_3-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-EoSF4_3-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-EoSF4_3-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-EoSF4_3-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-EoSF4_3-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-EoSF4_3-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-EoSF4_3-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-EoSF4_3-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-EoSF4_3-8">i</a> <a href="#cite_ref-EoSF4_3-9">j</a> <a href="#cite_ref-EoSF4_3-10">k</a> <a href="#cite_ref-EoSF4_3-11">l</a> <a href="#cite_ref-EoSF4_3-12">m</a> <a href="#cite_ref-EoSF4_3-13">n</a> <a href="#cite_ref-EoSF4_3-14">o</a> <a href="#cite_ref-EoSF4_3-15">p</a> <a href="#cite_ref-EoSF4_3-16">q</a> <a href="#cite_ref-EoSF4_3-17">r</a> <a href="#cite_ref-EoSF4_3-18">s</a> <a href="#cite_ref-EoSF4_3-19">t</a> <a href="#cite_ref-EoSF4_3-20">u</a> <a href="#cite_ref-EoSF4_3-21">v</a> Clute & Nicholls, p. 1088 "Sex" </li> <li id="cite_note-EoF-4"><a href="#cite_ref-EoF_4-0">^</a> Clute & Grant, "Sex" p. 354 </li> <li id="cite_note-UWx-5"><a href="#cite_ref-UWx_5-0">^</a> Garber & Paleo, p. x "Preface" </li> <li id="cite_note-Suvin_cog_estrangment-6"><a href="#cite_ref-Suvin_cog_estrangment_6-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDarko_Suvin1979" class="citation book cs1">Darko Suvin (1979). Metamorphoses of Science Fiction. Yale University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-300-02375-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-300-02375-6"><bdi>978-0-300-02375-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Metamorphoses+of+Science+Fiction&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=1979&rft.isbn=978-0-300-02375-6&rft.au=Darko+Suvin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALGBT+themes+in+speculative+fiction" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-WP2-7">^ <a href="#cite_ref-WP2_7-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-WP2_7-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPearson" class="citation journal cs1">Pearson, Wendy. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.depauw.edu/sfs/backissues/77/pearson77.htm">"Alien Cryptographies: The View from Queer"</a>. Science Fiction Studies (#77, Volume 26, Part 1, March 1999). Retrieved October 7, 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Science+Fiction+Studies&rft.atitle=Alien+Cryptographies%3A+The+View+from+Queer&rft.issue=%2377%2C+Volume+26%2C+Part+1%2C+March+1999&rft.aulast=Pearson&rft.aufirst=Wendy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.depauw.edu%2Fsfs%2Fbackissues%2F77%2Fpearson77.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALGBT+themes+in+speculative+fiction" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-UWxix-8">^ <a href="#cite_ref-UWxix_8-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-UWxix_8-1">b</a> Garber & Lyn Paleo, p. xix "Introduction" by <a href="/wiki/Samuel_R._Delany" title="Samuel R. Delany">Samuel R. Delany</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-UWxi-9"><a href="#cite_ref-UWxi_9-0">^</a> Garber & Lyn Paleo, p. xi "Preface" </li> <li id="cite_note-Farah_Mendlesohn_Eds_p._153-10">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Farah_Mendlesohn_Eds_p._153_10-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Farah_Mendlesohn_Eds_p._153_10-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPearson2003" class="citation book cs1">Pearson, Wendy (November 20, 2003). "Science Fiction and Queer Theory". In James, Edward; Mendlesohn, Farah (eds.). The Cambridge Companion to Science Fiction. Cambridge University Press. p. 153. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-01657-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-01657-6"><bdi>0-521-01657-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Science+Fiction+and+Queer+Theory&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+Companion+to+Science+Fiction&rft.pages=153&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2003-11-20&rft.isbn=0-521-01657-6&rft.aulast=Pearson&rft.aufirst=Wendy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALGBT+themes+in+speculative+fiction" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPearson2003" class="citation book cs1">Pearson, Wendy (November 20, 2003). "Science Fiction and Queer Theory". In James, Edward; Mendlesohn, Farah (eds.). The Cambridge Companion to Science Fiction. Cambridge University Press. p. 150. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-01657-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-01657-6"><bdi>0-521-01657-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Science+Fiction+and+Queer+Theory&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+Companion+to+Science+Fiction&rft.pages=150&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2003-11-20&rft.isbn=0-521-01657-6&rft.aulast=Pearson&rft.aufirst=Wendy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALGBT+themes+in+speculative+fiction" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-SFC137-12">^ <a href="#cite_ref-SFC137_12-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-SFC137_12-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-SFC137_12-2">c</a> Bacon-Smith, p.137 </li> <li id="cite_note-oxford-13">^ <a href="#cite_ref-oxford_13-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-oxford_13-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmith2007" class="citation journal cs1">Smith, Stephanie A. (June 4, 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://muse.jhu.edu/pub/8/article/215828">"A Most Ambiguous Citizen: Samuel R. "Chip" Delany"</a>. American Literary History. 19 (2). Oxford Journals: 557–570. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Falh%2Fajm016">10.1093/alh/ajm016</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1468-4365">1468-4365</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Literary+History&rft.atitle=A+Most+Ambiguous+Citizen%3A+Samuel+R.+%22Chip%22+Delany&rft.volume=19&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=557-570&rft.date=2007-06-04&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Falh%2Fajm016&rft.issn=1468-4365&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=Stephanie+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmuse.jhu.edu%2Fpub%2F8%2Farticle%2F215828&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALGBT+themes+in+speculative+fiction" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a> Samuel R. Delany, Shorter Views, p.286 </li> <li id="cite_note-SFC135-15">^ <a href="#cite_ref-SFC135_15-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-SFC135_15-1">b</a> Bacon-Smith, p.135 </li> <li id="cite_note-Bending_landscape_SF-16"><a href="#cite_ref-Bending_landscape_SF_16-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNicola_GriffithStephen_Pagel1998" class="citation book cs1">Nicola Griffith; Stephen Pagel (1998). Bending the Landscape. Original Gay and Lesbian Writing: Science Fiction. Overlook Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87951-856-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-87951-856-1"><bdi>978-0-87951-856-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bending+the+Landscape.+Original+Gay+and+Lesbian+Writing%3A+Science+Fiction&rft.pub=Overlook+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0-87951-856-1&rft.au=Nicola+Griffith&rft.au=Stephen+Pagel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALGBT+themes+in+speculative+fiction" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-ryman1-17">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ryman1_17-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ryman1_17-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ryman1_17-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.locusmag.com/2006/Issues/01Ryman.html">"Geoff Ryman: The Mundane Fantastic"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Locus_(magazine)" title="Locus (magazine)">Locus</a>. January 2006.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Locus&rft.atitle=Geoff+Ryman%3A+The+Mundane+Fantastic&rft.date=2006-01&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.locusmag.com%2F2006%2FIssues%2F01Ryman.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALGBT+themes+in+speculative+fiction" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSeed2005" class="citation book cs1">Seed, David, ed. (September 12, 2005). "Science Fiction and Postmodernism". A Companion to Science Fiction. Wiley. p. 245. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-4051-1218-2" title="Special:BookSources/1-4051-1218-2"><bdi>1-4051-1218-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Science+Fiction+and+Postmodernism&rft.btitle=A+Companion+to+Science+Fiction&rft.pages=245&rft.pub=Wiley&rft.date=2005-09-12&rft.isbn=1-4051-1218-2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALGBT+themes+in+speculative+fiction" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStableford2006" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Brian_Stableford" title="Brian Stableford">Stableford, Brian</a> (2006). "Sex". <a href="/wiki/Science_Fact_and_Science_Fiction:_An_Encyclopedia" title="Science Fact and Science Fiction: An Encyclopedia">Science Fact and Science Fiction: An Encyclopedia</a>. Taylor & Francis. p. 479. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-97460-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-97460-8"><bdi>978-0-415-97460-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Sex&rft.btitle=Science+Fact+and+Science+Fiction%3A+An+Encyclopedia&rft.pages=479&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-415-97460-8&rft.aulast=Stableford&rft.aufirst=Brian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALGBT+themes+in+speculative+fiction" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Fredericks,_S.C.-20"><a href="#cite_ref-Fredericks,_S.C._20-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFredericks,_S.C." class="citation journal cs1">Fredericks, S.C. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.depauw.edu/sfs/backissues/8/fredericks8art.htm">"Lucian's True History as SF"</a>. Science Fiction Studies. 3 (1 (March 1976): 49–60.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Science+Fiction+Studies&rft.atitle=Lucian%27s+True+History+as+SF&rft.volume=3&rft.issue=1+%28March+1976&rft.pages=49-60&rft.au=Fredericks%2C+S.C.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.depauw.edu%2Fsfs%2Fbackissues%2F8%2Ffredericks8art.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALGBT+themes+in+speculative+fiction" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a> Gunn, James E. denotes True History as "Proto-Science Fiction", p.249 </li> <li id="cite_note-First_gay_pope-22"><a href="#cite_ref-First_gay_pope_22-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLynne_Yamaguchi_Fletcher1992" class="citation book cs1">Lynne Yamaguchi Fletcher (1992). The First Gay Pope and other records. Alyson Publications. p. 95. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-55583-206-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-55583-206-3"><bdi>978-1-55583-206-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+First+Gay+Pope+and+other+records&rft.pages=95&rft.pub=Alyson+Publications&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=978-1-55583-206-3&rft.au=Lynne+Yamaguchi+Fletcher&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALGBT+themes+in+speculative+fiction" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-encylhomos1-23">^ <a href="#cite_ref-encylhomos1_23-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-encylhomos1_23-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-encylhomos1_23-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-encylhomos1_23-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-encylhomos1_23-4">e</a> Dynes, Johansson, Percy & Donaldson, Pg. 752, "Science Fiction" </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a> Pearson, Hollinger & Gordon, Queer Universes: Sexualities in Science Fiction, Liverpool UP, 2008, p. 2 </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a> Garber & Paleo, "Carmilla" p. 76 </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a> Garber & Paleo, "The Picture of Dorian Gray" p. 148 </li> <li id="cite_note-io9-27"><a href="#cite_ref-io9_27-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNevins2011" class="citation news cs1">Nevins, Jess (October 7, 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://io9.com/5847805/the-first-lesbian-science-fiction-novel-published-in-1906">"The First Lesbian Science Fiction Novel, Published in 1906"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Io9" title="Io9">io9</a>. Retrieved October 8, 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=io9&rft.atitle=The+First+Lesbian+Science+Fiction+Novel%2C+Published+in+1906&rft.date=2011-10-07&rft.aulast=Nevins&rft.aufirst=Jess&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fio9.com%2F5847805%2Fthe-first-lesbian-science-fiction-novel-published-in-1906&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALGBT+themes+in+speculative+fiction" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-History-28">^ <a href="#cite_ref-History_28-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-History_28-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-History_28-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoberts2006" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Adam_Roberts_(British_writer)" title="Adam Roberts (British writer)">Roberts, Adam</a> (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/historyofscience0000robe">The History of Science Fiction</a>. New York: Palgrave Macmillan. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/historyofscience0000robe/page/195">195</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-333-97022-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-333-97022-5"><bdi>0-333-97022-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+History+of+Science+Fiction&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=195&rft.pub=Palgrave+Macmillan&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=0-333-97022-5&rft.aulast=Roberts&rft.aufirst=Adam&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhistoryofscience0000robe&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALGBT+themes+in+speculative+fiction" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a> Garber & Paleo, "Odd John" p. 127 </li> <li id="cite_note-UW_pg._xxii-30"><a href="#cite_ref-UW_pg._xxii_30-0">^</a> Joanna Russ, Introduction to Uranian Worlds: A Guide to Alternative Sexuality in Science Fiction, Fantasy, and Horror, p xxii, Ed. Eric Garber, Lyn Paleo G K Hall: 1983 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8161-1832-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8161-1832-8">978-0-8161-1832-8</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDick_Jenssen" class="citation web cs1">Dick Jenssen. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090217073942/http://www.spacedoutinc.org/DU-16/WorldWellLost.html">"Ruminations on The World Well Lost"</a>. Spacedoutinc.org. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.spacedoutinc.org/DU-16/WorldWellLost.html">the original</a> on February 17, 2009. Retrieved November 25, 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Ruminations+on+The+World+Well+Lost&rft.pub=Spacedoutinc.org&rft.au=Dick+Jenssen&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.spacedoutinc.org%2FDU-16%2FWorldWellLost.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALGBT+themes+in+speculative+fiction" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-UW_pg._130-32"><a href="#cite_ref-UW_pg._130_32-0">^</a> Eric Garber, Lyn Paleo Uranian Worlds: A Guide to Alternative Sexuality in Science Fiction, Fantasy, and Horror, p 130, G K Hall: 1983 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8161-1832-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8161-1832-8">978-0-8161-1832-8</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-UW_pg._xviii-33">^ <a href="#cite_ref-UW_pg._xviii_33-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-UW_pg._xviii_33-1">b</a> Samuel R. Delany, Introduction to Uranian Worlds: A Guide to Alternative Sexuality in Science Fiction, Fantasy, and Horror, p xviii, Ed. Eric Garber, Lyn Paleo G K Hall: 1983 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8161-1832-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8161-1832-8">978-0-8161-1832-8</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a> Pearson, Hollinger & Gordon, p. 56 </li> <li id="cite_note-Uranian_worlds_viii-35"><a href="#cite_ref-Uranian_worlds_viii_35-0">^</a> Eric Garber, Lyn Paleo Uranian Worlds: A Guide to Alternative Sexuality in Science Fiction, Fantasy, and Horror, "Preface" p. viii G K Hall: 1983 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8161-8573-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-8161-8573-5">0-8161-8573-5</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-GLBTQ3-36">^ <a href="#cite_ref-GLBTQ3_36-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-GLBTQ3_36-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-GLBTQ3_36-2">c</a> Marchesani, p. 3 </li> <li id="cite_note-encylhomos2-37">^ <a href="#cite_ref-encylhomos2_37-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-encylhomos2_37-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-encylhomos2_37-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-encylhomos2_37-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-encylhomos2_37-4">e</a> Dynes, Johansson, Percy & Donaldson, p. 752, "Science Fiction" </li> <li id="cite_note-UW_pg._x-38">^ <a href="#cite_ref-UW_pg._x_38-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-UW_pg._x_38-1">b</a> Eric Garber, Lyn Paleo Uranian Worlds: A Guide to Alternative Sexuality in Science Fiction, Fantasy, and Horror, "Preface" p. x G K Hall: 1983 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8161-8573-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-8161-8573-5">0-8161-8573-5</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a> Justine Larbalestier Ed., Daughters of Earth: Feminist Science Fiction in the Twentieth Century, "Simians, Cyborgs and Women", Joan Haran, p. 245 </li> <li id="cite_note-UW_pg._118-40"><a href="#cite_ref-UW_pg._118_40-0">^</a> Eric Garber, Lyn Paleo Uranian Worlds: A Guide to Alternative Sexuality in Science Fiction, Fantasy, and Horror, "Joanna Russ", p. 118, G K Hall: 1983 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8161-1832-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8161-1832-8">978-0-8161-1832-8</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a> Alice Sheldon was <a href="/wiki/Bisexual" class="mw-redirect" title="Bisexual">bisexual</a>. "I like some men a lot, but from the start, before I knew anything, it was always girls and women who lit me up." Julie Phillips, James Tiptree, Jr.: The Double Life of Alice B. Sheldon, St. Martin's Press </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20080804044336/http://www.houstonvoice.com/2006/9-2/arts/books/books.cfm">"None"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.houstonvoice.com/2006/9-2/arts/books/books.cfm">the original</a> on August 4, 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=None&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.houstonvoice.com%2F2006%2F9-2%2Farts%2Fbooks%2Fbooks.cfm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALGBT+themes+in+speculative+fiction" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090224053710/http://www.glbtq.com/literature/leguin_u.html">"Glbtq literature: Le Guin, Ursula K"</a>. Glbtq.com. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.glbtq.com/literature/leguin_u.html">the original</a> on February 24, 2009. Retrieved November 25, 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Glbtq+literature%3A+Le+Guin%2C+Ursula+K&rft.pub=Glbtq.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.glbtq.com%2Fliterature%2Fleguin_u.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALGBT+themes+in+speculative+fiction" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a> Garber & Paleo, "Ursula K Le Guin: Biographical note" p. 78 </li> <li id="cite_note-Garber1-45">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Garber1_45-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Garber1_45-1">b</a> Garber & Paleo, "Time Enough for Love" p. 61 </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a> Garber & Paleo, "Nine Lives" p. 77 </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a> Garber & Paleo, "John Verley: Biographical note" p. 140 </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a> Garber & Paleo, "Options" p. 139 </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a> Garber & Paleo, "Titan" p. 140 </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFM._Keith_Booker2005" class="citation book cs1">M. Keith Booker (2005). "Science Fiction". Encyclopedia of Literature and Politics: Censorship, Revolution, and Writing. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 639. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-313-33568-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-313-33568-0"><bdi>0-313-33568-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Science+Fiction&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Literature+and+Politics%3A+Censorship%2C+Revolution%2C+and+Writing&rft.pages=639&rft.pub=Greenwood+Publishing+Group&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=0-313-33568-0&rft.au=M.+Keith+Booker&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALGBT+themes+in+speculative+fiction" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Dhalgrenrev-51"><a href="#cite_ref-Dhalgrenrev_51-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSoyko2002" class="citation web cs1">Soyko, David (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sfsite.com/02b/dh122.htm">""Dhalgren", on-line review"</a>. SFSite.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%22Dhalgren%22%2C+on-line+review&rft.pub=SFSite&rft.date=2002&rft.aulast=Soyko&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sfsite.com%2F02b%2Fdh122.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALGBT+themes+in+speculative+fiction" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-davidseed-52">^ <a href="#cite_ref-davidseed_52-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-davidseed_52-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-davidseed_52-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSeed2005" class="citation book cs1">Seed, David, ed. (September 12, 2005). "Samuel Delany". A Companion to Science Fiction. Wiley. pp. 399–404. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-4051-1218-2" title="Special:BookSources/1-4051-1218-2"><bdi>1-4051-1218-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Samuel+Delany&rft.btitle=A+Companion+to+Science+Fiction&rft.pages=399-404&rft.pub=Wiley&rft.date=2005-09-12&rft.isbn=1-4051-1218-2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALGBT+themes+in+speculative+fiction" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-madman-53"><a href="#cite_ref-madman_53-0">^</a> Delany describes The Mad Man, for example, as a "pornotopic fantasy".<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDelany1994" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Samuel_R._Delany" title="Samuel R. Delany">Delany, Samuel R.</a> (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/madman00dela/page/">The Mad Man, "Disclaimer"</a>. Masquerade Books. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/madman00dela/page/">xiii</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-56333-193-4" title="Special:BookSources/1-56333-193-4"><bdi>1-56333-193-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Mad+Man%2C+%22Disclaimer%22&rft.pages=xiii&rft.pub=Masquerade+Books&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=1-56333-193-4&rft.aulast=Delany&rft.aufirst=Samuel+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmadman00dela%2Fpage%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALGBT+themes+in+speculative+fiction" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a> Gaétan Brulotte & John Phillips,Encyclopedia of Erotic Literature, p.324, CRC Press, 2006, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-57958-441-1" title="Special:BookSources/1-57958-441-1">1-57958-441-1</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a> Garber & Paleo, "Stranger in a Strange Land" p. 61 </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a> Peter Nicholls, Science Fiction at Large, "Thomas Disch", "The Embarrassments of Science Fiction", Harper & Row: 1976 ISBN </li> <li id="cite_note-horwich-57"><a href="#cite_ref-horwich_57-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHorwich2001" class="citation news cs1">Horwich, David (July 30, 2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071103191237/http://www.strangehorizons.com/2001/20010730/interview.shtml">"Interview: Thomas M. Disch"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Strange_Horizons" title="Strange Horizons">Strange Horizons</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.strangehorizons.com/2001/20010730/interview.shtml">the original</a> on November 3, 2007. Retrieved November 4, 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Strange+Horizons&rft.atitle=Interview%3A+Thomas+M.+Disch&rft.date=2001-07-30&rft.aulast=Horwich&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.strangehorizons.com%2F2001%2F20010730%2Finterview.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALGBT+themes+in+speculative+fiction" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-lynn-58">^ <a href="#cite_ref-lynn_58-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-lynn_58-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-lynn_58-2">c</a> Garber & Paleo, "Elizabeth A. Lynn: Biographical note" p. 84 </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a> Garber & Paleo, "A different light" p. 83 </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a> Garber & Paleo, "<a href="/wiki/The_Dancers_of_Arun" title="The Dancers of Arun">The Dancers of Arun</a>" p. 83 </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fantasticfiction.co.uk/l/elizabeth-a-lynn/">"Elizabeth A Lynn"</a>. Fantasticfiction.co.uk. Retrieved October 9, 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Elizabeth+A+Lynn&rft.pub=Fantasticfiction.co.uk&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fantasticfiction.co.uk%2Fl%2Felizabeth-a-lynn%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALGBT+themes+in+speculative+fiction" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.locusmag.com/1997/Issues/10/Lynn.html">"Locus: Elizabeth A. Lynn interview"</a>. Locusmag.com. Retrieved October 9, 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Locus%3A+Elizabeth+A.+Lynn+interview&rft.pub=Locusmag.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.locusmag.com%2F1997%2FIssues%2F10%2FLynn.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALGBT+themes+in+speculative+fiction" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a> Garber & Paleo, "The Woman Who Loved the Moon", "The Man Who Was Pregnant", "Jubilees's Story" "The White King's Dream" p. 83 </li> <li id="cite_note-WPearson-64">^ <a href="#cite_ref-WPearson_64-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-WPearson_64-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPearson1999" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Pearson, Wendy (March 1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081004111316/http://www.depauw.edu/SFs/backissues/77/pearson-rev77.htm">"Identifying the Alien: Science Fiction meets its Other"</a>. Science Fiction Studies. 26, Part 1 (77): 49–53. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/4240751">4240751</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.depauw.edu/SFs/backissues/77/pearson-rev77.htm">the original</a> on October 4, 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Science+Fiction+Studies&rft.atitle=Identifying+the+Alien%3A+Science+Fiction+meets+its+Other&rft.volume=26%2C+Part+1&rft.issue=77&rft.pages=49-53&rft.date=1999-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F4240751%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Pearson&rft.aufirst=Wendy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.depauw.edu%2FSFs%2Fbackissues%2F77%2Fpearson-rev77.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALGBT+themes+in+speculative+fiction" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-MSinterv-65">^ <a href="#cite_ref-MSinterv_65-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-MSinterv_65-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-MSinterv_65-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.locusmag.com/1999/Issues/01/Scott.html">"Melissa Scott: Of Masks & Metaphors"</a>. Locus Online. Locus Publications. 1999. Retrieved November 18, 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Locus+Online&rft.atitle=Melissa+Scott%3A+Of+Masks+%26+Metaphors&rft.date=1999&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.locusmag.com%2F1999%2FIssues%2F01%2FScott.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALGBT+themes+in+speculative+fiction" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a> Thomas M. Disch, The Dreams Our Stuff is Made Of: How Science Fiction Conquered the World, Simon and Schuster, 2000, page 134. </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a> John Clute and John Grant, "Salmonson, Jessica Amanda," The Encyclopedia of Fantasy, Macmillan 1997, p. 832; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-312-19869-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-312-19869-8">0-312-19869-8</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-UW_pg._xxiii-68"><a href="#cite_ref-UW_pg._xxiii_68-0">^</a> Joanna Russ, Introduction to Uranian Worlds: A Guide to Alternative Sexuality in Science Fiction, Fantasy, and Horror, p xxiii, Ed. Eric Garber, Lyn Paleo G K Hall: 1983 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8161-1832-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8161-1832-8">978-0-8161-1832-8</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-Uranian_worlds-69"><a href="#cite_ref-Uranian_worlds_69-0">^</a> Eric Garber, Lyn Paleo Uranian Worlds: A Guide to Alternative Sexuality in Science Fiction, Fantasy, and Horror, 2nd Edition, G K Hall: 1990 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8161-1832-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8161-1832-8">978-0-8161-1832-8</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a> Pearson, Hollinger & Groden, p.7 </li> <li id="cite_note-Buffalo-71"><a href="#cite_ref-Buffalo_71-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140908021256/http://www.buffalolib.org/vufind/Record/1170198/Reviews">"Reviews: Ethan of Athos"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Buffalo_%26_Erie_County_Public_Library" title="Buffalo & Erie County Public Library">Buffalo & Erie County Public Library</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.buffalolib.org/vufind/Record/1170198/Reviews">the original</a> on September 8, 2014. Retrieved September 7, 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Reviews%3A+Ethan+of+Athos&rft.pub=Buffalo+%26+Erie+County+Public+Library&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.buffalolib.org%2Fvufind%2FRecord%2F1170198%2FReviews&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALGBT+themes+in+speculative+fiction" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Tor_Walton-72"><a href="#cite_ref-Tor_Walton_72-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWalton2009" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Jo_Walton" title="Jo Walton">Walton, Jo</a> (April 2, 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tor.com/blogs/2009/04/quest-for-ovaries-lois-mcmaster-bujolds-ethan-of-athos">"Quest for Ovaries: Lois McMaster Bujold's Ethan of Athos"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Tor.com" class="mw-redirect" title="Tor.com">Tor.com</a>. Retrieved September 7, 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Tor.com&rft.atitle=Quest+for+Ovaries%3A+Lois+McMaster+Bujold%27s+Ethan+of+Athos&rft.date=2009-04-02&rft.aulast=Walton&rft.aufirst=Jo&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.tor.com%2Fblogs%2F2009%2F04%2Fquest-for-ovaries-lois-mcmaster-bujolds-ethan-of-athos&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALGBT+themes+in+speculative+fiction" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-SF_Site_Athos-73"><a href="#cite_ref-SF_Site_Athos_73-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGerlach2011" class="citation web cs1">Gerlach, Nicki (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sfsite.com/01a/ea335.htm">"The SF Site Featured Review: Ethan of Athos"</a>. <a href="/wiki/SF_Site" title="SF Site">SF Site</a>. Retrieved September 7, 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=SF+Site&rft.atitle=The+SF+Site+Featured+Review%3A+Ethan+of+Athos&rft.date=2011&rft.aulast=Gerlach&rft.aufirst=Nicki&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sfsite.com%2F01a%2Fea335.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALGBT+themes+in+speculative+fiction" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-QU9-74"><a href="#cite_ref-QU9_74-0">^</a> Pearson, Hollinger & Gordon, p. 9 </li> <li id="cite_note-QU121-75"><a href="#cite_ref-QU121_75-0">^</a> Pearson, Hollinger & Gordon, p. 121 </li> <li id="cite_note-Offic92-95-76"><a href="#cite_ref-Offic92-95_76-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080419023644/http://www.lambdaliterary.org/awards/previous_winners/paw_1992_1995.html">"Previous Lammy Award winner 1992–95"</a>. Lambda Literary Foundation. 2003–2007. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lambdaliterary.org/awards/previous_winners/paw_1992_1995.html">the original</a> on April 19, 2008. Retrieved November 13, 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Lambda+Literary+Foundation&rft.atitle=Previous+Lammy+Award+winner+1992%E2%80%9395&rft.date=2003%2F2007&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.lambdaliterary.org%2Fawards%2Fprevious_winners%2Fpaw_1992_1995.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALGBT+themes+in+speculative+fiction" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-offig03-77"><a href="#cite_ref-offig03_77-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20030811080612/http://www.spectrumawards.org/2003.htm">"2003 Gaylactic Spectrum Awards"</a>. Gaylactic Spectrum Award Foundation. 2008. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.spectrumawards.org/2003.htm">the original</a> on August 11, 2003. Retrieved November 13, 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Gaylactic+Spectrum+Award+Foundation&rft.atitle=2003+Gaylactic+Spectrum+Awards&rft.date=2008&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.spectrumawards.org%2F2003.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALGBT+themes+in+speculative+fiction" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDiana_Wynne_Jones1998" class="citation book cs1">Diana Wynne Jones (December 1, 1998). The Tough Guide To Fantasyland. DAW. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-88677-832-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-88677-832-3"><bdi>978-0-88677-832-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Tough+Guide+To+Fantasyland&rft.pub=DAW&rft.date=1998-12-01&rft.isbn=978-0-88677-832-3&rft.au=Diana+Wynne+Jones&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALGBT+themes+in+speculative+fiction" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lackey-79"><a href="#cite_ref-Lackey_79-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLackey2005" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Mercedes_Lackey" title="Mercedes Lackey">Lackey, Mercedes</a> (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/index2.php?download=1&url=http://www.mercedeslackey.com/am_valdemar.html#federation=archive.wikiwix.com&tab=url">"Ask Misty Archive – Valdemar"</a>. The World of Mercedes Lackey. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mercedeslackey.com/am_valdemar.html">the original</a> on September 19, 2011. Retrieved May 30, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+World+of+Mercedes+Lackey&rft.atitle=Ask+Misty+Archive+%E2%80%93+Valdemar&rft.date=2005&rft.aulast=Lackey&rft.aufirst=Mercedes&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mercedeslackey.com%2Fam_valdemar.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALGBT+themes+in+speculative+fiction" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a> Clute & Grant, "Mercedes (Ritchie) Lackey", p. 554 </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKuhn2000" class="citation book cs1">Kuhn, Annette (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/alienzonecultura0000unse/page/120">Cultural Theory and Contemporary Science Fiction Cinema</a>. Verso. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/alienzonecultura0000unse/page/120">120</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-86091-993-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-86091-993-3"><bdi>978-0-86091-993-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cultural+Theory+and+Contemporary+Science+Fiction+Cinema&rft.pages=120&rft.pub=Verso&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-86091-993-3&rft.aulast=Kuhn&rft.aufirst=Annette&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Falienzonecultura0000unse%2Fpage%2F120&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALGBT+themes+in+speculative+fiction" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071027154112/http://web.mac.com/jontolins/Toll_House/Toll_House_Blog/Entries/2007/5/8_Why_the_Martian_Child%E2%80%99s_Daddy_Isn%E2%80%99t_Gay.html">"Why the Martian Child's Daddy Isn't Gay"</a>. May 8, 2007. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://web.mac.com/jontolins/Toll_House/Toll_House_Blog/Entries/2007/5/8_Why_the_Martian_Child%E2%80%99s_Daddy_Isn%E2%80%99t_Gay.html">the original</a> on October 27, 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Why+the+Martian+Child%27s+Daddy+Isn%27t+Gay&rft.date=2007-05-08&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fweb.mac.com%2Fjontolins%2FToll_House%2FToll_House_Blog%2FEntries%2F2007%2F5%2F8_Why_the_Martian_Child%25E2%2580%2599s_Daddy_Isn%25E2%2580%2599t_Gay.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALGBT+themes+in+speculative+fiction" class="Z3988"> blog entry from co-producer of Martian Child feature film </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrian_Juergens" class="citation web cs1">Brian Juergens. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071108214428/http://www.afterelton.com/blog/brianjuergens/the-martian-child-whered-the-gay-go">"The Martian Child: where'd the gay go?"</a>. 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Fanning the Flames: Fans and Consumer Culture in Contemporary Japan. <a href="/wiki/SUNY_Press" title="SUNY Press">SUNY Press</a>. p. 175. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780791460320" title="Special:BookSources/9780791460320"><bdi>9780791460320</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Girls+And+Women+Getting+Out+Of+Hand%3A+The+Pleasure+And+Politics+Of+Japan%27s+Amateur+Comics+Community&rft.btitle=Fanning+the+Flames%3A+Fans+and+Consumer+Culture+in+Contemporary+Japan&rft.pages=175&rft.pub=SUNY+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=9780791460320&rft.aulast=Thorn&rft.aufirst=Rachel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALGBT+themes+in+speculative+fiction" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Welker06-148"><a href="#cite_ref-Welker06_148-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWelker2006" class="citation journal cs1">Welker, James (2006). 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Signs: Journal of Women in Culture and Society. 31 (3): 841–870. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F498987">10.1086/498987</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:144888475">144888475</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Signs%3A+Journal+of+Women+in+Culture+and+Society&rft.atitle=Beautiful%2C+Borrowed%2C+and+Bent%3A+%27Boys%27+Love%27+as+Girls%27+Love+in+Sh%C3%B4jo+Manga&rft.volume=31&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=841-870&rft.date=2006&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1086%2F498987&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A144888475%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Welker&rft.aufirst=James&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALGBT+themes+in+speculative+fiction" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-149"><a href="#cite_ref-149">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWood2006" class="citation journal cs1">Wood, Andrea (Spring 2006). 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Retrieved November 25, 2008. <q>Beginning in the '70s in books, the '80s in movies and the '90s on TV, lesbian and bisexual characters and delightfully queer moments have appeared with increasing frequency.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=AfterEllen.com&rft.atitle=Top+Lesbian+SciFi+Moments&rft.date=2007&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.afterellen.com%2FTV%2F2007%2F10%2Ftopscifimoments&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALGBT+themes+in+speculative+fiction" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-152"><a href="#cite_ref-152">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLaSalle,_Mick2002" class="citation book cs1">LaSalle, Mick (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/dangerousmenprec00lasa">Dangerous Men: Pre-Code Hollywood and the Birth of the Modern Man</a> (1st ed.). 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Artsreformation.com. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.artsreformation.com/a001/hays-code.html">the original</a> on February 22, 2011. Retrieved November 25, 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Motion+Picture+Production+Code+of+1930+%28Hays+Code%29&rft.pub=Artsreformation.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.artsreformation.com%2Fa001%2Fhays-code.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALGBT+themes+in+speculative+fiction" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-154"><a href="#cite_ref-154">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://productioncode.dhwritings.com/container.php">"The Production Code of the Motion Picture Industry (1930–1967)"</a>. 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Monsters and Mad Scientists: A Cultural History of the Horror Movie. Blackwell Publishing. p. 31. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-631-16992-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-631-16992-X"><bdi>0-631-16992-X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Monsters+and+Mad+Scientists%3A+A+Cultural+History+of+the+Horror+Movie&rft.pages=31&rft.pub=Blackwell+Publishing&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=0-631-16992-X&rft.aulast=Tudor&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALGBT+themes+in+speculative+fiction" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-157"><a href="#cite_ref-157">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRusso1987" class="citation book cs1">Russo, Vito (1987). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/celluloidcloseth00russ/page/48">The Celluloid Closet: Homosexuality in the Movies</a> (revised ed.). New York: HarperCollins. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/celluloidcloseth00russ/page/48">48</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-06-096132-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-06-096132-5"><bdi>0-06-096132-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Celluloid+Closet%3A+Homosexuality+in+the+Movies&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=48&rft.edition=revised&rft.pub=HarperCollins&rft.date=1987&rft.isbn=0-06-096132-5&rft.aulast=Russo&rft.aufirst=Vito&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcelluloidcloseth00russ%2Fpage%2F48&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALGBT+themes+in+speculative+fiction" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-158"><a href="#cite_ref-158">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRobertsonRay_Broadus_Browne1993" class="citation book cs1">Robertson, James Crighton; Ray Broadus Browne (1993). The Hidden Cinema: British Film Censorship in Action, 1913–1975. Routledge. pp. 65–6. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-415-09034-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-415-09034-2"><bdi>0-415-09034-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Hidden+Cinema%3A+British+Film+Censorship+in+Action%2C+1913%E2%80%931975&rft.pages=65-6&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=0-415-09034-2&rft.aulast=Robertson&rft.aufirst=James+Crighton&rft.au=Ray+Broadus+Browne&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALGBT+themes+in+speculative+fiction" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-159"><a href="#cite_ref-159">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHoppenstandRay_Broadus_Browne1996" class="citation book cs1">Hoppenstand, Gary; Ray Broadus Browne (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780879727079">The Gothic World of Anne Rice</a>. 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"Bloodsuckers and Cocksuckers: A Glossary of Vampirism and Sex". Bright Lights Film Journal No. 15. p. 11.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bright+Lights+Film+Journal+No.+15&rft.atitle=Bloodsuckers+and+Cocksuckers%3A+A+Glossary+of+Vampirism+and+Sex&rft.pages=11&rft.aulast=Skal&rft.aufirst=David+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALGBT+themes+in+speculative+fiction" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-161"><a href="#cite_ref-161">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBenshoff" class="citation book cs1">Benshoff, Harry M. Monsters in the Closet: Homosexuality and the Horror Film. Manchester University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Monsters+in+the+Closet%3A+Homosexuality+and+the+Horror+Film&rft.pub=Manchester+University+Press&rft.aulast=Benshoff&rft.aufirst=Harry+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALGBT+themes+in+speculative+fiction" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-162"><a href="#cite_ref-162">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDon_Rhodes2001" class="citation book cs1">Don Rhodes, Gary (2001). White Zombie: Anatomy of a Horror Film. US: McFarland. p. 210. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7864-0988-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-7864-0988-6"><bdi>0-7864-0988-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=White+Zombie%3A+Anatomy+of+a+Horror+Film&rft.place=US&rft.pages=210&rft.pub=McFarland&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=0-7864-0988-6&rft.aulast=Don+Rhodes&rft.aufirst=Gary&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALGBT+themes+in+speculative+fiction" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-163"><a href="#cite_ref-163">^</a> Clute & Grant, p.xxx, "Pornography" </li> <li id="cite_note-DR-164">^ <a href="#cite_ref-DR_164-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-DR_164-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHogan1997" class="citation book cs1">Hogan, David J. (1997). "Lugosi, Lee, and the Vampires". Dark Romance: Sexuality in the Horror Film. McFarland. pp. 146–163. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7864-0474-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-7864-0474-4"><bdi>0-7864-0474-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Lugosi%2C+Lee%2C+and+the+Vampires&rft.btitle=Dark+Romance%3A+Sexuality+in+the+Horror+Film&rft.pages=146-163&rft.pub=McFarland&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=0-7864-0474-4&rft.aulast=Hogan&rft.aufirst=David+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALGBT+themes+in+speculative+fiction" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-165"><a href="#cite_ref-165">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081221123945/http://www.afterelton.com/movies/2008/12/yearingaymovies?page=0%2C0">"The Year in Gay Movies"</a>. <a href="/wiki/AfterEllen.com_and_AfterElton.com" class="mw-redirect" title="AfterEllen.com and AfterElton.com">AfterElton.com</a>. 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Peter Lang. p. 104. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8204-6219-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8204-6219-6"><bdi>978-0-8204-6219-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Warrior+Women+of+Television%3A+A+Feminist+Cultural+Analysis+of+the+New+Female+Body+in+Popular&rft.pages=104&rft.pub=Peter+Lang&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-8204-6219-6&rft.aulast=Heinecken&rft.aufirst=Dawn&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALGBT+themes+in+speculative+fiction" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-175"><a href="#cite_ref-175">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarc2008" class="citation web cs1">Marc (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081105110308/http://www.afterelton.com/print/2008/1/tenbestscificharacters?page=0%2C0">"Ten Best Gay and Bisexual Science Fiction Characters"</a>. 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"Gay and Lesbian Presence in Science Fiction". Science Fiction Culture. University of Pennsylvania Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8122-1530-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-8122-1530-3"><bdi>0-8122-1530-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Gay+and+Lesbian+Presence+in+Science+Fiction&rft.btitle=Science+Fiction+Culture&rft.pub=University+of+Pennsylvania+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=0-8122-1530-3&rft.aulast=Bacon-Smith&rft.aufirst=Camille&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALGBT+themes+in+speculative+fiction" class="Z3988"></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Clute" title="John Clute">Clute, John</a> & <a href="/wiki/Peter_Nicholls_(writer)" title="Peter Nicholls (writer)">Peter Nicholls</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Encyclopedia_of_Science_Fiction" title="The Encyclopedia of Science Fiction">The Encyclopedia of Science Fiction</a>. London: Orbit, 1993 (2nd edition, 1999). <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-85723-897-4" title="Special:BookSources/1-85723-897-4">1-85723-897-4</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Clute" title="John Clute">Clute, John</a> & <a href="/wiki/John_Grant_(author)" title="John Grant (author)">John Grant</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Encyclopedia_of_Fantasy" title="The Encyclopedia of Fantasy">The Encyclopedia of Fantasy</a>. London: Orbit, 1997. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-85723-897-4" title="Special:BookSources/1-85723-897-4">1-85723-897-4</a>.</li> <li>Dynes, Wayne R. with Warren Johansson, William A. Percy and Stephen Donaldson. Encyclopedia of Homosexuality. Garland Publishing Inc, 1990. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8240-6544-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8240-6544-7">978-0-8240-6544-7</a>. pg. 752.</li> <li>Garber, Eric & Lyn Paleo. Uranian Worlds: A Guide to Alternative Sexuality in Science Fiction, Fantasy, and Horror. G K Hall, 1983. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8161-1832-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8161-1832-8">978-0-8161-1832-8</a>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarchesani" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Marchesani, Joseph. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150528020223/http://www.glbtq.com/literature/scifi_fantasy.html">"Science fiction and fantasy literature"</a>. GLBTQ.com – Encyclopedia of GLBTQ culture. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.glbtq.com/literature/scifi_fantasy.html">the original</a> on May 28, 2015. Retrieved March 31, 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Science+fiction+and+fantasy+literature&rft.btitle=GLBTQ.com+%E2%80%93+Encyclopedia+of+GLBTQ+culture&rft.aulast=Marchesani&rft.aufirst=Joseph&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.glbtq.com%2Fliterature%2Fscifi_fantasy.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALGBT+themes+in+speculative+fiction" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Pearson, Wendy Gay with Veronica Hollinger and Joan Gordon, (eds). Queer Universes: Sexualities in Science Fiction. Liverpool University Press, 2008. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84631-135-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84631-135-2">978-1-84631-135-2</a>.</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=LGBT_themes_in_speculative_fiction&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130316211459/http://www.outeralliance.org/">The Outer Alliance</a>, LGBT advocacy in speculative fiction and literature</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://duskpeterson.com/sflinks/index.htm">GLBT Science Fiction and Fantasy Literature — A Web Directory</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://futurefire.net/2010.20/">Queer Science Fiction issue</a> of speculative magazine <a href="/wiki/The_Future_Fire" title="The Future Fire">The Future Fire</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gaylacticnetwork.org/">The Gaylactic Network</a>, LGBT fandom organization</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 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literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magic_in_fiction" title="Magic in fiction">Magic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_history_of_fantasy" title="Early history of fantasy">Sources</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Subgenres</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Action-adventure <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lost_world" title="Lost world">Lost world</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sword_and_sorcery" title="Sword and sorcery">Sword and sorcery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wuxia" title="Wuxia">Wuxia‎</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alternate_history" title="Alternate history">Alternate history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contemporary_fantasy" title="Contemporary fantasy">Contemporary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Children%27s_fantasy" title="Children's fantasy">Children's fantasy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fantasy_comedy" title="Fantasy comedy">Comedy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bangsian_fantasy" title="Bangsian fantasy">Bangsian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dark_fantasy" title="Dark fantasy">Dark fantasy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Grimdark" title="Grimdark">Grimdark</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fairy_tale_parody" title="Fairy tale parody">Fairy tale parodies</a>‎</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fairytale_fantasy" title="Fairytale fantasy">Fairytale fantasy</a>‎</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fantastique" title="Fantastique">Fantastique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fantasy_of_manners" title="Fantasy of manners">Fantasy of manners</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hard_fantasy" title="Hard fantasy">Hard fantasy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_fantasy" title="High fantasy">High fantasy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_fantasy" title="Historical fantasy">Historical fantasy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isekai" title="Isekai">Isekai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LitRPG" title="LitRPG">LitRPG</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Low_fantasy" title="Low fantasy">Low fantasy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magical_girl" title="Magical girl">Magical girl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mythic_fiction" title="Mythic fiction">Mythic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mythpunk" class="mw-redirect" title="Mythpunk">Mythpunk</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mythopoeia" title="Mythopoeia">Mythopoeia‎</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Omegaverse" title="Omegaverse">Omegaverse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romantic_fantasy" title="Romantic fantasy">Romantic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_fantasy" title="Science fantasy">Science fantasy</a>‎ <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dying_Earth_(genre)" title="Dying Earth (genre)">Dying Earth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Planetary_romance" title="Planetary romance">Planetary romance</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gods_and_demons_fiction" title="Gods and demons fiction">Shenmo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_fantasy" title="Urban fantasy">Urban fantasy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Occult_detective_fiction" title="Occult detective fiction">Occult detective fiction‎</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paranormal_romance" title="Paranormal romance">Paranormal romance</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weird_fiction" title="Weird fiction">Weird fiction</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/New_weird" title="New weird">New weird</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weird_West" title="Weird West">Weird West</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fantasy_Western" class="mw-redirect" title="Fantasy Western">West‎ern fantasy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Media</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em"><a href="/wiki/Fantasy_film" title="Fantasy film">Film</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fantasy_television" title="Fantasy television">television</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_fantasy_anime" title="List of fantasy anime">Anime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_fantasy_films" title="Lists of fantasy films">Films</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_highest-grossing_fantasy_films" title="List of highest-grossing fantasy films">highest-grossing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_sword_and_sorcery_films" title="List of sword and sorcery films">S&S</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_fantasy_television_programs" title="List of fantasy television programs">Television programs</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em"><a href="/wiki/Fantasy_literature" title="Fantasy literature">Literature</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_fantasy_authors" title="List of fantasy authors">Authors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ballantine_Adult_Fantasy_series" title="Ballantine Adult Fantasy series">Ballantine Adult Fantasy series</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fantasy_comics" title="Fantasy comics">Comics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_fantasy_comics" title="List of fantasy comics">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Encyclopedia_of_Fantasy" title="The Encyclopedia of Fantasy">The Encyclopedia of Fantasy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fantasy_Masterworks" title="Fantasy Masterworks">Fantasy Masterworks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_Speculative_Fiction_Database" title="Internet Speculative Fiction Database">Internet Speculative Fiction Database</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_fantasy_novels" class="mw-redirect" title="List of fantasy novels">List of novels</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_fantasy_novels_(A%E2%80%93H)" title="List of fantasy novels (A–H)">A–H</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_fantasy_novels_(I%E2%80%93R)" title="List of fantasy novels (I–R)">I–R</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_fantasy_novels_(S%E2%80%93Z)" title="List of fantasy novels (S–Z)">S–Z</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_fantasy_story_collections" title="List of fantasy story collections">List of story collections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_science_fiction_publishers" title="List of science fiction publishers">Publishers</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em"><a href="/wiki/Fantasy_fiction_magazine" class="mw-redirect" title="Fantasy fiction magazine">Magazines</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fantastic_(magazine)" title="Fantastic (magazine)">Fantastic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fantastic_Adventures" title="Fantastic Adventures">Fantastic Adventures</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Locus_(magazine)" title="Locus (magazine)">Locus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Magazine_of_Fantasy_%26_Science_Fiction" title="The Magazine of Fantasy & Science Fiction">The Magazine of Fantasy & Science Fiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_Fantasy_(magazine)" title="Science Fantasy (magazine)">Science Fantasy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unknown_(magazine)" title="Unknown (magazine)">Unknown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weird_Tales" title="Weird Tales">Weird Tales</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dungeons_%26_Dragons" title="Dungeons & Dragons">Dungeons & Dragons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/F%C3%A9erie" title="Féerie">Féeries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fantasy_podcast" title="Fantasy podcast">Podcasts</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Awards</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Balrog_Award" class="mw-redirect" title="Balrog Award">Balrog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Fantasy_Award" title="British Fantasy Award">British Fantasy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crawford_Award" title="Crawford Award">Crawford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dragon_Awards" title="Dragon Awards">Dragon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gandalf_Award" title="Gandalf Award">Gandalf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Gemmell_Awards_for_Fantasy" title="David Gemmell Awards for Fantasy">Gemmell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugo_Award" title="Hugo Award">Hugo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Fantasy_Award" title="International Fantasy Award">International Fantasy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japan_Fantasy_Novel_Award" title="Japan Fantasy Novel Award">Japan Fantasy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Locus_Award" title="Locus Award">Locus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C3%A9li%C3%A8s_d%27Or" title="Méliès d'Or">Méliès d'Or</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mythopoeic_Awards" title="Mythopoeic Awards">Mythopoeic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nebula_Award" title="Nebula Award">Nebula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saturn_Awards" title="Saturn Awards">Saturn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T%C3%A4htifantasia_Award" title="Tähtifantasia Award">Tähtifantasia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Fantasy_Award" title="World Fantasy Award">World Fantasy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Fantasy_fandom" title="Fantasy fandom">Fandom</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fantastic_art" title="Fantastic art">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fanspeak" title="Fanspeak">Fanspeak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Filk_music" title="Filk music">Filk music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harry_Potter_fandom" title="Harry Potter fandom">Harry Potter fandom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Inklings" class="mw-redirect" title="The Inklings">The Inklings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lovecraft_fandom" title="Lovecraft fandom">Lovecraft fandom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mythopoeic_Society" title="Mythopoeic Society">Mythopoeic Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tolkien_fandom" title="Tolkien fandom">Tolkien fandom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tolkien%27s_influence_on_fantasy" class="mw-redirect" title="Tolkien's influence on fantasy">Tolkien's influence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Works_inspired_by_J._R._R._Tolkien" class="mw-redirect" title="Works inspired by J. R. R. Tolkien">Works inspired by J. R. R. Tolkien</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Fantasy_Convention" title="World Fantasy Convention">World Fantasy Convention</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Fantasy_trope" title="Fantasy trope">Tropes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Legendary_creature" title="Legendary creature">Creatures</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Angel" title="Angel">Angels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demon" title="Demon">Demons</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Devil" title="Devil">Devils</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghoul" title="Ghoul">Ghouls</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elemental" title="Elemental">Elementals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fairy" title="Fairy">Faeries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Familiar" title="Familiar">Familiars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fire-breathing_monster" title="Fire-breathing monster">Fire-breathing monsters</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chimera_(mythology)" title="Chimera (mythology)">Chimera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dragon" title="Dragon">Dragons</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gargoyle_(monster)" title="Gargoyle (monster)">Gargoyles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imp" title="Imp">Imps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jinn" title="Jinn">Jinn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nymph" title="Nymph">Nymphs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shapeshifting" title="Shapeshifting">Shapeshifters</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Werecat" title="Werecat">Werecats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Werewolf" title="Werewolf">Werewolves</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skin-walker" title="Skin-walker">Skin-walkers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supernatural#Spirit" title="Supernatural">Spirits</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Talking_animals_in_fiction" title="Talking animals in fiction">Talking animals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Undead" title="Undead">Undead</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Personifications_of_death" title="Personifications of death">Death</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghost" title="Ghost">Ghosts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lich" title="Lich">Liches</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mummy_(undead)" title="Mummy (undead)">Mummies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skeleton_(undead)" title="Skeleton (undead)">Skeletons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vampire" title="Vampire">Vampires</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zombie" title="Zombie">Zombies</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unicorn" title="Unicorn">Unicorns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Y%C5%8Dkai" title="Yōkai">Yōkai</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_stock_characters" title="List of stock characters">Characters</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Barbarian" title="Barbarian">Barbarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caveman" title="Caveman">Caveman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Damsel_in_distress" title="Damsel in distress">Damsel in distress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dark_lord" title="Dark lord">Dark lord</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donor_(fairy_tale)" title="Donor (fairy tale)">Donor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dragonslayer" title="Dragonslayer">Dragonslayer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fairy_godmother" title="Fairy godmother">Fairy godmother</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hero" title="Hero">Heroes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magician_(fantasy)" title="Magician (fantasy)">Magicians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occult_detective_fiction" title="Occult detective fiction">Occult detective</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_science_fiction_and_fantasy_detectives" title="List of science fiction and fantasy detectives">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wild_man" title="Wild man">Wild man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Witchcraft" title="Witchcraft">Witches</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Magic_in_fiction" title="Magic in fiction">Magic system</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hard_and_soft_magic_systems" class="mw-redirect" title="Hard and soft magic systems">Hard and soft</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Classical_element" title="Classical element">Elements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_magic" title="Black magic">Dark</a>/<a href="/wiki/Gray_magic" title="Gray magic">neutral</a>/<a href="/wiki/White_magic" title="White magic">light</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ceremonial_magic" title="Ceremonial magic">Ceremonial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Love_magic" title="Love magic">Love</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moon_magic" title="Moon magic">Moon</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magic_item" title="Magic item">Magic item</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Grimoire" title="Grimoire">Grimoire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magic_ring" title="Magic ring">Magic ring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_magical_weapons" title="List of magical weapons">Magical weapons</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Magic_sword" title="Magic sword">Magic sword</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Runes" class="mw-redirect" title="Runes">Runes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wand" title="Wand">Wand</a></li></ul></li> <li>Schools <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alchemy" title="Alchemy">Alchemy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demonology" title="Demonology">Demonology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divination" title="Divination">Divination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egregore" title="Egregore">Egregore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evocation" title="Evocation">Evocation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Incantation" title="Incantation">Incantation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Necromancy" title="Necromancy">Necromancy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Runic_magic" title="Runic magic">Runecraft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shamanism" title="Shamanism">Shamanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shapeshifting" title="Shapeshifting">Shapeshifting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thaumaturgy" title="Thaumaturgy">Thaumaturgy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theurgy" title="Theurgy">Theurgy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Witchcraft" title="Witchcraft">Witchcraft</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Fantasy_races" class="mw-redirect" title="Fantasy races">Fantasy races</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Centaur" title="Centaur">Centaurs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dwarf_(folklore)" title="Dwarf (folklore)">Dwarves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elf" title="Elf">Elves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ent" title="Ent">Treants</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giant" title="Giant">Giants</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gnome" title="Gnome">Gnomes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goblin" title="Goblin">Goblins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gremlin" title="Gremlin">Gremlins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halfling" title="Halfling">Halflings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hobgoblin" title="Hobgoblin">Hobgoblins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kobold" title="Kobold">Kobolds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leprechaun" title="Leprechaun">Leprechauns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merfolk" title="Merfolk">Merfolk</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mermaid" title="Mermaid">Mermaids</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merman" title="Merman">Mermen</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ogre" title="Ogre">Ogres</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oni" title="Oni">Oni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orc" title="Orc">Orcs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Troll" title="Troll">Trolls</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_mythological_places" title="List of mythological places">Places and events</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Quest" title="Quest">Quests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fantasy_world" title="Fantasy world">Worlds</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_fantasy_worlds" title="List of fantasy worlds">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fantasy_map" class="mw-redirect" title="Fantasy map">Maps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lost_city_(fiction)" class="mw-redirect" title="Lost city (fiction)">Lost city</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subterranean_fiction" title="Subterranean fiction">Hollow Earth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Astral_plane" title="Astral plane">Astral plane</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dream_world_(plot_device)" title="Dream world (plot device)">Dreamworld</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Castle" title="Castle">Castle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enchanted_forest" title="Enchanted forest">Enchanted forest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thieves%27_guild" title="Thieves' guild">Thieves' guild</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_fictional_schools#Magic_schools" title="List of fictional schools">Magic school</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Allegory" title="Allegory">Allegory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epic_poetry" title="Epic poetry">Epic poetry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fable" title="Fable">Fable</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fairy_tale" title="Fairy tale">Fairy tale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghost_story" title="Ghost story">Ghost stories</a>‎</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_fiction" title="Gothic fiction">Gothic fiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horror_fiction" title="Horror fiction">Horror fiction</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">LGBT themes in speculative fiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mecha" title="Mecha">Mecha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myth" title="Myth">Mythology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_fiction" title="Science fiction">Science fiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supernatural_fiction" title="Supernatural fiction">Supernatural fiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Superhero_fiction" title="Superhero fiction">Superhero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tokusatsu" title="Tokusatsu">Tokusatsu‎</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kaiju" title="Kaiju">Kaiju</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_legends_and_myths" class="mw-redirect" title="Urban legends and myths">Urban legend</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/10px-Global_thinking.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/15px-Global_thinking.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/21px-Global_thinking.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="130" data-file-height="200" /> <a href="/wiki/Outline_of_fantasy" title="Outline of fantasy">Outline</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Fantasy" title="Category:Fantasy">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Science_fiction" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Science_fiction" title="Template:Science fiction"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Science_fiction" title="Template talk:Science fiction"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Science_fiction" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Science fiction"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Science_fiction" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Science_fiction" title="Science fiction">Science fiction</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_science_fiction" title="Outline of science fiction">Outline</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_science-fiction_authors" title="List of science-fiction authors">Authors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Definitions_of_science_fiction" title="Definitions of science fiction">Definitions</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anthropological_science_fiction" title="Anthropological science fiction">Anthropological</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hard_science_fiction" title="Hard science fiction">Hard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scientific_romance" title="Scientific romance">Scientific romance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soft_science_fiction" title="Soft science fiction">Soft</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golden_Age_of_Science_Fiction" title="Golden Age of Science Fiction">Golden Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_science_fiction" title="History of science fiction">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Wave_science_fiction" class="mw-redirect" title="New Wave science fiction">New Wave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_science_fiction" title="Timeline of science fiction">Timeline</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Subgenres</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apocalyptic_and_post-apocalyptic_fiction" title="Apocalyptic and post-apocalyptic fiction">Apocalyptic and post-apocalyptic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_fiction_comedy" title="Science fiction comedy">Comedy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_science_fiction_sitcoms" class="mw-redirect" title="List of science fiction sitcoms">Sitcoms</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_science_fiction" title="Feminist science fiction">Feminist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grimdark" title="Grimdark">Grimdark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inner_space_(science_fiction)" title="Inner space (science fiction)">Inner space</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mecha" title="Mecha">Mecha</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mecha_anime_and_manga" title="Mecha anime and manga">Anime and manga</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mundane_science_fiction" title="Mundane science fiction">Mundane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_warfare_in_science_fiction" title="Space warfare in science fiction">Space warfare</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Military_science_fiction" title="Military science fiction">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_opera" title="Space opera">Space opera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_Western" title="Space Western">Space Western</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parallel_universes_in_fiction" title="Parallel universes in fiction">Parallel universes</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Isekai" title="Isekai">Isekai</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_fantasy" title="Science fantasy">Science fantasy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dying_Earth_(genre)" title="Dying Earth (genre)">Dying Earth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Planetary_romance" title="Planetary romance">Planetary romance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Superhero_fiction" title="Superhero fiction">Superhero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sword_and_planet" class="mw-redirect" title="Sword and planet">Sword and planet</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_science_fiction" title="Social science fiction">Social</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Climate_fiction" title="Climate fiction">Climate fiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_science_fiction" title="Christian science fiction">Christian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_science_fiction" title="Libertarian science fiction">Libertarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Utopian_and_dystopian_fiction" title="Utopian and dystopian fiction">Utopian and dystopian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tech_noir" title="Tech noir">Tech noir</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spy-Fi_(subgenre)" class="mw-redirect" title="Spy-Fi (subgenre)">Spy-Fi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Techno-thriller" title="Techno-thriller">Techno-thriller</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tokusatsu" title="Tokusatsu">Tokusatsu</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kaiju" title="Kaiju">Kaiju</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_underwater_science_fiction_works" title="List of underwater science fiction works">Underwater</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Cyberpunk_derivatives" title="Cyberpunk derivatives">Cyberpunk derivatives</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cyberpunk" title="Cyberpunk">Cyberpunk</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_cyberpunk" title="Japanese cyberpunk">Japanese</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biopunk" title="Biopunk">Biopunk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dieselpunk" title="Dieselpunk">Dieselpunk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nanopunk" title="Nanopunk">Nanopunk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solarpunk" title="Solarpunk">Solarpunk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steampunk" title="Steampunk">Steampunk</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Culture</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Science_fiction_convention" title="Science fiction convention">Conventions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_fiction_fandom" title="Science fiction fandom">Fandom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science-fiction_fanzine" title="Science-fiction fanzine">Fanzines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_Speculative_Fiction_Database" title="Internet Speculative Fiction Database">ISFDB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_fiction_libraries_and_museums" title="Science fiction libraries and museums">Libraries and museums</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EMP_Museum#Science_Fiction_Museum" class="mw-redirect" title="EMP Museum">Science Fiction Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_fiction_studies" title="Science fiction studies">Studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_speculative_fiction" title="Women in speculative fiction">Women in SF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Worldcon" title="Worldcon">Worldcon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Region</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Australian_science_fiction" title="Australian science fiction">Australian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengali_science_fiction" title="Bengali science fiction">Bengali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazilian_science_fiction" title="Brazilian science fiction">Brazilian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_science_fiction" title="Canadian science fiction">Canadian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chilean_science_fiction" title="Chilean science fiction">Chilean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_science_fiction" title="Chinese science fiction">Chinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Croatian_science_fiction" title="Croatian science fiction">Croatian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Czech_science_fiction_and_fantasy" class="mw-redirect" title="Czech science fiction and fantasy">Czech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estonian_science_fiction" title="Estonian science fiction">Estonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_science_fiction" title="French science fiction">French</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_science_fiction" title="Hungarian science fiction">Hungarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_science_fiction" title="Japanese science fiction">Japanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norwegian_science_fiction" title="Norwegian science fiction">Norwegian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_fiction_and_fantasy_in_Poland" class="mw-redirect" title="Science fiction and fantasy in Poland">Polish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanian_science_fiction" title="Romanian science fiction">Romanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_science_fiction_and_fantasy" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian science fiction and fantasy">Russian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbian_science_fiction" title="Serbian science fiction">Serbian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_science_fiction" title="Spanish science fiction">Spanish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yugoslav_science_fiction" title="Yugoslav science fiction">Yugoslav</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Awards</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Cinematic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jules_Verne_Awards" title="Jules Verne Awards">Jules Verne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saturn_Awards" title="Saturn Awards">Saturn</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Literary, art, and audio</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Astounding_Award_for_Best_New_Writer" title="Astounding Award for Best New Writer">Astounding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aurealis_Award" title="Aurealis Award">Aurealis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BSFA_Award" title="BSFA Award">BSFA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_W._Campbell_Memorial_Award_for_Best_Science_Fiction_Novel" title="John W. Campbell Memorial Award for Best Science Fiction Novel">Campbell Memorial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chesley_Awards" title="Chesley Awards">Chesley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_C._Clarke_Award" title="Arthur C. Clarke Award">Clarke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compton_Crook_Award" title="Compton Crook Award">Crook</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deutscher_Science_Fiction_Preis" title="Deutscher Science Fiction Preis">Deutscher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_K._Dick_Award" title="Philip K. Dick Award">Dick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ditmar_Award" title="Ditmar Award">Ditmar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Endeavour_Award" title="Endeavour Award">Endeavor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FantLab%27s_Book_of_the_Year_Award" title="FantLab's Book of the Year Award">FantLab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galaxy_Award_(China)" title="Galaxy Award (China)">Galaxy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jack_Gaughan_Award" title="Jack Gaughan Award">Gaughan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geffen_Award" title="Geffen Award">Geffen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golden_Duck_Award" title="Golden Duck Award">Golden Duck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Damon_Knight_Memorial_Grand_Master_Award" title="Damon Knight Memorial Grand Master Award">Grand Master</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_prix_de_l%27Imaginaire" title="Grand prix de l'Imaginaire">Grand Prix</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Harland_Prize" title="Paul Harland Prize">Harland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_A._Heinlein_Award" title="Robert A. Heinlein Award">Heinlein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Premio_Ignotus" title="Premio Ignotus">Ignotus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kitschies" title="Kitschies">Kitschies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Lambda_Literary_Awards_winners_and_nominees_for_science_fiction,_fantasy_and_horror" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Lambda Literary Awards winners and nominees for science fiction, fantasy and horror">Lambda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurd_La%C3%9Fwitz_Award" title="Kurd Laßwitz Award">Laßwitz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Locus_Award" title="Locus Award">Locus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nautilus_Award" title="Nautilus Award">Nautilus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nebula_Award" title="Nebula Award">Nebula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nommo_Awards" title="Nommo Awards">Nommo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andre_Norton_Award" title="Andre Norton Award">Norton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parsec_Awards" title="Parsec Awards">Parsec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prometheus_Award" title="Prometheus Award">Prometheus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhysling_Award" title="Rhysling Award">Rhysling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SFERA_Award" title="SFERA Award">SFERA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sidewise_Award_for_Alternate_History" title="Sidewise Award for Alternate History">Sidewise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_E._Smith_Memorial_Award" title="Edward E. Smith Memorial Award">Skylark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodore_Sturgeon_Award" title="Theodore Sturgeon Award">Sturgeon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sunburst_Award" title="Sunburst Award">Sunburst</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T%C3%A4htivaeltaja_Award" title="Tähtivaeltaja Award">Tähtivaeltaja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TBD_Science_Fiction_Story_Award" title="TBD Science Fiction Story Award">TBD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Tiptree_Jr._Award" class="mw-redirect" title="James Tiptree Jr. Award">Tiptree</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prix_Apollo_Award" title="Prix Apollo Award">Tour-Apollo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_Fiction_%26_Fantasy_Translation_Awards" title="Science Fiction & Fantasy Translation Awards">Translation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urania_Award" title="Urania Award">Urania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sir_Julius_Vogel_Award" title="Sir Julius Vogel Award">Vogel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Writers_of_the_Future" class="mw-redirect" title="Writers of the Future">Writers and Illustrators of the Future</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Janusz_A._Zajdel_Award" title="Janusz A. Zajdel Award">Zajdel</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Multimedia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aurora_Awards" title="Aurora Awards">Aurora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chandler_Award" title="Chandler Award">Chandler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dragon_Awards" title="Dragon Awards">Dragon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugo_Award" title="Hugo Award">Hugo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seiun_Award" title="Seiun Award">Seiun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaylactic_Spectrum_Awards" title="Gaylactic Spectrum Awards">Spectrum</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Media</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Science_fiction_film" title="Science fiction film">Film</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_science_fiction_films" title="History of science fiction films">Film history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_science_fiction_films" title="Lists of science fiction films">Films</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_fiction_films_in_India" title="Science fiction films in India">Indian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_science_fiction" title="Japanese science fiction">Japanese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_science_fiction_anime" title="List of science fiction anime">Anime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tokusatsu" title="Tokusatsu">Tokusatsu</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Literature</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Science_fiction_comics" title="Science fiction comics">Comics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_fiction_magazine" title="Science fiction magazine">Magazines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_science_fiction_novels" title="List of science fiction novels">Novels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_science_fiction_publishers" title="List of science fiction publishers">Publishers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_science_fiction_short_stories" title="List of science fiction short stories">Short stories</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Stage</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Science_fiction_opera" title="Science fiction opera">Opera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_fiction_theatre" title="Science fiction theatre">Theatre</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Science_fiction_on_television" title="Science fiction on television">Television</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_science_fiction_television_programs" title="List of science fiction television programs">List of TV shows</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_science_fiction_television" title="Australian science fiction television">Australasian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_television_science_fiction" title="British television science fiction">British</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_science_fiction_television" title="Canadian science fiction television">Canadian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_fiction_on_television#Continental_European_science_fiction_series" title="Science fiction on television">European</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_science_fiction" title="Japanese science fiction">Japanese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_science_fiction_anime" title="List of science fiction anime">Anime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tokusatsu" title="Tokusatsu">Live-action</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/U.S._television_science_fiction" title="U.S. television science fiction">U.S.</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_science_fiction_themes" title="List of science fiction themes">Themes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Space_architecture" title="Space architecture">Architectural</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Space_colonization" title="Space colonization">Colonization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dyson_sphere" title="Dyson sphere">Dyson sphere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matrioshka_brain" title="Matrioshka brain">Matrioshka brain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_stations_and_habitats_in_fiction" title="Space stations and habitats in fiction">Space stations and habitats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stellar_engine" title="Stellar engine">Stellar engine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terraforming_in_popular_culture" title="Terraforming in popular culture">Terraforming</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Biology_in_fiction" title="Biology in fiction">Biological</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biological_warfare_in_popular_culture" title="Biological warfare in popular culture">Biological warfare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_being" title="Energy being">Energy being</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolution_in_fiction" title="Evolution in fiction">Evolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extraterrestrials_in_fiction" title="Extraterrestrials in fiction">Extraterrestrials</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_fictional_extraterrestrials" title="Lists of fictional extraterrestrials">List</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_in_speculative_fiction" title="Gender in speculative fiction">Gender</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genetic_engineering_in_science_fiction" class="mw-redirect" title="Genetic engineering in science fiction">Genetic engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Invisibility_in_fiction" title="Invisibility in fiction">Invisibility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nanotechnology_in_fiction" title="Nanotechnology in fiction">Nanotechnology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organ_transplantation_in_fiction" title="Organ transplantation in fiction">Organ transplantation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parasites_in_fiction" title="Parasites in fiction">Parasites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prosthetics_in_fiction" title="Prosthetics in fiction">Prosthetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex_and_sexuality_in_speculative_fiction" title="Sex and sexuality in speculative fiction">Sex and sexuality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Symbiosis_in_fiction" title="Symbiosis in fiction">Symbiosis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Physical</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ansible" title="Ansible">Ansible</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_holes_in_fiction" title="Black holes in fiction">Black holes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extrasolar_planets_in_fiction" title="Extrasolar planets in fiction">Extrasolar planets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Force_field_(technology)" title="Force field (technology)">Force field</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyperspace" title="Hyperspace">Hyperspace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inertialess_drive" class="mw-redirect" title="Inertialess drive">Inertialess</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multiverse" title="Multiverse">Multiverse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parallel_universes_in_fiction" title="Parallel universes in fiction">Parallel universes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portable_hole" title="Portable hole">Portable hole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_travel_in_science_fiction" title="Space travel in science fiction">Space travel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stargate_(device)" title="Stargate (device)">Stargate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stars_in_fiction" title="Stars in fiction">Stars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teleportation_in_fiction" title="Teleportation in fiction">Teleportation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Time_travel_in_fiction" title="Time travel in fiction">Time travel</a> (<a href="/wiki/Time_viewer" title="Time viewer">Viewer</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warp_drive" title="Warp drive">Warp drive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wormholes_in_fiction" title="Wormholes in fiction">Wormhole</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Psychological</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Group_mind_(science_fiction)" title="Group mind (science fiction)">Group mind</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mind_uploading_in_fiction" title="Mind uploading in fiction">Mind uploading</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psionics" title="Psionics">Psionics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simulated_consciousness_in_fiction" title="Simulated consciousness in fiction">Simulated consciousness</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Social</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Africanfuturism" title="Africanfuturism">Africanfuturism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afrofuturism" title="Afrofuturism">Afrofuturism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alien_invasion" title="Alien invasion">Alien invasion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alien_language" title="Alien language">Alien language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_astronauts_in_popular_culture" title="Ancient astronauts in popular culture">Ancient astronauts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_science_fiction" title="Black science fiction">Black</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evil_corporation" title="Evil corporation">Evil corporation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_contact_(science_fiction)" title="First contact (science fiction)">First contact</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frankenstein_complex" title="Frankenstein complex">Frankenstein complex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galactic_empire" title="Galactic empire">Galactic empire</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">LGBT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Message_from_space_(science_fiction)" title="Message from space (science fiction)">Message from space</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transhumanism_in_fiction" title="Transhumanism in fiction">Transhumanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uplift_(science_fiction)" title="Uplift (science fiction)">Uplift</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xenoarchaeology" title="Xenoarchaeology">Xenoarchaeology</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Technological</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Artificial_intelligence_in_fiction" title="Artificial intelligence in fiction">Artificial intelligence</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/AI_takeover_in_popular_culture" title="AI takeover in popular culture">AI takeover</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Astronomical_engineering" title="Astronomical engineering">Astroengineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holography_in_fiction" title="Holography in fiction">Holography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_fictional_robots_and_androids" title="List of fictional robots and androids">Robots</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cyborgs_in_fiction" class="mw-redirect" title="Cyborgs in fiction">Cyborgs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-replicating_machines_in_fiction" class="mw-redirect" title="Self-replicating machines in fiction">Self-replicating machines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simulated_reality" title="Simulated reality">Simulated reality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_fictional_spacecraft" title="List of fictional spacecraft">Spacecraft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tachyons_in_fiction" title="Tachyons in fiction">Tachyons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weapons_in_science_fiction" title="Weapons in science fiction">Weapons</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Religious</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_science_fiction" title="Christian science fiction">Christian science fiction</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alternate_history" title="Alternate history">Alternate history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fantasy" title="Fantasy">Fantasy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_fictional_astronauts" title="Lists of fictional astronauts">Fictional astronauts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fictional_technology" class="mw-redirect" title="Fictional technology">Fictional technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Future_history" title="Future history">Future history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horror_fiction" title="Horror fiction">Horror</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magic_realism" class="mw-redirect" title="Magic realism">Magic realism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Museum_of_Science_Fiction" title="Museum of Science Fiction">Museum of Science Fiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rubber_science" title="Rubber science">Rubber science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_and_technology_studies" title="Science and technology studies">Science and technology studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sense_of_wonder" title="Sense of wonder">Sense of wonder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Speculative_fiction" title="Speculative fiction">Speculative fiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supernatural_fiction" title="Supernatural fiction">Supernatural</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technology_and_society" title="Technology and society">Technology and society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weird_fiction" title="Weird fiction">Weird</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><div class="hlist"><ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Science_fiction" title="Category:Science fiction">Category</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Speculative_fiction/Science_fiction" title="Portal:Speculative fiction/Science fiction">Portal</a></li></ul></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Lesbian,_gay,_bisexual,_transgender_and_queer_(LGBTQ)_fiction" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:LGBTQ_fiction" title="Template:LGBTQ fiction"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:LGBTQ_fiction" title="Template talk:LGBTQ fiction"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:LGBTQ_fiction" title="Special:EditPage/Template:LGBTQ fiction"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Lesbian,_gay,_bisexual,_transgender_and_queer_(LGBTQ)_fiction" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender and queer (<a href="/wiki/LGBTQ" title="LGBTQ">LGBTQ</a>) fiction</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">LGBTQ Media</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_LGBTQ_writers" title="List of LGBTQ writers">LGBTQ writers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ%2B_media" title="LGBTQ+ media">LGBTQ+ media</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Awards</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Publishing_Triangle" title="Publishing Triangle">Triangle Awards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lambda_Literary_Awards" title="Lambda Literary Awards">Lambda Literary Awards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stonewall_Book_Award" title="Stonewall Book Award">Stonewall Book Award</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bisexual_Book_Awards" title="Bisexual Book Awards">Bisexual Book Awards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blue_Metropolis_Violet_Prize" title="Blue Metropolis Violet Prize">Blue Metropolis Violet Prize</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dayne_Ogilvie_Prize" title="Dayne Ogilvie Prize">Dayne Ogilvie Prize</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaylactic_Spectrum_Awards" title="Gaylactic Spectrum Awards">Gaylactic Spectrum Awards</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Festivals</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gaylaxicon" title="Gaylaxicon">Gaylaxicon SF convention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_LGBTQ_film_festivals" title="List of LGBTQ film festivals">Film festivals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glad_Day_Bookshop" title="Glad Day Bookshop">Naked Heart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saints_%26_Sinners_LGBTQ%2B_Literary_Festival" title="Saints & Sinners LGBTQ+ Literary Festival">Saints and Sinners</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blue_Metropolis" title="Blue Metropolis">Violet Metropolis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By country</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_literature_in_Argentina" title="LGBT literature in Argentina">Argentina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_literature_in_Colombia" title="LGBT literature in Colombia">Colombia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_literature_in_Ecuador" title="LGBT literature in Ecuador">Ecuador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_literature_in_El_Salvador" title="LGBT literature in El Salvador">El Salvador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_literature_in_Iceland" title="LGBT literature in Iceland">Iceland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_literature_in_Mexico" title="LGBT literature in Mexico">Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_literature_in_the_Dutch-language_area" title="LGBT literature in the Dutch-language area">Dutch-language area</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_literature_in_Spain" title="LGBT literature in Spain">Spain</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By media</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Gay_literature" title="Gay literature">Gay literature</a> and media</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bara_(genre)" title="Bara (genre)">Bara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_BL_dramas" title="List of BL dramas">BL dramas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_gay_novels_prior_to_the_Stonewall_riots" title="List of gay novels prior to the Stonewall riots">Early gay novels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gay_pulp_fiction" title="Gay pulp fiction">Pulp fiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slash_fiction" title="Slash fiction">Slash fiction</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Omegaverse" title="Omegaverse">Omegaverse</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gay_teen_fiction" title="Gay teen fiction">Teen fiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boys%27_love" title="Boys' love">BL/yaoi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Danmei" title="Danmei">Danmei</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gay_pornography" title="Gay pornography">Pornography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_portrayal_of_LGBTQ_people" title="Media portrayal of LGBTQ people">Media portrayals</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Lesbian_literature" title="Lesbian literature">Lesbian literature</a> and media</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Class_S_(culture)" title="Class S (culture)">Class S</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lesbian_erotica" title="Lesbian erotica">Erotica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Femslash" title="Femslash">Femslash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_lesbian_fiction" title="List of lesbian fiction">List of lesbian fiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lesbian_pulp_fiction" title="Lesbian pulp fiction">Pulp fiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lesbian_erotica" title="Lesbian erotica">Pornography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yuri_(genre)" title="Yuri (genre)">Yuri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_portrayal_of_lesbians" title="Media portrayal of lesbians">Media portrayals</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Transgender_literature" title="Transgender literature">Transgender literature</a> and media</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_transgender_publications" title="List of transgender publications">List of transgender publications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_portrayals_of_transgender_people" title="Media portrayals of transgender people">Media portrayals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transgender_pornography" title="Transgender pornography">Pornography</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other literature and media</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bisexual_literature" title="Bisexual literature">Bisexual</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Literature_about_intersex" title="Literature about intersex">Intersex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bisexual_pornography" title="Bisexual pornography">Bisexual pornography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_portrayals_of_bisexuality" title="Media portrayals of bisexuality">Media portrayals of bisexuality</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">LGBTQ themes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Homoeroticism" title="Homoeroticism">Homoeroticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_themes_in_comics" title="LGBT themes in comics">Comics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_themes_in_horror_fiction" title="LGBTQ themes in horror fiction">Horror</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_themes_in_mythology" title="LGBT themes in mythology">Mythology</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Speculative fiction</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_LGBT-themed_speculative_fiction" title="List of LGBT-themed speculative fiction">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_themes_in_video_games" title="LGBTQ themes in video games">Video games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_themes_in_anime_and_manga" title="LGBTQ themes in anime and manga">Anime and manga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Single-gender_world" title="Single-gender world">Single-gender world</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">LGBTQ characters</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By medium</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_LGBTQ_characters_in_modern_written_fiction" title="List of LGBTQ characters in modern written fiction">Modern written fiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_animated_films_with_LGBTQ_characters" title="List of animated films with LGBTQ characters">Animated films</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_animated_series_with_LGBTQ_characters" title="List of animated series with LGBTQ characters">Animation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_animated_series_with_LGBTQ_characters#1960–1980s" title="List of animated series with LGBTQ characters">1960s–1980s</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_animated_series_with_LGBTQ_characters:_1990%E2%80%931999" title="List of animated series with LGBTQ characters: 1990–1999">1990s</a></li> <li>2000s <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_animated_series_with_LGBT_characters:_2000%E2%80%932004" title="List of animated series with LGBT characters: 2000–2004">2000–04</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_animated_series_with_LGBT_characters:_2005%E2%80%932009" title="List of animated series with LGBT characters: 2005–2009">2005–09</a></li></ul></li> <li>2010s <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_animated_series_with_LGBT_characters:_2010%E2%80%932014" title="List of animated series with LGBT characters: 2010–2014">2010–14</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_animated_series_with_LGBT_characters:_2015%E2%80%932019" title="List of animated series with LGBT characters: 2015–2019">2015–19</a></li></ul></li> <li>2020s <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_animated_series_with_LGBT_characters:_2020%E2%80%93present" title="List of animated series with LGBT characters: 2020–present">2020–present</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_graphic_art_works_with_LGBT_characters" title="List of graphic art works with LGBT characters">Graphic art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_LGBT_characters_in_soap_operas" title="List of LGBT characters in soap operas">Soap operas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_webcomics_with_LGBT_characters" title="List of webcomics with LGBT characters">Webcomics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_video_games_with_LGBTQ_characters" title="List of video games with LGBTQ characters">Video games</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_video_games_with_LGBT_characters:_2010s" title="List of video games with LGBT characters: 2010s">2010s</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_video_games_with_LGBT_characters:_2020s" title="List of video games with LGBT characters: 2020s">2020s</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By identity</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_fictional_asexual_characters" title="List of fictional asexual characters">Asexual</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_fictional_aromantic_characters" title="List of fictional aromantic characters">Aromantic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_fictional_bisexual_characters" title="List of fictional bisexual characters">Bisexual</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_bisexual_characters_in_animation" title="List of bisexual characters in animation">in animation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_fictional_gay_characters" title="List of fictional gay characters">Gay</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_gay_characters_in_animation" title="List of gay characters in animation">in animation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_fictional_intersex_characters" title="List of fictional intersex characters">Intersex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_fictional_lesbian_characters" title="List of fictional lesbian characters">Lesbian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_lesbian_characters_in_animation" title="List of lesbian characters in animation">in animation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_fictional_non-binary_characters" title="List of fictional non-binary characters">Non-binary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_fictional_pansexual_characters" title="List of fictional pansexual characters">Pansexual</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_fictional_trans_characters" title="List of fictional trans characters">Transgender</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Television and radio</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="By_genre" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By genre</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_comedy_television_series_with_LGBT_characters" title="List of comedy television series with LGBT characters">Comedy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_made-for-television_films_with_LGBT_characters" title="List of made-for-television films with LGBT characters">TV film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_representation_in_children%27s_television" title="LGBTQ representation in children's television">Children's TV programming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_LGBTQ_characters_in_radio_and_podcasts" title="List of LGBTQ characters in radio and podcasts">Radio and podcast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_BL_dramas" title="List of BL dramas">Drama</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_dramatic_television_series_with_LGBT_characters:_1960s%E2%80%932000s" title="List of dramatic television series with LGBT characters: 1960s–2000s">1960s–2000s</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_dramatic_television_series_with_LGBT_characters:_2010%E2%80%932015" title="List of dramatic television series with LGBT characters: 2010–2015">2010–2015</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_dramatic_television_series_with_LGBT_characters:_2016%E2%80%932019" title="List of dramatic television series with LGBT characters: 2016–2019">2016–2019</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_dramatic_television_series_with_LGBT_characters:_2020s" title="List of dramatic television series with LGBT characters: 2020s">2020s</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_horror_television_series_with_LGBT_characters" title="List of horror television series with LGBT characters">Horror</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_television_programs_with_LGBT_characters" title="Lists of television programs with LGBT characters">Shows</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_American_television_episodes_with_LGBT_themes" title="Lists of American television episodes with LGBT themes">Episodes</a></li> <li>Characters <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_lesbian_characters_in_television" title="List of lesbian characters in television">lesbian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_gay_characters_in_television" title="List of gay characters in television">gay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_bisexual_characters_in_television" title="List of bisexual characters in television">bisexual</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_feature_films_with_transgender_characters" title="List of feature films with transgender characters">transgender</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intersex_representation_in_television" title="Intersex representation in television">intersex</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Animation on</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cartoon_Network_and_LGBT_representation" title="Cartoon Network and LGBT representation">Cartoon Network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disney_and_LGBTQ_representation_in_animation" title="Disney and LGBTQ representation in animation">Disney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Netflix_and_LGBTQ_representation_in_animation" title="Netflix and LGBTQ representation in animation">Netflix</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nickelodeon_and_LGBT_representation" title="Nickelodeon and LGBT representation">Nickelodeon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Film</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_LGBTQ-related_films" title="List of LGBTQ-related films">LGBTQ films</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_LGBTQ-related_films_directed_by_women" title="List of LGBTQ-related films directed by women">directed by women</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_LGBT-related_films_by_storyline" title="List of LGBT-related films by storyline">by storyline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_LGBT-related_films_by_year" title="List of LGBT-related films by year">by year</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_feature_films_with_LGBT_characters" title="Lists of feature films with LGBT characters">LGBT characters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intersex_representation_in_film" title="Intersex representation in film">Intersex</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">History</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_themes_in_Western_animation" title="LGBTQ themes in Western animation">Western animation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_homosexuality_in_American_film" title="History of homosexuality in American film">History of homosexuality in American film</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Media_portrayal_of_asexuality" title="Media portrayal of asexuality">Media portrayal of asexuality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_portrayal_of_pansexuality" title="Media portrayal of pansexuality">Media portrayal of pansexuality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-binary_characters_in_fiction" title="Non-binary characters in fiction">Non-binary characters in fiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intersex_characters_in_fiction" title="Intersex characters in fiction">Intersex characters in fiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gay_characters_in_fiction" title="Gay characters in fiction">Gay characters in fiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cross-dressing_characters_in_animated_series" title="List of cross-dressing characters in animated series">cross-dressing characters</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Nuvola_LGBT_flag.svg/16px-Nuvola_LGBT_flag.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Nuvola_LGBT_flag.svg/24px-Nuvola_LGBT_flag.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Nuvola_LGBT_flag.svg/32px-Nuvola_LGBT_flag.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /> <a 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