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href="#Young_Turk_Revolution_(1908–14)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.3.2 Young Turk Revolution (1908–14) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Young_Turk_Revolution_(1908–14)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-World_War_I_and_the_Armenian_genocide" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#World_War_I_and_the_Armenian_genocide"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.4 World War I and the Armenian genocide </div> </a> <ul id="toc-World_War_I_and_the_Armenian_genocide-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Republic_of_Armenia_(1918–1920)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Republic_of_Armenia_(1918–1920)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.5 Republic of Armenia (1918–1920) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Republic_of_Armenia_(1918–1920)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Exile" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Exile"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2 Exile </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Exile-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Exile subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Exile-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Lebanon" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lebanon"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 Lebanon </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lebanon-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Syria" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Syria"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2 Syria </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Syria-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Independent_Armenia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Independent_Armenia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Independent Armenia </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Independent_Armenia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Electoral_history" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Electoral_history"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Electoral history </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Electoral_history-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Electoral history subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Electoral_history-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Ottoman_Empire_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ottoman_Empire_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 Ottoman Empire </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ottoman_Empire_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Russian_Republic" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Russian_Republic"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 Russian Republic </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Russian_Republic-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Azerbaijan_Democratic_Republic" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Azerbaijan_Democratic_Republic"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3 Azerbaijan Democratic Republic </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Azerbaijan_Democratic_Republic-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Republic_of_Armenia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Republic_of_Armenia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.4 Republic of Armenia </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Republic_of_Armenia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Republic_of_Artsakh" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Republic_of_Artsakh"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.5 Republic of Artsakh </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Republic_of_Artsakh-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Artsakh" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Artsakh"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Artsakh </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Artsakh-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ideology_and_goals" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ideology_and_goals"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Ideology and goals </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ideology_and_goals-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Affiliate_organizations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Affiliate_organizations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Affiliate organizations </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Affiliate_organizations-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Affiliate organizations subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Affiliate_organizations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-US_and_Canada" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#US_and_Canada"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.1 US and Canada </div> </a> <ul id="toc-US_and_Canada-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Western_US_Committee_controversy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Western_US_Committee_controversy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.1.1 Western US Committee controversy </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Western_US_Committee_controversy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_countries" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_countries"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.2 Other countries </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_countries-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Media" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Media"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Media </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Media-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 Sources </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Armenian Revolutionary Federation</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 40 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-40" aria-hidden="true" > 40 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AD%D8%B2%D8%A8_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B7%D8%A7%D8%B4%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%82" title="حزب الطاشناق – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="حزب الطاشناق" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hyw mw-list-item"><a href="https://hyw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%80%D5%A1%D5%B5_%D5%85%D5%A5%D5%B2%D5%A1%D6%83%D5%B8%D5%AD%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%B6_%D4%B4%D5%A1%D5%B7%D5%B6%D5%A1%D5%AF%D6%81%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%AB%D6%82%D5%B6" title="Հայ Յեղափոխական Դաշնակցութիւն – Western Armenian" lang="hyw" hreflang="hyw" data-title="Հայ Յեղափոխական Դաշնակցութիւն" data-language-autonym="Արեւմտահայերէն" data-language-local-name="Western Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Արեւմտահայերէն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Da%C5%9Fnaksutyun" title="Daşnaksutyun – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Daşnaksutyun" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%B4%D9%86%D8%A7%DA%A9%D8%B3%DB%8C%D9%88%D9%86" title="داشناکسیون – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="داشناکسیون" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B0%D1%88%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%86%D1%83%D1%86%D1%8E%D0%BD" title="Дашнакцуцюн – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Дашнакцуцюн" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8E%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D1%84%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Арменска революционна федерация – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Арменска революционна федерация" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daixnak" title="Daixnak – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Daixnak" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arm%C3%A9nsk%C3%A1_revolu%C4%8Dn%C3%AD_federace" title="Arménská revoluční federace – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Arménská revoluční federace" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armeniens_Revolution%C3%A6re_F%C3%B8deration" title="Armeniens Revolutionære Føderation – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Armeniens Revolutionære Føderation" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armenische_Revolution%C3%A4re_F%C3%B6deration" title="Armenische Revolutionäre Föderation – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Armenische Revolutionäre Föderation" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Da%C5%A1naktshuthjun" title="Dašnaktshuthjun – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Dašnaktshuthjun" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federaci%C3%B3n_Revolucionaria_Armenia" title="Federación Revolucionaria Armenia – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Federación Revolucionaria Armenia" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armena_Revolucia_Federacio" title="Armena Revolucia Federacio – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Armena Revolucia Federacio" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D8%AF%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B3%DB%8C%D9%88%D9%86_%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%82%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%A8%DB%8C_%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%85%D9%86%DB%8C" title="فدراسیون انقلابی ارمنی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="فدراسیون انقلابی ارمنی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%C3%A9d%C3%A9ration_r%C3%A9volutionnaire_arm%C3%A9nienne" title="Fédération révolutionnaire arménienne – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Fédération révolutionnaire arménienne" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%95%84%EB%A5%B4%EB%A9%94%EB%8B%88%EC%95%84_%ED%98%81%EB%AA%85_%EC%97%B0%EB%A7%B9" title="아르메니아 혁명 연맹 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="아르메니아 혁명 연맹" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%80%D5%A1%D5%B5_%D5%85%D5%A5%D5%B2%D5%A1%D6%83%D5%B8%D5%AD%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%B6_%D4%B4%D5%A1%D5%B7%D5%B6%D5%A1%D5%AF%D6%81%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6" title="Հայ Յեղափոխական Դաշնակցություն – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Հայ Յեղափոխական Դաշնակցություն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federasi_Revolusioner_Armenia" title="Federasi Revolusioner Armenia – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Federasi Revolusioner Armenia" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federazione_Rivoluzionaria_Armena" title="Federazione Rivoluzionaria Armena – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Federazione Rivoluzionaria Armena" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%A4%D7%93%D7%A8%D7%A6%D7%99%D7%94_%D7%94%D7%9E%D7%94%D7%A4%D7%9B%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%AA_%D7%94%D7%90%D7%A8%D7%9E%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%AA" title="הפדרציה המהפכנית הארמנית – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="הפדרציה המהפכנית הארמנית" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%93%E1%83%90%E1%83%A8%E1%83%9C%E1%83%90%E1%83%99%E1%83%AA%E1%83%A3%E1%83%97%E1%83%98%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98" title="დაშნაკცუთიუნი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="დაშნაკცუთიუნი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lad mw-list-item"><a href="https://lad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dashnak" title="Dashnak – Ladino" lang="lad" hreflang="lad" data-title="Dashnak" data-language-autonym="Ladino" data-language-local-name="Ladino" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ladino</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arm%C4%97nijos_revoliucin%C4%97_federacija" title="Armėnijos revoliucinė federacija – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Armėnijos revoliucinė federacija" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%83%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D1%84%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Ерменска револуционерна федерација – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Ерменска револуционерна федерација" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AD%D8%B2%D8%A8_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B7%D8%A7%D8%B4%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%82" title="حزب الطاشناق – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="حزب الطاشناق" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persekutuan_Revolusi_Armenia" 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(July 2024)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Political party in Armenia</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 125%;"><div style="padding-top:0.3em; padding-bottom:0.3em; border-top:2px solid #AA0000; border-bottom:2px solid #AA0000; line-height: 1;"><div class="fn org">Armenian Revolutionary Federation</div> <div style="font-size: 0.8em; padding-top:0.3em;" class="nickname"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style>Հայ Յեղափոխական Դաշնակցութիւն</div></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image logo" style="padding-top:.4em;padding-bottom:.3em;"><a href="/wiki/File:Armenian_Revolutionary_Federation_logo.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/3/37/Armenian_Revolutionary_Federation_logo.png/130px-Armenian_Revolutionary_Federation_logo.png" decoding="async" width="130" height="130" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/3/37/Armenian_Revolutionary_Federation_logo.png/195px-Armenian_Revolutionary_Federation_logo.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/3/37/Armenian_Revolutionary_Federation_logo.png 2x" data-file-width="247" data-file-height="247" /></a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;">Other name</th><td class="infobox-data nickname" style="line-height:1.3em;">Dashnaktsutyun</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;">Abbreviation</th><td class="infobox-data nickname" style="line-height:1.3em;">ARF (English) ՀՅԴ (Armenian)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;">Bureau Chairman</th><td class="infobox-data agent" style="line-height:1.3em;">Hakob Ter-Khachaturyan</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;">Supreme Council Chairman</th><td class="infobox-data agent" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Ishkhan_Saghatelyan" title="Ishkhan Saghatelyan">Ishkhan Saghatelyan</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;">Founders</th><td class="infobox-data agent" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Christapor_Mikaelian" title="Christapor Mikaelian">Christapor Mikaelian</a> <a href="/wiki/Stepan_Zorian" title="Stepan Zorian">Stepan Zorian</a> <a href="/wiki/Simon_Zavarian" title="Simon Zavarian">Simon Zavarian</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;">Founded</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;">1890<a href="#cite_note-Origins_of_the_ARF-1">[1]</a> in <a href="/wiki/Tiflis" class="mw-redirect" title="Tiflis">Tiflis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russian Empire</a> (now <a href="/wiki/Tbilisi" title="Tbilisi">Tbilisi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Georgia_(country)" title="Georgia (country)">Georgia</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;">Headquarters</th><td class="infobox-data label" style="line-height:1.3em;">Mher Mkrtchyan 12/1, <a href="/wiki/Yerevan" title="Yerevan">Yerevan</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;">Newspaper</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Yerkir" title="Yerkir">Yerkir</a> (Երկիր, "Country") and <a href="/wiki/Droshak" title="Droshak">Droshak</a> (Դրօշակ, "Banner")</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Student_wing" title="Student wing">Student wing</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;">ARF Shant Student Association ARF Armen Karo Student Association</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Youth_wing" title="Youth wing">Youth wing</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Armenian_Youth_Federation" title="Armenian Youth Federation">Armenian Youth Federation</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;">TV Channel</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Yerkir_Media" title="Yerkir Media">Yerkir Media</a> (in Armenia)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;">Membership <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488">(2012)</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;">6,800 (in Armenia only)<a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_ideologies" title="List of political ideologies">Ideology</a></th><td class="infobox-data category" style="line-height:1.3em;"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist nowrap"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_nationalism" title="Armenian nationalism">Armenian nationalism</a><a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/United_Armenia" title="United Armenia">United Armenia</a><a href="#cnote_a">[a]</a><a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Social_market_economy" title="Social market economy">Social market economy</a><a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Populism" title="Populism">Populism</a><a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a><a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a> <a href="/wiki/Russophilia" title="Russophilia">Russophilia</a><a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a></li><li>Historical:</li><li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_socialism" title="Democratic socialism">Democratic socialism</a><a href="#cite_note-24">[24]</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_socialism" title="Revolutionary socialism">Revolutionary socialism</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHovannisian197140-25">[25]</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Sovietism" title="Anti-Sovietism">Anti-Sovietism</a><a href="#cite_note-30">[30]</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Political_spectrum" title="Political spectrum">Political position</a></th><td class="infobox-data category" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Centre-left_politics" title="Centre-left politics">Centre-left</a><a href="#cite_note-31">[31]</a><a href="#cite_note-32">[32]</a> to <a href="/wiki/Left-wing_politics" title="Left-wing politics">left-wing</a><a href="#cite_note-33">[33]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;">National affiliation</th><td class="infobox-data category" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Homeland_Salvation_Movement" title="Homeland Salvation Movement">Homeland Salvation Movement</a> (in Armenia; 2020–2021) <a href="/wiki/Armenia_Alliance" title="Armenia Alliance">Armenia Alliance</a> (in Armenia) <a href="/wiki/March_8_Alliance" title="March 8 Alliance">March 8 Alliance</a> (in Lebanon)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/European_political_party" title="European political party">European affiliation</a></th><td class="infobox-data category" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Party_of_European_Socialists" title="Party of European Socialists">Party of European Socialists</a> (observer)<a href="#cite_note-34">[34]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;">Continental affiliation</th><td class="infobox-data category" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%83%D0%BC_%D1%81%D0%BE%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B2_%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D0%A1%D0%9D%D0%93" class="extiw" title="ru:Форум социалистов стран СНГ">Forum of Socialists of the CIS Countries</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;">International affiliation</th><td class="infobox-data category" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Socialist_International" title="Socialist International">Socialist International</a> (1951–1960; 1996–present)<a href="#cite_note-ARF_news_'Yerkir'-35">[35]</a> <a href="/wiki/Labour_and_Socialist_International" title="Labour and Socialist International">Labour and Socialist International</a> (1923–1940) <a href="/wiki/Second_International" title="Second International">Second International</a> (1907–1916)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;">Colors</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style>  Red and <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959">  gold</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;">Slogan</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;">"Ազատութիւն կամ մահ" Azatut'yun kam mah ("Freedom or Death")<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVerluise199538-28">[28]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;">Anthem</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;">"Մշակ, բանուոր" Mshak Banvor ("Peasant and Worker")</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;">Affiliates</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Armenian_Relief_Society" title="Armenian Relief Society">Armenian Relief Society</a> <a href="/wiki/Homenetmen" title="Homenetmen">Homenetmen</a> <a href="/wiki/Hamazkayin" title="Hamazkayin">Hamazkayin</a> <a href="/wiki/Armenian_National_Committee_of_America" title="Armenian National Committee of America">Armenian National Committee of America</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/National_Assembly_of_Armenia" class="mw-redirect" title="National Assembly of Armenia">National Assembly of Armenia</a><a href="#cite_note-36">[36]</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><div style="width: 100px;">10 / 107<div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #AA0000; color:inherit; width: 9%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Lebanon" title="Parliament of Lebanon">Parliament of Lebanon</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><div style="width: 100px;">3 / 128<div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #AA0000; color:inherit; width: 2%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="line-height: 0.8em;">Party flag</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/File:Armenian_Revolutionary_Federation_Flag.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Armenian_Revolutionary_Federation_Flag.svg/190px-Armenian_Revolutionary_Federation_Flag.svg.png" decoding="async" width="190" height="127" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Armenian_Revolutionary_Federation_Flag.svg/285px-Armenian_Revolutionary_Federation_Flag.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Armenian_Revolutionary_Federation_Flag.svg/380px-Armenian_Revolutionary_Federation_Flag.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="450" data-file-height="300" /></a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="line-height: 0.8em;">Website</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arfd.am">arfd.am</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q318657#P856" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below" style="padding-top:0;"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><div class="hlist" style="line-height:1.3em; padding-top:0.3em; border-top:2px solid #AA0000;"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Armenia" title="Politics of Armenia">Politics of Armenia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Armenia" title="List of political parties in Armenia">Political parties</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Armenia" title="Elections in Armenia">Elections</a></li></ul></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist" style="line-height:1.3em; margin-top:0.2em; padding-top:0.2em; border-top: 1px solid #aaa;"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Lebanon" title="Politics of Lebanon">Politics of Lebanon</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Lebanon" title="List of political parties in Lebanon">Political parties</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Lebanon" title="Elections in Lebanon">Elections</a></li></ul></div><hr /><a href="#ref_a">^</a> a: <a href="/wiki/United_Armenia" title="United Armenia">United Armenia</a> is an irredentist concept referring to areas within the traditional Armenian homeland. The ARF idea of "United Armenia" incorporates claims to <a href="/wiki/Western_Armenia" title="Western Armenia">Western Armenia</a> (eastern Turkey), <a href="/wiki/Nagorno-Karabakh" title="Nagorno-Karabakh">Nagorno-Karabakh</a> (Artsakh), the landlocked exclave <a href="/wiki/Nakhchivan_Autonomous_Republic" title="Nakhchivan Autonomous Republic">Nakhichevan</a> of <a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan" title="Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Javakheti" title="Javakheti">Javakheti</a> (Javakhk) region of <a href="/wiki/Georgia_(country)" title="Georgia (country)">Georgia</a>. </td></tr></tbody></table> The Armenian Revolutionary Federation (<a href="/wiki/Armenian_language" title="Armenian language">Armenian</a>: Հայ Յեղափոխական Դաշնակցութիւն, <a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Armenian" title="Romanization of Armenian">romanized</a>: Hay Heghapokhakan Dashnaktsutyun,<a href="#cite_note-37">[a]</a> abbr. ARF (ՀՅԴ) or ARF-D), also known as Dashnaktsutyun<a href="#cite_note-38">[b]</a> (<a href="/wiki/Armenians" title="Armenians">Armenian</a>: Դաշնակցություն, <a href="/wiki/Literal_translation" title="Literal translation">lit.</a> "Federation"<a href="#cite_note-39">[c]</a>), is an <a href="/wiki/Armenian_nationalism" title="Armenian nationalism">Armenian nationalist</a> and <a href="/wiki/Socialism" title="Socialism">socialist</a> <a href="/wiki/Political_party" title="Political party">political party</a><a href="#cite_note-40">[37]</a><a href="#cite_note-41">[38]</a><a href="#cite_note-42">[39]</a> founded in 1890 in <a href="/wiki/Tbilisi" title="Tbilisi">Tiflis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russian Empire</a> by <a href="/wiki/Christapor_Mikaelian" title="Christapor Mikaelian">Christapor Mikaelian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Stepan_Zorian" title="Stepan Zorian">Stepan Zorian</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Simon_Zavarian" title="Simon Zavarian">Simon Zavarian</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Foundation_of_the_ARF-43">[40]</a> As of 2023<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Armenian_Revolutionary_Federation&action=edit">[update]</a>, the party operates in <a href="/wiki/Armenia" title="Armenia">Armenia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lebanon" title="Lebanon">Lebanon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a> and in countries where the <a href="/wiki/Armenian_diaspora" title="Armenian diaspora">Armenian diaspora</a> is present. The party was also active in <a href="/wiki/Artsakh_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="Artsakh Republic">Artsakh</a> until the <a href="/wiki/2023_Azerbaijani_offensive_in_Nagorno-Karabakh" title="2023 Azerbaijani offensive in Nagorno-Karabakh">Azerbaijani offensive</a> in September 2023. Although it has long been the most influential political party in the Armenian diaspora, it has a comparatively smaller proportional presence in modern-day <a href="/wiki/Armenia" title="Armenia">Armenia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-sanjian-44">[41]</a> As of October 2023<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Armenian_Revolutionary_Federation&action=edit">[update]</a>, the party was represented in two national parliaments, with ten seats in the <a href="/wiki/National_Assembly_of_Armenia" class="mw-redirect" title="National Assembly of Armenia">National Assembly of Armenia</a> and three seats in the <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Lebanon" title="Parliament of Lebanon">Parliament of Lebanon</a><a href="#cite_note-The_Lebanon-45">[42]</a><a href="#cite_note-Karabakh_and_ARF-46">[43]</a> as part of the <a href="/wiki/March_8_Alliance" title="March 8 Alliance">March 8 Alliance</a>. The ARF has traditionally advocated <a href="/wiki/Socialist_democracy" title="Socialist democracy">socialist democracy</a><a href="#cite_note-47">[44]</a> and has been a full member of the <a href="/wiki/Socialist_International" title="Socialist International">Socialist International</a> since 2003; it joined the <a href="/wiki/Second_International" title="Second International">Second International</a> in 1907.<a href="#cite_note-ARF_news_'Yerkir'-35">[35]</a><a href="#cite_note-48">[45]</a> It has the largest membership of the political parties present in the Armenian diaspora, having established affiliates in more than 20 countries.<a href="#cite_note-AZG_Armenian_Daily2-49">[46]</a> Compared to other diasporan Armenian parties which tend to primarily focus on educational or humanitarian projects, the ARF is the most politically oriented of the organizations and traditionally has been one of the staunchest supporters of <a href="/wiki/Armenian_nationalism" title="Armenian nationalism">Armenian nationalism</a>.<a href="#cite_note-AZG_Armenian_Daily2-49">[46]</a> The party campaigns for the <a href="/wiki/Recognition_of_the_Armenian_genocide" class="mw-redirect" title="Recognition of the Armenian genocide">recognition of the Armenian genocide</a> and the right to <a href="/wiki/Armenian_genocide_reparations" title="Armenian genocide reparations">reparations</a>. It also advocates the establishment of <a href="/wiki/Greater_Armenia_(political_concept)" class="mw-redirect" title="Greater Armenia (political concept)">United Armenia</a>, partially based on the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_S%C3%A8vres" title="Treaty of Sèvres">Treaty of Sèvres</a> of 1920. The ARF originated as a merger of various Armenian political groups, mainly from the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russian Empire</a>, with the declared goal of achieving "the political and economic freedom of <a href="/wiki/Western_Armenia" title="Western Armenia">Turkish Armenia</a>" by means of armed rebellion.<a href="#cite_note-nalbandian2-50">[47]</a> In the 1890s, the party sought to unify the various small groups in the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a> that were advocating reform and defending Armenian villages from the massacres and banditry that were widespread in some of the Armenian-populated areas of the empire. ARF members formed groups of partisans (<a href="/wiki/Armenian_fedayi" title="Armenian fedayi">fedayi</a>) that defended Armenian civilians through armed resistance. The party refrained from revolutionary activity in the Russian Empire until the decision of the Russian authorities to confiscate <a href="/wiki/Armenian_Apostolic_Church" title="Armenian Apostolic Church">Armenian Church</a> property in 1903.<a href="#cite_note-libaridian-51">[48]</a> Initially restricting its demands to the establishment of autonomy and democratic rights for Armenians in the two empires, the party adopted an independent and united Armenia as part of its program in 1919.<a href="#cite_note-Dasnabedian-52">[49]</a> In 1918, the party was instrumental in the formation of the <a href="/wiki/First_Republic_of_Armenia" title="First Republic of Armenia">First Republic of Armenia</a>, which fell to the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Russia" class="mw-redirect" title="Soviet Russia">Soviet</a> communists in 1920.<a href="#cite_note-ARF.am-53">[50]</a> After the communists exiled its leadership, the ARF established itself within <a href="/wiki/Armenian_diaspora" title="Armenian diaspora">Armenian-diaspora</a> communities, where it helped Armenians to preserve their cultural identity.<a href="#cite_note-ARF_Shant_Student_Association-54">[51]</a> After the <a href="/wiki/Dissolution_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Dissolution of the Soviet Union">dissolution of the Soviet Union</a> in 1991, the ARF reestablished its presence in Armenia. Prior to <a href="/wiki/Serzh_Sargsyan" title="Serzh Sargsyan">Serzh Sargsyan</a>'s election as <a href="/wiki/President_of_Armenia" title="President of Armenia">President of Armenia</a> in February 2008 and for a short time thereafter, the ARF was a member of the governing coalition, even though it nominated its own candidate in the <a href="/wiki/2008_Armenian_presidential_election" title="2008 Armenian presidential election">2008 presidential elections</a>.<a href="#cite_note-gov.am-55">[52]</a> ARF reentered Sargsyan's cabinet in February 2016 in what was defined as a "long-term political cooperation" agreement with the <a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_of_Armenia" title="Republican Party of Armenia">Republican Party</a> by means of which the ARF would share responsibility for all government policies.<a href="#cite_note-asbarez.com-56">[53]</a> The ARF then approved of Sargsyan's nomination in April 2018 as <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Armenia" title="Prime Minister of Armenia">Prime Minister</a>, from which post he resigned six days later (23 April 2018) amid large-scale protests in what came to be known as the <a href="/wiki/2018_Armenian_Velvet_Revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="2018 Armenian Velvet Revolution">Velvet Revolution</a>.<a href="#cite_note-57">[54]</a> By the evening of 25 April 2018, ARF-Dashnaktsutyun had withdrawn from the coalition. Following the Velvet Revolution, the party lost support from the general public in Armenia and is now being polled at 1–2%.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Relative_time_references" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch">timeframe?</a>] The party lost political representation in the <a href="/wiki/2018_Armenian_parliamentary_election" title="2018 Armenian parliamentary election">2018 Armenian parliamentary election</a> after receiving only 3.89% of the votes, which is lower than the 5% minimum threshold required for representation in the <a href="/wiki/National_Assembly_(Armenia)" title="National Assembly (Armenia)">National Assembly</a>. During the <a href="/wiki/2020%E2%80%932021_Armenian_protests" title="2020–2021 Armenian protests">2020–2021 Armenian protests</a>, the party confirmed it would participate in the <a href="/wiki/2021_Armenian_parliamentary_election" title="2021 Armenian parliamentary election">2021 Armenian parliamentary election</a> as part of a political alliance - the <a href="/wiki/Armenia_Alliance" title="Armenia Alliance">Armenia Alliance</a> - with <a href="/wiki/Reborn_Armenia" title="Reborn Armenia">Reborn Armenia</a>. In the 2021 election, the Armenia Alliance, led by the second President of Armenia, <a href="/wiki/Robert_Kocharyan" title="Robert Kocharyan">Robert Kocharyan</a>, won 21% of the popular vote and gained 29 seats in the National Assembly.<a href="#cite_note-:3-58">[55]</a><a href="#cite_note-59">[56]</a> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_history">Early history</h2></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Founders_of_the_Armenian_Revolutionary_Federation_Stepan_Zorian,_Christapor_Mikaelian,_Simon_Zavarian.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Founders_of_the_Armenian_Revolutionary_Federation_Stepan_Zorian%2C_Christapor_Mikaelian%2C_Simon_Zavarian.jpg/280px-Founders_of_the_Armenian_Revolutionary_Federation_Stepan_Zorian%2C_Christapor_Mikaelian%2C_Simon_Zavarian.jpg" decoding="async" width="280" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Founders_of_the_Armenian_Revolutionary_Federation_Stepan_Zorian%2C_Christapor_Mikaelian%2C_Simon_Zavarian.jpg/420px-Founders_of_the_Armenian_Revolutionary_Federation_Stepan_Zorian%2C_Christapor_Mikaelian%2C_Simon_Zavarian.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b4/Founders_of_the_Armenian_Revolutionary_Federation_Stepan_Zorian%2C_Christapor_Mikaelian%2C_Simon_Zavarian.jpg 2x" data-file-width="549" data-file-height="314" /></a><figcaption>ARF Founders left to right: <a href="/wiki/Stepan_Zorian" title="Stepan Zorian">Stepan Zorian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Christapor_Mikaelian" title="Christapor Mikaelian">Christapor Mikaelian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Simon_Zavarian" title="Simon Zavarian">Simon Zavarian</a></figcaption></figure> In the late 19th century, the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russian Empire</a> became the hub of small groups advocating reform in Armenian-populated areas in the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a>. In 1890, recognizing the need to unify these groups in order to be more efficient, <a href="/wiki/Christapor_Mikaelian" title="Christapor Mikaelian">Christapor Mikaelian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Simon_Zavarian" title="Simon Zavarian">Simon Zavarian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Stepan_Zorian" title="Stepan Zorian">Stepan Zorian</a> created a new political party called the "Federation of Armenian Revolutionaries" (Հայ Յեղափոխականների Դաշնակցութիւն, Hay Heghapokhakanneri Dashnaktsutyun), which would eventually be called the "Armenian Revolutionary Federation" or "Dashnaktsutiun" in 1890.<a href="#cite_note-Origins_of_the_ARF-1">[1]</a>: 103, 106  The <a href="/wiki/Social_Democrat_Hunchakian_Party" title="Social Democrat Hunchakian Party">Social Democrat Hunchakian Party</a>, an existing Armenian socialist and revolutionary party, initially agreed to join the "Federation of Armenian Revolutionaries." However, the Hunchaks soon withdrew due to disputes over ideological and organizational questions, such as the role of socialism in the party's program. Another faction of non-socialists led by Konstantin Khatisian split from the federation early on. Despite this, the party began to organize itself in the Ottoman Empire and convened its First General Congress in 1892, where a program containing socialist principles was adopted.<a href="#cite_note-nalbandian2-50">[47]</a> The original aim of the ARF was to gain autonomy for the Armenian-populated areas in the Ottoman Empire by means of armed rebellion. At the First Congress, the party adopted a decentralized modus operandi according to which the chapters in different countries were allowed to plan and implement policies in tune with their local political atmosphere. The party set its goal of a society based on the democratic principles of <a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_assembly" title="Freedom of assembly">freedom of assembly</a>, <a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_speech" title="Freedom of speech">freedom of speech</a>, <a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion" title="Freedom of religion">freedom of religion</a> and <a href="/wiki/Agrarian_reform" class="mw-redirect" title="Agrarian reform">agrarian reform</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Foundation_of_the_ARF-43">[40]</a><a href="#cite_note-Origins_of_the_ARF-1">[1]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Russian_Empire">Russian Empire</h3></div> The ARF gradually acquired significant strength and sympathy among <a href="/wiki/Russian_Armenians" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian Armenians">Russian Armenians</a>. Mainly because of the ARF's stance towards the Ottoman Empire, the party enjoyed the support of the central Russian administration, as <a href="/wiki/Tsarist" class="mw-redirect" title="Tsarist">tsarist</a> and ARF foreign policy had the same alignment until 1903.<a href="#cite_note-Anna_Geifman-60">[57]</a> On 12 June 1903, the tsarist authorities passed an edict to bring all <a href="/wiki/Armenian_Apostolic_Church" title="Armenian Apostolic Church">Armenian Church</a> property under imperial control. This was faced by strong ARF opposition, because the ARF perceived the tsarist edict as a threat to the Armenian national existence. As a result, the ARF leadership decided to defend Armenian churches by dispatching militiamen who acted as guards and by holding mass demonstrations.<a href="#cite_note-Anna_Geifman-60">[57]</a><a href="#cite_note-tempest-61">[58]</a> In 1904, the party broke with its old policy of non-struggle against the Tsarist authorities, engaging in acts of terrorism against the imperial bureaucracy and establishing separate schools, courts, and prisons in Russian Armenia.<a href="#cite_note-libaridian-51">[48]</a> In 1905–06, the <a href="/wiki/Armenian-Tatar_massacres" class="mw-redirect" title="Armenian-Tatar massacres">Armenian-Tatar massacres</a> broke out during which the ARF became involved in armed activities. Some sources claim that the Russian government incited the massacres in order to reinforce its authority during the revolutionary turmoil of 1905.<a href="#cite_note-Stalin-62">[59]</a> The first outbreak of violence occurred in <a href="/wiki/Baku" title="Baku">Baku</a>, in February 1905.<a href="#cite_note-Tadeusz-63">[60]</a> The ARF held the Russian authorities responsible for inaction and instigation of massacres that were part of a larger <a href="/wiki/Anti-Armenianism" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-Armenianism">anti-Armenian</a> policy. On 11 May 1905, Dashnak revolutionary <a href="/wiki/Drastamat_Kanayan" title="Drastamat Kanayan">Drastamat Kanayan</a> assassinated Russian governor general <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mikhail_Nakashidze&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mikhail Nakashidze (page does not exist)">Mikhail Nakashidze</a> [<a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%88%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B7%D0%B5,_%D0%9C%D0%B8%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%B8%D0%BB_%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87_(%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%B3%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80)" class="extiw" title="ru:Накашидзе, Михаил Александрович (бакинский губернатор)">ru</a>], who was considered by the Armenian population as the main instigator of hate and confrontation between the Armenians and the Tatars. Unable to rely on the state for protection, the Armenian bourgeoisie turned to the ARF. Against the criticisms of their rivals to the left (the Hunchaks, Bolsheviks and <a href="/wiki/Armenian_Social-Democratic_Labour_Organization" title="Armenian Social-Democratic Labour Organization">Specifists</a>), the Dashnak leaders argued that, given employment discrimination against Armenian workers in non-Armenian concerns, the defence provided to the Armenian bourgeoisie was essential to the safekeeping of employment opportunities for Armenian laborers.<a href="#cite_note-64">[61]</a> The Russian Tsar's envoy in the <a href="/wiki/Caucasus" title="Caucasus">Caucasus</a>, Vorontsov-Dashkov, reported that the ARF bore a major portion of responsibilities for perpetrating the massacres.<a href="#cite_note-65">[62]</a> The ARF, however, argued that it helped to organize the defence of the Armenian population against Muslim attacks. The blows suffered at the hands of the Dashnakist fighting squads proved a catalyst for the consolidation of the Muslim community of the Caucasus.<a href="#cite_note-Tadeusz-63">[60]</a> During that period, the ARF regarded armed activity, including <a href="/wiki/Terrorism" title="Terrorism">terror</a>, as necessary for the achievement of political goals.<a href="#cite_note-66">[63]</a> In January 1912, 159 ARF members, being lawyers, bankers, merchants and other intellectuals, were tried before the Russian senate for their participation in the party. They were defended by then-lawyer <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Kerensky" title="Alexander Kerensky">Alexander Kerensky</a>, who challenged much of the evidence used against them as the "original investigators had been encouraged by the local administration to use any available means" to convict the men.<a href="#cite_note-67">[64]</a> Kerensky succeeded in having the evidence reexamined for one of the defendants. He and several other lawyers "made openly contemptuous declarations" about this discrepancy to the Russian press, which was forbidden to attend the trials, and this in turn greatly embarrassed the senators. The Senate eventually opened an inquiry against the chief <a href="/wiki/Magistrate" title="Magistrate">magistrate</a> who had brought the charges against the Dashnak members and concluded that he was insane. Ninety-four of the accused were acquitted, while the rest were either imprisoned or exiled for varying periods, the most severe being six years.<a href="#cite_note-68">[65]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Persian_Empire">Persian Empire</h3></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Iranian_Constitutional_Revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Iranian Constitutional Revolution">Iranian Constitutional Revolution</a> and <a href="/wiki/Armenian_Revolutionary_Federation_in_Iran" title="Armenian Revolutionary Federation in Iran">Armenian Revolutionary Federation in Iran</a></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Yeprem_khan.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Yeprem_khan.jpg/150px-Yeprem_khan.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="219" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Yeprem_khan.jpg/225px-Yeprem_khan.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Yeprem_khan.jpg/300px-Yeprem_khan.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1173" data-file-height="1716" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Yeprem_Khan" title="Yeprem Khan">Yeprem Khan</a> was a revolutionary leader of <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a></figcaption></figure> The Dashnaktsutiun held a meeting on 26 April 1907, dubbed the Fourth General Congress, at which ARF leaders such as <a href="/wiki/Aram_Manukian" title="Aram Manukian">Aram Manukian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hamo_Ohanjanyan" title="Hamo Ohanjanyan">Hamo Ohanjanyan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Stepan_Stepanian" title="Stepan Stepanian">Stepan Stepanian</a> discussed their engagement in the <a href="/wiki/Iranian_Constitutional_Revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Iranian Constitutional Revolution">Iranian Constitutional Revolution</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Early_Dashnaktsutiun_role_in_Iranian_Constitutional_Revolution-69">[66]</a> They established that the movement was one that had political, ideological and economic components and was thus aimed at establishing law and order, human rights and the interests of all working people. They also felt that it would work for the benefit and interest of <a href="/wiki/Armenian-Iranians" class="mw-redirect" title="Armenian-Iranians">Armenian-Iranians</a>. The final vote was 25 votes in favour and one absentia.<a href="#cite_note-Early_Dashnaktsutiun_role_in_Iranian_Constitutional_Revolution-69">[66]</a> From 1907 to 1908, during the time when the Young Turks came to power in the Ottoman Empire, Armenians from the <a href="/wiki/Caucasus" title="Caucasus">Caucasus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Western_Armenia" title="Western Armenia">Western Armenia</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a> started to collaborate with Iranian constitutionalists and revolutionaries.<a href="#cite_note-Early_Dashnaktsutiun_role_in_Iranian_Constitutional_Revolution-69">[66]</a> Political parties, notably the Dashnaktsutiun, wanted to influence the direction of the revolution towards greater democracy and to safeguard gains already achieved. The Dashnak contribution to the fight was mostly military, as it sent some of its well-known fedayees to Iran after the guerrilla campaign in the Ottoman Empire ended with the rise of the Young Turks.<a href="#cite_note-Early_Dashnaktsutiun_role_in_Iranian_Constitutional_Revolution-69">[66]</a> A notable ARF member already in Iran was <a href="/wiki/Yeprem_Khan" title="Yeprem Khan">Yeprem Khan</a>, who had established a branch of the party in the country. Yeprem Khan was highly instrumental in the Constitutional revolution of Iran. After the Persian national parliament was shelled by the Russian Colonel <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Liakhov" title="Vladimir Liakhov">Vladimir Liakhov</a>, Yeprem Khan rallied with <a href="/wiki/Sattar_Khan" title="Sattar Khan">Sattar Khan</a> and other revolutionary leaders in the Constitutional Revolution of Iran against <a href="/wiki/Mohammad_Ali_Shah_Qajar" title="Mohammad Ali Shah Qajar">Mohammad Ali Shah Qajar</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Yeprem_Khan_role_in_Iranian_Constitutional_Revolution-70">[67]</a> Relations between Sattar Khan and the ARF oscillated between amity and resentment. Sometimes he was viewed as being ignorant, while at other times he was dubbed a great hero.<a href="#cite_note-Yeprem_Khan_role_in_Iranian_Constitutional_Revolution-70">[67]</a> Nonetheless, the ARF came to collaborate with him and alongside Yeprem Khan posted many victories including the capture of <a href="/wiki/Rasht" title="Rasht">Rasht</a> in February 1909. At the end of June 1909, the fighters <a href="/wiki/Triumph_of_Tehran" title="Triumph of Tehran">arrived</a> in <a href="/wiki/Tehran" title="Tehran">Tehran</a> and after several battles, took over the <a href="/wiki/Majlis_of_Iran" class="mw-redirect" title="Majlis of Iran">Majles</a> building and the <a href="/wiki/Sepahsalar_Mosque" title="Sepahsalar Mosque">Sepahsalar Mosque</a>. Yeprem Khan was then appointed chief of Tehran police. This caused tensions between the Dashnaks and Khan.<a href="#cite_note-Yeprem_Khan_role_in_Iranian_Constitutional_Revolution-70">[67]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ottoman_Empire">Ottoman Empire</h3></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Abdul_Hamid_Period_(1894–1908)">Abdul Hamid Period (1894–1908)</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Sasun_Resistance_(1894)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sasun Resistance (1894)">Sasun Resistance (1894)</a>, <a href="/wiki/1896_Ottoman_Bank_takeover" class="mw-redirect" title="1896 Ottoman Bank takeover">1896 Ottoman Bank takeover</a>, <a href="/wiki/Khanasor_Expedition" title="Khanasor Expedition">Khanasor Expedition</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sasun_Uprising_(1904)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sasun Uprising (1904)">Sasun Uprising (1904)</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Y%C4%B1ld%C4%B1z_assassination_attempt" class="mw-redirect" title="Yıldız assassination attempt">Yıldız assassination attempt</a></div> The ARF became a major political force in Armenian life. It was especially active in the Ottoman Empire, where it organized or participated in many revolutionary activities. The ARF was especially influential due to their ability to educate the population through a system of "educating, explaining,and encouraging". This was a tactic used to disseminate information to gain support in terms of political elections, campaigns, or alliances to strengthen the ARF's social relations. When they weren't educating their youth and preparing the new generation for revolution, they themselves were taking part in revolutionary activities.<a href="#cite_note-71">[68]</a> For example, in 1894, the ARF took part in the <a href="/wiki/Sasun_Resistance_(1894)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sasun Resistance (1894)">Sasun Resistance</a>, supplying arms to the local population to help the people of Sasun defend themselves against the Hamidian purges.<a href="#cite_note-Hayots_p.42–48-72">[69]</a> In June 1896, the <a href="/wiki/Armenakan_Party" title="Armenakan Party">Armenakan Party</a> organized the <a href="/wiki/Defense_of_Van_(1896)" title="Defense of Van (1896)">Van Rebellion</a> in the province of <a href="/wiki/Van,_Turkey" title="Van, Turkey">Van</a>. The Armenakans, assisted by members of the Hunchakian and ARF parties, supplied all able-bodied men of Van with weapons. They rose to defend the civilians from the attack and subsequent massacre.<a href="#cite_note-73">[70]</a> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Armenian_Fedayees_1890-1896.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Armenian_Fedayees_1890-1896.jpg/300px-Armenian_Fedayees_1890-1896.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="177" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Armenian_Fedayees_1890-1896.jpg/450px-Armenian_Fedayees_1890-1896.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Armenian_Fedayees_1890-1896.jpg/600px-Armenian_Fedayees_1890-1896.jpg 2x" data-file-width="626" data-file-height="369" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Armenian_fedayi" title="Armenian fedayi">Fedayi</a> group fighting under the ARF banner. Text in Armenian reads Azatutyun kam Mah (Liberty or Death)</figcaption></figure> To raise awareness of the <a href="/wiki/Hamidian_massacres" title="Hamidian massacres">massacres of 1895–96</a>, members of the Dashnaktsutiun led by <a href="/wiki/Papken_Siuni" title="Papken Siuni">Papken Siuni</a>, <a href="/wiki/1896_Ottoman_Bank_takeover" class="mw-redirect" title="1896 Ottoman Bank takeover">occupied the Ottoman Bank</a> on 26 August 1896.<a href="#cite_note-Bank_Ottoman-74">[71]</a> The purpose of the raid was to dictate the ARF's demands of reform in the Armenian populated areas of the Ottoman Empire and to attract European attention to their cause since the Europeans had many assets in the bank. The operation caught European attention but at the cost of more massacres by Sultan <a href="/wiki/Abdul_Hamid_II" title="Abdul Hamid II">Abdul Hamid II</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Modern_Armenian_history-75">[72]</a> During this period, many famous intellectuals joined the Armenian Revolutionary Federation, including <a href="/wiki/Harutiun_Shahrigian" title="Harutiun Shahrigian">Harutiun Shahrigian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Avetik_Isahakyan" title="Avetik Isahakyan">Avetik Isahakyan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hakob_Zavriev" title="Hakob Zavriev">Hakob Zavriev</a>, <a href="/wiki/Levon_Shant" title="Levon Shant">Levon Shant</a>, <a href="/wiki/Karekin_Khajag" title="Karekin Khajag">Karekin Khajag</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vartkes_Sereng%C3%BClian" title="Vartkes Serengülian">Vartkes Serengülian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Abraham_Gyulkhandanyan" title="Abraham Gyulkhandanyan">Abraham Gyulkhandanyan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vahan_Papazian" title="Vahan Papazian">Vahan Papazian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Siamanto" title="Siamanto">Siamanto</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nikol_Aghbalian" title="Nikol Aghbalian">Nikol Aghbalian</a> and many others. The <a href="/wiki/Khanasor_Expedition" title="Khanasor Expedition">Khanasor Expedition</a> was performed by the <a href="/wiki/Armenian_militia" class="mw-redirect" title="Armenian militia">Armenian militia</a> against the <a href="/wiki/Kurdish_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Kurdish people">Kurdish</a> Mazrik tribe on 25 July 1897. During the Defense of Van, the Mazrik tribe had ambushed a squad of Armenian defenders and massacred them. The Khanasor Expedition was the ARF's retaliation.<a href="#cite_note-Hayots_p.42–48-72">[69]</a><a href="#cite_note-76">[73]</a> Some Armenians consider this their first victory over the Ottoman Empire and celebrate each year in its remembrance.<a href="#cite_note-77">[74]</a><a href="#cite_note-78">[75]</a> On 30 March 1904, the ARF played a major role in the <a href="/wiki/Sasun_Uprising_(1904)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sasun Uprising (1904)">Second Sasun Uprising</a>. The ARF sent arms and <a href="/wiki/Armenian_fedayi" title="Armenian fedayi">fedayi</a> to defend the region for the second time.<a href="#cite_note-Hayots_p.42–48-72">[69]</a> Among the 500 fedayees participating in the resistance were famed figures such as <a href="/wiki/Kevork_Chavush" title="Kevork Chavush">Kevork Chavush</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sebastatsi_Murad" title="Sebastatsi Murad">Sepasdatsi Murad</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hrayr_Dzhoghk" title="Hrayr Dzhoghk">Hrayr Djoghk</a>. Although they managed to hold off the Ottoman army for several months, despite their lack of fighters and firepower, Ottoman forces captured Sasun and massacred thousands of Armenians.<a href="#cite_note-Hayots_p.42–48-72">[69]</a> In 1904, during an annual congress bringing together Armenian and Bulgarian representatives, the Armenian Revolutionary Federation decided to assassinate Sultan <a href="/wiki/Abdul_Hamid_II" title="Abdul Hamid II">Abdul Hamid II</a> in response to the <a href="/wiki/Hamidian_massacres" title="Hamidian massacres">Hamidian massacres</a>.<a href="#cite_note-MVG2-79">[76]</a> <a href="/wiki/Pierre_Quillard" title="Pierre Quillard">Pierre Quillard</a>, a French <a href="/wiki/Anarchist_communism" title="Anarchist communism">anarchist</a> linked with the ARF attended and reported to his anarchist colleagues that the Armenians intended to use "extreme methods."<a href="#cite_note-80">[77]</a> One of Dashnaksutiun's founders <a href="/wiki/Kristapor_Mikaelian" class="mw-redirect" title="Kristapor Mikaelian">Kristapor Mikaelian</a> was killed by an accidental explosion during the planning of the operation.<a href="#cite_note-MVG2-79">[76]</a> In 1905, members of the Armenian Revolutionary Federation organized the failed <a href="/wiki/Y%C4%B1ld%C4%B1z_assassination_attempt" class="mw-redirect" title="Yıldız assassination attempt">Yıldız Attempt</a>, an assassination plot on Sultan Abdul Hamid II in the capital of the Ottoman Empire, <a href="/wiki/Constantinople" title="Constantinople">Constantinople</a> (modern day <a href="/wiki/Istanbul" title="Istanbul">Istanbul</a>);<a href="#cite_note-Hayots_p.42–48-72">[69]</a> the explosion missed its target by a few minutes and was helped by Belgian anarchist <a href="/wiki/Edward_Joris" title="Edward Joris">Edward Joris</a>.<a href="#cite_note-81">[78]</a><a href="#cite_note-MVG-82">[79]</a> He was arrested and sentenced to death, prompting <a href="/wiki/Pierre_Quillard" title="Pierre Quillard">Pierre Quillard</a> to use his journal, <a href="/wiki/Pro_Armenia" title="Pro Armenia">Pro Armenia</a>, to advocate for his release<a href="#cite_note-83">[80]</a><a href="#cite_note-84">[81]</a><a href="#cite_note-85">[82]</a>—a stance shared by his colleague <a href="/wiki/Jean_Grave" title="Jean Grave">Jean Grave</a> in Les Temps nouveaux.<a href="#cite_note-86">[83]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Young_Turk_Revolution_(1908–14)">Young Turk Revolution (1908–14)</h4></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Armen_Garo_1918.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Armen_Garo_1918.jpg/150px-Armen_Garo_1918.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="236" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Armen_Garo_1918.jpg/225px-Armen_Garo_1918.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Armen_Garo_1918.jpg/300px-Armen_Garo_1918.jpg 2x" data-file-width="401" data-file-height="630" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Armen_Garo" title="Armen Garo">Armen Garo</a> (Karekin Pastermadjian), an ARF member of <a href="/wiki/Chamber_of_Deputies_of_the_Ottoman_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Chamber of Deputies of the Ottoman Empire">Chamber of Deputies</a> from <a href="/wiki/Erzurum" title="Erzurum">Erzurum</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Second_Constitutional_Era_(Ottoman_Empire)" class="mw-redirect" title="Second Constitutional Era (Ottoman Empire)">Second Constitutional Era</a>.<a href="#cite_note-87">[84]</a></figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Young_Turk_Revolution" title="Young Turk Revolution">Young Turk Revolution</a></div> In the 1890s the party used <a href="/wiki/Terrorism" title="Terrorism">terrorism</a> against the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a> and Russia with the goal of gaining an independent nation,<a href="#cite_note-88">[85]</a> more well known attacks occurred against <a href="/wiki/Bedros_Kapamajian" title="Bedros Kapamajian">Bedros Kapamajian</a>, the mayor of <a href="/wiki/Van,_Turkey" title="Van, Turkey">Van</a> who was assassinated in December 1912, and the assassination of <a href="/wiki/Archbishop" title="Archbishop">archbishop</a> <a href="/wiki/Leon_Tourian" title="Leon Tourian">Leon Tourian</a> in <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York City</a> on December 24, 1933.<a href="#cite_note-89">[86]</a> Together with the <a href="/wiki/Committee_of_Union_and_Progress" title="Committee of Union and Progress">Committee of Union and Progress</a>, a group of mostly European-educated Turks, the ARF had been one of the largest revolutionary groups trying to overthrow Sultan Abdul Hamid II.<a href="#cite_note-Dashnaktsutiun_and_Committee_of_Union_and_Progress-90">[87]</a> In a general assembly meeting in 1907, the ARF acknowledged that the Armenian and <a href="/wiki/Turkish_people" title="Turkish people">Turkish</a> revolutionaries had the same goals. Although the <a href="/wiki/Tanzimat" title="Tanzimat">Tanzimat</a> reforms had given Armenians more rights and seats in the parliament, the ARF hoped to gain autonomy to govern Armenian populated areas of the Ottoman Empire as a "<a href="/wiki/State_within_a_state" class="mw-redirect" title="State within a state">state within a state</a>". The "Second congress of the Ottoman opposition" took place in <a href="/wiki/Paris,_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Paris, France">Paris, France</a>, in 1907. Opposition leaders including <a href="/wiki/Ahmed_Riza" class="mw-redirect" title="Ahmed Riza">Ahmed Riza</a> (liberal), <a href="/wiki/Sabahheddin_Bey" class="mw-redirect" title="Sabahheddin Bey">Sabahheddin Bey</a>, and ARF member <a href="/wiki/Khachatur_Maloumian" class="mw-redirect" title="Khachatur Maloumian">Khachatur Maloumian</a> attended. During the meeting, an alliance between the two parties was officially declared.<a href="#cite_note-Dashnaktsutiun_and_Committee_of_Union_and_Progress-90">[87]</a><a href="#cite_note-ARF_and_Young_Turks-91">[88]</a> The ARF decided to cooperate with the Committee of Union and Progress, hoping that if the Young Turks came to power, autonomy would be granted to the Armenians. In 1908, Abdul Hamid II was overthrown during the <a href="/wiki/Young_Turk_Revolution" title="Young Turk Revolution">Young Turk Revolution</a>, which launched the <a href="/wiki/Second_Constitutional_Era_(Ottoman_Empire)" class="mw-redirect" title="Second Constitutional Era (Ottoman Empire)">Second Constitutional Era of the Ottoman Empire</a>. Dashnaktsutiun became a legal political party and Armenians gained more seats in the 1908 parliament, but the reforms fell short of the greater autonomy that the ARF had hoped for. The <a href="/wiki/Adana_massacre" title="Adana massacre">Adana massacre</a> in 1909 also created antipathy between Armenians and Turks, and the ARF cut relations with the Young Turks in 1912.<a href="#cite_note-ARF_and_Young_Turks-91">[88]</a> Between December 1912 and 1914 ARF politicians held negotiations with the CUP about political reforms in the eastern provinces. The Armenians had the support of the Russians and the CUP accused the Armenians that their actions caused further division between Turks and Armenians.<a href="#cite_note-92">[89]</a> The CUP and ARF continued a close cooperation throughout the Second Constitutional Era up until 1914. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="World_War_I_and_the_Armenian_genocide">World War I and the Armenian genocide</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a>, <a href="/wiki/Armenian_genocide" title="Armenian genocide">Armenian genocide</a>, <a href="/wiki/Armenian_resistance" class="mw-redirect" title="Armenian resistance">Armenian resistance</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Operation_Nemesis" title="Operation Nemesis">Operation Nemesis</a></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Aram_Manoogian.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Aram_Manoogian.gif/150px-Aram_Manoogian.gif" decoding="async" width="150" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Aram_Manoogian.gif/225px-Aram_Manoogian.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Aram_Manoogian.gif/300px-Aram_Manoogian.gif 2x" data-file-width="408" data-file-height="543" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Aram_Manukian" title="Aram Manukian">Aram Manukian</a>, one of the leaders of the <a href="/wiki/Defense_of_Van_(1915)" title="Defense of Van (1915)">Van Resistance</a></figcaption></figure> In 1915, Dashnak leaders were deported and killed alongside other Armenian intellectuals during a purge by Ottoman officials against the leaders of the empire's Armenian communities.<a href="#cite_note-Dashnak_leaders_killed_during_Armenian_Genocide-93">[90]</a> The ARF, maintaining its ideological commitment to a "Free, Independent, and United Armenia", <a href="/wiki/Armenian_resistance" class="mw-redirect" title="Armenian resistance">led the defense of the Armenian people</a> during the Armenian genocide, becoming leaders of the successful <a href="/wiki/Defense_of_Van_(1915)" title="Defense of Van (1915)">Van Resistance</a>. <a href="/wiki/Jevdet_Bey" class="mw-redirect" title="Jevdet Bey">Jevdet Bey</a>, the Ottoman administrator of Van, tried to suppress the resistance by killing two Armenian leaders (Ishkhan and Vramian) and trying to imprison Aram Manukian, who had risen to fame and gained the nickname "Aram of Van".<a href="#cite_note-Van_Resistance-94">[91]</a> Moreover, on 19 April, he issued an order to exterminate all Armenians, and threatened to kill all Muslims who helped them.<a href="#cite_note-95">[92]</a> About 185,000 Armenians lived in <a href="/wiki/Vaspurakan" title="Vaspurakan">Vaspurakan</a>. In the city of Van itself, there were around 30,000 Armenians, but more Armenians from surrounding villages joined them during the Ottoman offensive. The battle started on 20 April 1915, with Aram Manukian as the leader of the resistance, and lasted for two months. In May, the Armenian battalions and Russian regulars entered the city and successfully drove the Ottoman army out of Van.<a href="#cite_note-Van_Resistance-94">[91]</a> The Dashnaktsutiun was also involved in other less-successful resistance movements in <a href="/wiki/Zeitun_Resistance_(1915)" class="mw-redirect" title="Zeitun Resistance (1915)">Zeitun</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shabin-Karahisar_uprising" title="Shabin-Karahisar uprising">Shabin-Karahisar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Urfa_Resistance" class="mw-redirect" title="Urfa Resistance">Urfa</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Musa_Dagh" title="Musa Dagh">Musa Dagh</a>. After the end of the Van resistance, ARF leader Aram Manukian became governor of the <a href="/wiki/Administration_for_Western_Armenia" class="mw-redirect" title="Administration for Western Armenia">Administration for Western Armenia</a> and worked to ease the sufferings of Armenians. At the end of <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a>, members of the Young Turks movement, considered executors of the Armenian genocide by the Armenian Revolutionary Federation, were assassinated during <a href="/wiki/Operation_Nemesis" title="Operation Nemesis">Operation Nemesis</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Operation_Nemesis-96">[93]</a><a href="#cite_note-97">[94]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Republic_of_Armenia_(1918–1920)">Republic of Armenia (1918–1920)</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/First_Republic_of_Armenia" title="First Republic of Armenia">First Republic of Armenia</a></div> As a result of the collapse of the Russian Empire in 1917, the Armenian, Georgian, and Azerbaijani leaders of the Caucasus united to create the <a href="/wiki/Transcaucasian_Federation" class="mw-redirect" title="Transcaucasian Federation">Transcaucasian Federation</a> in the winter of 1918. The <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Brest-Litovsk" title="Treaty of Brest-Litovsk">Treaty of Brest-Litovsk</a> had drastic consequences for the Armenians: Turkish forces reoccupied Western Armenia. The federation lasted for only three months, eventually leading to the proclamation of the Republics of Armenia, Georgia, and Azerbaijan. The negotiators for Armenia were from the ARF.<a href="#cite_note-98">[95]</a> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Cabinet_of_the_Armenian_Republic.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/The_Cabinet_of_the_Armenian_Republic.png/350px-The_Cabinet_of_the_Armenian_Republic.png" decoding="async" width="350" height="275" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/The_Cabinet_of_the_Armenian_Republic.png/525px-The_Cabinet_of_the_Armenian_Republic.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/The_Cabinet_of_the_Armenian_Republic.png/700px-The_Cabinet_of_the_Armenian_Republic.png 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1612" /></a><figcaption>Members of the second cabinet of the <a href="/wiki/First_Republic_of_Armenia" title="First Republic of Armenia">First Republic of Armenia</a>, 1 October 1919. Sitting: <a href="/wiki/Avetik_Sahakyan" title="Avetik Sahakyan">Avetik Sahakyan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Khatisyan" class="mw-redirect" title="Alexander Khatisyan">Alexander Khatisyan</a>, General <a href="/wiki/Christophor_Araratov" title="Christophor Araratov">Christophor Araratov</a>. Standing: <a href="/wiki/Nikol_Aghbalian" title="Nikol Aghbalian">Nikol Aghbalian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Abraham_Gyulkhandanyan" title="Abraham Gyulkhandanyan">Abraham Gyulkhandanyan</a>, S. Araradian.</figcaption></figure> With the collapse of the Transcaucasian Federation, the Armenians were left to fend for themselves as the Turkish army approached the capital of <a href="/wiki/Yerevan" title="Yerevan">Yerevan</a>. At first, fearing a major military defeat and massacre of the population of Armenia, the Dashnaks wanted to evacuate the city of Yerevan. Instead, the Military Council headed by Colonel Pirumian decided that they would not surrender and would confront the Turkish army.<a href="#cite_note-Sardarapat-99">[96]</a> The opposing armies met on 28 May 1918, near <a href="/wiki/Armavir,_Armenia" title="Armavir, Armenia">Sardarapat</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Sardarapat" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Sardarapat">battle</a> was a major military success for the Armenian army as it was able to halt the invading Turkish forces.<a href="#cite_note-100">[97]</a> The Armenians also stood their ground at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kara_Killisse_(1918)" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Kara Killisse (1918)">Battle of Kara Killisse</a> and at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bash_Abaran" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Bash Abaran">Battle of Bash Abaran</a>. The creation of the <a href="/wiki/First_Republic_of_Armenia" title="First Republic of Armenia">First Republic of Armenia</a> was proclaimed on the same day of the Battle of Sardarapat, and the ARF became the ruling party. However, the new state was devastated, with a dislocated economy, hundreds of thousands of refugees, and a mostly starving population.<a href="#cite_note-Sardarapat-99">[96]</a> The ARF, led by <a href="/wiki/Andranik_Ozanian" class="mw-redirect" title="Andranik Ozanian">General Andranik</a>, tried several times to seize <a href="/wiki/Shusha" title="Shusha">Shusha</a> (known as Shushi by Armenians), a city in Karabakh. Just before the <a href="/wiki/Armistice_of_Mudros" title="Armistice of Mudros">Armistice of Mudros</a> was signed, Andranik was on the way from <a href="/wiki/Kapan" title="Kapan">Zangezur</a> to Shusha, to control the main city of Karabakh. Andranik's forces got within 42 km (26 mi) of the city when the First World War ended, and Turkey, along with Germany and <a href="/wiki/Austria-Hungary" title="Austria-Hungary">Austria-Hungary</a>, surrendered to the <a href="/wiki/Allies_of_World_War_I" title="Allies of World War I">Allies</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Pre-Soviet_history_of_Karabakh-101">[98]</a> British forces ordered <a href="/wiki/Andranik_Toros_Ozanian" class="mw-redirect" title="Andranik Toros Ozanian">Andranik</a> to stop all military advances, assuring him that the conflict would be solved with the <a href="/wiki/Paris_Peace_Conference,_1919" class="mw-redirect" title="Paris Peace Conference, 1919">Paris Peace Conference of 1919</a>. Andranik, not wanting to antagonize the British, retreated to Goris, <a href="/wiki/Zangezur_Mountains" title="Zangezur Mountains">Zangezur</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Pre-Soviet_history_of_Karabakh-101">[98]</a> The Armenian Revolutionary Federation had a strong presence in the DRA government. Most of the important government posts, such as prime minister, defence minister and interior minister were controlled by its members. The DRA wanted to recover the country's economy, and create new rules and regulations, but the situation required it to focus on overcoming widespread hunger in the country. The situation was complicated externally, provoked by <a href="/wiki/Turkish_people" title="Turkish people">Turkish</a> and <a href="/wiki/Azerbaijani_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Azerbaijani people">Azerbaijani</a> Muslim riots. In 1920 the situation in the country became worse, with apparent rapprochement between Soviet Russia and Kemal's Turkey. When the Turkish-Armenian war started in autumn 1920, Armenia was isolated and abandoned by Western allies. The newly formed <a href="/wiki/League_of_Nations" title="League of Nations">League of Nations</a> did not provide any help. Soviet Russia intensified its pressure on Armenia. Losing the war, Armenia signed the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Alexandropol" title="Treaty of Alexandropol">Treaty of Alexandropol</a> on 2 December 1920, which resulted in the recognition of large territorial losses to Turkey. The Armenia military-revolutionary committee formed in <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Azerbaijan" class="mw-redirect" title="Soviet Azerbaijan">Soviet Azerbaijan</a>. Despite their tight grip on power, the ARF ceded power to the <a href="/wiki/Communist" class="mw-redirect" title="Communist">Communist</a> <a href="/wiki/Red_Army" title="Red Army">Red Army</a> troops invading from the north, which culminated with a Soviet takeover.<a href="#cite_note-ARF.am-53">[50]</a> The ARF was banned, its leaders exiled, and many of its members dispersed to other parts of the world.<a href="#cite_note-ARF.am-53">[50]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Exile">Exile</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Armenian_diaspora" title="Armenian diaspora">Armenian diaspora</a></div> After the communists took over the short-lived First Republic of Armenia and ARF leaders were exiled, the Dashnaks moved their base of operations to where the <a href="/wiki/Armenian_diaspora" title="Armenian diaspora">Armenian diaspora</a> had settled. With the large influx of Armenian refugees in the <a href="/wiki/Levant" title="Levant">Levant</a>, the ARF established a strong political structure in <a href="/wiki/Lebanon" title="Lebanon">Lebanon</a> and to a lesser extent, <a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a>. From 1921 to 1990, the Dashnaktsutiun established political structures in more than 200 states, including the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">USA</a>, where a large number of Armenians had settled.<a href="#cite_note-AZG_Armenian_Daily2-49">[46]</a> With political and geographic division came religious division. One part of the Armenian Church claimed it wanted to be separate from the head, whose seat was in <a href="/wiki/Echmiadzin" class="mw-redirect" title="Echmiadzin">Echmiadzin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Armenian_SSR" class="mw-redirect" title="Armenian SSR">Armenian SSR</a>. Some Armenians in the US thought Moscow tried to use the Armenian Church to promote Communists' ideas outside the country. The Armenian Church thus separated into two branches, Echmiadzin and Cilician, and started to operate separately. In the US, Echmiadzin branch churches of the Armenian Apostolic Church would not admit members of the ARF. This was one of the reasons why the ARF discouraged people from attending these churches and brought the representatives from a different wing of the church, the Armenian <a href="/wiki/Holy_See_of_Cilicia" title="Holy See of Cilicia">Catholicosate of Cilicia</a>, from Lebanon to the US.<a href="#cite_note-102">[99]</a> In 1933, members of ARF were convicted in the assassination of Armenian <a href="/wiki/Archbishop" title="Archbishop">archbishop</a> <a href="/wiki/Leon_Tourian" title="Leon Tourian">Levon Tourian</a> with large butcher knives in New York City.<a href="#cite_note-103">[100]</a> Prior to his murder, the archbishop had been accused of being exclusively pro-Soviet by the ARF.<a href="#cite_note-104">[101]</a> The ARF was legally exonerated of any direct involvement in the assassination, but the incident weakened the party in the United States and led to its members being ostracized by the other Armenian political parties.<a href="#cite_note-105">[102]</a> During <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>, some ARF members, specifically those living in areas under German occupation, collaborated with Nazi Germany. However, this was not the position of the entire party, and the party bureau in Cairo declared its loyalty to the Allies. The <a href="/wiki/Armenische_Legion" class="mw-redirect" title="Armenische Legion">Armenian Legion</a>, composed largely of former Soviet Red Army POWs, was led by Drastamat Kanayan. It participated in the occupation of the <a href="/wiki/Crimean_Peninsula" class="mw-redirect" title="Crimean Peninsula">Crimean Peninsula</a> and the North Caucasus.<a href="#cite_note-:4-106">[103]</a> but was later based in the Netherlands and France a result of Adolf Hitler's distrust of their loyalty.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] In 1942, the Nazi government recognized the Armenian National Council<a href="#cite_note-:4-106">[103]</a> (Armenisches Nationales Gremium), a collaborationist body directed against the Soviet Union<a href="#cite_note-Berberian-107">[104]</a> whose vice-president was ARF member Abraham Gyulkhandanyan and whose members included ARF member Vahan Papazian and former ARF member <a href="/wiki/Garegin_Nzhdeh" title="Garegin Nzhdeh">Garegin Nzhdeh</a>. The main motivation for this collaboration was likely a desire to protect Armenians living in the German-occupied areas and to protect Armenia from a potential Turkish invasion in the event of a German victory over the Soviet Union.<a href="#cite_note-:4-106">[103]</a> During the 1950s, tensions arose between the ARF and the Armenian SSR. The death of <a href="/wiki/Catholicos" title="Catholicos">Catholicos</a> Garegin of the Holy See of Cilicia prompted a struggle for succession. The National Ecclesiastic Assembly, which was largely influenced by the ARF, elected <a href="/wiki/Zareh_I" title="Zareh I">Zareh of Aleppo</a>. This decision was rejected by the Echmiadzin-based <a href="/wiki/Catholicos_of_All_Armenians" title="Catholicos of All Armenians">Catholicos of All Armenians</a>, the anti-ARF coalition, and Soviet Armenian authorities. Zareh extended his administrative authority over a large part of the Armenian diaspora, furthering the rift that had already been created by his election.<a href="#cite_note-Modern_Armenian_history-75">[72]</a> This event split the large <a href="/wiki/Armenians_of_Lebanon" class="mw-redirect" title="Armenians of Lebanon">Armenian community of Lebanon</a>, creating sporadic clashes between the supporters of Zareh and those who opposed his election.<a href="#cite_note-Modern_Armenian_history-75">[72]</a> Religious conflict was part of a greater conflict that raged between the two "camps" of the Armenian diaspora. The ARF still resented the fact that they were ousted from Armenia after the <a href="/wiki/Red_Army" title="Red Army">Red Army</a> took control, and the ARF leaders supported the creation of a "Free, Independent, and United Armenia", free from both Soviet and Turkish hegemony. The <a href="/wiki/Social_Democrat_Hunchakian_Party" title="Social Democrat Hunchakian Party">Social Democrat Hunchakian Party</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ramgavar_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="Ramgavar Party">Ramgavar Party</a>, the main rivals of the ARF, supported the newly established Soviet rule in Armenia.<a href="#cite_note-Modern_Armenian_history-75">[72]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Lebanon">Lebanon</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Armenian_Revolutionary_Federation_in_Lebanon" title="Armenian Revolutionary Federation in Lebanon">Armenian Revolutionary Federation in Lebanon</a></div> <table class="wikitable" style="float:right"> <tbody><tr> <th style="width: 20px">Year </th> <th style="width: 20px">Mandates </th></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/1943_Lebanese_general_election" title="1943 Lebanese general election">1943</a> </th> <td colspan="3"><div style="width: 100px;">1 / 55<div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #AA0000; color:inherit; width: 2%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/1947_Lebanese_general_election" title="1947 Lebanese general election">1947</a> </th> <td><div style="width: 100px;">2 / 55<div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #AA0000; color:inherit; width: 4%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/1951_Lebanese_general_election" title="1951 Lebanese general election">1951</a> </th> <td><div style="width: 100px;">2 / 77<div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #AA0000; color:inherit; width: 3%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/1953_Lebanese_general_election" title="1953 Lebanese general election">1953</a> </th> <td><div style="width: 100px;">1 / 44<div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #AA0000; color:inherit; width: 2%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/1957_Lebanese_general_election" title="1957 Lebanese general election">1957</a> </th> <td><div style="width: 100px;">2 / 66<div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #AA0000; color:inherit; width: 3%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/1960_Lebanese_general_election" title="1960 Lebanese general election">1960</a> </th> <td><div style="width: 100px;">4 / 99<div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #AA0000; color:inherit; width: 4%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/1964_Lebanese_general_election" title="1964 Lebanese general election">1964</a> </th> <td><div style="width: 100px;">4 / 99<div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #AA0000; color:inherit; width: 4%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/1968_Lebanese_general_election" title="1968 Lebanese general election">1968</a> </th> <td><div style="width: 100px;">4 / 99<div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #AA0000; color:inherit; width: 4%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/1972_Lebanese_general_election" title="1972 Lebanese general election">1972</a> </th> <td><div style="width: 100px;">1 / 99<div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #AA0000; color:inherit; width: 1%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/1992_Lebanese_general_election" title="1992 Lebanese general election">1992</a> </th> <td><div style="width: 100px;">1 / 128<div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #AA0000; color:inherit; width: 0.8%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/1996_Lebanese_general_election" title="1996 Lebanese general election">1996</a> </th> <td><div style="width: 100px;">1 / 128<div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #AA0000; color:inherit; width: 0.8%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/2000_Lebanese_general_election" title="2000 Lebanese general election">2000</a> </th> <td><div style="width: 100px;">2 / 128<div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #AA0000; color:inherit; width: 2%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/2005_Lebanese_general_election" title="2005 Lebanese general election">2005</a> </th> <td><div style="width: 100px;">2 / 128<div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #AA0000; color:inherit; width: 2%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/2009_Lebanese_general_election" title="2009 Lebanese general election">2009</a> </th> <td><div style="width: 100px;">3 / 128<div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #AA0000; color:inherit; width: 2%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/2018_Lebanese_general_election" title="2018 Lebanese general election">2018</a> </th> <td><div style="width: 100px;">3 / 128<div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #AA0000; color:inherit; width: 2%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/2022_Lebanese_general_election" title="2022 Lebanese general election">2022</a> </th> <td><div style="width: 100px;">3 / 128<div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #AA0000; color:inherit; width: 2%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td></tr> </tbody></table> From 1923 to 1958, conflicts erupted among Armenian political parties struggling to dominate and organize the diaspora. The ARF and Hunchakian parties struggled in 1926 for control of the newly established shanty-town of <a href="/wiki/Bourj_Hammoud" title="Bourj Hammoud">Bourj Hammoud</a> in Lebanon; ARF member Vahan Vartabedian was assassinated. The assassination of Hunchakian members Mihran Aghazarian and S. Dekhrouhi followed in 1929 and 1931 respectively.<a href="#cite_note-108">[105]</a> In 1956, when Bishop Zareh was consecrated Catholicos of Cilicia, the Catholicos of Echmiadzin refused to recognize his authority. This controversy polarized the Armenian community of Lebanon. As a result, in the context of the <a href="/wiki/Lebanon_crisis_of_1958" class="mw-redirect" title="Lebanon crisis of 1958">Lebanese civil strife of 1958</a>, an armed conflict erupted between supporters (the ARF) and opponents (Hunchakians, Ramgavars) of Zareh.<a href="#cite_note-Modern_Armenian_history-75">[72]</a> Prior to the <a href="/wiki/Lebanese_Civil_War" title="Lebanese Civil War">Lebanese Civil War</a> of 1975–90, the party was closely allied to the <a href="/wiki/Kataeb_Party_(Lebanon)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kataeb Party (Lebanon)">Phalangist Party</a> of <a href="/wiki/Pierre_Gemayel" title="Pierre Gemayel">Pierre Gemayel</a> and generally ran joint tickets with the Phalangists, especially in <a href="/wiki/Beirut" title="Beirut">Beirut</a> constituencies with large Armenian populations.<a href="#cite_note-Armenians_and_Lebanon-109">[106]</a> The refusal of the ARF, along with most Armenian groups, to play an active role in the civil war, however, soured relations between the two parties, and the <a href="/wiki/Lebanese_Forces" title="Lebanese Forces">Lebanese Forces</a> (a militia dominated by Phalangists and commanded by <a href="/wiki/Bachir_Gemayel" title="Bachir Gemayel">Bachir Gemayel</a>, Pierre Gemayel's son), responded by attacking the Armenian quarters of many Lebanese towns, including Bourj Hammoud.<a href="#cite_note-Armenians_and_Lebanon-109">[106]</a> Many Armenians affiliated with the ARF took up arms voluntarily to defend their quarters. In the midst of the Lebanese civil war, the shadowy guerrilla organization <a href="/wiki/Justice_Commandos_of_the_Armenian_Genocide" title="Justice Commandos of the Armenian Genocide">Justice Commandos of the Armenian Genocide</a> emerged and carried out assassinations from 1975 to 1983. The guerrilla organization has sometimes been linked to the Dashnaks.<a href="#cite_note-110">[107]</a> <a href="/wiki/Armenians_of_Lebanon" class="mw-redirect" title="Armenians of Lebanon">Ethnic Armenians</a> are allocated six seats in Lebanon's 128-member <a href="/wiki/National_Assembly_of_Lebanon" class="mw-redirect" title="National Assembly of Lebanon">National Assembly</a>. The Lebanese branch of the ARF has usually controlled a majority of the Armenian vote and won most of the ethnic Armenian seats in the National Assembly. A major change occurred in the parliamentary election of 2000. With a rift between ARF and the Mustaqbal (Future) party of <a href="/wiki/Rafik_Hariri" class="mw-redirect" title="Rafik Hariri">Rafik Hariri</a> and the ARF was left with only one parliamentary seat, its worst result in many decades. The ARF called for a boycott of the 2005 Beirut elections. Relations soured further when on 5 August 2007 by-election in the <a href="/wiki/Metn" class="mw-redirect" title="Metn">Metn</a> district, which includes the predominantly Armenian area of Bourj Hammoud, ARF decided to support <a href="/wiki/Camille_Khoury" title="Camille Khoury">Camille Khoury</a>, the candidate backed by opposition leader <a href="/wiki/Michel_Aoun" title="Michel Aoun">Michel Aoun</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Free_Patriotic_Movement" title="Free Patriotic Movement">Free Patriotic Movement</a> against Phalangist leader <a href="/wiki/Amine_Gemayel" title="Amine Gemayel">Amine Gemayel</a> and subsequently won the seat. In the <a href="/wiki/2009_Lebanese_general_election" title="2009 Lebanese general election">2009 Lebanese general elections</a>, the ARF won 2 seats in parliament which it holds presently. In June 2011, a <a href="/wiki/Lebanese_government_of_June_2011" class="mw-redirect" title="Lebanese government of June 2011">new Lebanese government</a> was formed where ARF party members were appointed to two ministerial positions, including Ministry of Industry, as part of the <a href="/wiki/March_8_alliance" class="mw-redirect" title="March 8 alliance">March 8 alliance</a>. The ARF Lebanon branch is headquartered in Bourj Hammoud in the Shaghzoian Centre, along with the ARF Lebanon Central Committee's Aztag Daily newspaper and "Voice Of Van" 24-hour radio station.<a href="#cite_note-2007_by-election_IV-111">[108]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Syria">Syria</h3></div> During the French Mandate and under the parliamentary régime in <a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a>, there were reserved seats for the various religious communities, like in Lebanon, including for Armenians. This system is unofficially still living. Even when they didn't take part as such in elections, Armenian parties such as Dashnak exerted an influence on them.<a href="#cite_note-112">[109]</a><a href="#cite_note-113">[110]</a><a href="#cite_note-114">[111]</a><a href="#cite_note-115">[112]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Independent_Armenia">Independent Armenia</h2></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:ARFPartyHeadquartersYerevan.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/ARFPartyHeadquartersYerevan.JPG/280px-ARFPartyHeadquartersYerevan.JPG" decoding="async" width="280" height="210" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/ARFPartyHeadquartersYerevan.JPG/420px-ARFPartyHeadquartersYerevan.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/ARFPartyHeadquartersYerevan.JPG/560px-ARFPartyHeadquartersYerevan.JPG 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="480" /></a><figcaption>The Simon Vratsyan centre of the ARF Supreme Council of Armenia in the capital <a href="/wiki/Yerevan" title="Yerevan">Yerevan</a></figcaption></figure> The ARF has always maintained its ideological commitment to "a Free, Independent, and United Armenia".<a href="#cite_note-116">[113]</a> The term United Armenia refers to the borders of Armenia recognized by <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_United_States" title="President of the United States">U.S. President</a> <a href="/wiki/Woodrow_Wilson" title="Woodrow Wilson">Woodrow Wilson</a> and outlined in the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_S%C3%A8vres" title="Treaty of Sèvres">Treaty of Sèvres</a>.<a href="#cite_note-117">[114]</a> After Armenia fell under Soviet control in 1920, the ARF within the Armenian diaspora opposed Soviet rule over Armenia and rallied in support of Armenian independence. It contributed to organizing a social and cultural framework aimed at preserving the Armenian identity.<a href="#cite_note-118">[115]</a> However, because of tight communist control, the ARF could not operate in the Armenian SSR and the political party remained banned until 1991. In the leadup to the reestablishment of independent Armenia, the ARF was opposed to Armenia's immediate independence from the Soviet Union, considering the threat of neighboring Turkey to be too great.<a href="#cite_note-Daniel95-17">[17]</a><a href="#cite_note-119">[116]</a> When independence was achieved in 1991, the ARF soon became one of the major and most active <a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Armenia" title="List of political parties in Armenia">political parties</a>, rivaled mainly by the <a href="/wiki/Pan-Armenian_National_Movement" title="Pan-Armenian National Movement">Pan-Armenian National Movement</a>. Subsequently, on 28 December 1994, <a href="/wiki/President_of_Armenia" title="President of Armenia">President</a> <a href="/wiki/Levon_Ter-Petrosyan" title="Levon Ter-Petrosyan">Levon Ter-Petrosyan</a> in a famous television speech banned the ARF, which was the nation's leading opposition party, along with <a href="/wiki/Yerkir" title="Yerkir">Yerkir</a>, the country's largest daily newspaper. The party's leader, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hrayr_Maroukhian&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hrayr Maroukhian (page does not exist)">Hrayr Maroukhian</a>, was expelled from Armenia.<a href="#cite_note-120">[117]</a><a href="#cite_note-ARF_History-121">[118]</a> Ter-Petrosyan introduced evidence that supposedly detailed a plot hatched by the ARF to engage in terrorism against his administration, endanger Armenia's national security and overthrow the government. Throughout the evening, government security forces arrested leading ARF figures, and police seized computers, fax machines, files and printing equipment from ARF offices. In addition to Yerkir, government forces also closed several literary, women's, cultural, and youth publications.<a href="#cite_note-ARF_History-121">[118]</a> A group of eleven ARF members were arrested and accused of being members of a purported secret terrorist cell within the ARF known as the "Dro Group" (named after the Dro Committee, the group that was allegedly behind the plot), which was allegedly led by ARF member <a href="/wiki/Hrant_Markarian" title="Hrant Markarian">Hrant Markarian</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:0-122">[119]</a> Another group of thirty-one ARF members, including ARF Bureau member <a href="/wiki/Vahan_Hovhannisyan" title="Vahan Hovhannisyan">Vahan Hovhannisyan</a>, were also arrested and charged with attempting to stage an armed coup, among other crimes.<a href="#cite_note-:0-122">[119]</a> <a href="/wiki/Gerard_Libaridian" title="Gerard Libaridian">Gerard Libaridian</a>, an historian and close adviser of Ter-Petrosyan, collected and presented the evidence against the defendants. He later stated in an interview that he was unsure if the evidence was true, inviting the notion that the party was banned because of its increasing chances of winning seats in the July 1995 parliamentary elections.<a href="#cite_note-123">[120]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification needed</a>] The trials were marked by accusations of misconduct, including forced confessions, and were regarded as politically motivated by the opposition and human rights groups.<a href="#cite_note-124">[121]</a><a href="#cite_note-:0-122">[119]</a> Several months after the elections, most of the men were found not guilty with the exception of several defendants charged for engaging in corrupt business practices.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Three men from the "Dro Group" case (Arsen Artsruni, Armenak Mnjoyan, Armen Grigoryan) and one man from the group of 31 (Tigran Avetisyan) were sentenced to death for murder.<a href="#cite_note-:1-125">[122]</a><a href="#cite_note-126">[123]</a><a href="#cite_note-:2-127">[124]</a> Their sentences were commuted to life imprisonment in 2003.<a href="#cite_note-:1-125">[122]</a><a href="#cite_note-:2-127">[124]</a> Mnjoyan died while in prison in early 2019, while Artsruni and Avetisyan continue to serve their sentences.<a href="#cite_note-:1-125">[122]</a><a href="#cite_note-:2-127">[124]</a> The ban on the party was lifted less than a week after Ter-Petrosyan fell from power in February 1998 and was replaced by <a href="/wiki/Robert_Kocharyan" title="Robert Kocharyan">Robert Kocharyan</a>, who was backed by the Dashnaks.<a href="#cite_note-ARF.am-53">[50]</a> Most of the ARF members convicted in relation to the "Dro Group" and "Group of 31" cases were released after the relegalization of the party. In 2007, the ARF was not part of but had a cooperation agreement in place with the governing coalition, which consisted of two parties in the government <a href="/wiki/Coalition_government" title="Coalition government">coalition</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(Armenia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Republican Party (Armenia)">Republican Party</a> and <a href="/wiki/Prosperous_Armenia" title="Prosperous Armenia">Prosperous Armenia</a> Party. The <a href="/wiki/Country_of_Law" class="mw-redirect" title="Country of Law">Country of Law</a> party was also a member of the governing coalition until it pulled out in May 2006. With 16 of the 131 seats in the <a href="/wiki/National_Assembly_of_Armenia" class="mw-redirect" title="National Assembly of Armenia">National Assembly of Armenia</a>, the Armenian Revolutionary Federation became the third-largest party in parliament. In addition to its parliamentary seats, the following governmental ministries were also headed by ARF members: Ministry of Agriculture, Davit Lokian;<a href="#cite_note-128">[125]</a> Ministry of Education and Science, Levon Mkrtchian;<a href="#cite_note-129">[126]</a> Ministry of Labor and Social Affairs, <a href="/wiki/Aghvan_Vardanyan" title="Aghvan Vardanyan">Aghvan Vardanian</a>;<a href="#cite_note-130">[127]</a> Ministry of Healthcare, Norair Davidian.<a href="#cite_note-131">[128]</a> On 13 July 2007, the <a href="/wiki/ARF_History_Museum" title="ARF History Museum">ARF History Museum</a> was inaugurated in Yerevan, displaying the history of the party and of its notable members. In 2007, the ARF announced that it would nominate its own candidate to run for <a href="/wiki/President_of_Armenia" title="President of Armenia">president of Armenia</a> in the <a href="/wiki/2008_Armenian_presidential_election" title="2008 Armenian presidential election">February 2008 presidential election</a>. In an innovation on 24–25 November 2007, the ARF conducted a <a href="/wiki/Non-binding_referendum" class="mw-redirect" title="Non-binding referendum">non-binding</a> Armenia-wide <a href="/wiki/Partisan_primary" class="mw-redirect" title="Partisan primary">primary election</a>. They invited the public to vote to advise the party which of two candidates, <a href="/wiki/Vahan_Hovhannisyan" title="Vahan Hovhannisyan">Vahan Hovhannisyan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Armen_Rustamyan" title="Armen Rustamyan">Armen Rustamyan</a>, they should formally nominate for president of Armenia in the subsequent official election. What characterized it as a primary instead of a standard <a href="/wiki/Opinion_poll" title="Opinion poll">opinion poll</a> was that the public knew of the primary in advance, all eligible voters were invited, and the voting was by secret ballot. Nearly 300,000 people voted in makeshift tents and mobile ballot boxes. Vahan Hovhannisyan received the most votes and was subsequently nominated for the presidential election by the ARF Supreme Council in a secret ballot.<a href="#cite_note-132">[129]</a> In the presidential election, Hovhannisyan placed fourth with 6.2% of the vote.<a href="#cite_note-133">[130]</a> In 2008, ARF re-joined the ruling political coalition in Armenia<a href="#cite_note-gov.am-55">[52]</a> and supported strong police actions during the <a href="/wiki/2008_Armenian_presidential_election_protests" title="2008 Armenian presidential election protests">2008 Armenian presidential election protests</a> that led to ten deaths. Due to the signature of the so-called <a href="/wiki/Zurich_Protocols" title="Zurich Protocols">Zurich Protocols</a> the ARF left the coalition and became an opposition party once again in 2009, but relations with other factions in the Armenian opposition remained frosty.<a href="#cite_note-134">[131]</a> In <a href="/wiki/2012_Armenian_parliamentary_election" title="2012 Armenian parliamentary election">2012 parliamentary election</a> the ARF won 5 seats losing 11 parliamentary seats from 2007. ARF then reentered Sargsyan's cabinet in February 2016, obtaining three ministerial posts: Ministry of Economy, Local Government and Education; also, as a result of what was defined as a "long-term political cooperation" agreement with the Republican Party, ARF also got to appoint the regional governors of <a href="/wiki/Aragatsotn" class="mw-redirect" title="Aragatsotn">Aragatsotn</a> and <a href="/wiki/Shirak_Province" title="Shirak Province">Shirak Provinces</a>.<a href="#cite_note-asbarez.com-56">[53]</a> After the 2016 Nagorno-Karabakh clashes, the ARF helped the <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Defense_of_Armenia" class="mw-redirect" title="Ministry of Defense of Armenia">Ministry of Defense of Armenia</a> in setting up a volunteer reserve <a href="/wiki/Battalion" title="Battalion">battalion</a>, made up mostly of party members. This unit, made up of experienced commanders and soldiers, some of them veterans from the <a href="/wiki/First_Nagorno-Karabakh_War" title="First Nagorno-Karabakh War">Nagorno-Karabakh war</a>, is one of the newest units of the <a href="/wiki/Armenian_military" class="mw-redirect" title="Armenian military">Armenian military</a>. It traces back its heritage from the Shushi independent battalion of the previous war and is called the "ARF battalion".<a href="#cite_note-135">[132]</a> Following the 2017 elections, the party won 7 seats in the National Assembly with 6,58% of the votes. Following the start of the <a href="/wiki/2018_Armenian_revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="2018 Armenian revolution">Armenian Velvet Revolution</a>, the ARF broke its coalition with the <a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_of_Armenia" title="Republican Party of Armenia">Republican Party of Armenia</a> and moved into opposition; later on, the party supported <a href="/wiki/Nikol_Pashinyan" title="Nikol Pashinyan">Nikol Pashinyan</a>'s new cabinet. The 2018 election saw the collapse of the party. The ARF only scored 3,89% of the votes and won no seats. It was the first time since the independence of Armenia that ARF had no political representation in the National Assembly. Since its loss in the 2018 election, the ARF has become the main extra parliamentary opposition party to the <a href="/wiki/First_Pashinyan_government" title="First Pashinyan government">Pashinyan</a> government. The ARF also gained popularity by intensifying its social aid programs to those in need in Armenia, especially in the rural areas. The party has provided aid to locals during the 2020 <a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic" title="COVID-19 pandemic">COVID-19 pandemic</a>, mainly thanks to various donation made by members of the <a href="/wiki/Armenian_diaspora" title="Armenian diaspora">Armenian diaspora</a>. During the <a href="/wiki/2020_Nagorno-Karabakh_War" class="mw-redirect" title="2020 Nagorno-Karabakh War">2020 Nagorno-Karabakh War</a>, the ARF again formed volunteer battalions to fight in the war.<a href="#cite_note-asbarez-136">[133]</a> After the conclusion of the war, the party formed a coalition with 16 other political parties (most notably the former ruling <a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_of_Armenia" title="Republican Party of Armenia">Republican Party</a> and the parliamentary opposition party <a href="/wiki/Prosperous_Armenia" title="Prosperous Armenia">Prosperous Armenia</a>) calling itself the "<a href="/wiki/Homeland_Salvation_Movement" title="Homeland Salvation Movement">Homeland Salvation Movement</a>", calling on Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Nikol_Pashinyan" title="Nikol Pashinyan">Nikol Pashinyan</a> to resign for the defeat of the Armenian side in the war. Along with the other parties in the coalition, the ARF supported former prime minister <a href="/wiki/Vazgen_Manukyan" title="Vazgen Manukyan">Vazgen Manukyan</a> as their candidate for prime minister. The Homeland Salvation Movement attempted to force Pashinyan's resignation through the organization of <a href="/wiki/2020_Armenian_protests" class="mw-redirect" title="2020 Armenian protests">mass protests</a>.<a href="#cite_note-evn-137">[134]</a> The ARF formed the <a href="/wiki/Armenia_Alliance" title="Armenia Alliance">Armenia Alliance</a> electoral alliance with ex-president Robert Kocharyan and the <a href="/wiki/Reborn_Armenia" title="Reborn Armenia">Reborn Armenia</a> party to participate in the <a href="/wiki/2021_Armenian_parliamentary_election" title="2021 Armenian parliamentary election">2021 snap parliamentary election</a>. The alliance won 29 seats out of 107, 10 of which were taken by candidates put forward by the ARF.<a href="#cite_note-:3-58">[55]</a> Electoral record In the 2000s, the party usually garnered some 10 to 15 percent of the vote in national elections.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] In a 2007 confidential telegram Anthony Godfrey, U.S. Embassy in Armenia <a href="/wiki/Charg%C3%A9_d%27affaires" title="Chargé d'affaires">chargé d'affaires</a>, wrote that the party "has had a historically loyal following of 10 to 12 percent of the population, but probably has little chance to expand from that base."[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Following the <a href="/wiki/2018_Armenian_Velvet_Revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="2018 Armenian Velvet Revolution">2018 Armenian Velvet Revolution</a>, the party polled at 1–2%.<a href="#cite_note-138">[135]</a><a href="#cite_note-139">[136]</a><a href="#cite_note-140">[137]</a> The ARF, for the first time since 1999, did not win seats in parliament and effectively became an <a href="/wiki/Extra-parliamentary_opposition" title="Extra-parliamentary opposition">extra-parliamentary opposition</a> party. However, the party gained 10 seats in parliament following the 2021 elections, as part of the <a href="/wiki/Armenia_Alliance" title="Armenia Alliance">Armenia Alliance</a> coalition. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Electoral_history">Electoral history</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ottoman_Empire_2"><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a></h3></div> <a href="/wiki/Chamber_of_Deputies_(Ottoman_Empire)" title="Chamber of Deputies (Ottoman Empire)">Chamber of Deputies</a> <table class="wikitable"> <caption> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Year </th> <th>Total seats </th> <th>+/– </th></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/1908_Ottoman_general_election" title="1908 Ottoman general election">1908</a> </th> <td><div style="width: 100px;">4 / 275<div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #AA0000; color:inherit; width: 1%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td> <td><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /> 4 </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/1912_Ottoman_general_election" title="1912 Ottoman general election">1912</a> </th> <td><div style="width: 100px;">10 / 288<div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #AA0000; color:inherit; width: 3%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td> <td><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /> 6 </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/1914_Ottoman_general_election" title="1914 Ottoman general election">1914</a> </th> <td><div style="width: 100px;">4 / 275<div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #AA0000; color:inherit; width: 1%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td> <td><img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /> 6 </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Russian_Republic"><a href="/wiki/Russian_Republic" title="Russian Republic">Russian Republic</a></h3></div> <a href="/wiki/Russian_Constituent_Assembly" title="Russian Constituent Assembly">Russian Constituent Assembly</a> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Year </th> <th>Total seats </th> <th>+/– </th></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/1917_Russian_Constituent_Assembly_election" title="1917 Russian Constituent Assembly election">1917</a> </th> <td><div style="width: 100px;">10 / 767<div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #AA0000; color:inherit; width: 1%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td> <td><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /> 10 </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Azerbaijan_Democratic_Republic"><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan_Democratic_Republic" title="Azerbaijan Democratic Republic">Azerbaijan Democratic Republic</a></h3></div> <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_the_Azerbaijan_Democratic_Republic" title="Parliament of the Azerbaijan Democratic Republic">Parliament of the Azerbaijan Democratic Republic</a> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Year </th> <th>Total seats </th> <th>+/– </th></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_the_Azerbaijan_Democratic_Republic" title="Parliament of the Azerbaijan Democratic Republic">1918</a> </th> <td><div style="width: 100px;">7 / 120<div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #AA0000; color:inherit; width: 6%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td> <td><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /> 7 </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Republic_of_Armenia"><a href="/wiki/Armenia" title="Armenia">Republic of Armenia</a></h3></div> Parliamentary elections <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Year </th> <th>Votes </th> <th>% </th> <th>Seats </th> <th>+/– </th> <th>Outcome </th></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/1919_Armenian_parliamentary_election" title="1919 Armenian parliamentary election">1919</a> </th> <td style="text-align: center;">230,772 </td> <td style="text-align: center;">89.0% </td> <td><div style="width: 100px;">72 / 80<div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #AA0000; color:inherit; width: 90%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td> <td style="text-align: center;"><img alt="Steady" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/11px-Steady2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/17px-Steady2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/22px-Steady2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></td> <td style="background: #d50000">1st Majority government </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="6"><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Exile">Party in Exile (1921 to 1990)</a></div> </th></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/1995_Armenian_parliamentary_election" title="1995 Armenian parliamentary election">1995</a> </th> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center;"><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">–</div> </td> <td><div style="width: 100px;">1 / 190<div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #AA0000; color:inherit; width: 0.5%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td> <td><img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" />71 </td> <td>14th In opposition </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/1999_Armenian_parliamentary_election" title="1999 Armenian parliamentary election">1999</a> </th> <td style="text-align: center;">84,232 </td> <td style="text-align: center;">7.79% </td> <td><div style="width: 100px;">5 / 131<div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #AA0000; color:inherit; width: 4%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td> <td><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /> 4 </td> <td>4th government support </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/2003_Armenian_parliamentary_election" title="2003 Armenian parliamentary election">2003</a> </th> <td style="text-align: center;">136,270 </td> <td style="text-align: center;">11.36% </td> <td><div style="width: 100px;">11 / 131<div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #AA0000; color:inherit; width: 8%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td> <td style="text-align: center;"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" />6</td> <td style="background: #d50000">4th Coalition government </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/2007_Armenian_parliamentary_election" title="2007 Armenian parliamentary election">2007</a> </th> <td rowspan="2" style="text-align: center;">177,907 </td> <td rowspan="2" style="text-align: center;">13.16% </td> <td rowspan="2"><div style="width: 100px;">16 / 131<div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #AA0000; color:inherit; width: 12%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td> <td rowspan="2" style="text-align: center;"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" />5</td> <td style="background: #d50000">3rd Coalition government until 2009 </td></tr> <tr> <td>3rd In opposition </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/2012_Armenian_parliamentary_election" title="2012 Armenian parliamentary election">2012</a> </th> <td rowspan="2" style="text-align: center;">85,550 </td> <td rowspan="2" style="text-align: center;">5.68% </td> <td rowspan="2"><div style="width: 100px;">5 / 131<div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #AA0000; color:inherit; width: 4%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td> <td rowspan="2"><img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" />11 </td> <td>4th In opposition </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background: #d50000">4th Coalition government since 2016 </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/2017_Armenian_parliamentary_election" title="2017 Armenian parliamentary election">2017</a> </th> <td style="text-align: center;">103,173 </td> <td style="text-align: center;">6.58% </td> <td><div style="width: 100px;">7 / 105<div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #AA0000; color:inherit; width: 7%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td> <td><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" />2 </td> <td style="background: #d50000">4th Coalition government until October 2018 </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="1"><a href="/wiki/2018_Armenian_parliamentary_election" title="2018 Armenian parliamentary election">2018</a> </th> <td rowspan="1" style="text-align: center;">48,811 </td> <td rowspan="1" style="text-align: center;">3.89% </td> <td rowspan="1"><div style="width: 100px;">0 / 132<div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #AA0000; color:inherit; width: 0%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td> <td rowspan="1"><img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /> 7 </td> <td>5th In opposition </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/2021_Armenian_parliamentary_election" title="2021 Armenian parliamentary election">2021</a><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1041539562">.mw-parser-output .citation{word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}</style><a href="#endnote_a">[a]</a> </th> <td style="text-align: center;">269,481 </td> <td style="text-align: center;">21.11% </td> <td><div style="width: 100px;">10 / 107<div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #AA0000; color:inherit; width: 9%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td> <td><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /> 10 </td> <td>2nd Main opposition </td></tr> </tbody></table> a.<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><a href="#ref_a">^</a> Run within <a href="/wiki/Armenia_Alliance" title="Armenia Alliance">Armenia Alliance</a>. Presidential elections by popular vote <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Year </th> <th>Candidate </th> <th>Votes </th> <th>% </th> <th># </th></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/1991_Armenian_presidential_election" title="1991 Armenian presidential election">1991</a> </th> <td style="text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Sos_Sargsyan" title="Sos Sargsyan">Sos Sargsyan</a> </td> <td><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">–</div> </td> <td style="text-align: center;">4.3% </td> <td style="text-align: center;">3rd </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/1996_Armenian_presidential_election" title="1996 Armenian presidential election">1996</a> </th> <td colspan="4" style="text-align: center;">banned, endorsed <a href="/wiki/Vazgen_Manukyan" title="Vazgen Manukyan">Vazgen Manukyan</a><a href="#cite_note-141">[138]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/1998_Armenian_presidential_election" title="1998 Armenian presidential election">1998</a> </th> <td colspan="4" rowspan="2" style="text-align: center;">endorsed <a href="/wiki/Robert_Kocharyan" title="Robert Kocharyan">Robert Kocharyan</a><a href="#cite_note-142">[139]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/2003_Armenian_presidential_election" title="2003 Armenian presidential election">2003</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/2008_Armenian_presidential_election" title="2008 Armenian presidential election">2008</a> </th> <td style="text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Vahan_Hovhannisyan" title="Vahan Hovhannisyan">Vahan Hovhannisyan</a> </td> <td style="text-align: center;">100,966 </td> <td style="text-align: center;">6.2% </td> <td style="text-align: center;">4nd </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/2013_Armenian_presidential_election" title="2013 Armenian presidential election">2013</a> </th> <td colspan="4" style="text-align: center;">did not participate </td></tr> </tbody></table> Presidential elections by parliament vote <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Year </th> <th>Candidate </th> <th>Votes </th> <th>% </th> <th># </th></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/2018_Armenian_presidential_election" title="2018 Armenian presidential election">2018</a> </th> <td colspan="4" style="text-align: center;">endorsed <a href="/wiki/Armen_Sarkissian" title="Armen Sarkissian">Armen Sarkissian</a><a href="#cite_note-143">[140]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/2022_Armenian_presidential_election" title="2022 Armenian presidential election">2022</a> </th> <td colspan="4" style="text-align: center;">boycott<a href="#cite_note-144">[141]</a> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Republic_of_Artsakh"><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Artsakh" title="Republic of Artsakh">Republic of Artsakh</a></h3></div> Parliamentary elections <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Year </th> <th>Votes </th> <th>% </th> <th>Seats </th> <th>+/– </th> <th>Outcome </th></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/2000_Nagorno-Karabakh_parliamentary_election" title="2000 Nagorno-Karabakh parliamentary election">2000</a> </th> <td><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">–</div> </td> <td style="text-align: center;"><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">–</div> </td> <td style="text-align: center;"><div style="width: 100px;">9 / 33<div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #AA0000; color:inherit; width: 27%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td> <td><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /> 9 </td> <td>2nd Main opposition </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/2005_Nagorno-Karabakh_parliamentary_election" title="2005 Nagorno-Karabakh parliamentary election">2005</a><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><a href="#endnote_a">[b]</a> </th> <td style="text-align: center;">10.573 </td> <td style="text-align: center;">17.36% </td> <td style="text-align: center;"><div style="width: 100px;">3 / 22<div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #AA0000; color:inherit; width: 14%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td> <td><img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /> 6 </td> <td>3rd In opposition </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/2010_Nagorno-Karabakh_parliamentary_election" title="2010 Nagorno-Karabakh parliamentary election">2010</a> </th> <td style="text-align: center;">12,725 </td> <td style="text-align: center;">20.18% </td> <td><div style="width: 100px;">4 / 22<div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #AA0000; color:inherit; width: 18%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td> <td><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /> 1 </td> <td>3rd In opposition </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/2015_Nagorno-Karabakh_parliamentary_election" title="2015 Nagorno-Karabakh parliamentary election">2015</a> </th> <td style="text-align: center;">12,965 </td> <td style="text-align: center;">18.81% </td> <td><div style="width: 100px;">7 / 22<div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #AA0000; color:inherit; width: 32%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td> <td><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /> 3 </td> <td>3rd In opposition </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/2020_Artsakhian_general_election#National_Assembly" title="2020 Artsakhian general election">2020</a> </th> <td style="text-align: center;">4,758 </td> <td style="text-align: center;">6.47% </td> <td><div style="width: 100px;">3 / 33<div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #AA0000; color:inherit; width: 9%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td> <td><img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /> 4 </td> <td>4th In opposition </td></tr> </tbody></table> b. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><a href="#ref_a">^</a> Run within <a href="/wiki/Movement_88" title="Movement 88">Movement 88</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Artsakh">Artsakh</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Artsakh" title="Politics of Artsakh">Politics of Artsakh</a></div> After the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a> expanded into the <a href="/wiki/South_Caucasus" title="South Caucasus">South Caucasus</a>, it established the <a href="/wiki/Nagorno-Karabakh_Autonomous_Oblast" title="Nagorno-Karabakh Autonomous Oblast">Nagorno-Karabakh Autonomous Oblast</a> (NKAO) within the <a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan_SSR" class="mw-redirect" title="Azerbaijan SSR">Azerbaijan SSR</a> in 1923.<a href="#cite_note-karabagh-145">[142]</a><a href="#cite_note-146">[143]</a><a href="#cite_note-dewaal-147">[144]</a> In the final years of the Soviet Union, the Armenian Revolutionary Federation established a branch in Nagorno-Karabakh. In January 1991, the Dashnaktsutiun won the parliamentary election and governed as the ruling party during the entirety of the <a href="/wiki/First_Nagorno-Karabakh_War" title="First Nagorno-Karabakh War">Nagorno-Karabakh war</a>.<a href="#cite_note-ARF_Karabakh-148">[145]</a> The Dashnaks actively supported the independence of Nagorno-Karabakh (or <a href="/wiki/Nagorno-Karabakh" title="Nagorno-Karabakh">Artsakh</a> as Armenians call it). It aided the <a href="/wiki/Nagorno-Karabakh_Defense_Army" class="mw-redirect" title="Nagorno-Karabakh Defense Army">Nagorno-Karabakh Defense Army</a> by sending armed volunteers to the front lines and supplying the army with weapons, food, medicine and moral support.<a href="#cite_note-149">[146]</a> The party even had its own infantry battalion, subordinated to NKR army command, the "Shushi independent battalion", which became one of the most efficient Armenian units during the war. After deciding not to run in the second parliamentary elections, the Armenian Revolutionary Federation ran in the 1999 elections and won 9 of the 33 seats in the <a href="/wiki/National_Assembly_of_Nagorno_Karabakh" class="mw-redirect" title="National Assembly of Nagorno Karabakh">National Assembly of Nagorno Karabakh</a>.<a href="#cite_note-ARF_Karabakh-148">[145]</a> At the June 2005 <a href="/wiki/Elections_in_the_Republic_of_Artsakh" class="mw-redirect" title="Elections in the Republic of Artsakh">elections</a>, the Dashnaktsutiun was part of an electoral alliance with <a href="/wiki/Movement_88" title="Movement 88">Movement 88</a> that won 3 out of 33 seats. Following the March 2020 <a href="/wiki/2020_Artsakhian_general_election" title="2020 Artsakhian general election">elections</a>, the party won 3 seats in the National Assembly. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ideology_and_goals">Ideology and goals</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/United_Armenia" title="United Armenia">United Armenia</a></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:United_Armenia.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/United_Armenia.png/375px-United_Armenia.png" decoding="async" width="375" height="210" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/United_Armenia.png/563px-United_Armenia.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/United_Armenia.png/750px-United_Armenia.png 2x" data-file-width="1715" data-file-height="961" /></a><figcaption>The modern concept of the United Armenia as used by the ARF.<a href="#cite_note-ARF_Shant_Student_Association-54">[51]</a></figcaption></figure> The principal founders of the Armenian Revolutionary Federation were nationalist,<a href="#cite_note-Nationalist-150">[147]</a> socialists, and <a href="/wiki/Marxism" title="Marxism">Marxist</a> elements were omnipresent in the introductory section of the party's first program written by <a href="/wiki/Rosdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Rosdom">Rosdom</a>, entitled "General Theory".<a href="#cite_note-ARF_History_(1)-151">[148]</a> The ARF first set down its ideological and political goals during the <a href="/wiki/Abdul_Hamid_II" title="Abdul Hamid II">Hamidian regime</a>. It denounced the Ottoman regime and the unbearable conditions of life for its Armenians and advocated changing the regime in power and securing more rights through revolution and armed struggle. The ARF had and still has <a href="/wiki/Socialism" title="Socialism">socialism</a> within its <a href="/wiki/Political_philosophy" title="Political philosophy">political philosophy</a>. Its program expresses the entire, multifaceted make-up of the Armenian revolutionary movement, including its national-liberation, political, and social-economic aspects.<a href="#cite_note-ARF_History_(2)-152">[149]</a> Politically the ARF is aligned with <a href="/wiki/Marxist#Overview" class="mw-redirect" title="Marxist">Marxist</a> socialism, being influenced by Marxist analysis of history, capitalism, and politics.<a href="#cite_note-ARF_Program-153">[150]</a> Despite subsequent modifications, the above-mentioned principles and tendencies continue to characterize the ideological world of the Dashnaktsutiun, and its approach toward issues has remained unchanged. In recent decades, the Armenian Revolutionary Federation reasserted itself ideologically and reformulated the section of its program called "General Theory", adapting it to current concepts of socialism, democracy and rights of <a href="/wiki/Self-determination" title="Self-determination">self-determination</a>.<a href="#cite_note-ARF_History_(2)-152">[149]</a> The party has long supported a <a href="/wiki/Parliamentary_republic" title="Parliamentary republic">parliamentary republican</a> political system and campaigned for a "yes" vote in the <a href="/wiki/2015_Armenian_constitutional_referendum" title="2015 Armenian constitutional referendum">2015 constitutional referendum</a>.<a href="#cite_note-154">[151]</a><a href="#cite_note-155">[152]</a> Its primary goals are: <ul><li>Creation of a free, independent, and united Armenia. The borders of <a href="/wiki/United_Armenia" title="United Armenia">United Armenia</a> shall include all territories designated as Armenia by the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_S%C3%A8vres" title="Treaty of Sèvres">Treaty of Sèvres</a> as well as the regions of <a href="/wiki/Nagorno-Karabakh" title="Nagorno-Karabakh">Artsakh</a>, <a href="/wiki/Javakheti" title="Javakheti">Javakhk</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Nakhchivan_Autonomous_Republic" title="Nakhchivan Autonomous Republic">Nakhichevan</a> (See map).<a href="#cite_note-ARF_Shant_Student_Association-54">[51]</a></li> <li>International condemnation of the <a href="/wiki/Armenian_genocide" title="Armenian genocide">genocide</a> committed by the Ottoman Empire against the Armenians, return of the lands which are occupied, and just reparations to the Armenian nation<a href="#cite_note-ARF_Shant_Student_Association-54">[51]</a></li> <li>The gathering of worldwide expatriate Armenians on the lands of United Armenia.<a href="#cite_note-ARF_Shant_Student_Association-54">[51]</a></li> <li>Strengthening Armenia's statehood, institutionalization of democracy and the rule of law, securing the people's economic well-being, and establishment of social justice, and a democratic and socialistic independent republic in Armenia<a href="#cite_note-ARF_Shant_Student_Association-54">[51]</a></li></ul> In 1907, the Dashnaktsutiun joined the <a href="/wiki/Second_International" title="Second International">Second International</a> until its dissolution during World War I.<a href="#cite_note-156">[153]</a> It later joined the reformed <a href="/wiki/Socialist_International" title="Socialist International">Socialist International</a> and remained a full member until 1960, when it decided to pull out of the organization.<a href="#cite_note-Socialist_Int.-157">[154]</a> In 1996, it was re-accepted as an observer member, and in 1999 the Dashnaks earned full membership in the international organization.<a href="#cite_note-Socialist_Int.-157">[154]</a> The party was also a member of the <a href="/wiki/Labour_and_Socialist_International" title="Labour and Socialist International">Labour and Socialist International</a> between 1923 and 1940.<a href="#cite_note-158">[155]</a> A member of the ARF is called Dashnaktsakan (in <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Armenian" title="Eastern Armenian">Eastern Armenian</a>) or Tashnagtsagan (in <a href="/wiki/Western_Armenian" title="Western Armenian">Western Armenian</a>), or Dashnak/Tashnag for short. Other than calling each other by name, members formally address one another as <a href="/wiki/Comrade" title="Comrade">Comrade</a> (Ընկեր or Unger for boys and men, Ընկերուհի or Ungerouhi for girls and women).<a href="#cite_note-159">[156]</a> The party has supported some <a href="/wiki/Pro-European" class="mw-redirect" title="Pro-European">pro-European</a> policies which favor the <a href="/wiki/European_integration" title="European integration">European integration</a> of Armenia. The party was in favor of Armenia's continued political association and economic integration with the <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a>. However, in 2013 the ARF backed the government's decision to join the <a href="/wiki/Eurasian_Economic_Union" title="Eurasian Economic Union">Eurasian Economic Union</a> instead of signing an <a href="/wiki/European_Union_Association_Agreement" title="European Union Association Agreement">Association Agreement</a> and <a href="/wiki/Deep_and_Comprehensive_Free_Trade_Area" title="Deep and Comprehensive Free Trade Area">DCTFA</a> with the EU, stating that there were "security concerns" facing Armenia.<a href="#cite_note-160">[157]</a> In 2016, the ARF signed a memorandum of co-operation with the <a href="/wiki/Progressive_Alliance_of_Socialists_and_Democrats" title="Progressive Alliance of Socialists and Democrats">Progressive Alliance of Socialists and Democrats</a> (S&D). Former S&D President <a href="/wiki/Gianni_Pittella" title="Gianni Pittella">Gianni Pittella</a> stated, "Armenia deserves to benefit from both its membership of the Eurasian Economic Union and the closest relations with the European Union. The Armenian Revolutionary Federation has its place within the European social-democratic family."<a href="#cite_note-161">[158]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Affiliate_organizations">Affiliate organizations</h2></div> The ARF is considered the foremost organization in the <a href="/wiki/Armenian_diaspora" title="Armenian diaspora">Armenian diaspora</a>, having established numerous Armenian schools, community centers, Scouting and athletic groups, relief societies, youth groups, camps, and other organs throughout the world.<a href="#cite_note-AZG_Armenian_Daily2-49">[46]</a> The ARF also works as an umbrella organ for the <a href="/wiki/Armenian_Relief_Society" title="Armenian Relief Society">Armenian Relief Society</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Homenetmen" title="Homenetmen">Homenetmen Armenian General Athletic Union</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Hamazkayin" title="Hamazkayin">Hamazkayin Cultural Foundation</a>, and many other community organizations.<a href="#cite_note-AZG_Armenian_Daily2-49">[46]</a> It operates the <a href="/wiki/Armenian_Youth_Federation" title="Armenian Youth Federation">Armenian Youth Federation</a>, which encourages the youth of the diaspora to join the political cause of the ARF and the Armenian people. The ARF Shant Student Association and the ARF Armen Karo Student Association are organizations of college and university students on various campuses and are the only ARF organizations whose membership is exclusively from this group. The <a href="/wiki/Justice_Commandos_of_the_Armenian_Genocide" title="Justice Commandos of the Armenian Genocide">Justice Commandos of the Armenian Genocide</a> (JCAG) was the militant arm of the ARF.<a href="#cite_note-162">[159]</a><a href="#cite_note-163">[160]</a> It was active in from 1975 to 1987.<a href="#cite_note-164">[161]</a> They were responsible for a number of assassinations of Turkish diplomats with the goal of bringing attention to the Armenian genocide.<a href="#cite_note-165">[162]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="US_and_Canada">US and Canada</h3></div> <a href="/wiki/Armenian_National_Committee_of_America" title="Armenian National Committee of America">Armenian National Committee of America</a>, an ARF-affiliated organization, is the strongest <a href="/wiki/Armenian_lobby_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Armenian lobby in the United States">Armenian lobby</a> organization in the United States.<a href="#cite_note-166">[163]</a> Its sister organization, the Armenian National Committee of Canada, operates in Canada as the strongest and most influential Armenian Canadian organization.<a href="#cite_note-167">[164]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Western_US_Committee_controversy">Western US Committee controversy</h4></div> In December 2020, the ARF's highest body, the Bureau, appointed a new Central Committee in the Western United States, citing the limitations created by the <a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic" title="COVID-19 pandemic">COVID-19 pandemic</a> as reason for the appointment without the calling of a convention.<a href="#cite_note-:6-168">[165]</a> After this, a group of ARF members refused to accept the decision, convened an assembly and elected a body which claimed to be the legitimate Central Committee of the ARF in the Western United States.<a href="#cite_note-:7-169">[166]</a><a href="#cite_note-:8-170">[167]</a> This group took control of the bank account and various movable and immovable properties of the ARF Western Region of the US, including the official organ <a href="/wiki/Asbarez" title="Asbarez">Asbarez</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:6-168">[165]</a><a href="#cite_note-:7-169">[166]</a> The members of this group were expelled from the party by decision of the Bureau in March 2021.<a href="#cite_note-:7-169">[166]</a><a href="#cite_note-:8-170">[167]</a> The expelled group then initiated lawsuits, including Federal RICO litigation.<a href="#cite_note-171">[168]</a> On July 18, 2021, at the ARF Western United States 55th Regional Convention, sanctioned and attended by the ARF Bureau, a new Central Committee of the ARF Western United States Region was elected for a two-year term.<a href="#cite_note-172">[169]</a> On March 8, 2022, the Armenian Revolutionary Federation's World Congress, its highest authority, issued a public statement re-affirming that "the only ARF entity operating in the Western United States region is the ARF Central Committee elected for a term of two years on July 18, 2021 at the ARF Western United States 55th Regional Convention. This entity is the only one authorized to incorporate the use of the ARF's name and use its flag, insignia and anthem."<a href="#cite_note-173">[170]</a> The newspaper Oragark was established as the new official publication of the organization in the Western United States in April 2022.<a href="#cite_note-174">[171]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_countries">Other countries</h3></div> Branches of the Armenian National Committee in Argentina, Australia, Belgium, Bulgaria, Canada, Cyprus, Egypt, England, France, Georgia, Greece, Iran, Israel, Lebanon, Russia, Switzerland, Syria, the Netherlands and Uruguay subsequently have played a significant role in the campaign for the <a href="/wiki/Armenian_genocide_recognition" title="Armenian genocide recognition">recognition of the Armenian genocide</a> in their respective countries.<a href="#cite_note-175">[172]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Media">Media</h2></div> ARF and its affiliate organizations worldwide publish 12 newspapers: 4 daily and 8 weeklies. Also, there are two TV channels, including one online. Two radio stations are aired every day, including one online. <dl><dt>Periodicals</dt></dl> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Name (in Armenian) </th> <th>Type </th> <th>Date est. </th> <th>Location </th> <th>Language(s) </th> <th>Website </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Yerkir" title="Yerkir">Yerkir</a> (Երկիր) </td> <td>weekly </td> <td>1991 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Armenia" title="Armenia"><img alt="Armenia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Flag_of_Armenia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Armenia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Flag_of_Armenia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Armenia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Flag_of_Armenia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Armenia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a> Yerevan, Armenia </td> <td>Eastern Armenian </td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.yerkir.am/">www.yerkir.am</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Aparaj (Ապառաժ) </td> <td>weekly </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Artsakh" title="Republic of Artsakh"><img alt="Republic of Artsakh" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Flag_of_Artsakh.svg/23px-Flag_of_Artsakh.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Flag_of_Artsakh.svg/35px-Flag_of_Artsakh.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Flag_of_Artsakh.svg/46px-Flag_of_Artsakh.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a> Stepanakert, <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Artsakh" title="Republic of Artsakh">Artsakh</a> </td> <td>Eastern Armenian </td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://aparaj.am/">aparaj.am</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Alik_(daily)" title="Alik (daily)">Alik</a> (Ալիք) </td> <td>daily </td> <td>1931 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran"><img alt="Iran" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/23px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/35px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/46px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="630" data-file-height="360" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Tehran" title="Tehran">Tehran</a>, Iran </td> <td>Eastern Armenian </td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://alikonline.ir/">alikonline.ir</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Housaper" title="Housaper">Housaper</a> (Յուսաբեր) </td> <td>daily </td> <td>1913 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt"><img alt="Egypt" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_Egypt.svg/23px-Flag_of_Egypt.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_Egypt.svg/35px-Flag_of_Egypt.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_Egypt.svg/45px-Flag_of_Egypt.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Cairo" title="Cairo">Cairo</a>, Egypt </td> <td>Western Armenian </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Aztag_(daily)" class="mw-redirect" title="Aztag (daily)">Aztag</a> (Ազդակ) </td> <td>daily </td> <td>1927 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Lebanon" title="Lebanon"><img alt="Lebanon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Flag_of_Lebanon.svg/23px-Flag_of_Lebanon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Flag_of_Lebanon.svg/35px-Flag_of_Lebanon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Flag_of_Lebanon.svg/45px-Flag_of_Lebanon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2880" data-file-height="1920" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Beirut" title="Beirut">Beirut</a>, Lebanon </td> <td>Western Armenian </td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aztagdaily.com/">www.aztagdaily.com</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Hairenik" title="Hairenik">Hairenik</a> (Հայրենիք) </td> <td>weekly </td> <td>1899 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States"><img alt="United States" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></a> Watertown, Massachusetts, U.S. </td> <td>Western Armenian </td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hairenikweekly.com/">hairenikweekly.com</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Armenian_Weekly" class="mw-redirect" title="Armenian Weekly">Armenian Weekly</a> </td> <td>weekly </td> <td>1934 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States"><img alt="United States" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></a> Watertown, Massachusetts, U.S. </td> <td>English </td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://armenianweekly.com/">armenianweekly.com</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Haytoug (Հայդուկ) </td> <td>youth magazine (AYF) </td> <td>1978 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States"><img alt="United States" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></a> Los Angeles, California, U.S. </td> <td>Western Armenian, English </td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.haytoug.org/">www.haytoug.org</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Horizon_Weekly" title="Horizon Weekly">Horizon</a> (Հորիզոն) </td> <td>weekly </td> <td>1979 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada"><img alt="Canada" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a> Montreal, Canada </td> <td>Western Armenian, English, French </td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://horizonweekly.ca/">horizonweekly.ca</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Ardziv (Արծիւ) </td> <td>youth magazine (AYF) </td> <td>1991 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada"><img alt="Canada" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a> Toronto, Canada </td> <td>Western Armenian, English, French </td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ardziv.org/">ardziv.org</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Artsakank (Արձագանգ) </td> <td>weekly </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Cyprus" title="Cyprus"><img alt="Cyprus" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Cyprus.svg/23px-Flag_of_Cyprus.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Cyprus.svg/35px-Flag_of_Cyprus.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Cyprus.svg/45px-Flag_of_Cyprus.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></a> Nicosia, Cyprus </td> <td>Western Armenian, English </td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.artsakank.com.cy/">www.artsakank.com.cy</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Azat_Or" title="Azat Or">Azat Or</a> (Ազատ Օր) </td> <td>weekly </td> <td>1945 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Greece" title="Greece"><img alt="Greece" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Greece.svg/23px-Flag_of_Greece.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Greece.svg/35px-Flag_of_Greece.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Greece.svg/45px-Flag_of_Greece.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /></a> Athens, Greece </td> <td>Western Armenian, Greek </td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://azator.gr/">azator.gr</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Kantsasar (Գանձասար) </td> <td>weekly </td> <td>1978 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria"><img alt="Syria" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Republic_%281958%E2%80%931971%29%2C_Flag_of_Syria_%281980%E2%80%932024%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Republic_%281958%E2%80%931971%29%2C_Flag_of_Syria_%281980%E2%80%932024%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Republic_%281958%E2%80%931971%29%2C_Flag_of_Syria_%281980%E2%80%932024%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Republic_%281958%E2%80%931971%29%2C_Flag_of_Syria_%281980%E2%80%932024%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Republic_%281958%E2%80%931971%29%2C_Flag_of_Syria_%281980%E2%80%932024%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Republic_%281958%E2%80%931971%29%2C_Flag_of_Syria_%281980%E2%80%932024%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> Aleppo, Syria </td> <td>Western Armenian </td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kantsasar.com/">www.kantsasar.com</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Armenia" title="Armenia">Armenia</a> (Արմենիա) </td> <td>weekly </td> <td>1931 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Argentina" title="Argentina"><img alt="Argentina" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Flag_of_Argentina.svg/23px-Flag_of_Argentina.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Flag_of_Argentina.svg/35px-Flag_of_Argentina.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Flag_of_Argentina.svg/46px-Flag_of_Argentina.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="500" /></a> Buenos Aires, Argentina </td> <td>Western Armenian, Spanish </td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://diarioarmenia.org.ar/">diarioarmenia.org.ar</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>ARFWest.org </td> <td>online </td> <td>2020 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States"><img alt="United States" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></a> Los Angeles, California, U.S. </td> <td>Eastern and Western Armenian, English </td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.arfwest.org/">ARFWest.org</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Oragark </td> <td>online </td> <td>2022 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States"><img alt="United States" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></a> Burbank, California, U.S. </td> <td>English, Eastern and Western Armenian </td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oragark.com/">Oragark.com</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <dl><dt>Television</dt></dl> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Name </th> <th>Date established </th> <th>Location </th> <th>Language(s) </th> <th>Website </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Yerkir_Media" title="Yerkir Media">Yerkir Media</a> (Երկիր Մեդիա) </td> <td>2003 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Armenia" title="Armenia"><img alt="Armenia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Flag_of_Armenia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Armenia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Flag_of_Armenia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Armenia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Flag_of_Armenia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Armenia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a> Yerevan, Armenia </td> <td>Armenian </td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.yerkirmedia.am/">www.yerkirmedia.am</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Nor Hai Horizon TV </td> <td>1993 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada"><img alt="Canada" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a> Toronto, Canada </td> <td>Armenian, English </td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.horizontv.ca/">www.horizontv.ca</a> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <dl><dt>Radio</dt></dl> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Name </th> <th>In Armenian </th> <th>Type </th> <th>Date established </th> <th>Location </th> <th>Language(s) </th> <th>Circulation </th> <th>Website </th></tr> <tr> <td>Voice of Van </td> <td>Վանայ Ձայն </td> <td>radio station </td> <td>1927 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Lebanon" title="Lebanon"><img alt="Lebanon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Flag_of_Lebanon.svg/23px-Flag_of_Lebanon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Flag_of_Lebanon.svg/35px-Flag_of_Lebanon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Flag_of_Lebanon.svg/45px-Flag_of_Lebanon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2880" data-file-height="1920" /></a> Beirut, Lebanon </td> <td>Armenian </td> <td style="text-align: center;">— </td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.voiceofvan.net/">www.voiceofvan.net</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Azat Alik </td> <td>Ազատ Ալիք </td> <td>online radio station </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Greece" title="Greece"><img alt="Greece" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Greece.svg/23px-Flag_of_Greece.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Greece.svg/35px-Flag_of_Greece.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Greece.svg/45px-Flag_of_Greece.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /></a> Greece </td> <td>Armenian </td> <td style="text-align: center;">— </td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120512092829/http://azatalik.gr:80/">web.archive.org/web/20120512092829/http://azatalik.gr:80/</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Radio Yeraz </td> <td>Ռատիո Երազ </td> <td>online radio station </td> <td>2011 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria"><img alt="Syria" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Republic_%281958%E2%80%931971%29%2C_Flag_of_Syria_%281980%E2%80%932024%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Republic_%281958%E2%80%931971%29%2C_Flag_of_Syria_%281980%E2%80%932024%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Republic_%281958%E2%80%931971%29%2C_Flag_of_Syria_%281980%E2%80%932024%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Republic_%281958%E2%80%931971%29%2C_Flag_of_Syria_%281980%E2%80%932024%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Republic_%281958%E2%80%931971%29%2C_Flag_of_Syria_%281980%E2%80%932024%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Republic_%281958%E2%80%931971%29%2C_Flag_of_Syria_%281980%E2%80%932024%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> Aleppo, Syria </td> <td>Armenian </td> <td style="text-align: center;">first Armenian online radio station in Syria </td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.radioyeraz.com/">www.radioyeraz.com</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.radioyeraz.net/">www.radioyeraz.net</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1266661725">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><a href="/wiki/File:Asia_(orthographic_projection).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/28px-Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/42px-Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/56px-Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="541" data-file-height="541" /></a><a href="/wiki/Portal:Asia" title="Portal:Asia">Asia portal</a></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><img alt="map" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Europe_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/28px-Europe_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Europe_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/42px-Europe_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Europe_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/56px-Europe_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="541" data-file-height="541" /><a href="/wiki/Portal:Europe" title="Portal:Europe">Europe portal</a></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><a href="/wiki/File:A_coloured_voting_box.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/28px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/42px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/56px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="160" data-file-height="160" /></a><a href="/wiki/Portal:Politics" title="Portal:Politics">Politics portal</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_national_movement" title="Armenian national movement">Armenian national movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_fedayi" title="Armenian fedayi">Armenian fedayees</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_Revolutionary_Federation_in_Lebanon" title="Armenian Revolutionary Federation in Lebanon">Armenian Revolutionary Federation in Lebanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ARF_History_Museum" title="ARF History Museum">ARF History Museum</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <dl><dt>Notes</dt></dl> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-37"><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a> Reformed spelling: Հայ Յեղափոխական Դաշնակցություն; <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Armenian" title="Eastern Armenian">Eastern Armenian</a> pronunciation: Hay Heghapokhagan Dashnaktsutyun; <a href="/wiki/Western_Armenian" title="Western Armenian">Western Armenian</a> pronunciation: Hay Heghapokhagan Tashnagtsutiun. The abbreviation in both cases is written as ՀՅԴ which is pronounced as Ho-Yi-Da in Eastern and Ho-Hi-Ta in Western Armenian. </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a> Collectively referred to as Dashnaks for short </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Armenian" title="Eastern Armenian">Eastern Armenian</a>: Դաշնակցություն, Dashnaktsutyun; <a href="/wiki/Western_Armenian" title="Western Armenian">Western Armenian</a>: Դաշնակցութիւն, Tashnagtsoutioun </li> </ol></div></div> <dl><dt>Sources</dt></dl> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Origins_of_the_ARF-1">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Origins_of_the_ARF_1-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Origins_of_the_ARF_1-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Origins_of_the_ARF_1-2">c</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFLibaridian2004" class="citation book cs1">Libaridian, Gerard J. (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/modernarmeniapeo00liba">Modern Armenia: People, Nation, State</a>. Transaction Publishers. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7658-0205-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7658-0205-7"><bdi>978-0-7658-0205-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Modern+Armenia%3A+People%2C+Nation%2C+State&rft.pub=Transaction+Publishers&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-7658-0205-7&rft.aulast=Libaridian&rft.aufirst=Gerard+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmodernarmeniapeo00liba&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArmenian+Revolutionary+Federation" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141006083501/http://www.tert.am/am/news/2012/03/15/kusakcakakan-hayastan/">"Յուրաքանչյուր երկրորդ չափահաս հայաստանցին կուսակցակա՞ն [Every second Armenian a party member?]"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Tert.am" title="Tert.am">Tert.am</a> (in Armenian). Yerevan. 15 May 2012. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tert.am/am/news/2012/03/15/kusakcakakan-hayastan/">the original</a> on 6 October 2014. Retrieved 7 September 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Tert.am&rft.atitle=%D5%85%D5%B8%D6%82%D6%80%D5%A1%D6%84%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%B9%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D6%80+%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%AF%D6%80%D5%B8%D6%80%D5%A4+%D5%B9%D5%A1%D6%83%D5%A1%D5%B0%D5%A1%D5%BD+%D5%B0%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%A1%D5%BD%D5%BF%D5%A1%D5%B6%D6%81%D5%AB%D5%B6+%D5%AF%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%BD%D5%A1%D5%AF%D6%81%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%9E%D5%B6+%5BEvery+second+Armenian+a+party+member%3F%5D&rft.date=2012-05-15&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.tert.am%2Fam%2Fnews%2F2012%2F03%2F15%2Fkusakcakakan-hayastan%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArmenian+Revolutionary+Federation" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rferl.org/content/Armenian_Nationalist_Party_Threatens_President_Over_Turkey_Protocols/1929715.html">"Armenian Nationalist Party Threatens President Over Turkey Protocols"</a>. Yerevan. <a href="/wiki/Radio_Free_Europe/Radio_Liberty" title="Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty">Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty</a>. 14 January 2010. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140908041326/http://www.rferl.org/content/Armenian_Nationalist_Party_Threatens_President_Over_Turkey_Protocols/1929715.html">Archived</a> from the original on 8 September 2014. Retrieved 7 September 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Armenian+Nationalist+Party+Threatens+President+Over+Turkey+Protocols&rft.date=2010-01-14&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.rferl.org%2Fcontent%2FArmenian_Nationalist_Party_Threatens_President_Over_Turkey_Protocols%2F1929715.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArmenian+Revolutionary+Federation" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECornell201111-4"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECornell201111_4-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCornell2011">Cornell 2011</a>, p. 11. </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAbbasov2010" class="citation news cs1">Abbasov, Shahin (15 October 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.eurasianet.org/node/62162">"Azerbaijan: Baku Reaches Out to Armenian Hard-liners in Karabakh PR Bid"</a>. EurasiaNet. New York. <a href="/wiki/Open_Society_Institute" class="mw-redirect" title="Open Society Institute">Open Society Institute</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140908022137/http://www.eurasianet.org/node/62162">Archived</a> from the original on 8 September 2014. Retrieved 7 September 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=EurasiaNet&rft.atitle=Azerbaijan%3A+Baku+Reaches+Out+to+Armenian+Hard-liners+in+Karabakh+PR+Bid&rft.date=2010-10-15&rft.aulast=Abbasov&rft.aufirst=Shahin&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.eurasianet.org%2Fnode%2F62162&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArmenian+Revolutionary+Federation" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a> <a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECornell201111-4">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-crisisgroup-7"><a href="#cite_ref-crisisgroup_7-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.crisisgroup.org/~/media/Files/europe/158_armenia_s_internal_instability_ahead.pdf">"Armenia: Internal Instability Ahead"</a> (PDF). Yerevan/Brussels: <a href="/wiki/International_Crisis_Group" title="International Crisis Group">International Crisis Group</a>. 18 October 2004. p. 8. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150923230516/http://www.crisisgroup.org/~/media/Files/europe/158_armenia_s_internal_instability_ahead.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 23 September 2015. Retrieved 11 June 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Armenia%3A+Internal+Instability+Ahead&rft.place=Yerevan%2FBrussels&rft.pages=8&rft.pub=International+Crisis+Group&rft.date=2004-10-18&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.crisisgroup.org%2F~%2Fmedia%2FFiles%2Feurope%2F158_armenia_s_internal_instability_ahead.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArmenian+Revolutionary+Federation" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140611150044/http://www.arfd.info/hy/?p=3602">"Ծրագիր Հայ Յեղափոխական Դաշնակցության (1998)"</a>. Armenian Revolutionary Federation Website. "ՀՅ Դաշնակցությունը նպատակադրում է. Ա. Ազատ, Անկախ եւ Միացյալ Հայաստանի կերտում: Միացյալ Հայաստանի սահմանների մեջ պիտի մտնեն Սեւրի դաշնագրով նախատեսված հայկական հողերը, ինչպես նաեւ` Արցախի, Ջավախքի եւ Նախիջեւանի երկրամասերը:" </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarutyunyan200989-9"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarutyunyan200989_9-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHarutyunyan2009">Harutyunyan 2009</a>, p. 89. </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a> <a href="#cite_note-crisisgroup-7">[7]</a><a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarutyunyan200989-9">[9]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191109162217/https://armenpress.am/arm/news/957054/">"The first numbers of the lists of eleven political forces presented their visions of the fight against corruption and economic development" <bdi lang="hy">Տասնմեկ քաղաքական ուժերի ցուցակների առաջին համարները ներկայացրին կոռուպցիայի դեմ պայքարի ու տնտեսության զարգացման իրենց տեսլականները</bdi></a> (in Armenian). <a href="/wiki/Armenpress" title="Armenpress">Armenpress</a>. 5 December 2018. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://armenpress.am/arm/news/957054/">the original</a> on 9 November 2019. Retrieved 10 December 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=The+first+numbers+of+the+lists+of+eleven+political+forces+presented+their+visions+of+the+fight+against+corruption+and+economic+development+%D5%8F%D5%A1%D5%BD%D5%B6%D5%B4%D5%A5%D5%AF+%D6%84%D5%A1%D5%B2%D5%A1%D6%84%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%B6+%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%AA%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%AB+%D6%81%D5%B8%D6%82%D6%81%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%B6%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%AB+%D5%A1%D5%BC%D5%A1%D5%BB%D5%AB%D5%B6+%D5%B0%D5%A1%D5%B4%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%B6%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%A8+%D5%B6%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%A1%D6%81%D6%80%D5%AB%D5%B6+%D5%AF%D5%B8%D5%BC%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%BA%D6%81%D5%AB%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%AB+%D5%A4%D5%A5%D5%B4+%D5%BA%D5%A1%D5%B5%D6%84%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%AB+%D5%B8%D6%82+%D5%BF%D5%B6%D5%BF%D5%A5%D5%BD%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%B5%D5%A1%D5%B6+%D5%A6%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%A3%D5%A1%D6%81%D5%B4%D5%A1%D5%B6+%D5%AB%D6%80%D5%A5%D5%B6%D6%81+%D5%BF%D5%A5%D5%BD%D5%AC%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%B6%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%A8&rft.date=2018-12-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farmenpress.am%2Farm%2Fnews%2F957054%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArmenian+Revolutionary+Federation" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191109162222/https://www.yerkir.am/news/view/136615.html">"It is necessary to get rid of the phrase 'there are no means, there can be no reforms.' 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Princeton University Press. pp. 21–22. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-691-02549-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-691-02549-0"><bdi>978-0-691-02549-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Thou+Shalt+Kill%3A+Revolutionary+Terrorism+in+Russia%2C+1894%E2%80%931917&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E21-%3C%2Fspan%3E22&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=1995-12-31&rft.isbn=978-0-691-02549-0&rft.aulast=Geifman&rft.aufirst=Anna&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArmenian+Revolutionary+Federation" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-tempest-61"><a href="#cite_ref-tempest_61-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVratsian2000" class="citation book cs1">Vratsian, Simon (2000). Tempest-Born DRO. Armenian Prelacy, New York, translated by Tamar Der-Ohannesian. pp. 13–22.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Tempest-Born+DRO&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E13-%3C%2Fspan%3E22&rft.pub=Armenian+Prelacy%2C+New+York%2C+translated+by+Tamar+Der-Ohannesian&rft.date=2000&rft.aulast=Vratsian&rft.aufirst=Simon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArmenian+Revolutionary+Federation" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Stalin-62"><a href="#cite_ref-Stalin_62-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.marxists.org/history/etol/writers/souvar/works/stalin/ch03.htm">""A Critical Survey of Bolshevism" – Stalin"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080102023206/http://www.marxists.org/history/etol/writers/souvar/works/stalin/ch03.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 2 January 2008. Retrieved 5 August 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%22A+Critical+Survey+of+Bolshevism%22+%E2%80%93+Stalin&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.marxists.org%2Fhistory%2Fetol%2Fwriters%2Fsouvar%2Fworks%2Fstalin%2Fch03.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArmenian+Revolutionary+Federation" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Tadeusz-63">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Tadeusz_63-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Tadeusz_63-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSwietochowski1985" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Tadeusz_Swietochowski" title="Tadeusz Swietochowski">Swietochowski, Tadeusz</a> (1985). Russian Azerbaijan, 1905–1920. The Shaping of a National Identity in a Muslim Community. Cambridge University Press. pp. 41–42. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-52245-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-52245-8"><bdi>978-0-521-52245-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Russian+Azerbaijan%2C+1905%E2%80%931920.+The+Shaping+of+a+National+Identity+in+a+Muslim+Community&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E41-%3C%2Fspan%3E42&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1985&rft.isbn=978-0-521-52245-8&rft.aulast=Swietochowski&rft.aufirst=Tadeusz&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArmenian+Revolutionary+Federation" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLibaridian1995" class="citation book cs1">Libaridian, Gerard J. (31 December 1995). Modern Armenia: People, Nation, State. Princeton University Press. p. 17. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-691-02549-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-691-02549-0"><bdi>978-0-691-02549-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Modern+Armenia%3A+People%2C+Nation%2C+State&rft.pages=17&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=1995-12-31&rft.isbn=978-0-691-02549-0&rft.aulast=Libaridian&rft.aufirst=Gerard+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArmenian+Revolutionary+Federation" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a> (in Russian)«Всеподданейшая записка по управлению кавказским краем генерала адьютанта графа Воронцова-Дашкова», СПб.: Государственная Тип., 1907, с.12 </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSuny1996" class="citation book cs1">Suny, Ronald (1996). Transcaucasia, Nationalism, and Social Change: Essays in the History of Armenia, 2nd edition. University of Michigan Press. pp. 166–167. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-472-06617-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-472-06617-9"><bdi>978-0-472-06617-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Transcaucasia%2C+Nationalism%2C+and+Social+Change%3A+Essays+in+the+History+of+Armenia%2C+2nd+edition&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E166-%3C%2Fspan%3E167&rft.pub=University+of+Michigan+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-0-472-06617-9&rft.aulast=Suny&rft.aufirst=Ronald&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArmenian+Revolutionary+Federation" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAbraham1990" class="citation book cs1">Abraham, Richard (1990). Alexander Kerensky: The First Love of the Revolution. New York: Columbia University Press. p. 53. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-231-06109-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-231-06109-4"><bdi>978-0-231-06109-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Alexander+Kerensky%3A+The+First+Love+of+the+Revolution&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=53&rft.pub=Columbia+University+Press&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=978-0-231-06109-4&rft.aulast=Abraham&rft.aufirst=Richard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArmenian+Revolutionary+Federation" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a> Abraham. Alexander Kerensky, p. 54 </li> <li id="cite_note-Early_Dashnaktsutiun_role_in_Iranian_Constitutional_Revolution-69">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Early_Dashnaktsutiun_role_in_Iranian_Constitutional_Revolution_69-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Early_Dashnaktsutiun_role_in_Iranian_Constitutional_Revolution_69-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Early_Dashnaktsutiun_role_in_Iranian_Constitutional_Revolution_69-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Early_Dashnaktsutiun_role_in_Iranian_Constitutional_Revolution_69-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBerberian2001" class="citation book cs1">Berberian, Houri (2001). Armenians and the Iranian Constitutional Revolution of 1905–1911. Westview Press. pp. 116–117. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8133-3817-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8133-3817-0"><bdi>978-0-8133-3817-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Armenians+and+the+Iranian+Constitutional+Revolution+of+1905%E2%80%931911&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E116-%3C%2Fspan%3E117&rft.pub=Westview+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-8133-3817-0&rft.aulast=Berberian&rft.aufirst=Houri&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArmenian+Revolutionary+Federation" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Yeprem_Khan_role_in_Iranian_Constitutional_Revolution-70">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Yeprem_Khan_role_in_Iranian_Constitutional_Revolution_70-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Yeprem_Khan_role_in_Iranian_Constitutional_Revolution_70-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Yeprem_Khan_role_in_Iranian_Constitutional_Revolution_70-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBerberian2001" class="citation book cs1">Berberian, Houri (2001). Armenians and the Iranian Constitutional Revolution of 1905–1911. Westview Press. pp. 132–134. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8133-3817-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8133-3817-0"><bdi>978-0-8133-3817-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Armenians+and+the+Iranian+Constitutional+Revolution+of+1905%E2%80%931911&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E132-%3C%2Fspan%3E134&rft.pub=Westview+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-8133-3817-0&rft.aulast=Berberian&rft.aufirst=Houri&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArmenian+Revolutionary+Federation" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMandelian2022" class="citation web cs1">Mandelian, Garo (4 January 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://armenianweekly.com/2022/01/04/the-arf-oath-and-its-revolutionary-tactics-methods-and-operations/">"The ARF Oath and its Revolutionary Tactics, Methods, and Operations"</a>. armeniaweekly.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230307023707/https://armenianweekly.com/2022/01/04/the-arf-oath-and-its-revolutionary-tactics-methods-and-operations/">Archived</a> from the original on 7 March 2023. Retrieved 7 March 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=armeniaweekly.com&rft.atitle=The+ARF+Oath+and+its+Revolutionary+Tactics%2C+Methods%2C+and+Operations&rft.date=2022-01-04&rft.aulast=Mandelian&rft.aufirst=Garo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farmenianweekly.com%2F2022%2F01%2F04%2Fthe-arf-oath-and-its-revolutionary-tactics-methods-and-operations%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArmenian+Revolutionary+Federation" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hayots_p.42–48-72">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Hayots_p.42–48_72-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hayots_p.42–48_72-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hayots_p.42–48_72-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hayots_p.42–48_72-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hayots_p.42–48_72-4">e</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKurdoghlian1996" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Kurdoghlian, Mihran (1996). Hayots Badmoutioun (Armenian History) (in Armenian). Hradaragutiun Azkayin Oosoomnagan Khorhoortee, Athens Greece. pp. 42–48.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hayots+Badmoutioun+%28Armenian+History%29&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E42-%3C%2Fspan%3E48&rft.pub=Hradaragutiun+Azkayin+Oosoomnagan+Khorhoortee%2C+Athens+Greece&rft.date=1996&rft.aulast=Kurdoghlian&rft.aufirst=Mihran&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArmenian+Revolutionary+Federation" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a> Ministère des affaires étrangères, op. cit., no. 212. M. P. Cambon, Ambassadeur de la Republique française à Constantinople, ŕ M. Hanotaux, Ministre des affaires étrangères, p. 239; et no. 215 p. 240. </li> <li id="cite_note-Bank_Ottoman-74"><a href="#cite_ref-Bank_Ottoman_74-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHovannisian1997" class="citation book cs1">Hovannisian, Richard G. (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/armenianpeoplefr00rich_0/page/224">The Armenian People from Ancient to Modern Times</a>. Palgrave Macmillan. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/armenianpeoplefr00rich_0/page/224">224–225</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-312-10168-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-312-10168-8"><bdi>978-0-312-10168-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Armenian+People+from+Ancient+to+Modern+Times&rft.pages=224-225&rft.pub=Palgrave+Macmillan&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0-312-10168-8&rft.aulast=Hovannisian&rft.aufirst=Richard+G.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Farmenianpeoplefr00rich_0%2Fpage%2F224&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArmenian+Revolutionary+Federation" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Modern_Armenian_history-75">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Modern_Armenian_history_75-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Modern_Armenian_history_75-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Modern_Armenian_history_75-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Modern_Armenian_history_75-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Modern_Armenian_history_75-4">e</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHovannisian1997" class="citation book cs1">Hovannisian, Richard G. (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/armenianpeoplefr00rich_0/page/418">The Armenian People from Ancient to Modern Times</a>. Palgrave Macmillan. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/armenianpeoplefr00rich_0/page/418">418</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-312-10168-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-312-10168-8"><bdi>978-0-312-10168-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Armenian+People+from+Ancient+to+Modern+Times&rft.pages=418&rft.pub=Palgrave+Macmillan&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0-312-10168-8&rft.aulast=Hovannisian&rft.aufirst=Richard+G.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Farmenianpeoplefr00rich_0%2Fpage%2F418&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArmenian+Revolutionary+Federation" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.littlearmenia.com/html/history/detail.asp?id=223">"Khanasor Expedition, Armenian history timeline"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20061016120739/http://www.littlearmenia.com/html/history/detail.asp?id=223">Archived</a> from the original on 16 October 2006. Retrieved 26 December 2006.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Khanasor+Expedition%2C+Armenian+history+timeline&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.littlearmenia.com%2Fhtml%2Fhistory%2Fdetail.asp%3Fid%3D223&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArmenian+Revolutionary+Federation" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKarentz2004" class="citation book cs1">Karentz, Varoujan (2004). Mitchnapert the Citadel: A History of Armenians in Rhode Island. iUniverse. p. 166. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-595-30662-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-595-30662-6"><bdi>978-0-595-30662-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mitchnapert+the+Citadel%3A+A+History+of+Armenians+in+Rhode+Island&rft.pages=166&rft.pub=iUniverse&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-595-30662-6&rft.aulast=Karentz&rft.aufirst=Varoujan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArmenian+Revolutionary+Federation" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMesrobian2000" class="citation book cs1">Mesrobian, Arpena S. (2000). Like One Family: The Armenians of Syracuse. <a href="/wiki/Gomidas_Institute" title="Gomidas Institute">Gomidas Institute</a>. p. 222. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9535191-1-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-9535191-1-8"><bdi>978-0-9535191-1-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Like+One+Family%3A+The+Armenians+of+Syracuse&rft.pages=222&rft.pub=Gomidas+Institute&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-9535191-1-8&rft.aulast=Mesrobian&rft.aufirst=Arpena+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArmenian+Revolutionary+Federation" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-MVG2-79">^ <a href="#cite_ref-MVG2_79-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-MVG2_79-1">b</a> Maarten Van Ginderachter, "Edward Joris: Caught between Continents and Ideologies?" in To Kill a Sultan: A Transnational History of the Attempt on Abdülhamid II (1905), edited by Houssine Alloul, Edhem Eldem and Henk de Smaele (Palgrave Macmillan, 2018), p. 67-98. </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k6348382d">"Les Temps nouveaux"</a>. Gallica. 9 December 1905. Retrieved 17 November 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Gallica&rft.atitle=Les+Temps+nouveaux&rft.date=1905-12-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgallica.bnf.fr%2Fark%3A%2F12148%2Fbpt6k6348382d&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArmenian+Revolutionary+Federation" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a> Gaïdz Minassian, "The Armenian Revolutionary Federation and Operation 'Nejuik'", in To Kill a Sultan: A Transnational History of the Attempt on Abdülhamid II (1905), edited by Houssine Alloul, Edhem Eldem and Henk de Smaele (Palgrave Macmillan, 2018), p. 53. </li> <li id="cite_note-MVG-82"><a href="#cite_ref-MVG_82-0">^</a> Maarten Van Ginderachter, "Edward Joris: Caught between Continents and Ideologies?" in To Kill a Sultan: A Transnational History of the Attempt on Abdülhamid II (1905), edited by Houssine Alloul, Edhem Eldem and Henk de Smaele (Palgrave Macmillan, 2018), pp. 67-98. </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k6212177g">"Pro Armenia / rédacteur en chef : Pierre Quillard ; comité de rédaction : G. Clemenceau, Anatole France, Jean Jaurès, Francis de Pressensé, E. de Roberty"</a>. Gallica. 5 January 1908. Retrieved 17 November 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Gallica&rft.atitle=Pro+Armenia+%2F+r%C3%A9dacteur+en+chef+%3A+Pierre+Quillard+%3B+comit%C3%A9+de+r%C3%A9daction+%3A+G.+Clemenceau%2C+Anatole+France%2C+Jean+Jaur%C3%A8s%2C+Francis+de+Pressens%C3%A9%2C+E.+de+Roberty&rft.date=1908-01-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgallica.bnf.fr%2Fark%3A%2F12148%2Fbpt6k6212177g&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArmenian+Revolutionary+Federation" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k6212129d">"Pro Armenia / rédacteur en chef : Pierre Quillard ; comité de rédaction : G. Clemenceau, Anatole France, Jean Jaurès, Francis de Pressensé, E. de Roberty"</a>. Gallica. 15 August 1905. Retrieved 17 November 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Gallica&rft.atitle=Pro+Armenia+%2F+r%C3%A9dacteur+en+chef+%3A+Pierre+Quillard+%3B+comit%C3%A9+de+r%C3%A9daction+%3A+G.+Clemenceau%2C+Anatole+France%2C+Jean+Jaur%C3%A8s%2C+Francis+de+Pressens%C3%A9%2C+E.+de+Roberty&rft.date=1905-08-15&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgallica.bnf.fr%2Fark%3A%2F12148%2Fbpt6k6212129d&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArmenian+Revolutionary+Federation" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k62121302">"Pro Armenia / rédacteur en chef : Pierre Quillard ; comité de rédaction : G. Clemenceau, Anatole France, Jean Jaurès, Francis de Pressensé, E. de Roberty"</a>. Gallica. 1 September 1905. Retrieved 17 November 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Gallica&rft.atitle=Pro+Armenia+%2F+r%C3%A9dacteur+en+chef+%3A+Pierre+Quillard+%3B+comit%C3%A9+de+r%C3%A9daction+%3A+G.+Clemenceau%2C+Anatole+France%2C+Jean+Jaur%C3%A8s%2C+Francis+de+Pressens%C3%A9%2C+E.+de+Roberty&rft.date=1905-09-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgallica.bnf.fr%2Fark%3A%2F12148%2Fbpt6k62121302&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArmenian+Revolutionary+Federation" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k6348461k">"Les Temps nouveaux"</a>. Gallica. 22 June 1907. Retrieved 17 November 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Gallica&rft.atitle=Les+Temps+nouveaux&rft.date=1907-06-22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgallica.bnf.fr%2Fark%3A%2F12148%2Fbpt6k6348461k&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArmenian+Revolutionary+Federation" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPasdermadjian1918" class="citation book cs1">Pasdermadjian, Garegin (1918). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://armenian.tales.googlepages.com/Pastermadjian-1918.pdf">Why Armenia Should be Free: Armenia's Rôle in the Present War</a> (PDF). Hairenik Pub. Co.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Why+Armenia+Should+be+Free%3A+Armenia%27s+R%C3%B4le+in+the+Present+War&rft.pub=Hairenik+Pub.+Co.&rft.date=1918&rft.aulast=Pasdermadjian&rft.aufirst=Garegin&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farmenian.tales.googlepages.com%2FPastermadjian-1918.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArmenian+Revolutionary+Federation" class="Z3988">[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot">permanent dead link</a>‍] </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEubankWeinberg2006" class="citation book cs1">Eubank, William Lee; Weinberg, Leonard (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-1Q0RoGC5s0C&pg=PA45">What Is Terrorism?</a>. Infobase Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4381-0721-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4381-0721-9"><bdi>978-1-4381-0721-9</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230920091157/https://books.google.com/books?id=-1Q0RoGC5s0C&pg=PA45">Archived</a> from the original on 20 September 2023. Retrieved 22 April 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=What+Is+Terrorism%3F&rft.pub=Infobase+Publishing&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-1-4381-0721-9&rft.aulast=Eubank&rft.aufirst=William+Lee&rft.au=Weinberg%2C+Leonard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D-1Q0RoGC5s0C%26pg%3DPA45&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArmenian+Revolutionary+Federation" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a> Türkkaya Ataöv, "Procurement of Arms for Armenian Terrorists: Realities Based on Ottoman Documents", Heath W. Lowry, "Nineteenth and Twentieth Century Armenian Terrorism: 'Threads of Continuity'" and Paul B. Henze, "The Roots of Armenian Violence", in International Terrorism and the Drug Connection, Ankara University Press, 1984, pp. 71-84 and 169-202; Michael M. Gunter, pp. 29-30 and 55; Houshamatyan of the Armenian Revolutionary Federation. Album-Atlas, volume I, Heroic Battles. 1890-1914, Los Angeles-Glendale: Next Day Color Printing, 2006, p. 7; Gaïdz Minassian, pp. 2 and 30-32; Louise Nalbandian, The Armenian Revolutionary Movement, Berkeley-Los Angeles-London: University of California Press, 1963, chapter VII; Kapriel Serope Papazian, Patriotism Perverted, Boston: Baikar Press, 1934, pp. 13-18 and 68-70; Rapport présenté au congrès socialiste international de Copenhague par le parti arménien "Dachnaktzoutioun", Genève, 1910, pp. 9 and 15-17; Jeremy Salt, The Unmaking of the Middle East, Berkeley-Los Angeles-London: University of California Press, 2008, p. 59; Yves Ternon, pp. 124-125. </li> <li id="cite_note-Dashnaktsutiun_and_Committee_of_Union_and_Progress-90">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Dashnaktsutiun_and_Committee_of_Union_and_Progress_90-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dashnaktsutiun_and_Committee_of_Union_and_Progress_90-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKansu1997" class="citation book cs1">Kansu, Aykut (1997). The Revolution of 1908 in Turkey. Brill Academic Publishers. p. 78. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-10283-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-10283-5"><bdi>978-90-04-10283-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Revolution+of+1908+in+Turkey&rft.pages=78&rft.pub=Brill+Academic+Publishers&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-90-04-10283-5&rft.aulast=Kansu&rft.aufirst=Aykut&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArmenian+Revolutionary+Federation" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-ARF_and_Young_Turks-91">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ARF_and_Young_Turks_91-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ARF_and_Young_Turks_91-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKurdoghlian1996" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Kurdoghlian, Mihran (1996). Hayots Badmoutioun (Armenian History) (in Armenian). Hradaragutiun Azkayin Oosoomnagan Khorhoortee, Athens Greece. pp. 52–53.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hayots+Badmoutioun+%28Armenian+History%29&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E52-%3C%2Fspan%3E53&rft.pub=Hradaragutiun+Azkayin+Oosoomnagan+Khorhoortee%2C+Athens+Greece&rft.date=1996&rft.aulast=Kurdoghlian&rft.aufirst=Mihran&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArmenian+Revolutionary+Federation" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKevorkian2011" class="citation book cs1">Kevorkian, Raymond (30 March 2011). The Armenian Genocide: A Complete History. I.B.Tauris. pp. 158–165. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-85773-020-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-85773-020-6"><bdi>978-0-85773-020-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Armenian+Genocide%3A+A+Complete+History&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E158-%3C%2Fspan%3E165&rft.pub=I.B.Tauris&rft.date=2011-03-30&rft.isbn=978-0-85773-020-6&rft.aulast=Kevorkian&rft.aufirst=Raymond&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArmenian+Revolutionary+Federation" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Dashnak_leaders_killed_during_Armenian_Genocide-93"><a href="#cite_ref-Dashnak_leaders_killed_during_Armenian_Genocide_93-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110707162428/http://www.armenianreporteronline.com/old/21042001/c-khachig.htm">"Eyewitness account of the start of the Armenian genocide"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.armenianreporteronline.com/old/21042001/c-khachig.htm">the original</a> on 7 July 2011. Retrieved 3 January 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Eyewitness+account+of+the+start+of+the+Armenian+genocide&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.armenianreporteronline.com%2Fold%2F21042001%2Fc-khachig.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArmenian+Revolutionary+Federation" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Van_Resistance-94">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Van_Resistance_94-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Van_Resistance_94-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKurdoghlian1996" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Kurdoghlian, Mihran (1996). Hayots Badmoutioun (Armenian History) (in Armenian). Hradaragutiun Azkayin Oosoomnagan Khorhoortee, Athens Greece. pp. 92–93.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hayots+Badmoutioun+%28Armenian+History%29&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E92-%3C%2Fspan%3E93&rft.pub=Hradaragutiun+Azkayin+Oosoomnagan+Khorhoortee%2C+Athens+Greece&rft.date=1996&rft.aulast=Kurdoghlian&rft.aufirst=Mihran&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArmenian+Revolutionary+Federation" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUssher1917" class="citation book cs1">Ussher, Clarence D (1917). An American Physician in Turkey. Boston. p. 244.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+American+Physician+in+Turkey&rft.pages=244&rft.pub=Boston&rft.date=1917&rft.aulast=Ussher&rft.aufirst=Clarence+D&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArmenian+Revolutionary+Federation" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Operation_Nemesis-96"><a href="#cite_ref-Operation_Nemesis_96-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20061211002711/http://www.hyeetch.nareg.com.au/genocide/punish_p1.html">"Punishment of the Executors of the Armenian genocide"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hyeetch.nareg.com.au/genocide/punish_p1.html">the original</a> on 11 December 2006. Retrieved 3 January 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Punishment+of+the+Executors+of+the+Armenian+genocide&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hyeetch.nareg.com.au%2Fgenocide%2Fpunish_p1.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArmenian+Revolutionary+Federation" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAvakian1989" class="citation book cs1">Avakian, Lindy V. (1989). The Cross and the Crescent. USC Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-943247-06-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-943247-06-9"><bdi>978-0-943247-06-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Cross+and+the+Crescent&rft.pub=USC+Press&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=978-0-943247-06-9&rft.aulast=Avakian&rft.aufirst=Lindy+V.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArmenian+Revolutionary+Federation" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-98"><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hayastan.com/armenia/history/armenia/index10.php">"Transcaucasian Federation"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190625191747/https://www.hayastan.com/armenia/history/armenia/index10.php">Archived</a> from the original on 25 June 2019. Retrieved 3 January 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Transcaucasian+Federation&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hayastan.com%2Farmenia%2Fhistory%2Farmenia%2Findex10.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArmenian+Revolutionary+Federation" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sardarapat-99">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Sardarapat_99-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sardarapat_99-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20121219022325/http://armenianhistory.info/thefirst.htm">"The First Republic"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://armenianhistory.info/thefirst.htm">the original</a> on 19 December 2012. Retrieved 3 January 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+First+Republic&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farmenianhistory.info%2Fthefirst.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArmenian+Revolutionary+Federation" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-100"><a href="#cite_ref-100">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070929090329/http://www.armenianow.com/archive/2004/2003/may30/features/index.htm">"Genocide survivors recall victory at Sardarapat"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.armenianow.com/archive/2004/2003/may30/features/index.htm">the original</a> on 29 September 2007. Retrieved 30 December 2006.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Genocide+survivors+recall+victory+at+Sardarapat&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.armenianow.com%2Farchive%2F2004%2F2003%2Fmay30%2Ffeatures%2Findex.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArmenian+Revolutionary+Federation" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Pre-Soviet_history_of_Karabakh-101">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Pre-Soviet_history_of_Karabakh_101-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Pre-Soviet_history_of_Karabakh_101-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cilicia.com/armo19i.html">"Pre-Soviet history of Karabakh"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20061218093340/http://cilicia.com/armo19i.html">Archived</a> from the original on 18 December 2006. Retrieved 30 December 2006.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Pre-Soviet+history+of+Karabakh&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cilicia.com%2Farmo19i.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArmenian+Revolutionary+Federation" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-102"><a href="#cite_ref-102">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20070630164325/http://www.axcessnews.com/index.php/articles/show/id/11419">"Soviet background separates two Armenian churches in US"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.axcessnews.com/index.php/articles/show/id/11419">the original</a> on 30 June 2007. Retrieved 28 June 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Soviet+background+separates+two+Armenian+churches+in+US&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.axcessnews.com%2Findex.php%2Farticles%2Fshow%2Fid%2F11419&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArmenian+Revolutionary+Federation" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-103"><a href="#cite_ref-103">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1933/12/25/archives/slain-in-187th-st-church-assassins-swarm-about-armenian-prelate-and.html">"Slain in 187th St. Church; Assassins Swarm About Armenian Prelate and Stab Him. He Falls with Crucifix Two Men Seized and Beaten by Enraged Congregation"</a>. New York Times. 25 December 1933.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Slain+in+187th+St.+Church%3B+Assassins+Swarm+About+Armenian+Prelate+and+Stab+Him.+He+Falls+with+Crucifix+Two+Men+Seized+and+Beaten+by+Enraged+Congregation&rft.date=1933-12-25&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1933%2F12%2F25%2Farchives%2Fslain-in-187th-st-church-assassins-swarm-about-armenian-prelate-and.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArmenian+Revolutionary+Federation" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-104"><a href="#cite_ref-104">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAtabaki_&_Mehendale2005" class="citation book cs1">Atabaki & Mehendale, Touraj & Sanjyot (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/centralasiacauca00mehe_992">Central Asia And The Caucasus: Transnationalism And Diaspora</a>. Routledge (UK). pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/centralasiacauca00mehe_992/page/n154">136</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-33260-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-33260-6"><bdi>978-0-415-33260-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Central+Asia+And+The+Caucasus%3A+Transnationalism+And+Diaspora&rft.pages=136&rft.pub=Routledge+%28UK%29&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-415-33260-6&rft.aulast=Atabaki+%26+Mehendale&rft.aufirst=Touraj+%26+Sanjyot&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcentralasiacauca00mehe_992&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArmenian+Revolutionary+Federation" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-105"><a href="#cite_ref-105">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDekmejian1997" class="citation book cs1">Dekmejian, R. Hrair (1997). "The Armenian Diaspora". In <a href="/wiki/Richard_G._Hovannisian" title="Richard G. Hovannisian">Hovannisian, Richard G.</a> (ed.). The Armenian People from Ancient to Modern Times, Volume II: Foreign Dominion to Statehood: The Fifteenth Century to the Twentieth Century. Macmillan. pp. 415–416. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-333-61974-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-333-61974-9"><bdi>0-333-61974-9</bdi></a>. <q>While the ARF was legally exonerated from any direct complicity in the assassination, the organization and its members were ostracized by the opposition parties. Two consequences of the Tourian episode were the split in the Armenian Church in the United States and a concomitant weakening of the ARF, although the party was able to reinvigorate itself after World War II, by its forthright opposition to Communist rule.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Armenian+Diaspora&rft.btitle=The+Armenian+People+from+Ancient+to+Modern+Times%2C+Volume+II%3A+Foreign+Dominion+to+Statehood%3A+The+Fifteenth+Century+to+the+Twentieth+Century&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E415-%3C%2Fspan%3E416&rft.pub=Macmillan&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=0-333-61974-9&rft.aulast=Dekmejian&rft.aufirst=R.+Hrair&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArmenian+Revolutionary+Federation" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:4-106">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:4_106-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:4_106-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:4_106-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWalker1990" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Christopher_J._Walker" title="Christopher J. Walker">Walker, Christopher J.</a> (1990) [First published 1980]. Armenia: The Survival of a Nation (Rev. 2nd ed.). London: Routledge. pp. 356–358. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-415-04684-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-415-04684-X"><bdi>0-415-04684-X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Armenia%3A+The+Survival+of+a+Nation&rft.place=London&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E356-%3C%2Fspan%3E358&rft.edition=Rev.+2nd&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=0-415-04684-X&rft.aulast=Walker&rft.aufirst=Christopher+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArmenian+Revolutionary+Federation" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Berberian-107"><a href="#cite_ref-Berberian_107-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBerberian2020" class="citation book cs1">Berberian, Houri (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/43955951">"From Nationalist-Socialist to National Socialist? The Shifting Politics of Abraham Giulkhandanian"</a>. In Der Matossian, Bedross (ed.). The First Republic of Armenia (1918-1920) on Its Centenary: Politics, Gender, and Diplomacy. Fresno: The Press at California State University, Fresno. p. 54. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780912201672" title="Special:BookSources/9780912201672"><bdi>9780912201672</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=From+Nationalist-Socialist+to+National+Socialist%3F+The+Shifting+Politics+of+Abraham+Giulkhandanian&rft.btitle=The+First+Republic+of+Armenia+%281918-1920%29+on+Its+Centenary%3A+Politics%2C+Gender%2C+and+Diplomacy&rft.place=Fresno&rft.pages=54&rft.pub=The+Press+at+California+State+University%2C+Fresno&rft.date=2020&rft.isbn=9780912201672&rft.aulast=Berberian&rft.aufirst=Houri&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F43955951&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArmenian+Revolutionary+Federation" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-108"><a href="#cite_ref-108">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWeinberg1992" class="citation book cs1">Weinberg, Leonard (1992). Political parties and terrorist groups. Routledge (UK). p. 19. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7146-3491-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7146-3491-3"><bdi>978-0-7146-3491-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Political+parties+and+terrorist+groups&rft.pages=19&rft.pub=Routledge+%28UK%29&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=978-0-7146-3491-3&rft.aulast=Weinberg&rft.aufirst=Leonard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArmenian+Revolutionary+Federation" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Armenians_and_Lebanon-109">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Armenians_and_Lebanon_109-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Armenians_and_Lebanon_109-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFederal_Research2004" class="citation book cs1">Federal Research, Division (2004). Lebanon a Country Study. Kessinger Publishing. p. 185. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4191-2943-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4191-2943-8"><bdi>978-1-4191-2943-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Lebanon+a+Country+Study&rft.pages=185&rft.pub=Kessinger+Publishing&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-1-4191-2943-8&rft.aulast=Federal+Research&rft.aufirst=Division&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArmenian+Revolutionary+Federation" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-110"><a href="#cite_ref-110">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVerluise1995a" class="citation cs2">Verluise, Pierre (April 1995a), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Y4kQUU_bpOsC">Armenia in Crisis: The 1988 Earthquake</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wayne_State_University_Press" title="Wayne State University Press">Wayne State University Press</a>, p. 143, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8143-2527-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8143-2527-8"><bdi>978-0-8143-2527-8</bdi></a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210425195058/https://books.google.com/books?id=Y4kQUU_bpOsC">archived</a> from the original on 25 April 2021, retrieved 27 September 2020</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Armenia+in+Crisis%3A+The+1988+Earthquake&rft.pages=143&rft.pub=Wayne+State+University+Press&rft.date=1995-04&rft.isbn=978-0-8143-2527-8&rft.aulast=Verluise&rft.aufirst=Pierre&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DY4kQUU_bpOsC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArmenian+Revolutionary+Federation" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-2007_by-election_IV-111"><a href="#cite_ref-2007_by-election_IV_111-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dailystar.com.lb/article.asp?edition_id=1&categ_id=2&article_id=84410">"Tashnag says offers of compromise were snubbed"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070929084004/http://www.dailystar.com.lb/article.asp?edition_id=1&categ_id=2&article_id=84410">Archived</a> from the original on 29 September 2007. Retrieved 8 August 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Tashnag+says+offers+of+compromise+were+snubbed&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dailystar.com.lb%2Farticle.asp%3Fedition_id%3D1%26categ_id%3D2%26article_id%3D84410&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArmenian+Revolutionary+Federation" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-112"><a href="#cite_ref-112">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=NBrrAM10x74C&dq">"The Arab-American handbook: a guide to the Arab, Arab-American & Muslim worlds"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210714173609/https://books.google.com/books?id=NBrrAM10x74C&dq">Archived</a> 14 July 2021 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Nawar Shora. Cune Press, 2008. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-885942-47-8" title="Special:BookSources/1-885942-47-8">1-885942-47-8</a>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-885942-47-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-885942-47-0">978-1-885942-47-0</a>. p. 261 </li> <li id="cite_note-113"><a href="#cite_ref-113">^</a> Albert H. 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Retrieved 7 January 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Treaty+of+S%C3%A8vres&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnet.lib.byu.edu%2F~rdh7%2Fwwi%2Fversa%2Fsevindex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArmenian+Revolutionary+Federation" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-118"><a href="#cite_ref-118">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070314220307/http://www.arf.am/English/">"Armenian Revolutionary Federation – Dashnaktsutiun"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.arf.am/English/">the original</a> on 14 March 2007. 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ANI Armenian Research Center (in Armenian). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220131064722/http://www.aniarc.am/2021/09/21/independence-road-tatul-hakobyan-part-3/">Archived</a> from the original on 31 January 2022. 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The Independent. 24 December 1998. Retrieved 17 August 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Independent&rft.atitle=Obituary%3A+Hrair+Maroukhian&rft.date=1998-12-24&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.independent.co.uk%2Farts-entertainment%2Fobituary-hrair-maroukhian-1194159.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArmenian+Revolutionary+Federation" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-ARF_History-121">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ARF_History_121-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ARF_History_121-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20061206144311/http://www.arf.am/English/history/004history.htm">"ARF newspaper banned"</a>. 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Human Rights Armenia. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181210111231/http://hra.am/hy/point-of-view/2012/07/12/arcruni">Archived</a> from the original on 10 December 2018. 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Hetq.am (in Armenian). 24 February 2014. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211027132120/https://hetq.am/hy/article/32720">Archived</a> from the original on 27 October 2021. Retrieved 27 October 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Hetq.am&rft.atitle=%2231%22-%D5%AB+%D5%A3%D5%B8%D6%80%D5%AE%D5%AB+%D5%B4%D5%A5%D5%AE+%D5%B4%D5%A1%D5%BD%D5%A8+%D5%BA%D5%A5%D5%BF%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6%D5%A8+%D5%B8%D5%B9%D5%B6%D5%B9%D5%A1%D6%81%D6%80%D5%A5%D5%AC+%D5%A7&rft.date=2014-02-24&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhetq.am%2Fhy%2Farticle%2F32720&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArmenian+Revolutionary+Federation" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-128"><a href="#cite_ref-128">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20061208164819/http://www.gov.am/enversion/gov_staff_3/kazm_sep6.htm">"Davit Lokyan profile at Armenian Government website"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gov.am/enversion/gov_staff_3/kazm_sep6.htm">the original</a> on 8 December 2006. Retrieved 29 December 2006.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Davit+Lokyan+profile+at+Armenian+Government+website&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gov.am%2Fenversion%2Fgov_staff_3%2Fkazm_sep6.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArmenian+Revolutionary+Federation" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-129"><a href="#cite_ref-129">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20061016221408/http://www.gov.am/enversion/gov_staff_3/kazm_sep8.htm">"Levon Mkrtchian profile at Armenian Government website"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gov.am/enversion/gov_staff_3/kazm_sep8.htm">the original</a> on 16 October 2006. Retrieved 29 December 2006.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Levon+Mkrtchian+profile+at+Armenian+Government+website&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gov.am%2Fenversion%2Fgov_staff_3%2Fkazm_sep8.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArmenian+Revolutionary+Federation" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-130"><a href="#cite_ref-130">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20061016222003/http://www.gov.am/enversion/gov_staff_3/kazm_sep11.htm">"Aghvan Vardanian profile at Armenian Government website"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gov.am/enversion/gov_staff_3/kazm_sep11.htm">the original</a> on 16 October 2006. Retrieved 29 December 2006.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Aghvan+Vardanian+profile+at+Armenian+Government+website&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gov.am%2Fenversion%2Fgov_staff_3%2Fkazm_sep11.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArmenian+Revolutionary+Federation" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-131"><a href="#cite_ref-131">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20061016221509/http://www.gov.am/enversion/gov_staff_3/kazm_sep1.htm">"Norair Davidian profile at Armenian Government website"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gov.am/enversion/gov_staff_3/kazm_sep1.htm">the original</a> on 16 October 2006. Retrieved 29 December 2006.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Norair+Davidian+profile+at+Armenian+Government+website&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gov.am%2Fenversion%2Fgov_staff_3%2Fkazm_sep1.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArmenian+Revolutionary+Federation" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-132"><a href="#cite_ref-132">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.a1plus.am/en/?page=issue&iid=55090">"ARFD Nominates Vahan Hovhannissian"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080202051543/http://www.a1plus.am/en/?page=issue&iid=55090">Archived</a> 2 February 2008 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. A1+. 30 November 2007. 18 December 2007. </li> <li id="cite_note-133"><a href="#cite_ref-133">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211029231502/http://www.defacto.am/index.php?OP=71396441">"Ra Cec Declared Serge Sargsian Armenia's President"</a><a href="/wiki/Template:Usurped/doc" title="Template:Usurped/doc">[usurped]</a>, defacto.am, 25 February 2008. </li> <li id="cite_note-134"><a href="#cite_ref-134">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.azatutyun.am/content/article/16796752.html">"Dashnaks Skeptical About Sarkisian's Dialogue With Ter-Petrosian"</a>. Azatutyun. 28 April 2011. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110719182702/http://www.azatutyun.am/content/article/16796752.html">Archived</a> from the original on 19 July 2011. Retrieved 29 April 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Dashnaks+Skeptical+About+Sarkisian%27s+Dialogue+With+Ter-Petrosian&rft.date=2011-04-28&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.azatutyun.am%2Fcontent%2Farticle%2F16796752.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArmenian+Revolutionary+Federation" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-135"><a href="#cite_ref-135">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://araratnews.am/hyd-n-kazmavorum-e-kamavorakanneri-pahestayin-gumartak/">"ՀՅԴ-ն կազմավորում է կամավորականների պահեստային գումարտակ | AraratNews"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161128155429/http://araratnews.am/hyd-n-kazmavorum-e-kamavorakanneri-pahestayin-gumartak/">Archived</a> from the original on 28 November 2016. Retrieved 26 May 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%D5%80%D5%85%D4%B4-%D5%B6+%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%A6%D5%B4%D5%A1%D5%BE%D5%B8%D6%80%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B4+%D5%A7+%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%B4%D5%A1%D5%BE%D5%B8%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%B6%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%AB+%D5%BA%D5%A1%D5%B0%D5%A5%D5%BD%D5%BF%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%AB%D5%B6+%D5%A3%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B4%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%BF%D5%A1%D5%AF+%26%23124%3B+AraratNews&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fararatnews.am%2Fhyd-n-kazmavorum-e-kamavorakanneri-pahestayin-gumartak%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArmenian+Revolutionary+Federation" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-asbarez-136"><a href="#cite_ref-asbarez_136-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://asbarez.com/198083/more-arf-volunteers-head-to-frontlines/">"More ARF Volunteers Head to Frontlines"</a>. Asbarez. 28 October 2020. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210131000503/https://asbarez.com/198083/more-arf-volunteers-head-to-frontlines/">Archived</a> from the original on 31 January 2021. Retrieved 23 January 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Asbarez&rft.atitle=More+ARF+Volunteers+Head+to+Frontlines&rft.date=2020-10-28&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fasbarez.com%2F198083%2Fmore-arf-volunteers-head-to-frontlines%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArmenian+Revolutionary+Federation" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-evn-137"><a href="#cite_ref-evn_137-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.evnreport.com/politics/as-ultimatum-expires-protests-continue">"As Ultimatum Expires, Protests Continue"</a>. EVN Report. 8 December 2020. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210129065306/https://www.evnreport.com/politics/as-ultimatum-expires-protests-continue">Archived</a> from the original on 29 January 2021. Retrieved 23 January 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=EVN+Report&rft.atitle=As+Ultimatum+Expires%2C+Protests+Continue&rft.date=2020-12-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.evnreport.com%2Fpolitics%2Fas-ultimatum-expires-protests-continue&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArmenian+Revolutionary+Federation" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-138"><a href="#cite_ref-138">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.iri.org/sites/default/files/2018.11.23_armenia_poll.pdf">"Archived copy"</a> (PDF). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181124162354/https://www.iri.org/sites/default/files/2018.11.23_armenia_poll.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 24 November 2018. Retrieved 25 November 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Archived+copy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.iri.org%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2F2018.11.23_armenia_poll.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArmenian+Revolutionary+Federation" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_archived_copy_as_title" title="Category:CS1 maint: archived copy as title">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-139"><a href="#cite_ref-139">^</a> (in Armenian) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.armeniatv.com/post/id/88977/">«Gallap international association»-ը հրապարակեց 17.04–23.04 ժամանակահատվածում անցկացված սոցիոլոգիական հարցումների արդյունքները</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120430080004/http://news.armeniatv.com/post/id/88977/">Archived</a> 30 April 2012 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-140"><a href="#cite_ref-140">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://arka.am/en/news/politics/pashinyan_s_yelk_would_get_75_of_votes_if_snap_elections_were_held_next_sunday_poll_says/">"Pashinyan's Yelk would get 75% of votes if snap elections were held next Sunday, poll says"</a>. ARKA News Agency. 11 May 2018. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181128015942/http://arka.am/en/news/politics/pashinyan_s_yelk_would_get_75_of_votes_if_snap_elections_were_held_next_sunday_poll_says">Archived</a> from the original on 28 November 2018. 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Retrieved 17 December 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=azatutyun.am&rft.atitle=Dashnaks+Endorse+Kocharian%27s+Reelection+Bid&rft.date=2002-11-25&rft.aulast=Khachatrian&rft.aufirst=Ruzanna&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.azatutyun.am%2Fcontent%2Farticle%2F1570354.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArmenian+Revolutionary+Federation" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-143"><a href="#cite_ref-143">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180618025517/https://www.civilnet.am/news/2018/03/02/Armen-Sargsyan-Elected-Fourth-President-of-Armenia/330976">"Armen Sarkissian Elected Fourth President of Armenia"</a>. civilnet.am. 2 March 2018. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.civilnet.am/news/2018/03/02/Armen-Sargsyan-Elected-Fourth-President-of-Armenia/330976">the original</a> on 18 June 2018. 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Public Radio of Armenia. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230123074338/https://en.armradio.am/2022/02/04/opposition-will-not-nominate-candidates-for-president-of-armenia/">Archived</a> from the original on 23 January 2023. Retrieved 6 February 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Public+Radio+of+Armenia&rft.atitle=Opposition+will+not+nominate+candidates+for+President+of+Armenia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fen.armradio.am%2F2022%2F02%2F04%2Fopposition-will-not-nominate-candidates-for-president-of-armenia%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArmenian+Revolutionary+Federation" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-karabagh-145"><a href="#cite_ref-karabagh_145-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/armenia/">"The World Factbook – Armenia"</a>. CIA. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210104184358/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/armenia/">Archived</a> from the original on 4 January 2021. Retrieved 27 January 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+World+Factbook+%E2%80%93+Armenia&rft.pub=CIA&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cia.gov%2Fthe-world-factbook%2Fcountries%2Farmenia%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArmenian+Revolutionary+Federation" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-146"><a href="#cite_ref-146">^</a> (in Armenian) Լեռնային Ղարաբաղի Ինքնավար Մարզ (ԼՂԻՄ) (Nagorno-Karabakh Autonomous Oblast) <a href="/wiki/Armenian_Soviet_Encyclopedia" title="Armenian Soviet Encyclopedia">Armenian Soviet Encyclopedia</a>, Vol. 4, Yerevan 1978 p. 576 </li> <li id="cite_note-dewaal-147"><a href="#cite_ref-dewaal_147-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFde_Waal2003" class="citation book cs1">de Waal, Thomas (2003). Black Garden: Armenia and Azerbaijan Through Peace and War. New York University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8147-1945-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8147-1945-9"><bdi>978-0-8147-1945-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Black+Garden%3A+Armenia+and+Azerbaijan+Through+Peace+and+War&rft.pub=New+York+University+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-8147-1945-9&rft.aulast=de+Waal&rft.aufirst=Thomas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArmenian+Revolutionary+Federation" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-ARF_Karabakh-148">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ARF_Karabakh_148-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ARF_Karabakh_148-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090109112852/http://www.karabakh-open.com/src/index.php?lang=en&id=2&nid=1865">"Electioral history of Karabakh"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.karabakh-open.com/src/index.php?lang=en&id=2&nid=1865">the original</a> on 9 January 2009. Retrieved 4 February 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Electioral+history+of+Karabakh&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.karabakh-open.com%2Fsrc%2Findex.php%3Flang%3Den%26id%3D2%26nid%3D1865&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArmenian+Revolutionary+Federation" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-149"><a href="#cite_ref-149">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFederal_Research2004" class="citation book cs1">Federal Research, Division (2004). Armenia a Country Study. Kessinger Publishing. p. 141. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4191-0751-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4191-0751-1"><bdi>978-1-4191-0751-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Armenia+a+Country+Study&rft.pages=141&rft.pub=Kessinger+Publishing&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-1-4191-0751-1&rft.aulast=Federal+Research&rft.aufirst=Division&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArmenian+Revolutionary+Federation" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Nationalist-150"><a href="#cite_ref-Nationalist_150-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060106151318/http://www.arf.am/English/history/002history.htm">"The principal founders of the Armenian Revolutionary Federation were nationalist, The ARF's involvement in each of these revolutions was largely a result of the organization's pragmatic world-view arising from the close linkage between national liberation and socialism underpinning its ideology"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.arf.am/English/history/002history.htm">the original</a> on 6 January 2006. Retrieved 9 January 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+principal+founders+of+the+Armenian+Revolutionary+Federation+were+nationalist%2C+The+ARF%27s+involvement+in+each+of+these+revolutions+was+largely+a+result+of+the+organization%27s+pragmatic+world-view+arising+from+the+close+linkage+between+national+liberation+and+socialism+underpinning+its+ideology.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.arf.am%2FEnglish%2Fhistory%2F002history.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArmenian+Revolutionary+Federation" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-ARF_History_(1)-151"><a href="#cite_ref-ARF_History_(1)_151-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060102192229/http://www.arf.am/English/history/001history.htm">"ARF history"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.arf.am/English/history/001history.htm">the original</a> on 2 January 2006. Retrieved 29 January 2006.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=ARF+history&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.arf.am%2FEnglish%2Fhistory%2F001history.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArmenian+Revolutionary+Federation" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-ARF_History_(2)-152">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ARF_History_(2)_152-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ARF_History_(2)_152-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060106151318/http://www.arf.am/English/history/002history.htm">"ARF history (2)"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.arf.am/English/history/002history.htm">the original</a> on 6 January 2006. Retrieved 29 January 2006.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=ARF+history+%282%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.arf.am%2FEnglish%2Fhistory%2F002history.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArmenian+Revolutionary+Federation" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-ARF_Program-153"><a href="#cite_ref-ARF_Program_153-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.arfwest.org/about-arf-western-united-states/arf-program-english/">"ARF Program"</a>. Armenian Revolutionary Federation. 2 February 2007. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220127133746/https://www.arfwest.org/about-arf-western-united-states/arf-program-english/">Archived</a> from the original on 27 January 2022. Retrieved 29 March 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=ARF+Program&rft.pub=Armenian+Revolutionary+Federation&rft.date=2007-02-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.arfwest.org%2Fabout-arf-western-united-states%2Farf-program-english%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArmenian+Revolutionary+Federation" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-154"><a href="#cite_ref-154">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAslanianMovsisian2015" class="citation news cs1">Aslanian, Karlen; Movsisian, Hovannes (24 August 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.azatutyun.am/content/article/27206142.html">"Constitutional Reform 'Victory For Dashnaktsutyun'"</a>. azatutyun.am. <a href="/wiki/Radio_Free_Europe/Radio_Liberty" title="Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty">Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160305190951/http://www.azatutyun.am/content/article/27206142.html">Archived</a> from the original on 5 March 2016. Retrieved 29 March 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=azatutyun.am&rft.atitle=Constitutional+Reform+%27Victory+For+Dashnaktsutyun%27&rft.date=2015-08-24&rft.aulast=Aslanian&rft.aufirst=Karlen&rft.au=Movsisian%2C+Hovannes&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.azatutyun.am%2Fcontent%2Farticle%2F27206142.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArmenian+Revolutionary+Federation" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-155"><a href="#cite_ref-155">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHayrumyan2012" class="citation news cs1">Hayrumyan, Naira (8 November 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.armenianow.com/news/politics/40931/prosperous_armenia_party_parliamentary_system_reform">"Vote 2013: PAP for "technical" president to carry out constitutional reform"</a>. <a href="/wiki/ArmeniaNow" title="ArmeniaNow">ArmeniaNow</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151006024640/https://www.armenianow.com/news/politics/40931/prosperous_armenia_party_parliamentary_system_reform">Archived</a> from the original on 6 October 2015. Retrieved 29 March 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=ArmeniaNow&rft.atitle=Vote+2013%3A+PAP+for+%22technical%22+president+to+carry+out+constitutional+reform&rft.date=2012-11-08&rft.aulast=Hayrumyan&rft.aufirst=Naira&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.armenianow.com%2Fnews%2Fpolitics%2F40931%2Fprosperous_armenia_party_parliamentary_system_reform&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArmenian+Revolutionary+Federation" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-156"><a href="#cite_ref-156">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVered_Amit1989" class="citation book cs1">Vered Amit, Talai (1989). Armenians in London: the management of social boundaries. 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Dachnaktsoutioun rejoint l'Internationale Socialiste"</a> (in French). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cdca.asso.fr/cdca/cdca-fra_rejoint_internationale_socialiste.htm">the original</a> on 4 December 2006. Retrieved 11 March 2006.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=La+F.R.A.+Dachnaktsoutioun+rejoint+l%27Internationale+Socialiste&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cdca.asso.fr%2Fcdca%2Fcdca-fra_rejoint_internationale_socialiste.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArmenian+Revolutionary+Federation" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-158"><a href="#cite_ref-158">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKowalski1985" class="citation book cs1">Kowalski, Werner (1985). Geschichte der sozialistischen arbeiter-internationale: 1923 – 19. Dt. Verl. d. Wissenschaften, 1985. p. 335.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Geschichte+der+sozialistischen+arbeiter-internationale%3A+1923+%E2%80%93+19&rft.pages=335&rft.pub=Dt.+Verl.+d.+Wissenschaften%2C+1985&rft.date=1985&rft.aulast=Kowalski&rft.aufirst=Werner&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArmenian+Revolutionary+Federation" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-159"><a href="#cite_ref-159">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.anca.org/ancadesk.php?adid=29">"Spotlight: ANC of Rhode Island"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20061014173854/http://www.anca.org/ancadesk.php?adid=29">Archived</a> from the original on 14 October 2006. Retrieved 14 March 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Spotlight%3A+ANC+of+Rhode+Island&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.anca.org%2Fancadesk.php%3Fadid%3D29&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArmenian+Revolutionary+Federation" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-160"><a href="#cite_ref-160">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://eufoa.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/Armenia2017PartypoliticalLandscapeGuide_28March-2017.pdf">"Archived copy"</a> (PDF). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200925165649/https://eufoa.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/Armenia2017PartypoliticalLandscapeGuide_28March-2017.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 25 September 2020. Retrieved 10 December 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Archived+copy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Feufoa.org%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2017%2F03%2FArmenia2017PartypoliticalLandscapeGuide_28March-2017.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArmenian+Revolutionary+Federation" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_archived_copy_as_title" title="Category:CS1 maint: archived copy as title">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-161"><a href="#cite_ref-161">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://socialistsanddemocrats.eu/newsroom/sd-group-strengthens-links-armenian-revolutionary-federation">"S&D Group strengthens links with Armenian Revolutionary Federation"</a>. 6 July 2016. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190527195843/https://www.socialistsanddemocrats.eu/newsroom/sd-group-strengthens-links-armenian-revolutionary-federation">Archived</a> from the original on 27 May 2019. Retrieved 5 April 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=S%26D+Group+strengthens+links+with+Armenian+Revolutionary+Federation&rft.date=2016-07-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsocialistsanddemocrats.eu%2Fnewsroom%2Fsd-group-strengthens-links-armenian-revolutionary-federation&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArmenian+Revolutionary+Federation" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-162"><a href="#cite_ref-162">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHyland2021" class="citation book cs1">Hyland, Francis P. (7 January 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=znsSEAAAQBAJ&pg=PT52">Armenian Terrorism: The Past, The Present, The Prospects</a>. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-429-71477-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-429-71477-1"><bdi>978-0-429-71477-1</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230920091158/https://books.google.com/books?id=znsSEAAAQBAJ&pg=PT52">Archived</a> from the original on 20 September 2023. 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Dynamics of Asymmetric Conflict. 1 (3): 231–249. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F17467580902838227">10.1080/17467580902838227</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1746-7586">1746-7586</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:54799538">54799538</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220319220925/https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/17467580902838227">Archived</a> from the original on 19 March 2022. Retrieved 30 March 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Dynamics+of+Asymmetric+Conflict&rft.atitle=Sudden+desistance+from+terrorism%3A+The+Armenian+Secret+Army+for+the+Liberation+of+Armenia+and+the+Justice+Commandos+of+the+Armenian+Genocide&rft.volume=1&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E231-%3C%2Fspan%3E249&rft.date=2008-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A54799538%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=1746-7586&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F17467580902838227&rft.aulast=Dugan&rft.aufirst=Laura&rft.au=Huang%2C+Julie+Y.&rft.au=LaFree%2C+Gary&rft.au=McCauley%2C+Clark&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.tandfonline.com%2Fdoi%2Fabs%2F10.1080%2F17467580902838227&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArmenian+Revolutionary+Federation" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-164"><a href="#cite_ref-164">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPetersonPeterson2004" class="citation book cs1">Peterson, Merrill D.; Peterson, Thomas Jefferson Foundation Professor of History Merrill D. (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=mh_kbQjMfgsC&pg=PA166">"Starving Armenians": America and the Armenian Genocide, 1915-1930 and After</a>. University of Virginia Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8139-2267-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8139-2267-6"><bdi>978-0-8139-2267-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%22Starving+Armenians%22%3A+America+and+the+Armenian+Genocide%2C+1915-1930+and+After&rft.pub=University+of+Virginia+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-8139-2267-6&rft.aulast=Peterson&rft.aufirst=Merrill+D.&rft.au=Peterson%2C+Thomas+Jefferson+Foundation+Professor+of+History+Merrill+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dmh_kbQjMfgsC%26pg%3DPA166&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArmenian+Revolutionary+Federation" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-165"><a href="#cite_ref-165">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHovannisian2011" class="citation book cs1">Hovannisian, Richard G. (31 December 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=K3monyE4CVQC&pg=PA173">The Armenian Genocide: Cultural and Ethical Legacies</a>. Transaction Publishers. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4128-3592-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4128-3592-3"><bdi>978-1-4128-3592-3</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230920091158/https://books.google.com/books?id=K3monyE4CVQC&pg=PA173">Archived</a> from the original on 20 September 2023. Retrieved 14 April 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Armenian+Genocide%3A+Cultural+and+Ethical+Legacies&rft.pub=Transaction+Publishers&rft.date=2011-12-31&rft.isbn=978-1-4128-3592-3&rft.aulast=Hovannisian&rft.aufirst=Richard+G.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DK3monyE4CVQC%26pg%3DPA173&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArmenian+Revolutionary+Federation" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-166"><a href="#cite_ref-166">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKarentz2004" class="citation book cs1">Karentz, Varoujan (2004). Mitchnapert the Citadel: A History of Armenians in Rhode Island. iUniverse. p. 162. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-595-30662-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-595-30662-6"><bdi>978-0-595-30662-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mitchnapert+the+Citadel%3A+A+History+of+Armenians+in+Rhode+Island&rft.pages=162&rft.pub=iUniverse&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-595-30662-6&rft.aulast=Karentz&rft.aufirst=Varoujan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArmenian+Revolutionary+Federation" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-167"><a href="#cite_ref-167">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.anccanada.org/">"Armenian National Committee of Canada"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130524063714/http://anccanada.org/">Archived</a> from the original on 24 May 2013. Retrieved 10 June 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Armenian+National+Committee+of+Canada&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.anccanada.org%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArmenian+Revolutionary+Federation" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:6-168">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:6_168-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:6_168-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.arfd.am/news/34728/">"Յայտարարութիւն Հ.Յ.Դ. Բիւրոյի"</a>. www.arfd.am (in Armenian). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210814032741/https://www.arfd.am/news/34728/">Archived</a> from the original on 14 August 2021. Retrieved 15 July 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.arfd.am&rft.atitle=%D5%85%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%BF%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%AB%D6%82%D5%B6+%D5%80.%D5%85.%D4%B4.+%D4%B2%D5%AB%D6%82%D6%80%D5%B8%D5%B5%D5%AB&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.arfd.am%2Fnews%2F34728%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArmenian+Revolutionary+Federation" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:7-169">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:7_169-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:7_169-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:7_169-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.panarmenian.net/eng/news/290956/">"Armenian Revolutionary Federation expels four U.S. members"</a>. PanARMENIAN.Net. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210318050619/https://www.panarmenian.net/eng/news/290956/">Archived</a> from the original on 18 March 2021. Retrieved 15 July 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=PanARMENIAN.Net&rft.atitle=Armenian+Revolutionary+Federation+expels+four+U.S.+members&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.panarmenian.net%2Feng%2Fnews%2F290956%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArmenian+Revolutionary+Federation" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:8-170">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:8_170-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:8_170-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKarapetyan2021" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Karapetyan, Mkrtich (20 March 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.1lurer.am/hy/2021/03/20/Konflikt-HYD-Byuroyi-yev-HYD-Arevmtyan-Amerikayi-kentronakan-komitev-mijev/437601">"Կոնֆլիկտ ՀՅԴ Բյուրոյի և ՀՅԴ Արևմտյան Ամերիկայի կենտրոնական կոմիտեի միջև"</a>. www.1lurer.am (in Armenian). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220427235648/https://www.1lurer.am/hy/2021/03/20/Konflikt-HYD-Byuroyi-yev-HYD-Arevmtyan-Amerikayi-kentronakan-komitev-mijev/437601">Archived</a> from the original on 27 April 2022. Retrieved 21 July 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.1lurer.am&rft.atitle=%D4%BF%D5%B8%D5%B6%D6%86%D5%AC%D5%AB%D5%AF%D5%BF+%D5%80%D5%85%D4%B4+%D4%B2%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D6%80%D5%B8%D5%B5%D5%AB+%D6%87+%D5%80%D5%85%D4%B4+%D4%B1%D6%80%D6%87%D5%B4%D5%BF%D5%B5%D5%A1%D5%B6+%D4%B1%D5%B4%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%AB%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%AB+%D5%AF%D5%A5%D5%B6%D5%BF%D6%80%D5%B8%D5%B6%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%B6+%D5%AF%D5%B8%D5%B4%D5%AB%D5%BF%D5%A5%D5%AB+%D5%B4%D5%AB%D5%BB%D6%87&rft.date=2021-03-20&rft.aulast=Karapetyan&rft.aufirst=Mkrtich&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.1lurer.am%2Fhy%2F2021%2F03%2F20%2FKonflikt-HYD-Byuroyi-yev-HYD-Arevmtyan-Amerikayi-kentronakan-komitev-mijev%2F437601&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArmenian+Revolutionary+Federation" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-171"><a href="#cite_ref-171">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.courtlistener.com/docket/60049672/arf-dashnaktsutyun-western-usa-v-armenian-revolutionary-federation/">"Docket for ARF Dashnaktsutyun, Western U.S.A. v. Armenian Revolutionary Federation WUSA, Inc., 2:21-cv-05594 - CourtListener.com"</a>. CourtListener. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210814032739/https://www.courtlistener.com/docket/60049672/arf-dashnaktsutyun-western-usa-v-armenian-revolutionary-federation/">Archived</a> from the original on 14 August 2021. Retrieved 15 July 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=CourtListener&rft.atitle=Docket+for+ARF+Dashnaktsutyun%2C+Western+U.S.A.+v.+Armenian+Revolutionary+Federation+WUSA%2C+Inc.%2C+2%3A21-cv-05594+-+CourtListener.com&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.courtlistener.com%2Fdocket%2F60049672%2Farf-dashnaktsutyun-western-usa-v-armenian-revolutionary-federation%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArmenian+Revolutionary+Federation" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-172"><a href="#cite_ref-172">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.arfwest.org/arf-western-united-states-55th-regional-convention-announcement/">"ARF Western United States 55th Regional Convention Announcement"</a>. ARF Western U.S.A. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221007061443/https://www.arfwest.org/arf-western-united-states-55th-regional-convention-announcement/">Archived</a> from the original on 7 October 2022. Retrieved 24 March 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ARF+Western+U.S.A.&rft.atitle=ARF+Western+United+States+55th+Regional+Convention+Announcement&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.arfwest.org%2Farf-western-united-states-55th-regional-convention-announcement%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArmenian+Revolutionary+Federation" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-173"><a href="#cite_ref-173">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://armenianweekly.com/2022/03/24/arf-34th-world-congress-public-announcement/">"ARF 34th World Congress Public Announcement"</a>. The Armenian Weekly. 24 March 2022. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220324193901/https://armenianweekly.com/2022/03/24/arf-34th-world-congress-public-announcement/">Archived</a> from the original on 24 March 2022. Retrieved 24 March 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Armenian+Weekly&rft.atitle=ARF+34th+World+Congress+Public+Announcement&rft.date=2022-03-24&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farmenianweekly.com%2F2022%2F03%2F24%2Farf-34th-world-congress-public-announcement%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArmenian+Revolutionary+Federation" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-174"><a href="#cite_ref-174">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.arfd.am/eng/news/8103/">"ARF Western United States of America celebrates organization's 131st anniversary"</a>. www.arfd.am. 5 April 2022. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220405082714/https://www.arfd.am/eng/news/8103/">Archived</a> from the original on 5 April 2022. Retrieved 14 April 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.arfd.am&rft.atitle=ARF+Western+United+States+of+America+celebrates+organization%27s+131st+anniversary&rft.date=2022-04-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.arfd.am%2Feng%2Fnews%2F8103%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArmenian+Revolutionary+Federation" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-175"><a href="#cite_ref-175">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20041019140043/http://www.ancsf.org/footer/chapters.htm">"ANC Chapters"</a>. Bay Area Armenian National Committee. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ancsf.org/footer/chapters.htm">the original</a> on 19 October 2004. Retrieved 10 June 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=ANC+Chapters&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ancsf.org%2Ffooter%2Fchapters.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArmenian+Revolutionary+Federation" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKaligian2017" class="citation book cs1">Kaligian, Dikran (2017). Armenian Organization and Ideology Under Ottoman Rule: 1908–1914. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-351-53118-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-351-53118-4"><bdi>978-1-351-53118-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Armenian+Organization+and+Ideology+Under+Ottoman+Rule%3A+1908%E2%80%931914&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-1-351-53118-4&rft.aulast=Kaligian&rft.aufirst=Dikran&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArmenian+Revolutionary+Federation" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarutyunyan2009" class="citation book cs1">Harutyunyan, Arus (2009). Contesting National Identities in an Ethnically Homogeneous State: The Case of Armenian Democratization. Kalamazoo, MI: Western Michigan University. p. 89. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-109-12012-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-109-12012-7"><bdi>978-1-109-12012-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Contesting+National+Identities+in+an+Ethnically+Homogeneous+State%3A+The+Case+of+Armenian+Democratization&rft.place=Kalamazoo%2C+MI&rft.pages=89&rft.pub=Western+Michigan+University&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-1-109-12012-7&rft.aulast=Harutyunyan&rft.aufirst=Arus&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArmenian+Revolutionary+Federation" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGoltz2015" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Goltz" title="Thomas Goltz">Goltz, Thomas</a> (2015) [1998]. Azerbaijan Diary: A Rogue Reporter's Adventures in an Oil-rich, War-torn, Post-Soviet Republic. Routledge. p. 314. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780765602442" title="Special:BookSources/9780765602442"><bdi>9780765602442</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Azerbaijan+Diary%3A+A+Rogue+Reporter%27s+Adventures+in+an+Oil-rich%2C+War-torn%2C+Post-Soviet+Republic&rft.pages=314&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=9780765602442&rft.aulast=Goltz&rft.aufirst=Thomas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArmenian+Revolutionary+Federation" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVerluise1995" class="citation book cs1">Verluise, Pierre (1995). Armenia in Crisis: The 1988 Earthquake. Wayne State University Press. p. 38. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780814325278" title="Special:BookSources/9780814325278"><bdi>9780814325278</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Armenia+in+Crisis%3A+The+1988+Earthquake&rft.pages=38&rft.pub=Wayne+State+University+Press&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=9780814325278&rft.aulast=Verluise&rft.aufirst=Pierre&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArmenian+Revolutionary+Federation" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPanossian2006" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Razmik_Panossian" title="Razmik Panossian">Panossian, Razmik</a> (2006). The Armenians: From Kings and Priests to Merchants and Commissars. New York: Columbia University Press. p. 365. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780231139267" title="Special:BookSources/9780231139267"><bdi>9780231139267</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Armenians%3A+From+Kings+and+Priests+to+Merchants+and+Commissars&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=365&rft.pub=Columbia+University+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=9780231139267&rft.aulast=Panossian&rft.aufirst=Razmik&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArmenian+Revolutionary+Federation" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHovannisian1971" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Richard_G._Hovannisian" title="Richard G. Hovannisian">Hovannisian, Richard G.</a> (1971). "Russian Armenia. A Century of Tsarist Rule". <a href="/w/index.php?title=Jahrb%C3%BCcher_f%C3%BCr_Geschichte_Osteuropas&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jahrbücher für Geschichte Osteuropas (page does not exist)">Jahrbücher für Geschichte Osteuropas</a> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jahrb%C3%BCcher_f%C3%BCr_Geschichte_Osteuropas" class="extiw" title="de:Jahrbücher für Geschichte Osteuropas">de</a>]. 19 (1). <a href="/wiki/Franz_Steiner_Verlag" title="Franz Steiner Verlag">Franz Steiner Verlag</a>: 40. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/41044266">41044266</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Jahrb%C3%BCcher+f%C3%BCr+Geschichte+Osteuropas%3Csup+class%3D%22noprint%22+style%3D%22+font-style%3A+normal%3B+%22%3E+%26%2391%3Bde%26%2393%3B%3C%2Fsup%3E&rft.atitle=Russian+Armenia.+A+Century+of+Tsarist+Rule&rft.volume=19&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=40&rft.date=1971&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F41044266%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Hovannisian&rft.aufirst=Richard+G.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArmenian+Revolutionary+Federation" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPapazian1934" class="citation book cs1">Papazian, Kapriel Serope (1934). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/002436119">Patriotism perverted: A discussion of the deeds and the misdeeds of the Armenian Revolutionary Federation, the so-called Dashnagtzoutune</a>. Boston: <a href="/wiki/Baikar" title="Baikar">Baikar Press</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Patriotism+perverted%3A+A+discussion+of+the+deeds+and+the+misdeeds+of+the+Armenian+Revolutionary+Federation%2C+the+so-called+Dashnagtzoutune&rft.place=Boston&rft.pub=Baikar+Press&rft.date=1934&rft.aulast=Papazian&rft.aufirst=Kapriel+Serope&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcatalog.hathitrust.org%2FRecord%2F002436119&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArmenian+Revolutionary+Federation" class="Z3988"> [a critical publication on the party's history by a <a href="/wiki/Armenian_Democratic_Liberal_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="Armenian Democratic Liberal Party">Ramgavar</a> author]</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTololyan1962" class="citation book cs1">Tololyan, Minas (1962). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/009933515">The crusade against the Armenian Revolutionary Federation</a>. Armenian Research Center collection. Boston: <a href="/wiki/Hairenik_Association" title="Hairenik Association">Hairenik Association</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+crusade+against+the+Armenian+Revolutionary+Federation&rft.place=Boston&rft.series=Armenian+Research+Center+collection&rft.pub=Hairenik+Association&rft.date=1962&rft.aulast=Tololyan&rft.aufirst=Minas&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcatalog.hathitrust.org%2FRecord%2F009933515&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArmenian+Revolutionary+Federation" class="Z3988"> [a publication by the ARF]</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCornell2011" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Svante_Cornell" title="Svante Cornell">Cornell, Svante E.</a> (2011). Azerbaijan Since Independence. Armonk, New York: <a href="/wiki/M.E._Sharpe" class="mw-redirect" title="M.E. Sharpe">M.E. Sharpe</a>. p. 11. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780765630049" title="Special:BookSources/9780765630049"><bdi>9780765630049</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Azerbaijan+Since+Independence&rft.place=Armonk%2C+New+York&rft.pages=11&rft.pub=M.E.+Sharpe&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=9780765630049&rft.aulast=Cornell&rft.aufirst=Svante+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArmenian+Revolutionary+Federation" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFКhudinian1990" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Кhudinian, Gevorg (1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141215064207/http://lraber.asj-oa.am/3570/">"Հ. Հ. Դաշնակցության գաղափարական ակունքները"</a> [Ideological sources of the A. R. Federation]. <a href="/wiki/Lraber_Hasarakakan_Gitutyunneri" title="Lraber Hasarakakan Gitutyunneri">Lraber Hasarakakan Gitutyunneri</a> (in Armenian). 6 (6): 3–12. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://lraber.asj-oa.am/3570/">the original</a> on 15 December 2014. Retrieved 15 December 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Lraber+Hasarakakan+Gitutyunneri&rft.atitle=%D5%80.+%D5%80.+%D4%B4%D5%A1%D5%B7%D5%B6%D5%A1%D5%AF%D6%81%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%B5%D5%A1%D5%B6+%D5%A3%D5%A1%D5%B2%D5%A1%D6%83%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%B6+%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6%D6%84%D5%B6%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%A8&rft.volume=6&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E3-%3C%2Fspan%3E12&rft.date=1990&rft.aulast=%D0%9Ahudinian&rft.aufirst=Gevorg&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flraber.asj-oa.am%2F3570%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArmenian+Revolutionary+Federation" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.arfd.am/">Official web site – Armenian Revolutionary Federation</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.arfd.info/">Official English language site – Armenian Revolutionary Federation – Dashnaktsutyun (Armenian Socialist Party)</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050130093856/http://arfshant.org/">Armenian Revolutionary Federation Shant Student Association</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://arfarchives.org/">Armenian Revolutionary Federation Archives Institute</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090307031602/http://arfarchives.org/">Archived</a> 7 March 2009 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li>Altintas, Toygun: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://encyclopedia.1914-1918-online.net/article/armenian_revolutionary_federation_arf/">Armenian Revolutionary Federation (ARF)</a>, in: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://encyclopedia.1914-1918-online.net/home.html/">1914-1918-online. International Encyclopedia of the First World War</a>.</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output 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.navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Armenian_political_parties" title="Template:Armenian political parties"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Armenian_political_parties" title="Template talk:Armenian political parties"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Armenian_political_parties" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Armenian political parties"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Political_parties_in_Armenia_23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=Armenia&#124;link=Armenia483" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Armenia" title="List of political parties in Armenia">Political parties in Armenia</a> <a href="/wiki/Armenia" title="Armenia"><img alt="Armenia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Flag_of_Armenia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Armenia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Flag_of_Armenia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Armenia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Flag_of_Armenia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Armenia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/National_Assembly_(Armenia)" title="National Assembly (Armenia)">National Assembly</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Armenia_Alliance" title="Armenia Alliance">Armenia Alliance</a> (<a class="mw-selflink selflink">Armenian Revolutionary Federation</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_Contract_(Armenia)" title="Civil Contract (Armenia)">Civil Contract</a> (* <a href="/wiki/United_Labour_Party_(Armenia)" title="United Labour Party (Armenia)">United Labour Party</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/I_Have_Honor_Alliance" title="I Have Honor Alliance">I Have Honor Alliance</a> (<a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_of_Armenia" title="Republican Party of Armenia">Republican Party of Armenia</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Unrepresented</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adequate_Party" title="Adequate Party">Adequate Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/All_Armenian_Labour_Party" title="All Armenian Labour Party">All Armenian Labour Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/All-Armenian_National_Statehood_Party" title="All-Armenian National Statehood Party">All-Armenian National Statehood Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alliance_of_Ideological_Liberals" title="Alliance of Ideological Liberals">Alliance of Ideological Liberals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alliance_Party_(Armenia)" title="Alliance Party (Armenia)">Alliance Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alternative_Party_(Armenia)" title="Alternative Party (Armenia)">Alternative Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apricot_Country_Party" title="Apricot Country Party">Apricot Country Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenia_is_Our_Home" title="Armenia is Our Home">Armenia is Our Home</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_Castle" title="Armenian Castle">Armenian Castle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_Communist_Party" title="Armenian Communist Party">Armenian Communist Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_Constructive_Party" title="Armenian Constructive Party">Armenian Constructive Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramgavar" title="Ramgavar">Armenian Democratic Liberal Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_Dream" title="Armenian Dream">Armenian Dream</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_Eagles_Unified_Armenia_Party" title="Armenian Eagles Unified Armenia Party">Armenian Eagles Unified Armenia Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_Liberal_Party" title="Armenian Liberal Party">Armenian Liberal Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_National_Congress" title="Armenian National Congress">Armenian National Congress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_National_Movement_Party" title="Armenian National Movement Party">Armenian National Movement Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_National_Unity" title="Armenian National Unity">Armenian National Unity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balasanyan_Alliance_Social_Party" title="Balasanyan Alliance Social Party">Balasanyan Alliance Social Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bright_Armenia" title="Bright Armenia">Bright Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian-Democratic_Rebirth_Party" title="Christian-Democratic Rebirth Party">Christian-Democratic Rebirth Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Democratic_Union_of_Armenia" title="Christian Democratic Union of Armenia">Christian Democratic Union of Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Citizen%27s_Decision" title="Citizen's Decision">Citizen's Decision</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Party_(Armenia)" title="Conservative Party (Armenia)">Conservative Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitutional_Rights_Union" title="Constitutional Rights Union">Constitutional Rights Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Country_of_Living" title="Country of Living">Country of Living</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Alternative_Party" title="Democratic Alternative Party">Democratic Alternative Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Consolidation_Party" title="Democratic Consolidation Party">Democratic Consolidation Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Homeland_Party" title="Democratic Homeland Party">Democratic Homeland Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_of_Armenia" title="Democratic Party of Armenia">Democratic Party of Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Way_Party" title="Democratic Way Party">Democratic Way Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dignified_Future_Party" title="Dignified Future Party">Dignified Future</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dignified_Way_Party" title="Dignified Way Party">Dignified Way Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Party_of_Armenia" title="European Party of Armenia">European Party of Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fair_Armenia_Party" title="Fair Armenia Party">Fair Armenia Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fair_Speech_Party" title="Fair Speech Party">Fair Speech Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/For_The_Republic_Party" title="For The Republic Party">For The Republic Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/For_Social_Justice_(Armenia)" title="For Social Justice (Armenia)">For Social Justice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_Democrats_(Armenia)" title="Free Democrats (Armenia)">Free Democrats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_Party_(Armenia)" title="Freedom Party (Armenia)">Freedom Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_Homeland_Alliance" title="Free Homeland Alliance">Free Homeland Alliance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Generation_of_Independence_Party_(Armenia)" title="Generation of Independence Party (Armenia)">Generation of Independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_Party_of_Armenia" title="Green Party of Armenia">Green Party of Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hanrapetutyun_Party" title="Hanrapetutyun Party">Hanrapetutyun Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hayazn" title="Hayazn">Hayazn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hayk_Party" title="Hayk Party">Hayk Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heritage_(Armenia)" title="Heritage (Armenia)">Heritage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homeland_of_Armenians_Party" title="Homeland of Armenians Party">Homeland of Armenians Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homeland_Party_(Armenia)" title="Homeland Party (Armenia)">Homeland Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intellectual_Armenia_Party" title="Intellectual Armenia Party">Intellectual Armenia Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_Democratic_Union_of_Armenia" title="Liberal Democratic Union of Armenia">Liberal Democratic Union of Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_Party_(Armenia)" title="Liberal Party (Armenia)">Liberal Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meritocratic_Party_of_Armenia" title="Meritocratic Party of Armenia">Meritocratic Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mighty_Fatherland" title="Mighty Fatherland">Mighty Fatherland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moral_Values_Party" title="Moral Values Party">Moral Values Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mother_Armenia_Alliance" title="Mother Armenia Alliance">Mother Armenia Alliance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/My_Powerful_Community" title="My Powerful Community">My Powerful Community</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Agenda_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="National Agenda Party">National Agenda Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Christian_Party_(Armenia)" title="National Christian Party (Armenia)">National Christian Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Democratic_Pole" title="National Democratic Pole">National Democratic Pole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Democratic_Union_(Armenia)" title="National Democratic Union (Armenia)">National Democratic Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Democrats_Union" title="National Democrats Union">National Democrats Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Progress_Party_of_Armenia" title="National Progress Party of Armenia">National Progress Party of Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Security_Party" title="National Security Party">National Security Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Unity_(Armenia)" title="National Unity (Armenia)">National Unity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Political_Culture_Party" title="New Political Culture Party">New Political Culture Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Power_(Armenia)" title="New Power (Armenia)">New Power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Times_(Armenia)" title="New Times (Armenia)">New Times</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/One_Armenia_Party" title="One Armenia Party">One Armenia Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orinats_Yerkir" title="Orinats Yerkir">Orinats Yerkir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan-Armenian_National_Agreement" title="Pan-Armenian National Agreement">Pan-Armenian National Agreement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patriot_Party_(Armenia)" title="Patriot Party (Armenia)">Patriot Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Democratic_Party_(Armenia)" title="People's Democratic Party (Armenia)">People's Democratic Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Party_(Armenia)" title="People's Party (Armenia)">People's Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Party_of_Armenia" title="People's Party of Armenia">People's Party of Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressive_United_Communist_Party_of_Armenia" title="Progressive United Communist Party of Armenia">Progressive United Communist Party of Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prosperous_Armenia" title="Prosperous Armenia">Prosperous Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_Voice_Party" title="Public Voice Party">Public Voice Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reborn_Armenia" title="Reborn Armenia">Reborn Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reformist_Party_(Armenia)" title="Reformist Party (Armenia)">Reformist Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rise_Party" title="Rise Party">Rise Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sasna_Tsrer_Pan-Armenian_Party" title="Sasna Tsrer Pan-Armenian Party">Sasna Tsrer Pan-Armenian Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shant_Alliance_Nationalist_Party" title="Shant Alliance Nationalist Party">Shant Alliance Nationalist Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shirinyan-Babajanyan_Alliance_of_Democrats" title="Shirinyan-Babajanyan Alliance of Democrats">Shirinyan-Babajanyan Alliance of Democrats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_Democrat_Hunchakian_Party" title="Social Democrat Hunchakian Party">Social Democrat Hunchakian Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_Justice_Party_(Armenia)" title="Social Justice Party (Armenia)">Social Justice Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solidarity_Party_(Armenia)" title="Solidarity Party (Armenia)">Solidarity Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sovereign_Armenia_Party" title="Sovereign Armenia Party">Sovereign Armenia Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stability_Party" title="Stability Party">Stability Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uzh_Hayrenyats" title="Uzh Hayrenyats">Strength of the Fatherland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Republic_Party" title="Third Republic Party">Third Republic Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Towards_Russia_Party" title="Towards Russia Party">Towards Russia Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unified_Armenians_Party" title="Unified Armenians Party">Unified Armenians Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Union_for_National_Self-Determination" title="Union for National Self-Determination">Union for National Self-Determination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Armenia_Party_(Armenia)" title="United Armenia Party (Armenia)">United Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Communist_Party_of_Armenia" title="United Communist Party of Armenia">United Communist Party of Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Homeland_Party" title="United Homeland Party">United Homeland Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Liberal_National_Party" title="United Liberal National Party">United Liberal National Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_National_Initiative_(Armenia)" title="United National Initiative (Armenia)">United National Initiative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unity_Party_(Armenia)" title="Unity Party (Armenia)">Unity Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victory_Party_(Armenia)" title="Victory Party (Armenia)">Victory Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voice_Libertarian_Conservative_Party" title="Voice Libertarian Conservative Party">Voice Libertarian Conservative Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voice_of_the_Nation_(Armenia)" title="Voice of the Nation (Armenia)">Voice of the Nation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/5165_National_Conservative_Movement_Party" title="5165 National Conservative Movement Party">5165 National Conservative Movement Party</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Defunct</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Armenakan-Democratic_Liberal_Party" title="Armenakan-Democratic Liberal Party">Armenakan-Democratic Liberal Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_Workers_Communist_Party" title="Armenian Workers Communist Party">Armenian Workers Communist Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_Workers_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="Armenian Workers Union">Armenian Workers Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_Populist_Party" title="Armenian Populist Party">Armenian Populist Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bright_Alliance" title="Bright Alliance">Bright Alliance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Armenia_(Soviet_Union)" title="Communist Party of Armenia (Soviet Union)">Communist Party of Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Liberal_Party_(Armenia)" title="Democratic Liberal Party (Armenia)">Democratic Liberal Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Liberal_Party_of_Armenia" title="Democratic Liberal Party of Armenia">Democratic Liberal Party of Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dignified_Yerevan" title="Dignified Yerevan">Dignified Yerevan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dignity,_Democracy,_Motherland" title="Dignity, Democracy, Motherland">Dignity, Democracy, Motherland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hello_Yerevan" title="Hello Yerevan">Hello Yerevan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homeland_Salvation_Movement" title="Homeland Salvation Movement">Homeland Salvation Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impeachment_Union" title="Impeachment Union">Impeachment Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Justice_(Armenia)" title="Justice (Armenia)">Justice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_and_Unity" title="Law and Unity">Law and Unity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marxist_Party_of_Armenia" title="Marxist Party of Armenia">Marxist Party of Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mission_Party" title="Mission Party">Mission Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/My_Step_Alliance" title="My Step Alliance">My Step Alliance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_United_Party_(Armenia)" title="National United Party (Armenia)">National United Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Country_(Armenia)" title="New Country (Armenia)">New Country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ORO_Alliance" title="ORO Alliance">ORO Alliance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan-Armenian_National_Movement" title="Pan-Armenian National Movement">Pan-Armenian National Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renewed_Communist_Party_of_Armenia" title="Renewed Communist Party of Armenia">Renewed Communist Party of Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tsarukyan_Alliance" title="Tsarukyan Alliance">Tsarukyan Alliance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Union_of_Communists_of_Armenia" title="Union of Communists of Armenia">Union of Communists of Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Union_of_Producers_and_Women" title="Union of Producers and Women">Union of Producers and Women</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Union_Party_(Armenia)" title="Union Party (Armenia)">Union Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Way_Out_Alliance" title="Way Out Alliance">Way Out Alliance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/We_Alliance" title="We Alliance">We Alliance</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/File:A_coloured_voting_box.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/16px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/24px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/32px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="160" data-file-height="160" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Politics" title="Portal:Politics">Politics portal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ruling_political_parties_by_country" title="List of ruling political parties by country">Political parties by country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Armenia" title="Politics of Armenia">Politics of Armenia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Political_parties_in_Artsakh_23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=Republic_of_Artsakh&#124;link=Republic_of_Artsakh429" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Artsakh_political_parties" title="Template:Artsakh political parties"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Artsakh_political_parties" title="Template talk:Artsakh political parties"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li 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data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Armenakan_Party_(Nagorno-Karabakh)" title="Armenakan Party (Nagorno-Karabakh)">Armenakan Party</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Armenia_Our_Home&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Armenia Our Home (page does not exist)">Armenia Our Home</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Armenian Revolutionary Federation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artsakh_Conservative_Party" title="Artsakh Conservative Party">Artsakh Conservative Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artsakh_Freedom_Party" title="Artsakh Freedom Party">Artsakh Freedom Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artsakh_Republican_Party" title="Artsakh Republican Party">Artsakh Republican Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artsakh_Revolutionary_Party" title="Artsakh Revolutionary Party">Artsakh Revolutionary Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Artsakh" title="Communist Party of Artsakh">Communist Party of Artsakh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_of_Artsakh" title="Democratic Party of Artsakh">Democratic Party of Artsakh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_Motherland" title="Free Motherland">Free Motherland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Generation_of_Independence_Party" title="Generation of Independence Party">Generation of Independence Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Identity_and_Unity_Party" title="Identity and Unity Party">Identity and Unity Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Justice_(Artsakh)" title="Justice (Artsakh)">Justice</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Moral_Revival&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Moral Revival (page does not exist)">Moral Revival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Movement_88" title="Movement 88">Movement 88</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Revival_(Artsakh)" title="National Revival (Artsakh)">National Revival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Artsakh_Alliance" title="New Artsakh Alliance">New Artsakh Alliance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peace_and_Development_Party_(Artsakh)" title="Peace and Development Party (Artsakh)">Peace and Development Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Powerful_United_Homeland_Party" title="Powerful United Homeland Party">Powerful United Homeland Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_Justice_Party_(Nagorno_Karabakh)" title="Social Justice Party (Nagorno Karabakh)">Social Justice Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tomorrow_Artsakh" title="Tomorrow Artsakh">Tomorrow Artsakh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Armenia_Party" title="United Armenia Party">United Armenia Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Civic_Alliance_Party" title="United Civic Alliance Party">United Civic Alliance Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Motherland" title="United Motherland">United Motherland</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/File:A_coloured_voting_box.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/16px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/24px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/32px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="160" data-file-height="160" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Politics" title="Portal:Politics">Politics portal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Artsakh" class="mw-redirect" title="List of political parties in Artsakh">Lists of political parties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Artsakh" title="Politics of Artsakh">Politics of Artsakh</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=Armenia&#124;link=Armenia_Armenian_nationalism177" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Armenian_nationalism" title="Template:Armenian nationalism"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Armenian_nationalism" title="Template talk:Armenian nationalism"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Armenian_nationalism" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Armenian nationalism"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=Armenia&#124;link=Armenia_Armenian_nationalism177" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Armenia" title="Armenia"><img alt="Armenia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Flag_of_Armenia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Armenia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Flag_of_Armenia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Armenia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Flag_of_Armenia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Armenia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Armenian_nationalism" title="Armenian nationalism">Armenian nationalism</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ideology</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_Armenia" title="United Armenia">United Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tseghakronism" title="Tseghakronism">Tseghakronism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miatsum" title="Miatsum">Miatsum</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dt>Active political parties</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Adequate_Party" title="Adequate Party">Adequate Party</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Ramgavar" title="Ramgavar">Armenian Democratic Liberal Party</a> (Ramgavar)</dd> <dd><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Armenian Revolutionary Federation</a> (Dashnak)</dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Hosank" title="Hosank">Hosank</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/National_Agenda_Party_(Armenia)" title="National Agenda Party (Armenia)">National Agenda Party</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/National_Revival_(Artsakh)" title="National Revival (Artsakh)">National Revival of Artsakh</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Sasna_Tsrer_Pan-Armenian_Party" title="Sasna Tsrer Pan-Armenian Party">Sasna Tsrer Pan-Armenian Party</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Social_Democrat_Hunchakian_Party" title="Social Democrat Hunchakian Party">Social Democrat Hunchakian Party</a> (Hunchak)</dd></dl> <dl><dt>Defunct parties</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Armenakan_Party" title="Armenakan Party">Armenakan Party</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/National_United_Party_(Armenia)" title="National United Party (Armenia)">National United Party</a></dd></dl> <dl><dt>Defunct militant organizations</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Armenian_fedayi" title="Armenian fedayi">Armenian fedayi</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Armenian_Secret_Army_for_the_Liberation_of_Armenia" title="Armenian Secret Army for the Liberation of Armenia">Armenian Secret Army for the Liberation of Armenia</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Army_of_Independence" title="Army of Independence">Army of Independence</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/New_Armenian_Resistance_Group" title="New Armenian Resistance Group">New Armenian Resistance Group</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Justice_Commandos_of_the_Armenian_Genocide" title="Justice Commandos of the Armenian Genocide">Justice Commandos of the Armenian Genocide</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Armenian_Revolutionary_Army" title="Armenian Revolutionary Army">Armenian Revolutionary Army</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dt>Thinkers</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Khachatur_Abovian" title="Khachatur Abovian">Khachatur Abovian</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Mikayel_Nalbandian" title="Mikayel Nalbandian">Mikayel Nalbandian</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Raffi_(novelist)" title="Raffi (novelist)">Raffi</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Mkrtich_Khrimian" title="Mkrtich Khrimian">Mkrtich Khrimian</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Shahan_Natalie" title="Shahan Natalie">Shahan Natalie</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Garegin_Nzhdeh" title="Garegin Nzhdeh">Garegin Nzhdeh</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Siamanto" title="Siamanto">Siamanto</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Avetis_Aharonian" title="Avetis Aharonian">Avetis Aharonian</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Hayk_Asatryan" title="Hayk Asatryan">Hayk Asatryan</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Kevork_Ajemian" title="Kevork Ajemian">Kevork Ajemian</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Silva_Kaputikyan" title="Silva Kaputikyan">Silva Kaputikyan</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Rafayel_Ishkhanian" title="Rafayel Ishkhanian">Rafayel Ishkhanian</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Monte_Melkonian" title="Monte Melkonian">Monte Melkonian</a></dd></dl> <dl><dt>Militants and commanders</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Arabo" title="Arabo">Arabo</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Aghbiur_Serob" title="Aghbiur Serob">Aghbiur Serob</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Kevork_Chavush" title="Kevork Chavush">Kevork Chavush</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Andranik" title="Andranik">Andranik</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Aram_Manukian" title="Aram Manukian">Aram Manukian</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Armen_Garo" title="Armen Garo">Armen Garo</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Garegin_Nzhdeh" title="Garegin Nzhdeh">Garegin Nzhdeh</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Hagop_Hagopian_(militant)" title="Hagop Hagopian (militant)">Hagop Hagopian</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Movses_Gorgisyan" title="Movses Gorgisyan">Movses Gorgisyan</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Monte_Melkonian" title="Monte Melkonian">Monte Melkonian</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Vazgen_Sargsyan" title="Vazgen Sargsyan">Vazgen Sargsyan</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Jirair_Sefilian" title="Jirair Sefilian">Jirair Sefilian</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">History</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_national_awakening" title="Armenian national awakening">Armenian national awakening</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_national_movement" title="Armenian national movement">Armenian national movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occupation_of_the_Ottoman_Bank" title="Occupation of the Ottoman Bank">Occupation of the Ottoman Bank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Y%C4%B1ld%C4%B1z_assassination_attempt" class="mw-redirect" title="Yıldız assassination attempt">Yıldız assassination attempt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Sardarabad" title="Battle of Sardarabad">Battle of Sardarabad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/February_Uprising" title="February Uprising">February Uprising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karabakh_movement" title="Karabakh movement">Karabakh movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Nagorno-Karabakh_War" title="First Nagorno-Karabakh War">First Nagorno-Karabakh War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khojaly_massacre" title="Khojaly massacre">Khojaly massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_consulate_attack_in_Paris" class="mw-redirect" title="Turkish consulate attack in Paris">Turkish consulate attack in Paris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ankara_Esenbo%C4%9Fa_Airport_attack" title="Ankara Esenboğa Airport attack">Ankara Esenboğa Airport attack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1983_Orly_Airport_attack" title="1983 Orly Airport attack">1983 Orly Airport attack</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Political entities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Occupation_of_Western_Armenia" title="Occupation of Western Armenia">Provisional Republic of Van</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Republic_of_Armenia" title="First Republic of Armenia">First Republic of Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Mountainous_Armenia" title="Republic of Mountainous Armenia">Republic of Mountainous Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenia" title="Armenia">Republic of Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Artsakh" title="Republic of Artsakh">Republic of Artsakh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Armenia_Government_in_Exile" title="Western Armenia Government in Exile">Western Armenia Government in Exile</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=Lebanon&#124;link=Lebanon_Political_parties_in_Lebanon292" style="text-align:left;;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Lebanese_political_parties" title="Template:Lebanese political parties"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Lebanese_political_parties" title="Template talk:Lebanese political parties"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Lebanese_political_parties" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Lebanese political parties"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=Lebanon&#124;link=Lebanon_Political_parties_in_Lebanon292" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Lebanon" title="Lebanon"><img alt="Lebanon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Flag_of_Lebanon.svg/23px-Flag_of_Lebanon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Flag_of_Lebanon.svg/35px-Flag_of_Lebanon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Flag_of_Lebanon.svg/45px-Flag_of_Lebanon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2880" data-file-height="1920" /></a> <a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Lebanon" title="List of political parties in Lebanon">Political parties in Lebanon</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Ministers_of_Lebanon" title="Council of Ministers of Lebanon">Ministers</a> (24)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:16em"><a href="/wiki/March_8_Alliance" title="March 8 Alliance">March 8 Alliance</a> (16)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amal_Movement" title="Amal Movement">Amal Movement</a> (3)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hezbollah" title="Hezbollah">Hezbollah</a> (2)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_Patriotic_Movement" title="Free Patriotic Movement">Free Patriotic Movement</a> (6)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lebanese_Democratic_Party" title="Lebanese Democratic Party">Lebanese Democratic Party</a> (1)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marada_Movement" title="Marada Movement">Marada Movement</a> (2)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_Social_Nationalist_Party" title="Syrian Social Nationalist Party">Syrian Social Nationalist Party</a> (1)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_Revolutionary_Federation_in_Lebanon" title="Armenian Revolutionary Federation in Lebanon">Armenian Revolutionary Federation (Tashnag)</a> (1)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:16em"><a href="/wiki/March_14_Alliance" title="March 14 Alliance">March 14 Alliance</a> (3)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Future_Movement" title="Future Movement">Future Movement</a> (2)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lebanese_Forces" title="Lebanese Forces">Lebanese Forces</a> (0)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressive_Socialist_Party" title="Progressive Socialist Party">Progressive Socialist Party</a> (1)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:16em">Others (5)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>PM's share (5)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Lebanon" title="Parliament of Lebanon">National Assembly</a> (128)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:16em"><a href="/wiki/March_8_Alliance" title="March 8 Alliance">March 8 Alliance</a> (60)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Free_Patriotic_Movement" title="Free Patriotic Movement">Free Patriotic Movement</a> (17)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amal_Movement" title="Amal Movement">Amal Movement</a> (14)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hezbollah" title="Hezbollah">Hezbollah</a> (13)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_Revolutionary_Federation_in_Lebanon" title="Armenian Revolutionary Federation in Lebanon">Armenian Revolutionary Federation (Tashnag)</a> (3)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marada_Movement" title="Marada Movement">Marada Movement</a> (2)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Ahbash" title="Al-Ahbash">Al-Ahbash</a> (2)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Socialist_Ba%27ath_Party_%E2%80%93_Lebanon_Region" title="Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party – Lebanon Region">Ba'ath Party</a> (1)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dignity_Movement" title="Dignity Movement">Dignity Movement</a> (1)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Popular_Nasserist_Organization" title="Popular Nasserist Organization">Popular Nasserist Organization</a> (1)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Union_Party_(Lebanon)" title="Union Party (Lebanon)">Union Party</a> (1)</li> <li>Independent (5)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:16em"><a href="/wiki/March_14_Alliance" title="March 14 Alliance">March 14 Alliance</a> (38)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lebanese_Forces" title="Lebanese Forces">Lebanese Forces</a> (19)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Future_Movement" title="Future Movement">Future Movement</a> (8)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kataeb_Party" title="Kataeb Party">Kataeb Party</a> (4)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independence_Movement_(Lebanon)" title="Independence Movement (Lebanon)">Independence Movement</a> (2)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Liberal_Party_(Lebanon)" title="National Liberal Party (Lebanon)">National Liberal Party</a> (1)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_Group_(Lebanon)" title="Islamic Group (Lebanon)">Islamic group</a> (1)</li> <li>Independent (3)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:16em"><a href="/wiki/17_October_Revolution" title="17 October Revolution">17 October Revolution</a> (13)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Taqaddom_(Lebanon)" title="Taqaddom (Lebanon)">Taqaddom</a> (2)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lebanese_Communist_Party" title="Lebanese Communist Party">Lebanese Communist Party</a> (1)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Beirut_Tuqawem&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Beirut Tuqawem (page does not exist)">Beirut Tuqawem</a> (1)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tahalof_Watani&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tahalof Watani (page does not exist)">Tahalof Watani</a> (1)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Khatt_Ahmar&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Khatt Ahmar (page does not exist)">Khatt Ahmar</a> (1)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lana_(political_party)" title="Lana (political party)">Lana</a> (1)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Osos_Lebanon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Osos Lebanon (page does not exist)">Osos Lebanon</a> (1)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=ReLebanon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ReLebanon (page does not exist)">ReLebanon</a> (1)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:16em">Others (10)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Progressive_Socialist_Party" title="Progressive Socialist Party">Progressive Socialist Party</a> (8)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Popular_Nasserist_Organization" title="Popular Nasserist Organization">Popular Nasserist Organization</a> (1)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Dialogue_Party" title="National Dialogue Party">National Dialogue Party</a> (1)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Lebanon" title="Politics of Lebanon">Politics of Lebanon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Political_parties_in_the_Ottoman_Empire219" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3" style="background-color:paleturquoise"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Ottoman_Empire_political_parties" title="Template:Ottoman Empire political parties"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Ottoman_Empire_political_parties" title="Template talk:Ottoman Empire political parties"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Ottoman_Empire_political_parties" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Ottoman Empire political parties"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Political_parties_in_the_Ottoman_Empire219" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="List of political parties in the Ottoman Empire">Political parties</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:paleturquoise;width:1%">Parliamentary parties</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dt>Ottoman</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Committee_of_Union_and_Progress" title="Committee of Union and Progress">Committee of Union and Progress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_and_Accord_Party" title="Freedom and Accord Party">Freedom and Accord Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renewal_Party_(Ottoman_Empire)" title="Renewal Party (Ottoman Empire)">Renewal Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Workers%27_Federation" title="Socialist Workers' Federation">Socialist Workers' Federation</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>Ethnic Armenian</dt></dl> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Armenian Revolutionary Federation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenakan_Party" title="Armenakan Party">Armenakan Party</a> (reformed as <a href="/wiki/Ramgavar" title="Ramgavar">Democratic Liberal Party</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_Democrat_Hunchakian_Party" title="Social Democrat Hunchakian Party">Hunchakian Party</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>Ethnic Bulgarian</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Federative_Party_(Bulgarian_Section)" title="People's Federative Party (Bulgarian Section)">People's Federative Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_Constitutional_Clubs" title="Bulgarian Constitutional Clubs">Bulgarian Constitutional Clubs</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="2" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_arms_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_(1882%E2%80%931922).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Coat_of_arms_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281882%E2%80%931922%29.svg/100px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281882%E2%80%931922%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="119" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Coat_of_arms_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281882%E2%80%931922%29.svg/150px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281882%E2%80%931922%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Coat_of_arms_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281882%E2%80%931922%29.svg/200px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281882%E2%80%931922%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1595" data-file-height="1906" /></a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:paleturquoise;width:1%">Other parties</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Socialist_Party" title="Ottoman Socialist Party">Ottoman Socialist Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Social_Democratic_Labour_Party_in_Palestine" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish Social Democratic Labour Party in Palestine">Jewish Social Democratic Labour Party in Palestine</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ottoman_Democratic_Party&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ottoman Democratic Party (page does not exist)">Ottoman Democratic Party</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=People%27s_Party_(Ottoman)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="People's Party (Ottoman) (page does not exist)">Peoples Party</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ottoman_Committee_of_Alliance&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ottoman Committee of Alliance (page does not exist)">Ottoman Committee of Alliance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Liberal_People%27s_Party" title="Ottoman Liberal People's Party">Ottoman Liberal People's Party</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=League_of_private_Initiative_and_Decentralization&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="League of private Initiative and Decentralization (page does not exist)">League of private Initiative and Decentralization</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3" style="background-color:paleturquoise"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Politics" title="Portal:Politics">Portal:Politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_by_country" class="mw-redirect" title="List of political parties by country">List of political parties</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Armenian_diaspora166" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Armenian_diaspora" title="Template:Armenian diaspora"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Armenian_diaspora" title="Template talk:Armenian diaspora"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Armenian_diaspora" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Armenian diaspora"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Armenian_diaspora166" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Armenian_diaspora" title="Armenian diaspora">Armenian diaspora</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_population_by_country" title="Armenian population by country">Population by country</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Historical_Armenian_population" title="Historical Armenian population">historical</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_population_by_urban_area" title="Armenian population by urban area">Population by urban area</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Armenian_ethnic_enclaves" title="List of Armenian ethnic enclaves">Ethnic enclaves</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="10" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><a href="/wiki/File:ArmenianDiaspora.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Armenian population by country."><img alt="Armenian population by country." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/ArmenianDiaspora.png/400px-ArmenianDiaspora.png" decoding="async" width="400" height="175" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/ArmenianDiaspora.png/600px-ArmenianDiaspora.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/ArmenianDiaspora.png/800px-ArmenianDiaspora.png 2x" data-file-width="1425" data-file-height="625" /></a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Historic areas of Armenian settlement</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Armenians_in_Azerbaijan" title="Armenians in Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a> (<a href="/wiki/Nagorno-Karabakh" title="Nagorno-Karabakh">Nagorno-Karabakh</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenians_in_Samtskhe%E2%80%93Javakheti" title="Armenians in Samtskhe–Javakheti">Javakhk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenians_in_Nakhchivan" title="Armenians in Nakhchivan">Nakhichevan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenians_in_Turkey" title="Armenians in Turkey">Turkey</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Armenians_in_Istanbul" title="Armenians in Istanbul">Bolis/Istanbul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cilicia" title="Cilicia">Cilicia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hidden_Armenians" title="Hidden Armenians">Hidden Armenians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Armenia" title="Western Armenia">Western Armenia</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Caucasus</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Armenians_in_Azerbaijan" title="Armenians in Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Armenians_in_Baku" title="Armenians in Baku">Baku</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zok_language" title="Zok language">Zoks</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenians_in_Georgia" title="Armenians in Georgia">Georgia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Armenians_in_Abkhazia" title="Armenians in Abkhazia">Abkhazia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenians_in_Tbilisi" title="Armenians in Tbilisi">Tbilisi</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Former Soviet Union</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Armenians_in_the_Baltic_states" title="Armenians in the Baltic states">Baltic states</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Armenians_in_Lithuania" title="Armenians in Lithuania">Lithuania</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenians_in_Belarus" title="Armenians in Belarus">Belarus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenians_in_Central_Asia" title="Armenians in Central Asia">Central Asia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenians_in_Moldova" title="Armenians in Moldova">Moldova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenians_in_Russia" title="Armenians in Russia">Russia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cherkesogai" title="Cherkesogai">Circassia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenians_in_Ukraine" title="Armenians in Ukraine">Ukraine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Armenians_in_Crimea" title="Armenians in Crimea">Crimea</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Americas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_Argentine" class="mw-redirect" title="Armenian Argentine">Argentina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_Brazilians" title="Armenian Brazilians">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_Canadians" title="Armenian Canadians">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_Mexicans" title="Armenian Mexicans">Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_Americans" title="Armenian Americans">United States</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Armenian_Americans_in_Los_Angeles" title="History of Armenian Americans in Los Angeles">Los Angeles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenians_in_the_San_Francisco_Bay_Area" title="Armenians in the San Francisco Bay Area">San Francisco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Watertown,_MA" class="mw-redirect" title="Watertown, MA">Boston</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_Uruguayans" title="Armenian Uruguayans">Uruguay</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Europe</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Armenians_in_Austria" title="Armenians in Austria">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenians_in_Belgium" title="Armenians in Belgium">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenians_in_Bulgaria" title="Armenians in Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_Cypriots" title="Armenian Cypriots">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenians_in_the_Czech_Republic" title="Armenians in the Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenians_in_France" title="Armenians in France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenians_in_Germany" title="Armenians in Germany">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenians_in_Greece" title="Armenians in Greece">Greece</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hayhurum" title="Hayhurum">Hayhurum</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenians_in_Hungary" title="Armenians in Hungary">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenians_in_Italy" title="Armenians in Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenians_in_Malta" title="Armenians in Malta">Malta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenians_in_the_Netherlands" title="Armenians in the Netherlands">The Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenians_in_North_Macedonia" title="Armenians in North Macedonia">North Macedonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenians_in_Poland" title="Armenians in Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenians_of_Romania" title="Armenians of Romania">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenians_in_Serbia" title="Armenians in Serbia">Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenians_in_Spain" title="Armenians in Spain">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenians_in_Sweden" title="Armenians in Sweden">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenians_in_Switzerland" title="Armenians in Switzerland">Switzerland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenians_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Armenians in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Armenians_in_the_Middle_East" title="Armenians in the Middle East">Middle East</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Armenians_in_Egypt" title="Armenians in Egypt">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_Armenians" title="Iranian Armenians">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenians_in_Iraq" class="mw-redirect" title="Armenians in Iraq">Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenians_in_Israel" class="mw-redirect" title="Armenians in Israel">Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenians_in_Jordan" title="Armenians in Jordan">Jordan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenians_in_Kuwait" title="Armenians in Kuwait">Kuwait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenians_in_Lebanon" title="Armenians in Lebanon">Lebanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenians_in_Qatar" title="Armenians in Qatar">Qatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenians_in_Syria" title="Armenians in Syria">Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenians_in_the_United_Arab_Emirates" title="Armenians in the United Arab Emirates">United Arab Emirates</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Asia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Armenians_in_Afghanistan" title="Armenians in Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenians_in_Bangladesh" class="mw-redirect" title="Armenians in Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenians_in_China" title="Armenians in China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenians_in_India" title="Armenians in India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenians_in_Indonesia" title="Armenians in Indonesia">Indonesia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Armenians_in_Surabaya" title="Armenians in Surabaya">Surabaya</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenians_in_Myanmar" title="Armenians in Myanmar">Myanmar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenians_in_Pakistan" title="Armenians in Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenians_in_Singapore" title="Armenians in Singapore">Singapore</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Africa</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Armenians_in_Ethiopia" title="Armenians in Ethiopia">Ethiopia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Oceania</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_Australians" title="Armenian Australians">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_New_Zealanders" title="Armenian New Zealanders">New Zealand</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Party_of_European_Socialists236" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Party_of_European_Socialists" title="Template:Party of European Socialists"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Party_of_European_Socialists" title="Template talk:Party of European Socialists"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Party_of_European_Socialists" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Party of European Socialists"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Party_of_European_Socialists236" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Party_of_European_Socialists" title="Party of European Socialists">Party of European Socialists</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>European Parliament group: <a href="/wiki/Progressive_Alliance_of_Socialists_and_Democrats" title="Progressive Alliance of Socialists and Democrats">Progressive Alliance of Socialists and Democrats</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Parties</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Member states</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Austria" title="Austria"><img alt="Austria" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_Austria.svg/15px-Flag_of_Austria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_Austria.svg/23px-Flag_of_Austria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_Austria.svg/30px-Flag_of_Austria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Social_Democratic_Party_of_Austria" title="Social Democratic Party of Austria">SPÖ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belgium" title="Belgium"><img alt="Belgium" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Flag_of_Belgium.svg/13px-Flag_of_Belgium.svg.png" decoding="async" width="13" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Flag_of_Belgium.svg/20px-Flag_of_Belgium.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Flag_of_Belgium.svg/26px-Flag_of_Belgium.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="780" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Parti_Socialiste_(Belgium)" class="mw-redirect" title="Parti Socialiste (Belgium)">PS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vooruit_(political_party)" title="Vooruit (political party)">V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgaria" title="Bulgaria"><img alt="Bulgaria" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg/15px-Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="9" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg/23px-Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg/30px-Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_Socialist_Party" title="Bulgarian Socialist Party">BSP/БСП</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Croatia" title="Croatia"><img alt="Croatia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Croatia.svg/15px-Flag_of_Croatia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Croatia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Croatia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Croatia.svg/30px-Flag_of_Croatia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Social_Democratic_Party_of_Croatia" title="Social Democratic Party of Croatia">SDP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyprus" title="Cyprus"><img alt="Cyprus" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Cyprus.svg/15px-Flag_of_Cyprus.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Cyprus.svg/23px-Flag_of_Cyprus.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Cyprus.svg/30px-Flag_of_Cyprus.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Movement_for_Social_Democracy" class="mw-redirect" title="Movement for Social Democracy">EDEK/ΕΔΕΚ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Czech_Republic" title="Czech Republic"><img alt="Czech Republic" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg/15px-Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg/30px-Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Social_Democracy_(Czech_Republic)" title="Social Democracy (Czech Republic)">SOCDEM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denmark" title="Denmark"><img alt="Denmark" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Flag_of_Denmark.svg/15px-Flag_of_Denmark.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Flag_of_Denmark.svg/23px-Flag_of_Denmark.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Flag_of_Denmark.svg/30px-Flag_of_Denmark.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="387" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Social_Democrats_(Denmark)" title="Social Democrats (Denmark)">A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estonia" title="Estonia"><img alt="Estonia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Flag_of_Estonia.svg/15px-Flag_of_Estonia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Flag_of_Estonia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Estonia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Flag_of_Estonia.svg/30px-Flag_of_Estonia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="990" data-file-height="630" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Social_Democratic_Party_(Estonia)" title="Social Democratic Party (Estonia)">SDE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finland" title="Finland"><img alt="Finland" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Finland.svg/15px-Flag_of_Finland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="9" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Finland.svg/23px-Flag_of_Finland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Finland.svg/30px-Flag_of_Finland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1800" data-file-height="1100" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Social_Democratic_Party_of_Finland" title="Social Democratic Party of Finland">SDP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/France" title="France"><img alt="France" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/15px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/23px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/30px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Socialist_Party_(France)" title="Socialist Party (France)">PS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany"><img alt="Germany" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/15px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="9" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/23px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/30px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Social_Democratic_Party_of_Germany" title="Social Democratic Party of Germany">SPD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greece" title="Greece"><img alt="Greece" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Greece.svg/15px-Flag_of_Greece.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Greece.svg/23px-Flag_of_Greece.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Greece.svg/30px-Flag_of_Greece.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /></a> <a href="/wiki/PASOK_%E2%80%93_Movement_for_Change" title="PASOK – Movement for Change">PA.SO.K./ΠΑ.ΣΟ.Κ.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungary" title="Hungary"><img alt="Hungary" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Flag_of_Hungary.svg/15px-Flag_of_Hungary.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Flag_of_Hungary.svg/23px-Flag_of_Hungary.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Flag_of_Hungary.svg/30px-Flag_of_Hungary.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Coalition_(Hungary)" title="Democratic Coalition (Hungary)">DK</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_Socialist_Party" title="Hungarian Socialist Party">MSZP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Ireland" title="Republic of Ireland"><img alt="Republic of Ireland" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Flag_of_Ireland.svg/15px-Flag_of_Ireland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Flag_of_Ireland.svg/23px-Flag_of_Ireland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Flag_of_Ireland.svg/30px-Flag_of_Ireland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Labour_Party_(Ireland)" title="Labour Party (Ireland)">Lab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy"><img alt="Italy" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/15px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/23px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/30px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(Italy)" title="Democratic Party (Italy)">PD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Socialist_Party_(2007)" title="Italian Socialist Party (2007)">PSI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latvia" title="Latvia"><img alt="Latvia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Flag_of_Latvia.svg/15px-Flag_of_Latvia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Flag_of_Latvia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Latvia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Flag_of_Latvia.svg/30px-Flag_of_Latvia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Social_Democratic_Party_%22Harmony%22" title="Social Democratic Party "Harmony"">Saskaņa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithuania" title="Lithuania"><img alt="Lithuania" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Flag_of_Lithuania.svg/15px-Flag_of_Lithuania.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="9" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Flag_of_Lithuania.svg/23px-Flag_of_Lithuania.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Flag_of_Lithuania.svg/30px-Flag_of_Lithuania.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Social_Democratic_Party_of_Lithuania" title="Social Democratic Party of Lithuania">LSDP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luxembourg" title="Luxembourg"><img alt="Luxembourg" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Flag_of_Luxembourg.svg/15px-Flag_of_Luxembourg.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="9" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Flag_of_Luxembourg.svg/23px-Flag_of_Luxembourg.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Flag_of_Luxembourg.svg/30px-Flag_of_Luxembourg.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="307" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Luxembourg_Socialist_Workers%27_Party" title="Luxembourg Socialist Workers' Party">LSAP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malta" title="Malta"><img alt="Malta" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Malta.svg/15px-Flag_of_Malta.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Malta.svg/23px-Flag_of_Malta.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Malta.svg/30px-Flag_of_Malta.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Labour_Party_(Malta)" title="Labour Party (Malta)">PL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands"><img alt="Netherlands" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/15px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/30px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Labour_Party_(Netherlands)" title="Labour Party (Netherlands)">PvdA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland"><img alt="Poland" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/15px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="9" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/23px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/30px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="800" /></a> <a href="/wiki/New_Left_(Poland)" title="New Left (Poland)">NL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portugal" title="Portugal"><img alt="Portugal" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Portugal.svg/15px-Flag_of_Portugal.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Portugal.svg/23px-Flag_of_Portugal.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Portugal.svg/30px-Flag_of_Portugal.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Socialist_Party_(Portugal)" title="Socialist Party (Portugal)">PS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romania" title="Romania"><img alt="Romania" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/15px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/23px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/30px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Social_Democratic_Party_(Romania)" title="Social Democratic Party (Romania)">PSD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovakia" title="Slovakia"><img alt="Slovakia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Flag_of_Slovakia.svg/15px-Flag_of_Slovakia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Flag_of_Slovakia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Slovakia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Flag_of_Slovakia.svg/30px-Flag_of_Slovakia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Direction_%E2%80%93_Social_Democracy" title="Direction – Social Democracy">SMER-SD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovenia" title="Slovenia"><img alt="Slovenia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Flag_of_Slovenia.svg/15px-Flag_of_Slovenia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Flag_of_Slovenia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Slovenia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Flag_of_Slovenia.svg/30px-Flag_of_Slovenia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Social_Democrats_(Slovenia)" title="Social Democrats (Slovenia)">SD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain"><img alt="Spain" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/15px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/23px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/30px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="500" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Socialist_Workers%27_Party" title="Spanish Socialist Workers' Party">PSOE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden"><img alt="Sweden" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/15px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="9" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/23px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/30px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1000" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Swedish_Social_Democratic_Party" title="Swedish Social Democratic Party">SAP</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Member parties (non-EU)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Norway" title="Norway"><img alt="Norway" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Norway.svg/15px-Flag_of_Norway.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Norway.svg/23px-Flag_of_Norway.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Norway.svg/30px-Flag_of_Norway.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="372" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Labour_Party_(Norway)" title="Labour Party (Norway)">AP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom"><img alt="United Kingdom" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/15px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/30px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Labour_Party_(UK)" title="Labour Party (UK)">Lab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_Democratic_and_Labour_Party" title="Social Democratic and Labour Party">SDLP</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Associated parties (EU)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bulgaria" title="Bulgaria"><img alt="Bulgaria" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg/15px-Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="9" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg/23px-Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg/30px-Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Party_of_Bulgarian_Social_Democrats" title="Party of Bulgarian Social Democrats">PBSD/БСДП</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovakia" title="Slovakia"><img alt="Slovakia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Flag_of_Slovakia.svg/15px-Flag_of_Slovakia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Flag_of_Slovakia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Slovakia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Flag_of_Slovakia.svg/30px-Flag_of_Slovakia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Voice_-_Social_Democracy" class="mw-redirect" title="Voice - Social Democracy">Hlas-SD</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Associated parties (non-EU)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albania" title="Albania"><img alt="Albania" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Flag_of_Albania.svg/15px-Flag_of_Albania.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Flag_of_Albania.svg/23px-Flag_of_Albania.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Flag_of_Albania.svg/30px-Flag_of_Albania.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="500" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Socialist_Party_of_Albania" title="Socialist Party of Albania">PS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Bosnia and Herzegovina"><img alt="Bosnia and Herzegovina" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Flag_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina.svg/15px-Flag_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Flag_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina.svg/23px-Flag_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Flag_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina.svg/30px-Flag_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="400" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Social_Democratic_Party_(Bosnia_and_Herzegovina)" class="mw-redirect" title="Social Democratic Party (Bosnia and Herzegovina)">SDP BiH</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iceland" title="Iceland"><img alt="Iceland" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Flag_of_Iceland.svg/15px-Flag_of_Iceland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Flag_of_Iceland.svg/23px-Flag_of_Iceland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Flag_of_Iceland.svg/30px-Flag_of_Iceland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1250" data-file-height="900" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Social_Democratic_Alliance" title="Social Democratic Alliance">S</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kosovo" title="Kosovo"><img alt="Kosovo" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flag_of_Kosovo.svg/15px-Flag_of_Kosovo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flag_of_Kosovo.svg/23px-Flag_of_Kosovo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flag_of_Kosovo.svg/30px-Flag_of_Kosovo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="840" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Vet%C3%ABvendosje" title="Vetëvendosje">VV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montenegro" title="Montenegro"><img alt="Montenegro" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Flag_of_Montenegro.svg/15px-Flag_of_Montenegro.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Flag_of_Montenegro.svg/23px-Flag_of_Montenegro.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Flag_of_Montenegro.svg/30px-Flag_of_Montenegro.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_of_Socialists_of_Montenegro" title="Democratic Party of Socialists of Montenegro">DPS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_Democratic_Party_of_Montenegro" title="Social Democratic Party of Montenegro">SDP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Macedonia" title="North Macedonia"><img alt="North Macedonia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Flag_of_North_Macedonia.svg/15px-Flag_of_North_Macedonia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Flag_of_North_Macedonia.svg/23px-Flag_of_North_Macedonia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Flag_of_North_Macedonia.svg/30px-Flag_of_North_Macedonia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Social_Democratic_Union_of_Macedonia" title="Social Democratic Union of Macedonia">SDSM/СДСМ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbia" title="Serbia"><img alt="Serbia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Flag_of_Serbia.svg/15px-Flag_of_Serbia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Flag_of_Serbia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Serbia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Flag_of_Serbia.svg/30px-Flag_of_Serbia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1350" data-file-height="900" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(Serbia)" title="Democratic Party (Serbia)">DS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Switzerland" title="Switzerland"><img alt="Switzerland" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg/11px-Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg/17px-Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg/22px-Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Social_Democratic_Party_of_Switzerland" title="Social Democratic Party of Switzerland">SP/PS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey"><img alt="Turkey" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/15px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/23px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/30px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Republican_People%27s_Party" title="Republican People's Party">CHP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peoples%27_Democratic_Party_(Turkey)" title="Peoples' Democratic Party (Turkey)">HDP</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Observer parties (EU)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Latvia" title="Latvia"><img alt="Latvia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Flag_of_Latvia.svg/15px-Flag_of_Latvia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Flag_of_Latvia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Latvia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Flag_of_Latvia.svg/30px-Flag_of_Latvia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Latvian_Social_Democratic_Workers%27_Party" title="Latvian Social Democratic Workers' Party">LSDSP</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Observer parties (non-EU)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Andorra" title="Andorra"><img alt="Andorra" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Flag_of_Andorra.svg/15px-Flag_of_Andorra.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Flag_of_Andorra.svg/23px-Flag_of_Andorra.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Flag_of_Andorra.svg/30px-Flag_of_Andorra.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="700" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Social_Democratic_Party_(Andorra)" title="Social Democratic Party (Andorra)">PS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenia" title="Armenia"><img alt="Armenia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Flag_of_Armenia.svg/15px-Flag_of_Armenia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Flag_of_Armenia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Armenia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Flag_of_Armenia.svg/30px-Flag_of_Armenia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a class="mw-selflink selflink">ARF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt"><img alt="Egypt" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_Egypt.svg/15px-Flag_of_Egypt.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_Egypt.svg/23px-Flag_of_Egypt.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_Egypt.svg/30px-Flag_of_Egypt.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Egyptian_Social_Democratic_Party" title="Egyptian Social Democratic Party">ESDP/الديمقراطي</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel"><img alt="Israel" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Israel.svg/15px-Flag_of_Israel.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Israel.svg/23px-Flag_of_Israel.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Israel.svg/30px-Flag_of_Israel.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1100" data-file-height="800" /></a> <a href="/wiki/The_Democrats_(Israel)" title="The Democrats (Israel)">Dem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moldova" title="Moldova"><img alt="Moldova" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Flag_of_Moldova.svg/15px-Flag_of_Moldova.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Flag_of_Moldova.svg/23px-Flag_of_Moldova.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Flag_of_Moldova.svg/30px-Flag_of_Moldova.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1800" data-file-height="900" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_of_Moldova" class="mw-redirect" title="Democratic Party of Moldova">PDM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morocco" title="Morocco"><img alt="Morocco" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Flag_of_Morocco.svg/15px-Flag_of_Morocco.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Flag_of_Morocco.svg/23px-Flag_of_Morocco.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Flag_of_Morocco.svg/30px-Flag_of_Morocco.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Socialist_Union_of_Popular_Forces" title="Socialist Union of Popular Forces">USPT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Cyprus" title="Northern Cyprus"><img alt="Northern Cyprus" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Flag_of_the_Turkish_Republic_of_Northern_Cyprus.svg/15px-Flag_of_the_Turkish_Republic_of_Northern_Cyprus.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Flag_of_the_Turkish_Republic_of_Northern_Cyprus.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Turkish_Republic_of_Northern_Cyprus.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Flag_of_the_Turkish_Republic_of_Northern_Cyprus.svg/30px-Flag_of_the_Turkish_Republic_of_Northern_Cyprus.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Republican_Turkish_Party" title="Republican Turkish Party">CTP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palestine" title="Palestine"><img alt="Palestine" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Flag_of_Palestine.svg/15px-Flag_of_Palestine.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Flag_of_Palestine.svg/23px-Flag_of_Palestine.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Flag_of_Palestine.svg/30px-Flag_of_Palestine.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Fatah" title="Fatah">Fatah/فتح</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_Marino" title="San Marino"><img alt="San Marino" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Flag_of_San_Marino.svg/15px-Flag_of_San_Marino.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Flag_of_San_Marino.svg/23px-Flag_of_San_Marino.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Flag_of_San_Marino.svg/30px-Flag_of_San_Marino.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Party_of_Socialists_and_Democrats" title="Party of Socialists and Democrats">PSD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbia" title="Serbia"><img alt="Serbia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Flag_of_Serbia.svg/15px-Flag_of_Serbia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Flag_of_Serbia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Serbia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Flag_of_Serbia.svg/30px-Flag_of_Serbia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1350" data-file-height="900" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Party_of_Freedom_and_Justice" title="Party of Freedom and Justice">SSP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tunisia" title="Tunisia"><img alt="Tunisia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Flag_of_Tunisia.svg/15px-Flag_of_Tunisia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Flag_of_Tunisia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Tunisia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Flag_of_Tunisia.svg/30px-Flag_of_Tunisia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Forum_for_Labour_and_Liberties" title="Democratic Forum for Labour and Liberties">FDTL</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Former observer parties (non-EU)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Georgia_(country)" title="Georgia (country)"><img alt="Georgia (country)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Flag_of_Georgia.svg/15px-Flag_of_Georgia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Flag_of_Georgia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Georgia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Flag_of_Georgia.svg/30px-Flag_of_Georgia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Georgian_Dream" title="Georgian Dream">GD</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Presidents</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wilhelm_Dr%C3%B6scher&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wilhelm Dröscher (page does not exist)">Wilhelm Dröscher</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Robert_Pontillon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Robert Pontillon (page does not exist)">Robert Pontillon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joop_den_Uyl" title="Joop den Uyl">Joop den Uyl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V%C3%ADtor_Const%C3%A2ncio" title="Vítor Constâncio">Vítor Constâncio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guy_Spitaels" title="Guy Spitaels">Guy Spitaels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Willy_Claes" title="Willy Claes">Willy Claes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Scharping" title="Rudolf Scharping">Rudolf Scharping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robin_Cook" title="Robin Cook">Robin Cook</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poul_Nyrup_Rasmussen" title="Poul Nyrup Rasmussen">Poul Nyrup Rasmussen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sergey_Stanishev" title="Sergey Stanishev">Sergey Stanishev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stefan_L%C3%B6fven" title="Stefan Löfven">Stefan Löfven</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Leaders in the European Parliament</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Guy_Mollet" title="Guy Mollet">Guy Mollet</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hendrik_Fayat&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hendrik Fayat (page does not exist)">Hendrik Fayat</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pierre_Lapie_(politician)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pierre Lapie (politician) (page does not exist)">Pierre Lapie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Willi_Birkelbach" title="Willi Birkelbach">Willi Birkelbach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K%C3%A4te_Strobel" title="Käte Strobel">Käte Strobel</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Francis_Vals&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Francis Vals (page does not exist)">Francis Vals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georges_Sp%C3%A9nale" title="Georges Spénale">Georges Spénale</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ludwig_Sp%C3%A9nale&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ludwig Spénale (page does not exist)">Ludwig Spénale</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ernest_Glinne&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ernest Glinne (page does not exist)">Ernest Glinne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudi_Arndt" title="Rudi Arndt">Rudi Arndt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Pierre_Cot" title="Jean-Pierre Cot">Jean-Pierre Cot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pauline_Green" title="Pauline Green">Pauline Green</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enrique_Bar%C3%B3n" title="Enrique Barón">Enrique Barón</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Schulz" title="Martin Schulz">Martin Schulz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hannes_Swoboda" title="Hannes Swoboda">Hannes Swoboda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gianni_Pittella" title="Gianni Pittella">Gianni Pittella</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Udo_Bullmann" title="Udo Bullmann">Udo Bullmann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iratxe_Garc%C3%ADa" title="Iratxe García">Iratxe García</a></li></ul> <hr /> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">European Commissioners (2024–2029)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Glenn_Micallef" title="Glenn Micallef">Glenn Micallef</a> (Intergenerational Fairness, Youth, Culture, and Sport)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dan_J%C3%B8rgensen" title="Dan Jørgensen">Dan Jørgensen</a> (Energy and Housing)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roxana_M%C3%AEnzatu" title="Roxana Mînzatu">Roxana Mînzatu</a> (Executive VP for Skills, Education and Culture, Quality Jobs, and Social Rights)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teresa_Ribera" title="Teresa Ribera">Teresa Ribera</a> (Executive VP for Clean, Just and Competitive Transition)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maro%C5%A1_%C5%A0ef%C4%8Dovi%C4%8D" title="Maroš Šefčovič">Maroš Šefčovič</a> (Trade and Economic Security, Interinstitutional Relations, and Transparency)</li> <li>see <a href="/wiki/Von_der_Leyen_Commission_II" title="Von der Leyen Commission II">Von der Leyen Commission II</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Heads of government</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Olaf_Scholz" title="Olaf Scholz">Olaf Scholz</a> (Germany)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mette_Frederiksen" title="Mette Frederiksen">Mette Frederiksen</a> (Denmark)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Abela" title="Robert Abela">Robert Abela</a> (Malta)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pedro_S%C3%A1nchez" title="Pedro Sánchez">Pedro Sánchez</a> (Spain)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keir_Starmer" title="Keir Starmer">Keir Starmer</a> (United Kingdom)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Heads of state</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Frank-Walter_Steinmeier" title="Frank-Walter Steinmeier">Frank-Walter Steinmeier</a> (Germany)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Vella" title="George Vella">George Vella</a> (Malta)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_D._Higgins" title="Michael D. Higgins">Michael D. Higgins</a> (Ireland)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zoran_Milanovi%C4%87" title="Zoran Milanović">Zoran Milanović</a> (Croatia)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q318657#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata1376" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q318657#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata1376" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q318657#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, 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href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11884415f">France</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11884415f">BnF data</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=kn20140212002&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nli.org.il/en/authorities/987007257853605171">Israel</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/028085779">IdRef</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Armenian_Revolutionary_Federation&oldid=1275554306">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Armenian_Revolutionary_Federation&oldid=1275554306</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Socialism_in_Armenia" title="Category:Socialism in Armenia">Socialism in Armenia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Armenian_Revolutionary_Federation" title="Category:Armenian Revolutionary Federation">Armenian Revolutionary Federation</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Political_parties_in_Armenia" title="Category:Political parties in Armenia">Political parties in Armenia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Transnational_political_parties" 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