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href="#Joining_Lulin_rebellion_against_Wang_Mang"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Joining Lulin rebellion against Wang Mang</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Joining_Lulin_rebellion_against_Wang_Mang-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-As_official_under_Gengshi_Emperor" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#As_official_under_Gengshi_Emperor"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>As official under Gengshi Emperor</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-As_official_under_Gengshi_Emperor-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle As official under Gengshi Emperor subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-As_official_under_Gengshi_Emperor-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-The_Gengshi_Emperor" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Gengshi_Emperor"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>The Gengshi Emperor</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_Gengshi_Emperor-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_Battle_of_Kunyang" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Battle_of_Kunyang"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>The Battle of Kunyang</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_Battle_of_Kunyang-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Liu_Yan's_death_and_Liu_Xiu's_survival" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Liu_Yan's_death_and_Liu_Xiu's_survival"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Liu Yan's death and Liu Xiu's survival</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Liu_Yan's_death_and_Liu_Xiu's_survival-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Role_in_reorganization_of_Gengshi_Emperor's_regime_and_dispatch_to_northern_China" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Role_in_reorganization_of_Gengshi_Emperor's_regime_and_dispatch_to_northern_China"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Role in reorganization of Gengshi Emperor's regime and dispatch to northern China</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Role_in_reorganization_of_Gengshi_Emperor's_regime_and_dispatch_to_northern_China-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-First_days_under_the_new_emperor" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#First_days_under_the_new_emperor"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4.1</span> <span>First days under the new emperor</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-First_days_under_the_new_emperor-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Northern_expedition" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Northern_expedition"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4.2</span> <span>Northern expedition</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Northern_expedition-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Independence_from_the_Gengshi_Emperor" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Independence_from_the_Gengshi_Emperor"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Independence from the Gengshi Emperor</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Independence_from_the_Gengshi_Emperor-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Campaign_to_unify_the_empire" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Campaign_to_unify_the_empire"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Campaign to unify the empire</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Campaign_to_unify_the_empire-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Campaign to unify the empire subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Campaign_to_unify_the_empire-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Victory_over_the_Chimei" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Victory_over_the_Chimei"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Victory over the Chimei</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Victory_over_the_Chimei-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gradual_victories_over_other_regional_powers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gradual_victories_over_other_regional_powers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Gradual victories over other regional powers</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gradual_victories_over_other_regional_powers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Reign_over_unified_empire" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reign_over_unified_empire"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Reign over unified empire</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Reign_over_unified_empire-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Marital_and_succession_issues" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Marital_and_succession_issues"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Marital and succession issues</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Marital_and_succession_issues-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Late_reign" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Late_reign"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Late reign</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Late_reign-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Era_names" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Era_names"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Era names</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Era_names-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Family" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Family"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Family</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Family-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Family subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Family-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Consorts_and_issue" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Consorts_and_issue"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.1</span> <span>Consorts and issue</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Consorts_and_issue-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Popular_culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Popular_culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Popular culture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Popular_culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Emperor Guangwu of Han</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 35 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-35" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">35 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%A0n_Kong-b%C3%BA-t%C3%A8" title="Hàn Kong-bú-tè – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Hàn Kong-bú-tè" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%83%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%8C_%D0%A3" title="Гуань У – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Гуань У" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%A7%E0%BD%93%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%82%E0%BE%B1%E0%BD%B2%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%96%E0%BD%A2%E0%BE%92%E0%BE%B1%E0%BD%91%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%94%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%82%E0%BE%B3%E0%BD%BA%E0%BD%A0%E0%BD%B4%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%82%E0%BD%BC%E0%BD%84%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%96%E0%BD%B4%E0%BC%8B" title="ཧན་གྱི་བརྒྱད་པ་གླེའུ་གོང་བུ་ – Tibetan" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="ཧན་གྱི་བརྒྱད་པ་གླེའུ་གོང་བུ་" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="Tibetan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>བོད་ཡིག</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emperador_Guangwu_de_Han" title="Emperador Guangwu de Han – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Emperador Guangwu de Han" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Han_Guangwu_di" title="Han Guangwu di – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Han Guangwu di" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%91%CF%85%CF%84%CE%BF%CE%BA%CF%81%CE%AC%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%81%CE%B1%CF%82_%CE%9A%CE%BF%CF%85%CE%AC%CE%BD%CE%B3%CE%BA%CE%B3%CE%BF%CF%85_%CF%84%CF%89%CE%BD_%CE%A7%CE%B1%CE%BD" title="Αυτοκράτορας Κουάνγκγου των Χαν – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Αυτοκράτορας Κουάνγκγου των Χαν" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liu_Xiu" title="Liu Xiu – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Liu Xiu" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%BE%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%B1_%DA%AF%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%AF%E2%80%8C%D9%88%D9%88_%D9%87%D8%A7%D9%86" title="امپراتور گوانگ‌وو هان – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="امپراتور گوانگ‌وو هان" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Han_Guang_Wudi" title="Han Guang Wudi – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Han Guang Wudi" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gan mw-list-item"><a href="https://gan.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%BC%A2%E5%85%89%E6%AD%A6%E5%B8%9D" title="漢光武帝 – Gan" lang="gan" hreflang="gan" data-title="漢光武帝" data-language-autonym="贛語" data-language-local-name="Gan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>贛語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%9B%84%ED%95%9C_%EA%B4%91%EB%AC%B4%EC%A0%9C" title="후한 광무제 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="후한 광무제" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Car_Guangwu_od_Hana" title="Car Guangwu od Hana – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Car Guangwu od Hana" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaisar_Guangwu_dari_Han" title="Kaisar Guangwu dari Han – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Kaisar Guangwu dari Han" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liu_Xiu" title="Liu Xiu – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Liu Xiu" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%92%D7%95%D7%90%D7%A0%D7%92_%D7%95%D7%95-%D7%93%D7%99" title="גואנג וו-די – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="גואנג וו-די" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B7%D9%88%D8%B1_%D8%AC%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AC%D9%88_%D9%85%D9%86_%D9%87%D8%A7%D9%86" title="امبراطور جوانجو من هان – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="امبراطور جوانجو من هان" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%A1ng_Gu%C5%8Fng-%C5%AB-d%C3%A1%CC%A4" title="Háng Guŏng-ū-dá̤ – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Háng Guŏng-ū-dá̤" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Han_Guangwudi" title="Han Guangwudi – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Han Guangwudi" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%85%89%E6%AD%A6%E5%B8%9D" title="光武帝 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="光武帝" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Han_Guangwudi" title="Han Guangwudi – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Han Guangwudi" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Han_Guangwudi" title="Han Guangwudi – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Han Guangwudi" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guang_Wudi" title="Guang Wudi – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Guang Wudi" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%83%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%8A%D1%83-%D0%B4%D0%B8" title="Гуанъу-ди – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Гуанъу-ди" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A6%DB%8C%D9%85%D9%BE%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AA%DB%86%D8%B1_%DA%AF%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%AF%D9%88%D9%88%DB%8C_%DA%BE%D8%A7%D9%86" title="ئیمپراتۆر گوانگووی ھان – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ئیمپراتۆر گوانگووی ھان" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%83%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B3-%D0%B2%D1%83_(%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0_%D0%A5%D0%B0%D0%BD)" title="Гуанг-ву (династија Хан) – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Гуанг-ву (династија Хан)" 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id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Emperor of China from 25 to 57 AD</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Liu Xiu" redirects here. For the astronomer and scholar, see <a href="/wiki/Liu_Xin_(scholar)" title="Liu Xin (scholar)">Liu Xin (scholar)</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Guangwu" redirects here. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Guangwu_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Guangwu (disambiguation)">Guangwu (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above fn" style="background-color: #cbe; color:inherit; font-size: 125%">Emperor Guangwu of Han<br /><span style="font-weight:normal; font-style:normal"><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hant">漢光武帝</span></span></span></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image photo"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Han_Guangwu_Di_(cropped1to1)_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Han_Guangwu_Di_%28cropped1to1%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-Han_Guangwu_Di_%28cropped1to1%29_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="301" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Han_Guangwu_Di_%28cropped1to1%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/330px-Han_Guangwu_Di_%28cropped1to1%29_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/df/Han_Guangwu_Di_%28cropped1to1%29_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="383" data-file-height="524" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption" style="line-height:normal;padding-bottom:0.2em;padding-top:0.2em;">Emperor Guangwu, as depicted by the Tang artist <a href="/wiki/Yan_Liben" title="Yan Liben">Yan Liben</a> (600–673)</div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #e4dcf6;color:inherit;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_emperors_of_the_Han_dynasty" title="List of emperors of the Han dynasty">Emperor of the</a> <a href="/wiki/Han_dynasty" title="Han dynasty">Han dynasty</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Reign</th><td class="infobox-data">5 August AD 25<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> – 29 March AD 57</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Predecessor</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Gengshi_Emperor" title="Gengshi Emperor">Gengshi Emperor</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Successor</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Emperor_Ming_of_Han" title="Emperor Ming of Han">Emperor Ming</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #e4dcf6;color:inherit;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><div style="height: 4px; width:100%;"></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data">15 January 5 BC<br /><a href="/wiki/Lankao_County" title="Lankao County">Jiyang County, Chenliu Commandery</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">29 March AD 57 (aged 62)<br /><a href="/wiki/Luoyang" title="Luoyang">Luoyang</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Consorts</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yin_Lihua" title="Yin Lihua">Empress Guanglie</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Guo_Shengtong" title="Guo Shengtong">Guo Shengtong</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Issue_(genealogy)" title="Issue (genealogy)">Issue</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Liu_Ying_(prince)" title="Liu Ying (prince)">Liu Ying</a>, King of Chu</li><li><a href="/wiki/Emperor_Ming_of_Han" title="Emperor Ming of Han">Emperor Ming</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546" /><table class="infobox" style="border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="text-align:left">Names</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data nickname" style="text-align:left; padding-left:0.7em;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Family_name" class="mw-redirect" title="Family name">Family name</a>: Liu (<span lang="zh">劉</span>)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Given_name" title="Given name">Given name</a>: Xiu (<span lang="zh">秀</span>)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Courtesy_name" title="Courtesy name">Courtesy name</a>: Wenshu (<span lang="zh">文叔</span>)</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="text-align:left">Era dates</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="text-align:left; padding-left:0.7em;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>Jianwu (<span lang="zh">建武</span>): AD 25–56</li><li>Jianwu Zhongyuan (<span lang="zh">建武中元</span>): AD 56–58</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Posthumous_name" title="Posthumous name">Posthumous name</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="text-align:left; padding-left:0.7em;">Emperor Guangwu (<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E5%85%89%E6%AD%A6" class="extiw" title="wikt:光武">光武</a><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E7%9A%87%E5%B8%9D" class="extiw" title="wikt:皇帝">皇帝</a>)</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Temple_name" title="Temple name">Temple name</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="text-align:left; padding-left:0.7em;">Shizu (<span lang="zh">世祖</span>)</td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Dynasty" title="Dynasty">Dynasty</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Han_dynasty" title="Han dynasty">Eastern Han</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Father</th><td class="infobox-data">Liu Qin</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Mother</th><td class="infobox-data">Fan Xiandou</td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546" /><table class="infobox"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="color: #202122;background-color:#b0c4de">Emperor Guangwu of Han</th></tr><tr style="display:none;"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546" /></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_characters" title="Traditional Chinese characters">Traditional Chinese</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hant" style="font-size: 1rem;"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E6%BC%A2" class="extiw" title="wikt:漢">漢</a><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E5%85%89%E6%AD%A6" class="extiw" title="wikt:光武">光武</a><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E5%B8%9D" class="extiw" title="wikt:帝">帝</a></span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Simplified_Chinese_characters" title="Simplified Chinese characters">Simplified Chinese</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hans" style="font-size: 1rem;">汉光武帝</span></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546" /><table class="infobox-subbox mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="display:inline-table; text-align: left;"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 100%; text-align: left;color: #202122; background-color: #f9ffbc;">Transcriptions</th></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #dcffc9;"><a href="/wiki/Standard_Chinese" title="Standard Chinese">Standard Mandarin</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Hanyu_Pinyin" class="mw-redirect" title="Hanyu Pinyin">Hanyu Pinyin</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="zh-Latn">Hàn Guāngwǔ dì</span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Spelling_in_Gwoyeu_Romatzyh" title="Spelling in Gwoyeu Romatzyh">Gwoyeu Romatzyh</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="zh-Latn">Hann Guangwuu dih</span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Wade%E2%80%93Giles" title="Wade–Giles">Wade–Giles</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="zh-Latn">Han<sup>4</sup> Kuang<sup>1</sup>-wu<sup>3</sup> ti<sup>4</sup></span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Mandarin" title="Help:IPA/Mandarin">IPA</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="IPA" lang="cmn-Latn-fonipa" style="white-space:nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Mandarin" title="Help:IPA/Mandarin">[xân kwáŋ.ù tî]</a></span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #dcffc9;"><a href="/wiki/Cantonese" title="Cantonese">Yue: Cantonese</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Yale_romanization_of_Cantonese" title="Yale romanization of Cantonese">Yale Romanization</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Yue Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="yue-Latn">Hòhn Gwōng-móuh daih</span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Jyutping" title="Jyutping">Jyutping</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Yue Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="yue-Latn">Hon<sup>4</sup> Gwong<sup>1</sup>-mou<sup>5</sup> dai<sup>6</sup></span></span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #dcffc9;"><a href="/wiki/Southern_Min" title="Southern Min">Southern Min</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Taiwanese_Romanization_System" class="mw-redirect" title="Taiwanese Romanization System">Tâi-lô</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Min Nan Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="nan-Latn">Hàn Kng-bú tè</span></span></td></tr></tbody></table></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546" /></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Emperor Guangwu of Han</b> (<a href="/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_characters" title="Traditional Chinese characters">Chinese</a>: <span lang="zh-Hant">漢光武帝</span>; 15 January 5 BC – 29 March AD 57),<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> born <b>Liu Xiu</b> (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hant">劉秀</span></span>), <a href="/wiki/Courtesy_name" title="Courtesy name">courtesy name</a> <b>Wenshu</b> (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hant">文叔</span></span>), was a Chinese monarch. He served as an <a href="/wiki/Emperor_of_China" title="Emperor of China">emperor</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Han_dynasty" title="Han dynasty">Han dynasty</a> by restoring the dynasty in AD 25, thus founding the <a href="/wiki/Han_dynasty#Eastern_Han" title="Han dynasty">Eastern Han dynasty</a>. He ruled over parts of China at first since his dynasty was formed through rebellion against the short-lived <a href="/wiki/Xin_dynasty" title="Xin dynasty">Xin dynasty</a>, and through suppression and conquest of regional warlords, the whole of <a href="/wiki/China_proper" title="China proper">China proper</a> was consolidated by the time of his death in AD 57. During his reign, <a href="/wiki/Taoism" title="Taoism">Taoism</a> was made the official religion of China, and the Chinese folk religion began to decline. </p><p>Liu Xiu was one of the many descendants of the Han imperial family. Following the usurpation of the Han throne by <a href="/wiki/Wang_Mang" title="Wang Mang">Wang Mang</a> and the ensuing civil war during the disintegration of Wang's Xin dynasty, he emerged as one of several descendants of the fallen dynasty claiming the imperial throne. After assembling forces and proclaiming himself emperor in the face of competitors, he was able to defeat his rivals, destroy the peasant army of the <a href="/wiki/Chimei" class="mw-redirect" title="Chimei">Chimei</a>, known for their disorganization and marauding, and finally reunify China in AD 36. </p><p>He established his capital in <a href="/wiki/Luoyang" title="Luoyang">Luoyang</a>, 335 kilometers (208 mi) east of the former capital <a href="/wiki/Chang%27an" title="Chang'an">Chang'an</a> (modern Xi'an), ushering in the Eastern Han (Later Han) dynasty. He implemented some reforms (notably land reform, albeit not very successfully) aimed at correcting some of the structural imbalances responsible for the downfall of the Former/Western Han. His reforms gave a new 200-year lease of life to the Han dynasty. </p><p>Emperor Guangwu's campaigns featured many able generals, but curiously, he lacked major strategists. That may very well be because he himself appeared to be a brilliant strategist; he often instructed his generals on strategy from afar, and his predictions generally would be accurate. This was often emulated by later emperors who fancied themselves great strategists but who actually lacked Emperor Guangwu's brilliance—usually to disastrous results. </p><p>Also unique among emperors in Chinese history was Emperor Guangwu's combination of decisiveness and mercy. He often sought out peaceful means rather than bellicose means of putting areas under his control. He was, in particular, one rare example of a founding emperor of a dynasty who did not kill, out of jealousy or paranoia, any of the generals or officials who contributed to his victories after his rule was secure. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Family_background">Family background</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Emperor_Guangwu_of_Han&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Family background"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Liu Xiu was the sixth generation descendant of <a href="/wiki/Emperor_Jing_of_Han_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Emperor Jing of Han China">Emperor Jing</a> of the Western <a href="/wiki/Han_dynasty" title="Han dynasty">Han dynasty</a>. He was the son of Liu Qin (劉欽), magistrate (縣令 i.e., head official) of Nandun County (南頓縣), near present-day <a href="/wiki/Xiangcheng_City" title="Xiangcheng City">Xiangcheng</a>, Henan. Liu Qin was the son of Liu Hui (劉回), vice governor in charge of military affairs for <a href="/wiki/Julu_Commandery" title="Julu Commandery">Julu Commandery</a> (鉅鹿都尉). Liu Hui was the son of Liu Wai (劉外), governor of <a href="/wiki/Yulin_Commandery" title="Yulin Commandery">Yulin Commandery</a> (鬱林太守). Liu Wai was the son of Liu Mai (劉買), known posthumously as <a href="/wiki/Marquess" title="Marquess">Marquess</a> Jie of Chongling (舂陵節侯). Liu Mai was the son of Liu Fa (劉發), known posthumously as <a href="/wiki/Changsha_Kingdom#Kings" title="Changsha Kingdom">Prince Ding of Changsha</a> (長沙定王). The Prince of Changsha was a brother of <a href="/wiki/Emperor_Wu_of_Han" title="Emperor Wu of Han">Emperor Wu</a>, a famous emperor of the Former Han and the son of Emperor Jing and Lady Tang. As a descendant of Liu Fa, this also made Liu Xiu third cousin to the <a href="/wiki/Gengshi_Emperor" title="Gengshi Emperor">Gengshi Emperor</a>. </p><p>Liu Qin was married to the daughter of one Fan Chong (樊重), and he and his wife had three sons – <a href="/wiki/Liu_Yan_(Bosheng)" class="mw-redirect" title="Liu Yan (Bosheng)">Liu Yan</a>, Liu Zhong (劉仲), and Liu Xiu. Liu Qin died early, and the brothers were raised by their uncle Liu Liang (劉良). Liu Yan was ambitious, and ever since Wang Mang usurped the Han throne in AD 8 and established the <a href="/wiki/Xin_dynasty" title="Xin dynasty">Xin dynasty</a>, Liu Yan was constantly considering starting a rebellion to restore the Han dynasty. Liu Xiu, in contrast, was a careful man who was content to be a farmer. However, his brother-in-law Deng Chen (鄧晨), the husband of his sister Liu Yuan (劉元), who believed in a prophecy that a man named Liu Xiu would be emperor, constantly encouraged him to be more ambitious. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Joining_Lulin_rebellion_against_Wang_Mang">Joining Lulin rebellion against Wang Mang</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Emperor_Guangwu_of_Han&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Joining Lulin rebellion against Wang Mang"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In AD 22, with virtually the entire empire rebelling against Wang Mang's incompetent rule, Liu Yan prepared his rebellion. He planned, along with his brothers, and Li Tong (李通) and his cousin Li Yi (李軼), to kidnap the governor for <a href="/wiki/Nanyang_Commandery" title="Nanyang Commandery">Nanyang Commandery</a> (roughly modern <a href="/wiki/Nanyang,_Henan" title="Nanyang, Henan">Nanyang</a>, <a href="/wiki/Henan" title="Henan">Henan</a>) and call for the people of the commandery to join him. When the young men of their home territory of Chongling heard about the rebellion, they were all scared to join—until they saw that Liu Xiu was part of the rebellion as well, figuring that if even a careful man like Liu Xiu was part of the rebellion, the rebellion was carefully planned. </p><p>However, the news of the plan leaked out, and Li Tong and Li Yi barely escaped with their lives (but their family was slaughtered). Liu Yan changed his plan and persuaded two branches of the <a href="/wiki/Lulin" title="Lulin">Lulin</a> – the Xinshi Force (新市兵) and Pinglin Force (平林兵) to join forces with him, and they had some military success. Encouraged, Liu Yan made a frontal assault against Wancheng (宛城), the capital of Nanyang Commandery—and suffered a major loss. Liu Yan and Liu Xiu, along with their sister Liu Boji (劉伯姬), survived, but their brother Liu Zhong and sister Liu Yuan died in the battle. Liu Yan's allies, seeing his defeat, considered leaving him, but Liu Yan was able to persuade them, along with another branch of the Lülin, the Xiajiang Force (下江兵), to join him. In AD 23, they had a major victory against Xin forces, killing Zhen Fu (甄阜), the governor of Nanyang Commandery. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="As_official_under_Gengshi_Emperor">As official under Gengshi Emperor</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Emperor_Guangwu_of_Han&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: As official under Gengshi Emperor"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_Gengshi_Emperor">The Gengshi Emperor</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Emperor_Guangwu_of_Han&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: The Gengshi Emperor"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Gengshi_Emperor" title="Gengshi Emperor">Gengshi Emperor</a></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1273380762/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner span:not(.skin-invert-image):not(.skin-invert):not(.bg-transparent) img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner span:not(.skin-invert-image):not(.skin-invert):not(.bg-transparent) img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:608px;max-width:608px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:302px;max-width:302px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Dahuting_mural,_Eastern_Han_Dynasty.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Dahuting_mural%2C_Eastern_Han_Dynasty.jpg/300px-Dahuting_mural%2C_Eastern_Han_Dynasty.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="214" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Dahuting_mural%2C_Eastern_Han_Dynasty.jpg/450px-Dahuting_mural%2C_Eastern_Han_Dynasty.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/42/Dahuting_mural%2C_Eastern_Han_Dynasty.jpg 2x" data-file-width="480" data-file-height="342" /></a></span></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:302px;max-width:302px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Dahuting_tomb_mural_showing_hanfu_dress,_Eastern_Han_Dynasty.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Dahuting_tomb_mural_showing_hanfu_dress%2C_Eastern_Han_Dynasty.jpg/300px-Dahuting_tomb_mural_showing_hanfu_dress%2C_Eastern_Han_Dynasty.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="210" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/76/Dahuting_tomb_mural_showing_hanfu_dress%2C_Eastern_Han_Dynasty.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="435" data-file-height="304" /></a></span></div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flex"><div class="thumbcaption">Wall murals depicting women (left) and children (right), perhaps court attendants, dressed in <i><a href="/wiki/Hanfu" title="Hanfu">Hanfu</a></i> <a href="/wiki/Silk" title="Silk">silk</a> robes and <a href="/wiki/Society_and_culture_of_the_Han_dynasty" title="Society and culture of the Han dynasty">holding domestic wares</a>, <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Dahuting_Tomb_murals" class="extiw" title="c:Category:Dahuting Tomb murals">from the Dahuting Tomb</a> (Chinese: 打虎亭汉墓, Pinyin: <i>Dahuting Han mu</i>), built during the late <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Han_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Han dynasty">Eastern Han dynasty</a> (25–220 AD), located in <a href="/wiki/Zhengzhou" title="Zhengzhou">Zhengzhou</a>, <a href="/wiki/Henan_province" class="mw-redirect" title="Henan province">Henan province</a>, China</div></div></div></div> <p>By this point, many other rebel leaders had become jealous of Liu Yan's capabilities, and while a good number of their men admired Liu Yan and wanted him to become the emperor of a newly declared Han dynasty, they had other ideas. They found another local rebel leader, Liu Xuan, a third cousin of Liu Yan, who was claiming the title of General Gengshi (更始將軍) at the time and who was considered a weak personality, and requested that he be made emperor. Liu Yan initially opposed this move and instead suggested that Liu Xuan carry the title "Prince of Han" first (echoing the founder of the Han dynasty, Emperor Gaozu). The other rebel leaders refused, and in early AD 23, Liu Xuan was proclaimed emperor. Liu Yan became prime minister. Liu Xiu, along with many other rebel leaders, carried the title "general". </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_Battle_of_Kunyang">The Battle of Kunyang</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Emperor_Guangwu_of_Han&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: The Battle of Kunyang"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kunyang" title="Battle of Kunyang">Battle of Kunyang</a></div> <p>Liu Xiu would be instrumental in the key victory that sealed Wang Mang's fate. Wang, aware that Gengshi Emperor was becoming a major threat, sent his cousin Wang Yi (王邑) and his prime minister Wang Xun (王尋) with what he considered to be overwhelming force, some 430,000 men, intending to crush the newly constituted Han regime. The Han forces were at this point in two groups—one led by Wang Feng (王鳳), Wang Chang (王常), and Liu Xiu, which, in response to the arrival of the Xin forces, withdrew to the small town of Kunyang (昆陽, in modern <a href="/wiki/Ye_County" title="Ye County">Ye County</a>, <a href="/wiki/Henan" title="Henan">Henan</a>) and one led by Liu Yan, which was still besieging Wancheng. The rebels in Kunyang initially wanted to scatter, but Liu Xiu opposed it; rather, he advocated that they guard Kunyang securely, while he would gather all other available troops in surrounding areas and attack the Xin forces from the outside. After initially rejecting Liu Xiu's idea, the Kunyang rebels eventually agreed. </p><p>Liu Xiu carried out his action, and when he returned to Kunyang, he began harassing the sieging Xin forces from the outside. Wang Yi and Wang Xun, annoyed, led 10,000 men to attack Liu Xiu and ordered the rest of their troops not to move from their siege locations. Once they engaged in battle, however, after minor losses, the other units were hesitant to assist them, and Liu Xiu killed Wang Xun in battle. Once that happened, the Han forces inside Kunyang burst out of the city and attacked the other Xin units, and the much larger Xin forces suffered a total collapse. The soldiers largely deserted and went home, unable to be gathered again. Wang Yi had to withdraw with only several thousand men back to <a href="/wiki/Luoyang" title="Luoyang">Luoyang</a>. This was a major blow to Xin, psychologically; after this point on, there would be no hope for it. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Liu_Yan's_death_and_Liu_Xiu's_survival"><span id="Liu_Yan.27s_death_and_Liu_Xiu.27s_survival"></span>Liu Yan's death and Liu Xiu's survival</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Emperor_Guangwu_of_Han&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Liu Yan's death and Liu Xiu's survival"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The very first major incident of infighting in Gengshi Emperor's regime would happen in this time, though. The Gengshi Emperor was fearful of Liu Yan's capabilities and was keenly aware that many of Liu Yan's followers were angry that he was not made emperor. One, Liu Ji (劉稷), was particularly critical of Gengshi Emperor. The Gengshi Emperor arrested Liu Ji and wanted to execute him, but Liu Yan tried to intercede. The Gengshi Emperor, encouraged by Li Yi (who had by that point turned against Liu Yan) and Zhu Wei (朱鮪), took this opportunity to execute Liu Yan as well. </p><p>At this time, Liu Xiu was fighting on the frontlines. When he heard about his brother's death, he quickly left his army and went back to the temporary capital Wancheng to beg forgiveness. When Liu Yan's followers greeted him, he only thanked them but did not speak of his feelings, but rather blamed himself and did not mention of his achievements at Kunyang. He did not dare to mourn his brother. The Gengshi Emperor, ashamed of what he had done, spared Liu Xiu and created him the Marquess of Wuxin (武信侯). </p><p>Around this time, Liu Xiu married his childhood sweetheart, the famed beauty <a href="/wiki/Yin_Lihua" title="Yin Lihua">Yin Lihua</a>. (According to <i><a href="/wiki/Hou_Han_Shu" class="mw-redirect" title="Hou Han Shu">Hou Han Shu</a></i>, when Liu Xiu was younger, he visited the capital <a href="/wiki/Chang%27an" title="Chang'an">Chang'an</a>; he became impressed with the mayor of the capital (<i>zhijinyu</i>, 執金吾) and, also impressed by Yin's beauty, he made the remarks: "If I were to be an official, I want to be <i>zhijinyu</i>; if I were to marry, I want to marry Yin Lihua". He eventually was able to accomplish both of these things and more.) </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Role_in_reorganization_of_Gengshi_Emperor's_regime_and_dispatch_to_northern_China"><span id="Role_in_reorganization_of_Gengshi_Emperor.27s_regime_and_dispatch_to_northern_China"></span>Role in reorganization of Gengshi Emperor's regime and dispatch to northern China</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Emperor_Guangwu_of_Han&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Role in reorganization of Gengshi Emperor's regime and dispatch to northern China"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="First_days_under_the_new_emperor">First days under the new emperor</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Emperor_Guangwu_of_Han&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: First days under the new emperor"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Eastern_Han_Bronze_Cavalry_and_Chariots1.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Eastern_Han_Bronze_Cavalry_and_Chariots1.JPG/220px-Eastern_Han_Bronze_Cavalry_and_Chariots1.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Eastern_Han_Bronze_Cavalry_and_Chariots1.JPG/330px-Eastern_Han_Bronze_Cavalry_and_Chariots1.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Eastern_Han_Bronze_Cavalry_and_Chariots1.JPG/440px-Eastern_Han_Bronze_Cavalry_and_Chariots1.JPG 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="427" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Han" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Han">Eastern Han</a> bronze <a href="/wiki/Horses_in_East_Asian_warfare" title="Horses in East Asian warfare">chariot and cavalry</a> figurines excavated from a tomb</figcaption></figure> <p>Soon, Wang Mang's Xin dynasty and its capital <a href="/wiki/Chang%27an" title="Chang'an">Chang'an</a> fell to the Gengshi Emperor's forces, and Gengshi Emperor was acknowledged by virtually the entire empire as the emperor of the restored Han dynasty. He initially planned to set his capital at Luoyang, and he made Liu Xiu governor of the capital region. Liu Xiu was commissioned to repair the palaces and governmental offices at Luoyang. Of all of the major Han officials following the restoration, Liu Xiu alone quickly showed his talent for organization, and his agency quickly grew to resemble its pre-Wang Mang counterpart. </p><p>In any case, Gengshi Emperor's regime was only able to obtain nominal submission from many regions of the empire, and one of the troublesome regions was north of the <a href="/wiki/Yellow_River" title="Yellow River">Yellow River</a>. The Emperor considered dispatching a general to try to pacify the region, and his cousin Liu Ci (劉賜), who had succeeded Liu Yan as prime minister, endorsed Liu Xiu for that task. Liu Yan's political enemies, including Li and Zhu, opposed, but after Liu Ci repeatedly endorsed Liu Xiu, the Gengshi Emperor relented and, in autumn of AD 23, he sent Liu Xiu to the region north of the Yellow River. </p><p>Liu Xiu was initially met with great gladness by the people north of the Yellow River. It was around this time that <a href="/wiki/Deng_Yu" title="Deng Yu">Deng Yu</a> joined him (later to be his prime minister); other later important figures who joined him around this time included <a href="/wiki/Feng_Yi" title="Feng Yi">Feng Yi</a> and Geng Chun (耿純). Deng, seeing that the Gengshi Emperor lacked the ability to rule, persuaded Liu Xiu to keep his sights broad and consider eventual independence. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Northern_expedition">Northern expedition</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Emperor_Guangwu_of_Han&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Northern expedition"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dahuting_Tomb_mural,_cavalry_and_chariots,_Eastern_Han_Dynasty.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Dahuting_Tomb_mural%2C_cavalry_and_chariots%2C_Eastern_Han_Dynasty.jpg/220px-Dahuting_Tomb_mural%2C_cavalry_and_chariots%2C_Eastern_Han_Dynasty.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="95" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Dahuting_Tomb_mural%2C_cavalry_and_chariots%2C_Eastern_Han_Dynasty.jpg/330px-Dahuting_Tomb_mural%2C_cavalry_and_chariots%2C_Eastern_Han_Dynasty.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Dahuting_Tomb_mural%2C_cavalry_and_chariots%2C_Eastern_Han_Dynasty.jpg/440px-Dahuting_Tomb_mural%2C_cavalry_and_chariots%2C_Eastern_Han_Dynasty.jpg 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="216" /></a><figcaption>An <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Han" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Han">Eastern Han</a> (25 AD-220 AD) mural showing a procession of <a href="/wiki/Horses_in_East_Asian_warfare" title="Horses in East Asian warfare">chariots and cavalry</a>, from the Dahuting Tomb of <a href="/wiki/Zhengzhou" title="Zhengzhou">Zhengzhou</a>, <a href="/wiki/Henan_province" class="mw-redirect" title="Henan province">Henan province</a>, China</figcaption></figure> <p>Liu Xiu would soon have a major problem on his hand, however, in winter 23, as he faced a pretender for the Han throne. A <a href="/wiki/Divination" title="Divination">fortune teller</a> in <a href="/wiki/Handan" title="Handan">Handan</a> named <a href="/wiki/Wang_Lang_(Xin_dynasty)" title="Wang Lang (Xin dynasty)">Wang Lang</a> claimed to be actually named Liu Ziyu (劉子輿) and a son of <a href="/wiki/Emperor_Cheng_of_Han" title="Emperor Cheng of Han">Emperor Cheng</a>. He claimed that his mother was a singer in Emperor Cheng's service, and that <a href="/wiki/Empress_Zhao_Feiyan" class="mw-redirect" title="Empress Zhao Feiyan">Empress Zhao Feiyan</a> had tried to kill him after his birth, but that a substitute child was killed instead. After he spread these rumors among the people, the people of Handan began to believe that he was a genuine son of Emperor Cheng, and the commanderies north of the Yellow River quickly pledged allegiance to him as emperor. In the spring of AD 24, Liu Xiu was forced to withdraw to the northern city of <a href="/wiki/Jicheng_(Beijing)" title="Jicheng (Beijing)">Jicheng</a> (modern <a href="/wiki/Beijing" title="Beijing">Beijing</a>). Not long after, he faced rebellions in his immediate vicinity, and was nearly killed by rebels who pledged allegiance to Wang. He reached two commanderies in modern central Hebei that were still loyal to Gengshi Emperor—<a href="/wiki/Xindu_Commandery" title="Xindu Commandery">Xindu</a> (信都, roughly modern <a href="/wiki/Hengshui" title="Hengshui">Hengshui</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hebei" title="Hebei">Hebei</a>), whose governor was Ren Guang (任光), and Herong, (和戎, roughly part of modern <a href="/wiki/Shijiazhuang" title="Shijiazhuang">Shijiazhuang</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hebei" title="Hebei">Hebei</a>), whose governor was Pi Tong (邳彤). Ren's deputy Li Chong (李忠), Wan Xiu (萬脩) and Liu Zhi (劉植), who was powerful clan in the region, also joined him. Additionally, he began to make Liu Zhi persuade Liu Yang (劉楊) the Prince of Zhending, who held 100,000 troops, to join him. He entered into a political marriage with <a href="/wiki/Guo_Shengtong" title="Guo Shengtong">Guo Shengtong</a>, the niece of Liu Yang, and combined his forces. He mobilized their forces and won some major battles against Wang's generals. </p><p>Meanwhile, a follower of Liu Xiu, <a href="/wiki/Geng_Yan" title="Geng Yan">Geng Yan</a>, the son of the governor of <a href="/wiki/Shanggu_Commandery" title="Shanggu Commandery">Shanggu Commandery</a> (上谷, roughly modern <a href="/wiki/Zhangjiakou" title="Zhangjiakou">Zhangjiakou</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hebei" title="Hebei">Hebei</a>), had fled back to his father's commandery, and persuaded both his father Geng Kuang (耿況) and the governor of the neighboring <a href="/wiki/Yuyang_Commandery" title="Yuyang Commandery">Yuyang Commandery</a> (漁陽, roughly modern <a href="/wiki/Beijing" title="Beijing">Beijing</a>), Peng Chong (彭寵), to support Liu Xiu. Geng Yan, being supported by Gen Kuang's deputy Kou Xun (寇恂) and Jing Dan (景丹), and Peng's deputy, <a href="/wiki/Wu_Han_(Han_dynasty)" title="Wu Han (Han dynasty)">Wu Han</a>, led the two commanderies' cavalry and infantry forces south to join Liu Xiu. The combined forces gave Liu Xiu enough strength to make a direct assault against Handan, trapping and killing Wang Lang. </p><p>After Wang's death, Gengshi Emperor made Liu Xiu the Prince of Xiao and summoned him back to the capital (then moved to Chang'an). Liu Xiu, persuaded by <a href="/wiki/Geng_Yan" title="Geng Yan">Geng Yan</a> that he should be ready to set out his own course because the people were badly shaken by Gengshi Emperor and his officials' misrule, declined and claimed that the region still needed to be pacified. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Independence_from_the_Gengshi_Emperor">Independence from the Gengshi Emperor</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Emperor_Guangwu_of_Han&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Independence from the Gengshi Emperor"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the autumn of AD 24, Liu Xiu, still ostensibly an official under Gengshi Emperor, successfully pacified some of the larger agrarian rebel groups and merged them into his own forces. He also started replacing officials loyal to Gengshi Emperor with those loyal to himself. He consolidated his power north of the Yellow River and, as he predicted that the powerful <a href="/wiki/Chimei" class="mw-redirect" title="Chimei">Chimei</a> would destroy Gengshi Emperor's government for him, he waited by for that to happen, not intervening on either side as that conflict was developing. He put <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kou_Xun&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kou Xun (page does not exist)">Kou Xun</a> in charge of the <a href="/wiki/Henei" class="mw-redirect" title="Henei">Henei</a> (modern northern <a href="/wiki/Henan" title="Henan">Henan</a>, north of the Yellow River) region and made it the base for food and manpower supplies, while commissioning Deng with an expedition force to the modern <a href="/wiki/Shaanxi" title="Shaanxi">Shaanxi</a> region, waiting for the confrontation between Gengshi Emperor and Chimei. In early AD 25, Deng, on his way west, seized the modern <a href="/wiki/Shanxi" title="Shanxi">Shanxi</a> region and put it under Liu Xiu's control, before crossing the Yellow River into modern Shaanxi. </p><p>At this point, territories that Liu Xiu controlled were already impressive, compared to any other regional power in the empire broken apart by civil war—but he still carried just the title Prince of Xiao (which Gengshi Emperor had created him) and still ostensibly was controlling those territories as Gengshi Emperor's deputy, even as he was already engaging militarily against some generals (e.g. Xie Gong – 謝躬) loyal to Gengshi Emperor (During this incident, Liu Xiu succeeded to persuade Ma Wu (馬武), who was the deputy of Xie Gong, to join him.). In the summer of AD 25, after repeated urging by his followers, he finally claimed the title of emperor and the right to succeed to the Han throne—as Emperor Guangwu. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Campaign_to_unify_the_empire">Campaign to unify the empire</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Emperor_Guangwu_of_Han&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Campaign to unify the empire"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Victory_over_the_Chimei">Victory over the Chimei</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Emperor_Guangwu_of_Han&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Victory over the Chimei"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Early_Eastern_Han_Warlords.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Early_Eastern_Han_Warlords.png/300px-Early_Eastern_Han_Warlords.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="205" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Early_Eastern_Han_Warlords.png/450px-Early_Eastern_Han_Warlords.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Early_Eastern_Han_Warlords.png/600px-Early_Eastern_Han_Warlords.png 2x" data-file-width="1165" data-file-height="796" /></a><figcaption>Situation of warlords and peasant forces at the beginning of Eastern Han dynasty</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Chimei" class="mw-redirect" title="Chimei">Chimei</a></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%E4%B8%9C%E6%B1%89%E5%BD%A9%E7%BB%98%E9%99%B6%E4%BF%91.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/%E4%B8%9C%E6%B1%89%E5%BD%A9%E7%BB%98%E9%99%B6%E4%BF%91.JPG/200px-%E4%B8%9C%E6%B1%89%E5%BD%A9%E7%BB%98%E9%99%B6%E4%BF%91.JPG" decoding="async" width="200" height="300" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/%E4%B8%9C%E6%B1%89%E5%BD%A9%E7%BB%98%E9%99%B6%E4%BF%91.JPG/300px-%E4%B8%9C%E6%B1%89%E5%BD%A9%E7%BB%98%E9%99%B6%E4%BF%91.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/%E4%B8%9C%E6%B1%89%E5%BD%A9%E7%BB%98%E9%99%B6%E4%BF%91.JPG/400px-%E4%B8%9C%E6%B1%89%E5%BD%A9%E7%BB%98%E9%99%B6%E4%BF%91.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3456" data-file-height="5184" /></a><figcaption>An <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Han" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Han">Eastern Han</a> (25 AD-220 AD) <a href="/wiki/Chinese_ceramics" title="Chinese ceramics">Chinese ceramic</a> figurine of a soldier with a missing spear</figcaption></figure> <p>Soon after Emperor Guangwu's ascension, the Gengshi Emperor's regime was destroyed by the Chimei, who supported their own pretender to the Han throne, <a href="/wiki/Liu_Penzi" title="Liu Penzi">Liu Penzi</a>. The Chimei leaders, despite being militarily powerful, were however even less capable at ruling than the Gengshi Emperor, and they soon alienated the people of the Guanzhong (關中, modern central <a href="/wiki/Shaanxi" title="Shaanxi">Shaanxi</a>) region, which they had taken over when they overthrew the Gengshi Emperor. They pillaged the Guanzhong region for supplies, but as eventually the supplies ran out, they were forced to withdraw east in an attempt to return home to what is now modern <a href="/wiki/Shandong" title="Shandong">Shandong</a> and northern <a href="/wiki/Jiangsu" title="Jiangsu">Jiangsu</a>. Emperor Guangwu, anticipating this, set up his forces to harass and tire the Chimei out, and then block them off at Yiyang (宜陽, in modern <a href="/wiki/Luoyang" title="Luoyang">Luoyang</a>, <a href="/wiki/Henan" title="Henan">Henan</a>). With their path blocked and their troops exhausted, the Chimei leaders surrendered. Emperor Guangwu spared them, including their pretender Liu Penzi. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Gradual_victories_over_other_regional_powers">Gradual victories over other regional powers</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Emperor_Guangwu_of_Han&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Gradual victories over other regional powers"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Chimei was the largest of the enemy forces that Emperor Guangwu had to deal with in his campaign to reunify the empire under the rule of his Eastern Han dynasty, but there were a number of regional powers that he had to deal with. These included: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Liu_Yong_(Xin_dynasty)" title="Liu Yong (Xin dynasty)">Liu Yong</a> (劉永), also claiming to be the proper emperor of Han, based on his lineage—as the son of Liu Li (劉立), the Prince of Liang under the reigns of <a href="/wiki/Emperor_Cheng_of_Han" title="Emperor Cheng of Han">Emperor Cheng</a>, <a href="/wiki/Emperor_Ai_of_Han" title="Emperor Ai of Han">Emperor Ai</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Emperor_Ping_of_Han" title="Emperor Ping of Han">Emperor Ping</a> who had been forced by Wang Mang to commit suicide; he controlled the modern eastern <a href="/wiki/Henan" title="Henan">Henan</a> and northern <a href="/wiki/Jiangsu" title="Jiangsu">Jiangsu</a> region.</li> <li>Peng Chong, who had been by this point aggravated by Emperor Guangwu's official Zhu Fu (朱浮) into rebellion (in a rare case of a succession of wrong decisions by Emperor Guangwu—mistakes that he learned from and would not repeat); he claimed the title of the Prince of Yan and controlled the modern Beijing region.</li> <li>Zhang Bu (張步), nominally the Prince of Qi under Liu Yong, but who independently controlled the modern Shandong region.</li> <li>Wei Xiao (<a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%9A%97%E5%9B%82" class="extiw" title="zh:隗囂">隗囂</a>), nominally the commander of the Xizhou (西州) region paying allegiance to Emperor Guangwu, but who independently controlled the modern eastern <a href="/wiki/Gansu" title="Gansu">Gansu</a> region, east of the Yellow River.</li> <li>Dou Rong (<a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%AB%87%E8%9E%8D" class="extiw" title="zh:竇融">竇融</a>), nominally the governor of Liang Province (涼州) paying allegiance to Emperor Guangwu, but who independently controlled the modern western Gansu and northern <a href="/wiki/Qinghai" title="Qinghai">Qinghai</a> region, west of the Yellow River.</li> <li>Lu Fang (<a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8D%A2%E8%8A%B3_(%E4%B8%9C%E6%B1%89)" class="extiw" title="zh:卢芳 (东汉)">盧芳</a>), who also claimed the name Liu Wenbo (劉文伯) and claimed to be a descendant of <a href="/wiki/Emperor_Wu_of_Han" title="Emperor Wu of Han">Emperor Wu</a> and the proper Han emperor. He, supported by <a href="/wiki/Xiongnu" title="Xiongnu">Xiongnu</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Chanyu" title="Chanyu">Chanyu</a></i> Yu (輿), controlled the modern central and western <a href="/wiki/Inner_Mongolia" title="Inner Mongolia">Inner Mongolia</a> region. Some Russian archaeologists have identified a Han-era Chinese-style palace unearthed near <a href="/wiki/Abakan" title="Abakan">Abakan</a> (in Southern Siberia) in 1941–45 as Lu Fang's residence after he had left China for the lands of the <a href="/wiki/Xiongnu" title="Xiongnu">Xiongnu</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gongsun_Shu" title="Gongsun Shu">Gongsun Shu</a>, who proclaimed himself emperor of <a href="/wiki/Chengjia" title="Chengjia">Chengjia</a>, who controlled the <a href="/wiki/Yi_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Yi Province">Yi Province</a>, modern <a href="/wiki/Sichuan" title="Sichuan">Sichuan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chongqing" title="Chongqing">Chongqing</a> and parts of <a href="/wiki/Shaanxi" title="Shaanxi">Shaanxi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Guizhou" title="Guizhou">Guizhou</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Yunnan" title="Yunnan">Yunnan</a>.</li></ul> <p>Of these powers, Gongsun Shu's Chengjia was wealthy and powerful, but Gongsun was content to maintain his regional empire and not carry out any military expeditions outside his empire. Instead, he sat by as Emperor Guangwu carried out his unification campaign. Emperor Guangwu, hesitant to carry out annihilation campaigns, largely preferred first trying to persuade the regional warlords to submit to him. Wei and Dou did in AD 29, and as they were assisting Eastern Han forces to the north of Chengjia, Gongsun was further discouraged from trying to expand his empire. </p><p>Also in AD 29, Liu Yong's son and heir Liu Yu (劉紆) was defeated by Eastern Han forces and killed. Also in AD 29, Peng's slaves assassinated him, leading to a collapse of his regime. Zhang, seeing the futility of resistance, surrendered and was created a marquess. By AD 30, all of eastern China was under Emperor Guangwu's rule. </p><p>Wei, seeing that Eastern Han was gradually unifying the empire, inexplicably began considering independence. He tried to persuade Dou to enter into an alliance with him to resist Eastern Han; Dou refused. When Eastern Han started considering conquering Chengjia, Wei, apprehensive of the implications of Chengjia's fall, tried to persuade Emperor Guangwu not to carry out a campaign against Chengjia, and later refused to lead his forces south against Chengjia. </p><p>Emperor Guangwu, who in any case preferred peaceful resolution, repeatedly wrote both Wei and Gongsun with humble terms, trying to get them to submit to him, promising them titles and honors. Wei continued to nominally submit but act as an independent power, while Gongsun refused outright—but continued to be indecisive and took no actions while Eastern Han's rule was being confirmed throughout the land. </p><p>Realizing that neither Wei nor Gongsun would voluntarily submit, Emperor Guangwu started a campaign against Wei in the summer of AD 30—assisted by Wei's friend <a href="/wiki/Ma_Yuan_(Han_dynasty)" title="Ma Yuan (Han dynasty)">Ma Yuan</a>, who had served as Wei's liaison officer to Emperor Guangwu and had tried in vain to persuade him not to take the course of independence. In response, Wei formally submitted to Gongsun and accepted a princely title—Prince of Shuoning—from him, and also tried to persuade Dou to join him. Dou refused, and attacked Wei in coordination with Emperor Guangwu's forces. After some initial successes, Wei's small independent regime eventually collapsed under overwhelming force and was reduced severely. In AD 33, Wei died and was succeeded by his son Wei Chun (隗純). In the winter of AD 34, Shuoning's capital Luomen (落門, in modern <a href="/wiki/Tianshui" title="Tianshui">Tianshui</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gansu" title="Gansu">Gansu</a>) fell, and Wei Chun surrendered. </p><p>Emperor Guangwu then turned his attention to Chengjia. He commissioned his generals Wu Han, Cen Peng (岑彭), Lai She (來歙), and Gai Yan (蓋延) to go on a two-pronged attack on Chengjia—Wu and Cen leading an army and a navy up the Yangtze river from modern <a href="/wiki/Hubei" title="Hubei">Hubei</a>, while Lai and Gai led an army south from modern <a href="/wiki/Shaanxi" title="Shaanxi">Shaanxi</a>. Instead of fighting the Eastern Han expedition on the battlefield, Gongsun tried to repel them by assassinating their generals—and he was initially successful, assassinating Cen and Lai and temporarily causing the Eastern Han forces to halt. However, Eastern Han forces regrouped, and in 36 they had Gongsun surrounded in his capital Chengdu (成都, modern <a href="/wiki/Chengdu" title="Chengdu">Chengdu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sichuan" title="Sichuan">Sichuan</a>). However, initial attempts to siege the city was unsuccessful, and Wu, then in command of the expeditory force, considered withdrawing. Persuaded by his lieutenant Zhang Kan (張堪) that Gongsun was in desperate straits, however, Wu tricked Gongsun into believing that the Eastern Han forces were collapsing from fatigue, drawing him out of the city and engaging in battle. Gongsun was mortally wounded in battle, and Chengdu surrendered in the winter of AD 36. Liu's general Wu Han then killed more than 10,000 people.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After Chengjia's fall, Dou turned over the lands under his control to Emperor Guangwu in AD 36, and was made prime controller. Lu, after initially submitting to Emperor Guangwu and made the Prince of Dai (as Emperor Guangwu maintained the fiction that Lu was actually from imperial lineage), eventually rebelled again, but, unable to succeed, eventually fled to Xiongnu in AD 42. The empire was entirely under Emperor Guangwu's rule. During the wartime, Liu's general <a href="/wiki/Geng_Yan" title="Geng Yan">Geng Yan</a> massacred 300 cities.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Reign_over_unified_empire">Reign over unified empire</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Emperor_Guangwu_of_Han&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Reign over unified empire"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Guangwudi-Ming-Image2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Guangwudi-Ming-Image2.jpg/223px-Guangwudi-Ming-Image2.jpg" decoding="async" width="223" height="343" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Guangwudi-Ming-Image2.jpg/335px-Guangwudi-Ming-Image2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/8e/Guangwudi-Ming-Image2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="391" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>Portrait of Emperor Guangwu from <i><a href="/wiki/Sancai_Tuhui" title="Sancai Tuhui">Sancai Tuhui</a></i></figcaption></figure> <p>Although Emperor Guangwu had already created many of his generals and officials marquesses, in AD 37, after the conquest of the empire was largely complete, he readjusted their <a href="/wiki/Marches" class="mw-redirect" title="Marches">marches</a> in accordance with their accomplishments. He also considered what would be the best way to preserve the relationships between him and his generals and to protect their title and position so he therefore resolved to give the generals large marches but not give them official positions in his government. He rewarded them with great wealth and often listened to their advice, but rarely put them in positions of authority. He thereby reduced friction between him and his generals, thus allowing for their relationships to be preserved. In this, he was matched perhaps only by <a href="/wiki/Emperor_Taizu_of_Song" title="Emperor Taizu of Song">Emperor Taizu of Song</a>. </p><p>As the emperor of the unified empire, Emperor Guangwu's reign was marked by thriftiness, efficiency, and laxity of laws. For example, in AD 38, his official Liang Tong (梁統) submitted a petition to restore the criminal laws of late Western Han dynasty—which were far more severe. After discussion with other officials, Emperor Guangwu tabled Liang's suggestion. But he originated the order that servants in the inner palace must be <a href="/wiki/Eunuch_(court_official)" class="mw-redirect" title="Eunuch (court official)">eunuchs</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Emperor Guangwu, however, had to deal with two campaigns against non-Chinese peoples. In AD 40, a <a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_people" title="Vietnamese people">Vietnamese</a> woman named <a href="/wiki/Trung_sisters" class="mw-redirect" title="Trung sisters">Trưng Trắc</a> (Chinese: Zheng Ce (徵側)) and her sister Trưng Nhị (Chinese: Zheng Er (徵貳)) rebelled. Trưng Trắc claimed the title of queen, and she ruled over an independent kingdom for several years. In AD 41, Emperor Guangwu sent <a href="/wiki/Ma_Yuan_(Han_dynasty)" title="Ma Yuan (Han dynasty)">Ma Yuan</a> against the <a href="/wiki/Tr%C6%B0ng_sisters" title="Trưng sisters">Trưng sisters</a>. In AD 43, he <a href="/wiki/Trung_sisters%27_rebellion" title="Trung sisters' rebellion">defeated the Trưng sisters and killed them</a>. (According to Vietnamese historians, they committed suicide by jumping into a river.) </p><p>Emperor Guangwu also had to deal with periodic minor battles against the Xiongnu to the north. However, throughout his reign, there were no major wars with Xiongnu. Nevertheless, because of raids by Xiongnu, <a href="/wiki/Wuhuan" title="Wuhuan">Wuhuan</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Xianbei" title="Xianbei">Xianbei</a>, the northern commanderies became largely unpopulated, as the people suffered great casualties and also fled to more southerly lands. </p><p>With these engagements, Emperor Guangwu declined yet another foreign engagement. In AD 46, many Xiyu (modern <a href="/wiki/Xinjiang" title="Xinjiang">Xinjiang</a> and former Soviet <a href="/wiki/Central_Asia" title="Central Asia">central Asia</a>) kingdoms were suffering under the hegemony of one of the kingdoms, Shache (<a href="/wiki/Yarkent_County" class="mw-redirect" title="Yarkent County">Yarkand</a>). They petitioned Emperor Guangwu to again reestablish the Western Han post of the governor of Xiyu. Emperor Guangwu declined, stating that his empire was so lacking in strength at the time that he could not expend efforts to protect Xiyu kingdoms. In response, the Xiyu kingdoms submitted to Xiongnu. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Marital_and_succession_issues">Marital and succession issues</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Emperor_Guangwu_of_Han&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Marital and succession issues"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Portraits_of_Famous_Men_-_Liu_Xiu.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Portraits_of_Famous_Men_-_Liu_Xiu.jpg/220px-Portraits_of_Famous_Men_-_Liu_Xiu.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="321" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Portraits_of_Famous_Men_-_Liu_Xiu.jpg/330px-Portraits_of_Famous_Men_-_Liu_Xiu.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Portraits_of_Famous_Men_-_Liu_Xiu.jpg/440px-Portraits_of_Famous_Men_-_Liu_Xiu.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2622" data-file-height="3828" /></a><figcaption>As depicted in the album <i>Portraits of Famous Men</i> <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1900, housed in the Philadelphia Museum of Art</figcaption></figure> <p>While still under the Gengshi Emperor's reign, Emperor Guangwu married his childhood sweetheart Yin Lihua. Later, in AD 24, while he was on his expedition north of the Yellow River, he entered a political marriage with <a href="/wiki/Guo_Shengtong" title="Guo Shengtong">Guo Shengtong</a> (郭聖通), the niece of a regional warlord, Liu Yang (劉楊) the Prince of Zhending. In AD 25, Guo birth him a son, Liu Jiang (劉疆). </p><p>In AD 26, Emperor Guangwu was prepared to create an empress, and he favored his first love, Yin. However, Yin had not yet had a son by that point, and she declined the empress position and endorsed Guo. Emperor Guangwu therefore made Guo empress and her son Prince Jiang <a href="/wiki/Crown_prince" title="Crown prince">crown prince</a>. </p><p>But by AD 41, Empress Guo had lost the emperor's favor. She continuously complained about that fact, and this angered Emperor Guangwu. In AD 41, he deposed her and made Yin empress instead. Rather than imprisoning Guo (as is often the fate of deposed empresses), he made her son Liu Fu (劉輔) the Prince of <a href="/wiki/Zhongshan_Kingdom_(Han_dynasty)" title="Zhongshan Kingdom (Han dynasty)">Zhongshan</a> and made her the Princess Dowager of Zhongshan. He made her brother Guo Kuang (郭況) an important official and, perhaps as a form of alimony, rewarded him with great wealth. </p><p>Not having the heart to depose both mother and son, Emperor Guangwu initially left Guo's son, Jiang, as the crown prince. However, Crown Prince Jiang, realizing that his position was precarious, repeatedly offered to step down. In AD 43, Emperor Guangwu agreed and made <a href="/wiki/Emperor_Ming_of_Han" title="Emperor Ming of Han">Liu Yang</a> (劉陽), the oldest son of Empress Yin, crown prince instead. Former Crown Prince Jiang was made the Prince of Donghai. He also changed Prince Yang's name to Zhuang (莊). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Late_reign">Late reign</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Emperor_Guangwu_of_Han&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Late reign"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In AD 47, an opportunity arose with regard to Xiongnu. Xiongnu had a succession dispute, pitting the current chanyu, Punu (蒲奴) against his cousin Bi (比), the son of a former chanyu. In AD 48, Bi also claimed the title of chanyu, and submitted to Emperor Guangwu's authority. Punu also submitted, in response, and the divided Xiongnu stopped waging war against Han. </p><p>In AD 49, a rare blot on Emperor Guangwu's rule occurred. He had once again commissioned Ma Yuan to go on an expedition—against the indigenous people of the Wulin Commandery (modern northwestern <a href="/wiki/Hunan" title="Hunan">Hunan</a> and eastern <a href="/wiki/Guizhou" title="Guizhou">Guizhou</a>), who had rebelled. While Ma was on the expedition, however, a number of Ma's political enemies made false accusations against Ma. Emperor Guangwu, believing these accusations, began investigating Ma, who happened to die of illness while on the campaign. With Ma dead and unable to defend himself, Emperor Guangwu stripped Ma of his marquess title and denounced him posthumously. (Ma's reputation was not restored until his <a href="/wiki/Empress_Ma_(Han_dynasty)" title="Empress Ma (Han dynasty)">daughter</a> later became empress to Emperor Guangwu's son <a href="/wiki/Emperor_Ming_of_Han" title="Emperor Ming of Han">Emperor Ming</a>.) </p><p>In AD 57, Emperor Guangwu died. He was succeeded by Crown Prince Zhuang, who ascended the throne as Emperor Ming. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Era_names">Era names</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Emperor_Guangwu_of_Han&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Era names"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Jianwu (建武): AD 25–56</li> <li>Jianwuzhongyuan (建武中元): AD 56–58</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Family">Family</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Emperor_Guangwu_of_Han&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Family"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Consorts_and_issue">Consorts and issue</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Emperor_Guangwu_of_Han&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Consorts and issue"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Empress_Yin_Lihua" class="mw-redirect" title="Empress Yin Lihua">Empress Guanglie</a>, of the Yin clan (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">光烈皇后陰氏</span></span>; 5–64), personal name Lihua (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">麗華</span></span>) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Emperor_Ming_of_Han" title="Emperor Ming of Han">Liu Zhuang</a>, Emperor Xiaoming (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">孝明皇帝劉莊</span></span>; 28–75), fourth son</li> <li>Liu Cang, Prince Xian of Dongping (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">東平憲王劉蒼</span></span>; d. 83), sixth son</li> <li>Princess Nieyang (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">涅陽公主</span></span>), personal name Zhongli (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">中禮</span></span>), second daughter <ul><li>Married Dou Gu of Fufeng, Marquis Xianqin (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">扶風竇固</span></span>; d. 88)</li></ul></li> <li>Liu Jing, Prince Si of Guangling (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">廣陵思王劉荊</span></span>; d. 67), eighth son</li> <li><i>Liu Heng, Duke Huai of Linhuai</i> (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">臨淮懷公劉衡</span></span>; d. 41), ninth son</li> <li>Liu Jing, Prince Xiao of Langya (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">琅邪孝王劉京</span></span>; d. 81), 11th son</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guo_Shengtong" title="Guo Shengtong">Empress</a>, of the Guo clan (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">皇后郭氏</span></span>; d. 52), fifth cousin, personal name Shengtong (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">聖通</span></span>) <ul><li>Liu Qiang, Prince Gong of Donghai (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">東海恭王劉強</span></span>; 25–58), first son</li> <li>Liu Fu, Prince Xian of Pei (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">沛獻王劉輔</span></span>; d. 84), second son</li> <li>Liu Kang, Prince An of Jinan (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">濟南安王劉康</span></span>; d. 97), fifth son</li> <li>Princess Guantao (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">館陶公主</span></span>; d. 73), personal name Hongfu (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">紅夫</span></span>), third daughter <ul><li>Married Han Guang (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">韓光</span></span>; d. 73), and had issue (one son)</li></ul></li> <li>Liu Yan, Prince Zhi of Fuling (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">阜陵質王劉延</span></span>; d. 89), seventh son</li> <li>Liu Yan, Prince Jian of Zhongshan (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">中山簡王劉焉</span></span>; 39–90), tenth son</li></ul></li> <li><i>Meiren</i>, of the Xu clan (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">美人許氏</span></span>; d. 86) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Liu_Ying_(prince)" title="Liu Ying (prince)">Liu Ying</a>, Prince Chu (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">楚王劉英</span></span>; d. 71), third son</li></ul></li> <li>Unknown <ul><li>Princess Wuyang (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">舞陽公主</span></span>), personal name Yiwang (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">義王</span></span>), first daughter <ul><li>Married Liang Song of Anding, Marquis Ling (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">安定梁松</span></span>), and had issue (one son)</li></ul></li> <li>Princess Yuyang (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">淯陽公主</span></span>), personal name Liliu (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">禮劉</span></span>), fourth daughter <ul><li>Married Guo Huang, Marquis Yang'an (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">郭璜</span></span>; d. 92) in 52</li></ul></li> <li>Princess Liyi (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">酈邑公主</span></span>; d. 59), personal name Shou (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">綬</span></span>), fifth daughter <ul><li>Married Yin Feng (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">陰豐</span></span>; d. 59)</li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Popular_culture">Popular culture</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Emperor_Guangwu_of_Han&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Popular culture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Appeared in the 2009 <a href="/wiki/Seoul_Broadcasting_System" title="Seoul Broadcasting System">SBS</a> TV series <i><a href="/wiki/Ja_Myung_Go" title="Ja Myung Go">Ja Myung Go</a></i>.</li> <li>Portrayed by <a href="/wiki/Yuan_Hong_(actor)" title="Yuan Hong (actor)">Yuan Hong</a> in <i><a href="/wiki/Singing_All_Along" title="Singing All Along">Singing All Along</a></i>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Emperor_Guangwu_of_Han&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Family_tree_of_the_Han_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Family tree of the Han dynasty">Family tree of the Han dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resurgence_of_Guangwu" class="mw-redirect" title="Resurgence of Guangwu">Resurgence of Guangwu</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Emperor_Guangwu_of_Han&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Proclaimed himself emperor on 5 August AD 25, but was not in control of the whole of China until 25 December AD 36 when the last city escaping his control, <a href="/wiki/Chengdu" title="Chengdu">Chengdu</a>, surrendered to his army.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bielenstein, 245.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">A.A. Kovalyov (А.А. Ковалёв), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://kronk.narod.ru/library/kovalov-aa-2007.htm"><i>Chinese Emperor on the Yenisy? Once more about the owner of the Tashebik "Palace"</i> (<i>Китайский император на Енисее? Ещё раз о хозяине ташебинского «дворца»</i>)</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20120710124344/http://kronk.narod.ru/library/kovalov-aa-2007.htm">Archived</a> 10 July 2012 at <a href="/wiki/Archive.today" title="Archive.today">archive.today</a>, in "Ethnohistory and archaeology of Northern Eurasia: theory, methodology, and the research practice" ("Этноистория и археология Северной Евразии: теория, методология и практика исследования"). Irkutsk, 2007, pp. 145–148.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a class="external text" href="https://zh.wikisource.org/wiki/後漢書/卷13">Houhanshu, vol. 13</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Houhanshu" class="mw-redirect" title="Houhanshu">Houhanshu</a>, vol. 19</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">赫遜河畔談中國歷史 by <a href="/wiki/Ray_Huang" title="Ray Huang">Ray Huang</a>, 10.光武中興</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090623070638/http://www.stnn.cc/arts/200611/t20061111_389214.html">太监原为皇帝的门客不必阉割光武帝之后悉用阉人</a></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <ul><li>Bielenstein, Hans. (1986). "Wang Mang, the Restoration of the Han Dynasty, and Later Han", in <i>The Cambridge History of China: Volume I: the Ch'in and Han Empires, 221 B.C. – A.D. 220</i>, 223–290. Edited by Denis Twitchett and Michael Loewe. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-24327-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-24327-0">0-521-24327-0</a>.</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Zizhi_Tongjian" title="Zizhi Tongjian">Zizhi Tongjian</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Sima_Guang" title="Sima Guang">Sima Guang</a>, vols. 38–44 (original available at <a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/s:%E8%B3%87%E6%B2%BB%E9%80%9A%E9%91%91" class="extiw" title="zh:s:資治通鑑">zh:s:資治通鑑</a>), and Modern Chinese Edition edited by <a href="/wiki/Bo_Yang" title="Bo Yang">Bo Yang</a> (Taipei, 1982–1989).</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hou_Han_Shu" class="mw-redirect" title="Hou Han Shu">Hou Han Shu</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Fan_Ye_(Liu_Song)" class="mw-redirect" title="Fan Ye (Liu Song)">Fan Ye</a>, vol. 1 (Biography of Emperor Guangwu), <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080210141642/http://ef.cdpa.nsysu.edu.tw/ccw/02/hhb01.htm">[1]</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Emperor_Guangwu_of_Han&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span> Media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/%E6%BC%A2%E5%85%89%E6%AD%A6%E5%B8%9D" class="extiw" title="commons:漢光武帝">漢光武帝</a> at Wikimedia Commons</li></ul> <table class="wikitable succession-box noprint" style="margin:0.5em auto; font-size:small;clear:both;"> <tbody><tr> <td colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #FFD700; text-align:center;"><div>Emperor Guangwu of Han</div><div><b><a href="/wiki/Han_dynasty" title="Han dynasty">House of Liu</a></b></div><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-size:90%; margin:2em"><b>Born:</b> 5 BC</span><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-size:90%; margin:2em"> <b>Died:</b> AD 57</span> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #ACE777;">Regnal titles </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Gengshi_Emperor" title="Gengshi Emperor">Gengshi Emperor</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Emperor_of_China" title="Emperor of China">Emperor of China</a> </b><br /><i><a href="/wiki/Han_dynasty#Eastern_Han" title="Han dynasty">Eastern Han</a></i><br />AD 25–AD 57 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Emperor_Ming_of_Han" title="Emperor Ming of Han">Emperor Ming of Han</a></div> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline 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href="/wiki/Template:Han_emperors" title="Template:Han emperors"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Han_emperors" title="Template talk:Han emperors"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Han_emperors" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Han emperors"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Emperors_of_the_Han_dynasty1153" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_emperors_of_the_Han_dynasty" title="List of emperors of the Han dynasty">Emperors of the Han dynasty</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="3"><div><a href="/wiki/Han_dynasty" title="Han dynasty">Han dynasty</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Western_Han" class="mw-redirect" title="Western Han">Western Han</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Emperor_Gaozu_of_Han" title="Emperor Gaozu of Han">Gaozu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emperor_Hui_of_Han" title="Emperor Hui of Han">Hui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empress_L%C3%BC" title="Empress Lü">Empress Lü</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Emperor_Qianshao_of_Han" title="Emperor Qianshao of Han">Qianshao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emperor_Houshao_of_Han" title="Emperor Houshao of Han">Houshao</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emperor_Wen_of_Han" title="Emperor Wen of Han">Wen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emperor_Jing_of_Han" title="Emperor Jing of Han">Jing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emperor_Wu_of_Han" title="Emperor Wu of Han">Wu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emperor_Zhao_of_Han" title="Emperor Zhao of Han">Zhao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marquis_of_Haihun" title="Marquis of Haihun">Liu He</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emperor_Xuan_of_Han" title="Emperor Xuan of Han">Xuan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emperor_Yuan_of_Han" title="Emperor Yuan of Han">Yuan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emperor_Cheng_of_Han" title="Emperor Cheng of Han">Cheng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emperor_Ai_of_Han" title="Emperor Ai of Han">Ai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emperor_Ping_of_Han" title="Emperor Ping of Han">Ping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruzi_Ying" title="Ruzi Ying">Ruzi</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="4" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span style="font-size:36px;">漢</span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">(<a href="/wiki/Xin_dynasty" title="Xin dynasty">Xin dynasty</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>(<a href="/wiki/Wang_Mang" title="Wang Mang">Wang Mang</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%BClin" class="mw-redirect" title="Lülin">Lülin</a> and <a href="/wiki/Red_Eyebrows" title="Red Eyebrows">Chimei</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gengshi_Emperor" title="Gengshi Emperor">Gengshi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liu_Penzi" title="Liu Penzi">Liu Penzi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Han" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Han">Eastern Han</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Guangwu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emperor_Ming_of_Han" title="Emperor Ming of Han">Ming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emperor_Zhang_of_Han" title="Emperor Zhang of Han">Zhang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emperor_He_of_Han" title="Emperor He of Han">He</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emperor_Shang_of_Han" title="Emperor Shang of Han">Shang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emperor_An_of_Han" title="Emperor An of Han">An</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marquess_of_Beixiang" title="Marquess of Beixiang">Marquess of Beixiang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emperor_Shun_of_Han" title="Emperor Shun of Han">Shun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emperor_Chong_of_Han" title="Emperor Chong of Han">Chong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emperor_Zhi_of_Han" title="Emperor Zhi of Han">Zhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emperor_Huan_of_Han" title="Emperor Huan of Han">Huan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emperor_Ling_of_Han" title="Emperor Ling of Han">Ling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liu_Bian" title="Liu Bian">Liu Bian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emperor_Xian_of_Han" title="Emperor Xian of Han">Xian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="3"><div><a href="/wiki/Template:Kings_of_Xia" title="Template:Kings of Xia">Xia</a> → <a href="/wiki/Template:Kings_of_Shang" title="Template:Kings of Shang">Shang</a> → <a href="/wiki/Template:Kings_of_Zhou" title="Template:Kings of Zhou">Zhou</a> → <a href="/wiki/Template:Monarchs_of_Qin" title="Template:Monarchs of Qin">Qin</a> → <a href="/wiki/Template:Han_emperors" title="Template:Han emperors">Han</a> → <a href="/wiki/Template:Three_Kingdoms_emperors" title="Template:Three Kingdoms emperors">3 Kingdoms</a> → <a href="/wiki/Template:Jin_emperors_(266%E2%80%93420)" title="Template:Jin emperors (266–420)">Jìn</a> / <a href="/wiki/Template:Sixteen_Kingdoms_rulers" class="mw-redirect" title="Template:Sixteen Kingdoms rulers">16 Kingdoms</a> → <a href="/wiki/Template:Southern_dynasties_emperors" title="Template:Southern dynasties emperors">S. Dynasties</a> / <a href="/wiki/Template:Northern_dynasties_emperors" title="Template:Northern dynasties emperors">N. Dynasties</a> → <a href="/wiki/Template:Sui_emperors" title="Template:Sui emperors">Sui</a> → <a href="/wiki/Template:Tang_emperors" title="Template:Tang emperors">Tang</a> → <a href="/wiki/Template:Five_Dynasties_and_Ten_Kingdoms_rulers" title="Template:Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms rulers">5 Dynasties & 10 Kingdoms</a> → <a href="/wiki/Template:Liao_emperors" title="Template:Liao emperors">Liao</a> / <a href="/wiki/Template:Song_emperors" title="Template:Song emperors">Song</a> / <a href="/wiki/Template:Western_Xia_emperors" title="Template:Western Xia emperors">W. Xia</a> / <a href="/wiki/Template:Jin_emperors_(1115%E2%80%931234)" title="Template:Jin emperors (1115–1234)">Jīn</a> → <a href="/wiki/Template:Yuan_emperors" title="Template:Yuan emperors">Yuan</a> → <a href="/wiki/Template:Ming_emperors" title="Template:Ming emperors">Ming</a> → <a href="/wiki/Template:Qing_emperors" title="Template:Qing emperors">Qing</a> → <a href="/wiki/Template:Presidents_of_the_Republic_of_China" title="Template:Presidents of the Republic of China">ROC</a> / <a href="/wiki/Template:Paramount_leaders_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" title="Template:Paramount leaders of the People's Republic of China">PRC</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7268#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata1109" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7268#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata1109" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7268#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000063501225">ISNI</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/35862183">VIAF</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/142009/">FAST</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJxRFrMh9hHwHbGpfKjDMP">WorldCat</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/1195568789">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n84166860">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an36630530">Australia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p149194382">Netherlands</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nli.org.il/en/authorities/987007435674005171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; 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