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class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5</span> <span>British rule</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-British_rule-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Post-partition_period" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Post-partition_period"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.6</span> <span>Post-partition period</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Post-partition_period-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Geographic_distribution" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Geographic_distribution"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Geographic distribution</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Geographic_distribution-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Geographic distribution subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Geographic_distribution-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-West_Bengal" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#West_Bengal"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>West Bengal</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-West_Bengal-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bangladesh" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bangladesh"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Bangladesh</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bangladesh-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Indian_States_other_than_West_Bengal" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Indian_States_other_than_West_Bengal"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Indian States other than West Bengal</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Indian_States_other_than_West_Bengal-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Assam" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Assam"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3.1</span> <span>Assam</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Assam-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Jharkhand" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Jharkhand"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3.2</span> <span>Jharkhand</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Jharkhand-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tripura" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tripura"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3.3</span> <span>Tripura</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tripura-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Andaman_and_Nicobar_islands" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Andaman_and_Nicobar_islands"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3.4</span> <span>Andaman and Nicobar islands</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Andaman_and_Nicobar_islands-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Myanmar" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Myanmar"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>Myanmar</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Myanmar-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Outside_Indian_subcontinent" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Outside_Indian_subcontinent"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.5</span> <span>Outside Indian subcontinent</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Outside_Indian_subcontinent-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Culture</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Culture-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Culture subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Cuisine" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cuisine"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Cuisine</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cuisine-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Wedding" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Wedding"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Wedding</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Wedding-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Society" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Society"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Society</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Society-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Economy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Economy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3.1</span> <span>Economy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Economy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Literature" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Literature"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4</span> <span>Literature</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Literature-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Art" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Art"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.5</span> <span>Art</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Art-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Religion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Religion</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Religion-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Religion subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Religion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Festivals" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Festivals"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Festivals</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Festivals-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Temples" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Temples"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Temples</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Temples-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.1</span> <span>Citations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.2</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Note" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Note"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Note</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Note-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown 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class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%99%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BF_%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%81" title="বাঙালি হিন্দু – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="বাঙালি হিন্দু" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bengalaj_hinduoj" title="Bengalaj hinduoj – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Bengalaj hinduoj" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%82" title="बंगाली हिन्दू – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="बंगाली हिन्दू" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%87%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%B3_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A8%D9%86%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%84" title="هندوس البنجال – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="هندوس البنجال" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%86%DA%AF%D8%A7%D9%84%DB%8C_%DB%81%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%88" title="بنگالی ہندو – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="بنگالی ہندو" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur 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</div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"><span class="mw-redirectedfrom">(Redirected from <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bengali_Hindu_mythology_and_culture&redirect=no" class="mw-redirect" title="Bengali Hindu mythology and culture">Bengali Hindu mythology and culture</a>)</span></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Ethno-linguistic and religious population from India and Bangladesh</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid 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0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_footnotes_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-style ambox-More_footnotes_needed" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg/40px-Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" 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citations.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">March 2016</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Ethnic group</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><caption class="infobox-title fn org">Bengali Hindus</caption><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above nickname" style="font-size:115%; font-weight:normal;"><div lang="bn">বাঙালি হিন্দু</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Bengali_Swastika_Symbol_half.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Bengali_Swastika_Symbol_half.svg/75px-Bengali_Swastika_Symbol_half.svg.png" decoding="async" width="75" height="69" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Bengali_Swastika_Symbol_half.svg/113px-Bengali_Swastika_Symbol_half.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Bengali_Swastika_Symbol_half.svg/150px-Bengali_Swastika_Symbol_half.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="428" data-file-height="396" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de;">Total population</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><b><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 85 million</span></b></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de;">Regions with significant populations</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/23px-Flag_of_India.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/35px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/45px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a></th><td class="infobox-data">65,700,000–67,200,000<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Flag_of_Bangladesh.svg/23px-Flag_of_Bangladesh.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Flag_of_Bangladesh.svg/35px-Flag_of_Bangladesh.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Flag_of_Bangladesh.svg/46px-Flag_of_Bangladesh.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Bangladesh" title="Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a></th><td class="infobox-data">13,130,109 (<a href="/wiki/2022_Census_of_Bangladesh" class="mw-redirect" title="2022 Census of Bangladesh">2022 census</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Bengali_Hindu_diaspora" 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a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks" style="border-collapse:collapse; text-align:center"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Hinduism" title="Category:Hinduism">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="padding:0.2em;background:#FFC569;margin-bottom:0.5em;"><a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hinduism</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Om" title="Om"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/1_Om.svg/90px-1_Om.svg.png" decoding="async" width="90" height="93" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/1_Om.svg/135px-1_Om.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/1_Om.svg/180px-1_Om.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="356" data-file-height="367" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-above hlist" style="padding-bottom:0.35em; border:0;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hindus" title="Hindus">Hindus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_mythology" title="Hindu mythology">Mythology</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border:1px solid #FFC569;background:#FFC569;padding-top:0.1em;padding-left:3em; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Hinduism" title="History of Hinduism">Origins</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="text-align:center;padding-top:0; background-color:#FDE7B9; border:2px solid #FDE7B9"><b>Historical</b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Hinduism" title="History of Hinduism">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_of_the_Indus_Valley_Civilization" class="mw-redirect" title="Religion of the Indus Valley Civilization">Indus Valley Civilisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vedic_Hinduism" class="mw-redirect" title="Vedic Hinduism">Vedic Hinduism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dravidian_folk_religion" title="Dravidian folk religion">Dravidian folk religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9Arama%E1%B9%87a" title="Śramaṇa">Śramaṇa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tribal_religions_in_India" title="Tribal religions in India">Tribal religions in India</a></li></ul> <p><b>Traditional</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Itihasa-Purana" title="Itihasa-Purana">Itihasa-Purana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epic-Puranic_royal_genealogies" title="Epic-Puranic royal genealogies">Epic-Puranic royal genealogies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epic-Puranic_chronology" title="Epic-Puranic chronology">Epic-Puranic chronology</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border:1px solid #FFC569;background:#FFC569;padding-top:0.1em;padding-left:3em; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Sampradaya" title="Sampradaya">Sampradaya (Traditions)</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="text-align:center;padding-top:0; background-color:#FDE7B9; border:2px solid #FDE7B9"> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed">Major Sampradaya (Traditions)</div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vaishnavism" title="Vaishnavism">Vaishnavism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pancharatra" title="Pancharatra">Pancharatra</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaivism" title="Shaivism">Shaivism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kapalika" title="Kapalika">Kapalika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pashupata_Shaivism" title="Pashupata Shaivism">Pashupata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pratyabhijna" title="Pratyabhijna">Pratyabhijña</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaktism" title="Shaktism">Shaktism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smarta_tradition" title="Smarta tradition">Smartism</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><i><a href="/wiki/Hindu_denominations" title="Hindu denominations">Other Sampradaya (Traditions)</a></i></div></dt></dl></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border:1px solid #FFC569;background:#FFC569;padding-top:0.1em;padding-left:3em; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Hindu_deities" title="Hindu deities">Deities</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="text-align:center;padding-top:0; background-color:#FDE7B9; border:2px solid #FDE7B9"> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Brahman" title="Brahman">Absolute Reality / Unifying Force</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brahman" title="Brahman">Brahman</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Trimurti" title="Trimurti">Trimurti</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brahma" title="Brahma">Brahma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vishnu" title="Vishnu">Vishnu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shiva" title="Shiva">Shiva</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Tridevi" title="Tridevi">Tridevi</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Saraswati" title="Saraswati">Saraswati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lakshmi" title="Lakshmi">Lakshmi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parvati" title="Parvati">Parvati</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed">Other major <a href="/wiki/Deva_(Hinduism)" title="Deva (Hinduism)">Devas</a> / <a href="/wiki/Devi" title="Devi">Devis</a></div></dt></dl> <dl><dd><i>Vedic Deities:</i></dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tridasha" class="mw-redirect" title="Tridasha">Tridasha</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adityas" title="Adityas">Adityas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudras" title="Rudras">Rudras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vasus" class="mw-redirect" title="Vasus">Vasus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashvins" title="Ashvins">Ashvins</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahadevi" title="Mahadevi">Mahadevi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rigvedic_deities" title="Rigvedic deities">Other Vedic Deities</a></li></ul> <dl><dd><i>Post-Vedic:</i></dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Avatar" title="Avatar">Avatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dashavatara" title="Dashavatara">Dashavatara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Durga" title="Durga">Durga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Navadurga" title="Navadurga">Navadurga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahavidya" title="Mahavidya">Mahavidya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kartikeya" title="Kartikeya">Kartikeya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ganesha" title="Ganesha">Ganesha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hanuman" title="Hanuman">Hanuman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radha" title="Radha">Radha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shakti" title="Shakti">Shakti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sita" title="Sita">Sita</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Devata" title="Devata">Devatas</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vishvakarma" title="Vishvakarma">Vishvakarma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kubera" title="Kubera">Kubera</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border:1px solid #FFC569;background:#FFC569;padding-top:0.1em;padding-left:3em; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Hindu_philosophy" title="Hindu philosophy">Concepts</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="text-align:center;padding-top:0; background-color:#FDE7B9; border:2px solid #FDE7B9"> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed">Worldview</div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_cosmology" title="Hindu cosmology">Cosmology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_mythology" title="Hindu mythology">Mythology</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed">Ontology</div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tattva" title="Tattva">Tattvas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanmatras" title="Tanmatras">Subtle elements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panchikarana" title="Panchikarana">Panchikarana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pancha_Bhuta" title="Pancha Bhuta">Gross elements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gu%E1%B9%87a" title="Guṇa">Guṇas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Purusha" title="Purusha">Purusha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prak%E1%B9%9Bti" title="Prakṛti">Prakṛti</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Para_Brahman" title="Para Brahman">Supreme reality</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brahman" title="Brahman">Brahman</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nirguna_brahman" class="mw-redirect" title="Nirguna brahman">Nirguna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saguna_brahman" title="Saguna brahman">Saguna</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Om" title="Om">Om</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saccid%C4%81nanda" title="Saccidānanda">Saccidānanda</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed">God</div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ishvara" title="Ishvara">Ishvara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deva_(Hinduism)" title="Deva (Hinduism)">Devas</a> / <a href="/wiki/Devi" title="Devi">Devi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Devata" title="Devata">Devatas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/God_in_Hinduism" title="God in Hinduism">God in Hinduism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/God_and_gender_in_Hinduism" title="God and gender in Hinduism">God and gender</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Puru%E1%B9%A3%C4%81rtha" title="Puruṣārtha">Puruṣārtha (Meaning of life)</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dharma" title="Dharma">Dharma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artha" title="Artha">Artha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kama" title="Kama">Kama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moksha" title="Moksha">Moksha</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/%C4%80%C5%9Brama_(stage)" title="Āśrama (stage)">Āśrama (Stages of life)</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brahmacharya" title="Brahmacharya">Brahmacharya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G%E1%B9%9Bhastha" title="Gṛhastha">Gṛhastha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V%C4%81naprastha" title="Vānaprastha">Vānaprastha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sannyasa" title="Sannyasa">Sannyasa</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Three_Yogas" title="Three Yogas">Three paths to liberation</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bhakti_yoga" title="Bhakti yoga">Bhakti yoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jnana_yoga" title="Jnana yoga">Jnana yoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karma_yoga" title="Karma yoga">Karma yoga</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Moksha" title="Moksha">Liberation</a></div></dt></dl> <dl><dd><i>Mokṣa-related topics:</i></dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Paramatman" title="Paramatman">Paramātman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maya_(religion)" title="Maya (religion)">Maya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karma" title="Karma">Karma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sa%E1%B9%83s%C4%81ra" title="Saṃsāra">Saṃsāra</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed">Mind</div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C4%80tman_(Hinduism)" title="Ātman (Hinduism)">Ātman (self)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/An%C4%81tman_(Hinduism)" title="Anātman (Hinduism)">Anātman (non-self)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three_bodies_doctrine" title="Three bodies doctrine">Sūkṣma śarīra (subtle body)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antahkarana" title="Antahkarana">Antaḥkaraṇa (mental organs)</a><br /></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Praj%C3%B1%C4%81_(Hinduism)" title="Prajñā (Hinduism)">Prajña (wisdom)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C4%80nanda_(Hindu_philosophy)" title="Ānanda (Hindu philosophy)">Ānanda (happiness)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viveka" title="Viveka">Viveka (discernment)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vairagya" title="Vairagya">Vairagya (dispassion)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samatva" title="Samatva">Sama (equanimity)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temperance_(virtue)#Hinduism" title="Temperance (virtue)">Dama (temperance)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uparati" title="Uparati">Uparati (self-settledness)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Titiksha" title="Titiksha">Titiksha (forbearance)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faith_in_Hinduism" title="Faith in Hinduism">Shraddha (faith)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sam%C4%81dh%C4%81na" title="Samādhāna">Samadhana (concentration)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arishadvargas" title="Arishadvargas">Arishadvargas (six enemies)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahamkara" title="Ahamkara">Ahamkara (attachment)</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed">Ethics</div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ethics_in_religion#Hindu_ethics" title="Ethics in religion">Niti śastra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yamas" title="Yamas">Yamas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niyama" title="Niyama">Niyama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahimsa" title="Ahimsa">Ahimsa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Achourya" title="Achourya">Achourya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-possession" title="Non-possession">Aparigraha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brahmacharya" title="Brahmacharya">Brahmacharya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satya" title="Satya">Satya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temperance_(virtue)#Hinduism" title="Temperance (virtue)">Damah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compassion#Hinduism" title="Compassion">Dayā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akrodha" title="Akrodha">Akrodha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arjava" title="Arjava">Arjava</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santosha" title="Santosha">Santosha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tapas_(Indian_religions)" title="Tapas (Indian religions)">Tapas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sv%C4%81dhy%C4%81ya" title="Svādhyāya">Svādhyāya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaucha" title="Shaucha">Shaucha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mitahara" title="Mitahara">Mitahara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%C4%81na" title="Dāna">Dāna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9A%C4%81stra_pram%C4%81%E1%B9%87am_in_Hinduism" class="mw-redirect" title="Śāstra pramāṇam in Hinduism">Sources of dharma</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Pramana" title="Pramana">Epistemology</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pratyaksha" title="Pratyaksha">Pratyakṣa (perception)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pramana#Anumāṇa" title="Pramana">Anumāṇa (inference)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upam%C4%81%E1%B9%87a" class="mw-redirect" title="Upamāṇa">Upamāṇa (comparison, analogy)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pramana#Arthāpatti" title="Pramana">Arthāpatti (postulation, presumption)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pramana#Anupalabdi" title="Pramana">Anupalabdi (non-perception, negation)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shabda" title="Shabda">Śabda (word, testimony)</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border:1px solid #FFC569;background:#FFC569;padding-top:0.1em;padding-left:3em; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Practices</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="text-align:center;padding-top:0; background-color:#FDE7B9; border:2px solid #FDE7B9"> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Worship_in_Hinduism" title="Worship in Hinduism">Worship</a>, sacrifice, and charity</div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Puja_(Hinduism)" title="Puja (Hinduism)">Puja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arti_(Hinduism)" title="Arti (Hinduism)">Ārtī</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prayer_in_Hinduism" title="Prayer in Hinduism">Prarthana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9Arauta" title="Śrauta">Śrauta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_temple" title="Hindu temple">Temple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murti" title="Murti">Murti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhakti" title="Bhakti">Bhakti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japa" title="Japa">Japa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhajan" title="Bhajan">Bhajana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kirtan" title="Kirtan">Kīrtana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yajna" title="Yajna">Yajna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homa_(ritual)" title="Homa (ritual)">Homa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tarpana" title="Tarpana">Tarpana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vrata" title="Vrata">Vrata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pr%C4%81ya%C5%9Bcitta" title="Prāyaścitta">Prāyaścitta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tirtha_(Hinduism)" title="Tirtha (Hinduism)">Tirtha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yatra" title="Yatra">Yatra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_pilgrimage_sites_in_India" title="Hindu pilgrimage sites in India">Tirthadana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matha" title="Matha">Matha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_classical_dance" title="Indian classical dance">Nritta-Nritya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%C4%81na" title="Dāna">Dāna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sev%C4%81" title="Sevā">Sevā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoga" title="Yoga">Yoga</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed">Meditation</div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tapas_(Indian_religions)" title="Tapas (Indian religions)">Tapas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhyana_in_Hinduism" title="Dhyana in Hinduism">Dhyana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sam%C4%81dh%C4%81na" title="Samādhāna">Samādhāna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nididhy%C4%81sana" title="Nididhyāsana">Nididhyāsana</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Yoga" title="Yoga">Yoga</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sadhu" title="Sadhu">Sadhu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yogi" title="Yogi">Yogi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yogini" title="Yogini">Yogini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asana" title="Asana">Asana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C4%81dhan%C4%81" title="Sādhanā">Sādhanā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hatha_yoga" title="Hatha yoga">Hatha yoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jnana_yoga" title="Jnana yoga">Jnana yoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhakti_yoga" title="Bhakti yoga">Bhakti yoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karma_yoga" title="Karma yoga">Karma yoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R%C4%81ja_yoga" title="Rāja yoga">Rāja yoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kundalini_yoga" title="Kundalini yoga">Kundalini yoga</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Hindu_art" title="Hindu art">Arts</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bharatanatyam" title="Bharatanatyam">Bharatanatyam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kathak" title="Kathak">Kathak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kathakali" title="Kathakali">Kathakali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuchipudi" title="Kuchipudi">Kuchipudi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manipuri_dance" title="Manipuri dance">Manipuri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohiniyattam" title="Mohiniyattam">Mohiniyattam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Odissi" title="Odissi">Odissi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sattriya" title="Sattriya">Sattriya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhagavata_Mela" title="Bhagavata Mela">Bhagavata Mela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yakshagana" title="Yakshagana">Yakshagana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dandiya_Raas" title="Dandiya Raas">Dandiya Raas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carnatic_music" title="Carnatic music">Carnatic music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pandav_Lila" title="Pandav Lila">Pandav Lila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalaripayattu" title="Kalaripayattu">Kalaripayattu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silambam" title="Silambam">Silambam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adimurai" title="Adimurai">Adimurai</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Samskara_(rite_of_passage)" title="Samskara (rite of passage)">Rites of passage</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Garbhadhana" title="Garbhadhana">Garbhadhana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pumsavana" title="Pumsavana">Pumsavana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pumsavana_Simantonayana" title="Pumsavana Simantonayana">Pumsavana Simantonayana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simantonnayana" title="Simantonnayana">Simantonnayana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jatakarma" title="Jatakarma">Jatakarma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N%C4%81makara%E1%B9%87a" title="Nāmakaraṇa">Nāmakaraṇa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nishkramana" title="Nishkramana">Nishkramana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annaprashana" title="Annaprashana">Annaprashana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chudakarana" title="Chudakarana">Chudakarana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karnavedha" title="Karnavedha">Karnavedha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vidy%C4%81ra%E1%B9%83bha%E1%B9%83" title="Vidyāraṃbhaṃ">Vidyāraṃbhaṃ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upanayana" title="Upanayana">Upanayana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keshanta" title="Keshanta">Keshanta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ritu_Kala_Samskaram" title="Ritu Kala Samskaram">Ritushuddhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samavartanam" title="Samavartanam">Samavartanam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_wedding" title="Hindu wedding">Vivaha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antyesti" title="Antyesti">Antyesti</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Hindu_festivals" title="List of Hindu festivals">Festivals</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Diwali" title="Diwali">Diwali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holi" title="Holi">Holi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maha_Shivaratri" title="Maha Shivaratri">Maha Shivaratri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Navaratri" title="Navaratri">Navaratri</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Durga_Puja" title="Durga Puja">Durga Puja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramlila" title="Ramlila">Ramlila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vijayadashami" title="Vijayadashami">Vijayadashami-Dussehra</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raksha_Bandhan" title="Raksha Bandhan">Raksha Bandhan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ganesh_Chaturthi" title="Ganesh Chaturthi">Ganesh Chaturthi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vasant_Panchami" title="Vasant Panchami">Vasant Panchami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rama_Navami" title="Rama Navami">Rama Navami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krishna_Janmashtami" title="Krishna Janmashtami">Janmashtami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Onam" title="Onam">Onam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Makar_Sankranti" title="Makar Sankranti">Makar Sankranti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kumbh_Mela" title="Kumbh Mela">Kumbh Mela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pongal_(festival)" title="Pongal (festival)">Pongal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ugadi" title="Ugadi">Ugadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaisakhi" title="Vaisakhi">Vaisakhi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bihu" title="Bihu">Bihu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puthandu" title="Puthandu">Puthandu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vishu" title="Vishu">Vishu</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ratha_Yatra_(Puri)" title="Ratha Yatra (Puri)">Ratha Yatra</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border:1px solid #FFC569;background:#FFC569;padding-top:0.1em;padding-left:3em; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Hindu_philosophy" title="Hindu philosophy">Philosophical schools</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="text-align:center;padding-top:0; background-color:#FDE7B9; border:2px solid #FDE7B9"> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Astika" class="mw-redirect" title="Astika">Six Astika schools</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Samkhya" title="Samkhya">Samkhya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoga_(philosophy)" title="Yoga (philosophy)">Yoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nyaya" title="Nyaya">Nyaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaisheshika" title="Vaisheshika">Vaisheshika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C4%ABm%C4%81%E1%B9%83s%C4%81" title="Mīmāṃsā">Mīmāṃsā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vedanta" title="Vedanta">Vedanta</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Advaita_Vedanta" title="Advaita Vedanta">Advaita</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dvaita_Vedanta" title="Dvaita Vedanta">Dvaita</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Vishishtadvaita" title="Vishishtadvaita">Vishishtadvaita</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Achintya_Bheda_Abheda" title="Achintya Bheda Abheda">Achintya Bheda Abheda</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Shuddhadvaita" title="Shuddhadvaita">Shuddhadvaita</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Svabhavika_Bhedabheda" title="Svabhavika Bhedabheda">Svabhavika Bhedabheda</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Akshar_Purushottam_Darshan" title="Akshar Purushottam Darshan">Akshar Purushottam Darshan</a></i></li></ul></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed">Other schools</div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C4%80j%C4%ABvika" title="Ājīvika">Ājīvika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jainism" title="Jainism">Jainism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charvaka" title="Charvaka">Charvaka</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border:1px solid #FFC569;background:#FFC569;padding-top:0.1em;padding-left:3em; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Hindu_gurus_and_sants" title="List of Hindu gurus and sants">Gurus, Rishi, Philosophers</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="text-align:center;padding-top:0; background-color:#FDE7B9; border:2px solid #FDE7B9"> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient India">Ancient</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Saptarshi" title="Saptarshi">Saptarshi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vashistha" class="mw-redirect" title="Vashistha">Vashistha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kashyapa" title="Kashyapa">Kashyapa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atri" title="Atri">Atri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jamadagni" title="Jamadagni">Jamadagni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nyaya_Sutras" class="mw-redirect" title="Nyaya Sutras">Gotama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vishvamitra" title="Vishvamitra">Vishvamitra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bharadwaja" class="mw-redirect" title="Bharadwaja">Bharadwaja</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agastya" title="Agastya">Agastya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angiras" title="Angiras">Angiras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aruni" class="mw-redirect" title="Aruni">Aruni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashtavakra" title="Ashtavakra">Ashtavakra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jaimini" title="Jaimini">Jaimini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanada_(philosopher)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kanada (philosopher)">Kanada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kapila" title="Kapila">Kapila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patanjali" title="Patanjali">Patanjali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P%C4%81%E1%B9%87ini" title="Pāṇini">Pāṇini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prashastapada" title="Prashastapada">Prashastapada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raikva" title="Raikva">Raikva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satyakama_Jabala" class="mw-redirect" title="Satyakama Jabala">Satyakama Jabala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valmiki" title="Valmiki">Valmiki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vyasa" title="Vyasa">Vyasa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yajnavalkya" title="Yajnavalkya">Yajnavalkya</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Medieval_India" title="Medieval India">Medieval</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abhinavagupta" title="Abhinavagupta">Abhinavagupta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adi_Shankara" title="Adi Shankara">Adi Shankara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akka_Mahadevi" title="Akka Mahadevi">Akka Mahadevi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allama_Prabhu" title="Allama Prabhu">Allama Prabhu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alvars" title="Alvars">Alvars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basava" title="Basava">Basava</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chaitanya_Mahaprabhu" title="Chaitanya Mahaprabhu">Chaitanya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramdas_Kathiababa" title="Ramdas Kathiababa">Ramdas Kathiababa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chakradhar_Swami" title="Chakradhar Swami">Chakradhara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Changdev" class="mw-redirect" title="Changdev">Chāngadeva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dadu_Dayal" title="Dadu Dayal">Dadu Dayal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eknath" title="Eknath">Eknath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gangesha_Upadhyaya" class="mw-redirect" title="Gangesha Upadhyaya">Gangesha Upadhyaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaudapada" title="Gaudapada">Gaudapada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gorakshanath" class="mw-redirect" title="Gorakshanath">Gorakshanatha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haridasa_Thakur" title="Haridasa Thakur">Haridasa Thakur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hith_Harivansh_Mahaprabhu" title="Hith Harivansh Mahaprabhu">Harivansh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jagannatha_Dasa_(Odia_poet)" title="Jagannatha Dasa (Odia poet)">Jagannatha Dasa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jayanta_Bhatta" title="Jayanta Bhatta">Jayanta Bhatta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jayatirtha" title="Jayatirtha">Jayatīrtha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jiva_Goswami" title="Jiva Goswami">Jiva Goswami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C3%B1%C4%81ne%C5%9Bvar" class="mw-redirect" title="Jñāneśvar">Jñāneśvar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kabir" title="Kabir">Kabir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanaka_Dasa" title="Kanaka Dasa">Kanaka Dasa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kum%C4%81rila_Bha%E1%B9%AD%E1%B9%ADa" title="Kumārila Bhaṭṭa">Kumārila Bhaṭṭa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madhus%C5%ABdana_Sarasvat%C4%AB" title="Madhusūdana Sarasvatī">Madhusūdana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madhvacharya" title="Madhvacharya">Madhva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matsyendranath" class="mw-redirect" title="Matsyendranath">Matsyendranatha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morya_Gosavi" title="Morya Gosavi">Morya Gosavi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mukundraj" title="Mukundraj">Mukundarāja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Namdev" title="Namdev">Namadeva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narahari_Tirtha" title="Narahari Tirtha">Narahari Tirtha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narasimha_Saraswati" title="Narasimha Saraswati">Narasimha Saraswati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nayanars" title="Nayanars">Nayanars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nimbarkacharya" title="Nimbarkacharya">Nimbarkacharya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Srinivasacharya" title="Srinivasacharya">Srinivasacharya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prabh%C4%81kara" title="Prabhākara">Prabhākara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Purandara_Dasa" title="Purandara Dasa">Purandara Dasa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raghavendra_Swami" class="mw-redirect" title="Raghavendra Swami">Raghavendra Swami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raghunatha_Siromani" title="Raghunatha Siromani">Raghunatha Siromani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raghuttama_Tirtha" title="Raghuttama Tirtha">Raghuttama Tirtha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ram_Charan_(guru)" title="Ram Charan (guru)">Ram Charan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramananda" title="Ramananda">Ramananda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramanuja" title="Ramanuja">Ramanuja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramprasad_Sen" title="Ramprasad Sen">Ramprasad Sen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ravidas" title="Ravidas">Ravidas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rupa_Goswami" title="Rupa Goswami">Rupa Goswami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samarth_Ramdas" title="Samarth Ramdas">Samarth Ramdas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sankardev" title="Sankardev">Sankardev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satyanatha_Tirtha" title="Satyanatha Tirtha">Satyanatha Tirtha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siddheshwar" title="Siddheshwar">Siddheshwar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sripada_Srivallabha" class="mw-redirect" title="Sripada Srivallabha">Sripada Srivallabha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sripadaraja" title="Sripadaraja">Sripadaraja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surdas" title="Surdas">Surdas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swaminarayan" title="Swaminarayan">Swaminarayan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syama_Sastri" title="Syama Sastri">Śyāma Śastri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tukaram" title="Tukaram">Tukaram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tulsidas" title="Tulsidas">Tulsidas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tyagaraja" title="Tyagaraja">Tyagaraja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V%C4%81caspati_Mi%C5%9Bra" class="mw-redirect" title="Vācaspati Miśra">Vācaspati Miśra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vadiraja_Tirtha" title="Vadiraja Tirtha">Vadiraja Tirtha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vallabha" title="Vallabha">Vallabha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thiruvalluvar" title="Thiruvalluvar">Valluvar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vedanta_Desika" title="Vedanta Desika">Vedanta Desika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vidyaranya" title="Vidyaranya">Vidyaranya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vyasaraja" class="mw-redirect" title="Vyasaraja">Vyasaraja</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed">Modern</div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Aurobindo" title="Sri Aurobindo">Aurobindo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhaktisiddhanta_Sarasvati" title="Bhaktisiddhanta Sarasvati">Bhaktisiddhanta Sarasvati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhaktivinoda_Thakur" title="Bhaktivinoda Thakur">Bhaktivinoda Thakur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chandrashekarendra_Saraswati" class="mw-redirect" title="Chandrashekarendra Saraswati">Chandrashekarendra Saraswati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinmayananda" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinmayananda">Chinmayananda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dayananda_Saraswati" title="Dayananda Saraswati">Dayananda Saraswati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jaggi_Vasudev" class="mw-redirect" title="Jaggi Vasudev">Jaggi Vasudev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krishnananda_Saraswati" title="Krishnananda Saraswati">Krishnananda Saraswati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahavatar_Babaji" title="Mahavatar Babaji">Mahavatar Babaji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maharishi_Mahesh_Yogi" title="Maharishi Mahesh Yogi">Mahesh Yogi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narayana_Guru" title="Narayana Guru">Narayana Guru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nigamananda_Paramahansa" title="Nigamananda Paramahansa">Nigamananda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nisargadatta_Maharaj" title="Nisargadatta Maharaj">Nisargadatta Maharaj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A._C._Bhaktivedanta_Swami_Prabhupada" title="A. C. Bhaktivedanta Swami Prabhupada">Prabhupada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarvepalli_Radhakrishnan" title="Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan">Radhakrishnan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramachandra_Dattatrya_Ranade" class="mw-redirect" title="Ramachandra Dattatrya Ranade">R. D. Ranade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramakrishna" title="Ramakrishna">Ramakrishna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swami_Rama_Tirtha" class="mw-redirect" title="Swami Rama Tirtha">Rama Tirtha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramana_Maharshi" title="Ramana Maharshi">Ramana Maharshi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ravi_Shankar_(spiritual_leader)" title="Ravi Shankar (spiritual leader)">Ravi Shankar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swami_Ramdas" title="Swami Ramdas">Ramdas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swami_Samarth" title="Swami Samarth">Samarth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sathya_Sai_Baba" title="Sathya Sai Baba">Sathya Sai Baba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sai_Baba_of_Shirdi" title="Sai Baba of Shirdi">Shirdi Sai Baba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swami_Shraddhanand" title="Swami Shraddhanand">Shraddhanand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satyadhyana_Tirtha" title="Satyadhyana Tirtha">Satyadhyana Tirtha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siddharameshwar_Maharaj" class="mw-redirect" title="Siddharameshwar Maharaj">Siddharameshwar Maharaj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sivananda_Saraswati" title="Sivananda Saraswati">Sivananda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trailanga" title="Trailanga">Trailanga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/U._G._Krishnamurti" title="U. G. Krishnamurti">U. G. Krishnamurti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upasni_Maharaj" class="mw-redirect" title="Upasni Maharaj">Upasni Maharaj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vethathiri_Maharishi" title="Vethathiri Maharishi">Vethathiri Maharishi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swami_Vivekananda" title="Swami Vivekananda">Vivekananda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paramahansa_Yogananda" title="Paramahansa Yogananda">Yogananda</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border:1px solid #FFC569;background:#FFC569;padding-top:0.1em;padding-left:3em; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Hindu_texts" title="Hindu texts">Texts</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="text-align:center;padding-top:0; background-color:#FDE7B9; border:2px solid #FDE7B9"> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/%C5%9A%C4%81stra_pram%C4%81%E1%B9%87am_in_Hinduism" class="mw-redirect" title="Śāstra pramāṇam in Hinduism">Sources and classification of scripture</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9Aruti" title="Śruti">Śruti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sm%E1%B9%9Bti" title="Smṛti">Smṛti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C4%80c%C4%81ra" title="Ācāra">Ācāra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atmatusti" title="Atmatusti">Ātmatuṣṭi</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Hindu_texts" title="Hindu texts">Scriptures</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Hindu_texts" title="Timeline of Hindu texts">Timeline of Hindu texts</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Vedas" title="Vedas">Vedas</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Rigveda" title="Rigveda">Rigveda</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Yajurveda" title="Yajurveda">Yajurveda</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Samaveda" title="Samaveda">Samaveda</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Atharvaveda" title="Atharvaveda">Atharvaveda</a></i></li></ul> <dl><dd><i>Divisions</i></dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Samhitapatha" class="mw-redirect" title="Samhitapatha">Samhita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brahmana" title="Brahmana">Brahmana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aranyaka" title="Aranyaka">Aranyaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upanishads" title="Upanishads">Upanishads</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Upanishads" title="Upanishads">Upanishads</a></div></dt></dl> <dl><dd><i>Rigveda:</i></dd></dl> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Aitareya_Upanishad" title="Aitareya Upanishad">Aitareya</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kaushitaki_Upanishad" title="Kaushitaki Upanishad">Kaushitaki</a></i></li></ul> <dl><dd><i>Yajurveda:</i></dd></dl> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Brihadaranyaka_Upanishad" title="Brihadaranyaka Upanishad">Brihadaranyaka</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Isha_Upanishad" title="Isha Upanishad">Isha</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Taittiriya_Upanishad" title="Taittiriya Upanishad">Taittiriya</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Katha_Upanishad" title="Katha Upanishad">Katha</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Shvetashvatara_Upanishad" title="Shvetashvatara Upanishad">Shvetashvatara</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Maitrayaniya_Upanishad" title="Maitrayaniya Upanishad">Maitri</a></i></li></ul> <dl><dd><i>Samaveda:</i></dd></dl> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Chandogya_Upanishad" title="Chandogya Upanishad">Chandogya</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kena_Upanishad" title="Kena Upanishad">Kena</a></i></li></ul> <dl><dd><i>Atharvaveda:</i></dd></dl> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Mundaka_Upanishad" title="Mundaka Upanishad">Mundaka</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mandukya_Upanishad" title="Mandukya Upanishad">Mandukya</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Prashna_Upanishad" title="Prashna Upanishad">Prashna</a></i></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Vedangas" class="mw-redirect" title="Vedangas">Vedangas</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shiksha" title="Shiksha">Shiksha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vedic_metre" title="Vedic metre">Chandas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vy%C4%81kara%E1%B9%87a" title="Vyākaraṇa">Vyākaraṇa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nirukta" title="Nirukta">Nirukta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalpa_(Vedanga)" title="Kalpa (Vedanga)">Kalpa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jyotisha" class="mw-redirect" title="Jyotisha">Jyotisha</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Hindu_scriptures" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Hindu scriptures">Other scriptures</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Bhagavad_Gita" title="Bhagavad Gita">Bhagavad Gita</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agama_(Hinduism)" title="Agama (Hinduism)"><i>Agama</i>s (Hinduism)</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Itihasa-Purana" title="Itihasa-Purana">Itihasas</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Ramayana" title="Ramayana">Ramayana</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mahabharata" title="Mahabharata">Mahabharata</a></i></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Puranas" title="Puranas">Puranas</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Vishnu_Purana" title="Vishnu Purana">Vishnu Purana</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bhagavata_Purana" title="Bhagavata Purana">Bhagavata Purana</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Devi_Bhagavata_Purana" title="Devi Bhagavata Purana">Devi Bhagavata Purana</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Naradiya_Purana" title="Naradiya Purana">Naradiya Purana</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Vamana_Purana" title="Vamana Purana">Vāmana Purana</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Matsya_Purana" title="Matsya Purana">Matsya Purana</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Garuda_Purana" title="Garuda Purana">Garuda Purana</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Brahma_Purana" title="Brahma Purana">Brahma Purana</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Brahmanda_Purana" title="Brahmanda Purana">Brahmanda Purana</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Brahma_Vaivarta_Purana" title="Brahma Vaivarta Purana">Brahma Vaivarta Purana</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bhavishya_Purana" title="Bhavishya Purana">Bhavishya Purana</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Padma_Purana" title="Padma Purana">Padma Purana</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Agni_Purana" title="Agni Purana">Agni Purana</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Shiva_Purana" title="Shiva Purana">Shiva Purana</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Linga_Purana" title="Linga Purana">Linga Purana</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kurma_Purana" title="Kurma Purana">Kūrma Purana</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Skanda_Purana" title="Skanda Purana">Skanda Purana</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Varaha_Purana" title="Varaha Purana">Varaha Purana</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Markandeya_Purana" title="Markandeya Purana">Markandeya Purana</a></i></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Vedas#Upaveda" title="Vedas">Upavedas</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Ayurveda" title="Ayurveda">Ayurveda</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dhanurveda" title="Dhanurveda">Dhanurveda</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Gandharvaveda" class="mw-redirect" title="Gandharvaveda">Gandharvaveda</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sthapatyaveda" class="mw-redirect" title="Sthapatyaveda">Sthapatyaveda</a></i></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Shastra" title="Shastra">Shastras</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sutra" title="Sutra">sutras</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Samhita" title="Samhita">samhitas</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Dharma%C5%9B%C4%81stra" title="Dharmaśāstra">Dharma Shastra</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Arthashastra" title="Arthashastra">Artha Śastra</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Shilpa_Shastras" title="Shilpa Shastras">Shilpa Shastras</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kama_Sutra" title="Kama Sutra">Kama Sutra</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Brahma_Sutras" title="Brahma Sutras">Brahma Sutras</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Samkhya_Pravachana_Sutra" title="Samkhya Pravachana Sutra">Samkhya Sutras</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Purva_Mimamsa_Sutras" title="Purva Mimamsa Sutras">Mimamsa Sutras</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ny%C4%81ya_S%C5%ABtras" title="Nyāya Sūtras">Nyāya Sūtras</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Vai%C5%9Be%E1%B9%A3ika_S%C5%ABtra" title="Vaiśeṣika Sūtra">Vaiśeṣika Sūtra</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Yoga_Sutras_of_Patanjali" title="Yoga Sutras of Patanjali">Yoga Sutras</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pramana" title="Pramana">Pramana Sutras</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Charaka_Samhita" title="Charaka Samhita">Charaka Samhita</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sushruta_Samhita" title="Sushruta Samhita">Sushruta Samhita</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Natya_Shastra" title="Natya Shastra">Natya Shastra</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Panchatantra" title="Panchatantra">Panchatantra</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Naalayira_Divya_Prabandham" title="Naalayira Divya Prabandham">Naalayira Divya Prabandham</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tirumurai" title="Tirumurai">Tirumurai</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ramcharitmanas" title="Ramcharitmanas">Ramcharitmanas</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Yoga_Vasistha" title="Yoga Vasistha">Yoga Vasistha</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Shiva_Swarodaya" title="Shiva Swarodaya">Swara yoga</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Panchadasi" title="Panchadasi">Panchadasi</a></i></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Stotra" title="Stotra">Stotras</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_suktas_and_stutis" title="List of suktas and stutis">stutis</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bhashya" title="Bhashya">Bhashya</a> </div></dt></dl> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Kanakadhara_Stotra" title="Kanakadhara Stotra">Kanakadhara Stotra</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Shiva_Stuti" title="Shiva Stuti">Shiva Stuti</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Vayu_Stuti" title="Vayu Stuti">Vayu Stuti</a></i></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Tamil_literature" title="Tamil literature">Tamil literature</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Tirumurai" title="Tirumurai">Tirumurai</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Naalayira_Divya_Prabandham" title="Naalayira Divya Prabandham">Naalayira Divya Prabandham</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tirumuruk%C4%81%E1%B9%9F%E1%B9%9Fuppa%E1%B9%ADai" title="Tirumurukāṟṟuppaṭai">Tirumurukāṟṟuppaṭai</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tiruppukal" title="Tiruppukal">Tiruppukal</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kural" title="Kural">Kural</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kamba_Ramayanam" class="mw-redirect" title="Kamba Ramayanam">Kamba Ramayanam/Ramavataram</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Five_Great_Epics" title="Five Great Epics">Five Great Epics</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Eighteen_Greater_Texts" title="Eighteen Greater Texts">Eighteen Greater Texts</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Eighteen_Lesser_Texts" title="Eighteen Lesser Texts">Eighteen Lesser Texts</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Athichudi" title="Athichudi">Athichudi</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Iraiyanar_Akapporul" title="Iraiyanar Akapporul">Iraiyanar Akapporul</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Abirami_Antati" title="Abirami Antati">Abirami Antati</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Thiruvilaiyadal_Puranam" title="Thiruvilaiyadal Puranam">Thiruvilaiyadal Puranam</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Vinayagar_Agaval" title="Vinayagar Agaval">Vinayagar Agaval</a></i></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed; border-bottom:1px dotted"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Hindu_texts" title="List of Hindu texts">Other texts</a></div></dt></dl></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border:1px solid #FFC569;background:#FFC569;padding-top:0.1em;padding-left:3em; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Hindu Culture & Society</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="text-align:center;padding-top:0; background-color:#FDE7B9; border:2px solid #FDE7B9"> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed">Society</div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Varna_(Hinduism)" title="Varna (Hinduism)">Varna</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brahmin" title="Brahmin">Brahmin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kshatriya" title="Kshatriya">Kshatriya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaishya" title="Vaishya">Vaishya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shudra" title="Shudra">Shudra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dalit" title="Dalit">Dalit</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C4%81ti" title="Jāti">Jāti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gotra" title="Gotra">Gotra</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed">Hindu Art</div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_art" title="Hindu art">Hindu art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_iconography" title="Hindu iconography">Hindu iconography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shilpa_Shastras" title="Shilpa Shastras">Shilpa Shastras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rasa_(aesthetics)" title="Rasa (aesthetics)">Rasa (aesthetics)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_aesthetics" title="Indian aesthetics">Indian aesthetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yantra" title="Yantra">Yantra</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed">Hindu Architecture</div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_architecture" title="Hindu architecture">Hindu architecture</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_temple_architecture" title="Hindu temple architecture">Hindu temple architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vastu_shastra" title="Vastu shastra">Vastu shastra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Talamana" title="Talamana">Talamana</a></li></ul></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed">Hindu Music</div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_music" title="Hindu music">Hindu music</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shruti_(music)" title="Shruti (music)">Shruti (music)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Svara" title="Svara">Svara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alank%C4%81ra" title="Alankāra">Alankāra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tala_(music)" title="Tala (music)">Tala (music)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raga" title="Raga">Raga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rasa_(aesthetics)" title="Rasa (aesthetics)">Rasa (aesthetics)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sangita" title="Sangita">Sangita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vadya" title="Vadya">Vadya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natya_Shastra" title="Natya Shastra">Natya Shastra</a></li></ul></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed">Food & Diet Customs</div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ahimsa" title="Ahimsa">Ahimsa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diet_in_Hinduism" title="Diet in Hinduism">Diet in Hinduism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sattvic_diet" title="Sattvic diet">Sattvic diet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mitahara" title="Mitahara">Mitahara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jhatka" title="Jhatka">Jhatka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vrata" title="Vrata">Vrata</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed">Time Keeping Practices</div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_units_of_time" title="Hindu units of time">Hindu units of time</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_calendar" title="Hindu calendar">Hindu calendar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panchangam" title="Panchangam">Panchangam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vikram_Samvat" title="Vikram Samvat">Vikram Samvat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaka_era" title="Shaka era">Shaka era</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed">Hindu Pilgrimage</div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_pilgrimage_sites" title="Hindu pilgrimage sites">Pilgrimage sites</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed">Other society-related topics:</div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Hindu_sentiment" title="Anti-Hindu sentiment">Discrimination</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Hindus" title="Persecution of Hindus">Persecution</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_nationalism" title="Hindu nationalism">Nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindutva" title="Hindutva">Hindutva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Hindu_organisations" title="List of Hindu organisations">Organisations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_reform_movements" title="Hindu reform movements">Reform movements</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border:1px solid #FFC569;background:#FFC569;padding-top:0.1em;padding-left:3em; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Hinduism" title="Portal:Hinduism">Other topics</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="text-align:center;padding-top:0; background-color:#FDE7B9; border:2px solid #FDE7B9"> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Hinduism_by_country" title="Hinduism by country">Hinduism by country</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Greater_India" title="Greater India">Greater India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balinese_Hinduism" title="Balinese Hinduism">Balinese Hinduism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caribbean_Shaktism" title="Caribbean Shaktism">Caribbean Shaktism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Hindu_scriptures_and_texts" title="Template:Hindu scriptures and texts">Template:Hindu scriptures and texts</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed">Hinduism & Other Religions</div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hinduism_and_Jainism" title="Hinduism and Jainism">Hinduism and Jainism</a> / <a href="/wiki/Buddhism_and_Hinduism" title="Buddhism and Hinduism">and Buddhism</a> / <a href="/wiki/Hinduism_and_Sikhism" title="Hinduism and Sikhism">and Sikhism</a> / <a href="/wiki/Hinduism_and_Judaism" title="Hinduism and Judaism">and Judaism</a> / <a href="/wiki/Hinduism_and_Christianity" class="mw-redirect" title="Hinduism and Christianity">and Christianity</a> / <a href="/wiki/Hindu%E2%80%93Islamic_relations" title="Hindu–Islamic relations">and Islam</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; 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background:var(--background-color-base, #fff); color: var(--color-base, #202122);"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle" style="padding-top:0.4em;">Part of a series on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="font-size:175%; line-height:1.0em; padding-bottom:0.4em;"><a href="/wiki/Bengalis" title="Bengalis">Bengalis</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image" style="border:none; padding:0.6em 0.4em;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Bengali_dialects_political_map.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Bengali_dialects_political_map.svg/140px-Bengali_dialects_political_map.svg.png" decoding="async" width="140" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Bengali_dialects_political_map.svg/210px-Bengali_dialects_political_map.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Bengali_dialects_political_map.svg/280px-Bengali_dialects_political_map.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1250" data-file-height="1250" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="padding:0 0.4em 0.6em; border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="padding:0.2em 0.4em 0; border-top:1px solid #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Bengal" title="History of Bengal">Bengali history</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vanga_kingdom" title="Vanga kingdom">Vanga kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gangaridai" title="Gangaridai">Gangaridai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gauda_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Gauda Kingdom">Gauda Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pala_Empire" title="Pala Empire">Pala Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengal_Sultanate" title="Bengal Sultanate">Bengal Sultanate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengal_Subah" title="Bengal Subah">Bengal Subah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengal_Presidency" title="Bengal Presidency">Bengal Presidency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Partition_of_Bengal_(1905)" title="Partition of Bengal (1905)">Partition of Bengal (1905)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Bengal_and_Assam" title="Eastern Bengal and Assam">Eastern Bengal and Assam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Partition_of_Bengal_(1947)" title="Partition of Bengal (1947)">Partition of Bengal (1947)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Bengal" title="East Bengal">East Bengal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Pakistan" title="East Pakistan">East Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Names_of_Bengal" title="Names of Bengal">Names of Bengal</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="padding:0 0.4em 0.6em; border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="padding:0.2em 0.4em 0; border-top:1px solid #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Bengal" title="Bengal">Bengali homeland</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bengal" title="Bengal">Bengal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangladesh" title="Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Bengal" title="West Bengal">West Bengal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tripura" title="Tripura">Tripura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barak_Valley" title="Barak Valley">Barak Valley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assam" title="Assam">Assam</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="padding:0 0.4em 0.6em; border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="padding:0.2em 0.4em 0; border-top:1px solid #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Bengali_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Bengali people">Bengali people</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li>Social group: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bangal" title="Bangal">Bangal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghotis" title="Ghotis">Ghotis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangladeshi_diaspora" title="Bangladeshi diaspora">Diaspora</a></li></ul></li> <li>Religious community: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bengali_Muslims" title="Bengali Muslims">Muslims</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Hindus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengali_Buddhists" title="Bengali Buddhists">Buddhists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengali_Christians" title="Bengali Christians">Christians</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengali_name" title="Bengali name">Bengali name</a></li> <li>Subgroups: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dhakaiyas" title="Dhakaiyas">Dhakaiyas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sylhetis" title="Sylhetis">Sylhetis</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="padding:0 0.4em 0.6em; border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="padding:0.2em 0.4em 0; border-top:1px solid #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Bengali_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Bengali culture">Bengali culture</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bangaliana" class="mw-redirect" title="Bangaliana">Bangaliana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengali_language" title="Bengali language">Language</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bengali_dialects" title="Bengali dialects">Dialects</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengali_alphabet" title="Bengali alphabet">Alphabet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanisation_of_Bengali" title="Romanisation of Bengali">Romanisation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengali_literature" title="Bengali literature">Literature</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bengali_poetry" title="Bengali poetry">Poetry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengali_science_fiction" title="Bengali science fiction">Science fiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengali_novels" title="Bengali novels">Novels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangladeshi_folk_literature" title="Bangladeshi folk literature">Folklore</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangladeshi_art" title="Bangladeshi art">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengali_music" class="mw-redirect" title="Bengali music">Music</a></li> <li>Cinema <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Bangladesh" title="Cinema of Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_West_Bengal" title="Cinema of West Bengal">West Bengal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theatre_in_Bangladesh" class="mw-redirect" title="Theatre in Bangladesh">Theatre</a></li> <li>Weddings <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bengali_Muslim_wedding" title="Bengali Muslim wedding">Bengali Muslim wedding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengali_Hindu_wedding" title="Bengali Hindu wedding">Bengali Hindu wedding</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengali_cuisine" title="Bengali cuisine">Cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengali_architecture" class="mw-redirect" title="Bengali architecture">Architecture</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bengal_temple_architecture" title="Bengal temple architecture">Bengal Temple</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengali_calendar" class="mw-redirect" title="Bengali calendar">Calendar</a></li> <li>Festivals <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pahela_Baishakh" class="mw-redirect" title="Pahela Baishakh">New Year</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pahela_Falgun" class="mw-redirect" title="Pahela Falgun">Spring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barsha_Utsab" title="Barsha Utsab">Monsoon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nabanna" title="Nabanna">Harvest</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="padding:0 0.4em 0.6em; border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="padding:0.2em 0.4em 0; border-top:1px solid #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)">Bengali symbols</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bangamata" title="Bangamata">Bangamata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joy_Bangla" title="Joy Bangla">Joy Bangla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengal_tiger" title="Bengal tiger">Bengal tiger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengal_cat" title="Bengal cat">Bengal cat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bungalow" title="Bungalow">Bungalow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengal_fire" class="mw-redirect" title="Bengal fire">Bengal fire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengal_Renaissance" title="Bengal Renaissance">Bengal Renaissance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amar_Sonar_Bangla" title="Amar Sonar Bangla">Amar Sonar Bangla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_symbols_of_Bangladesh" title="National symbols of Bangladesh">National symbols of Bangladesh</a></li> <li>Fish and rice <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ilish" title="Ilish">Ilish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chingri_malai_curry" title="Chingri malai curry">Chingri malai curry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rasgulla" title="Rasgulla">Rasgulla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chomchom" title="Chomchom">Chomchom</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jamdani" title="Jamdani">Jamdani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ganges" title="Ganges">Ganges</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suvarnabhumi" title="Suvarnabhumi">Suvarnabhumi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bay_of_Bengal" title="Bay of Bengal">Bay of Bengal</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="padding:0 0.4em 0.6em; border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="padding:0.2em 0.4em 0; border-top:1px solid #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Bengali_nationalism" title="Bengali nationalism">Bengali nationalism</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rulers_of_Bengal" title="List of rulers of Bengal">List of rulers of Bengal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Bengal" title="United Bengal">United Bengal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangabhumi" title="Bangabhumi">Bangabhumi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Bangladesh" title="Greater Bangladesh">Greater Bangladesh</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar" style="padding-top:0;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Bengalis" title="Template:Bengalis"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Bengalis" title="Template talk:Bengalis"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Bengalis" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Bengalis"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Bengali Hindus</b> (<a href="/wiki/Bengali_language" title="Bengali language">Bengali</a>: <span lang="bn">বাঙ্গালী হিন্দু/বাঙালি হিন্দু</span>, <small><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Bengali" class="mw-redirect" title="Romanization of Bengali">romanized</a>: </small><span title="Bengali-language romanization"><i lang="bn-Latn">Bāṅgālī Hindu/Bāṅāli Hindu</i></span>) are an ethnoreligious population who make up the majority in the <a href="/wiki/Indian_states" class="mw-redirect" title="Indian states">Indian states</a> of <a href="/wiki/West_Bengal" title="West Bengal">West Bengal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tripura" title="Tripura">Tripura</a>, <a href="/wiki/Andaman_and_Nicobar_Islands" title="Andaman and Nicobar Islands">Andaman and Nicobar Islands</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jharkhand" title="Jharkhand">Jharkhand</a>, and Assam's <a href="/wiki/Barak_Valley" title="Barak Valley">Barak Valley</a> region. In <a href="/wiki/Bangladesh" title="Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a>, they form the largest minority. They are adherents of <a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hinduism</a> and are native to the <a href="/wiki/Bengal" title="Bengal">Bengal</a> region in the eastern part of the <a href="/wiki/Indian_subcontinent" title="Indian subcontinent">Indian subcontinent</a>. Comprising about one-third of the global Bengali population, they are the largest ethnic group among Hindus. Bengali Hindus speak <a href="/wiki/Bengali_language" title="Bengali language">Bengali</a>, which belongs to the <a href="/wiki/Indo-Aryan_languages" title="Indo-Aryan languages">Indo-Aryan</a> language family and adhere to <a href="/wiki/Shaktism" title="Shaktism">Shaktism</a> (majority, the <a href="/wiki/Shaktism#Kalikula:_family_of_Kali" title="Shaktism">Kalikula tradition</a>) or <a href="/wiki/Vaishnavism" title="Vaishnavism">Vaishnavism</a> (minority, <a href="/wiki/Gaudiya_Vaishnavism" title="Gaudiya Vaishnavism">Gaudiya Vaishnavism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Vaishnava-Sahajiya" class="mw-redirect" title="Vaishnava-Sahajiya">Vaishnava-Sahajiya</a>) of their native religion Hinduism with some regional deities. <sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcDermott2005826_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcDermott2005826-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There are significant numbers of <a href="/wiki/States_of_India_by_Bengali_speakers" title="States of India by Bengali speakers">Bengali-speaking Hindus in different Indian states</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-BPSR_2015_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BPSR_2015-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to the census in 1881, 12.81 per cent of Bengali Hindus belonged to the three upper castes while the rest belonged to the <a href="/wiki/Shudra" title="Shudra">Shudra</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dalit" title="Dalit">Dalit</a> castes,<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while a 2020 <i><a href="/wiki/Deccan_Herald" title="Deccan Herald">Deccan Herald</a></i> publication puts the percentage of the upper castes (<a href="/wiki/Bengali_Brahmin" title="Bengali Brahmin">Brahmins</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bengali_Kayastha" title="Bengali Kayastha">Kayasthas</a> and <a href="/wiki/Baidya" title="Baidya">Vaidyas</a>) at 15 to 18 per cent of the Hindu population.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Around the 8th century, the Bengali language branched off from <a href="/wiki/Magadhi_Prakrit" title="Magadhi Prakrit">Magadhi Prakrit</a>, a derivative of <a href="/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit">Sanskrit</a> that was prevalent in the eastern region of the <a href="/wiki/Indian_Subcontinent" class="mw-redirect" title="Indian Subcontinent">Indian Subcontinent</a> at that time.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the <a href="/wiki/Sena_dynasty" title="Sena dynasty">Sena</a> period (11th – 12th century) the Bengali culture developed into a distinct culture, within the civilisation. Bengali Hindus were at the forefront of the <a href="/wiki/Bengal_Renaissance" title="Bengal Renaissance">Bengal Renaissance</a> in the 19th century, the Bengal region was noted for its participation in the struggle for independence from the <a href="/wiki/British_Raj" title="British Raj">British rule</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At the time of the independence of India in 1947, the province of Bengal was <a href="/wiki/Partition_of_Bengal_(1947)" title="Partition of Bengal (1947)">partitioned</a> between India and <a href="/wiki/East_Pakistan" title="East Pakistan">East Pakistan</a>, part of the Muslim-majority state of Pakistan. Millions of Bengali Hindus numbering around 25,19,557 (1941–1951) have <a href="/wiki/Mass_migration" title="Mass migration">migrated</a> from East Bengal (later Bangladesh) and settled in West Bengal and other states of India.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> The migration continued in waves through the fifties and sixties, especially as a results of the <a href="/wiki/1950_East_Pakistan_riots" title="1950 East Pakistan riots">1950 East Pakistan riots</a>, which led to the migration of 4.5 million Hindus to India, according to one estimate.<sup id="cite_ref-aroy94_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-aroy94-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/1964_East-Pakistan_riots" class="mw-redirect" title="1964 East-Pakistan riots">1964 East-Pakistan riots</a> caused an estimated 135,000 Hindus to migrate to India.<sup id="cite_ref-nyt05041964_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nyt05041964-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The massacre of East Pakistanis in the <a href="/wiki/Bangladesh_Liberation_War" title="Bangladesh Liberation War">Bangladesh Liberation War</a> of 1971 led to exodus of millions of Hindus to India. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Debi_Durga_Sculpture_by_Sandalwood_Murshidabad_WB_30_01_2018.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Debi_Durga_Sculpture_by_Sandalwood_Murshidabad_WB_30_01_2018.jpg/220px-Debi_Durga_Sculpture_by_Sandalwood_Murshidabad_WB_30_01_2018.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="253" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Debi_Durga_Sculpture_by_Sandalwood_Murshidabad_WB_30_01_2018.jpg/330px-Debi_Durga_Sculpture_by_Sandalwood_Murshidabad_WB_30_01_2018.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Debi_Durga_Sculpture_by_Sandalwood_Murshidabad_WB_30_01_2018.jpg/440px-Debi_Durga_Sculpture_by_Sandalwood_Murshidabad_WB_30_01_2018.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3162" data-file-height="3632" /></a><figcaption>Devi Durga Sculpture by Sandalwood. Found in Murshidabad, West Bengal. Now kept in <a href="/wiki/Indian_Museum,_Kolkata" class="mw-redirect" title="Indian Museum, Kolkata">Indian Museum, Kolkata</a>.</figcaption></figure> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ethnonym">Ethnonym</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bengali_Hindus&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Ethnonym"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Hindus are a religious group,<sup id="cite_ref-tagore1_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tagore1-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> native to the <a href="/wiki/Indian_subcontinent" title="Indian subcontinent">Indian subcontinent</a>, speaking a broad range of <a href="/wiki/Indo-Aryan_languages" title="Indo-Aryan languages">Indo-Aryan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dravidian_languages" title="Dravidian languages">Dravidian languages</a> and adhering to the native belief systems, rooted in the <a href="/wiki/Veda" class="mw-redirect" title="Veda">Vedas</a>. The word Hindu is popularly believed to be a <a href="/wiki/Persian_language" title="Persian language">Persian</a> <a href="/wiki/Exonym" class="mw-redirect" title="Exonym">exonym</a> for the people native to the Indian subcontinent. The word is derived from <a href="/wiki/Sindhu" class="mw-redirect" title="Sindhu">Sindhu</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the <a href="/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit">Sanskrit</a> name for the river <a href="/wiki/Indus" class="mw-redirect" title="Indus">Indus</a> and it initially referred to the people residing to the east of the river. The Hindus are constituted into various <a href="/wiki/Ethno-linguistic" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethno-linguistic">ethno-linguistic</a> subgroups, which in spite of being culturally diverse, share a common bond of unity.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The word Bengali is derived from the <a href="/wiki/Bengali_language" title="Bengali language">Bengali</a> word <i>bangali</i>. The English word Bengali denoting the people as well as the language is derived from the English word <a href="/wiki/Bengal" title="Bengal">Bengal</a> denoting the region, which itself is derived ultimately from the Bengali word <a href="/wiki/Vanga_kingdom" title="Vanga kingdom">Vanga</a> which was one of the five historical kingdoms of Eastern India. According to <a href="/wiki/Harivamsa" class="mw-redirect" title="Harivamsa">Harivamsa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mahabali" title="Mahabali">Bali</a>, the king of the <a href="/wiki/Asura" title="Asura">asuras</a> had five sons from his wife Sudeshna through sage Dirghatama. The five sons namely <a href="/wiki/Anga" title="Anga">Anga</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vanga_kingdom" title="Vanga kingdom">Vanga</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kalinga_(historical_kingdom)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kalinga (historical kingdom)">Kalinga</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pundra" class="mw-redirect" title="Pundra">Pundra</a> and <a href="/wiki/Suhma_kingdom" title="Suhma kingdom">Sumha</a> went on to found five kingdoms of the same name in the eastern region of the Indian subcontinent. In ancient times Vanga proper consisted of the deltaic region between <a href="/wiki/Hooghly_River" title="Hooghly River">Bhagirathi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Padma_River" title="Padma River">Padma</a> and <a href="/wiki/Madhumati_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Madhumati River">Madhumati</a>, but later on extended to include the regions which now roughly comprise <a href="/wiki/Bangladesh" title="Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a> and the Indian state of <a href="/wiki/West_Bengal" title="West Bengal">West Bengal</a>. </p><p>In India, they tend to identify themselves as <a href="/wiki/Bengalis" title="Bengalis">Bengalis</a><sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while in Bangladesh they tend to identify themselves as <a href="/wiki/Hindu" class="mw-redirect" title="Hindu">Hindus</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the global context, the terms <a href="/wiki/Indian_Bengali" class="mw-redirect" title="Indian Bengali">Indian Bengali</a><sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Bangladeshi_Hindu" class="mw-redirect" title="Bangladeshi Hindu">Bangladeshi Hindu</a><sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> are respectively used. In India, Bengali generally refers to Bengali Hindus, excluding a significant number of <a href="/wiki/Bengali_Muslims" title="Bengali Muslims">Bengali Muslims</a> who are also ethnically <a href="/wiki/Bengalis" title="Bengalis">Bengalis</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The 'other' is usually identified as 'non-Bengali', a term that generically refers to the Hindu people who are not Bengali speaking, but sometimes specifically used to denote the <a href="/wiki/Hindi" title="Hindi">Hindi</a> speaking population. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ethnology">Ethnology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bengali_Hindus&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Ethnology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Bengali Hindus constitute of numerous <a href="/wiki/Endogamy" title="Endogamy">endogamous</a> <a href="/wiki/Caste" title="Caste">castes</a>, which are sometimes further subdivided into endogamous subgroups. The <a href="/wiki/Caste_system_in_India" title="Caste system in India">caste system</a> evolved over centuries and became more and more complex with time. In the medieval period, several castes were boycotted by the ruling classes from time to time and this isolation continued till the 19th century. These social boycotts were somewhat discriminatory in nature. After the <a href="/wiki/Bengal_Renaissance" title="Bengal Renaissance">Renaissance</a>, the rigidity of the caste system ceased to a great extent, so much so that the first celebrated intercaste marriage took place as early as in 1925. </p><p>The Bengali Hindu families are <a href="/wiki/Patriarchy" title="Patriarchy">patriarchal</a> as well as <a href="/wiki/Patrilocal_residence" title="Patrilocal residence">patrilocal</a> and traditionally follow a joint family system. However, due to the <a href="/wiki/Partition_of_Bengal_(1947)" title="Partition of Bengal (1947)">Partition</a> and subsequent urbanisation, the <a href="/wiki/Hindu_joint_family" title="Hindu joint family">joint families</a> have given way to the <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_family" title="Nuclear family">nuclear families</a>. The Bengali Hindus were traditionally governed by the <a href="/wiki/D%C4%81yabh%C4%81ga" title="Dāyabhāga">Dāyabhāga</a> school of law, as opposed to the <a href="/wiki/Mit%C4%81k%E1%B9%A3ar%C4%81" title="Mitākṣarā">Mitākṣarā</a> school of law, which governed the other Hindu ethno-linguistic groups. In India, after the promulgation of the <a href="/wiki/Hindu_code_bills" title="Hindu code bills">Hindu code bills</a>, the Bengali Hindus along with other Hindus are being governed by a uniform <a href="/wiki/Modern_Hindu_law" title="Modern Hindu law">Hindu law</a>. </p><p>There are two major social subgroups among the Bengali Hindus – the <a href="/wiki/Ghotis" title="Ghotis">ghotis</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Bangal" title="Bangal">bangals</a>. The Bengali Hindus who emigrated from East Bengal (Bangladesh) at the wake of the Partition and settled in West Bengal, came to known as the bangals, while the native Bengali Hindus of West Bengal came to known as ghotis. For several decades after partition, these two social subgroups possessed marked difference in their accents and their rivalry was manifested in many spheres of life, most notably in the support for the football clubs of <a href="/wiki/Kingfisher_East_Bengal_FC" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingfisher East Bengal FC">East Bengal</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mohun_Bagan_AC" title="Mohun Bagan AC">Mohun Bagan</a> respectively. Several such differences have eased with passing years.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bengali_Hindus&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Prehistoric_period">Prehistoric period</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bengali_Hindus&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Prehistoric period"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>20,000-year-old stone weapons including small axes, <a href="/wiki/Pottery" title="Pottery">potteries</a> and <a href="/wiki/Charcoal" title="Charcoal">charcoal</a> remains have been unearthed from <a href="/w/index.php?title=Chandthakurer_Danga&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Chandthakurer Danga (page does not exist)">Chandthakurer Danga</a> in Haatpara mouza, 8 km northeast of <a href="/wiki/Sagardighi,_Murshidabad" title="Sagardighi, Murshidabad">Sagardighi</a> in <a href="/wiki/Murshidabad_district" title="Murshidabad district">Murshidabad</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-tt1_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tt1-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Microliths dating to 10000 BC has been excavated from Birbhanpur, situated in <a href="/wiki/Paschim_Bardhaman_district" title="Paschim Bardhaman district">Paschim Bardhaman district</a> on the <a href="/wiki/Damodar_River" title="Damodar River">Damodar River</a> valley near Durgapur. Microliths, potteries, copper fishhooks and iron arrowheads have been found at <a href="/wiki/Pandu_Rajar_Dhibi" title="Pandu Rajar Dhibi">Pandu Rajar Dhibi</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESultana200344_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESultana200344-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ancient_period">Ancient period</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bengali_Hindus&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Ancient period"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ganesh_(mus%C3%A9e_d%27art_asiatique_de_Berlin).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Ganesh_%28mus%C3%A9e_d%27art_asiatique_de_Berlin%29.jpg/220px-Ganesh_%28mus%C3%A9e_d%27art_asiatique_de_Berlin%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Ganesh_%28mus%C3%A9e_d%27art_asiatique_de_Berlin%29.jpg/330px-Ganesh_%28mus%C3%A9e_d%27art_asiatique_de_Berlin%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Ganesh_%28mus%C3%A9e_d%27art_asiatique_de_Berlin%29.jpg/440px-Ganesh_%28mus%C3%A9e_d%27art_asiatique_de_Berlin%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="1600" /></a><figcaption>Dancing <a href="/wiki/Ganesha" title="Ganesha">Ganesha</a> sculpture from <a href="/wiki/North_Bengal" title="North Bengal">North Bengal</a>, 11th century CE, <a href="/wiki/Museum_of_Asian_Art" title="Museum of Asian Art">Asian Art Museum</a> of Berlin (<a href="/wiki/Dahlem_(Berlin)" title="Dahlem (Berlin)">Dahlem</a>).</figcaption></figure> <p>In the ancient times, some of the Bengali Hindus were <a href="/wiki/Seafaring" class="mw-redirect" title="Seafaring">seafaring</a> people as evident from Vijay Singha's naval conquest of <a href="/wiki/Lanka" title="Lanka">Lanka</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the tales of merchants like <a href="/wiki/Chand_Sadagar" title="Chand Sadagar">Chand Sadagar</a> and Dhanapati Saudagor whose ships sailed to far off places for trade and establishment of colonies in <a href="/wiki/South_East_Asia" class="mw-redirect" title="South East Asia">South East Asia</a>. By the 3rd century B.C.E. they were united into a powerful state, known to the <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek" title="Ancient Greek">Greeks</a> as <a href="/wiki/Gangaridai" title="Gangaridai">Gangaridai</a>, whose military prowess demoralised <a href="/wiki/Alexander_the_Great" title="Alexander the Great">Alexander</a> from further expedition to the east.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Medieval_period">Medieval period</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bengali_Hindus&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Medieval period"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Chaitanya-Mahabrabhu-at-Jagannath.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Chaitanya-Mahabrabhu-at-Jagannath.jpg/220px-Chaitanya-Mahabrabhu-at-Jagannath.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="279" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Chaitanya-Mahabrabhu-at-Jagannath.jpg/330px-Chaitanya-Mahabrabhu-at-Jagannath.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Chaitanya-Mahabrabhu-at-Jagannath.jpg/440px-Chaitanya-Mahabrabhu-at-Jagannath.jpg 2x" data-file-width="970" data-file-height="1228" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Chaitanya_Mahaprabhu" title="Chaitanya Mahaprabhu">Chaitanya Mahaprabhu</a>, the founder of <a href="/wiki/Gaudiya_Vaishnavism" title="Gaudiya Vaishnavism">Gaudiya Vaishnavism</a></figcaption></figure> <p>In the middle of the 8th century, the Bengali Hindu nobility democratically elected <a href="/wiki/Gopala" class="mw-redirect" title="Gopala">Gopala</a> as the ruler of <a href="/wiki/Gau%E1%B8%8Da_region" class="mw-redirect" title="Gauḍa region">Gauda</a>, ushering in an era of peace and prosperity in Bengal, ending almost a century of chaos and confusion. The Buddhist <a href="/wiki/Pala_Empire" title="Pala Empire">Pala</a> rulers unified Bengal into a single political entity and expanded it into an empire, conquering a major portion of <a href="/wiki/North_India" title="North India">North India</a>. During this time, the Bengali Hindus excelled in art, literature, philosophy, mathematics, sciences and statecraft. The first scriptures in Bengali <i>Charyapada</i> was composed during the <a href="/wiki/Pala_Dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Pala Dynasty">Pala rule</a>. The Pala were followed by the Senas who made far reaching changes in the social structure of Bengali Hindus, introducing 36 new <a href="/wiki/Caste_system_in_India" title="Caste system in India">castes</a> and orthodox institutions like <a href="/wiki/Kulinism" title="Kulinism">Kulinism</a>. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bangladesh_o_india_orientale,_la_dea_serpente_manasa,_XI_secolo.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Bangladesh_o_india_orientale%2C_la_dea_serpente_manasa%2C_XI_secolo.jpg/220px-Bangladesh_o_india_orientale%2C_la_dea_serpente_manasa%2C_XI_secolo.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="467" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Bangladesh_o_india_orientale%2C_la_dea_serpente_manasa%2C_XI_secolo.jpg/330px-Bangladesh_o_india_orientale%2C_la_dea_serpente_manasa%2C_XI_secolo.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Bangladesh_o_india_orientale%2C_la_dea_serpente_manasa%2C_XI_secolo.jpg/440px-Bangladesh_o_india_orientale%2C_la_dea_serpente_manasa%2C_XI_secolo.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1264" data-file-height="2684" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Manasa" title="Manasa">Devi Manasa</a> with her husband <a href="/wiki/Jaratkaru" title="Jaratkaru">Jaratkaru</a> & son <a href="/wiki/Astik" class="mw-redirect" title="Astik">Astik</a> flanked by Nagas, 11th century <a href="/wiki/Pala_Empire" title="Pala Empire">Pala period</a> statue from <a href="/wiki/Bengal" title="Bengal">Bengal</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The literary progress of the Pala and Sena period came to a halt after the Turkish conquest in the early 13th century. Except for <a href="/wiki/Haridas_Dutta" title="Haridas Dutta">Haridas Datta's</a> <i>Manasar Bhasan</i> no significant literary work was composed for about a century after the conquest.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Even though the ruling classes resisted the invaders, Gauda, the centre of Bengal polity, fell to the Islamic invaders. During this period hundreds of temples and monasteries were desecrated. The next attack on the society came from the Islamic <a href="/wiki/Missionary" title="Missionary">missionaries</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Local chieftains like <a href="/wiki/Akananda_and_Bakananda" title="Akananda and Bakananda">Akananda</a>, Dakshin Ray and Mukut Ray, resisted the missionary activities. </p><p>During the <a href="/wiki/Pashtun_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Pashtun people">Pathan</a> occupation of Bengal, some regions were held in sway by different Bengali Hindu rulers. Islam religion gradually spread throughout the Bengal region, and many Bengali Hindus converted to Islam.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When the Delhi-based <a href="/wiki/Mughal_Empire" title="Mughal Empire">Mughals</a> tried to bring Bengal under their direct rule, the Bengali chiefs along with some Bengali Muslims consolidated themselves into confederacies and resisted the Mughals. After the fall of the confederacies, the Mughals brought a major part of Bengal under their control, and constituted a <i>subah</i>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_modern_period">Early modern period</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bengali_Hindus&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Early modern period"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>During the decline of the <a href="/wiki/Mughal_Empire" title="Mughal Empire">Mughal Empire</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nawabs_of_Bengal_and_Murshidabad" class="mw-redirect" title="Nawabs of Bengal and Murshidabad">Nawabs of Bengal</a> (who were Muslim) ruled a large part of Bengal. During the reign of <a href="/wiki/Alivardi_Khan" title="Alivardi Khan">Alivardi Khan</a>. a Nawab, the severe taxation and frequent <a href="/wiki/Maratha_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Maratha Empire">Maratha</a> raids made the life miserable for the ordinary Bengali Hindus.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A section of the Bengali Hindu nobility helped the <a href="/wiki/British_East_India_Company" class="mw-redirect" title="British East India Company">British East India Company</a> in overthrowing the Nawab <a href="/wiki/Siraj_ud-Daulah" class="mw-redirect" title="Siraj ud-Daulah">Siraj ud-Daulah</a> regime. After obtaining the revenue rights, the <a href="/wiki/East_India_Company" title="East India Company">East India Company</a> imposed more oppressive taxation.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> In the famine of 1770, approximately one third of the Bengali population died.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/East_India_Company" title="East India Company">British</a> began to face stiff resistance in conquering the semi-independent Bengali Hindu kingdoms outside the pale of Muslim occupied Bengal. In some cases, even when their rulers have been captured or killed, the ordinary people began to carry on the fight.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These resistances took the form of <a href="/wiki/Chuar_Rebellion" title="Chuar Rebellion">Chuar</a> (<i>Chuar</i> is a derogatory term used by the Britishers and local zamindars to denote the <a href="/wiki/Bhumij_people" title="Bhumij people">Bhumij peoples</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Paik_Rebellion" class="mw-redirect" title="Paik Rebellion">Paik Rebellion</a>. These warring people were later listed as <a href="/wiki/Denotified_tribes_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Denotified tribes of India">criminal tribes</a><sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and barred from recruitment in the Indian army. In 1766, the British troops were completely routed by the <i>sanyasi</i>s and <i>fakir</i>s or the warrior monks at <a href="/wiki/Dinhata" title="Dinhata">Dinhata</a>, where the latter resorted <a href="/wiki/Guerrilla_warfare" title="Guerrilla warfare">guerrilla warfare</a>. <a href="/wiki/Bankim_Chandra_Chattopadhyay" class="mw-redirect" title="Bankim Chandra Chattopadhyay">Bankim Chandra</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Anandamath" title="Anandamath">Anandamath</a></i> is based on the <a href="/wiki/Bengal_famine_of_1770" class="mw-redirect" title="Bengal famine of 1770">Famine</a> and consequential <a href="/wiki/Sannyasi_Rebellion" class="mw-redirect" title="Sannyasi Rebellion">Sannyasi Rebellion</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="British_rule">British rule</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bengali_Hindus&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: British rule"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>According to author James Jeremiah Novak, as British rulers took power from Bengal's ruling Muslim class, they strategically catered to Bengali Hindus (a majority in Bengal region at that time).<sup id="cite_ref-Novak1993_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Novak1993-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The British rule destroyed the bases of Bengali Muslim society.<sup id="cite_ref-Novak1993_42-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Novak1993-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bengali Hindus got favours from the British rulers, and experienced development in education and social mobility. In the 19th century, the elite class of Bengali Hindu people underwent radical <a href="/wiki/Social_reform" class="mw-redirect" title="Social reform">social reforms</a> and rapid modernisation; the phenomenon came to be known as the <a href="/wiki/Bengal_Renaissance" title="Bengal Renaissance">Bengal Renaissance</a>. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Swami_vivekanand_old_archive.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Swami_vivekanand_old_archive.jpg/220px-Swami_vivekanand_old_archive.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="350" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Swami_vivekanand_old_archive.jpg/330px-Swami_vivekanand_old_archive.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4e/Swami_vivekanand_old_archive.jpg 2x" data-file-width="376" data-file-height="599" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Swami_Vivekananda" title="Swami Vivekananda">Swami Vivekananda</a> was a leading figure of the Bengal Renaissance <a href="/wiki/Vivekananda_at_the_Parliament_of_the_World%27s_Religions_(1893)" class="mw-redirect" title="Vivekananda at the Parliament of the World's Religions (1893)">Vivekananda at the Parliament of the World's Religions (1893)</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Public media like <a href="/wiki/News_media" title="News media">press</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bengali_theatre" title="Bengali theatre">theatres</a> became vents of nationalist sentiments, apolitical organisations had given way to political platforms, secret revolutionary societies emerged and the society at large became restive. </p><p>With rising nationalism among Bengalis, the British rulers applied <a href="/wiki/Divide_and_rule#Indian_subcontinent" title="Divide and rule">divide and rule</a> policy, and started to make favours to Bengali Muslims.<sup id="cite_ref-Novak1993_42-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Novak1993-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> To keep the rising Bengali Hindu aspirations at bay, the British partitioned the province in 1905 and along with some additional restructuring came up with two provinces – Eastern Bengal & Assam and Bengal itself, in each of which the Bengali Hindus were reduced to minorities. The Bengalis, however, opposed to the <a href="/wiki/Partition_of_Bengal_(1905)" title="Partition of Bengal (1905)">Partition</a> tooth and nail, embarked on a political movement of <a href="/wiki/Swadeshi" class="mw-redirect" title="Swadeshi">Swadeshi</a>, boycott and revolutionary nationalism. On 28 September 1905, the day of <a href="/wiki/Mahalaya" class="mw-redirect" title="Mahalaya">Mahalaya</a>, 50,000 Bengali Hindus resolved before the <a href="/wiki/Kali" title="Kali">Mother</a> at <a href="/wiki/Kalighat" title="Kalighat">Kalighat</a> to boycott foreign goods and stop employing foreigners.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/British_Raj" title="British Raj">British Raj</a> finally annulled the Partition in 1911. The Raj, however, carried out some restructuring, and carved out Bengali Hindu majority districts like <a href="/wiki/Manbhum" title="Manbhum">Manbhum</a>, Singbhum, Santal Pargana and <a href="/wiki/Purnia" title="Purnia">Purnia</a> awarding them to <a href="/wiki/Bihar" title="Bihar">Bihar</a> and others like <a href="/wiki/Cachar" class="mw-redirect" title="Cachar">Cachar</a> that were awarded to <a href="/wiki/Assam" title="Assam">Assam</a>, which effectively made the Bengali Hindus a minority in the united province of Bengal. The Britishers also transferred the capital from <a href="/wiki/Calcutta" class="mw-redirect" title="Calcutta">Calcutta</a> to New Delhi. </p><p>The revolutionary movement gained momentum after the Partition. Bengali revolutionaries <a href="/wiki/Hindu%E2%80%93German_Conspiracy" title="Hindu–German Conspiracy">collaborated with the Germans</a> during the <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">War</a> to liberate <a href="/wiki/British_India" class="mw-redirect" title="British India">British India</a>. Later the revolutionaries defeated the British army in the Battle of Jalalabad and liberated <a href="/wiki/Chittagong" title="Chittagong">Chittagong</a>. During the <a href="/wiki/Quit_India_Movement" title="Quit India Movement">Quit India Movement</a>, the revolutionaries liberated the <a href="/wiki/Tamluk" title="Tamluk">Tamluk</a> and <a href="/wiki/Contai" title="Contai">Contai</a> subdivision of <a href="/wiki/Midnapore" title="Midnapore">Midnapore</a> district from British rule and established the Tamralipta National Government.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The British, unable to control the revolutionary activities, decided to hinder the Bengali Hindu people through administrative reforms. The <a href="/wiki/Government_of_India_Act_1919" title="Government of India Act 1919">Government of India Act 1919</a> introduced in the 144 member Bengal Legislative Assembly, 46 seats for the Muslims, 59 for the institutions, Europeans & others and left the rest 39 as General,<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>N 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> where the Bengali Hindus were to scramble for a representation. The situation worsened with the <a href="/wiki/Communal_Award" title="Communal Award">Communal Award</a> of 1932, where in the 250 member Bengal Legislative Assembly a disproportionate 119 seats were reserved for the Muslims, 17 for Europeans, <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Indian" class="mw-redirect" title="Anglo-Indian">Anglo-Indians</a> & <a href="/wiki/Indian_Christian" class="mw-redirect" title="Indian Christian">Indian Christians</a>, 34 for the institutions, and the rest 80 were left as General.<sup id="cite_ref-goiact1935_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-goiact1935-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Communal Award further divided the Hindus into Scheduled Caste Hindus and Tribal Hindus.<sup id="cite_ref-goiact1935_47-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-goiact1935-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Out of the 80 General seats, 10 were reserved for the <a href="/wiki/Scheduled_Caste" class="mw-redirect" title="Scheduled Caste">Scheduled Castes</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>N 2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In response the leading Bengali Hindu <a href="/wiki/Landholder" class="mw-redirect" title="Landholder">landholders</a>, lawyers and professionals signed the Bengal Hindu Manifesto on 23 April 1932 rejecting the justification of reservation of separate electorates for Muslims in the Bengal Legislative Assembly.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They joined hands with Sikhs and non-Bengali Hindus in attacking Muslims and ultimately it turned out to be a violent <a href="/wiki/Reprisal" title="Reprisal">reprisal</a> that resulted in heavy casualties of Muslims, finally forcing the government to stop the mayhem.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDastidar2008189_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDastidar2008189-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Later in the year, the Muslim League government orchestrated the infamous <a href="/wiki/Noakhali_genocide" class="mw-redirect" title="Noakhali genocide">Noakhali genocide</a>. </p><p>After the failure of the <a href="/wiki/United_Bengal" title="United Bengal">United Bengal</a> plan, it became evident that either all of Bengal would go to Pakistan, or it would be partitioned between India and Pakistan. Direct Action Day and the Noakhali genocide prompted the Bengali Hindu leadership to vote for the <a href="/wiki/Partition_of_Bengal_(1947)" title="Partition of Bengal (1947)">Partition of Bengal</a> to create a Hindu-majority province.<sup id="cite_ref-Fraser2008_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fraser2008-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In late April 1947, the <i><a href="/wiki/Amrita_Bazar_Patrika" title="Amrita Bazar Patrika">Amrita Bazar Patrika</a></i> published the results of an opinion poll, in which 98% of the Bengali Hindus favoured the creation of a separate homeland.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoy2002131_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERoy2002131-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The proposal for the Partition of Bengal was moved in the Legislative Assembly on 20 June 1947, where the Hindu members voted 58–21 in favour of the Partition with two members abstaining.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>N 3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Boundary Commission awarded the Bengali Hindus a territory far less in proportion to their population which was around 46% of the population of the province, awarding the Bengali Hindu majority district of Khulna to Pakistan. However, some <a href="/wiki/Bengali_Muslims" title="Bengali Muslims">Bengali Muslim</a> majority districts such as <a href="/wiki/Murshidabad" title="Murshidabad">Murshidabad</a> and <a href="/wiki/Malda_district" title="Malda district">Malda</a> were handed to India. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Post-partition_period">Post-partition period</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bengali_Hindus&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Post-partition period"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>After the <a href="/wiki/Partition_of_Bengal_(1947)" title="Partition of Bengal (1947)">Partition</a>, the majority of the urban upper class and middle class Bengali Hindu population of East Bengal immigrated to West Bengal. The ones who stayed back were the ones who had significant landed property and believed that they will be able to live peacefully in an Islamic state. However, after the <a href="/wiki/1950_East_Pakistan_genocide" class="mw-redirect" title="1950 East Pakistan genocide">genocide of 1950</a>, Bengali Hindus fled East Bengal in thousands and settled in West Bengal. In 1964, tens of thousands of <a href="/wiki/1964_East-Pakistan_riots" class="mw-redirect" title="1964 East-Pakistan riots">Bengali Hindus were massacred</a> in East Pakistan and most of the Bengali Hindu owned businesses and properties of <a href="/wiki/Dhaka" title="Dhaka">Dhaka</a> were permanently destroyed.<sup id="cite_ref-sgd131-134_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sgd131-134-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the <a href="/wiki/Bangladesh_Liberation_War" title="Bangladesh Liberation War">Bangladesh Liberation War</a>, large number of Bengali Hindus were <a href="/wiki/Bangladesh_genocide" title="Bangladesh genocide">massacred</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Enemy_Property_Act_(Bangladesh)" class="mw-redirect" title="Enemy Property Act (Bangladesh)">Enemy Property Act</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a> regime which is still in force in the new incarnation of <a href="/wiki/Vested_Property_Act" class="mw-redirect" title="Vested Property Act">Vested Property Act</a>, has been used by successive Bangladeshi governments to seize the properties of the Hindu minorities who left the country during the <a href="/wiki/Partition_of_India" title="Partition of India">Partition of India</a> and Bangladesh liberation war. According to Professor Abul Barkat of <a href="/wiki/Dhaka_University" class="mw-redirect" title="Dhaka University">Dhaka University</a>, the Act has been used to misappropriate 2,100,000 acres (8,500 km<sup>2</sup>) of land from the Bengali Hindus, roughly equivalent to the 45% of the total landed area owned by them.<sup id="cite_ref-barkat73-74_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-barkat73-74-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In Assam's, Assamese dominated <a href="/wiki/Brahmaputra_Valley" title="Brahmaputra Valley">Brahmaputra Valley</a> region <a href="/wiki/Bongal_Kheda" title="Bongal Kheda">Bongal Kheda</a> movement (which literally means drive out Bengalis) was happened in the late 1948-80s, where several thousands of Hindu Bengalis was massacred by jingoists Assamese nationalists mob in various parts of Assam and as a result of this jingoist movement, nearly 500,000 Bengali Hindus were forced to flee from Assam to take shelter in neighbouring West Bengal particularly in <a href="/wiki/Jalpaiguri" title="Jalpaiguri">Jalpaiguri</a> division in seek for safety.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the Bengali dominated <a href="/wiki/Barak_Valley" title="Barak Valley">Barak Valley</a> region of Assam, violence broke out in 1960 and 1961 between Bengali Hindus and ethnic Assamese police over a state bill which would have made <a href="/wiki/Assamese_language" title="Assamese language">Assamese</a> mandatory in the secondary education curriculum. On 19 May 1961, eleven Bengali protesters were killed by Assamese police fired on a demonstration at the <a href="/wiki/Silchar_railway_station" title="Silchar railway station">Silchar railway station</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-silchar_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-silchar-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Subsequently, the Assam government allowed Bengali as the medium of education and held it as an official position in Barak Valley.<sup id="cite_ref-silchar_60-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-silchar-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/United_Liberation_Front_of_Asom" title="United Liberation Front of Asom">United Liberation Front of Asom</a>, <a href="/wiki/National_Democratic_Front_of_Bodoland" class="mw-redirect" title="National Democratic Front of Bodoland">National Democratic Front of Bodoland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Muslim_United_Liberation_Tigers_of_Assam" title="Muslim United Liberation Tigers of Assam">Muslim United Liberation Tigers of Assam</a> and <a href="/wiki/National_Liberation_Front_of_Tripura" title="National Liberation Front of Tripura">National Liberation Front of Tripura</a> <a href="/wiki/Militant" title="Militant">militants</a> have selectively targeted the Bengali Hindu people, prompting the latter to form the Bengali Tiger Force.<sup id="cite_ref-ie1_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ie1-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Discrimination against refugee Bengali Hindu population is not limited to the <a href="/wiki/Northeast_India" title="Northeast India">North East</a>. In <a href="/wiki/Odisha" title="Odisha">Odisha</a>, in a family of ten individuals, only half of them has been recognised as Indians while the rest were branded as Bangladeshis.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Bengali refugees who had settled in <a href="/wiki/Bihar" title="Bihar">Bihar</a> after the <a href="/wiki/Partition_of_India" title="Partition of India">partition of India</a> are denied land owning rights, caste certificates and welfare schemes. However, the <a href="/wiki/Nitish_Kumar" title="Nitish Kumar">Nitish Kumar</a> government had promised to solve this problems and also to raise the status of Bangla as a language in the state.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geographic_distribution">Geographic distribution</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bengali_Hindus&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Geographic distribution"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Bengali Hindus constitute a minority <a href="/wiki/Ethnic_group" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethnic group">ethnic group</a> of the total population in both Bangladesh and India,<sup id="cite_ref-togawa_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-togawa-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> forming less than 10% of the population in both countries. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="West_Bengal">West Bengal</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bengali_Hindus&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: West Bengal"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Hinduism_in_West_Bengal" title="Hinduism in West Bengal">Hinduism in West Bengal</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%97%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0_%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%A8_%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%97%E0%A7%8B%E0%A7%8E%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%AC_%E0%A7%A8%E0%A7%A6%E0%A7%A7%E0%A7%AE.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%97%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0_%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%A8_%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%97%E0%A7%8B%E0%A7%8E%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%AC_%E0%A7%A8%E0%A7%A6%E0%A7%A7%E0%A7%AE.jpg/220px-%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%97%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0_%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%A8_%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%97%E0%A7%8B%E0%A7%8E%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%AC_%E0%A7%A8%E0%A7%A6%E0%A7%A7%E0%A7%AE.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="289" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%97%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0_%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%A8_%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%97%E0%A7%8B%E0%A7%8E%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%AC_%E0%A7%A8%E0%A7%A6%E0%A7%A7%E0%A7%AE.jpg/330px-%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%97%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0_%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%A8_%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%97%E0%A7%8B%E0%A7%8E%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%AC_%E0%A7%A8%E0%A7%A6%E0%A7%A7%E0%A7%AE.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%97%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0_%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%A8_%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%97%E0%A7%8B%E0%A7%8E%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%AC_%E0%A7%A8%E0%A7%A6%E0%A7%A7%E0%A7%AE.jpg/440px-%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%97%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0_%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%A8_%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%97%E0%A7%8B%E0%A7%8E%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%AC_%E0%A7%A8%E0%A7%A6%E0%A7%A7%E0%A7%AE.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3934" data-file-height="5171" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/Durga_Puja" title="Durga Puja">Durga Puja</a> festival in <a href="/wiki/West_Bengal" title="West Bengal">West Bengal</a>, <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Hinduism has existed in Bengal before the 16th century BC and by the third century, Buddhism has also gain popularity in <a href="/wiki/Bengal" title="Bengal">Bengal</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> West Bengal was created in 1947 as an act of <a href="/wiki/Bengali_Hindu_Homeland_Movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Bengali Hindu Homeland Movement">Bengali Hindu Homeland Movement</a> to save guard the political, economical, cultural, religious, demographic and land owning rights of Bengali Hindus of undivided <a href="/wiki/Bengal_region" class="mw-redirect" title="Bengal region">Bengal region</a> and as a result predominantly Hindu majority West Bengal became a part of Indian union. The vast majority of Hindus in West Bengal are Bengali Hindus numbering around 5.5 crore out of the total estimated state population of 10 crore,<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-indianewsrepublic.com_69-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-indianewsrepublic.com-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but a notable section of non-Bengali Hindus also exist, particularly among <a href="/wiki/Marwaris" class="mw-redirect" title="Marwaris">Marwaris</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bihari_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Bihari people">Biharis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Odias" class="mw-redirect" title="Odias">Odias</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gurkha" title="Gurkha">Gurkhas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Punjabis" title="Punjabis">Punjabis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sindhis" title="Sindhis">Sindhis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gujaratis" class="mw-redirect" title="Gujaratis">Gujaratis</a> and various tribal communities such as <a href="/wiki/Koch_Rajbongshi" class="mw-redirect" title="Koch Rajbongshi">Koch Raj bongshi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Santals" class="mw-redirect" title="Santals">Santals</a>, <a href="/wiki/Munda_people" title="Munda people">Munda</a> and particularly <a href="/wiki/Adivasi" title="Adivasi">Adivadis</a> numbering around 1.557 crore comprising rest 15% of the state population.<sup id="cite_ref-indianewsrepublic.com_69-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-indianewsrepublic.com-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bangladesh">Bangladesh</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bengali_Hindus&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Bangladesh"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Hinduism_in_Bangladesh" title="Hinduism in Bangladesh">Hinduism in Bangladesh</a></div> <p>Hinduism has been existed in what is now called Bangladesh since the ancient times. In nature, the Bangladeshi Hinduism closely resembles the ritual and customs of Hinduism practised in the Indian state of West Bengal, with which Bangladesh (at one time known as <a href="/wiki/East_Bengal" title="East Bengal">East Bengal</a>) was united until the partition of India. While in Bangladesh, Bengali Hindus are the second largest community with a population of 12.8 million out of 149.77 million people constituting (8.5%) of the country as per 2011 year census.<sup id="cite_ref-census2011_73-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-census2011-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> But distinct Hindu population also exist among indigenous tribes like <a href="/wiki/Garo_people" title="Garo people">Garo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Khasi_people" title="Khasi people">Khasi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jaintia_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Jaintia people">Jaintia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Santal_people" title="Santal people">Santhal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bishnupriya_Manipuri_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Bishnupriya Manipuri people">Bishnupriya Manipuri</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tripuri_people" title="Tripuri people">Tripuri</a>, <a href="/wiki/Munda_people" title="Munda people">Munda</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kurukh_people" title="Kurukh people">Oraon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dhanuk" title="Dhanuk">Dhanuk</a> etc. In terms of population, Bangladesh is the third largest Hindu populated country in the world after India and <a href="/wiki/Nepal" title="Nepal">Nepal</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Out of 21 million population of <a href="/wiki/Dhaka" title="Dhaka">Dhaka</a> as far estimated by 2020, Bengali Hindus are at present the second largest community just after Bengali Muslims in Dhaka numbering around at 1,051,167 (5% of population) and are mainly concentrated in <a href="/wiki/Shankhari_Bazaar" title="Shankhari Bazaar">Shankhari Bazaar</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPramanik200554–57_78-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPramanik200554–57-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Indian_States_other_than_West_Bengal">Indian States other than West Bengal</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bengali_Hindus&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Indian States other than West Bengal"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Bengali_Hindu_diaspora" title="Bengali Hindu diaspora">Bengali Hindu diaspora</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bengali_Hindus_in_Assam" title="Bengali Hindus in Assam">Bengali Hindus in Assam</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Assam">Assam</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bengali_Hindus&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Assam"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Barak Valley comprising the present districts of <a href="/wiki/Cachar" class="mw-redirect" title="Cachar">Cachar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Karimganj" title="Karimganj">Karimganj</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hailakandi" title="Hailakandi">Hailakandi</a> is contiguous to <a href="/wiki/Sylhet" title="Sylhet">Sylhet</a> (Bengal plains), where the Bengali Hindus, according to historian J.B. Bhattacharjee, had settled well before the colonial period, influencing the culture of Dimasa Kacharis.<sup id="cite_ref-Cachar_79-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cachar-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bhattacharjee describes that the Dimasa kings spoke Bengali and the inscriptions and coins written were in Bengali script.<sup id="cite_ref-Cachar_79-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cachar-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Migrations to Cachar increased after the British annexation of the region.<sup id="cite_ref-Cachar_79-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cachar-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bengalis in plains of Cachar valley were a significant, and sometimes dominant tribe/group/demographic for at least a period since the reign of <a href="/wiki/Dhanya_Manikya" title="Dhanya Manikya">Dhanya Manikya</a> in the 15th century who hosted several Bengali Brahmin scholars in his court during his reign/rule.<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Bengalis have been living in Barak Valley for at least 1,500 years, settling there much earlier than the <a href="/wiki/Koch_people" title="Koch people">Koch</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dimasa_people" title="Dimasa people">Dimasa</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Tripuris" class="mw-redirect" title="Tripuris">Tripuris</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Statesman_81-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Statesman-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Koches settled in Barak Valley in the 16th century, while the Dimasas settled in the late 16th - early 17th century A.D respectively.<sup id="cite_ref-Statesman_81-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Statesman-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bengali Hindus first came into Assam's Brahmaputra valley during the time of British era of 1826 from neighbouring <a href="/wiki/Bengal_region" class="mw-redirect" title="Bengal region">Bengal region</a> as colonial official workers, bankers, railway employees, bureaucrats and later on during the time <a href="/wiki/Partition_of_Bengal_(1947)" title="Partition of Bengal (1947)">Partition of Bengal</a> in 1947.<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Between the period of first patches (1946–1951), around 274,455 Bengali Hindu refugees have arrived from what is now called Bangladesh (former East Pakistan) in various locations of Assam as permanent settlers and again in second patches between (1952–1958) of the same decade, around 212,545 Bengali Hindus from Bangladesh took shelter in various parts of the state permanently.<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After the <a href="/wiki/1964_East_Pakistan_riots" title="1964 East Pakistan riots">1964 East Pakistan riots</a> many Bengali Hindus have poured into Assam as refugees and the number of Hindu migrants in the state rose to 1,068,455 in 1968 (sharply after 4 years of the riot).<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The fourth patches numbering around 347,555 have just arrived after <a href="/wiki/Bangladesh_liberation_war" class="mw-redirect" title="Bangladesh liberation war">Bangladesh liberation war</a> of 1971 as refugees and most of them being Bengali speaking Hindus have decided to stay back in Assam permanently afterwards.<sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bengali Hindus are now the third largest community in <a href="/wiki/Assam" title="Assam">Assam</a> after <a href="/wiki/Assamese_people" title="Assamese people">Assamese people</a> and Bengali Muslims with a population of 6,022,677 (million), comprising (19.3%) of state population as of 2011 census.<sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They are highly concentrated in the Barak Valley region where they a form a slide majority and the population of Bengali Hindus in Barak Valley is 2 million, constituting 55% of the total population of the region.<sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Assam's <a href="/wiki/Brahmaputra_valley" class="mw-redirect" title="Brahmaputra valley">Brahmaputra valley</a> region, their numbers are 4 million covering up 14.5% of the valley population respectively and are mainly concentrated in <a href="/wiki/Hojai_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Hojai District">Hojai District</a> where Bengali are spoken by (53%) of the district population, <a href="/wiki/Goalpara_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Goalpara District">Goalpara District</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nagaon_district" title="Nagaon district">Nagaon district</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bongaigaon_district" title="Bongaigaon district">Bongaigaon district</a>, <a href="/wiki/Barpeta_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Barpeta District">Barpeta District</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kamrup_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Kamrup District">Kamrup District</a>, <a href="/wiki/Darrang_district" title="Darrang district">Darrang district</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dhubri_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Dhubri District">Dhubri District</a>, <a href="/wiki/Morigaon_district" title="Morigaon district">Morigaon district</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tinsukia_district" title="Tinsukia district">Tinsukia district</a>, <a href="/wiki/Karbi_Anglong" class="mw-redirect" title="Karbi Anglong">Karbi Anglong</a>, <a href="/wiki/Guwahati" title="Guwahati">Guwahati</a>, <a href="/wiki/BTAD" class="mw-redirect" title="BTAD">BTAD</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dibrugarh_district" title="Dibrugarh district">Dibrugarh district</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jorhat_district" title="Jorhat district">Jorhat district</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sonitpur_district" title="Sonitpur district">Sonitpur district</a> with percentage ranging 15-25% in all those districts mentioned above.<sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In January 2019, the Leftist organisation Krishak Mukti Sangram Samiti (KMSS) claimed that there are around 2 million Hindu Bangladeshis in Assam who would become Indian citizens if the Citizenship (Amendment) Bill is passed. BJP, however claimed that only eight lakh Hindu Bangladeshis will get citizenship.<sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The number of Hindu immigrants from Bangladesh in Barak Valley has varied estimates. According to the Assam government, 1.3 lakh such people residing in the Barak Valley are eligible for citizenship if the <a href="/wiki/Citizenship_Amendment_Act" class="mw-redirect" title="Citizenship Amendment Act">Citizenship Amendment Act</a> of 2019 becomes a law.<sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Jharkhand">Jharkhand</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bengali_Hindus&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Jharkhand"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Most Bengali Hindus came into <a href="/wiki/Jharkhand" title="Jharkhand">Jharkhand</a> during the colonial period, brought up by the British as colonial workers mainly from the western part of Bengal.<sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In <a href="/wiki/Jharkhand" title="Jharkhand">Jharkhand</a>, the Bengali Hindu population is over 2.5 million comprising 8.09% but the overall Bengali speaking population are a slight majority there and the percentage of Bengali speakers ranges from 38%–40%.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESengupta200298_95-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESengupta200298-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Tripura">Tripura</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bengali_Hindus&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Tripura"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The non-tribal population of Tripura, the mostly Bengali-speaking Hindus and Muslims, constitute more than two-thirds of the state's population. The resident and the migrant Bengali population benefitted from the culture and language of the <a href="/wiki/Manikya_dynasty" title="Manikya dynasty">royal house of Tripura</a> thanks to embracement of Hinduism and adoption of Bengali as the state language by the Maharajahs of Tripura much before <a href="/wiki/Indian_Independence_Act_1947" title="Indian Independence Act 1947">Indian independence</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Since the partition of India, many Bengali Hindus have migrated to Tripura as refugees fleeing religious persecution in Muslim-majority East Pakistan, especially after 1949 and this is primarily attributed by the immigration of 610,000 Bengalis — the figure almost equal to the State's total population in 1951 — from East Pakistan (now Bangladesh) between 1947 and 1951.<sup id="cite_ref-97" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Settlement by Hindu Bengalis increased during the Bangladesh Liberation War of 1971, where around at that time, nearly 1,381,649 Bengalis (mostly Hindus) have came into various parts of Tripura to take refugees and most of them have settled here permanently afterwards.<sup id="cite_ref-98" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Parts of the state were shelled by the <a href="/wiki/Pakistan_Army" title="Pakistan Army">Pakistan Army</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Indo-Pakistani_War_of_1971" class="mw-redirect" title="Indo-Pakistani War of 1971">Indo-Pakistani War of 1971</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Following the war, the Indian government reorganised the North East region to try to improve control of the international borders – three new states came into existence on 21 January 1972: Meghalaya, Manipur, and Tripura.<sup id="cite_ref-Wolpert2008_99-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wolpert2008-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Before independence, most of the population was indigenous.<sup id="cite_ref-hdrchap1_100-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hdrchap1-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In <a href="/wiki/Tripura" title="Tripura">Tripura</a>, now Bengali Hindus form a clear majority due to immigration from neighbouring East Pakistan during 1947 and 1971 and as a result Tripura has become a Bengali dominant state with Bangla as its official language along with Kokborok and English. Bengali Hindus comprise nearly 60% of the state population which is around 2.2 million whereas native Tripuris are 30% of the state population which is around 1.2 million as of 2011 census.<sup id="cite_ref-101" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-102" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Andaman_and_Nicobar_islands">Andaman and Nicobar islands</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bengali_Hindus&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Andaman and Nicobar islands"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There is also a significant number of Bengali Hindus residing in the <a href="/wiki/Andaman_and_Nicobar_Islands" title="Andaman and Nicobar Islands">Andaman and Nicobar Islands</a>, estimated approximately 100,000 comprising 26%–28% of the population. Bengali is also the most widely spoken language in the Andaman and Nicobar Islands, despite it lacking official status.<sup id="cite_ref-103" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Myanmar">Myanmar</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bengali_Hindus&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Myanmar"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Bengali_Hindus_in_Myanmar" title="Bengali Hindus in Myanmar">Bengali Hindus in Myanmar</a></div><p>The <a href="/wiki/Bengali_Hindus_in_Myanmar" title="Bengali Hindus in Myanmar">Bengali Hindus in Myanmar</a> are present from long back historical times, when they were brought from <a href="/wiki/Bengal_region" class="mw-redirect" title="Bengal region">Bengal region</a> to <a href="/wiki/Arakan" title="Arakan">Arakan region</a> by many <a href="/wiki/Arakanese_kingdom_of_Mrohaung" class="mw-redirect" title="Arakanese kingdom of Mrohaung">Arakanese kings</a>, especially the <a href="/wiki/Bengali_Brahmins" class="mw-redirect" title="Bengali Brahmins">Brahmins</a> for the worship and teaching purpose in the <a href="/wiki/Pagoda" title="Pagoda">Pagoda</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-104" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Then afterwards 1920, most of them start settling to the urban areas and main cities, mainly in <a href="/wiki/Yangon" title="Yangon">Yangon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mandalay" title="Mandalay">Mandalay</a> and in urban areas of <a href="/wiki/Rakhine_State" title="Rakhine State">Rakhine State</a>. In modern times, they have faced persecution which was mainly started after <a href="/wiki/1962_Burmese_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1962 Burmese coup d'état">1962 coup</a> by <a href="/wiki/Ne_Win" title="Ne Win">Ne Win</a>. </p><div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Outside_Indian_subcontinent">Outside Indian subcontinent</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bengali_Hindus&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Outside Indian subcontinent"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Both the United States and United Kingdom have large immigrant Bengali Hindu populations, who are mostly from the professional classes and have migrated through education and employment. Former <a href="/wiki/England_women%27s_cricket_team" title="England women's cricket team">Cricketer</a> <a href="/wiki/Isa_Guha" title="Isa Guha">Isa Guha</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rhona_Mitra" title="Rhona Mitra">Rhona Mitra</a> are prominent descendants of the <a href="/wiki/Bengali_Hindu_diaspora" title="Bengali Hindu diaspora">Bengali Hindu diaspora</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Culture">Culture</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bengali_Hindus&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Culture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Culture_of_West_Bengal" title="Culture of West Bengal">Culture of West Bengal</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cuisine">Cuisine</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bengali_Hindus&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Cuisine"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Bengali_cuisine" title="Bengali cuisine">Bengali cuisine</a></div><figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Fish_And_Rice.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Fish_And_Rice.jpg/220px-Fish_And_Rice.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="129" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Fish_And_Rice.jpg/330px-Fish_And_Rice.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Fish_And_Rice.jpg/440px-Fish_And_Rice.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4097" data-file-height="2404" /></a><figcaption>Signature dish of Bengali: <a href="/wiki/Machher_Jhol" title="Machher Jhol">Fish And Rice</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Bengali_cuisine" title="Bengali cuisine">Bengali cuisine</a> is mainly influenced by the <a href="/wiki/Diet_in_Hinduism" title="Diet in Hinduism">diet habits</a> similar to the <a href="/wiki/Hindus" title="Hindus">Hindus</a> and includes a very large variety of sweets and dishes.<sup id="cite_ref-105" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Bengali_sweets" class="mw-redirect" title="Bengali sweets">Bengali sweets</a> includes desserts made by milk, includes <a href="/wiki/Rasgulla" title="Rasgulla">Rasgulla</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sandesh_(sweet)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sandesh (sweet)">Sandesh</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cham_cham" class="mw-redirect" title="Cham cham">Cham cham</a>, etc.<sup id="cite_ref-106" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In <a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hinduism</a>, the consumption of meat is often avoided in diets due to the Hindu principle of <i><a href="/wiki/Ahimsa" title="Ahimsa">ahimsa</a></i> which prohibits meat consumption. However, Bengali Hindus adore eating meat of <a href="/wiki/Mutton" class="mw-redirect" title="Mutton">goat</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chicken_as_food" title="Chicken as food">chicken</a>, <a href="/wiki/Duck_meat" class="mw-redirect" title="Duck meat">duck</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lamb_meat" class="mw-redirect" title="Lamb meat">lamb</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESengupta2002_107-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESengupta2002-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Most of the Hindus refrain from eating beef. Meat, especially beef is readily consumed in <a href="/wiki/Bangladesh" title="Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a> and where it is considered the meal's main course and the Fish curry (or <a href="/wiki/Machher_Jhol" title="Machher Jhol">Machher Jhol</a>) with rice is considered as one of the most staple food by both Hindus and Muslims in Bengal.<sup id="cite_ref-108" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Wedding">Wedding</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bengali_Hindus&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Wedding"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Bengali_Hindu_wedding" title="Bengali Hindu wedding">Bengali Hindu wedding</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Society">Society</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bengali_Hindus&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Society"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_Bengalis" title="List of Bengalis">List of Bengalis</a></div> <p>Bengali Hindu society used to be <a href="/wiki/Caste_system_in_India" title="Caste system in India">caste-oriented</a> throughout centuries and the professional status of men depended exclusively on the <a href="/wiki/Varna_(Hinduism)" title="Varna (Hinduism)">hierarchical caste divisions</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Ghosh_109-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ghosh-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In traditional <a href="/wiki/Bengali_Culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Bengali Culture">Bengali Hindu society</a>, nearly every occupation is carried on by a ranked hierarchy of <a href="/wiki/Hindu_caste" class="mw-redirect" title="Hindu caste">specialised caste groups</a> such as weaving, pottery, carpentry and blacksmithing. However, with the introduction of <a href="/wiki/British_Raj" title="British Raj">British rule</a> and appearance of urban civilisation, the former rural agrarian and artisan economy gradually crumbled and gave way to modern middle class economy. However, agriculture, land tenure, farming and fishing form the predominant economic activity in most of the rural area till now.<sup id="cite_ref-Ghosh_109-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ghosh-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-110" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Economy">Economy</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bengali_Hindus&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Economy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Economy_of_West_Bengal" title="Economy of West Bengal">Economy of West Bengal</a> and <a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Bangladesh" title="Economy of Bangladesh">Economy of Bangladesh</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Literature">Literature</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bengali_Hindus&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Literature"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Bengali_literature" title="Bengali literature">Bengali literature</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_Bengali_poets" title="List of Bengali poets">List of Bengali poets</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kalighat_Savitri_begs_Yama_not_to_take_Satyaban.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Kalighat_Savitri_begs_Yama_not_to_take_Satyaban.jpg/220px-Kalighat_Savitri_begs_Yama_not_to_take_Satyaban.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="256" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Kalighat_Savitri_begs_Yama_not_to_take_Satyaban.jpg/330px-Kalighat_Savitri_begs_Yama_not_to_take_Satyaban.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4d/Kalighat_Savitri_begs_Yama_not_to_take_Satyaban.jpg 2x" data-file-width="429" data-file-height="500" /></a><figcaption>Savitri-Satyavan story on Kalighat Painting, 3rd quarter of the 19th century.</figcaption></figure> <p>The proper Bengali literary history begins with the early <a href="/wiki/Vaishnava" class="mw-redirect" title="Vaishnava">Vaishnava</a> literature like the <a href="/wiki/Shreekrishna_Kirtana" title="Shreekrishna Kirtana">Shreekrishna Kirtana</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Vaishnava_padavali" class="mw-redirect" title="Vaishnava padavali">Vaishnava padavalis</a> followed by translation literatures like <a href="/wiki/Ramayana" title="Ramayana">Ramayana</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sri_Krishna_Vijayamu" title="Sri Krishna Vijayamu">Srikrishna Vijaya</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> In the medieval period literary works on the life and teachings of <a href="/wiki/Chaitanya_Mahaprabhu" title="Chaitanya Mahaprabhu">Chaitanya Mahaprabhu</a> were composed. This period saw the emergence of <a href="/wiki/History_of_Bengali_literature#Shakta_Padavali" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Bengali literature">Shakta padavalis</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-111" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The characteristic feature of Bengali Hindu literature in the middle age are the <a href="/wiki/Mangalkavya" class="mw-redirect" title="Mangalkavya">mangalkavyas</a>, that glorify various Hindu gods and goddesses often using folkloristic backgrounds. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Early_modern_period" title="Early modern period">early modern period</a> saw a flurry in the literary activity especially after the emergence of the Bengali press. The first Bengali prose <i>Raja Pratapaditya Charitra</i> was written during this time. The <a href="/wiki/Bengal_Renaissance" title="Bengal Renaissance">Renaissance</a> saw a rapid development in modern Bengali literature.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESultana2003183–184_112-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESultana2003183–184-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Most of the epics, poems, novels, short stories and dramas of the modern classical literature were written during this period. The Bengal Literary Society that later came to be known as <a href="/wiki/Bangiya_Sahitya_Parishad" class="mw-redirect" title="Bangiya Sahitya Parishad">Bangiya Sahitya Parishad</a> was founded. <a href="/wiki/Bankim_Chandra_Chatterjee" title="Bankim Chandra Chatterjee">Bankim Chandra Chatterjee</a> wrote commentaries on <i>Krishna Charita, Dharmattatva, Bhagavad Gita</i>. The literary development during the Renaissance culminated in <a href="/wiki/Rabindranath_Tagore" title="Rabindranath Tagore">Tagore's</a> <a href="/wiki/Nobel_prize" class="mw-redirect" title="Nobel prize">Nobel prize</a> for literature.<sup id="cite_ref-113" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the Post-Partition period, the Bengali Hindus pioneered the <a href="/wiki/Hungry_generation" title="Hungry generation">Hungry generation</a>, <i>Natun Kabita</i> and the <a href="/wiki/Little_magazine_movement#Bengali_little_magazine_movement" title="Little magazine movement">little magazine</a> movements. Of late, some of them have made their mark in contemporary English literature.<sup id="cite_ref-114" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Art">Art</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bengali_Hindus&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Art"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Kalighat_painting" title="Kalighat painting">Kalighat school of painting</a> flourished in Bengal in the early modern period, and especially after the first paper mill was set up in 1809.<sup id="cite_ref-115" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the rise of <a href="/wiki/Hindu_nationalism" title="Hindu nationalism">nationalism</a> in the early 20th century, the Bengali Hindus pioneered the <a href="/wiki/Bengal_school_of_art" class="mw-redirect" title="Bengal school of art">Bengal school of art</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-116" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-116"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It provided the artistic medium of expression to the <a href="/wiki/Hindu_nationalism" title="Hindu nationalism">Hindu nationalist movement</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-117" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-117"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Though the Bengal school later gave way to <a href="/wiki/Modernist" class="mw-redirect" title="Modernist">modernist</a> ideas, it left an enduring legacy. In the post-liberalisation phase of India, modern art acquired a new dimension as young artists like <a href="/wiki/Devajyoti_Ray" title="Devajyoti Ray">Devajyoti Ray</a>, Sudip Roy and <a href="/wiki/Paresh_Maity" title="Paresh Maity">Paresh Maity</a> started gaining international recognition. Devajyoti Ray is known for introducing <a href="/wiki/Pseudorealism" title="Pseudorealism">Pseudorealism</a>, which is one of the most original genres of Indian art today. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Religion">Religion</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bengali_Hindus&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Religion"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Prithvi_Vrata" title="Prithvi Vrata">the annual Prithvi Vrata ritual</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hinduism_in_West_Bengal" title="Hinduism in West Bengal">Hinduism in West Bengal</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Hinduism_in_Bangladesh" title="Hinduism in Bangladesh">Hinduism in Bangladesh</a></div> <p>The Bengali Hindus generally follow the beliefs and practices that fall under the broad umbrella of <a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hinduism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-118" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-118"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Majority of them follow either <a href="/wiki/Shaktism" title="Shaktism">Shaktism</a> (the <a href="/wiki/Shaktism#Kalikula:_family_of_Kali" title="Shaktism">Kalikula tradition</a>) or <a href="/wiki/Vaishnavism" title="Vaishnavism">Vaishnavism</a> (<a href="/wiki/Gaudiya_Vaishnavism" title="Gaudiya Vaishnavism">Gaudiya Vaishnavism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vaishnava-Sahajiya" class="mw-redirect" title="Vaishnava-Sahajiya">Vaishnava-Sahajiya</a>, <a href="/wiki/Baul" title="Baul">Bauls</a>), and some follow a synthesis of the two. The Shaktas belong to the upper <a href="/wiki/Caste" title="Caste">castes</a> as well as lowest castes and tribes, while the lower middle castes are Vaishnavas.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcDermott2005826_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcDermott2005826-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The minor traditions include <a href="/wiki/Shaivites" class="mw-redirect" title="Shaivites">Shaivites</a>. A small minority is <a href="/wiki/Atheist" class="mw-redirect" title="Atheist">atheist</a> who do not follow any rituals.<sup id="cite_ref-119" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-119"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Brahmoism" title="Brahmoism">Brahmoism</a> is also found among Bengali Hindus.<sup id="cite_ref-120" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-120"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A part of the parent tradition, the Bengali Hindus usually affiliate themselves to one of the many sects that have come to be established as institutionalised forms of the ancient <a href="/wiki/Guru-shishya_tradition" class="mw-redirect" title="Guru-shishya tradition">guru-shishya traditions</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-121" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-121"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>117<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Major amongst them include the <a href="/wiki/Ramakrishna_Mission" title="Ramakrishna Mission">Ramakrishna Mission</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bharat_Sevashram_Sangha" title="Bharat Sevashram Sangha">Bharat Sevashram Sangha</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bijoy_Krishna_Goswami" title="Bijoy Krishna Goswami">Bijoy Krishna Goswami</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thakur_Anukulchandra" class="mw-redirect" title="Thakur Anukulchandra">Anukul Thakur</a>, <a href="/wiki/Matua_Mahasangha" title="Matua Mahasangha">Matua</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISKCON" class="mw-redirect" title="ISKCON">ISKCON</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gaudiya_Mission" title="Gaudiya Mission">Gaudiya Mission</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ananda_Marga" title="Ananda Marga">Ananda Marga</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ram_Thakur" title="Ram Thakur">Ram Thakur</a> etc.<sup id="cite_ref-122" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-122"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>118<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The main <a href="/wiki/Devi" title="Devi">devis</a> of the Shakta Kalikula tradition are <i><a href="/wiki/Kali" title="Kali">Kali</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Chandi" title="Chandi">Chandi</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Jagaddhatri" title="Jagaddhatri">Jagaddhatri</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Durga" title="Durga">Durga</a></i>, as well as regional goddesses such as <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bishahari&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bishahari (page does not exist)">Bishahari</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Manasa" title="Manasa">Manasa</a></i>, the snake goddesses, <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shashthi_(goddess)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Shashthi (goddess) (page does not exist)">Shashthi</a></i>, the protectress of children, <i><a href="/wiki/Shitala" title="Shitala">Shitala</a></i>, the smallpox goddess,<i><a href="/wiki/Annapurna_(goddess)" title="Annapurna (goddess)">Annapurna</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Um%C4%81" class="mw-redirect" title="Umā">Umā</a></i> (the Bengali name for <a href="/wiki/Parvati" title="Parvati">Parvati</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcDermott2005826_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcDermott2005826-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Festivals">Festivals</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bengali_Hindus&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Festivals"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Durga_puja,_garlands_for_her.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Durga Puja, the largest festival of Bengali Hindus"><img alt="Durga Puja, the largest festival of Bengali Hindus" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Durga_puja%2C_garlands_for_her.JPG/160px-Durga_puja%2C_garlands_for_her.JPG" decoding="async" width="160" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Durga_puja%2C_garlands_for_her.JPG/240px-Durga_puja%2C_garlands_for_her.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Durga_puja%2C_garlands_for_her.JPG/320px-Durga_puja%2C_garlands_for_her.JPG 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="480" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Durga Puja, the largest festival of Bengali Hindus</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Dakshina_Kali_2_Shakespeare_Sarani_Arnab_Dutta_2011.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Kali Puja, a major Hindu festival of Bengal"><img alt="Kali Puja, a major Hindu festival of Bengal" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Dakshina_Kali_2_Shakespeare_Sarani_Arnab_Dutta_2011.jpg/90px-Dakshina_Kali_2_Shakespeare_Sarani_Arnab_Dutta_2011.jpg" decoding="async" width="90" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Dakshina_Kali_2_Shakespeare_Sarani_Arnab_Dutta_2011.jpg/135px-Dakshina_Kali_2_Shakespeare_Sarani_Arnab_Dutta_2011.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Dakshina_Kali_2_Shakespeare_Sarani_Arnab_Dutta_2011.jpg/180px-Dakshina_Kali_2_Shakespeare_Sarani_Arnab_Dutta_2011.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1944" data-file-height="2592" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Kali Puja, a major Hindu festival of Bengal</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Roth_Procession.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Rath Yatra at Dhamrai in Dhaka district, Bangladesh"><img alt="Rath Yatra at Dhamrai in Dhaka district, Bangladesh" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Roth_Procession.jpg/181px-Roth_Procession.jpg" decoding="async" width="181" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Roth_Procession.jpg/271px-Roth_Procession.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Roth_Procession.jpg/362px-Roth_Procession.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="797" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Rath Yatra at Dhamrai in Dhaka district, Bangladesh</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Durga_Puja_DS.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="A traditional Durga idol with Chalchitra"><img alt="A traditional Durga idol with Chalchitra" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Durga_Puja_DS.jpg/180px-Durga_Puja_DS.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Durga_Puja_DS.jpg/270px-Durga_Puja_DS.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Durga_Puja_DS.jpg/360px-Durga_Puja_DS.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2700" data-file-height="1800" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">A traditional Durga idol with <a href="/wiki/Chalchitra" title="Chalchitra">Chalchitra</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Durga_Puja_by_countries.png" class="mw-file-description" title="The Bengali Hindu diaspora celebrate Durga Puja all over the world."><img alt="The Bengali Hindu diaspora celebrate Durga Puja all over the world." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Durga_Puja_by_countries.png/200px-Durga_Puja_by_countries.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="101" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Durga_Puja_by_countries.png/300px-Durga_Puja_by_countries.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Durga_Puja_by_countries.png/400px-Durga_Puja_by_countries.png 2x" data-file-width="940" data-file-height="477" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The Bengali Hindu diaspora celebrate Durga Puja all over the world.</div> </li> </ul> <p>According to a famous Bengali proverb, there are thirteen festivals in twelve months (<a href="/wiki/Bengali_language" title="Bengali language">Bengali</a>: <span lang="bn">বারো মাসে তেরো পার্বণ</span>, <small><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Bengali" class="mw-redirect" title="Romanization of Bengali">romanized</a>: </small><span title="Bengali-language romanization"><i lang="bn-Latn">Bārō māsē tērō pārbaṇa</i></span>).<sup id="cite_ref-123" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-123"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>119<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bengali Hindus celebrate all major Indian festivals. The year begins with the Bengali New Year's Day or <a href="/wiki/Pohela_Boishakh" title="Pohela Boishakh">Pohela Boishakh</a> which usually falls on 15 April. Traditional business establishment commence their fiscal year on this day, with the worship of <a href="/wiki/Lakshmi" title="Lakshmi">Lakshmi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ganesha" title="Ganesha">Ganesha</a> and inauguration of the halkhata (ledger). People dress in ethnic wear and enjoy ethnic food. Poila Baishakh is followed by <a href="/wiki/Rabindra_Jayanti" title="Rabindra Jayanti">Rabindra Jayanti</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rath_Yatra" class="mw-redirect" title="Rath Yatra">Rath Yatra</a> and <a href="/wiki/Janmashtami" class="mw-redirect" title="Janmashtami">Janmashtami</a> before the commencement of the Pujas.<sup id="cite_ref-124" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-124"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>120<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The puja season begins with the <a href="/wiki/Vishwakarma_Puja" class="mw-redirect" title="Vishwakarma Puja">Vishwakarma Puja</a> and is followed up by <a href="/wiki/Durga_Puja" title="Durga Puja">Durga Puja</a>—the last four days of <a href="/wiki/Navaratri" title="Navaratri">Navaratri</a>—the greatest and largest Bengali Hindu festival.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcDermott2005826_7-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcDermott2005826-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-125" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-125"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>121<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-126" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-126"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>122<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is the commemoration of the victory that teaches none is good and none is evil. Each and every war starts, continues and ends with an objective to fulfill their own minimum demands that is required to exist. The defeated always have to accept the dictations of the victors and the defeated becomes free from the guilt of having defeated in the war and again both victors and defeated become friends. According to Chandi Purana, goddess <a href="/wiki/Durga" title="Durga">Durga</a> killed <a href="/wiki/Mahishasura" title="Mahishasura">Mahishasura</a>, the demon-like asura and saved the devas. <a href="/wiki/Rama" title="Rama">Rama</a> the prince of <a href="/wiki/Ayodhya_(Ramayana)" title="Ayodhya (Ramayana)">Ayodhya</a> invoked the blessings of goddess Durga in a battle against <a href="/wiki/Ravana" title="Ravana">Ravana</a> of Lanka. Durga Puja is the commemoration of Rama's victory over Ravana and it ends in <a href="/wiki/Vijayadashami" title="Vijayadashami">Bijoya Dashami</a>. Durga Puja is followed by <a href="/wiki/Kojagari_Lakshmi_Puja" class="mw-redirect" title="Kojagari Lakshmi Puja">Kojagari Lakshmi Puja</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kali_Puja" title="Kali Puja">Kali Puja</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bhai_phonta" class="mw-redirect" title="Bhai phonta">Bhai phonta</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jagaddhatri" title="Jagaddhatri">Jagaddhatri Puja</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-127" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-127"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>123<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The winter solstice is celebrated a <a href="/wiki/Makar_Sankranti" title="Makar Sankranti">Paush Sankranti</a> in mid January, followed by Netaji Jayanti and <a href="/wiki/Saraswati_Pooja" class="mw-redirect" title="Saraswati Pooja">Saraswati Pooja</a>, a puja dedicated to Goddess of Knowledge and music Goddess Saraswati.<sup id="cite_ref-128" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-128"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>124<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The spring is celebrated in the form of Dolyatra or <a href="/wiki/Holi" title="Holi">Holi</a>. The year ends with <a href="/wiki/Charak_Puja" title="Charak Puja">Charak Puja</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gajan_(festival)" title="Gajan (festival)">Gajan</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-129" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-129"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>125<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Durga Puja became the main religio-cultural celebration within the Bengal diaspora in the West (together with Kali and Saraswati Pujas, if a community is large and prosperous enough).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcDermott2005830_130-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcDermott2005830-130"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>126<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Temples">Temples</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bengali_Hindus&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Temples"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Bengal_temple_architecture" title="Bengal temple architecture">Bengal temple architecture</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_Hindu_temples_in_West_Bengal" title="List of Hindu temples in West Bengal">List of Hindu temples in West Bengal</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_Hindu_temples_in_Bangladesh" title="List of Hindu temples in Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a></div> <p>As per <a href="/wiki/David_McCutchion" title="David McCutchion">David J. McCutchion</a>, historically the religious architecture in Bengal may be divided into three periods: the early Hindu period (up to the end of the 12th century, or maybe a little later in certain areas), the <a href="/wiki/Bengal_Sultanate" title="Bengal Sultanate">Sultanate period</a> (14th to early 16th century), and the Hindu revival period (16th to 19th century).<sup id="cite_ref-131" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-131"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>127<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 164px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 162px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Temple_of_Ichai_Ghosh.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Ichhai Ghosher Deul at Gourangapur in Paschim Bardhaman, West Bengal."><img alt="Ichhai Ghosher Deul at Gourangapur in Paschim Bardhaman, West Bengal." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Temple_of_Ichai_Ghosh.jpg/243px-Temple_of_Ichai_Ghosh.jpg" decoding="async" width="162" height="250" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Temple_of_Ichai_Ghosh.jpg/365px-Temple_of_Ichai_Ghosh.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Temple_of_Ichai_Ghosh.jpg/486px-Temple_of_Ichai_Ghosh.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1166" data-file-height="1800" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Ichhai_Ghosher_Deul" title="Ichhai Ghosher Deul">Ichhai Ghosher Deul</a> at <a href="/wiki/Gourangapur" title="Gourangapur">Gourangapur</a> in <a href="/wiki/Paschim_Bardhaman_district" title="Paschim Bardhaman district">Paschim Bardhaman</a>, West Bengal.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 335.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 333.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Main_Temple_of_Dhakeswari.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Dhakeshwari Temple in Dhaka."><img alt="Dhakeshwari Temple in Dhaka." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Main_Temple_of_Dhakeswari.jpg/500px-Main_Temple_of_Dhakeswari.jpg" decoding="async" width="334" height="250" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Main_Temple_of_Dhakeswari.jpg/751px-Main_Temple_of_Dhakeswari.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Main_Temple_of_Dhakeswari.jpg/1000px-Main_Temple_of_Dhakeswari.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4224" data-file-height="3168" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Dhakeshwari_Temple" title="Dhakeshwari Temple">Dhakeshwari Temple</a> in <a href="/wiki/Dhaka" title="Dhaka">Dhaka</a>.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 189.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 187.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Baro_Chala_temple_of_Buro_Shiva_at_Jalsara_under_Ghatal_Police_Station_in_Paschim_Medinipur_district_in_West_Bengal_05.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Baro-chala Buro Shiva temple at Jalshara in Paschim Medinipur, West Bengal."><img alt="Baro-chala Buro Shiva temple at Jalshara in Paschim Medinipur, West Bengal." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Baro_Chala_temple_of_Buro_Shiva_at_Jalsara_under_Ghatal_Police_Station_in_Paschim_Medinipur_district_in_West_Bengal_05.jpg/281px-Baro_Chala_temple_of_Buro_Shiva_at_Jalsara_under_Ghatal_Police_Station_in_Paschim_Medinipur_district_in_West_Bengal_05.jpg" decoding="async" width="188" height="250" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Baro_Chala_temple_of_Buro_Shiva_at_Jalsara_under_Ghatal_Police_Station_in_Paschim_Medinipur_district_in_West_Bengal_05.jpg/422px-Baro_Chala_temple_of_Buro_Shiva_at_Jalsara_under_Ghatal_Police_Station_in_Paschim_Medinipur_district_in_West_Bengal_05.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Baro_Chala_temple_of_Buro_Shiva_at_Jalsara_under_Ghatal_Police_Station_in_Paschim_Medinipur_district_in_West_Bengal_05.jpg/562px-Baro_Chala_temple_of_Buro_Shiva_at_Jalsara_under_Ghatal_Police_Station_in_Paschim_Medinipur_district_in_West_Bengal_05.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="4000" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Baro-chala Buro Shiva temple at <a href="/wiki/Jalshara" title="Jalshara">Jalshara</a> in <a href="/wiki/Paschim_Medinipur_district" title="Paschim Medinipur district">Paschim Medinipur</a>, West Bengal.</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bengali_Hindus&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/All_Assam_Bengali_Youth_Students_Federation" title="All Assam Bengali Youth Students Federation">All Assam Bengali Youth Students Federation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Bengali_refugees" title="East Bengali refugees">East Bengali refugees</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hinduism_in_Bangladesh" title="Hinduism in Bangladesh">Hinduism in Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hinduism_in_West_Bengal" title="Hinduism in West Bengal">Hinduism in West Bengal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengali_Hindu_diaspora" title="Bengali Hindu diaspora">Bengali Hindu diaspora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Bengal" title="Culture of Bengal">Culture of Bengal</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bengali_Hindus&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">There were no separate electorates for Hindus, in spite of them being minorities in the province.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The Caste Hindus were supposed to contest in the 70 General seats. However as per the <a href="/wiki/Poona_Pact" title="Poona Pact">Poona Pact</a> between <a href="/wiki/Mahatma_Gandhi" title="Mahatma Gandhi">Gandhi</a> and <a href="/wiki/B._R._Ambedkar" title="B. R. Ambedkar">Ambedkar</a>, 20 General seats were reserved for Scheduled Castes.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Rup Narayan Roy and <a href="/wiki/Jyoti_Basu" title="Jyoti Basu">Jyoti Basu</a>, the two Communist Party MLAs abstained.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bengali_Hindus&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bengali_Hindus&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Citations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFDatta2020" class="citation web cs1">Datta, Romita (13 November 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/nation/story/20201123-the-great-hindu-vote-trick-1740691-2020-11-13">"The great Hindu vote trick"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/India_Today" title="India Today">India Today</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230217152015/https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/nation/story/20201123-the-great-hindu-vote-trick-1740691-2020-11-13">Archived</a> from the original on 17 February 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 October</span> 2022</span>. <q>Hindus add up to about 70 million in Bengal's 100 million population, of which around 55 million are Bengalis.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=India+Today&rft.atitle=The+great+Hindu+vote+trick&rft.date=2020-11-13&rft.aulast=Datta&rft.aufirst=Romita&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.indiatoday.in%2Fmagazine%2Fnation%2Fstory%2F20201123-the-great-hindu-vote-trick-1740691-2020-11-13&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABengali+Hindus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAli2019" class="citation web cs1">Ali, Zamser (5 December 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sabrangindia.in/article/exclusive-bjp-govt-plans-evict-70-lakh-muslims-60-lakh-bengali-hindus-through-its-land">"EXCLUSIVE: BJP Govt plans to evict 70 lakh Muslims, 60 lakh Bengali Hindus through its Land Policy (2019) in Assam"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Sabrang_Communications" title="Sabrang Communications">Sabrang Communications</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221003180815/https://sabrangindia.in/article/exclusive-bjp-govt-plans-evict-70-lakh-muslims-60-lakh-bengali-hindus-through-its-land">Archived</a> from the original on 3 October 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 October</span> 2022</span>. <q>Hence, about 70 lakh Assamese Muslims and 60 lakh Bengali-speaking Hindus face mass evictions and homelessness if the policy is allowed to be passed in the Assembly.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Sabrang+Communications&rft.atitle=EXCLUSIVE%3A+BJP+Govt+plans+to+evict+70+lakh+Muslims%2C+60+lakh+Bengali+Hindus+through+its+Land+Policy+%282019%29+in+Assam&rft.date=2019-12-05&rft.aulast=Ali&rft.aufirst=Zamser&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsabrangindia.in%2Farticle%2Fexclusive-bjp-govt-plans-evict-70-lakh-muslims-60-lakh-bengali-hindus-through-its-land&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABengali+Hindus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thenewsweb.in/india/bengali-speaking-voters-may-prove-crucial-in-the-second-phase-of-assam-poll/">"Bengali speaking voters may prove crucial in the second phase of Assam poll"</a>. April 2021. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210603194154/https://www.thenewsweb.in/india/bengali-speaking-voters-may-prove-crucial-in-the-second-phase-of-assam-poll/">Archived</a> from the original on 3 June 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 January</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Bengali+speaking+voters+may+prove+crucial+in+the+second+phase+of+Assam+poll&rft.date=2021-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thenewsweb.in%2Findia%2Fbengali-speaking-voters-may-prove-crucial-in-the-second-phase-of-assam-poll%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABengali+Hindus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dhakatribune.com/bangladesh/2022/07/27/census-2022-number-of-muslims-increased-in-the-country">"Census 2022: Number of Muslims increased in the country"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Dhaka_Tribune" title="Dhaka Tribune">Dhaka Tribune</a></i>. 27 July 2022. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230326033444/https://www.dhakatribune.com/bangladesh/2022/07/27/census-2022-number-of-muslims-increased-in-the-country">Archived</a> from the original on 26 March 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 October</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Dhaka+Tribune&rft.atitle=Census+2022%3A+Number+of+Muslims+increased+in+the+country&rft.date=2022-07-27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dhakatribune.com%2Fbangladesh%2F2022%2F07%2F27%2Fcensus-2022-number-of-muslims-increased-in-the-country&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABengali+Hindus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://poe.com/s/WpKDPLxkR2GlOgIVI9KU">https://poe.com/s/WpKDPLxkR2GlOgIVI9KU</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcDermott2005826-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcDermott2005826_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcDermott2005826_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcDermott2005826_7-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcDermott2005826_7-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMcDermott2005">McDermott 2005</a>, p. 826.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFrawley2018" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/David_Frawley" title="David Frawley">Frawley, David</a> (18 October 2018). <i>What Is Hinduism?: A Guide for the Global Mind</i>. <a href="/wiki/Bloomsbury_Publishing" title="Bloomsbury Publishing">Bloomsbury Publishing</a>. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=5x9vDwAAQBAJ">26</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-93-88038-65-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-93-88038-65-2"><bdi>978-93-88038-65-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=What+Is+Hinduism%3F%3A+A+Guide+for+the+Global+Mind&rft.pages=26&rft.pub=Bloomsbury+Publishing&rft.date=2018-10-18&rft.isbn=978-93-88038-65-2&rft.aulast=Frawley&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABengali+Hindus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTagore1916" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Rabindranath_Tagore" title="Rabindranath Tagore">Tagore, Rabindranath</a> (1916). <i>The Home and the World</i> <bdi lang="bn">ঘরে বাইরে</bdi> [<i><a href="/wiki/The_Home_and_the_World" title="The Home and the World">The Home and the World</a></i>] (in Bengali). <a href="/wiki/Dover_Publications" title="Dover Publications">Dover Publications</a>. p. 320. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9-780-486-82997-5" title="Special:BookSources/9-780-486-82997-5"><bdi>9-780-486-82997-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Home+and+the+World+%E0%A6%98%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%87+%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%87&rft.pages=320&rft.pub=Dover+Publications&rft.date=1916&rft.isbn=9-780-486-82997-5&rft.aulast=Tagore&rft.aufirst=Rabindranath&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABengali+Hindus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-BPSR_2015-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-BPSR_2015_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFB.P._Syam_Roy2015" class="citation news cs1">B.P. Syam Roy (28 September 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160910125228/http://www.thestatesman.com/news/opinion/bengal-s-topsy-turvy-population-growth/93152.html">"Bengal's topsy-turvy population growth"</a>. <i>The Statesman</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thestatesman.com/news/opinion/bengal-s-topsy-turvy-population-growth/93152.html">the original</a> on 10 September 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 March</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Statesman&rft.atitle=Bengal%27s+topsy-turvy+population+growth&rft.date=2015-09-28&rft.au=B.P.+Syam+Roy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thestatesman.com%2Fnews%2Fopinion%2Fbengal-s-topsy-turvy-population-growth%2F93152.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABengali+Hindus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGovernment_of_India2012" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Government_of_India" title="Government of India">Government of India</a> (2012), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/C-01/DDW19C-01%20MDDS.XLS">"Population by religious community: West Bengal"</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/2011_Census_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="2011 Census of India">2011 Census of India</a></i>, vol. 36, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160910024649/http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/C-01/DDW19C-01%20MDDS.XLS">archived</a> from the original on 10 September 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 March</span> 2016</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=2011+Census+of+India&rft.atitle=Population+by+religious+community%3A+West+Bengal&rft.volume=36&rft.date=2012&rft.au=Government+of+India&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.censusindia.gov.in%2F2011census%2FC-01%2FDDW19C-01%2520MDDS.XLS&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABengali+Hindus" class="Z3988"></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSeal1968" class="citation book cs1">Seal, Anil (1968). <i>The emergence of Indian nationalism: competition and collaboration in the later nineteenth century</i>. London: Cambridge U.P. p. 43. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780521096522" title="Special:BookSources/9780521096522"><bdi>9780521096522</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+emergence+of+Indian+nationalism%3A+competition+and+collaboration+in+the+later+nineteenth+century.&rft.place=London&rft.pages=43&rft.pub=Cambridge+U.P&rft.date=1968&rft.isbn=9780521096522&rft.aulast=Seal&rft.aufirst=Anil&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABengali+Hindus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRaychaudhuri2020" class="citation web cs1">Raychaudhuri, Diptendra (3 September 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20241123121955/https://www.deccanherald.com/opinion/bjp-brings-caste-politics-to-bengal-881894.html">"BJP brings caste politics to Bengal"</a>. <i>Deccan Herald</i>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 March</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adissertation&rft.title=Anti-colonialism%2C+regionalism%2C+and+cultural+autonomy%3A+Bengali+Muslim+politics%2C+c.1840s+%E2%80%93+1952&rft.inst=Tufts+University&rft.date=2009&rft.aulast=Bose&rft.aufirst=Neilesh&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fgradworks.umi.com%2F33%2F69%2F3369941.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABengali+Hindus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-tt1-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-tt1_29-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSarkar2008" class="citation news cs1">Sarkar, Sebanti (28 March 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080401002150/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1080328/jsp/frontpage/story_9067406.jsp">"History of Bengal just got a lot older"</a>. <i>The Telegraph</i>. Kolkata. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.telegraphindia.com/1080328/jsp/frontpage/story_9067406.jsp">the original</a> on 1 April 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 October</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Telegraph&rft.atitle=History+of+Bengal+just+got+a+lot+older&rft.date=2008-03-28&rft.aulast=Sarkar&rft.aufirst=Sebanti&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.telegraphindia.com%2F1080328%2Fjsp%2Ffrontpage%2Fstory_9067406.jsp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABengali+Hindus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESultana200344-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESultana200344_30-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSultana2003">Sultana 2003</a>, p. 44.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSengupta1998" class="citation book cs1">Sengupta, Subodhchandra (1998). <i>Sansad Bangali Charitabhidhan</i>. Vol. 1. Calcutta: Sahitya Samsad. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-85626-65-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-85626-65-9"><bdi>978-81-85626-65-9</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/59521727">59521727</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sansad+Bangali+Charitabhidhan&rft.place=Calcutta&rft.pub=Sahitya+Samsad&rft.date=1998&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F59521727&rft.isbn=978-81-85626-65-9&rft.aulast=Sengupta&rft.aufirst=Subodhchandra&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABengali+Hindus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"When he (Alexander) moved forward with his forces certain men came to inform him that Porus, the king of the country, who was the nephew of that Porus whom he had defeated, had left his kingdom and fled to the nation of <b>Gandaridai</b>... He had obtained from Phegeus a description of the country beyond the Indus: First came a desert which it would take twelve days to traverse; beyond this was the river called the Ganges which had a width of thirty two stadia, and a greater depth than any other Indian river; beyond this again were situated the dominions of the nation of the Prasioi and the Gandaridai, whose king, Xandrammes, had an army of 20,000 horse 200,000 infantry, 2,000 chariots and 4,000 elephants trained and equipped for war".... "Now this (Ganges) river, which is 30 stadia broad, flows from north to south, and empties its water into the ocean forming the eastern boundary of the <b>Gandaridai</b>, a nation which possesses the greatest number of elephants and the largest in size." –Diodorus Siculus (c.90 BC – c.30 BC). Quoted from The Classical Accounts of India, <a href="#CITEREFMajumdar2017">Majumdar 2017</a>, pp. 170–172, 234.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBosworth1996" class="citation book cs1">Bosworth, A. B (1996). <i>Alexander and the East</i>. <a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a>. <a href="/wiki/Clarendon_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="Clarendon Press">Clarendon Press</a>. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/alexandereasttra00bosw_0/page/192">192</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-814991-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-814991-0"><bdi>978-0-19-814991-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Alexander+and+the+East&rft.pages=192&rft.pub=Clarendon+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-0-19-814991-0&rft.aulast=Bosworth&rft.aufirst=A.+B&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABengali+Hindus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSarkar1981" class="citation book cs1">Sarkar, Jagadish Narayan (1981). <i>Banglay Hindu-Musalman Samparka (Madhyayuga)</i>. Kolkata: Bangiya Sahitya Parishad. p. 53.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Banglay+Hindu-Musalman+Samparka+%28Madhyayuga%29&rft.place=Kolkata&rft.pages=53&rft.pub=Bangiya+Sahitya+Parishad&rft.date=1981&rft.aulast=Sarkar&rft.aufirst=Jagadish+Narayan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABengali+Hindus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"When the Islamic missionaries arrived they found in several instances that the conquering armies had destroyed both the temples of revived Hinduism and the monasteries of the older Buddhism; in their place—often on the same sites—they built new shrines. Moreover, they very frequently transferred ancient Hindu and Buddhist stories of mir." Quoted in <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.columbia.edu/itc/mealac/pritchett/00islamlinks/ikram/part1_09.html"><i>The Interaction of Islam and Hinduism</i></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150311043424/http://www.columbia.edu/itc/mealac/pritchett/00islamlinks/ikram/part1_09.html">Archived</a> 11 March 2015 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Retrieved 9 September 2015.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071014060857/http://globalfront.com/nabic_archive/islam_in_bangladesh.htm">"GlobalFront Homepage"</a>. <i>www.globalfront.com</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://globalfront.com/nabic_archive/islam_in_bangladesh.htm">the original</a> on 14 October 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 May</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.globalfront.com&rft.atitle=GlobalFront+Homepage&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fglobalfront.com%2Fnabic_archive%2Fislam_in_bangladesh.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABengali+Hindus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Chaudhuri, B.B. (2008). <i>Peasant history of late pre-colonial and colonial India</i>. Pearson Education India, p. 184.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChaudhuri1983" class="citation book cs1">Chaudhuri, B. (1983). "Regional Economy (1757–1857): Eastern India, II". In Kumar, Dharma; Desai, Meghnad (eds.). <i>The Cambridge Economic History of India</i>. Vol. 2. Cambridge University Press. p. 299. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-22802-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-22802-2"><bdi>978-0-521-22802-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Regional+Economy+%281757%E2%80%931857%29%3A+Eastern+India%2C+II&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+Economic+History+of+India&rft.pages=299&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1983&rft.isbn=978-0-521-22802-2&rft.aulast=Chaudhuri&rft.aufirst=B.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABengali+Hindus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSengupta,_Nitish_K.2001" class="citation book cs1">Sengupta, Nitish K. (2001). <i>History of the Bengali-speaking people</i>. New Delhi: UBS Publishers' Distributors. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/81-7476-355-4" title="Special:BookSources/81-7476-355-4"><bdi>81-7476-355-4</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/49326692">49326692</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+the+Bengali-speaking+people&rft.place=New+Delhi&rft.pub=UBS+Publishers%27+Distributors&rft.date=2001&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F49326692&rft.isbn=81-7476-355-4&rft.au=Sengupta%2C+Nitish+K.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABengali+Hindus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSinha1967" class="citation book cs1">Sinha, Narendra Krishna (1967). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=jiELAQAAIAAJ&q=history+of+bengal"><i>The History of Bengal, 1757–1905</i></a>. University of Calcutta.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+History+of+Bengal%2C+1757%E2%80%931905&rft.pub=University+of+Calcutta&rft.date=1967&rft.aulast=Sinha&rft.aufirst=Narendra+Krishna&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DjiELAQAAIAAJ%26q%3Dhistory%2Bof%2Bbengal&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABengali+Hindus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Bangali Charitabhidhan Volume I</i>. Sansad, p. 489.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Novak1993-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Novak1993_42-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Novak1993_42-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Novak1993_42-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNovak1993" class="citation book cs1">Novak, James Jeremiah (1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=qmIEqWSjZ7gC&pg=PA140"><i>Bangladesh: Reflections on the Water</i></a>. Indiana University Press. p. 140. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-253-34121-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-253-34121-1"><bdi>978-0-253-34121-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bangladesh%3A+Reflections+on+the+Water&rft.pages=140&rft.pub=Indiana+University+Press&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=978-0-253-34121-1&rft.aulast=Novak&rft.aufirst=James+Jeremiah&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DqmIEqWSjZ7gC%26pg%3DPA140&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABengali+Hindus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Das, S.N.(ed). <i>The Bengalis: The People, their History and Culture</i>. Genesis Publishing, p. 214. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/81-7755-393-3" title="Special:BookSources/81-7755-393-3">81-7755-393-3</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Beck, Sanderson. <i>Ethics of Civilization Volume 20: South Asia 1800–1950</i>. World Peace Communications <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9792532-3-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-9792532-3-2">978-0-9792532-3-2</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChatterjee1982" class="citation journal cs1">Chatterjee, Pranab Kumar (1982). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/44141311">"Quit India Movement of 1942 and the Nature of Urban Response in Bengal"</a>. <i>Proceedings of the Indian History Congress</i>. <b>43</b>: 687–694. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2249-1937">2249-1937</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/44141311">44141311</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210512134408/https://www.jstor.org/stable/44141311">Archived</a> from the original on 12 May 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 May</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+the+Indian+History+Congress&rft.atitle=Quit+India+Movement+of+1942+and+the+Nature+of+Urban+Response+in+Bengal&rft.volume=43&rft.pages=687-694&rft.date=1982&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F44141311%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.issn=2249-1937&rft.aulast=Chatterjee&rft.aufirst=Pranab+Kumar&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F44141311&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABengali+Hindus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-goiact1935-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-goiact1935_47-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-goiact1935_47-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.constitutionofindia.net/historical_constitutions/government_of_india_act_1935_2nd%20August%201935">"Constitution of India"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_India" title="Constitution of India">Constitution of India</a></i>. Ch: 2. <a href="/wiki/Government_of_India" title="Government of India">Government of India</a>. p. 254. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190724102746/https://www.constitutionofindia.net/historical_constitutions/government_of_india_act_1935_2nd%20August%201935">Archived</a> from the original on 24 July 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 May</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Constitution+of+India&rft.atitle=Constitution+of+India&rft.pages=254&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.constitutionofindia.net%2Fhistorical_constitutions%2Fgovernment_of_india_act_1935_2nd%2520August%25201935&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABengali+Hindus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMitra1932" class="citation journal cs1">Mitra, N. N., ed. (1932). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dspace.gipe.ac.in/xmlui/handle/10973/17784">"The Hindu Polity"</a>. <i>The Indian Annual Register</i>. <b>I</b>: 323.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Indian+Annual+Register&rft.atitle=The+Hindu+Polity&rft.volume=I&rft.pages=323&rft.date=1932&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdspace.gipe.ac.in%2Fxmlui%2Fhandle%2F10973%2F17784&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABengali+Hindus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDastidar2008189-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDastidar2008189_50-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDastidar2008">Dastidar 2008</a>, p. 189.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Fraser2008-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Fraser2008_51-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFraserSengupta2008" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Bashabi_Fraser" title="Bashabi Fraser">Fraser, Bashabi</a>; Sengupta, Sheila, eds. (2008). <i>Bengal Partition Stories: An Unclosed Chapter</i>. Anthem Press. pp. 25–26. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84331-225-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84331-225-3"><bdi>978-1-84331-225-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bengal+Partition+Stories%3A+An+Unclosed+Chapter&rft.pages=25-26&rft.pub=Anthem+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-1-84331-225-3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABengali+Hindus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERoy2002131-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoy2002131_52-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRoy2002">Roy 2002</a>, p. 131.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-sgd131-134-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-sgd131-134_54-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGhosh_Dastidar2008" class="citation book cs1">Ghosh Dastidar, Sachi (2008). <i>Empire's Last Casualty: Indian Subcontinent's vanishing Hindu and other Minorities</i>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 October</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=We+foreigners%3A+What+it+means+to+be+Bengali+in+India%27s+Assam&rft.aulast=Bhattacharjee&rft.aufirst=Manash+Firaq&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.aljazeera.com%2Ffeatures%2F2020%2F2%2F26%2Fwe-foreigners-what-it-means-to-be-bengali-in-indias-assam&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABengali+Hindus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://magazine.outlookindia.com/story/india-news-opinion-antipathy-towards-bengalis-prime-mover-of-assam-politics/302538">"Opinion | Antipathy Towards Bengalis Prime Mover Of Assam Politics"</a>. <i>Outlook</i>. 4 February 2022. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201130170041/https://magazine.outlookindia.com/story/india-news-opinion-antipathy-towards-bengalis-prime-mover-of-assam-politics/302538">Archived</a> from the original on 30 November 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 October</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Outlook&rft.atitle=Opinion+%26%23124%3B+Antipathy+Towards+Bengalis+Prime+Mover+Of+Assam+Politics&rft.date=2022-02-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmagazine.outlookindia.com%2Fstory%2Findia-news-opinion-antipathy-towards-bengalis-prime-mover-of-assam-politics%2F302538&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABengali+Hindus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.asianage.com/amp/opinion/columnists/171219/assam-protests-due-to-politics-of-xenophobia.html">"Assam protests due to politics of xenophobia"</a>. <i>The Asian Age</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201203132129/https://www.asianage.com/amp/opinion/columnists/171219/assam-protests-due-to-politics-of-xenophobia.html">Archived</a> from the original on 3 December 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 August</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Asian+Age&rft.atitle=Assam+protests+due+to+politics+of+xenophobia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.asianage.com%2Famp%2Fopinion%2Fcolumnists%2F171219%2Fassam-protests-due-to-politics-of-xenophobia.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABengali+Hindus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBaruah1999" class="citation book cs1">Baruah, Sanjib (1999). <i>India Against Itself: Assam and the Politics of Nationality</i>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 May</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=India+Today&rft.atitle=The+great+Hindu+vote+trick&rft.date=2020-11-13&rft.aulast=Datta&rft.aufirst=Romita&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.indiatoday.in%2Fmagazine%2Fnation%2Fstory%2F20201123-the-great-hindu-vote-trick-1740691-2020-11-13&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABengali+Hindus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-indianewsrepublic.com-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-indianewsrepublic.com_69-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-indianewsrepublic.com_69-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210930170327/https://indianewsrepublic.com/great-hindu-voting-trick-nation-news/63490/">"Great Hindu Voting Trick-Nation News"</a>. <i>India Today- Get the Latest India news</i>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 July</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=National+Herald&rft.atitle=Opinion+divided+on+most+non-Bengali+voters+favouring+BJP+in+West+Bengal&rft.date=2021-04-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nationalheraldindia.com%2Findia%2Fopinion-divided-on-most-non-bengali-voters-favouring-bjp-in-west-bengal&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABengali+Hindus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.magzter.com/stories/News/India-Today/THE-GREAT-HINDU-VOTE-TRICK">"The Great Hindu Vote Trick"</a>. <i>Magzter</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210714075152/https://www.magzter.com/stories/News/India-Today/THE-GREAT-HINDU-VOTE-TRICK">Archived</a> from the original on 14 July 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 July</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Magzter&rft.atitle=The+Great+Hindu+Vote+Trick&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.magzter.com%2Fstories%2FNews%2FIndia-Today%2FTHE-GREAT-HINDU-VOTE-TRICK&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABengali+Hindus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-census2011-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-census2011_73-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://203.112.218.65:8008/WebTestApplication/userfiles/Image/National%20Reports/Union%20Statistics.pdf">"Population & Housing Census-2011: Union Statistics"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics. 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Moinuddin; Rahman, Mizanur; Kamal, Nahid (6 May 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://brill.com/view/journals/jrd/6/1/article-p123_123.xml">"Hindu Population Growth in Bangladesh: A Demographic Puzzle"</a>. <i>Journal of Religion and Demography</i>. <b>6</b> (1): 123–148. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163%2F2589742X-00601003">10.1163/2589742X-00601003</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2589-7411">2589-7411</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:189978272">189978272</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230603095536/https://brill.com/view/journals/jrd/6/1/article-p123_123.xml">Archived</a> from the original on 3 June 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 April</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Do+Hindus+feel+threatened+in+Bangladesh%3F&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.trtworld.com%2Fmagazine%2Fdo-hindus-feel-threatened-in-bangladesh-40917&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABengali+Hindus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-56586210">"Why Narendra Modi's visit to Bangladesh led to 12 deaths"</a>. <i>BBC News</i>. 31 March 2021. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210509084516/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-56586210">Archived</a> from the original on 9 May 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 May</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Why+Narendra+Modi%27s+visit+to+Bangladesh+led+to+12+deaths&rft.date=2021-03-31&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Fworld-asia-56586210&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABengali+Hindus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPramanik200554–57-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPramanik200554–57_78-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPramanik2005">Pramanik 2005</a>, pp. 54–57.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Cachar-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Cachar_79-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cachar_79-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cachar_79-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBaruahBaruah1999" class="citation book cs1">Baruah, Professor of Political Studies Sanjib; Baruah, Sanjib (29 June 1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=8k-irMMTnywC&dq=bengalis+in+cachar&pg=PA103"><i>India Against Itself: Assam and the Politics of Nationality</i></a>. University of Pennsylvania Press. p. 103. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8122-3491-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8122-3491-6"><bdi>978-0-8122-3491-6</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230201230333/https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/India_Against_Itself/8k-irMMTnywC?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=bengalis+in+cachar&pg=PA103&printsec=frontcover">Archived</a> from the original on 1 February 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 March</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=India+Against+Itself%3A+Assam+and+the+Politics+of+Nationality&rft.pages=103&rft.pub=University+of+Pennsylvania+Press&rft.date=1999-06-29&rft.isbn=978-0-8122-3491-6&rft.aulast=Baruah&rft.aufirst=Professor+of+Political+Studies+Sanjib&rft.au=Baruah%2C+Sanjib&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D8k-irMMTnywC%26dq%3Dbengalis%2Bin%2Bcachar%26pg%3DPA103&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABengali+Hindus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChadha2005" class="citation book cs1">Chadha, Vivek (4 March 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=DcKGAwAAQBAJ&dq=dhanya+manikya+bengali+brahmins&pg=PA357"><i>Low Intensity Conflicts in India: An Analysis - Vivek Chadha - Google Books</i></a>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 September</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Statesman&rft.atitle=The+Assam+narrative~II&rft.date=2020-01-13&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thestatesman.com%2Fopinion%2Fthe-assam-narrativeii-1502844495.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABengali+Hindus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKhalid" class="citation news cs1">Khalid, Saif. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.aljazeera.com/features/2018/6/23/harassed-discriminated-story-of-assams-bengali-origin-people">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'We're sons of the soil, don't call us Bangladeshis'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 March</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=North-East+India%3A+Land%2C+People+and+Economy&rft.pages=352&rft.pub=Springer+Science+%26+Business+Media&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-94-007-7055-3&rft.aulast=Dikshit&rft.aufirst=K.+R.&rft.au=Dikshit%2C+Jutta+K.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DiorHBAAAQBAJ%26dq%3DThe%2BManikya%2Bkings%2Badopted%2BBengali%2Bculture%26pg%3DPA352&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABengali+Hindus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKarmakar2018" class="citation news cs1">Karmakar, Rahul (27 October 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/tripura-where-demand-for-assam-like-nrc-widens-gap-between-indigenous-people-and-non-tribal-settlers/article25348269.ece">"Tripura, where demand for Assam-like NRC widens gap between indigenous people and non-tribal settlers"</a>. <i>The Hindu</i>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0971-751X">0971-751X</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201109040851/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/tripura-where-demand-for-assam-like-nrc-widens-gap-between-indigenous-people-and-non-tribal-settlers/article25348269.ece">Archived</a> from the original on 9 November 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 April</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Hindu&rft.atitle=Tripura%2C+where+demand+for+Assam-like+NRC+widens+gap+between+indigenous+people+and+non-tribal+settlers&rft.date=2018-10-27&rft.issn=0971-751X&rft.aulast=Karmakar&rft.aufirst=Rahul&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thehindu.com%2Fnews%2Fnational%2Fother-states%2Ftripura-where-demand-for-assam-like-nrc-widens-gap-between-indigenous-people-and-non-tribal-settlers%2Farticle25348269.ece&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABengali+Hindus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-98"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210123092721/https://www.timesnownews.com/india/article/indira-gandhi-rahul-gandhi-rajiv-gandhi-east-pakistan-pakistan-assam-accord-national-register-of-citizens-congress-bharatiya-janata-party-tripura/264462">"When Indira Gandhi said: Refugees of all religions must go back – Watch video"</a>. <i>Times Now</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.timesnownews.com/india/article/indira-gandhi-rahul-gandhi-rajiv-gandhi-east-pakistan-pakistan-assam-accord-national-register-of-citizens-congress-bharatiya-janata-party-tripura/264462">the original</a> on 23 January 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Oxford University Press. pp. 390–1. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-512876-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-512876-5"><bdi>978-0-19-512876-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+new+history+of+India&rft.pages=390-1&rft.edition=6th&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-19-512876-5&rft.aulast=Wolpert&rft.aufirst=Stanley+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fnewhistoryofindi06edwolp%2Fpage%2F390%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABengali+Hindus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-hdrchap1-100"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-hdrchap1_100-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130502120425/http://hdr.undp.org/en/nhdr/support/other/national/Tripura_india_hdr_2007.pdf"><i>Tripura Human Development Report 2007</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 May</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Times+of+India&rft.atitle=A+documentary+on+India%27s+guru-shishya+parampara&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftimesofindia.indiatimes.com%2Fentertainment%2Fbengali%2Fmovies%2Fnews%2Fa-documentary-on-indias-guru-shishya-parampara%2Farticleshow%2F75800141.cms&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABengali+Hindus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-122"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-122">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://indianexpress.com/article/research/celebrating-the-essence-of-hinduism-how-19th-century-brahmo-samaj-altered-bengali-society-7277307/">"Celebrating the 'essence of Hinduism': How 19th century Brahmo Samaj altered Bengali society"</a>. <i>The Indian Express</i>. 17 April 2021. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210512134428/https://indianexpress.com/article/research/celebrating-the-essence-of-hinduism-how-19th-century-brahmo-samaj-altered-bengali-society-7277307/">Archived</a> from the original on 12 May 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 May</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Indian+Express&rft.atitle=Celebrating+the+%27essence+of+Hinduism%27%3A+How+19th+century+Brahmo+Samaj+altered+Bengali+society&rft.date=2021-04-17&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Findianexpress.com%2Farticle%2Fresearch%2Fcelebrating-the-essence-of-hinduism-how-19th-century-brahmo-samaj-altered-bengali-society-7277307%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABengali+Hindus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-123"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-123">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGhosh" class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Ghosh, Dipankar. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.anandabazar.com/culture/book-reviews/thirteen-festivals-in-twelve-months-1.525191"><bdi lang="bn">বারো মাসে তেরো পার্বণ</bdi></a>. <i>Anandabazar Patrika</i> (in Bengali). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210512045753/https://www.anandabazar.com/culture/book-reviews/thirteen-festivals-in-twelve-months-1.525191">Archived</a> from the original on 12 May 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 May</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Anandabazar+Patrika&rft.atitle=%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8B+%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%87+%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8B+%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%A3&rft.aulast=Ghosh&rft.aufirst=Dipankar&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.anandabazar.com%2Fculture%2Fbook-reviews%2Fthirteen-festivals-in-twelve-months-1.525191&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABengali+Hindus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-124"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-124">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGhosh2020" class="citation news cs1">Ghosh, Bishwanath (22 January 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/in-bengal-significant-hike-in-the-number-of-holidays-for-hindu-festivals/article30625869.ece">"In Bengal, significant hike in the number of holidays for Hindu festivals"</a>. <i>The Hindu</i>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0971-751X">0971-751X</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210512060027/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/in-bengal-significant-hike-in-the-number-of-holidays-for-hindu-festivals/article30625869.ece">Archived</a> from the original on 12 May 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 May</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Hindu&rft.atitle=In+Bengal%2C+significant+hike+in+the+number+of+holidays+for+Hindu+festivals&rft.date=2020-01-22&rft.issn=0971-751X&rft.aulast=Ghosh&rft.aufirst=Bishwanath&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thehindu.com%2Fnews%2Fnational%2Fin-bengal-significant-hike-in-the-number-of-holidays-for-hindu-festivals%2Farticle30625869.ece&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABengali+Hindus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-125"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-125">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.durga-puja.org/">Durga Puja.org</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181010101852/http://www.durga-puja.org/">Archived</a> 10 October 2018 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-126"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-126">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.durgapuja.net/durga-puja-festival/">"Durga Puja festival"</a>. <i>www.durgapuja.net</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121013015815/http://www.durgapuja.net:80/durga-puja-festival/">Archived</a> from the original on 13 October 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 May</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.durgapuja.net&rft.atitle=Durga+Puja+festival&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.durgapuja.net%2Fdurga-puja-festival%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABengali+Hindus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-127"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-127">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/174256">Durga Puja</a> at the <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica" title="Encyclopædia Britannica">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-128"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-128">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.outlookindia.com/newsscroll/bengal-celebrates-saraswati-puja/1720379">"Bengal celebrates Saraswati Puja"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Outlook_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Outlook India">Outlook India</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210512150329/https://www.outlookindia.com/newsscroll/bengal-celebrates-saraswati-puja/1720379">Archived</a> from the original on 12 May 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 May</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Outlook+India&rft.atitle=Bengal+celebrates+Saraswati+Puja&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.outlookindia.com%2Fnewsscroll%2Fbengal-celebrates-saraswati-puja%2F1720379&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABengali+Hindus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-129"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-129">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ari.nus.edu.sg/20331-64/">"Religious power in Bengal"</a>. <i>ari.nus.edu.sg</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201119100224/https://ari.nus.edu.sg/20331-64/">Archived</a> from the original on 19 November 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 May</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ari.nus.edu.sg&rft.atitle=Religious+power+in+Bengal&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fari.nus.edu.sg%2F20331-64%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABengali+Hindus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcDermott2005830-130"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcDermott2005830_130-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMcDermott2005">McDermott 2005</a>, p. 830.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-131"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-131">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcCutchion1972" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/David_McCutchion" title="David McCutchion">McCutchion, David</a> (1972). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=c2tPAQAAMAAJ"><i>Late Mediaeval Temples of Bengal</i></a>. Calcutta: The Asiatic Society. p. 1. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1019953308">1019953308</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Late+Mediaeval+Temples+of+Bengal&rft.place=Calcutta&rft.pages=1&rft.pub=The+Asiatic+Society&rft.date=1972&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1019953308&rft.aulast=McCutchion&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dc2tPAQAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABengali+Hindus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bengali_Hindus&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 40em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChaudhuri2008" class="citation book cs1">Chaudhuri, Rachita (2008). <i>Buddhist Education in Ancient India</i>. Punthi Pustak. pp. 243–345. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-86791-77-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-86791-77-6"><bdi>978-81-86791-77-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Buddhist+Education+in+Ancient+India&rft.pages=243-345&rft.pub=Punthi+Pustak&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-81-86791-77-6&rft.aulast=Chaudhuri&rft.aufirst=Rachita&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABengali+Hindus" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDastidar2008" class="citation book cs1">Dastidar, Sachi G (2008). <i>Empire's last casualty: Indian subcontinent's vanishing Hindu and other minorities</i>. Kolkata: Firma KLM. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-7102-151-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-7102-151-2"><bdi>978-81-7102-151-2</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/220925148">220925148</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Empire%27s+last+casualty%3A+Indian+subcontinent%27s+vanishing+Hindu+and+other+minorities&rft.place=Kolkata&rft.pub=Firma+KLM&rft.date=2008&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F220925148&rft.isbn=978-81-7102-151-2&rft.aulast=Dastidar&rft.aufirst=Sachi+G&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABengali+Hindus" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGhosh1950" class="citation book cs1">Ghosh, Binoy (1950). <i>Paschimbanger Sanskriti</i>. Press & People Republic.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Paschimbanger+Sanskriti&rft.pub=Press+%26+People+Republic&rft.date=1950&rft.aulast=Ghosh&rft.aufirst=Binoy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABengali+Hindus" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIndenNicholas2005" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Ronald_Inden" title="Ronald Inden">Inden, Ronald B.</a>; Nicholas, Ralph W. (2005). <i>Kinship in Bengali culture</i>. <a href="/wiki/Orient_Blackswan" title="Orient Blackswan">Orient Blackswan</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-8028-018-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-8028-018-4"><bdi>978-81-8028-018-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Kinship+in+Bengali+culture&rft.pub=Orient+Blackswan&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-81-8028-018-4&rft.aulast=Inden&rft.aufirst=Ronald+B.&rft.au=Nicholas%2C+Ralph+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABengali+Hindus" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKamra2000" class="citation book cs1">Kamra, A. J (2000). <i>The prolonged partition and its pogroms</i>. New Delhi: <a href="/wiki/Voice_of_India" title="Voice of India">Voice of India</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-85990-63-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-85990-63-7"><bdi>978-81-85990-63-7</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/47168311">47168311</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+prolonged+partition+and+its+pogroms&rft.place=New+Delhi&rft.pub=Voice+of+India&rft.date=2000&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F47168311&rft.isbn=978-81-85990-63-7&rft.aulast=Kamra&rft.aufirst=A.+J&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABengali+Hindus" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMajumdar2017" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/R._C._Majumdar" title="R. C. Majumdar">Majumdar, R. C</a> (2017) [1977]. <i>Ancient India History</i>. <a href="/wiki/Motilal_Banarsidass" title="Motilal Banarsidass">Motilal Banarsidass</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8120804357" title="Special:BookSources/978-8120804357"><bdi>978-8120804357</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ancient+India+History&rft.pub=Motilal+Banarsidass&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-8120804357&rft.aulast=Majumdar&rft.aufirst=R.+C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABengali+Hindus" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcDermott2005" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">McDermott, Rachel Fell (2005). "Bengali religions". In Lindsay Jones (ed.). <i>Encyclopedia of Religion: 15 Volume Set</i>. Vol. 2 (2nd ed.). Detroit, Mi: MacMillan Reference USA. pp. 824–832. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-02-865735-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-02-865735-7"><bdi>0-02-865735-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Bengali+religions&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Religion%3A+15+Volume+Set&rft.place=Detroit%2C+Mi&rft.pages=824-832&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=MacMillan+Reference+USA&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=0-02-865735-7&rft.aulast=McDermott&rft.aufirst=Rachel+Fell&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABengali+Hindus" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMitra2015" class="citation book cs1">Mitra, Satish Chandra (2015). <i>Jashor Khulnar Itihash</i>. Deys Publishers.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Jashor+Khulnar+Itihash&rft.pub=Deys+Publishers&rft.date=2015&rft.aulast=Mitra&rft.aufirst=Satish+Chandra&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABengali+Hindus" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPramanik2005" class="citation book cs1">Pramanik, Bimal (2005). <i>Endangered Demography: Nature and Impact of Demographic Changes in West Bengal</i>. G.C. Modak. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4985-3742-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4985-3742-1"><bdi>978-1-4985-3742-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Endangered+Demography%3A+Nature+and+Impact+of+Demographic+Changes+in+West+Bengal&rft.pub=G.C.+Modak&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-1-4985-3742-1&rft.aulast=Pramanik&rft.aufirst=Bimal&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABengali+Hindus" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRay1994" class="citation book cs1">Ray, Niharranjan (1994). <i>History of the Bengali People: Ancient Period</i>. <a href="/wiki/Orient_Longman" class="mw-redirect" title="Orient Longman">Orient Longman</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-86311-378-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-86311-378-9"><bdi>978-0-86311-378-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+the+Bengali+People%3A+Ancient+Period&rft.pub=Orient+Longman&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-0-86311-378-9&rft.aulast=Ray&rft.aufirst=Niharranjan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABengali+Hindus" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoy2002" class="citation book cs1">Roy, Tathagata (2002). <i>My People, Uprooted: A Saga of the Hindus of Eastern Bengal</i>. Kolkata: Ratna Prakashan. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-85709-67-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-85709-67-3"><bdi>978-81-85709-67-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=My+People%2C+Uprooted%3A+A+Saga+of+the+Hindus+of+Eastern+Bengal&rft.place=Kolkata&rft.pub=Ratna+Prakashan&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-81-85709-67-3&rft.aulast=Roy&rft.aufirst=Tathagata&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABengali+Hindus" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSengupta2002" class="citation book cs1">Sengupta, Nitish (2002). <i>History of the Bengali-Speaking People</i>. UBS Publishers. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8174763556" title="Special:BookSources/978-8174763556"><bdi>978-8174763556</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+the+Bengali-Speaking+People&rft.pub=UBS+Publishers&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-8174763556&rft.aulast=Sengupta&rft.aufirst=Nitish&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABengali+Hindus" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSultana2003" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Sultana, Jasmin (2003). <a href="/wiki/Sirajul_Islam" title="Sirajul Islam">Islam, Sirajul</a> (ed.). <i>Banglapedia: Kotalipara</i>. Vol. 6. <a href="/wiki/Asiatic_Society_of_Bangladesh" title="Asiatic Society of Bangladesh">Asiatic Society of Bangladesh</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-984-32-0581-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-984-32-0581-0"><bdi>978-984-32-0581-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Banglapedia%3A+Kotalipara&rft.pub=Asiatic+Society+of+Bangladesh&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-984-32-0581-0&rft.aulast=Sultana&rft.aufirst=Jasmin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABengali+Hindus" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Note">Note</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bengali_Hindus&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Note"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">including 55,000,000 in West Bengal <sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 6,000,000-7,500,000 in <a href="/wiki/Bengali_Hindus_in_Assam" title="Bengali Hindus in Assam">Assam</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 2,500,000 in <a href="/wiki/Jharkhand" title="Jharkhand">Jharkhand</a> (<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1033199720">.mw-parser-output div.crossreference{padding-left:0}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><span role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable crossreference selfref">see <a href="#Jharkhand">below</a></span>) and 2,200,000 in <a href="/wiki/Tripura" title="Tripura">Tripura</a> (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033199720"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><span role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable crossreference selfref">see <a href="#Tripura">below</a></span>)</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bengali_Hindus&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span> Media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Bengali_Hindus" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Bengali Hindus">Bengali Hindus</a> at Wikimedia Commons</li> <li><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hindunet.org/hindu_history/modern/hindu_bangla.html">Bengali Hindu modern history</a></span></li></ul> <style 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portal-bar-bordered" role="navigation" aria-label="Portals"><span class="portal-bar-header"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals" title="Wikipedia:Contents/Portals">Portals</a>:</span><ul class="portal-bar-content"><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Aum_Om_red.svg/18px-Aum_Om_red.svg.png" decoding="async" width="18" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Aum_Om_red.svg/28px-Aum_Om_red.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Aum_Om_red.svg/37px-Aum_Om_red.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="356" data-file-height="367" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Hinduism" title="Portal:Hinduism">Hinduism</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:P_religion_world.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/P_religion_world.svg/21px-P_religion_world.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/P_religion_world.svg/32px-P_religion_world.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/P_religion_world.svg/42px-P_religion_world.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="360" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Religion" title="Portal:Religion">Religion</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Social_sciences.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Social_sciences.svg/21px-Social_sciences.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Social_sciences.svg/32px-Social_sciences.svg.png 1.5x, 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src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Flag_of_Bangladesh.svg/21px-Flag_of_Bangladesh.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Flag_of_Bangladesh.svg/32px-Flag_of_Bangladesh.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Flag_of_Bangladesh.svg/42px-Flag_of_Bangladesh.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Bangladesh" title="Portal:Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a></li></ul></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output 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.navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Bengali_Hindus" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3" style="background:#FFD699;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Bengali_Hindu_people" title="Template:Bengali Hindu people"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Bengali_Hindu_people" title="Template talk:Bengali Hindu people"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Bengali_Hindu_people" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Bengali Hindu people"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Bengali_Hindus" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Bengali Hindus</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFD699;;width:1%">Society</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFD699">Groups</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Babu_(title)" title="Babu (title)">Babu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangal" title="Bangal">Bangal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhadralok" title="Bhadralok">Bhadralok</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghoti_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Ghoti people">Ghoti</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFD699">Castes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aguri_(caste)" title="Aguri (caste)">Aguri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bagdi_caste" class="mw-redirect" title="Bagdi caste">Bagdi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baidya" title="Baidya">Baidya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baishya_Kapali" title="Baishya Kapali">Baishya Kapali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baishya_Saha" title="Baishya Saha">Baishya Saha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barujibi" title="Barujibi">Barujibi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bauris" class="mw-redirect" title="Bauris">Bauri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengali_Brahmins" class="mw-redirect" title="Bengali Brahmins">Brahmin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chunaru" title="Chunaru">Chunaru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doms" class="mw-redirect" title="Doms">Dom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gandhabanik" title="Gandhabanik">Gandhabanik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suvarna_Banik" title="Suvarna Banik">Suvarna Banik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hari_caste" title="Hari caste">Hari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jalia_Kaibarta" title="Jalia Kaibarta"> Kaibartya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kansabanik" title="Kansabanik">Kansabanik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karmakar" title="Karmakar">Karmakar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengali_Kayastha" title="Bengali Kayastha">Kayastha</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kulin_Kayastha" title="Kulin Kayastha">Kulin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maulika_Kayastha" title="Maulika Kayastha">Maulika</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahishya" title="Mahishya">Mahishya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mal_(caste)" title="Mal (caste)">Malla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Namasudra" title="Namasudra">Namasudra</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Namasudra" title="Namasudra">Namassej</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Namasudra" title="Namasudra">Avarna</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sadgop" title="Sadgop">Sadgop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shunri" title="Shunri">Shunri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yogi_Nath" title="Yogi Nath">Yogi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="5" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Bengali_Swastika_Symbol.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Bengali_Swastika_Symbol.svg/100px-Bengali_Swastika_Symbol.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="184" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Bengali_Swastika_Symbol.svg/150px-Bengali_Swastika_Symbol.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Bengali_Swastika_Symbol.svg/200px-Bengali_Swastika_Symbol.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="942" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFD699;;width:1%">Religion</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFD699">Books</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bhagavad_Gita" title="Bhagavad Gita">Bhagavad Gita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Devi_Mahatmya" title="Devi Mahatmya">Chandi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panchali_(narrative_form)" title="Panchali (narrative form)">Panchali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Namassejsantokotha" title="Namassejsantokotha">Matuasmritokotha</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFD699">Sects</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brahmo" title="Brahmo">Brahmo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kartabhaja" title="Kartabhaja">Kartabhaja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaiva" class="mw-redirect" title="Shaiva">Shaiva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shakta" class="mw-redirect" title="Shakta">Shakta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaishnava" class="mw-redirect" title="Vaishnava">Vaishnava</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFD699">Orders</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adi_Brahmo_Samaj" class="mw-redirect" title="Adi Brahmo Samaj">Adi Brahmo Samaj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ananda_Marga" title="Ananda Marga">Ananda Marga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bharat_Sevashram_Sangha" title="Bharat Sevashram Sangha">Bharat Sevashram Sangha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brahmo_Conference_Organisation" title="Brahmo Conference Organisation">Brahmo Conference Organisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brahmo_Samaj" title="Brahmo Samaj">Brahmo Samaj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaudiya_Math" title="Gaudiya Math">Gaudiya Math</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaudiya_Mission" title="Gaudiya Mission">Gaudiya Mission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Society_for_Krishna_Consciousness" title="International Society for Krishna Consciousness">International Society for Krishna Consciousness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matua_Mahasangha" title="Matua Mahasangha">Matua Mahasangha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramakrishna_Order" title="Ramakrishna Order">Ramakrishna Order</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-Realization_Fellowship" title="Self-Realization Fellowship">Self-Realization Fellowship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Aurobindo_Ashram" title="Sri Aurobindo Ashram">Sri Aurobindo Ashram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vedanta_Society" title="Vedanta Society">Vedanta Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yogoda_Satsanga_Society_of_India" title="Yogoda Satsanga Society of India">Yogoda Satsanga Society of India</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFD699">Festivals</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Poila_Baisakh" class="mw-redirect" title="Poila Baisakh">Poila Baisakh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rabindra_Jayanti" title="Rabindra Jayanti">Rabindra Jayanti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akshaya_Tritiya" title="Akshaya Tritiya">Akshaya Tritiya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vesak" title="Vesak">Buddho Purnima</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shashthi#Worship" title="Shashthi">Shashthi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Savitri_Brata" class="mw-redirect" title="Savitri Brata">Savitri Brata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ambubachi_Mela" title="Ambubachi Mela">Ambubachi Mela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhamrai_Jagannath_Roth" class="mw-redirect" title="Dhamrai Jagannath Roth">Dhamrai Jagannath Roth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raksha_Bandhan" title="Raksha Bandhan">Jhulan Purnima</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Janmashtami" class="mw-redirect" title="Janmashtami">Janmashtami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhadu_(festival)" title="Bhadu (festival)">Bhadu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ganesh_Chaturthi" title="Ganesh Chaturthi">Ganesh Chaturthi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vishwakarma_Puja" class="mw-redirect" title="Vishwakarma Puja">Vishwakarma Puja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Durga_Puja" title="Durga Puja">Durga Puja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kojagari_Lakshmi_Puja" class="mw-redirect" title="Kojagari Lakshmi Puja">Lakshmi Puja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diwali" title="Diwali">Diwali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kali_Puja" title="Kali Puja">Kali Puja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhai_Phonta" class="mw-redirect" title="Bhai Phonta">Bhai Phonta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shakta_Rash" title="Shakta Rash">Shakta Rash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nabanna" title="Nabanna">Nabanna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jagaddhatri" title="Jagaddhatri">Jagaddhatri Puja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalpataru_Day" title="Kalpataru Day">Kalpataru Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Youth_Day_(India)" title="National Youth Day (India)">Swami Vivekananda's Birthday</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Makar_Sankranti" title="Makar Sankranti">Makar Sankranti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maghotsab_of_Brahma_Samaj" title="Maghotsab of Brahma Samaj">Maghotsab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vasant_Panchami" title="Vasant Panchami">Saraswati Puja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maha_Shivaratri" title="Maha Shivaratri">Maha Shivaratri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dol_Purnima" title="Dol Purnima">Dol Purnima</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dola_Yatra" class="mw-redirect" title="Dola Yatra">Holi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gajan_(festival)" title="Gajan (festival)">Gajan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFD699;;width:1%">Culture</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFD699">Music</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rabindra_Sangeet" title="Rabindra Sangeet">Rabindra Sangeet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shyama_Sangeet" title="Shyama Sangeet">Shyama Sangeet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kirtan" title="Kirtan">Kirtan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bishnupur_gharana" title="Bishnupur gharana">Bishnupur gharana</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFD699">Dance</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gaudiya_Nritya" title="Gaudiya Nritya">Gaudiya Nritya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rabindra_Nritya_Natya" title="Rabindra Nritya Natya">Rabindra Nritya Natya</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFD699">Literature</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vaishnava_Padavali" title="Vaishnava Padavali">Vaishnava Padavali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mangal-Kavya" class="mw-redirect" title="Mangal-Kavya">Mangal-Kavya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panchali_(narrative_form)" title="Panchali (narrative form)"> Panchali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kallol" title="Kallol">Kallol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungry_generation" title="Hungry generation">Hungry generation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFD699;;width:1%">Folk culture</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFD699">Folk art</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dhokra" title="Dhokra">Dhokra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sholapith" title="Sholapith">Sholapith</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFD699">Folk dance</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Raibenshe" title="Raibenshe">Raibenshe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chhau_dance" title="Chhau dance">Chhau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paika" title="Paika">Paika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhamail" title="Dhamail">Dhamail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alkap" title="Alkap">Alkap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gombhira" title="Gombhira">Gombhira</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kavigan" title="Kavigan">Kavigan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFD699;;width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bengali_Hindu_mythology_and_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Bengali Hindu mythology and culture">Bengali Hindu mythology and culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengali_Hindu_diaspora" title="Bengali Hindu diaspora">Bengali Hindu diaspora</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=India&#124;link=India_Hinduism_in_India_20px&#124;link=Om" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#FFC569;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Hinduism_in_India_by_region" title="Template:Hinduism in India by region"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Hinduism_in_India_by_region" title="Template talk:Hinduism in India by region"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a 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title="Om"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Aum_Om_black.svg/20px-Aum_Om_black.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="21" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Aum_Om_black.svg/30px-Aum_Om_black.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Aum_Om_black.svg/40px-Aum_Om_black.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="356" data-file-height="367" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#FFC569;">States</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hinduism_in_Andhra_Pradesh" class="mw-redirect" title="Hinduism in Andhra Pradesh">Andhra Pradesh</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hinduism_in_Arunachal_Pradesh&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hinduism in Arunachal Pradesh (page does not exist)">Arunachal Pradesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hinduism_in_Assam" title="Hinduism in Assam">Assam</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hinduism_in_Bihar&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hinduism in Bihar (page does not exist)">Bihar</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hinduism_in_Chhattisgarh&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hinduism in Chhattisgarh (page does not exist)">Chhattisgarh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hinduism_in_Goa" title="Hinduism in Goa">Goa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hinduism_in_Gujarat" class="mw-redirect" title="Hinduism in Gujarat">Gujarat</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hinduism_in_Haryana&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hinduism in Haryana (page does not exist)">Haryana</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hinduism_in_Himachal_Pradesh&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hinduism in Himachal Pradesh (page does not exist)">Himachal Pradesh</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hinduism_in_Jharkhand&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hinduism in Jharkhand (page does not exist)">Jharkhand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hinduism_in_Karnataka" title="Hinduism in Karnataka">Karnataka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hinduism_in_Kerala" title="Hinduism in Kerala">Kerala</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hinduism_in_Madhya_Pradesh&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hinduism in Madhya Pradesh (page does not exist)">Madhya Pradesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hinduism_in_Maharashtra" title="Hinduism in Maharashtra">Maharashtra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hinduism_in_Manipur" title="Hinduism in Manipur">Manipur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hinduism_in_Meghalaya" title="Hinduism in Meghalaya">Meghalaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hinduism_in_Mizoram" title="Hinduism in Mizoram">Mizoram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hinduism_in_Nagaland" title="Hinduism in Nagaland">Nagaland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hinduism_in_Odisha" title="Hinduism in Odisha">Odisha</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hinduism_in_Punjab,_India&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hinduism in Punjab, India (page does not exist)">Punjab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hinduism_in_Rajasthan" class="mw-redirect" title="Hinduism in Rajasthan">Rajasthan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hinduism_in_Sikkim" title="Hinduism in Sikkim">Sikkim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hinduism_in_Tamil_Nadu" title="Hinduism in Tamil Nadu">Tamil Nadu</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hinduism_in_Tripura&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hinduism in Tripura (page does not exist)">Tripura</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hinduism_in_Uttaranchal&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hinduism in Uttaranchal (page does not exist)">Uttaranchal</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hinduism_in_Uttar_Pradesh&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hinduism in Uttar Pradesh (page does not exist)">Uttar Pradesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hinduism_in_West_Bengal" title="Hinduism in West Bengal">West Bengal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#FFC569;">Union Territories</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hinduism_in_Andaman_and_Nicobar_Islands&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hinduism in Andaman and Nicobar Islands (page does not exist)">Andaman and Nicobar Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hinduism_in_Chandigarh&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hinduism in Chandigarh (page does not exist)">Chandigarh</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hinduism_in_Dadra_and_Nagar_Haveli_and_Daman_and_Diu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hinduism in Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu (page does not exist)">Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hinduism_in_Delhi" title="Hinduism in Delhi">Delhi</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hinduism_in_Jammu_and_Kashmir&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hinduism in Jammu and Kashmir (page does not exist)">Jammu and Kashmir</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hinduism_in_Ladakh&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hinduism in Ladakh (page does not exist)">Ladakh</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hinduism_in_Lakshadweep&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hinduism in Lakshadweep (page does not exist)">Lakshadweep</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hinduism_in_Pondicherry&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hinduism in Pondicherry (page does not exist)">Pondicherry</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#FFC569;">Communities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bengali_Hindus_in_Assam" title="Bengali Hindus in Assam">Assamese-Bengali Hindus</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Bengali Hindus</a></li> <li>Dalit Hindus</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kashmiri_Hindus" title="Kashmiri Hindus">Kashmiri Hindus</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kashmiri_Muslim_tribes_from_Hindu_lineage" class="mw-redirect" title="Kashmiri Muslim tribes from Hindu lineage">Hindu-Muslim tribes</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marathi_Hindus" class="mw-redirect" title="Marathi Hindus">Marathi Hindus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hinduism_in_Nepal" title="Hinduism in Nepal">Nepali Hindus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punjabi_Hindus" title="Punjabi Hindus">Punjabi Hindus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sindhi_Hindus" title="Sindhi Hindus">Sindhi Hindus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hinduism_in_South_India" title="Hinduism in South India">South Indian Hindus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamil_Hindu" class="mw-redirect" title="Tamil Hindu">Tamil Hindus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Ethnic_groups_in_Bangladesh" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Ethnic_groups_in_Bangladesh" title="Template:Ethnic groups in Bangladesh"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Ethnic_groups_in_Bangladesh" title="Template talk:Ethnic groups in Bangladesh"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Ethnic_groups_in_Bangladesh" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Ethnic groups in Bangladesh"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Ethnic_groups_in_Bangladesh" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_groups_in_Bangladesh" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethnic groups in Bangladesh">Ethnic groups in Bangladesh</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Indo-Aryan_peoples" title="Indo-Aryan peoples">Indo-Aryans</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Assamese_people" title="Assamese people">Assamese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barua_people" title="Barua people">Barua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stranded_Pakistanis_in_Bangladesh" title="Stranded Pakistanis in Bangladesh">Stranded Pakistanis/Biharis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beens" title="Beens">Beens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengalis" title="Bengalis">Bengalis</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dhakaiyas" title="Dhakaiyas">Dhakaiyas</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mahifarash" title="Mahifarash">Mahifarash</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muslim_Kahar" title="Muslim Kahar">Kahar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kan_(tribe)" title="Kan (tribe)">Kan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rohingyas" class="mw-redirect" title="Rohingyas">Rohingyas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shershabadia" title="Shershabadia">Shershabadia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sylhetis" title="Sylhetis">Sylhetis</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mahimal" title="Mahimal">Mahimal</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bishnupriya_Manipuri_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Bishnupriya Manipuri people">Bishnupriya Manipuris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bonaz" title="Bonaz">Bonaz</a></li> <li>Keot</li> <li>Koch</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nepalis_in_Bangladesh" title="Nepalis in Bangladesh">Nepalis</a></li> <li>Polia</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rajbongshi_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Rajbongshi people">Rajbongshi</a></li> <li>Ranjoarh</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urdu-speaking_people" title="Urdu-speaking people">Urdu-speaking people</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Austro-Asiatic_people_of_South_Asia" class="mw-redirect" title="Austro-Asiatic people of South Asia">Austro-Asiatic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Aowe</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bauris" class="mw-redirect" title="Bauris">Bauri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhumij_people" title="Bhumij people">Bhumij</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jalia_Kaibarta" title="Jalia Kaibarta">Jalia Kaibarta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kharia_people" title="Kharia people">Kharia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khasi_people" title="Khasi people">Khasi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahle_people" title="Mahle people">Mahle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Munda_people" title="Munda people">Munda</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kora_(tribe)" title="Kora (tribe)">Kora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sabar_people" title="Sabar people">Sabar</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pnar_people" title="Pnar people">Pnar/Jaintia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santhal_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Santhal people">Santals</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Dravidian_peoples" title="Dravidian peoples">Dravidian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kurukh_people" title="Kurukh people">Kurukh/Oraon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Musahar" title="Musahar">Mushahar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malto_people" title="Malto people">Malto</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mal_Paharia_people" title="Mal Paharia people">Mal Paharia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sauria_Paharia_people" title="Sauria Paharia people">Sauria Paharia</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Tibeto-Burman_languages" title="Tibeto-Burman languages">Tibeto-Burman</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chak_people" title="Chak people">Chak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chakma_people" title="Chakma people">Chakma</a></li> <li>Dalu</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garo_people" title="Garo people">Garo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hajong_people" title="Hajong people">Hajong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khumi_people" title="Khumi people">Khumi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khyang_people" title="Khyang people">Khyang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laleng" title="Laleng">Laleng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marma_people" title="Marma people">Marma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meitei_people" title="Meitei people">Meitei</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pangal" class="mw-redirect" title="Pangal">Pangal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rakhine_people,_Bangladesh" class="mw-redirect" title="Rakhine people, Bangladesh">Rakhine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanchangya_people" title="Tanchangya people">Tanchangya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tripuri_people" title="Tripuri people">Tripuri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zo_people" title="Zo people">Zo</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bawm_people" title="Bawm people">Bawm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chin_people" title="Chin people">Chin</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mru_people" title="Mru people">Mru</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuki_people" title="Kuki people">Kuki</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Halam_tribe" title="Halam tribe">Halam</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pankho_people" title="Pankho people">Pankho</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hrangkhol_people" title="Hrangkhol people">Hrangkhol</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mizo_people" title="Mizo people">Mizo</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jumma_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Jumma people">Jummas</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Immigrants and expatriates</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="navbox-styles"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="20x20px&#124;link=&#124;alt=_Immigration_to_Bangladesh" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Immigration_to_Bangladesh" title="Template:Immigration to Bangladesh"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Immigration_to_Bangladesh" title="Template talk:Immigration to Bangladesh"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Immigration_to_Bangladesh" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Immigration to Bangladesh"><abbr title="Edit this 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navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Armenians_in_Bangladesh" class="mw-redirect" title="Armenians in Bangladesh">Armenians</a> (<a href="/wiki/Armenian_community_of_Dhaka" class="mw-redirect" title="Armenian community of Dhaka">Dhaka</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burmese_community_in_Bangladesh" class="mw-redirect" title="Burmese community in Bangladesh">Burmese</a> (<a href="/wiki/Rohingya_refugees_in_Bangladesh" title="Rohingya refugees in Bangladesh">Rohingya refugees</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_people_in_Bangladesh" title="Chinese people in Bangladesh">Chinese</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">South Asia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indians_in_Bangladesh" 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[\"CITEREFClark1955\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDastidar2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDatta2020\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFDikshitDikshit2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFraserSengupta2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFrawley2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGanguly2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGarg1992\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGhosh\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGhosh1950\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGhosh1981\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGhosh1993\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGhosh2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGhosh2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGhosh2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGhosh_Dastidar2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGovernment_of_India2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHaiderRahmanKamal2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFIndenNicholas2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKalita2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKamra2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKarmakar2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKhalid\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKrondl2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKumar2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMajumdar2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMcCutchion1972\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMcDermott2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMitra1932\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMitra2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMukherjee\"] 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