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<li id="toc-Durham,_Chester,_and_Lancaster" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Durham,_Chester,_and_Lancaster"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Durham, Chester, and Lancaster</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Durham,_Chester,_and_Lancaster-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_counties_palatine" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_counties_palatine"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Other counties palatine</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_counties_palatine-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul 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class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contea_palatina" title="Contea palatina – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Contea palatina" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%96%D7%A0%D7%95%D7%AA_%D7%A4%D7%9C%D7%98%D7%99%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%AA_(%D7%94%D7%90%D7%99%D7%99%D7%9D_%D7%94%D7%91%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%98%D7%99%D7%99%D7%9D)" title="רוזנות פלטינית (האיים הבריטיים) – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="רוזנות פלטינית (האיים הבריטיים)" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a 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special autonomy from the rest of a kingdom or empire</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the palatine counties of England and Ireland. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Palatinate_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Palatinate (disambiguation)">Palatinate (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lancashire_1610_Speed_Hondius_-_Restoration.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Lancashire_1610_Speed_Hondius_-_Restoration.jpg/310px-Lancashire_1610_Speed_Hondius_-_Restoration.jpg" decoding="async" width="310" height="238" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Lancashire_1610_Speed_Hondius_-_Restoration.jpg/465px-Lancashire_1610_Speed_Hondius_-_Restoration.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Lancashire_1610_Speed_Hondius_-_Restoration.jpg/620px-Lancashire_1610_Speed_Hondius_-_Restoration.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2610" data-file-height="2000" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/John_Speed" title="John Speed">John Speed</a>'s map of the County Palatine of Lancaster 1610</figcaption></figure> <p>In <a href="/wiki/England" title="England">England</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wales" title="Wales">Wales</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ireland" title="Ireland">Ireland</a> a <b>county palatine</b> or <b>palatinate</b><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> was an area ruled by a hereditary nobleman enjoying special authority and autonomy from the rest of a <a href="/wiki/Monarchy" title="Monarchy">kingdom</a>. The name derives from the <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a> adjective <i>palātīnus</i>, "relating to the palace", from the noun <i>palātium</i>, "<a href="/wiki/Palace" title="Palace">palace</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It thus implies the exercise of a <i>quasi</i>-<a href="/wiki/Royal_prerogative" title="Royal prerogative">royal prerogative</a> within a <a href="/wiki/County" title="County">county</a>, that is to say, a <a href="/wiki/Jurisdiction" title="Jurisdiction">jurisdiction</a> ruled by an <a href="/wiki/Earl" title="Earl">earl</a>, the English equivalent of a <a href="/wiki/Count" title="Count">count</a>. A <b>duchy palatine</b> is similar but is ruled over by a <a href="/wiki/Duke" title="Duke">duke</a>, a nobleman of higher <a href="/wiki/Order_of_precedence" title="Order of precedence">precedence</a> than an earl or count. </p><p>The nobleman swore allegiance to the <a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Monarchy of the United Kingdom">monarch</a> yet had the power to rule the county largely independently of the king. It should therefore be distinguished from the <a href="/wiki/English_feudal_barony" title="English feudal barony">feudal barony</a>, held from the king, which possessed no such independent authority. Rulers of counties palatine created their own feudal baronies, to be held directly from them <i><a href="/wiki/In_capite" class="mw-redirect" title="In capite">in capite</a></i>, such as the <a href="/wiki/Barony_of_Halton" title="Barony of Halton">Barony of Halton</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> County palatine jurisdictions were created in England under the rule of the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Normandy" title="House of Normandy">Norman dynasty</a>, while in <a href="/wiki/Continental_Europe" title="Continental Europe">continental Europe</a> they have an earlier date. </p><p>In general, when a palatine-type autonomy was granted to a lord by the sovereign, it was in a district on the periphery of the kingdom, at a time when the district was at risk from disloyal armed insurgents who could retreat beyond the borders and re-enter. For the English sovereign in Norman times, this applied to northern England, <a href="/wiki/Wales" title="Wales">Wales</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ireland" title="Ireland">Ireland</a>. As the authority granted was hereditary, some counties palatine legally survived well past the end of the feudal period. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=County_palatine&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Durham,_Chester,_and_Lancaster"><span id="Durham.2C_Chester.2C_and_Lancaster"></span>Durham, Chester, and Lancaster</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=County_palatine&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Durham, Chester, and Lancaster"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/County_Palatine_of_Durham" title="County Palatine of Durham">County Palatine of Durham</a></div> <p>Palatinates emerged in England in the decades following the <a href="/wiki/Norman_conquest_of_England" class="mw-redirect" title="Norman conquest of England">Norman conquest</a>, as various earls or bishops were granted palatine ("from the palace") powers, i.e. powers of a sort elsewhere exercised by the king. In some places this may have been in part a defensive measure, enabling local authorities to organise the defence of vulnerable frontier areas at their own discretion, avoiding the delays involved in seeking decisions from the court and removing obstructions to the coordinated direction of local resources at the discretion of a single official. However, palatine powers were also granted over areas such as the <a href="/wiki/Isle_of_Ely" title="Isle of Ely">Isle of Ely</a> which were not near any frontier. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Durham_Palatinate.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Durham_Palatinate.JPG/220px-Durham_Palatinate.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Durham_Palatinate.JPG/330px-Durham_Palatinate.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Durham_Palatinate.JPG/440px-Durham_Palatinate.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3072" data-file-height="2304" /></a><figcaption>Plaque commemorating the former site of the exchequer and chancery of the <a href="/wiki/County_Palatine_of_Durham" title="County Palatine of Durham">County Palatine of Durham</a> on <a href="/wiki/Palace_Green" title="Palace Green">Palace Green</a>, near the <a href="/wiki/Durham_Castle_and_Cathedral" title="Durham Castle and Cathedral">castle and cathedral</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Palatine powers over <a href="/wiki/Cheshire" title="Cheshire">Cheshire</a> were acquired by the <a href="/wiki/Earls_of_Chester" class="mw-redirect" title="Earls of Chester">earls of Chester</a>, a title which has since 1254 been reserved for the <a href="/wiki/Heir_apparent" title="Heir apparent">heir apparent</a> to the throne (apart from a brief tenure in 1264–1265 by <a href="/wiki/Simon_de_Montfort,_6th_Earl_of_Leicester" title="Simon de Montfort, 6th Earl of Leicester">Simon de Montfort</a>, who had seized control of the government from <a href="/wiki/Henry_III_of_England" title="Henry III of England">Henry III</a>). Chester had its own parliament, consisting of barons of the county, and was not represented in <a href="/wiki/List_of_Parliaments_of_England" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Parliaments of England">Parliament</a> until 1543,<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while it retained some of its special privileges until 1830.<sup id="cite_ref-EB1911_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EB1911-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Exceptional powers were also granted to the <a href="/wiki/Bishops_of_Durham" class="mw-redirect" title="Bishops of Durham">bishops of Durham</a>, who during the aftermath of the Norman conquest had been put in charge of secular administration in what became <a href="/wiki/County_Durham" title="County Durham">County Durham</a>. The autonomous power exercised by these bishops over the <a href="/wiki/County_Palatine_of_Durham" title="County Palatine of Durham">County Palatine of Durham</a> was particularly enduring: Durham did not gain parliamentary representation until 1654, while the bishops of Durham retained their temporal jurisdiction until 1836. </p> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:EnglandLancashireTrad.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/EnglandLancashireTrad.png/180px-EnglandLancashireTrad.png" decoding="async" width="180" height="225" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/77/EnglandLancashireTrad.png 1.5x" data-file-width="200" data-file-height="250" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Historic_counties_of_England" title="Historic counties of England">Boundary</a> of the County Palatine of Lancaster within England</figcaption></figure> <p>Palatine powers over <a href="/wiki/Lancashire" title="Lancashire">Lancashire</a> were conferred on the first <a href="/wiki/Duke_of_Lancaster" title="Duke of Lancaster">duke of Lancaster</a> in 1351, at the same time as his promotion from the status of earl. This was only the second dukedom created in England, following that of <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Cornwall" title="Duchy of Cornwall">Cornwall</a> in 1337, which also became associated with palatine powers. The dukedom was united with the Crown on the accession of <a href="/wiki/Henry_IV_of_England" title="Henry IV of England">Henry IV</a> in 1399, but the vast estates of the <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Lancaster" title="Duchy of Lancaster">Duchy of Lancaster</a> were never assimilated into the <a href="/wiki/Crown_Estate" title="Crown Estate">Crown Estate</a>, continuing even today to be separately administered for the monarch as Duke of Lancaster. The rights exercised through the Duchy, rather than the Crown, included its palatine powers over Lancashire, the last of which were revoked only in 1873. In the county palatine of Lancaster, the <a href="/wiki/Loyal_toast" title="Loyal toast">loyal toast</a> is to "the King, Duke of Lancaster".<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The king's writs did not run in these three palatine counties until the nineteenth century<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and, until the 1970s, Lancashire and Durham had their own courts of <a href="/wiki/Court_of_equity" title="Court of equity">chancery</a><sup id="cite_ref-EB1911_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EB1911-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (see <a href="/wiki/Court_of_Chancery_of_the_County_Palatine_of_Lancaster" title="Court of Chancery of the County Palatine of Lancaster">Court of Chancery of the County Palatine of Lancaster</a> and <a href="/wiki/Court_of_Chancery_of_the_County_Palatine_of_Durham_and_Sadberge" title="Court of Chancery of the County Palatine of Durham and Sadberge">Court of Chancery of the County Palatine of Durham and Sadberge</a>). </p><p>The appeal against a decision of the county court of a county palatine had, in the first instance, to be to the <a href="/wiki/Court_of_common_pleas" class="mw-redirect" title="Court of common pleas">court of common pleas</a> of that county palatine.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>There are two kings in England, namely, the lord king of England wearing a crown and the lord bishop of Durham wearing a mitre in place of a crown ...</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>William de St Botolph (1302)<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></cite></div></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_counties_palatine">Other counties palatine</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=County_palatine&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Other counties palatine"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Outside England, a county palatine was the land ruled by a <a href="/wiki/Count_palatine" title="Count palatine">count palatine</a>, a title dating back to pre-feudal Roman times and originally referring to a non-hereditary court official entrusted with judicial duties. In the medieval era these offices became hereditary and associated with feudal rulers, the most prominent and long-lasting being the <a href="/wiki/Count_Palatine_of_the_Rhine" class="mw-redirect" title="Count Palatine of the Rhine">Count Palatine of the Rhine</a>, an elector of the Holy Roman Empire. </p><p>At various times in history, the following areas had palatinate status: <a href="/wiki/Shropshire" title="Shropshire">Shropshire</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kent" title="Kent">Kent</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Isle_of_Ely" title="Isle of Ely">Isle of Ely</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hexhamshire" title="Hexhamshire">Hexhamshire</a> in <a href="/wiki/Northumberland" title="Northumberland">Northumberland</a>, and, in <a href="/wiki/Wales" title="Wales">Wales</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Earldom_of_Pembroke" class="mw-redirect" title="Earldom of Pembroke">Earldom of Pembroke</a><sup id="cite_ref-EB1911_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EB1911-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (until the passing of the <a href="/wiki/Laws_in_Wales_Acts_1535%E2%80%931542" class="mw-redirect" title="Laws in Wales Acts 1535–1542">Laws in Wales Act 1535</a>). </p><p>Although not formally categorised as a palatinate, in <a href="/wiki/Cornwall" title="Cornwall">Cornwall</a> many of the rights associated with palatinates were conferred on the <a href="/wiki/Duke_of_Cornwall" title="Duke of Cornwall">Duke of Cornwall</a>, a title created in 1337 and always held by the <a href="/wiki/Heir_apparent" title="Heir apparent">heir apparent</a> to the throne. </p><p>In the history of Wales in the Norman era, the term most often used is <a href="/wiki/Marcher_Lord" class="mw-redirect" title="Marcher Lord">Marcher Lord</a>, which is similar to, but not strictly the same as, a Palatine Lord. Nevertheless, a number of strictly Palatine jurisdictions were created in Wales. </p><p>There were several palatine districts in <a href="/wiki/Ireland" title="Ireland">Ireland</a> of which the most notable were those of the <a href="/wiki/Earls_of_Desmond" class="mw-redirect" title="Earls of Desmond">Earls of Desmond</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Earl_of_Ormond_(Irish)" class="mw-redirect" title="Earl of Ormond (Irish)">Earls of Ormond</a> in <a href="/wiki/County_Tipperary" title="County Tipperary">County Tipperary</a>. The latter continued in existence until it was abolished by the <a href="/wiki/County_Palatine_of_Tipperary_Act_1715" title="County Palatine of Tipperary Act 1715">County Palatine of Tipperary Act 1715</a>. </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Scotland" title="Scotland">Scotland</a>, the earldom of <a href="/wiki/Strathearn" title="Strathearn">Strathearn</a> was identified as a county palatine in the fourteenth century, although the title of <a href="/wiki/Earl_of_Strathearn" title="Earl of Strathearn">Earl of Strathearn</a> has usually been merged with the crown in subsequent centuries and there is little indication that the status of Strathearn differed in practice from other Scottish earldoms. </p><p>In the colonies, the historic <a href="/wiki/Province_of_Avalon" title="Province of Avalon">Province of Avalon</a> in <a href="/wiki/Colony_of_Newfoundland" class="mw-redirect" title="Colony of Newfoundland">Newfoundland</a> was granted palatine status, as was <a href="/wiki/Maryland" title="Maryland">Maryland</a> under <a href="/wiki/Cecilius_Calvert,_2nd_Baron_Baltimore" class="mw-redirect" title="Cecilius Calvert, 2nd Baron Baltimore">Cecilius Calvert, 2nd Baron Baltimore</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=County_palatine&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Marcher_Lord" class="mw-redirect" title="Marcher Lord">Marcher Lord</a>—very similar to a palatine lord in the Middle Ages.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margrave" title="Margrave">Margrave</a>—very similar to a palatine lord in the Middle Ages.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Count_palatine" title="Count palatine">Count palatine</a>—sometimes similar to a palatine lord, but this term was not in use in Britain</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Lancaster" title="Duchy of Lancaster">Duchy of Lancaster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Justice_of_Chester" title="Justice of Chester">Justice of Chester</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Honour_(feudal_land_tenure)" class="mw-redirect" title="Honour (feudal land tenure)">Honour (feudal land tenure)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_feudal_barony" title="English feudal barony">English feudal barony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_feudal_barony" class="mw-redirect" title="Scottish feudal barony">Scottish feudal barony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_feudal_barony" title="Irish feudal barony">Irish feudal barony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electoral_Palatinate" title="Electoral Palatinate">Electoral Palatinate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vavasour" title="Vavasour">Vavasour</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=County_palatine&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Palatine" is an adjective used in conjunction with the noun county; "Palatinate" is a noun used alone (<i><a href="/wiki/Collins_English_Dictionary" title="Collins English Dictionary">Collins English Dictionary</a></i>).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Collins Dictionary of the English Language</i>, London, 1986</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Cassell's Latin Dictionary</i>, ed. Marchant & Charles</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sanders, I.J., <i>English Baronies: A Study of their Origin and Descent 1086–1327</i>, Oxford, 1960. Sanders excludes "Lordships" such as the <a href="/wiki/Barons_of_Halton" class="mw-redirect" title="Barons of Halton">Barony of Halton</a> which are situated within Counties Palatine from his lists of feudal baronies.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Harris, B.E. [ed.] (1979). page 98.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-EB1911-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-EB1911_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EB1911_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EB1911_6-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="noprint"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/18px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/24px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></span></span> </span>One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in the <a href="/wiki/Public_domain" title="Public domain">public domain</a>: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFHolland1911" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Holland, Arthur William (1911). "<a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Palatine" class="extiw" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Palatine">Palatine</a>". In <a href="/wiki/Hugh_Chisholm" title="Hugh Chisholm">Chisholm, Hugh</a> (ed.). <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. Vol. 20 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 595–596.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Palatine&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=595-596&rft.edition=11th&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1911&rft.aulast=Holland&rft.aufirst=Arthur+William&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACounty+palatine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.debretts.com/forms-of-address/hierarchies/official-functions/the-loyal-toast.aspx">"The loyal toast"</a>. <i>Debrett's</i>. Official functions<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 August</span> 2016</span>. <q>The trusted source on British social skills, etiquette, and style-Debrett's</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Debrett%27s&rft.atitle=The+loyal+toast&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.debretts.com%2Fforms-of-address%2Fhierarchies%2Fofficial-functions%2Fthe-loyal-toast.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACounty+palatine" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged June 2024">dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Yates (1856), pp. 3–5.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The <a href="/wiki/Law_Terms_Act_1830" title="Law Terms Act 1830">Law Terms Act 1830</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Courts_Act_1971" title="Courts Act 1971">Courts Act 1971</a>, section 41</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=NEJKAAAAYAAJ&pg=RA1-PA220">"Jewett v. Summons"</a>. <i>The Law Journal for the Year 1825</i>. Court of King's Bench. Vol. III. 1825. p. 220 – via Google Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Jewett+v.+Summons&rft.btitle=The+Law+Journal+for+the+Year+1825&rft.series=Court+of+King%27s+Bench&rft.pages=220&rft.date=1825&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DNEJKAAAAYAAJ%26pg%3DRA1-PA220&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACounty+palatine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.collectbritain.co.uk/galleries/durham/">"Durham: Echoes of Power"</a>. <i>collectbritain.co.uk</i>. <a href="/wiki/British_Library" title="British Library">British Library</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=collectbritain.co.uk&rft.atitle=Durham%3A+Echoes+of+Power&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.collectbritain.co.uk%2Fgalleries%2Fdurham%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACounty+palatine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHall1910" class="citation book cs1">Hall, Clayton Colman (1910). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/narrativesofearl00hall"><i>Narratives of Early Maryland, 1633–1684</i></a>. Charles Scribner's Sons. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/narrativesofearl00hall/page/103">103</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-55613-108-9" title="Special:BookSources/1-55613-108-9"><bdi>1-55613-108-9</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 December</span> 2008</span>. <q>grant, cecilius calvert.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Narratives+of+Early+Maryland%2C+1633%E2%80%931684&rft.pages=103&rft.pub=Charles+Scribner%27s+Sons&rft.date=1910&rft.isbn=1-55613-108-9&rft.aulast=Hall&rft.aufirst=Clayton+Colman&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fnarrativesofearl00hall&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACounty+palatine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=County_palatine&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFraser,_C._M.1956" class="citation journal cs1">Fraser, C. M. (1956). "Edward I of England and the Regalian Franchise of Durham". <i><a href="/wiki/Speculum_(journal)" title="Speculum (journal)">Speculum</a></i>. <b>31</b> (2). Medieval Academy of America: 329–342. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2849417">10.2307/2849417</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2849417">2849417</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:161266106">161266106</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Speculum&rft.atitle=Edward+I+of+England+and+the+Regalian+Franchise+of+Durham&rft.volume=31&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=329-342&rft.date=1956&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A161266106%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2849417%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F2849417&rft.au=Fraser%2C+C.+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACounty+palatine" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarris1979" class="citation book cs1">Harris, B. E., ed. (1979). <i>The Victoria history of the county of Cheshire. Volume II</i>. London: University of London Institute of Historical Research. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-722749-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-722749-7"><bdi>978-0-19-722749-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Victoria+history+of+the+county+of+Cheshire.+Volume+II&rft.place=London&rft.pub=University+of+London+Institute+of+Historical+Research&rft.date=1979&rft.isbn=978-0-19-722749-7&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACounty+palatine" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYates1856" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Brooks_Yates" title="Joseph Brooks Yates">Yates, Joseph Brooks</a> (1856). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/rightsandjurisd00yategoog"><i>The Rights and Jurisdiction of the County Palatine of Chester, the Earls Palatine, the Chamberlain, and Other Officers</i></a>. Charles Simms & Co. p. 308<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 May</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Rights+and+Jurisdiction+of+the+County+Palatine+of+Chester%2C+the+Earls+Palatine%2C+the+Chamberlain%2C+and+Other+Officers&rft.pages=308&rft.pub=Charles+Simms+%26+Co&rft.date=1856&rft.aulast=Yates&rft.aufirst=Joseph+Brooks&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Frightsandjurisd00yategoog&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACounty+palatine" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=County_palatine&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.collectbritain.co.uk/galleries/durham/">Durham: Echoes of Power</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged June 2024">dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup> at the <a href="/wiki/British_Library" title="British Library">British Library</a> website</li></ul>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=County_palatine&oldid=1245478567">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=County_palatine&oldid=1245478567</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Counties_of_England" title="Category:Counties of England">Counties of England</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:English_law" title="Category:English law">English law</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Norman_conquest_of_England" title="Category:Norman conquest of England">Norman conquest of England</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_articles_incorporating_a_citation_from_the_1911_Encyclopaedia_Britannica_with_Wikisource_reference" title="Category:Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the 1911 Encyclopaedia Britannica with Wikisource reference">Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the 1911 Encyclopaedia Britannica with Wikisource reference</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_articles_incorporating_text_from_the_1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica" title="Category:Wikipedia articles incorporating text from the 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica">Wikipedia articles incorporating text from the 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_dead_external_links" title="Category:All articles with dead external links">All articles with dead external links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_dead_external_links_from_June_2024" title="Category:Articles with dead external links from June 2024">Articles with dead external links from June 2024</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description is different from Wikidata">Short description is different from Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_dmy_dates_from_April_2022" title="Category:Use dmy dates from April 2022">Use dmy dates from April 2022</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 13 September 2024, at 06:51<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. 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