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href="#Reputation_and_perception"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Reputation and perception</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Reputation_and_perception-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tourism_development" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tourism_development"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Tourism development</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Tourism_development-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Tourism development subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Tourism_development-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Conservation_management" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Conservation_management"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Conservation management</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Conservation_management-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Massacre" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Massacre"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Massacre</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Massacre-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notable_people" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notable_people"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Notable people</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notable_people-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gallery" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gallery"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Gallery</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gallery-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" 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Available in 26 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-26" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">26 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Port_Arthur,_Tasmania" title="Port Arthur, Tasmania – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Port Arthur, Tasmania" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Port_Arthur_(Tasm%C3%A1nie)" title="Port Arthur (Tasmánie) – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Port Arthur (Tasmánie)" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Porth_Arthur" title="Porth Arthur – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Porth Arthur" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Port_Arthur_(Tasmanien)" title="Port Arthur (Tasmanien) – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Port Arthur (Tasmanien)" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Port_Arthur_(Tasmania)" title="Port Arthur (Tasmania) – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Port Arthur (Tasmania)" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%AA_%D8%A2%D8%B1%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%8C_%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C" title="پورت آرتور، تاسمانی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="پورت آرتور، تاسمانی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Port_Arthur_(Tasmanie)" title="Port Arthur (Tasmanie) – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Port Arthur (Tasmanie)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%8F%AC%ED%8A%B8%EC%95%84%EC%84%9C_(%ED%83%9C%EC%A6%88%EB%A9%94%EC%9D%B4%EB%8B%88%EC%95%84%EC%A3%BC)" title="포트아서 (태즈메이니아주) – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="포트아서 (태즈메이니아주)" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8A%D5%B8%D6%80%D5%BF_%D4%B1%D6%80%D5%A9%D5%B8%D6%82%D6%80_(%D4%B9%D5%A1%D5%BD%D5%B4%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%AB%D5%A1)" title="Պորտ Արթուր (Թասմանիա) – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Պորտ Արթուր (Թասմանիա)" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Port_Arthur,_Tasmania" title="Port Arthur, Tasmania – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Port Arthur, Tasmania" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A4%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%98_%D7%90%D7%A8%D7%AA%D7%95%D7%A8_(%D7%98%D7%A1%D7%9E%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%94)" title="פורט ארתור (טסמניה) – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="פורט ארתור (טסמניה)" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Port_Art%C5%ABras_(Tasmanija)" title="Port Artūras (Tasmanija) – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Port Artūras (Tasmanija)" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%AA_%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AB%D9%88%D8%B1" title="پورت ارثور – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="پورت ارثور" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Port_Arthur_(Tasmani%C3%AB)" title="Port Arthur (Tasmanië) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Port Arthur (Tasmanië)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%9D%E3%83%BC%E3%83%88%E3%83%BB%E3%82%A2%E3%83%BC%E3%82%B5%E3%83%BC_(%E3%82%BF%E3%82%B9%E3%83%9E%E3%83%8B%E3%82%A2%E5%B7%9E)" title="ポート・アーサー (タスマニア州) – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ポート・アーサー (タスマニア州)" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Port_Arthur_(Tasmania)" title="Port Arthur (Tasmania) – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Port Arthur (Tasmania)" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Port_Arthur_(Tasmania)" title="Port Arthur (Tasmania) – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Port Arthur (Tasmania)" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Port_Arthur_(Tasm%C3%A2nia)" title="Port Arthur (Tasmânia) – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Port Arthur (Tasmânia)" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%82-%D0%90%D1%80%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80_(%D0%A2%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F)" title="Порт-Артур (Тасмания) – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Порт-Артур (Тасмания)" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Port_Arthur,_Tasmania" title="Port Arthur, Tasmania – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Port Arthur, Tasmania" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Port_Arthur,_Tasmania" title="Port Arthur, Tasmania – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Port Arthur, Tasmania" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Port_Arthur,_Tasmanien" title="Port Arthur, Tasmanien – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Port Arthur, Tasmanien" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C" title="พอร์ตอาร์เทอร์ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="พอร์ตอาร์เทอร์" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%82-%D0%90%D1%80%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80_(%D0%A2%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%96%D1%8F)" title="Порт-Артур (Тасманія) – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Порт-Артур (Тасманія)" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Port_Arthur,_Tasmania" title="Port Arthur, Tasmania – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Port Arthur, Tasmania" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E7%91%9F%E6%B8%AF_(%E5%A1%94%E6%96%AF%E9%A9%AC%E5%B0%BC%E4%BA%9A%E5%B7%9E)" title="阿瑟港 (塔斯马尼亚州) – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="阿瑟港 (塔斯马尼亚州)" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q999109#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> 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location">43.15000°S 147.85000°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">-43.15000; 147.85000</span></span></span></a></span></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">UNESCO World Heritage Site in Australia</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Port_Arthur_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Port Arthur (disambiguation)">Port Arthur (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><caption class="infobox-title category" style="font-size:125%;">Port Arthur, Tasmania</caption><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above fn org" style="padding:0.2em;background:#0177d3;font-size:100%;"><a href="/wiki/UNESCO_World_Heritage_Site" class="mw-redirect" title="UNESCO World Heritage Site"><span class="tmpl-colored-link" style="color: #ffffff; text-decoration: inherit;">UNESCO World Heritage Site</span></a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image" style="border-top:1px #aaa solid;padding-top:0.4em;"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:PortArthurPenitentiary.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/PortArthurPenitentiary.jpg/220px-PortArthurPenitentiary.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/PortArthurPenitentiary.jpg/330px-PortArthurPenitentiary.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/PortArthurPenitentiary.jpg/440px-PortArthurPenitentiary.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="667" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">View of Port Arthur, Tasmania, one of the 11 penal sites constituting the Australian Convict Sites</div></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.3em;">Part of</th><td class="infobox-data">Australian Convict Sites</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.3em;"><a href="/wiki/World_Heritage_Site#Selection_criteria" title="World Heritage Site">Criteria</a></th><td class="infobox-data category">Cultural: iv, vi</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.3em;">Reference</th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/1306-008">1306-008</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.3em;">Inscription</th><td class="infobox-data">2011 (35th <a href="/wiki/World_Heritage_Committee" title="World Heritage Committee">Session</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.3em;">Area</th><td class="infobox-data category">146 ha</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.3em;">Buffer zone</th><td class="infobox-data category">1,216.51 ha</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.3em;">Website</th><td class="infobox-data category"><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://portarthur.org.au/">portarthur<wbr />.org<wbr />.au</a></span></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above adr" style="font-size: 125%; line-height: 1.3em; background-color:#e9f9d2;"><span class="fn org locality">Port Arthur</span><br /><span style="font-weight:normal; font-size:88%" class="region"><a href="/wiki/Tasmania" title="Tasmania">Tasmania</a></span></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238443738">.mw-parser-output .locmap .od{position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .id{position:absolute;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .locmap .l0{font-size:0;position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv{line-height:110%;position:absolute;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv>div{display:inline;padding:1px}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:left}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:#fff!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:white!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}</style><div class="center"><div class="locmap" style="width:210px;float:none;clear:both;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><div style="width:210px;padding:0"><div style="position:relative;width:210px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Australia_Tasmania_location_map.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Port Arthur is located in Tasmania"><img alt="Port Arthur is located in Tasmania" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Australia_Tasmania_location_map.svg/210px-Australia_Tasmania_location_map.svg.png" decoding="async" width="210" height="258" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Australia_Tasmania_location_map.svg/315px-Australia_Tasmania_location_map.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Australia_Tasmania_location_map.svg/420px-Australia_Tasmania_location_map.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="780" data-file-height="957" /></a></span><div class="od notheme" style="top:83%;left:79.091%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-3px;top:-3px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Port Arthur"><img alt="Port Arthur" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/6px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="6" height="6" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/9px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div><div class="pv" style="width:6em;top:4px;left:-3em"><div>Port Arthur</div></div></div></div><div style="padding-top:0.2em"></div></div></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:40%; background-color:#e9f9d2;"><a href="/wiki/Geographic_coordinate_system" title="Geographic coordinate system">Coordinates</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="geo-inline"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Port_Arthur,_Tasmania&params=43_09_0_S_147_51_0_E_type:city_region:AU-TAS"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">43°09′0″S</span> <span class="longitude">147°51′0″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">43.15000°S 147.85000°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">-43.15000; 147.85000</span></span></span></a></span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:40%; background-color:#e9f9d2;">Population</th><td class="infobox-data">251 (<a href="/wiki/2016_Australian_census" title="2016 Australian census">2016 census</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-Census2016_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Census2016-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:40%; background-color:#e9f9d2;">Established</th><td class="infobox-data">1830</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:40%; background-color:#e9f9d2;"><a href="/wiki/Postcodes_in_Australia" title="Postcodes in Australia">Postcode(s)</a></th><td class="infobox-data">7182</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:40%; background-color:#e9f9d2;">Location</th><td class="infobox-data"><ul style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px;"><li> 97 km (60 mi) SE of <a href="/wiki/Hobart" title="Hobart">Hobart</a> </li><li> 19 km (12 mi) S of <a href="/wiki/Eaglehawk_Neck,_Tasmania" class="mw-redirect" title="Eaglehawk Neck, Tasmania">Eaglehawk Neck</a> </li></ul></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:40%; background-color:#e9f9d2;"><a href="/wiki/Local_government_areas_of_Tasmania" title="Local government areas of Tasmania">LGA(s)</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Tasman_Council" title="Tasman Council">Tasman Council</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:40%; background-color:#e9f9d2;"><a href="/wiki/Electorates_of_the_Australian_states_and_territories" title="Electorates of the Australian states and territories">State electorate(s)</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Division_of_Lyons_(state)" title="Division of Lyons (state)">Lyons</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:40%; background-color:#e9f9d2;"><a href="/wiki/Divisions_of_the_Australian_House_of_Representatives" class="mw-redirect" title="Divisions of the Australian House of Representatives">Federal division(s)</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Division_of_Lyons" title="Division of Lyons">Lyons</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><table cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" style="width:100%; border: 1px #ddd solid;"> <tbody><tr class="mergedrow"> <td style="background-color:#f0f0ff;border: 1px #FFF solid; text-align:center; width:33%;"><b>Mean max temp</b></td> <td style="background-color:#f0f0ff;border: 1px #FFF solid; text-align:center; width:34%;"><b>Mean min temp</b></td> <td style="background-color:#f0f0ff;border: 1px #FFF solid; text-align:center; width:33%;"><b>Annual rainfall</b></td> </tr><tr style="border: 1px #FFF solid" class="mergedrow"> <td style="padding: 2px 0px; text-align:center; width:33%;"> 14.8 °C <br />59 °F</td> <td style="padding: 2px 0px; text-align:center; width:34%;">8.2 °C <br />47 °F</td> <td style="padding: 2px 0px; text-align:center; width:33%;">1,148.8 mm <br />45.2 in</td> </tr><tr><td colspan="2"> </td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tasmanian_town_locator_PortArthur.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Tasmanian_town_locator_PortArthur.png/280px-Tasmanian_town_locator_PortArthur.png" decoding="async" width="280" height="260" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d4/Tasmanian_town_locator_PortArthur.png 1.5x" data-file-width="395" data-file-height="367" /></a><figcaption>Location of Port Arthur.</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Port Arthur</b> is a town and former <a href="/wiki/Convictism_in_Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="Convictism in Australia">convict</a> settlement on the <a href="/wiki/Tasman_Peninsula" title="Tasman Peninsula">Tasman Peninsula</a>, in <a href="/wiki/Tasmania" title="Tasmania">Tasmania</a>, <a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a>. It is located approximately 97 kilometres (60 mi) southeast of the state capital, <a href="/wiki/Hobart" title="Hobart">Hobart</a>. </p><p>The site forms part of the <a href="/wiki/Australian_Convict_Sites" title="Australian Convict Sites">Australian Convict Sites</a>, a <a href="/wiki/World_Heritage_Site" title="World Heritage Site">World Heritage property</a> consisting of 11 remnant penal sites originally built within the <a href="/wiki/British_Empire" title="British Empire">British Empire</a> during the 18th and 19th centuries on fertile Australian coastal strips. Collectively, these sites, including Port Arthur, are described by <a href="/wiki/UNESCO" title="UNESCO">UNESCO</a> as "... the best surviving examples of large-scale <a href="/wiki/Convicts_in_Australia" title="Convicts in Australia">convict</a> <a href="/wiki/Penal_transportation" title="Penal transportation">transportation</a> and the colonial expansion of European powers through the presence and labour of convicts."<sup id="cite_ref-WorldHeritage01_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WorldHeritage01-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1996, the town was the scene of the <a href="/wiki/Port_Arthur_massacre_(Australia)" title="Port Arthur massacre (Australia)">Port Arthur massacre</a>, the worst instance of mass murder in post-colonial Australian history. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Port_Arthur,_Tasmania&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Penitentiary_and_Mount_Arthur_Tasmania_by_Anson_Brothers.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Penitentiary_and_Mount_Arthur_Tasmania_by_Anson_Brothers.jpg/220px-Penitentiary_and_Mount_Arthur_Tasmania_by_Anson_Brothers.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="172" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Penitentiary_and_Mount_Arthur_Tasmania_by_Anson_Brothers.jpg/330px-Penitentiary_and_Mount_Arthur_Tasmania_by_Anson_Brothers.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Penitentiary_and_Mount_Arthur_Tasmania_by_Anson_Brothers.jpg/440px-Penitentiary_and_Mount_Arthur_Tasmania_by_Anson_Brothers.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5268" data-file-height="4128" /></a><figcaption>Penitentiary and Mount Arthur, Tasmania, ca. 1880, by Anson Brothers</figcaption></figure> <p>Port Arthur was named after <a href="/wiki/George_Arthur" class="mw-redirect" title="George Arthur">George Arthur</a>, the lieutenant governor of <a href="/wiki/Van_Diemen%27s_Land" title="Van Diemen's Land">Van Diemen's Land</a>. The settlement started as a <a href="/wiki/Timber" class="mw-redirect" title="Timber">timber</a> station in 1830, but it is best known for being a <a href="/wiki/Penal_colony" title="Penal colony">penal colony</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Penal_colony">Penal colony</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Port_Arthur,_Tasmania&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Penal colony"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Port Arthur convict settlement was established in September 1830 as a timber-getting camp, producing sawn logs for government projects. From 1833 until 1877, it was the destination for those deemed the most hardened of <a href="/wiki/Penal_transportation" title="Penal transportation">transported convicts</a> ― so-called "secondary offenders" ― who had persistently re-offended during their time in Australia. The recalcitrant offenders were sent to Port Arthur, which had some of the strictest security measures in the British penal system but was, nevertheless, also based on the idea that prisoners could be reformed while still being punished.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Treatment_of_prisoners">Treatment of prisoners</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Port_Arthur,_Tasmania&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Treatment of prisoners"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Interior_of_Model_Chapel,_Port_Arthur,_Tasmania,_Anson_Brothers.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Interior_of_Model_Chapel%2C_Port_Arthur%2C_Tasmania%2C_Anson_Brothers.jpg/220px-Interior_of_Model_Chapel%2C_Port_Arthur%2C_Tasmania%2C_Anson_Brothers.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="177" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Interior_of_Model_Chapel%2C_Port_Arthur%2C_Tasmania%2C_Anson_Brothers.jpg/330px-Interior_of_Model_Chapel%2C_Port_Arthur%2C_Tasmania%2C_Anson_Brothers.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Interior_of_Model_Chapel%2C_Port_Arthur%2C_Tasmania%2C_Anson_Brothers.jpg/440px-Interior_of_Model_Chapel%2C_Port_Arthur%2C_Tasmania%2C_Anson_Brothers.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5202" data-file-height="4187" /></a><figcaption>Interior of Model Chapel, Port Arthur, Tasmania, ca. 1880, by Anson Brothers</figcaption></figure> <p>Port Arthur was an example of the "Separate Prison Typology" (sometimes known as the model prison), which emerged from <a href="/wiki/Jeremy_Bentham" title="Jeremy Bentham">Jeremy Bentham</a>'s theories and his <a href="/wiki/Panopticon" title="Panopticon">panopticon</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Hurst,_Rachel_2010_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hurst,_Rachel_2010-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The prison was completed in 1853, and extended in 1855. The layout was fairly symmetrical. It was in a cross shape with exercise yards at each corner. The prisoner wings were each connected to the surveillance core of the prison, as well as the chapel in the centre hall.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> From the surveillance hub, each wing could be clearly seen, although individual cells could not. In that way, the Separate Prison at Port Arthur differed from the original theory of the panopticon.<sup id="cite_ref-Hurst,_Rachel_2010_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hurst,_Rachel_2010-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Separate Prison System also signalled a shift from physical punishment to psychological punishment. The hard <a href="/wiki/Corporal_punishment" title="Corporal punishment">corporal punishment</a>, such as whippings, used in other penal stations, was thought to only serve to harden criminals, and did nothing to turn them from their immoral ways. For example, food was used to reward well-behaved prisoners and as punishment for troublemakers. As a reward, a prisoner could receive larger amounts of food or even luxury items such as tea, sugar, and tobacco. As punishment, the prisoners would receive the bare minimum of bread and water.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Under this system of punishment, the "Silent System" was implemented in the building. Here, prisoners were hooded and made to stay silent; this was supposed to allow time for the prisoner to reflect upon the actions which had brought him there. Many of the prisoners in the Separate Prison developed mental illness from the lack of light and sound. This was an unintended outcome, although the asylum was built next to the Separate Prison. In many ways, Port Arthur was the model for the <a href="/wiki/Penal_reform" class="mw-redirect" title="Penal reform">penal reform</a> movement, despite the shipping, housing, and use of convicts as slave-labour being as harsh, or worse, than other institutions around the nation. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Activities_of_prisoners">Activities of prisoners</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Port_Arthur,_Tasmania&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Activities of prisoners"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Port Arthur was also the destination for juvenile convicts, receiving many boys, some as young as nine. The boys were separated from the main convict population and kept on Point Puer, the <a href="/wiki/British_Empire" title="British Empire">British Empire</a>'s second boys' prison.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Like the adults, the boys were used in hard labour such as stone cutting and construction. One of the buildings constructed was one of Australia's first <a href="/wiki/Non-denominational" title="Non-denominational">non-denominational</a> churches, built in a <a href="/wiki/Gothic_Revival_architecture" title="Gothic Revival architecture">Gothic Revival style</a>. Attendance at the weekly Sunday service was compulsory for the prison population. Critics of the new system noted that it seemed to have negligible impact on a prisoner's <a href="/wiki/Reform" title="Reform">reformation</a>. </p><p>The archaeology of Port Arthur reveals the relatively mundane activities of everyday life. Not only did the people living there help prepare food, but they also participated in recreational activities such as smoking and hunting.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Archaeological excavation of the Port Arthur workshops complex is overseen by the Port Arthur Historic Site Management Authority (PAHSMA). These workshops, situated on the original waterfront since 1830, housed the trades-focussed activities undertaken at the penal station including shoemakers, blacksmiths, tailors, turners and wheelwrights.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A journal of the ongoing excavation and conservation work at Port Arthur is documented online by Dr Richard Tuffin.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A number of ongoing archaeological and historical research projects at Port Arthur include interactive <a href="/wiki/Web_mapping" title="Web mapping">web mapping</a> of convict offences by the University of New England as part of their Convict Landscapes project,<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the <a href="/wiki/Founders_and_Survivors" title="Founders and Survivors">Founders and Survivors</a> project to digitise Tasmania's past.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <i>Landscapes of Production and Punishment: the Tasman Peninsula 1830-77</i> project funded by the <a href="/wiki/Australian_Research_Council" title="Australian Research Council">Australian Research Council</a>, in partnership with the Port Arthur Historic Site Management Authority, continues to examine the convict system from the perspective of convicts as workers. <a href="/wiki/Geographic_information_system" title="Geographic information system">GIS</a> mapping of location and offence data compiled by Dr Richard Tuffin uses the buildings, work sites, products and life outcomes to understand the convicts’ lives and labours whilst under sentence.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geography">Geography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Port_Arthur,_Tasmania&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Geography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Radcliffe_Creek_at_Port_Arthur.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Radcliffe_Creek_at_Port_Arthur.jpg/220px-Radcliffe_Creek_at_Port_Arthur.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="166" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Radcliffe_Creek_at_Port_Arthur.jpg/330px-Radcliffe_Creek_at_Port_Arthur.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Radcliffe_Creek_at_Port_Arthur.jpg/440px-Radcliffe_Creek_at_Port_Arthur.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4080" data-file-height="3072" /></a><figcaption>The tidal portion of Radcliffe Creek</figcaption></figure> <p>The peninsula on which Port Arthur is located is a naturally secure site by being surrounded by water (rumoured by the administration to be <a href="/wiki/Shark" title="Shark">shark</a>-infested). The 30-m-wide <a href="/wiki/Isthmus" title="Isthmus">isthmus</a> of <a href="/wiki/Eaglehawk_Neck" title="Eaglehawk Neck">Eaglehawk Neck</a> that was the only connection to the mainland was fenced and guarded by soldiers, traps, and dogs. </p><p>Shore-based and ship-based whaling was banned in the area to prevent convicts trying to escape in the boats. Officers at Port Arthur sometimes set out in their own boats and attempted to catch whales. This may have been more for sport than as a commercial activity.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Smooth_Island_(Tasmania)" title="Smooth Island (Tasmania)">Smooth Island</a> in <a href="/wiki/Norfolk_Bay" class="mw-redirect" title="Norfolk Bay">Norfolk Bay</a> was most likely used to grow fresh vegetables for the Port Arthur penal settlement.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Radcliffe Creek drains the immediate area of Port Arthur into Carnarvon Bay.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Transport">Transport</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Port_Arthur,_Tasmania&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Transport"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Contact between visiting seamen and prisoners was barred. Ships had to check in their sails and oars upon landing to prevent any escapes. However, many attempts were made, and some were successful. Boats were seized and rowed or sailed long distances to freedom. </p><p>Port Arthur was the birthplace of <a href="/wiki/Rail_transport_in_Australia" title="Rail transport in Australia">rail transport in Australia</a>. In 1836, a tramway was established between <a href="/wiki/Taranna" title="Taranna">Taranna</a> and a jetty in Long Bay, north of Port Arthur. The sole propulsion was convicts.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One of the last remaining sections of the tramway can be viewed at the Federation Chocolate Factory at Taranna. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Reputation_and_perception">Reputation and perception</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Port_Arthur,_Tasmania&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Reputation and perception"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Port Arthur was sold as an inescapable prison, much like the later <a href="/wiki/Alcatraz_Island" title="Alcatraz Island">Alcatraz Island</a> in the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a>. Some prisoners were not discouraged by this, and tried to escape. <a href="/wiki/Martin_Cash" title="Martin Cash">Martin Cash</a> successfully escaped along with two others. </p><p>Despite its reputation as a pioneering institution for the new, enlightened view of imprisonment, Port Arthur was still in reality as harsh and brutal as other penal settlements. Some critics might even suggest that its use of psychological punishment, compounded with no hope of escape, made it one of the worst. Some tales suggest that prisoners committed murder (an offence punishable by death) just to escape the desolation of life at the camp. The <a href="/wiki/Isle_of_the_Dead_(Tasmania)" title="Isle of the Dead (Tasmania)">Isle of the Dead</a> was the destination for all who died inside the prison camps. Of the 1,646 graves recorded to exist there, only 180, those of prison staff and military personnel, are marked. The prison closed in 1877. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Tourism_development">Tourism development<span class="anchor" id="Port_Arthur_historic_site_anchor"></span></h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Port_Arthur,_Tasmania&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Tourism development"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Port_Arthur_ruins_-_The_Weekly_Times,_1919.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Port_Arthur_ruins_-_The_Weekly_Times%2C_1919.jpg/220px-Port_Arthur_ruins_-_The_Weekly_Times%2C_1919.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="325" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Port_Arthur_ruins_-_The_Weekly_Times%2C_1919.jpg/330px-Port_Arthur_ruins_-_The_Weekly_Times%2C_1919.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Port_Arthur_ruins_-_The_Weekly_Times%2C_1919.jpg/440px-Port_Arthur_ruins_-_The_Weekly_Times%2C_1919.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1670" data-file-height="2465" /></a><figcaption>"Ruins Of The Old Penal Settlement At Port Arthur, Tasmania", article from <i><a href="/wiki/The_Herald_and_Weekly_Times" title="The Herald and Weekly Times">Weekly Times</a></i>, 1919</figcaption></figure> <p>Before Port Arthur was abandoned as a prison in 1877, some people saw the potential tourist attraction. David Burn, who visited the prison in 1842, was awed by the peninsula's beauty and believed that many would come to visit it.<sup id="cite_ref-Davidson_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Davidson-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This opinion was not shared by all. For example, Anthony Trollope in 1872 declared that no man desired to see the "strange ruins" of Port Arthur.<sup id="cite_ref-Davidson_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Davidson-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After the prison closed, much of the property was put up for auction. However, most of the property was not sold until 1889.<sup id="cite_ref-Davidson_19-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Davidson-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By this time, the area had become increasingly popular and the prison buildings were in decay. As the<i> Hobart Mercury</i> proclaimed, "the buildings themselves are fast going to decay, and in a few years will attract nobody; for they will be ruins without anything to make them worthy of respect, or even remembrance.<sup id="cite_ref-Davidson_19-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Davidson-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>" The Model Prison was purchased by Anglican church minister and politician <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Woollnough" title="Joseph Woollnough">Joseph Woollnough</a>, who operated tours and donated the proceeds to the church.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The decay was seen as something positive, as the Tasmanian population wished to distance themselves from the dark image of Port Arthur. Those who bought Port Arthur property began tearing down the buildings,<sup id="cite_ref-Davidson_19-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Davidson-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the destruction was furthered by the fires of 1895 and 1897, which destroyed the old prison house, and earth tremors.<sup id="cite_ref-Davidson_19-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Davidson-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In place of the Prison Port Arthur, the town of Carnarvon was born. The town was named after the British Secretary of State and the population was said to be "refined and intellectual".<sup id="cite_ref-Davidson_19-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Davidson-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The town brought in many visitors as they encouraged boating, fishing, and shooting in the natural beauty of the peninsula. They again wished to remove the negative connotation attached to the area.<sup id="cite_ref-Davidson_19-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Davidson-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Despite this wish, the haunting stories of Port Arthur prisoners and circulating ghost stories brought popularity to the remaining prison ruins. This was helped by the popular novels <i><a href="/wiki/For_the_Term_of_His_Natural_Life" title="For the Term of His Natural Life">For the Term of His Natural Life</a></i> (1874) by <a href="/wiki/Marcus_Clarke" title="Marcus Clarke">Marcus Clarke</a> and <i>The Broad Arrow</i> (1859) by <a href="/wiki/Caroline_Leakey" title="Caroline Leakey">Caroline Leakey</a>, which concerned themselves about convicts in Port Arthur.<sup id="cite_ref-Davidson_19-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Davidson-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Port_Arthur,_Tasmania.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Port_Arthur%2C_Tasmania.JPG/220px-Port_Arthur%2C_Tasmania.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Port_Arthur%2C_Tasmania.JPG/330px-Port_Arthur%2C_Tasmania.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Port_Arthur%2C_Tasmania.JPG/440px-Port_Arthur%2C_Tasmania.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1766" /></a><figcaption>Port Arthur, Tasmania as a tourist place</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1927, tourism had grown to the point where the area's name was reverted to Port Arthur. In 1916, the Scenery Preservation Board (SPB) was established to take the management of Port Arthur out of the hands of the locals. By the 1970s, the National Parks and Wildlife Service began managing the site. </p><p>In 1979, funding was received to preserve the site as a tourist destination, due to its historical significance. The "working" elements of the Port Arthur community, such as the post office and municipal offices, were moved to nearby <a href="/wiki/Nubeena" title="Nubeena">Nubeena</a>. Several sandstone structures, built by convicts working under hard labour conditions, were cleaned of <a href="/wiki/Ivy" class="mw-redirect" title="Ivy">ivy</a> overgrowth and restored to a condition similar to their appearance in the 19th century. Buildings include the "Model Prison", the Guard Tower, the Church, and the remnants of the main penitentiary. The buildings are surrounded by lush, green parkland. The graves on the Isle of the Dead also attract visitors.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Point Puer, across the harbour from the main settlement, was the site of the first boys' reformatory in the British Empire. Boys sent there were given some basic education, and taught trade skills.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Conservation_management">Conservation management</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Port_Arthur,_Tasmania&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Conservation management"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Since 1987, the site has been managed by the Port Arthur Historic Site Management Authority,<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with conservation works funded by the <a href="/wiki/Tasmanian_Government" title="Tasmanian Government">Tasmanian government</a> and the admission fees paid by visitors. Volunteer groups have been working at the building sites of Point Puer to help researchers gain a better understanding of the history of the boys' prison. </p><p>The World Heritage Committee of UNESCO inscribed the Port Arthur Historic Site and the Coal Mines Historic Site onto the World Heritage Register on 31 July 2010, as part of the Australian Convict Sites World Heritage property.<sup id="cite_ref-WorldHeritage01_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WorldHeritage01-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Port Arthur is one of Australia's most visited historical sites, receiving over 250,000 visitors each year.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="thumb tnone" style="margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;overflow:hidden;width:auto;max-width:2008px"><div class="thumbinner"><div class="noresize" style="overflow:auto"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Port_Arthur_Panorama.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Port Arthur site"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Port_Arthur_Panorama.jpg/2000px-Port_Arthur_Panorama.jpg" decoding="async" width="2000" height="325" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Port_Arthur_Panorama.jpg/3000px-Port_Arthur_Panorama.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Port_Arthur_Panorama.jpg/4000px-Port_Arthur_Panorama.jpg 2x" data-file-width="10971" data-file-height="1782" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption" style="text-align:center"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Port_Arthur_Panorama.jpg" title="File:Port Arthur Panorama.jpg"> </a></div>Port Arthur site</div></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Massacre">Massacre</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Port_Arthur,_Tasmania&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Massacre"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Port_Arthur_massacre_(Australia)" title="Port Arthur massacre (Australia)">Port Arthur massacre (Australia)</a></div> <p>On 28 April 1996, the Port Arthur historic site was the location of a massacre. <a href="/wiki/Martin_Bryant" title="Martin Bryant">Martin Bryant</a> murdered 35 people and wounded 23 more before being captured by the <a href="/wiki/Tasmania_Police_Special_Operations_Group" title="Tasmania Police Special Operations Group">Special Operations Group</a>. The killing spree led to a national restriction on high capacity semiautomatic shotguns and rifles. The 28-year-old perpetrator was subsequently convicted and is currently serving 35 life sentences plus 1,035 years without parole in the psychiatric wing of <a href="/wiki/HM_Prison_Risdon" class="mw-redirect" title="HM Prison Risdon">Risdon Prison</a> in Hobart, Tasmania.<sup id="cite_ref-bornorbredp267_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bornorbredp267-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notable_people">Notable people</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Port_Arthur,_Tasmania&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Notable people"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Simon_Alexander_Fraser" title="Simon Alexander Fraser">Simon Alexander Fraser</a> (1845–1934), Australian bagpiper, stock rider, and whip-maker<sup id="cite_ref-Gillison_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gillison-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Gallery">Gallery</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Port_Arthur,_Tasmania&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Gallery"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Port_arthur_outside.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Port Arthur Prison Colony site"><img alt="Port Arthur Prison Colony site" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Port_arthur_outside.jpg/120px-Port_arthur_outside.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="89" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Port_arthur_outside.jpg/180px-Port_arthur_outside.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Port_arthur_outside.jpg/240px-Port_arthur_outside.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2080" data-file-height="1544" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Port Arthur Prison Colony site</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Port_Arthur_inside_Modell_Prison.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Inside the separate prison, Port Arthur, Tasmania"><img alt="Inside the separate prison, Port Arthur, Tasmania" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Port_Arthur_inside_Modell_Prison.jpg/120px-Port_Arthur_inside_Modell_Prison.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Port_Arthur_inside_Modell_Prison.jpg/180px-Port_Arthur_inside_Modell_Prison.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Port_Arthur_inside_Modell_Prison.jpg/240px-Port_Arthur_inside_Modell_Prison.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Inside the separate prison, Port Arthur, Tasmania</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Hall_and_Cell_Corridors,_Penitentiary_Port_Arthur_Anson_Brothers.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Hall and Cell Corridors, Penitentiary, Port Arthur, ca. 1880, Anson Brothers"><img alt="Hall and Cell Corridors, Penitentiary, Port Arthur, ca. 1880, Anson Brothers" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Hall_and_Cell_Corridors%2C_Penitentiary_Port_Arthur_Anson_Brothers.jpg/120px-Hall_and_Cell_Corridors%2C_Penitentiary_Port_Arthur_Anson_Brothers.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="95" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Hall_and_Cell_Corridors%2C_Penitentiary_Port_Arthur_Anson_Brothers.jpg/180px-Hall_and_Cell_Corridors%2C_Penitentiary_Port_Arthur_Anson_Brothers.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Hall_and_Cell_Corridors%2C_Penitentiary_Port_Arthur_Anson_Brothers.jpg/240px-Hall_and_Cell_Corridors%2C_Penitentiary_Port_Arthur_Anson_Brothers.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5244" data-file-height="4166" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Hall and Cell Corridors, Penitentiary, Port Arthur, ca. 1880, Anson Brothers</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Port_Arthur_Seeseite.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Port Arthur, Tasmania"><img alt="Port Arthur, Tasmania" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Port_Arthur_Seeseite.jpg/120px-Port_Arthur_Seeseite.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="62" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Port_Arthur_Seeseite.jpg/180px-Port_Arthur_Seeseite.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Port_Arthur_Seeseite.jpg/240px-Port_Arthur_Seeseite.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1022" data-file-height="532" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Port Arthur, Tasmania</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Convict_Church,_Port_Arthur.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Convict-built church at Port Arthur"><img alt="Convict-built church at Port Arthur" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Convict_Church%2C_Port_Arthur.jpg/120px-Convict_Church%2C_Port_Arthur.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="101" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Convict_Church%2C_Port_Arthur.jpg/180px-Convict_Church%2C_Port_Arthur.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Convict_Church%2C_Port_Arthur.jpg/240px-Convict_Church%2C_Port_Arthur.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="845" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Convict-built church at Port Arthur</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Convict_labourers_in_Australia_in_the_early_20th_century.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="A postcard depicting a convict team ploughing a farm at Port Arthur, dated 1926"><img alt="A postcard depicting a convict team ploughing a farm at Port Arthur, dated 1926" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Convict_labourers_in_Australia_in_the_early_20th_century.jpg/120px-Convict_labourers_in_Australia_in_the_early_20th_century.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="74" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Convict_labourers_in_Australia_in_the_early_20th_century.jpg/180px-Convict_labourers_in_Australia_in_the_early_20th_century.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Convict_labourers_in_Australia_in_the_early_20th_century.jpg/240px-Convict_labourers_in_Australia_in_the_early_20th_century.jpg 2x" data-file-width="672" data-file-height="416" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">A postcard depicting a convict team <a href="/wiki/Ploughing" class="mw-redirect" title="Ploughing">ploughing</a> a farm at Port Arthur, dated 1926</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Gravestones_Isle_of_Dead_Tasmania_Port_Arthur.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Gravestones on the Isle of the Dead"><img alt="Gravestones on the Isle of the Dead" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Gravestones_Isle_of_Dead_Tasmania_Port_Arthur.JPG/120px-Gravestones_Isle_of_Dead_Tasmania_Port_Arthur.JPG" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Gravestones_Isle_of_Dead_Tasmania_Port_Arthur.JPG/180px-Gravestones_Isle_of_Dead_Tasmania_Port_Arthur.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Gravestones_Isle_of_Dead_Tasmania_Port_Arthur.JPG/240px-Gravestones_Isle_of_Dead_Tasmania_Port_Arthur.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1828" data-file-height="1371" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Gravestones on the Isle of the Dead</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:IsleOfTheDead.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Isle of the Dead"><img alt="Isle of the Dead" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/IsleOfTheDead.jpg/120px-IsleOfTheDead.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/IsleOfTheDead.jpg/180px-IsleOfTheDead.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/IsleOfTheDead.jpg/240px-IsleOfTheDead.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="667" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Isle of the Dead</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Puerchurch.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The ruins of the church at Point Puer: It would have overlooked the church at Port Arthur."><img alt="The ruins of the church at Point Puer: It would have overlooked the church at Port Arthur." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Puerchurch.jpg/120px-Puerchurch.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="72" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Puerchurch.jpg/180px-Puerchurch.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Puerchurch.jpg/240px-Puerchurch.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1750" data-file-height="1054" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The ruins of the church at Point Puer: It would have overlooked the church at Port Arthur.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:View_of_Port_Arthur_Historic_Site_from_Guard_Tower.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="View of Port Arthur Historic Site from Guard Tower showing the Penitentiary"><img alt="View of Port Arthur Historic Site from Guard Tower showing the Penitentiary" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/View_of_Port_Arthur_Historic_Site_from_Guard_Tower.jpg/120px-View_of_Port_Arthur_Historic_Site_from_Guard_Tower.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="73" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/View_of_Port_Arthur_Historic_Site_from_Guard_Tower.jpg/180px-View_of_Port_Arthur_Historic_Site_from_Guard_Tower.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/View_of_Port_Arthur_Historic_Site_from_Guard_Tower.jpg/240px-View_of_Port_Arthur_Historic_Site_from_Guard_Tower.jpg 2x" data-file-width="827" data-file-height="506" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">View of Port Arthur Historic Site from Guard Tower showing the Penitentiary</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ruins_of_the_Government_Cottage_at_Port_Arthur_Historic_Site.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Ruins of the Government Cottage at Port Arthur Historic Site"><img alt="Ruins of the Government Cottage at Port Arthur Historic Site" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Ruins_of_the_Government_Cottage_at_Port_Arthur_Historic_Site.jpg/120px-Ruins_of_the_Government_Cottage_at_Port_Arthur_Historic_Site.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="83" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Ruins_of_the_Government_Cottage_at_Port_Arthur_Historic_Site.jpg/180px-Ruins_of_the_Government_Cottage_at_Port_Arthur_Historic_Site.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Ruins_of_the_Government_Cottage_at_Port_Arthur_Historic_Site.jpg/240px-Ruins_of_the_Government_Cottage_at_Port_Arthur_Historic_Site.jpg 2x" data-file-width="789" data-file-height="549" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Ruins of the Government Cottage at Port Arthur Historic Site</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Government_Gardens_at_Port_Arthur_Historic_Site.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Government Gardens at Port Arthur Historic Site"><img alt="Government Gardens at Port Arthur Historic Site" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Government_Gardens_at_Port_Arthur_Historic_Site.jpg/91px-Government_Gardens_at_Port_Arthur_Historic_Site.jpg" decoding="async" width="91" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Government_Gardens_at_Port_Arthur_Historic_Site.jpg/137px-Government_Gardens_at_Port_Arthur_Historic_Site.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Government_Gardens_at_Port_Arthur_Historic_Site.jpg/182px-Government_Gardens_at_Port_Arthur_Historic_Site.jpg 2x" data-file-width="827" data-file-height="1088" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Government Gardens at Port Arthur Historic Site</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Accountant%27s_House_and_Parsonage_at_Port_Arthur_Historic_Site,_Tasmania.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Accountant's House and Parsonage at Port Arthur Historic Site, Tasmania"><img alt="Accountant's House and Parsonage at Port Arthur Historic Site, Tasmania" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Accountant%27s_House_and_Parsonage_at_Port_Arthur_Historic_Site%2C_Tasmania.jpg/120px-Accountant%27s_House_and_Parsonage_at_Port_Arthur_Historic_Site%2C_Tasmania.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="87" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Accountant%27s_House_and_Parsonage_at_Port_Arthur_Historic_Site%2C_Tasmania.jpg/180px-Accountant%27s_House_and_Parsonage_at_Port_Arthur_Historic_Site%2C_Tasmania.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Accountant%27s_House_and_Parsonage_at_Port_Arthur_Historic_Site%2C_Tasmania.jpg/240px-Accountant%27s_House_and_Parsonage_at_Port_Arthur_Historic_Site%2C_Tasmania.jpg 2x" data-file-width="827" data-file-height="597" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Accountant's House and Parsonage at Port Arthur Historic Site, Tasmania</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Guard_Tower_at_Port_Arthur_Historic_Site.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Guard Tower at Port Arthur Historic Site"><img alt="Guard Tower at Port Arthur Historic Site" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Guard_Tower_at_Port_Arthur_Historic_Site.jpg/93px-Guard_Tower_at_Port_Arthur_Historic_Site.jpg" decoding="async" width="93" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Guard_Tower_at_Port_Arthur_Historic_Site.jpg/140px-Guard_Tower_at_Port_Arthur_Historic_Site.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Guard_Tower_at_Port_Arthur_Historic_Site.jpg/186px-Guard_Tower_at_Port_Arthur_Historic_Site.jpg 2x" data-file-width="826" data-file-height="1064" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Guard Tower at Port Arthur Historic Site</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Port_Arthur,_Tasmania&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Convicts_on_the_West_Coast_of_Tasmania" title="Convicts on the West Coast of Tasmania">Convicts on the West Coast of Tasmania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Convictism_in_Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="Convictism in Australia">Convictism in Australia</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Port_Arthur,_Tasmania&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Census2016-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Census2016_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFAustralian_Bureau_of_Statistics2017" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Australian_Bureau_of_Statistics" title="Australian Bureau of Statistics">Australian Bureau of Statistics</a> (27 June 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.abs.gov.au/census/find-census-data/quickstats/2016/SSC60508">"Port Arthur (Tas.) (State Suburb)"</a>. <i>2016 Census QuickStats</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 January</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=2016+Census+QuickStats&rft.atitle=Port+Arthur+%28Tas.%29+%28State+Suburb%29&rft.date=2017-06-27&rft.au=Australian+Bureau+of+Statistics&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.abs.gov.au%2Fcensus%2Ffind-census-data%2Fquickstats%2F2016%2FSSC60508&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APort+Arthur%2C+Tasmania" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q999109#P4093" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bom.gov.au/climate/averages/tables/cw_094157.shtml">Bureau of Meteorology</a>. Retrieved 2007-11-11.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-WorldHeritage01-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-WorldHeritage01_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-WorldHeritage01_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/1306">"Australian Convict Sites"</a>. <i>World Heritage List</i>. UNESCO. 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 August</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=World+Heritage+List&rft.atitle=Australian+Convict+Sites&rft.date=2010&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwhc.unesco.org%2Fen%2Flist%2F1306&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APort+Arthur%2C+Tasmania" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://portarthur.org.au/wp-content/uploads/2017/12/Useful-Facts-about-the-Port-Arthur-Convict-Era.pdf">"Port Arthur Useful Facts"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Port Arthur Historic Site</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 October</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Port+Arthur+Historic+Site&rft.atitle=Port+Arthur+Useful+Facts&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fportarthur.org.au%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2017%2F12%2FUseful-Facts-about-the-Port-Arthur-Convict-Era.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APort+Arthur%2C+Tasmania" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hurst,_Rachel_2010-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Hurst,_Rachel_2010_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hurst,_Rachel_2010_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHurst,_Rachel2010" class="citation journal cs1">Hurst, Rachel (2010). "Port Arthur separate prison". <i>Architecture Australia</i>. <b>99</b> (1). Academic Search Complete, EBSCOhost: 79.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Architecture+Australia&rft.atitle=Port+Arthur+separate+prison&rft.volume=99&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=79&rft.date=2010&rft.au=Hurst%2C+Rachel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APort+Arthur%2C+Tasmania" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The "Separate" or "Model" prison, Port Arthur – Ian Brand <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-949457-33-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-949457-33-7">0-949457-33-7</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Anderson, Margaret (2007)"'A Mill to Grind Rogues Honest.'." <i><a href="/wiki/Australian_Historical_Studies" title="Australian Historical Studies">Australian Historical Studies</a></i> 38, no. 129: 158.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gorton & Ramsland Carter's Barracks experience</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFD'GluyasGibbsHamiltonRoe2015" class="citation journal cs1">D'Gluyas, Caitlin; Gibbs, Martin; Hamilton, Chloe; Roe, David (2015). "Everyday artefacts: subsistence and quality of life at the Prisoner Barracks, Port Arthur, Tasmania". <i>Archaeology in Oceania</i>. <b>50</b> (3): 130–137. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2Farco.5072">10.1002/arco.5072</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1834-4453">1834-4453</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Archaeology+in+Oceania&rft.atitle=Everyday+artefacts%3A+subsistence+and+quality+of+life+at+the+Prisoner+Barracks%2C+Port+Arthur%2C+Tasmania&rft.volume=50&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=130-137&rft.date=2015&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2Farco.5072&rft.issn=1834-4453&rft.aulast=D%27Gluyas&rft.aufirst=Caitlin&rft.au=Gibbs%2C+Martin&rft.au=Hamilton%2C+Chloe&rft.au=Roe%2C+David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APort+Arthur%2C+Tasmania" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://asha.org.au/news/port-arthur-convict-workshops-investigation/">"Port Arthur Convict Workshops Investigation"</a>. <i>Australasian Society for Historical Archaeology</i>. 17 January 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Australasian+Society+for+Historical+Archaeology&rft.atitle=Port+Arthur+Convict+Workshops+Investigation&rft.date=2021-01-17&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fasha.org.au%2Fnews%2Fport-arthur-convict-workshops-investigation%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APort+Arthur%2C+Tasmania" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTuffin" class="citation web cs1">Tuffin, Dr. Richard. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://blog.une.edu.au/port-arthur-2020/">"Profit and Punishment: Archaeological excavation of Port Arthur's workshops"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Profit+and+Punishment%3A+Archaeological+excavation+of+Port+Arthur%27s+workshops&rft.aulast=Tuffin&rft.aufirst=Dr.+Richard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fblog.une.edu.au%2Fport-arthur-2020%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APort+Arthur%2C+Tasmania" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.une.edu.au/about-une/faculty-of-humanities-arts-social-sciences-and-education/hass/humanities-arts-and-social-sciences-research/landscapes-of-production-and-punishment">"Landscapes of Production and Punishment"</a>. <i>University of New England & Port Arthur Historic Site</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=University+of+New+England+%26+Port+Arthur+Historic+Site&rft.atitle=Landscapes+of+Production+and+Punishment&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.une.edu.au%2Fabout-une%2Ffaculty-of-humanities-arts-social-sciences-and-education%2Fhass%2Fhumanities-arts-and-social-sciences-research%2Flandscapes-of-production-and-punishment&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APort+Arthur%2C+Tasmania" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Founder's & Survivors Research Project <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://foundersandsurvivors.com/">https://foundersandsurvivors.com/</a> </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTuffinGibbsRobertsMaxwell-Stewart" class="citation web cs1">Tuffin, R.; Gibbs, M.; Roberts, D.A.; Maxwell-Stewart, H.; Roe, D.; Steele, J.; Hood, S. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://convictlandscapes.com.au/">"Convict labour landscapes, Port Arthur 1830-1877"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Convict+labour+landscapes%2C+Port+Arthur+1830-1877&rft.aulast=Tuffin&rft.aufirst=R.&rft.au=Gibbs%2C+M.&rft.au=Roberts%2C+D.A.&rft.au=Maxwell-Stewart%2C+H.&rft.au=Roe%2C+D.&rft.au=Steele%2C+J.&rft.au=Hood%2C+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fconvictlandscapes.com.au%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APort+Arthur%2C+Tasmania" class="Z3988"></span> </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Katheryn Evans,<i>Shore-based whaling in Tasmania historical research project, Volume 2; site histories</i>, Tasmanian Parks and Wildlife Service, Hobart, 1993, p. 36.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWarner2011" class="citation book cs1">Warner, Georgia (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ma9MdNBrIkcC"><i>Living in History</i></a>. Allen & Unwin. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781742694153" title="Special:BookSources/9781742694153"><bdi>9781742694153</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Living+in+History&rft.pub=Allen+%26+Unwin&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=9781742694153&rft.aulast=Warner&rft.aufirst=Georgia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dma9MdNBrIkcC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APort+Arthur%2C+Tasmania" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://portarthur.org.au/wp-content/uploads/2017/12/PAHSMA-Landscape-Management-Plan.pdf">"Port Arthur Historic Site – Landscape Management Plan"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>portarthur.org.au</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=portarthur.org.au&rft.atitle=Port+Arthur+Historic+Site+%E2%80%93+Landscape+Management+Plan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fportarthur.org.au%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2017%2F12%2FPAHSMA-Landscape-Management-Plan.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APort+Arthur%2C+Tasmania" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"The Convict Tramway at Port Arthur" Eardley, Gifford <a href="/wiki/Australian_Railway_History" title="Australian Railway History">Australian Railway Historical Society Bulletin</a>, April 1954 pp3740.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Davidson-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Davidson_19-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Davidson_19-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Davidson_19-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Davidson_19-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Davidson_19-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Davidson_19-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Davidson_19-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Davidson_19-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Davidson_19-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Davidson, Jim (October,1995), "Port Arthur: A tourist history." Australian Historical Studies 26, no. 105, Academic Search Complete, EBSCOhost (accessed 23 September 2010).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article9226180">"Review of the year 1889"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Mercury_(Hobart)" title="The Mercury (Hobart)">The Mercury</a></i>. Vol. LV, no. 6, 197. Tasmania, Australia. 1 January 1890. p. 3<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 September</span> 2021</span> – via National Library of Australia.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Mercury&rft.atitle=Review+of+the+year+1889&rft.volume=LV&rft.issue=6%2C+197&rft.pages=3&rft.date=1890-01-01&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnla.gov.au%2Fnla.news-article9226180&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APort+Arthur%2C+Tasmania" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article63616627">"Tasmanian social items"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Illustrated_Sydney_News" title="Illustrated Sydney News">Illustrated Sydney News</a></i>. Vol. XXVIII, no. 11. New South Wales, Australia. 23 May 1891. p. 15 (Edition 2)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 September</span> 2021</span> – via National Library of Australia.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Illustrated+Sydney+News&rft.atitle=Tasmanian+social+items&rft.volume=XXVIII&rft.issue=11&rft.pages=15+%28Edition+2%29&rft.date=1891-05-23&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnla.gov.au%2Fnla.news-article63616627&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APort+Arthur%2C+Tasmania" class="Z3988"></span> </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoss1995" class="citation thesis cs1">Ross, L. (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://eprints.utas.edu.au/16257/"><i>Death and burial at Port Arthur, 1830-1877</i></a> (honours thesis). University of Tasmania.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adissertation&rft.title=Death+and+burial+at+Port+Arthur%2C+1830-1877&rft.degree=honours&rft.inst=University+of+Tasmania&rft.date=1995&rft.aulast=Ross&rft.aufirst=L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Feprints.utas.edu.au%2F16257%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APort+Arthur%2C+Tasmania" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoss1995" class="citation thesis cs1">Ross, L. (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://eprints.utas.edu.au/16257/"><i>Death and burial at Port Arthur, 1830-1877</i></a> (honours thesis). University of Tasmania.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adissertation&rft.title=Death+and+burial+at+Port+Arthur%2C+1830-1877&rft.degree=honours&rft.inst=University+of+Tasmania&rft.date=1995&rft.aulast=Ross&rft.aufirst=L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Feprints.utas.edu.au%2F16257%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APort+Arthur%2C+Tasmania" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.portarthur.org.au/pashow.php?ACTION=Public&menu_code=200.050">Port Arthur Historic Site Management Authority</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090915003042/http://www.portarthur.org.au/pashow.php?ACTION=Public&menu_code=200.050">Archived</a> 15 September 2009 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Port Arthur Historic Site</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAnderson,_Margaret2007" class="citation journal cs1">Anderson, Margaret (2007). "A Mill to Grind Rogues Honest". <i>Australian Historical Studies</i>. <b>38</b> (129): 157.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Australian+Historical+Studies&rft.atitle=A+Mill+to+Grind+Rogues+Honest&rft.volume=38&rft.issue=129&rft.pages=157&rft.date=2007&rft.au=Anderson%2C+Margaret&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APort+Arthur%2C+Tasmania" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-bornorbredp267-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-bornorbredp267_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWainwrightTotaro" class="citation book cs1">Wainwright, Robert; Totaro, Paola. "Born or Bred?". <i>Behind Bars</i>. p. 267.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Born+or+Bred%3F&rft.btitle=Behind+Bars&rft.pages=267&rft.aulast=Wainwright&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft.au=Totaro%2C+Paola&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APort+Arthur%2C+Tasmania" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gillison-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Gillison_27-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGillison1981" class="citation book cs1">Gillison, Joan (1981). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://adb.anu.edu.au/biography/fraser-simon-alexander-6238/text10737">"Fraser, Simon Alexander (1845–1934)"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Australian_Dictionary_of_Biography" title="Australian Dictionary of Biography">Australian Dictionary of Biography</a></i>. Vol. 8. National Centre of Biography, <a href="/wiki/Australian_National_University" title="Australian National University">Australian National University</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 December</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Fraser%2C+Simon+Alexander+%281845%E2%80%931934%29&rft.btitle=Australian+Dictionary+of+Biography&rft.pub=National+Centre+of+Biography%2C+Australian+National+University&rft.date=1981&rft.aulast=Gillison&rft.aufirst=Joan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fadb.anu.edu.au%2Fbiography%2Ffraser-simon-alexander-6238%2Ftext10737&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APort+Arthur%2C+Tasmania" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Port_Arthur,_Tasmania&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Barnard, Simon, <i>A-Z of Convicts in Van Diemen’s Land</i>, Text Publishing, Melbourne, 2014. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781922079343" title="Special:BookSources/9781922079343">9781922079343</a></li> <li>Brand, Ian, Penal Peninsula, Regal Press, Launceston, 1998. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780909640088" title="Special:BookSources/9780909640088">9780909640088</a></li> <li>Barrington R (n.d.) <i>Convicts and Bushrangers</i>, View Productions, Sydney</li> <li>Kneale, Matthew, (2000) <i>English passengers</i> London: Hamish Hamilton. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-241-14068-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-241-14068-4">0-241-14068-4</a></li> <li>Smith R (1987) <i>The Birth of a Nation: Australia's Historic Heritage – from Discovery to Nationhood</i>, Penguin Books Australia Ltd, Ringwood, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-670-90018-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-670-90018-4">0-670-90018-4</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Port_Arthur,_Tasmania&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style 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srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Port_Arthur,_Tasmania" class="extiw" title="commons:Port Arthur, Tasmania"><span style="font-style:italic; font-weight:bold;">Port Arthur</span></a>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/40px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/60px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/80px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="193" data-file-height="193" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikivoyage has a travel guide for <i><b><a href="https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Port_Arthur_(Tasmania)#Q999109" class="extiw" title="wikivoyage:Port Arthur (Tasmania)">Port Arthur, Tasmania</a></b></i>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.portarthur.org.au/">Official Port Arthur website</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tourtasmania.com/content.php?id=portarthur">The Interactive Tour of Tasmania website</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110220043828/http://www.tasmaniangothic.webs.com/">Port Arthur in the 1870s</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Convicts_in_Australia" title="Template:Convicts in Australia"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Convicts_in_Australia" title="Template talk:Convicts in Australia"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Convicts_in_Australia" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Convicts in Australia"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Convicts_in_Australia" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Convicts_in_Australia" title="Convicts in Australia">Convicts in Australia</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Convict_assignment" title="Convict assignment">Assignment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australia_Day" title="Australia Day">Australia Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emancipist" title="Emancipist">Emancipation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Female_factory" title="Female factory">Female factories</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Certificate_of_freedom" title="Certificate of freedom">Freedom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Australia" title="History of Australia">History of Australia</a> (<a href="/wiki/History_of_Australia_(1788%E2%80%931850)" title="History of Australia (1788–1850)">1788–1850</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Holland_(Australia)" title="New Holland (Australia)">New Holland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Convict_women_in_Australia" title="Convict women in Australia">Women</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Australian_penal_colonies" title="List of Australian penal colonies">Penal colonies</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cockatoo_Island" title="Cockatoo Island">Cockatoo Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosehill,_New_South_Wales" title="Rosehill, New South Wales">Rosehill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sydney_Cove" title="Sydney Cove">Sydney Cove</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moreton_Bay" title="Moreton Bay">Moreton Bay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Redcliffe,_Queensland" title="Redcliffe, Queensland">Redcliffe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maria_Island" title="Maria Island">Maria Island</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Port Arthur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richmond,_Tasmania" title="Richmond, Tasmania">Richmond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Risdon_Cove" title="Risdon Cove">Risdon Cove</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macquarie_Harbour_Penal_Station" title="Macquarie Harbour Penal Station">Macquarie Harbour</a> (<a href="/wiki/Convicts_on_the_West_Coast_of_Tasmania" title="Convicts on the West Coast of Tasmania">History</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norfolk_Island" title="Norfolk Island">Norfolk Island</a> (<a href="/wiki/History_of_Norfolk_Island" title="History of Norfolk Island">History</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saltwater_River,_Tasmania" title="Saltwater River, Tasmania">Saltwater River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sullivans_Cove" title="Sullivans Cove">Sullivans Cove</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Convict_era_of_Western_Australia" title="Convict era of Western Australia">Western Australia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;">Events</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Fleet" title="First Fleet">First Fleet</a> (1788)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Fleet_(Australia)" title="Second Fleet (Australia)">Second Fleet</a> (1789)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Fleet_(Australia)" title="Third Fleet (Australia)">Third Fleet</a> (1791)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lady_Shore_(1794_ship)#Mutiny" title="Lady Shore (1794 ship)"><i>Lady Shore</i> mutiny</a> (1797)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Castle_Hill_convict_rebellion" title="Castle Hill convict rebellion">Castle Hill Rebellion</a> (1804)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rum_Rebellion" title="Rum Rebellion">Rum Rebellion</a> (1808)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emu_(1812_ship)" title="Emu (1812 ship)">Capture of the brig <i>Emu</i></a> (1813)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Argo_(1806_Chittagong_ship)" title="Argo (1806 Chittagong ship)"><i>Argo</i> disappearance</a> (1814)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norfolk_Island_convict_mutinies" title="Norfolk Island convict mutinies">Norfolk Island mutinies</a> (1826–1846)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyprus_mutiny" title="Cyprus mutiny"><i>Cyprus</i> mutiny</a> (1829)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bathurst_Rebellion" title="Bathurst Rebellion">Bathurst Rebellion</a> (1830)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Badger_escape" title="Badger escape"><i>Badger</i> escape</a> (1833)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_escape" title="Frederick escape"><i>Frederick</i> escape</a> (1834)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_III_(ship)" title="George III (ship)">Wreck of the <i>George III</i></a> (1835)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hive_shipwreck" title="Hive shipwreck">Wreck of the <i>Hive</i></a> (1835)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neva_(1813_ship)" title="Neva (1813 ship)">Wreck of the <i>Neva</i></a> (1835)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cooking_Pot_Uprising" title="Cooking Pot Uprising">Cooking Pot Uprising</a> (1846)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catalpa_rescue" title="Catalpa rescue">Catalpa rescue</a> (1876)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australasian_Anti-Transportation_League" title="Australasian Anti-Transportation League">Anti-Transportation League</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;"><a href="/wiki/Convict_ship" title="Convict ship">Convict ships</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Fleet" title="First Fleet">First Fleet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Fleet_(Australia)" title="Second Fleet (Australia)">Second Fleet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Fleet_(Australia)" title="Third Fleet (Australia)">Third Fleet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Convict_ships_to_New_South_Wales" title="Convict ships to New South Wales">New South Wales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Convict_ships_to_Norfolk_Island" title="Convict ships to Norfolk Island">Norfolk Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Convict_ships_to_Tasmania" title="Convict ships to Tasmania">Tasmania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_convict_ship_voyages_to_Western_Australia" title="List of convict ship voyages to Western Australia">Western Australia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;"><a href="/wiki/Governors_of_the_Australian_states" title="Governors of the Australian states">Governors</a> and<br />commandants</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sir_George_Arthur,_1st_Baronet" title="Sir George Arthur, 1st Baronet">Arthur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Bligh" title="William Bligh">Bligh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Bourke" title="Richard Bourke">Bourke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Brisbane" title="Thomas Brisbane">Brisbane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Collins_(lieutenant_governor)" title="David Collins (lieutenant governor)">Collins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ralph_Darling" title="Ralph Darling">Darling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Davey_(governor)" title="Thomas Davey (governor)">Davey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Denison" title="William Denison">Denison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sir_John_Eardley-Wilmot,_1st_Baronet" title="Sir John Eardley-Wilmot, 1st Baronet">Eardley-Wilmot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Franklin" title="John Franklin">Franklin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Gipps" title="George Gipps">Gipps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Hunter_(Royal_Navy_officer)" title="John Hunter (Royal Navy officer)">Hunter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Johnston_(British_Marines_officer)" class="mw-redirect" title="George Johnston (British Marines officer)">Johnston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_Gidley_King" title="Philip Gidley King">King</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patrick_Logan" title="Patrick Logan">Logan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lachlan_Macquarie" title="Lachlan Macquarie">Macquarie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Paterson_(explorer)" title="William Paterson (explorer)">Paterson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Phillip" title="Arthur Phillip">Phillip</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Sorell" title="William Sorell">Sorell</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_convicts_transported_to_Australia" title="List of convicts transported to Australia">Notable convicts</a><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">and personnel</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Surgeons</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/William_Bland" title="William Bland">William Bland</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Bowes_Smyth" title="Arthur Bowes Smyth">Arthur Bowes Smyth</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Redfern" title="William Redfern">William Redfern</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/D%27Arcy_Wentworth" title="D'Arcy Wentworth">D'Arcy Wentworth</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Entrepreneurs</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Enoch_Barratt" title="Enoch Barratt">Enoch Barratt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Connor" title="Daniel Connor">Daniel Connor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Cooper_(convict_and_merchant)" title="Daniel Cooper (convict and merchant)">Daniel Cooper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Davies_(publisher)" title="John Davies (publisher)">John Davies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Field_(Australian_pastoralist)" title="William Field (Australian pastoralist)">William Field</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Hutchinson_(superintendent)" title="William Hutchinson (superintendent)">William Hutchinson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Hyde" title="Mary Hyde">Mary Hyde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Kable" title="Henry Kable">Henry Kable</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solomon_Levey" title="Solomon Levey">Solomon Levey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simeon_Lord" title="Simeon Lord">Simeon Lord</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Reibey" title="Mary Reibey">Mary Reibey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Sidaway" title="Robert Sidaway">Robert Sidaway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Squire" title="James Squire">James Squire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Tawell" title="John Tawell">John Tawell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Terry" title="Samuel Terry">Samuel Terry</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Architects</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/James_Blackburn_(architect)" title="James Blackburn (architect)">James Blackburn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Greenway" title="Francis Greenway">Francis Greenway</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Bushranger" title="Bushranger">Bushrangers</a><br />and escapees</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Charlotte_Badger" title="Charlotte Badger">Charlotte Badger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthew_Brady" title="Matthew Brady">Matthew Brady</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Bryant" title="Mary Bryant">Mary Bryant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Bryant_(convict)" title="William Bryant (convict)">William Bryant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Buckley_(convict)" title="William Buckley (convict)">William Buckley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moondyne_Joe" title="Moondyne Joe">Moondyne Joe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Caesar" title="John Caesar">John Caesar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Cash" title="Martin Cash">Martin Cash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Chopin" title="William Chopin">William Chopin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Howe_(bushranger)" title="Michael Howe (bushranger)">Michael Howe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lawrence_Kavenagh" title="Lawrence Kavenagh">Lawrence Kavenagh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Mitchel" title="John Mitchel">John Mitchel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Muir_of_Huntershill" title="Thomas Muir of Huntershill">Thomas Muir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Boyle_O%27Reilly" title="John Boyle O'Reilly">John Boyle O'Reilly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Pearce" title="Alexander Pearce">Alexander Pearce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Westwood_(bushranger)" title="William Westwood (bushranger)">William Westwood</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Artists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Backler" title="Joseph Backler">Joseph Backler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Bock" title="Thomas Bock">Thomas Bock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Browne_(painter)" title="Richard Browne (painter)">Richard Browne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knud_Bull" title="Knud Bull">Knud Bull</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edmund_Edgar" title="Edmund Edgar">Edmund Edgar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Eyre_(painter)" title="John Eyre (painter)">John Eyre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Buelow_Gould" title="William Buelow Gould">William Buelow Gould</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Lycett" title="Joseph Lycett">Joseph Lycett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Rodius" title="Charles Rodius">Charles Rodius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Griffiths_Wainewright" title="Thomas Griffiths Wainewright">Thomas Griffiths Wainewright</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Watling" title="Thomas Watling">Thomas Watling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Walsh_(convict)" title="James Walsh (convict)">James Walsh</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Politicians</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/William_Cuffay" title="William Cuffay">William Cuffay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Henry_Groom" title="William Henry Groom">William Henry Groom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kevin_Izod_O%27Doherty" title="Kevin Izod O'Doherty">Kevin Izod O'Doherty</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Chroniclers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Denis_Cashman" title="Denis Cashman">Denis Cashman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margaret_Catchpole" title="Margaret Catchpole">Margaret Catchpole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_the_Poet" title="Frank the Poet">Frank the Poet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Savery" title="Henry Savery">Henry Savery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Hardy_Vaux" title="James Hardy Vaux">James Hardy Vaux</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Acton_Wroth" title="John Acton Wroth">John Acton Wroth</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Explorers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_Baxter_(explorer)" title="John Baxter (explorer)">John Baxter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Meehan_(surveyor)" title="James Meehan (surveyor)">James Meehan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Wild" title="Joseph Wild">Joseph Wild</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other<br />convicts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Esther_Abrahams" title="Esther Abrahams">Esther Abrahams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Baughan" title="John Baughan">John Baughan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Bloodsworth" title="James Bloodsworth">James Bloodsworth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Billy_Blue" title="Billy Blue">Billy Blue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Cadman_(convict)" title="John Cadman (convict)">John Cadman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Callaghan" title="Elizabeth Callaghan">Elizabeth Callaghan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margaret_Dawson" title="Margaret Dawson">Margaret Dawson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laurence_Hynes_Halloran" title="Laurence Hynes Halloran">Laurence Hynes Halloran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_Jeffrey" title="Mark Jeffrey">Mark Jeffrey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C3%B8rgen_J%C3%B8rgensen" title="Jørgen Jørgensen">Jørgen Jørgensen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Smith_O%27Brien" title="William Smith O'Brien">William Smith O'Brien</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Palin" title="Robert Palin">Robert Palin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isaac_Nichols" title="Isaac Nichols">Isaac Nichols</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Potaski" title="Joseph Potaski">Joseph Potaski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Ruse" title="James Ruse">James Ruse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Thackery" title="Elizabeth Thackery">Elizabeth Thackery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Wade" title="Mary Wade">Mary Wade</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;">Popular culture</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Music</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Transportation_ballads" title="Transportation ballads">Transportation ballads</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Botany_Bay_(song)" title="Botany Bay (song)">Botany Bay</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Moreton_Bay_(song)" title="Moreton Bay (song)">Moreton Bay</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Jim_Jones_at_Botany_Bay" title="Jim Jones at Botany Bay">Jim Jones at Botany Bay</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Van_Diemen%27s_Land_(folk_song)" title="Van Diemen's Land (folk song)">Van Diemen's Land</a>"</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Film</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/For_the_Term_of_His_Natural_Life_(1908_film)" title="For the Term of His Natural Life (1908 film)">For the Term of His Natural Life</a></i> (1908)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Assigned_Servant" title="The Assigned Servant">The Assigned Servant</a></i> (1911)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/It_Is_Never_Too_Late_to_Mend_(1911_film)" title="It Is Never Too Late to Mend (1911 film)">It Is Never Too Late to Mend</a></i> (1911)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Lady_Outlaw" title="The Lady Outlaw">The Lady Outlaw</a></i> (1911)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Life_of_Rufus_Dawes" title="The Life of Rufus Dawes">The Life of Rufus Dawes</a></i> (1911)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Mark_of_the_Lash" title="The Mark of the Lash">The Mark of the Lash</a></i> (1911)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/One_Hundred_Years_Ago" title="One Hundred Years Ago">One Hundred Years Ago</a></i> (1911)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Romantic_Story_of_Margaret_Catchpole" title="The Romantic Story of Margaret Catchpole">The Romantic Story of Margaret Catchpole</a></i> (1911)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sentenced_for_Life_(1911_film)" title="Sentenced for Life (1911 film)">Sentenced for Life</a></i> (1911)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Moondyne#1913_film" title="Moondyne">Moondyne</a></i> (1913)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Transported" title="Transported">Transported</a></i> (1913)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Tenth_Straw" title="The Tenth Straw">The Tenth Straw</a></i> (1926)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/For_the_Term_of_His_Natural_Life_(1927_film)" title="For the Term of His Natural Life (1927 film)">For the Term of His Natural Life</a></i> (1927)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/To_New_Shores" title="To New Shores">To New Shores</a></i> (1937)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Red_Sky_at_Morning_(1944_film)" title="Red Sky at Morning (1944 film)">Red Sky at Morning</a></i> (1944)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Under_Capricorn" title="Under Capricorn">Under Capricorn</a></i> (1949)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Botany_Bay_(film)" title="Botany Bay (film)">Botany Bay</a></i> (1953)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Adam%27s_Woman" title="Adam's Woman">Adam's Woman</a></i> (1970)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Journey_Among_Women" title="Journey Among Women">Journey Among Women</a></i> (1977)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Last_Confession_of_Alexander_Pearce" title="The Last Confession of Alexander Pearce">The Last Confession of Alexander Pearce</a></i> (2008)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Van_Diemen%27s_Land_(film)" title="Van Diemen's Land (film)"> Van Diemen's Land</a></i> (2009)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Nightingale_(2018_film)" title="The Nightingale (2018 film)">The Nightingale</a></i> (2017)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Television</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Devil_Makes_Sunday" title="The Devil Makes Sunday">The Devil Makes Sunday</a></i> (1961)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Devil_Makes_Sunday_(1962_film)" title="The Devil Makes Sunday (1962 film)">The Devil Makes Sunday</a></i> (1962)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Against_the_Wind_(miniseries)" title="Against the Wind (miniseries)">Against the Wind</a></i> (1978)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sara_Dane" title="Sara Dane">Sara Dane</a></i> (1982)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/For_the_Term_of_His_Natural_Life_(miniseries)" title="For the Term of His Natural Life (miniseries)">For the Term of His Natural Life</a></i> (1983)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Incredible_Journey_of_Mary_Bryant" title="The Incredible Journey of Mary Bryant">The Incredible Journey of Mary Bryant</a></i> (2005)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Banished_(TV_series)" title="Banished (TV series)">Banished</a></i> (2015)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Secret_River_(TV_series)" title="The Secret River (TV series)">The Secret River</a></i> (2015)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Literature</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Journals_of_the_First_Fleet" title="Journals of the First Fleet">Journals of the First Fleet</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/It_Is_Never_Too_Late_to_Mend_(novel)" title="It Is Never Too Late to Mend (novel)">It's Never Too Late to Mend</a></i> (1856)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Broad_Arrow" title="The Broad Arrow">The Broad Arrow</a></i> (1859)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Great_Expectations" title="Great Expectations">Great Expectations</a></i> (1861)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Wild_Goose" title="The Wild Goose">The Wild Goose</a></i> (1867)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/For_the_Term_of_His_Natural_Life" title="For the Term of His Natural Life">For the Term of His Natural Life</a></i> (1872)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Moondyne" title="Moondyne">Moondyne</a></i> (1879)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bring_Larks_and_Heroes" title="Bring Larks and Heroes">Bring Larks and Heroes</a></i> (1967)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/A_Fringe_of_Leaves" title="A Fringe of Leaves">A Fringe of Leaves</a></i> (1973)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Playmaker" title="The Playmaker">The Playmaker</a></i> (1987)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Remembering_Babylon" title="Remembering Babylon">Remembering Babylon</a></i> (1993)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Potato_Factory" title="The Potato Factory">The Potato Factory</a></i> (1995)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Jack_Maggs" title="Jack Maggs">Jack Maggs</a></i> (1997)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Gould%27s_Book_of_Fish" title="Gould's Book of Fish">Gould's Book of Fish</a></i> (2001)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Secret_River" title="The Secret River">The Secret River</a></i> (2005)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Lieutenant_(novel)" title="The Lieutenant (novel)">The Lieutenant</a></i> (2008)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Parrot_and_Olivier_in_America" title="Parrot and Olivier in America">Parrot and Olivier in America</a></i> (2010)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Stage</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Transports" title="The Transports">The Transports</a></i> (1977)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Our_Country%27s_Good" title="Our Country's Good">Our Country's Good</a></i> (1988)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Art</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Charlotte_Medal" title="Charlotte Medal">Charlotte Medal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Port_Jackson_Painter" title="Port Jackson Painter">Port Jackson Painter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rajah_Quilt" title="Rajah Quilt">Rajah Quilt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sydney_punchbowls" title="Sydney punchbowls">Sydney punchbowls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_twenty-dollar_note" title="Australian twenty-dollar note">Twenty Dollar Note</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;"><a href="/wiki/Australian_Convict_Sites" title="Australian Convict Sites">Australian<br />Convict Sites</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brickendon_Estate" title="Brickendon Estate">Brickendon Estate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cadmans_Cottage" title="Cadmans Cottage">Cadmans Cottage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cascades_Female_Factory" title="Cascades Female Factory">Cascades Female Factory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coal_Mines_Historic_Site" title="Coal Mines Historic Site">Coal Mines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commissariat_Store,_Brisbane" title="Commissariat Store, Brisbane">Commissariat Store, Brisbane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Darlington_Probation_Station" title="Darlington Probation Station">Darlington Probation Station</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Farm" title="Elizabeth Farm">Elizabeth Farm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Experiment_Farm_Cottage" title="Experiment Farm Cottage">Experiment Farm Cottage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fremantle_Prison" title="Fremantle Prison">Fremantle Prison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_North_Road_(New_South_Wales)" title="Great North Road (New South Wales)">Great North Road</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyde_Park_Barracks,_Sydney" title="Hyde Park Barracks, Sydney">Hyde Park Barracks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingston_and_Arthur%27s_Vale_Historic_Area" title="Kingston and Arthur's Vale Historic Area">Kingston and Arthur's Vale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lennox_Bridge,_Parramatta" title="Lennox Bridge, Parramatta">Lennox Bridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Government_House,_Parramatta" title="Old Government House, Parramatta">Old Government House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parramatta_Female_Factory" title="Parramatta Female Factory">Parramatta Female Factory</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Port Arthur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richmond_Bridge_(Tasmania)" title="Richmond Bridge (Tasmania)">Richmond Bridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richmond_Gaol" title="Richmond Gaol">Richmond Gaol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ross_Female_Factory" title="Ross Female Factory">Ross Female Factory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Old_Windmill,_Brisbane" title="The Old Windmill, Brisbane">The Old Windmill, Brisbane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaucluse_House" title="Vaucluse House">Vaucluse House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Woolmers_Estate" title="Woolmers Estate">Woolmers Estate</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" 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