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[o]" accesskey="o"> Log in</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages for logged out editors <a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" aria-label="Learn more about editing">learn more</a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyContributions" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y">Contributions</a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Discussion about edits from this IP address [n]" accesskey="n">Talk</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div 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class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pre-colonial_period"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.2 Pre-colonial period </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pre-colonial_period-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-German_rule" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#German_rule"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.3 German rule </div> </a> <ul id="toc-German_rule-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-South_African_mandate" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#South_African_mandate"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.4 South African mandate </div> </a> <ul id="toc-South_African_mandate-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Independence" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Independence"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.5 Independence </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Independence-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-After_independence" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#After_independence"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.6 After independence </div> </a> <ul id="toc-After_independence-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Geography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Geography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2 Geography </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Geography-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Geography subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Geography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Urban_settlements" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Urban_settlements"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 Urban settlements </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Urban_settlements-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Climate" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Climate"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2 Climate </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Climate-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Water_sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Water_sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3 Water sources </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Water_sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Communal_wildlife_conservancies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Communal_wildlife_conservancies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.4 Communal wildlife conservancies </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Communal_wildlife_conservancies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Wildlife" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Wildlife"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.5 Wildlife </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Wildlife-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Government_and_politics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Government_and_politics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Government and politics </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Government_and_politics-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Government and politics subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Government_and_politics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Foreign_relations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Foreign_relations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 Foreign relations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Foreign_relations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Military" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Military"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 Military </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Military-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Administrative_divisions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Administrative_divisions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3 Administrative divisions </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Administrative_divisions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Human_rights" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Human_rights"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.4 Human rights </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Human_rights-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Economy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Economy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Economy </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Economy-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Economy subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Economy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Agriculture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Agriculture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 Agriculture </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Agriculture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mining_and_electricity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mining_and_electricity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 Mining and electricity </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mining_and_electricity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tourism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tourism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3 Tourism </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tourism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Water_supply_and_sanitation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Water_supply_and_sanitation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.4 Water supply and sanitation </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Water_supply_and_sanitation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Demographics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Demographics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Demographics </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Demographics-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Demographics subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Demographics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Ethnic_groups" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ethnic_groups"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 Ethnic groups </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ethnic_groups-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Education" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Education"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2 Education </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Education-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Religion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.3 Religion </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Religion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Languages" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Languages"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.4 Languages </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Languages-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Health" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Health"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.5 Health </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Health-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Culture </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Culture-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Culture subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Sport" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sport"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1 Sport </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sport-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Media" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Media"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.2 Media </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Media-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Art" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Art"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.3 Art </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Art-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 Sources </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Namibia</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 255 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-255" aria-hidden="true" > 255 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ace mw-list-item"><a href="https://ace.wikipedia.org/wiki/Namibia" title="Namibia – Acehnese" lang="ace" hreflang="ace" data-title="Namibia" data-language-autonym="Acèh" data-language-local-name="Acehnese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Acèh</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbd mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%B1%D0%B8%D0%B5" title="Намибие – Kabardian" lang="kbd" hreflang="kbd" data-title="Намибие" data-language-autonym="Адыгэбзэ" data-language-local-name="Kabardian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Адыгэбзэ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ady mw-list-item"><a href="https://ady.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%B1%D0%B8%D0%B5" title="Намибие – Adyghe" lang="ady" hreflang="ady" data-title="Намибие" data-language-autonym="Адыгабзэ" data-language-local-name="Adyghe" class="interlanguage-link-target">Адыгабзэ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Namibi%C3%AB" title="Namibië – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Namibië" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Namibia" title="Namibia – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Namibia" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Alemannisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8A%93%E1%88%9A%E1%89%A2%E1%8B%AB" title="ናሚቢያ – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ናሚቢያ" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target">አማርኛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-smn mw-list-item"><a href="https://smn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Namibia" title="Namibia – Inari Sami" lang="smn" hreflang="smn" data-title="Namibia" data-language-autonym="Anarâškielâ" data-language-local-name="Inari Sami" class="interlanguage-link-target">Anarâškielâ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-anp mw-list-item"><a href="https://anp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE" title="नामीबिया – Angika" lang="anp" hreflang="anp" data-title="नामीबिया" data-language-autonym="अंगिका" data-language-local-name="Angika" class="interlanguage-link-target">अंगिका</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/Namibia" title="Namibia – Old English" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Namibia" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="Old English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ænglisc</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ab mw-list-item"><a href="https://ab.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%B1%D0%B8%D0%B0" title="Намибиа – Abkhazian" lang="ab" hreflang="ab" data-title="Намибиа" data-language-autonym="Аԥсшәа" data-language-local-name="Abkhazian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Аԥсшәа</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%A7" title="ناميبيا – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="ناميبيا" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Namibia" title="Namibia – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Namibia" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aragonés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hyw mw-list-item"><a href="https://hyw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%86%D5%A1%D5%B4%D5%AB%D5%BA%D5%AB%D5%A1" title="Նամիպիա – Western Armenian" lang="hyw" hreflang="hyw" data-title="Նամիպիա" data-language-autonym="Արեւմտահայերէն" data-language-local-name="Western Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Արեւմտահայերէն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frp mw-list-item"><a href="https://frp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Namibia" title="Namibia – Arpitan" lang="frp" hreflang="frp" data-title="Namibia" data-language-autonym="Arpetan" data-language-local-name="Arpitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Arpetan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%BE" title="নামিবিয়া – Assamese" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="নামিবিয়া" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">অসমীয়া</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Namibia" title="Namibia – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Namibia" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nam%C3%ADvia" title="Namívia – Guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Namívia" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="Guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Avañe'ẽ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Namibiya" title="Namibiya – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Namibiya" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%85%DB%8C%D8%A8%DB%8C%D8%A7" title="نامیبیا – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="نامیبیا" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Namibia" title="Namibia – Balinese" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Namibia" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="Balinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Basa Bali</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bm mw-list-item"><a href="https://bm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Namibia" title="Namibia – Bambara" lang="bm" hreflang="bm" data-title="Namibia" data-language-autonym="Bamanankan" data-language-local-name="Bambara" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bamanankan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%BE" title="নামিবিয়া – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="নামিবিয়া" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bjn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bjn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Namibia" title="Namibia – Banjar" lang="bjn" hreflang="bjn" data-title="Namibia" data-language-autonym="Banjar" data-language-local-name="Banjar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Banjar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Namibia" title="Namibia – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Namibia" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%B1%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Намибия – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Намибия" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target">Башҡортса</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B0%D0%BC%D1%96%D0%B1%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Намібія – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Намібія" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B0%D0%BC%D1%96%D0%B1%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Намібія – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Намібія" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE" title="नामीबिया – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="नामीबिया" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target">भोजपुरी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Namibya" title="Namibya – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Namibya" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bikol Central</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bi mw-list-item"><a href="https://bi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Namibia" title="Namibia – Bislama" lang="bi" hreflang="bi" data-title="Namibia" data-language-autonym="Bislama" data-language-local-name="Bislama" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bislama</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%B1%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Намибия – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Намибия" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Namibia" title="Namibia – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Namibia" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Boarisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%93%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%98%E0%BD%B2%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%96%E0%BE%B7%E0%BD%B2%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A1%E0%BC%8D" title="ན་མི་བྷི་ཡ། – Tibetan" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="ན་མི་བྷི་ཡ།" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="Tibetan" class="interlanguage-link-target">བོད་ཡིག</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Namibija" title="Namibija – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Namibija" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Namibia" title="Namibia – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Namibia" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%B1%D0%B8" title="Намиби – Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Намиби" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target">Буряад</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nam%C3%ADbia" title="Namíbia – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Namíbia" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%B1%D0%B8" title="Намиби – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Намиби" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target">Чӑвашла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Namibya" title="Namibya – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Namibya" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cebuano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Namibie" title="Namibie – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Namibie" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cbk-zam mw-list-item"><a href="https://cbk-zam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Namibia" title="Namibia – Chavacano" lang="cbk" hreflang="cbk" data-title="Namibia" data-language-autonym="Chavacano de Zamboanga" data-language-local-name="Chavacano" class="interlanguage-link-target">Chavacano de Zamboanga</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sn mw-list-item"><a href="https://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Namibhiya" title="Namibhiya – Shona" lang="sn" hreflang="sn" data-title="Namibhiya" data-language-autonym="ChiShona" data-language-local-name="Shona" class="interlanguage-link-target">ChiShona</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-co mw-list-item"><a href="https://co.wikipedia.org/wiki/Namibia" title="Namibia – Corsican" lang="co" hreflang="co" data-title="Namibia" data-language-autonym="Corsu" data-language-local-name="Corsican" class="interlanguage-link-target">Corsu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Namibia" title="Namibia – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Namibia" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dag mw-list-item"><a href="https://dag.wikipedia.org/wiki/Namibia" title="Namibia – Dagbani" lang="dag" hreflang="dag" data-title="Namibia" data-language-autonym="Dagbanli" data-language-local-name="Dagbani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dagbanli</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Namibia" title="Namibia – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Namibia" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%A7" title="ناميبيا – Moroccan Arabic" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="ناميبيا" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="Moroccan Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">الدارجة</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-se mw-list-item"><a href="https://se.wikipedia.org/wiki/Namibia" title="Namibia – Northern Sami" lang="se" hreflang="se" data-title="Namibia" data-language-autonym="Davvisámegiella" data-language-local-name="Northern Sami" class="interlanguage-link-target">Davvisámegiella</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pdc mw-list-item"><a href="https://pdc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Namibien" title="Namibien – Pennsylvania German" lang="pdc" hreflang="pdc" data-title="Namibien" data-language-autonym="Deitsch" data-language-local-name="Pennsylvania German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deitsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Namibia" title="Namibia – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Namibia" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nv mw-list-item"><a href="https://nv.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%A9%C3%AD_Dah_Daask%CA%BCidtah_Naakaii_%C5%81izhin%C3%AD_Bik%C3%A9yah" title="Séí Dah Daaskʼidtah Naakaii Łizhiní Bikéyah – Navajo" lang="nv" hreflang="nv" data-title="Séí Dah Daaskʼidtah Naakaii Łizhiní Bikéyah" data-language-autonym="Diné bizaad" data-language-local-name="Navajo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Diné bizaad</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://dsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Namibija" title="Namibija – Lower Sorbian" lang="dsb" hreflang="dsb" data-title="Namibija" data-language-autonym="Dolnoserbski" data-language-local-name="Lower Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dolnoserbski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dty mw-list-item"><a href="https://dty.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE" title="नामिबिया – Doteli" lang="dty" hreflang="dty" data-title="नामिबिया" data-language-autonym="डोटेली" data-language-local-name="Doteli" class="interlanguage-link-target">डोटेली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Namiibia" title="Namiibia – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Namiibia" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9D%CE%B1%CE%BC%CE%AF%CE%BC%CF%80%CE%B9%CE%B1" title="Ναμίμπια – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ναμίμπια" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Namibia" title="Namibia – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Namibia" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Namibio" title="Namibio – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Namibio" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext mw-list-item"><a href="https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/Namibia" title="Namibia – Extremaduran" lang="ext" hreflang="ext" data-title="Namibia" data-language-autonym="Estremeñu" data-language-local-name="Extremaduran" class="interlanguage-link-target">Estremeñu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Namibia" title="Namibia – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Namibia" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ee mw-list-item"><a href="https://ee.wikipedia.org/wiki/Namibia" title="Namibia – Ewe" lang="ee" hreflang="ee" data-title="Namibia" data-language-autonym="Eʋegbe" data-language-local-name="Ewe" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eʋegbe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gur mw-list-item"><a href="https://gur.wikipedia.org/wiki/Namibia" title="Namibia – Frafra" lang="gur" hreflang="gur" data-title="Namibia" data-language-autonym="Farefare" data-language-local-name="Frafra" class="interlanguage-link-target">Farefare</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%85%DB%8C%D8%A8%DB%8C%D8%A7" title="نامیبیا – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="نامیبیا" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Namibia" title="Namibia – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Namibia" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Fiji Hindi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Namibia" title="Namibia – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Namibia" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Føroyskt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Namibie" title="Namibie – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Namibie" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Namybje" title="Namybje – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Namybje" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Frysk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ff mw-list-item"><a href="https://ff.wikipedia.org/wiki/Namibiya" title="Namibiya – Fula" lang="ff" hreflang="ff" data-title="Namibiya" data-language-autonym="Fulfulde" data-language-local-name="Fula" class="interlanguage-link-target">Fulfulde</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/An_Namaib" title="An Namaib – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="An Namaib" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yn_Nameeb" title="Yn Nameeb – Manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Yn Nameeb" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="Manx" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaelg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gag mw-list-item"><a href="https://gag.wikipedia.org/wiki/Namibiya" title="Namibiya – Gagauz" lang="gag" hreflang="gag" data-title="Namibiya" data-language-autonym="Gagauz" data-language-local-name="Gagauz" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gagauz</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naimibia" title="Naimibia – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Naimibia" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gàidhlig</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Namibia" title="Namibia – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Namibia" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ki mw-list-item"><a href="https://ki.wikipedia.org/wiki/Namibia" title="Namibia – Kikuyu" lang="ki" hreflang="ki" data-title="Namibia" data-language-autonym="Gĩkũyũ" data-language-local-name="Kikuyu" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gĩkũyũ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%A8%E0%AA%BE%E0%AA%AE%E0%AA%BF%E0%AA%AC%E0%AA%BF%E0%AA%AF%E0%AA%BE" title="નામિબિયા – Gujarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="નામિબિયા" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="Gujarati" class="interlanguage-link-target">ગુજરાતી</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-got mw-list-item"><a href="https://got.wikipedia.org/wiki/%F0%90%8C%BD%F0%90%8C%B0%F0%90%8C%BC%F0%90%8C%B9%F0%90%8C%B1%F0%90%8C%BE%F0%90%8C%B0" title="𐌽𐌰𐌼𐌹𐌱𐌾𐌰 – Gothic" lang="got" hreflang="got" data-title="𐌽𐌰𐌼𐌹𐌱𐌾𐌰" data-language-autonym="𐌲𐌿𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺" data-language-local-name="Gothic" class="interlanguage-link-target">𐌲𐌿𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Namibia" title="Namibia – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Namibia" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%82%98%EB%AF%B8%EB%B9%84%EC%95%84" title="나미비아 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="나미비아" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Namibiya" title="Namibiya – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Namibiya" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hausa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%86%D5%A1%D5%B4%D5%AB%D5%A2%D5%AB%D5%A1" title="Նամիբիա – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Նամիբիա" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE" title="नामीबिया – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="नामीबिया" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Namibija" title="Namibija – Upper Sorbian" lang="hsb" hreflang="hsb" data-title="Namibija" data-language-autonym="Hornjoserbsce" data-language-local-name="Upper Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hornjoserbsce</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Namibija" title="Namibija – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Namibija" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Namibia" title="Namibia – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Namibia" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ig mw-list-item"><a href="https://ig.wikipedia.org/wiki/Namibia" title="Namibia – Igbo" lang="ig" hreflang="ig" data-title="Namibia" data-language-autonym="Igbo" data-language-local-name="Igbo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Igbo</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Namibia" title="Namibia – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Namibia" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ilokano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bpy mw-list-item"><a href="https://bpy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%BE" title="নামিবিয়া – Bishnupriya" lang="bpy" hreflang="bpy" data-title="নামিবিয়া" data-language-autonym="বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী" data-language-local-name="Bishnupriya" class="interlanguage-link-target">বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Namibia" title="Namibia – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Namibia" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Namibia" title="Namibia – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Namibia" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingua</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ie mw-list-item"><a href="https://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/Namibia" title="Namibia – Interlingue" lang="ie" hreflang="ie" data-title="Namibia" data-language-autonym="Interlingue" data-language-local-name="Interlingue" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingue</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%B1%D0%B8" title="Намиби – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Намиби" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ирон</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xh mw-list-item"><a href="https://xh.wikipedia.org/wiki/INamibia" title="INamibia – Xhosa" lang="xh" hreflang="xh" data-title="INamibia" data-language-autonym="IsiXhosa" data-language-local-name="Xhosa" class="interlanguage-link-target">IsiXhosa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zu mw-list-item"><a href="https://zu.wikipedia.org/wiki/INamibhiya" title="INamibhiya – Zulu" lang="zu" hreflang="zu" data-title="INamibhiya" data-language-autonym="IsiZulu" data-language-local-name="Zulu" class="interlanguage-link-target">IsiZulu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Namib%C3%ADa" title="Namibía – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Namibía" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Namibia" title="Namibia – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Namibia" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A0%D7%9E%D7%99%D7%91%D7%99%D7%94" title="נמיביה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="נמיביה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Namibia" title="Namibia – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Namibia" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Jawa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbp mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Namibi" title="Namibi – Kabiye" lang="kbp" hreflang="kbp" data-title="Namibi" data-language-autonym="Kabɩyɛ" data-language-local-name="Kabiye" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kabɩyɛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%A8%E0%B2%AE%E0%B3%80%E0%B2%AC%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%AF" title="ನಮೀಬಿಯ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ನಮೀಬಿಯ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target">ಕನ್ನಡ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pam mw-list-item"><a href="https://pam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Namibia" title="Namibia – Pampanga" lang="pam" hreflang="pam" data-title="Namibia" data-language-autonym="Kapampangan" data-language-local-name="Pampanga" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kapampangan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-krc mw-list-item"><a href="https://krc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%B1%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Намибия – Karachay-Balkar" lang="krc" hreflang="krc" data-title="Намибия" data-language-autonym="Къарачай-малкъар" data-language-local-name="Karachay-Balkar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Къарачай-малкъар</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9C%E1%83%90%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98%E1%83%91%E1%83%98%E1%83%90" title="ნამიბია – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ნამიბია" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%B1%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Намибия – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Намибия" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Namibi" title="Namibi – Cornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Namibi" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Cornish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kernowek</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rw mw-list-item"><a href="https://rw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Namibiya" title="Namibiya – Kinyarwanda" lang="rw" hreflang="rw" data-title="Namibiya" data-language-autonym="Ikinyarwanda" data-language-local-name="Kinyarwanda" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ikinyarwanda</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Namibia" title="Namibia – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Namibia" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kg mw-list-item"><a href="https://kg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Namibia" title="Namibia – Kongo" lang="kg" hreflang="kg" data-title="Namibia" data-language-autonym="Kongo" data-language-local-name="Kongo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kongo</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-avk mw-list-item"><a href="https://avk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Namibia" title="Namibia – Kotava" lang="avk" hreflang="avk" data-title="Namibia" data-language-autonym="Kotava" data-language-local-name="Kotava" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kotava</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Namibi" title="Namibi – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Namibi" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kreyòl ayisyen</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Namibi" title="Namibi – Guianan Creole" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="Namibi" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="Guianan Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kriyòl gwiyannen</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nam%C3%AEbya" title="Namîbya – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Namîbya" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kurdî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%B1%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Намибия – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Намибия" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кыргызча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lld mw-list-item"><a href="https://lld.wikipedia.org/wiki/Namibia" title="Namibia – Ladin" lang="lld" hreflang="lld" data-title="Namibia" data-language-autonym="Ladin" data-language-local-name="Ladin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ladin</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lad mw-list-item"><a href="https://lad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Namibia" title="Namibia – Ladino" lang="lad" hreflang="lad" data-title="Namibia" data-language-autonym="Ladino" data-language-local-name="Ladino" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ladino</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ltg mw-list-item"><a href="https://ltg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Namibeja" title="Namibeja – Latgalian" lang="ltg" hreflang="ltg" data-title="Namibeja" data-language-autonym="Latgaļu" data-language-local-name="Latgalian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latgaļu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Namibia" title="Namibia – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Namibia" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nam%C4%ABbija" title="Namībija – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Namībija" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Namibien" title="Namibien – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Namibien" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lëtzebuergesch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lez mw-list-item"><a href="https://lez.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%B1%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Намибия – Lezghian" lang="lez" hreflang="lez" data-title="Намибия" data-language-autonym="Лезги" data-language-local-name="Lezghian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Лезги</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Namibija" title="Namibija – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Namibija" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Namibia" title="Namibia – Ligurian" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Namibia" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="Ligurian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ligure</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Namibi%C3%AB" title="Namibië – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Namibië" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Limburgs</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ln mw-list-item"><a href="https://ln.wikipedia.org/wiki/Namibia" title="Namibia – Lingala" lang="ln" hreflang="ln" data-title="Namibia" data-language-autonym="Lingála" data-language-local-name="Lingala" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lingála</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Namibia" title="Namibia – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Namibia" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lingua Franca Nova</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-olo mw-list-item"><a href="https://olo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Namibii" title="Namibii – Livvi-Karelian" lang="olo" hreflang="olo" data-title="Namibii" data-language-autonym="Livvinkarjala" data-language-local-name="Livvi-Karelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Livvinkarjala</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jbo mw-list-item"><a href="https://jbo.wikipedia.org/wiki/namibias" title="namibias – Lojban" lang="jbo" hreflang="jbo" data-title="namibias" data-language-autonym="La .lojban." data-language-local-name="Lojban" class="interlanguage-link-target">La .lojban.</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lg mw-list-item"><a href="https://lg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Namibia" title="Namibia – Ganda" lang="lg" hreflang="lg" data-title="Namibia" data-language-autonym="Luganda" data-language-local-name="Ganda" class="interlanguage-link-target">Luganda</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Namibia" title="Namibia – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Namibia" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lombard</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nam%C3%ADbia" title="Namíbia – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Namíbia" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%B1%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Намибија – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Намибија" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Namibia" title="Namibia – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Namibia" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malagasy</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%AE%E0%B5%80%E0%B4%AC%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%AF" title="നമീബിയ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="നമീബിയ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mt mw-list-item"><a href="https://mt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Namibja" title="Namibja – Maltese" lang="mt" hreflang="mt" data-title="Namibja" data-language-autonym="Malti" data-language-local-name="Maltese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mi mw-list-item"><a href="https://mi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nam%C4%ABpia" title="Namīpia – Māori" lang="mi" hreflang="mi" data-title="Namīpia" data-language-autonym="Māori" data-language-local-name="Māori" class="interlanguage-link-target">Māori</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE" title="नामिबिया – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="नामिबिया" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9C%E1%83%90%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98%E1%83%91%E1%83%98%E1%83%90" title="ნამიბია – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ნამიბია" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">მარგალური</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%A7" title="ناميبيا – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="ناميبيا" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%85%DB%8C%D8%A8%DB%8C%D8%A7" title="نامیبیا – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="نامیبیا" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target">مازِرونی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Namibia" title="Namibia – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Namibia" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mni mw-list-item"><a href="https://mni.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%AF%85%EA%AF%A6%EA%AF%83%EA%AF%A4%EA%AF%95%EA%AF%A4%EA%AF%8C%EA%AF%A5" title="ꯅꯦꯃꯤꯕꯤꯌꯥ – Manipuri" lang="mni" hreflang="mni" data-title="ꯅꯦꯃꯤꯕꯤꯌꯥ" data-language-autonym="ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ" data-language-local-name="Manipuri" class="interlanguage-link-target">ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Namibia" title="Namibia – Minangkabau" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Namibia" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="Minangkabau" class="interlanguage-link-target">Minangkabau</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Namibia" title="Namibia – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Namibia" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mdf mw-list-item"><a href="https://mdf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%B1%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Намибия – Moksha" lang="mdf" hreflang="mdf" data-title="Намибия" data-language-autonym="Мокшень" data-language-local-name="Moksha" class="interlanguage-link-target">Мокшень</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%B1%D0%B8" title="Намиби – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Намиби" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Монгол</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%94%E1%80%99%E1%80%AE%E1%80%B8%E1%80%98%E1%80%AE%E1%80%B8%E1%80%9A%E1%80%AC%E1%80%B8%E1%80%94%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%84%E1%80%B6" title="နမီးဘီးယားနိုင်ငံ – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="နမီးဘီးယားနိုင်ငံ" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target">မြန်မာဘာသာ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Namibi%C3%AB" title="Namibië – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Namibië" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Namibie" title="Namibie – Low Saxon" lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL" data-title="Namibie" data-language-autonym="Nedersaksies" data-language-local-name="Low Saxon" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nedersaksies</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE" title="नामिबिया – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="नामिबिया" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE" title="नामिबिया – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="नामिबिया" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाल भाषा</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%8A%E3%83%9F%E3%83%93%E3%82%A2" title="ナミビア – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ナミビア" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nqo mw-list-item"><a href="https://nqo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DF%A3%DF%8A%DF%A1%DF%93%DF%8C%DF%AB" title="ߣߊߡߓߌ߫ – N’Ko" lang="nqo" hreflang="nqo" data-title="ߣߊߡߓߌ߫" data-language-autonym="ߒߞߏ" data-language-local-name="N’Ko" class="interlanguage-link-target">ߒߞߏ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%B1%D0%B8" title="Намиби – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Намиби" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target">Нохчийн</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Namiibia" title="Namiibia – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Namiibia" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nordfriisk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pih mw-list-item"><a href="https://pih.wikipedia.org/wiki/Namibia" title="Namibia – Norfuk / Pitkern" lang="pih" hreflang="pih" data-title="Namibia" data-language-autonym="Norfuk / Pitkern" data-language-local-name="Norfuk / Pitkern" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norfuk / Pitkern</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Namibia" title="Namibia – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Namibia" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Namibia" title="Namibia – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Namibia" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nov mw-list-item"><a href="https://nov.wikipedia.org/wiki/Namibia" title="Namibia – Novial" lang="nov" hreflang="nov" data-title="Namibia" data-language-autonym="Novial" data-language-local-name="Novial" class="interlanguage-link-target">Novial</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Namibia" title="Namibia – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Namibia" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%A8%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%AE%E0%AC%BF%E0%AC%AC%E0%AC%BF%E0%AC%86" title="ନାମିବିଆ – Odia" lang="or" hreflang="or" data-title="ନାମିବିଆ" data-language-autonym="ଓଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-local-name="Odia" class="interlanguage-link-target">ଓଡ଼ିଆ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-om mw-list-item"><a href="https://om.wikipedia.org/wiki/Namiibiyaa" title="Namiibiyaa – Oromo" lang="om" hreflang="om" data-title="Namiibiyaa" data-language-autonym="Oromoo" data-language-local-name="Oromo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oromoo</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Namibiya" title="Namibiya – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Namibiya" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%A8%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%AE%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%AC%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%86" title="ਨਾਮੀਬੀਆ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਨਾਮੀਬੀਆ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pi mw-list-item"><a href="https://pi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE" title="नमीबिया – Pali" lang="pi" hreflang="pi" data-title="नमीबिया" data-language-autonym="पालि" data-language-local-name="Pali" class="interlanguage-link-target">पालि</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ami mw-list-item"><a href="https://ami.wikipedia.org/wiki/Namibia" title="Namibia – Amis" lang="ami" hreflang="ami" data-title="Namibia" data-language-autonym="Pangcah" data-language-local-name="Amis" class="interlanguage-link-target">Pangcah</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D9%85%DB%8C%D8%A8%DB%8C%D8%A7" title="نمیبیا – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="نمیبیا" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pap mw-list-item"><a href="https://pap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Namibia" title="Namibia – Papiamento" lang="pap" hreflang="pap" data-title="Namibia" data-language-autonym="Papiamentu" data-language-local-name="Papiamento" class="interlanguage-link-target">Papiamentu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%A7" title="ناميبيا – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="ناميبيا" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target">پښتو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jam mw-list-item"><a href="https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Namibia" title="Namibia – Jamaican Creole English" lang="jam" hreflang="jam" data-title="Namibia" data-language-autonym="Patois" data-language-local-name="Jamaican Creole English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Patois</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pcd mw-list-item"><a href="https://pcd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Namibie" title="Namibie – Picard" lang="pcd" hreflang="pcd" data-title="Namibie" data-language-autonym="Picard" data-language-local-name="Picard" class="interlanguage-link-target">Picard</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Namibia" title="Namibia – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Namibia" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Piemontèis</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Namibia" title="Namibia – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Namibia" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Plattdüütsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Namibia" title="Namibia – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Namibia" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nam%C3%ADbia" title="Namíbia – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Namíbia" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kaa mw-list-item"><a href="https://kaa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Namibiya" title="Namibiya – Kara-Kalpak" lang="kaa" hreflang="kaa" data-title="Namibiya" data-language-autonym="Qaraqalpaqsha" data-language-local-name="Kara-Kalpak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Qaraqalpaqsha</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-crh mw-list-item"><a href="https://crh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Namibiya" title="Namibiya – Crimean Tatar" lang="crh" hreflang="crh" data-title="Namibiya" data-language-autonym="Qırımtatarca" data-language-local-name="Crimean Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Qırımtatarca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Namibia" title="Namibia – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Namibia" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rm mw-list-item"><a href="https://rm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Namibia" title="Namibia – Romansh" lang="rm" hreflang="rm" data-title="Namibia" data-language-autonym="Rumantsch" data-language-local-name="Romansh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Rumantsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Namipya" title="Namipya – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Namipya" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Runa Simi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%B1%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Намибия – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Намибия" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%B1%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Намибия – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Намибия" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target">Саха тыла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szy mw-list-item"><a href="https://szy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Namibia" title="Namibia – Sakizaya" lang="szy" hreflang="szy" data-title="Namibia" data-language-autonym="Sakizaya" data-language-local-name="Sakizaya" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sakizaya</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sm mw-list-item"><a href="https://sm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Namipia" title="Namipia – Samoan" lang="sm" hreflang="sm" data-title="Namipia" data-language-autonym="Gagana Samoa" data-language-local-name="Samoan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gagana Samoa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE" title="नमीबिया – Sanskrit" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="नमीबिया" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="Sanskrit" class="interlanguage-link-target">संस्कृतम्</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sg mw-list-item"><a href="https://sg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Namib%C3%B9ii" title="Namibùii – Sango" lang="sg" hreflang="sg" data-title="Namibùii" data-language-autonym="Sängö" data-language-local-name="Sango" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sängö</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sat mw-list-item"><a href="https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B1%B1%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%A2%E1%B1%A4%E1%B1%B5%E1%B1%A4%E1%B1%AD%E1%B1%9F" title="ᱱᱟᱢᱤᱵᱤᱭᱟ – Santali" lang="sat" hreflang="sat" data-title="ᱱᱟᱢᱤᱵᱤᱭᱟ" data-language-autonym="ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ" data-language-local-name="Santali" class="interlanguage-link-target">ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nam%C3%ACbia" title="Namìbia – Sardinian" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Namìbia" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sardu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Namibie" title="Namibie – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Namibie" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target">Scots</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-trv mw-list-item"><a href="https://trv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Namibia" title="Namibia – Taroko" lang="trv" hreflang="trv" data-title="Namibia" data-language-autonym="Seediq" data-language-local-name="Taroko" class="interlanguage-link-target">Seediq</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-stq mw-list-item"><a href="https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Namibia" title="Namibia – Saterland Frisian" lang="stq" hreflang="stq" data-title="Namibia" data-language-autonym="Seeltersk" data-language-local-name="Saterland Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Seeltersk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-st mw-list-item"><a href="https://st.wikipedia.org/wiki/Namibia" title="Namibia – Southern Sotho" lang="st" hreflang="st" data-title="Namibia" data-language-autonym="Sesotho" data-language-local-name="Southern Sotho" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sesotho</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nso mw-list-item"><a href="https://nso.wikipedia.org/wiki/Namibia" title="Namibia – Northern Sotho" lang="nso" hreflang="nso" data-title="Namibia" data-language-autonym="Sesotho sa Leboa" data-language-local-name="Northern Sotho" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sesotho sa Leboa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tn mw-list-item"><a href="https://tn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Namibia" title="Namibia – Tswana" lang="tn" hreflang="tn" data-title="Namibia" data-language-autonym="Setswana" data-language-local-name="Tswana" class="interlanguage-link-target">Setswana</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Namibia" title="Namibia – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Namibia" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Namibbia" title="Namibbia – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Namibbia" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sicilianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%B1%E0%B7%90%E0%B6%B8%E0%B7%93%E0%B6%B6%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%BA%E0%B7%8F%E0%B7%80" title="නැමීබියාව – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="නැමීබියාව" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target">සිංහල</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Namibia" title="Namibia – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Namibia" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%A7" title="نميبيا – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="نميبيا" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target">سنڌي</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ss mw-list-item"><a href="https://ss.wikipedia.org/wiki/INamibiya" title="INamibiya – Swati" lang="ss" hreflang="ss" data-title="INamibiya" data-language-autonym="SiSwati" data-language-local-name="Swati" class="interlanguage-link-target">SiSwati</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nam%C3%ADbia" title="Namíbia – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Namíbia" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Namibija" title="Namibija – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Namibija" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl mw-list-item"><a href="https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Namibijo" title="Namibijo – Silesian" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" data-title="Namibijo" data-language-autonym="Ślůnski" data-language-local-name="Silesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ślůnski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Namibiya" title="Namibiya – Somali" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Namibiya" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Somali" class="interlanguage-link-target">Soomaaliga</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%85%DB%8C%D8%A8%DB%8C%D8%A7" title="نامیبیا – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="نامیبیا" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%B1%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Намибија – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Намибија" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Namibija" title="Namibija – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Namibija" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Namibia" title="Namibia – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Namibia" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sunda</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi badge-Q17559452 badge-recommendedarticle mw-list-item" title="recommended article"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Namibia" title="Namibia – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Namibia" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Namibia" title="Namibia – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Namibia" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Namibia" title="Namibia – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Namibia" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%A8%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%80%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%BE" title="நமீபியா – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="நமீபியா" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-shi mw-list-item"><a href="https://shi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Namibya" title="Namibya – Tachelhit" lang="shi" hreflang="shi" data-title="Namibya" data-language-autonym="Taclḥit" data-language-local-name="Tachelhit" class="interlanguage-link-target">Taclḥit</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Namibya" title="Namibya – Kabyle" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Namibya" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="Kabyle" class="interlanguage-link-target">Taqbaylit</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%B1%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Намибия – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Намибия" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Татарча / tatarça</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-shn mw-list-item"><a href="https://shn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%99%E1%80%AD%E1%80%B0%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8%E1%81%BC%E1%82%83%E1%82%87%E1%80%99%E1%80%AE%E1%80%B8%E1%80%95%E1%80%AE%E1%80%B8%E1%80%9A%E1%82%83%E1%80%B8" title="မိူင်းၼႃႇမီးပီးယႃး – Shan" lang="shn" hreflang="shn" data-title="မိူင်းၼႃႇမီးပီးယႃး" data-language-autonym="ၽႃႇသႃႇတႆး " data-language-local-name="Shan" class="interlanguage-link-target">ၽႃႇသႃႇတႆး </a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tay mw-list-item"><a href="https://tay.wikipedia.org/wiki/Namibia" title="Namibia – Tayal" lang="tay" hreflang="tay" data-title="Namibia" data-language-autonym="Tayal" data-language-local-name="Tayal" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tayal</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%A8%E0%B0%AE%E0%B1%80%E0%B0%AC%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%AF%E0%B0%BE" title="నమీబియా – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="నమీబియా" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target">తెలుగు</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B4%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2" title="ประเทศนามิเบีย – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ประเทศนามิเบีย" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ti mw-list-item"><a href="https://ti.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8A%93%E1%88%9A%E1%89%A2%E1%8B%AB" title="ናሚቢያ – Tigrinya" lang="ti" hreflang="ti" data-title="ናሚቢያ" data-language-autonym="ትግርኛ" data-language-local-name="Tigrinya" class="interlanguage-link-target">ትግርኛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%B1%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Намибия – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Намибия" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target">Тоҷикӣ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-to mw-list-item"><a href="https://to.wikipedia.org/wiki/Namipia" title="Namipia – Tongan" lang="to" hreflang="to" data-title="Namipia" data-language-autonym="Lea faka-Tonga" data-language-local-name="Tongan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lea faka-Tonga</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-chy mw-list-item"><a href="https://chy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Namibia" title="Namibia – Cheyenne" lang="chy" hreflang="chy" data-title="Namibia" data-language-autonym="Tsetsêhestâhese" data-language-local-name="Cheyenne" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tsetsêhestâhese</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ve mw-list-item"><a href="https://ve.wikipedia.org/wiki/Namibia" title="Namibia – Venda" lang="ve" hreflang="ve" data-title="Namibia" data-language-autonym="Tshivenda" data-language-local-name="Venda" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tshivenda</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Namibya" title="Namibya – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Namibya" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tk mw-list-item"><a href="https://tk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Namibi%C3%BDa" title="Namibiýa – Turkmen" lang="tk" hreflang="tk" data-title="Namibiýa" data-language-autonym="Türkmençe" data-language-local-name="Turkmen" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkmençe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tw mw-list-item"><a href="https://tw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Namibia" title="Namibia – Twi" lang="tw" hreflang="tw" data-title="Namibia" data-language-autonym="Twi" data-language-local-name="Twi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Twi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kcg mw-list-item"><a href="https://kcg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Namibya" title="Namibya – Tyap" lang="kcg" hreflang="kcg" data-title="Namibya" data-language-autonym="Tyap" data-language-local-name="Tyap" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tyap</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-udm mw-list-item"><a href="https://udm.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%B1%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Намибия – Udmurt" lang="udm" hreflang="udm" data-title="Намибия" data-language-autonym="Удмурт" data-language-local-name="Udmurt" class="interlanguage-link-target">Удмурт</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bug mw-list-item"><a href="https://bug.wikipedia.org/wiki/Namibia" title="Namibia – Buginese" lang="bug" hreflang="bug" data-title="Namibia" data-language-autonym="Basa Ugi" data-language-local-name="Buginese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Basa Ugi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B0%D0%BC%D1%96%D0%B1%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Намібія – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Намібія" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D9%85%DB%8C%D8%A8%DB%8C%D8%A7" title="نمیبیا – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="نمیبیا" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%89%D8%A8%D9%89%D9%8A%DB%95" title="نامىبىيە – Uyghur" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="نامىبىيە" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="Uyghur" class="interlanguage-link-target">ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-za mw-list-item"><a href="https://za.wikipedia.org/wiki/Namibia" title="Namibia – Zhuang" lang="za" hreflang="za" data-title="Namibia" data-language-autonym="Vahcuengh" data-language-local-name="Zhuang" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vahcuengh</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nam%C3%ACbia" title="Namìbia – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Namìbia" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vèneto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Namibii" title="Namibii – Veps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Namibii" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="Veps" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vepsän kel’</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Namibia" title="Namibia – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Namibia" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vo mw-list-item"><a href="https://vo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Namibiy%C3%A4n" title="Namibiyän – Volapük" lang="vo" hreflang="vo" data-title="Namibiyän" data-language-autonym="Volapük" data-language-local-name="Volapük" class="interlanguage-link-target">Volapük</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Namiibia" title="Namiibia – Võro" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="Namiibia" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="Võro" class="interlanguage-link-target">Võro</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%B4%8D%E7%B1%B3%E6%AF%94%E4%BA%9E" title="納米比亞 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="納米比亞" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">文言</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Namibia" title="Namibia – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Namibia" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target">Winaray</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wo mw-list-item"><a href="https://wo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Namibi" title="Namibi – Wolof" lang="wo" hreflang="wo" data-title="Namibi" data-language-autonym="Wolof" data-language-local-name="Wolof" class="interlanguage-link-target">Wolof</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%B4%8D%E7%B1%B3%E6%AF%94%E4%BA%9E" title="納米比亞 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="納米比亞" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ts mw-list-item"><a href="https://ts.wikipedia.org/wiki/Namibia" title="Namibia – Tsonga" lang="ts" hreflang="ts" data-title="Namibia" data-language-autonym="Xitsonga" data-language-local-name="Tsonga" class="interlanguage-link-target">Xitsonga</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A0%D7%90%D7%9E%D7%99%D7%91%D7%99%D7%A2" title="נאמיביע – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="נאמיביע" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target">ייִדיש</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Namibia" title="Namibia – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Namibia" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target">Yorùbá</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%B4%8D%E7%B1%B3%E6%AF%94%E4%BA%9E" title="納米比亞 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="納米比亞" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">粵語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Namibya" title="Namibya – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Namibya" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target">Zazaki</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zea mw-list-item"><a href="https://zea.wikipedia.org/wiki/Namibi%C3%AB" title="Namibië – Zeelandic" lang="zea" hreflang="zea" data-title="Namibië" data-language-autonym="Zeêuws" data-language-local-name="Zeelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Zeêuws</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Namib%C4%97j%C4%97" title="Namibėjė – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Namibėjė" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Žemaitėška</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%BA%B3%E7%B1%B3%E6%AF%94%E4%BA%9A" title="纳米比亚 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="纳米比亚" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ann mw-list-item"><a href="https://ann.wikipedia.org/wiki/Namibia" title="Namibia – Obolo" lang="ann" hreflang="ann" data-title="Namibia" data-language-autonym="Obolo" data-language-local-name="Obolo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Obolo</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bew mw-list-item"><a href="https://bew.wikipedia.org/wiki/Namibi" title="Namibi – Betawi" lang="bew" hreflang="bew" data-title="Namibi" data-language-autonym="Betawi" data-language-local-name="Betawi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Betawi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gpe mw-list-item"><a href="https://gpe.wikipedia.org/wiki/Namibia" title="Namibia – Ghanaian Pidgin" lang="gpe" hreflang="gpe" data-title="Namibia" data-language-autonym="Ghanaian Pidgin" data-language-local-name="Ghanaian Pidgin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ghanaian Pidgin</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-iba mw-list-item"><a href="https://iba.wikipedia.org/wiki/Namibia" title="Namibia – Iban" lang="iba" hreflang="iba" data-title="Namibia" data-language-autonym="Jaku Iban" data-language-local-name="Iban" class="interlanguage-link-target">Jaku Iban</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nr mw-list-item"><a href="https://nr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Namibia" title="Namibia – South Ndebele" lang="nr" hreflang="nr" data-title="Namibia" data-language-autonym="IsiNdebele seSewula" data-language-local-name="South Ndebele" class="interlanguage-link-target">IsiNdebele seSewula</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tly mw-list-item"><a href="https://tly.wikipedia.org/wiki/Namibij%C9%99" title="Namibijə – Talysh" lang="tly" hreflang="tly" data-title="Namibijə" data-language-autonym="Tolışi" data-language-local-name="Talysh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tolışi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zgh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zgh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E2%B5%8F%E2%B4%B0%E2%B5%8E%E2%B5%89%E2%B4%B1%E2%B5%A2%E2%B4%B0" title="ⵏⴰⵎⵉⴱⵢⴰ – Standard Moroccan Tamazight" lang="zgh" hreflang="zgh" data-title="ⵏⴰⵎⵉⴱⵢⴰ" data-language-autonym="ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ" data-language-local-name="Standard Moroccan Tamazight" class="interlanguage-link-target">ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ</a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q1030#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" 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.geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Namibia&params=22_S_17_E_type:country_region:NA">22°S 17°E / 22°S 17°E / -22; 17</a></div></div> <div id="mw-indicator-spoken-icon" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><a href="/wiki/File:Namibia_spoken_word.ogg" title="Listen to this article"><img alt="Listen to this article" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Sound-icon.svg/20px-Sound-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Sound-icon.svg/30px-Sound-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Sound-icon.svg/40px-Sound-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="96" /></a></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Country in Southern Africa</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For the newspaper, see <a href="/wiki/The_Namibian" title="The Namibian">The Namibian</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1043282317">.mw-parser-output .ib-country{border-collapse:collapse;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country td,.mw-parser-output .ib-country th{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-below{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedrow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedrow .infobox-full-data{border:0;padding:0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedbottomrow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedbottomrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedbottomrow .infobox-full-data{border-top:0;border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .infobox-header{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .infobox-above{font-size:125%;line-height:1.2}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-names{padding-top:0.25em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-name-style{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .infobox-image{padding:0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-anthem{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding-top:0.5em;margin-top:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-map-caption{position:relative;top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-largest,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-lang{font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-ethnic,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-religion,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-sovereignty{font-weight:normal;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fake-li{text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fake-li2{text-indent:0.5em;margin-left:1em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-website{line-height:11pt}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-map-caption3{position:relative;top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn{text-align:left;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn-num{margin-left:1em}</style><table class="infobox ib-country vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above adr"><div class="fn org country-name">Republic of Namibia</div><div class="ib-country-names"><div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold; background:transparent;text-align:center;line-height:normal;font-size:85%;"><div style="margin: 0 4em">Name in national languages</div></div> <ul class="mw-collapsible-content" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit; list-style: none; margin-left: 0;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox-subbox" style="font-size:78%;font-weight:normal;"><tbody><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Afrikaans" title="Afrikaans">Afrikaans</a>:</th><td class="infobox-data">Republiek van Namibië<a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a>:</th><td class="infobox-data">Republik Namibia<a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Khoekhoe_language" title="Khoekhoe language">Khoekhoegowab</a>:</th><td class="infobox-data">Republiki Namibiab dib<a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Ovambo_language" title="Ovambo language">Oshiwambo</a>:</th><td class="infobox-data">Orepublika yaNamibia<a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Herero_language" title="Herero language">Otjiherero</a>:</th><td class="infobox-data">Orepublika yaNamibia<a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Kwangali_language" title="Kwangali language">RuKwangali</a>:</th><td class="infobox-data">Republika zaNamibia<a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Tswana_language" title="Tswana language">Setswana</a>:</th><td class="infobox-data">Rephaboliki ya Namibia<a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Lozi_language" title="Lozi language">siLozi</a>:</th><td class="infobox-data">Namibia ye Lukuluhile<a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a></td></tr></tbody></table> </li></ul> </div></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><div class="noresize" style="display:table; width:100%;"> <div style="display:table-cell; vertical-align:middle; padding-left:5px;"> <div style="padding-bottom:3px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Namibia.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Flag of Namibia"><img alt="Flag of Namibia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Flag_of_Namibia.svg/125px-Flag_of_Namibia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="125" height="83" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Flag_of_Namibia.svg/188px-Flag_of_Namibia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Flag_of_Namibia.svg/250px-Flag_of_Namibia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></div> <div><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Namibia" title="Flag of Namibia">Flag</a></div> </div> <div style="display:table-cell; vertical-align:middle; padding: 0px 5px;"> <div style="padding-bottom:3px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_arms_of_Namibia.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Coat of arms of Namibia"><img alt="Coat of arms of Namibia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Coat_of_arms_of_Namibia.svg/85px-Coat_of_arms_of_Namibia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="85" height="89" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Coat_of_arms_of_Namibia.svg/128px-Coat_of_arms_of_Namibia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Coat_of_arms_of_Namibia.svg/170px-Coat_of_arms_of_Namibia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="730" /></a></div> <div><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Namibia" title="Coat of arms of Namibia"> Coat of arms</a></div> </div> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Motto: "Unity, Liberty, Justice"</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data anthem">Anthem: "<a href="/wiki/Namibia,_Land_of_the_Brave" title="Namibia, Land of the Brave">Namibia, Land of the Brave</a>"</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><div class="switcher-container"><div><a href="/wiki/File:Namibia_(orthographic_projection).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Namibia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/220px-Namibia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Namibia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/330px-Namibia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Namibia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/440px-Namibia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="550" data-file-height="550" /></a>Show globe</div><div><a href="/wiki/File:Location_Namibia_AU_Africa.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Location_Namibia_AU_Africa.svg/250px-Location_Namibia_AU_Africa.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="232" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Location_Namibia_AU_Africa.svg/375px-Location_Namibia_AU_Africa.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Location_Namibia_AU_Africa.svg/500px-Location_Namibia_AU_Africa.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1400" data-file-height="1300" /></a>Show map of Africa</div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Capital<div class="ib-country-largest">and largest city</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Windhoek" title="Windhoek">Windhoek</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Namibia&params=22_34_S_17_5_E_type:city_region:NA">22°34′S 17°5′E / 22.567°S 17.083°E / -22.567; 17.083</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Official languages</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Recognised national languages</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afrikaans" title="Afrikaans">Afrikaans</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/German_language_in_Namibia" title="German language in Namibia">German</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Khoekhoe_language" title="Khoekhoe language">Khoekhoegowab</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Ovambo_language" title="Ovambo language">Oshiwambo</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Herero_language" title="Herero language">Otjiherero</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kwangali_language" title="Kwangali language">RuKwangali</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Tswana_language" title="Tswana language">Setswana</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Lozi_language" title="Lozi language">siLozi</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Recognised regional languages</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C7%83Kung_languages" title="ǃKung languages">ǃKung</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Gciriku_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Gciriku language">Gciriku</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Mbukushu_language" title="Mbukushu language">Thimbukushu</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_group" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethnic group">Ethnic groups</a> <div class="ib-country-ethnic"> (2023)<a href="#cite_note-Census2023-9">[9]</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>93.2% <a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Namibia" title="Demographics of Namibia">African</a><a href="#cite_note-10">[a]</a></li><li>3.6% <a href="/wiki/Coloured_people_in_Namibia" title="Coloured people in Namibia">Coloured</a><a href="#cite_note-11">[b]</a></li><li>1.8% <a href="/wiki/White_Namibians" title="White Namibians">White</a></li><li>1.4% other<a href="#cite_note-12">[c]</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Religion <div class="ib-country-religion"> (2023)<a href="#cite_note-13">[10]</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1116488514">.mw-parser-output .treeview ul{padding:0;margin:0}.mw-parser-output .treeview li{padding:0;margin:0;list-style-type:none;list-style-image:none}.mw-parser-output .treeview li li{background:url("https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f2/Treeview-grey-line.png")no-repeat 0 -2981px;padding-left:21px;text-indent:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .treeview li li:last-child{background-position:0 -5971px}.mw-parser-output .treeview li.emptyline>ul>.mw-empty-elt:first-child+.emptyline,.mw-parser-output .treeview li.emptyline>ul>li:first-child{background-position:0 9px}</style><div class="treeview"> <ul><li>87.9% <a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Namibia" title="Christianity in Namibia">Christianity</a> <ul><li>43.7% <a href="/wiki/Evangelical_Lutheran_Church_in_Namibia" title="Evangelical Lutheran Church in Namibia">Lutheranism</a></li> <li>22.8% <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_Namibia" title="Catholic Church in Namibia">Catholicism</a></li> <li>17.0% <a href="/wiki/Diocese_of_Namibia" title="Diocese of Namibia">Anglicanism</a></li> <li>4.4% other <a href="/wiki/List_of_Christian_denominations" title="List of Christian denominations">Christian</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></li><li>10.2% <a href="/wiki/African_Traditional_Religion" class="mw-redirect" title="African Traditional Religion">traditional faiths</a></li><li>1.6% <a href="/wiki/Irreligion" title="Irreligion">no religion</a></li><li>0.3% other</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Demonym" title="Demonym">Demonym(s)</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Namibia" title="Demographics of Namibia">Namibian</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Namibia" title="Politics of Namibia">Government</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Unitary <a href="/wiki/Semi-presidential_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Semi-presidential system">semi-presidential republic</a><a href="#cite_note-Dual-14">[11]</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/President_of_Namibia" title="President of Namibia">President</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Nangolo_Mbumba" title="Nangolo Mbumba">Nangolo Mbumba</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Vice_President_of_Namibia" class="mw-redirect" title="Vice President of Namibia">Vice President</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Netumbo_Nandi-Ndaitwah" title="Netumbo Nandi-Ndaitwah">Netumbo Nandi-Ndaitwah</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Namibia" title="Prime Minister of Namibia">Prime Minister</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Saara_Kuugongelwa" title="Saara Kuugongelwa">Saara Kuugongelwa</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Deputy-Prime_Minister_of_Namibia" title="Deputy-Prime Minister of Namibia">Deputy Prime Minister</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/John_Mutorwa" title="John Mutorwa">John Mutorwa</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Chief_Justice_of_Namibia" title="Chief Justice of Namibia">Chief Justice</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Peter_Shivute" title="Peter Shivute">Peter Shivute</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Legislature</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Namibia" title="Parliament of Namibia">Parliament</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• <a href="/wiki/Upper_house" title="Upper house">Upper house</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/National_Council_(Namibia)" title="National Council (Namibia)">National Council</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• <a href="/wiki/Lower_house" title="Lower house">Lower house</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/National_Assembly_(Namibia)" title="National Assembly (Namibia)">National Assembly</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Independence from <a href="/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa">South Africa</a></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Namibia" title="Constitution of Namibia">Constitution</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">9 February 1990</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Independence" title="Independence">Independence</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">21 March 1990</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Namibia" title="Geography of Namibia">Area </a></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Total</div></th><td class="infobox-data">825,615 km2 (318,772 sq mi) (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_and_dependencies_by_area" title="List of countries and dependencies by area">34th</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Water (%)</div></th><td class="infobox-data">negligible</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header"><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Namibia" title="Demographics of Namibia">Population</a></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• 2023 census</div></th><td class="infobox-data">2,803,660<a href="#cite_note-15">[12]</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Density</div></th><td class="infobox-data">3.7/km2 (9.6/sq mi) (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_and_dependencies_by_population_density" title="List of countries and dependencies by population density">235th</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Gross_domestic_product" title="Gross domestic product">GDP</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style>(<a href="/wiki/Purchasing_power_parity" title="Purchasing power parity">PPP</a>)</th><td class="infobox-data">2023 estimate</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Total</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /> $30.663 billion<a href="#cite_note-IMFWEO.NA-16">[13]</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Per capita</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /> $11,603<a href="#cite_note-IMFWEO.NA-16">[13]</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_(PPP)_per_capita" title="List of countries by GDP (PPP) per capita">114th</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Gross_domestic_product" title="Gross domestic product">GDP</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488">(nominal)</th><td class="infobox-data">2023 estimate</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Total</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /> $12.647 billion<a href="#cite_note-IMFWEO.NA-16">[13]</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Per capita</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /> $4,786<a href="#cite_note-IMFWEO.NA-16">[13]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Gini_coefficient" title="Gini coefficient">Gini</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488">(2015)</th><td class="infobox-data">59.1<a href="#cite_note-17">[14]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239334494">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}</style>high inequality</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Human_Development_Index" title="Human Development Index">HDI</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488">(2022)</th><td class="infobox-data"><img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /> 0.610<a href="#cite_note-HDI-18">[15]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494">medium (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_Human_Development_Index" title="List of countries by Human Development Index">142nd</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Currency</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Namibian_dollar" title="Namibian dollar">Namibian dollar</a> (NAD) <a href="/wiki/South_African_rand" title="South African rand">South African rand</a> (ZAR)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Time zone</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Coordinated_Universal_Time" title="Coordinated Universal Time">UTC</a>+2 (<a href="/wiki/Central_Africa_Time" title="Central Africa Time">CAT</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Date format</th><td class="infobox-data">dd/mm/yyyy</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Left-_and_right-hand_traffic" title="Left- and right-hand traffic">Drives on</a></th><td class="infobox-data">left</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Telephone_numbers_in_Namibia" title="Telephone numbers in Namibia">Calling code</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/%2B264" class="mw-redirect" title="+264">+264</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/ISO_3166" title="ISO 3166">ISO 3166 code</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/ISO_3166-2:NA" title="ISO 3166-2:NA">NA</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Country_code_top-level_domain" title="Country code top-level domain">Internet TLD</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/.na" title=".na">.na</a></td></tr></tbody></table> Namibia (<a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/nəˈmɪbiə/</a> <span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-1" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/3\/3e\/En-ca-Namibia.oga\/En-ca-Namibia.oga.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"En-ca-Namibia.oga"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/3/3e/En-ca-Namibia.oga/En-ca-Namibia.oga.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"></a><a href="/wiki/File:En-ca-Namibia.oga" title="File:En-ca-Namibia.oga">ⓘ</a>, <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/næˈ-/</a>),<a href="#cite_note-19">[16]</a><a href="#cite_note-20">[17]</a> officially the Republic of Namibia, is a country in <a href="/wiki/Southern_Africa" title="Southern Africa">Southern Africa</a>. Its western border is the <a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Ocean" title="Atlantic Ocean">Atlantic Ocean</a>. It shares land borders with <a href="/wiki/Angola" title="Angola">Angola</a> and <a href="/wiki/Zambia" title="Zambia">Zambia</a> to the north, <a href="/wiki/Botswana" title="Botswana">Botswana</a> to the east and <a href="/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa">South Africa</a> to the east and south. Although <a href="/wiki/Kazungula" title="Kazungula">it does not</a> border <a href="/wiki/Zimbabwe" title="Zimbabwe">Zimbabwe</a>, less than 200 metres (660 feet) of the Botswanan right bank of the <a href="/wiki/Zambezi" title="Zambezi">Zambezi River</a> separates the two countries. Its capital and largest city is <a href="/wiki/Windhoek" title="Windhoek">Windhoek</a>. The driest country in <a href="/wiki/Sub-Saharan_Africa" title="Sub-Saharan Africa">sub-Saharan Africa</a>,<a href="#cite_note-21">[18]</a> Namibia has been inhabited since pre-historic times by the <a href="/wiki/Khoekhoe" title="Khoekhoe">Khoi</a>, <a href="/wiki/San_people" title="San people">San</a>, <a href="/wiki/Damara_people" title="Damara people">Damara</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nama_people" title="Nama people">Nama people</a>. Around the 14th century, <a href="/wiki/Immigration" title="Immigration">immigrating</a> <a href="/wiki/Bantu_peoples" title="Bantu peoples">Bantu peoples</a> arrived as part of the <a href="/wiki/Bantu_expansion" title="Bantu expansion">Bantu expansion</a>. From 1600 the <a href="/wiki/Ovambo_people#History" title="Ovambo people">Ovambo</a> formed kingdoms, such as <a href="/wiki/Ondonga" title="Ondonga">Ondonga</a> and <a href="/wiki/Oukwanyama" title="Oukwanyama">Oukwanyama</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Frieda_1991-22">[19]</a> In 1884, the <a href="/wiki/German_Empire" title="German Empire">German Empire</a> established rule over most of the territory, forming a colony known as <a href="/wiki/German_South_West_Africa" title="German South West Africa">German South West Africa</a>. Between 1904 and 1908, German troops waged a punitive campaign against the <a href="/wiki/Herero_people" title="Herero people">Herero</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nama_people" title="Nama people">Nama</a> which escalated into the <a href="/wiki/Herero_and_Namaqua_genocide" class="mw-redirect" title="Herero and Namaqua genocide">first genocide</a> of the 20th century. German rule ended during the <a href="/wiki/First_World_War" class="mw-redirect" title="First World War">First World War</a> with a 1915 defeat by <a href="/wiki/Union_of_South_Africa" title="Union of South Africa">South African</a> forces. In 1920, after the end of the war, the <a href="/wiki/League_of_Nations" title="League of Nations">League of Nations</a> <a href="/wiki/League_of_Nations_mandate" title="League of Nations mandate">mandated</a> administration of the colony to South Africa. From 1948, with the <a href="/wiki/National_Party_(South_Africa)" title="National Party (South Africa)">National Party</a> elected to power, this included South Africa applying <a href="/wiki/Apartheid" title="Apartheid">apartheid</a> to what was then known as <a href="/wiki/South_West_Africa" title="South West Africa">South West Africa</a>. In the later 20th century, uprisings and demands for political representation resulted in the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a> assuming direct responsibility over the territory in 1966, but South Africa maintained de facto rule until 1973, when the UN recognised the South West Africa People's Organisation (<a href="/wiki/SWAPO" title="SWAPO">SWAPO</a>) as the official representative of the Namibian people. Namibia gained independence from South Africa on 21 March 1990, following the <a href="/wiki/South_African_Border_War" title="South African Border War">South African Border War</a>. However, <a href="/wiki/Walvis_Bay" title="Walvis Bay">Walvis Bay</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Penguin_Islands" title="Penguin Islands">Penguin Islands</a> remained under South African control until 1994. Namibia is a stable <a href="/wiki/Parliamentary_democracy" class="mw-redirect" title="Parliamentary democracy">parliamentary democracy</a>. Agriculture, <a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Namibia" title="Tourism in Namibia">tourism</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Mining_in_Namibia" title="Mining in Namibia">mining industry</a> – including mining for gem diamonds, <a href="/wiki/Uranium_mining" title="Uranium mining">uranium</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gold_mining" title="Gold mining">gold</a>, <a href="/wiki/Silver_mining" title="Silver mining">silver</a> and <a href="/wiki/Base_metal" title="Base metal">base metals</a> – form the basis of its <a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Namibia" title="Economy of Namibia">economy</a>, while the manufacturing sector is comparatively small. Despite significant <a href="/wiki/Gross_domestic_product" title="Gross domestic product">GDP</a> growth since its independence,<a href="#cite_note-23">[20]</a> <a href="/wiki/Poverty_in_Namibia" title="Poverty in Namibia">poverty</a> and <a href="/wiki/Wealth_inequality" class="mw-redirect" title="Wealth inequality">inequality</a> remain significant in the country. 40.9% of the population is affected by <a href="/wiki/Multidimensional_Poverty_Index" title="Multidimensional Poverty Index">multidimensional poverty</a>,<a href="#cite_note-:5-24">[21]</a> and more than 400,000 people continue to live in <a href="/wiki/Informal_housing" title="Informal housing">informal housing</a>.<a href="#cite_note-25">[22]</a> <a href="/wiki/Income_disparity" class="mw-redirect" title="Income disparity">Income disparity</a> in the country is one of the world's highest with a <a href="/wiki/Gini_coefficient" title="Gini coefficient">Gini coefficient</a> of 59.1 in 2015.<a href="#cite_note-:6-26">[23]</a> With a population of 3,022,401 people today, Namibia is one of the <a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_and_territories_by_population_density" class="mw-redirect" title="List of countries and territories by population density">most sparsely populated</a> countries in the world. Namibia is a member state of the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Southern_African_Development_Community" title="Southern African Development Community">Southern African Development Community</a>, the <a href="/wiki/African_Union" title="African Union">African Union</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_of_Nations" title="Commonwealth of Nations">Commonwealth of Nations</a>. <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Namibia&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/History_of_Namibia" title="History of Namibia">History of Namibia</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Etymology">Etymology</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Namibia&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Etymology">edit</a>]</div> The name of the country is derived from the <a href="/wiki/Namib" title="Namib">Namib</a> desert, the oldest desert in the world.<a href="#cite_note-at1315-27">[24]</a> The word Namib itself is of <a href="/wiki/Nama_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Nama language">Nama</a> origin and means "vast place". The name was chosen by <a href="/wiki/Mburumba_Kerina" title="Mburumba Kerina">Mburumba Kerina</a>, who originally proposed "Republic of Namib".<a href="#cite_note-28">[25]</a> Before Namibia became independent in 1990, its territory was known first as <a href="/wiki/German_South-West_Africa" class="mw-redirect" title="German South-West Africa">German South-West Africa</a> (Deutsch-Südwestafrika), and then as <a href="/wiki/South_West_Africa" title="South West Africa">South West Africa</a>, reflecting its colonial occupation by Germans and South Africans, respectively. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pre-colonial_period">Pre-colonial period</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Namibia&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Pre-colonial period">edit</a>]</div> The dry lands of Namibia have been inhabited since prehistoric times by the <a href="/wiki/San_people" title="San people">San</a>, <a href="/wiki/Damara_people" title="Damara people">Damara</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Nama_people" title="Nama people">Nama</a>. For thousands of years, the <a href="/wiki/Khoisan" title="Khoisan">Khoisan</a> peoples of Southern Africa maintained a <a href="/wiki/Nomad" title="Nomad">nomadic</a> life, the <a href="/wiki/Khoikhoi" class="mw-redirect" title="Khoikhoi">Khoikhoi</a> as pastoralists and the San people as <a href="/wiki/Hunter-gatherer" title="Hunter-gatherer">hunter-gatherers</a>. Around the 14th century, immigrating <a href="/wiki/Bantu_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Bantu people">Bantu people</a> began to arrive during the <a href="/wiki/Bantu_expansion" title="Bantu expansion">Bantu expansion</a> from central Africa.<a href="#cite_note-29">[26]</a> From the late 18th century onward, <a href="/wiki/Oorlam_people" title="Oorlam people">Oorlam people</a> from Cape Colony crossed the <a href="/wiki/Orange_River" title="Orange River">Orange River</a> and moved into the area that today is southern Namibia.<a href="#cite_note-KDA-30">[27]</a> Their encounters with the nomadic Nama tribes were largely peaceful. They received the missionaries accompanying the Oorlam very well,<a href="#cite_note-Dierks-31">[28]</a> granting them the right to use waterholes and grazing against an annual payment.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVedder1997177-32">[29]</a> On their way further north, however, the Oorlam encountered clans of the <a href="/wiki/OvaHerero_people" class="mw-redirect" title="OvaHerero people">OvaHerero</a> at Windhoek, <a href="/wiki/Gobabis" title="Gobabis">Gobabis</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Okahandja" title="Okahandja">Okahandja</a>, who resisted their encroachment. The Nama-Herero War broke out in 1880, with hostilities ebbing only after the <a href="/wiki/German_Empire" title="German Empire">German Empire</a> deployed troops to the contested places and cemented the status quo among the Nama, Oorlam, and Herero.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVedder1997659-33">[30]</a> In 1878, the <a href="/wiki/Cape_Colony" title="Cape Colony">Cape of Good Hope</a>, then a British colony, annexed the port of Walvis Bay and the offshore <a href="/wiki/Penguin_Islands" title="Penguin Islands">Penguin Islands</a>; these became an integral part of the new <a href="/wiki/Union_of_South_Africa" title="Union of South Africa">Union of South Africa</a> at its creation in 1910. The first Europeans to disembark and explore the region were the Portuguese navigators <a href="/wiki/Diogo_C%C3%A3o" title="Diogo Cão">Diogo Cão</a> in 1485<a href="#cite_note-34">[31]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bartolomeu_Dias" title="Bartolomeu Dias">Bartolomeu Dias</a> in 1486, but the Portuguese did not try to claim the area. Like most of the interior of <a href="/wiki/Sub-Saharan_Africa" title="Sub-Saharan Africa">Sub-Saharan Africa</a>, Namibia was not extensively explored by Europeans until the 19th century. At that time traders and settlers came principally from Germany and Sweden. In 1870, <a href="/wiki/Finland" title="Finland">Finnish</a> missionaries came to the northern part of Namibia to spread the <a href="/wiki/Lutheranism" title="Lutheranism">Lutheran religion</a> among the <a href="/wiki/Ovambo_people" title="Ovambo people">Ovambo</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kavango_people" title="Kavango people">Kavango people</a>.<a href="#cite_note-finnish-mission-35">[32]</a> In the late 19th century, <a href="/wiki/Dorsland_Trek" title="Dorsland Trek">Dorsland Trekkers</a> crossed the area on their way from the <a href="/wiki/South_African_Republic" title="South African Republic">Transvaal</a> to Angola. Some of them settled in Namibia instead of continuing their journey. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="German_rule">German rule</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Namibia&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: German rule">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/German_South_West_Africa" title="German South West Africa">German South West Africa</a> and <a href="/wiki/Herero_and_Namaqua_genocide" class="mw-redirect" title="Herero and Namaqua genocide">Herero and Namaqua genocide</a></div> Namibia became a German colony in 1884 under <a href="/wiki/Otto_von_Bismarck" title="Otto von Bismarck">Otto von Bismarck</a> to forestall perceived British encroachment and was known as <a href="/wiki/German_South_West_Africa" title="German South West Africa">German South West Africa</a> (Deutsch-Südwestafrika).<a href="#cite_note-36">[33]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Palgrave_Commission" title="Palgrave Commission">Palgrave Commission</a> by the British governor in Cape Town determined that only the natural deep-water harbour of Walvis Bay was worth occupying and thus annexed it to the Cape province of British South Africa. In 1897, a <a href="/wiki/1890s_African_rinderpest_epizootic" title="1890s African rinderpest epizootic">rinderpest epidemic</a> caused massive cattle die-offs of an estimated 95% of cattle in southern and central Namibia. In response the German colonisers set up a veterinary <a href="/wiki/Cordon_sanitaire_(medicine)" title="Cordon sanitaire (medicine)">cordon</a> fence known as the <a href="/wiki/Red_Line_(Namibia)" title="Red Line (Namibia)">Red Line</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:7-37">[34]</a> In 1907 this fence then broadly defined the boundaries for the first Police Zone.<a href="#cite_note-38">[35]</a> From 1904 to 1907, the <a href="/wiki/Herero_people" title="Herero people">Herero</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Nama_people" title="Nama people">Namaqua</a> <a href="/wiki/Herero_Wars" title="Herero Wars">took up arms</a> against ruthless German settlers. In a calculated punitive action by the German settlers, <a href="/wiki/Government_of_Namibia" title="Government of Namibia">government</a> officials ordered the extinction of the natives in the <a href="/wiki/Herero_and_Namaqua_genocide" class="mw-redirect" title="Herero and Namaqua genocide">OvaHerero and Namaqua genocide</a>. In what has been called the "first genocide of the 20th century",<a href="#cite_note-39">[36]</a> the Germans systematically killed 10,000 Nama (half the population) and approximately 65,000 Herero (about 80% of the population).<a href="#cite_note-40">[37]</a><a href="#cite_note-Adhikari-41">[38]</a> The survivors, when finally released from detention, were subjected to a policy of dispossession, deportation, forced labour, racial segregation, and discrimination in a system that in many ways foreshadowed the <a href="/wiki/Apartheid" title="Apartheid">apartheid</a> established by South Africa in 1948. Most Africans were confined to so-called native territories, which under South African rule after 1949 were turned into "homelands" (<a href="/wiki/Bantustans" class="mw-redirect" title="Bantustans">Bantustans</a>). Some historians have speculated that the downfall of the Herero in Namibia was a model for the <a href="/wiki/Nazism" title="Nazism">Nazis</a> in <a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust" title="The Holocaust">the Holocaust</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Madley-42">[39]</a> The memory of what happened under German rule has contributed to shape the ethnic identity in independent Namibia and has kept its significance in today's relations with Germany.<a href="#cite_note-43">[40]</a> The German minister for development aid apologised for the Namibian genocide in 2004. However, the German government distanced itself from this apology.<a href="#cite_note-44">[41]</a> Only in 2021 did the <a href="/wiki/Government_of_Germany" class="mw-redirect" title="Government of Germany">German government</a> acknowledge the genocide and agreed to pay €1.1 billion over 30 years in community aid.<a href="#cite_note-45">[42]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="South_African_mandate">South African mandate</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Namibia&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: South African mandate">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/South_West_Africa" title="South West Africa">South West Africa</a></div> During World War I, South African troops under General <a href="/wiki/Louis_Botha" title="Louis Botha">Louis Botha</a> <a href="/wiki/South_West_Africa_campaign" title="South West Africa campaign">occupied the territory</a> and deposed the German colonial administration. The end of the war and the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Versailles" title="Treaty of Versailles">Treaty of Versailles</a> resulted in South West Africa remaining a possession of South Africa, at first as a <a href="/wiki/League_of_Nations_mandate" title="League of Nations mandate">League of Nations mandate</a>, until 1990.<a href="#cite_note-Rajagopal-46">[43]</a> The mandate system was formed as a compromise between those who advocated for an Allied annexation of former German and Ottoman territories and a proposition put forward by those who wished to grant them to an international trusteeship until they could govern themselves.<a href="#cite_note-Rajagopal-46">[43]</a> It permitted the South African government to administer South West Africa until that territory's inhabitants were prepared for political self-determination.<a href="#cite_note-Louis-47">[44]</a> South Africa interpreted the mandate as a veiled annexation and made no attempt to prepare South West Africa for future autonomy.<a href="#cite_note-Louis-47">[44]</a><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:278px;max-width:278px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:132px;max-width:132px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Witbooi_Hendrik.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Witbooi_Hendrik.jpg/130px-Witbooi_Hendrik.jpg" decoding="async" width="130" height="205" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Witbooi_Hendrik.jpg/195px-Witbooi_Hendrik.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Witbooi_Hendrik.jpg/260px-Witbooi_Hendrik.jpg 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="474" /></a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:142px;max-width:142px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:SamuelMaharero.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/SamuelMaharero.jpg/140px-SamuelMaharero.jpg" decoding="async" width="140" height="203" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/SamuelMaharero.jpg/210px-SamuelMaharero.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/SamuelMaharero.jpg/280px-SamuelMaharero.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1713" data-file-height="2487" /></a></div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flex"><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Hendrik_Witbooi_(Namaqua_chief)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hendrik Witbooi (Namaqua chief)">Hendrik Witbooi</a> (left) and <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Maharero" title="Samuel Maharero">Samuel Maharero</a> (right) were prominent leaders against German colonial rule.</div></div></div></div> As a result of the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Conference_on_International_Organization" title="United Nations Conference on International Organization">Conference on International Organization</a> in 1945, the League of Nations was formally superseded by the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a> (UN) and former League mandates by a trusteeship system. Article 77 of the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Charter" class="mw-redirect" title="United Nations Charter">United Nations Charter</a> stated that UN trusteeship "shall apply...to territories now held under mandate"; furthermore, it would "be a matter of subsequent agreement as to which territories in the foregoing territories will be brought under the trusteeship system and under what terms".<a href="#cite_note-Vandenbosch-48">[45]</a> The UN requested all former League of Nations mandates be surrendered to its <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Trusteeship_Council" title="United Nations Trusteeship Council">Trusteeship Council</a> in anticipation of their independence.<a href="#cite_note-Vandenbosch-48">[45]</a> South Africa declined to do so and instead requested permission from the UN to formally annex South West Africa, for which it received considerable criticism.<a href="#cite_note-Vandenbosch-48">[45]</a> When the UN General Assembly rejected this proposal, South Africa dismissed its opinion and began solidifying control of the territory.<a href="#cite_note-Vandenbosch-48">[45]</a> The UN General Assembly and Security Council responded by referring the issue to the <a href="/wiki/International_Court_of_Justice" title="International Court of Justice">International Court of Justice</a> (ICJ), which held a number of discussions on the legality of South African rule between 1949 and 1966.<a href="#cite_note-First-49">[46]</a> South Africa began imposing <a href="/wiki/Apartheid" title="Apartheid">apartheid</a>, its codified system of racial segregation and discrimination, on South West Africa during the late 1940s.<a href="#cite_note-Crawford1-50">[47]</a> Black South West Africans were subject to <a href="/wiki/Pass_laws" class="mw-redirect" title="Pass laws">pass laws</a>, curfews, and a host of residential regulations that restricted their movement.<a href="#cite_note-Crawford1-50">[47]</a> Development was concentrated in the southern region of the territory adjacent to South Africa, known as the "<a href="/w/index.php?title=Police_Zone_(South_West_Africa)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Police Zone (South West Africa) (page does not exist)">Police Zone</a>", where most of the major settlements and commercial economic activity were located.<a href="#cite_note-Devils-51">[48]</a> Outside the Police Zone, indigenous peoples were restricted to theoretically self-governing <a href="/wiki/Bantustan#Bantustans_in_South_West_Africa" title="Bantustan">tribal homelands</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Devils-51">[48]</a> During the late 1950s and early 1960s, the accelerated <a href="/wiki/Decolonisation_of_Africa" title="Decolonisation of Africa">decolonisation of Africa</a> and mounting pressure on the remaining colonial powers to grant their colonies self-determination resulted in the formation of nascent nationalist parties in South West Africa.<a href="#cite_note-Müller-52">[49]</a> Movements such as the <a href="/wiki/South_West_African_National_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="South West African National Union">South West African National Union</a> (SWANU) and the <a href="/wiki/South_West_African_People%27s_Organisation" class="mw-redirect" title="South West African People's Organisation">South West African People's Organisation</a> (SWAPO) advocated for the formal termination of South Africa's mandate and independence for the territory.<a href="#cite_note-Müller-52">[49]</a> In 1966, following the ICJ's controversial ruling that it had no legal standing to consider the question of South African rule, SWAPO launched an armed insurgency that escalated into part of a wider regional conflict known as the <a href="/wiki/South_African_Border_War" title="South African Border War">South African Border War</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Caprivi-53">[50]</a><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Foreign_Observer_identification_badge_in_the_1989_Namibian_election.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Foreign_Observer_identification_badge_in_the_1989_Namibian_election.jpg/220px-Foreign_Observer_identification_badge_in_the_1989_Namibian_election.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="168" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Foreign_Observer_identification_badge_in_the_1989_Namibian_election.jpg/330px-Foreign_Observer_identification_badge_in_the_1989_Namibian_election.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/23/Foreign_Observer_identification_badge_in_the_1989_Namibian_election.jpg 2x" data-file-width="374" data-file-height="285" /></a><figcaption>Foreign Observer identification badge issued during the 1989 Namibian election</figcaption></figure>In 1971 Namibian contract workers led a <a href="/wiki/1971%E2%80%9372_Namibian_contract_workers_strike" title="1971–72 Namibian contract workers strike">general strike against the contract system</a> and in support of independence.<a href="#cite_note-Moorsom1979-54">[51]</a> Some of the striking workers would later join SWAPO's <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Liberation_Army_of_Namibia" title="People's Liberation Army of Namibia">PLAN</a><a href="#cite_note-Devils2-55">[52]</a> as part of the South African Border War. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Independence">Independence</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Namibia&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Independence">edit</a>]</div> As SWAPO's insurgency intensified, South Africa's case for annexation in the international community continued to decline.<a href="#cite_note-Dobell-56">[53]</a> The UN declared that South Africa had failed in its obligations to ensure the moral and material well-being of South West Africa's indigenous inhabitants, and had thus disavowed its own mandate.<a href="#cite_note-Yusuf-57">[54]</a> On 12 June 1968, the UN General Assembly adopted a resolution proclaiming that, in accordance with the desires of its people, South West Africa be renamed Namibia.<a href="#cite_note-Yusuf-57">[54]</a> <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council_Resolution_269" title="United Nations Security Council Resolution 269">United Nations Security Council Resolution 269</a>, adopted in August 1969, declared South Africa's continued occupation of Namibia illegal.<a href="#cite_note-Yusuf-57">[54]</a><a href="#cite_note-MAA-58">[55]</a> In recognition of this landmark decision, SWAPO's armed wing was renamed the <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Liberation_Army_of_Namibia" title="People's Liberation Army of Namibia">People's Liberation Army of Namibia</a> (PLAN).<a href="#cite_note-Camp-59">[56]</a> Namibia became one of several flashpoints for <a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a> proxy conflicts in southern Africa during the latter years of the PLAN insurgency.<a href="#cite_note-Hughes-60">[57]</a> The insurgents sought out weapons and sent recruits to the Soviet Union for military training.<a href="#cite_note-Betram-61">[58]</a> As the PLAN war effort gained momentum, the Soviet Union and other sympathetic states such as Cuba continued to increase their support, deploying advisers to train the insurgents directly as well as supplying more weapons and ammunition.<a href="#cite_note-Vanneman-62">[59]</a> SWAPO's leadership, dependent on Soviet, Angolan, and Cuban military aid, positioned the movement firmly within the socialist bloc by 1975.<a href="#cite_note-Dreyer-63">[60]</a> This practical alliance reinforced the external perception of SWAPO as a Soviet proxy, which dominated Cold War rhetoric in South Africa and the United States.<a href="#cite_note-Devils-51">[48]</a> For its part, the Soviet Union supported SWAPO partly because it viewed South Africa as a regional Western ally.<a href="#cite_note-Shultz-64">[61]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:SADF-Operations_4.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/SADF-Operations_4.jpg/220px-SADF-Operations_4.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="177" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/SADF-Operations_4.jpg/330px-SADF-Operations_4.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/SADF-Operations_4.jpg/440px-SADF-Operations_4.jpg 2x" data-file-width="604" data-file-height="485" /></a><figcaption>South African troops patrol the border region for PLAN insurgents, 1980s</figcaption></figure> Growing war weariness and the reduction of tensions between the superpowers compelled South Africa, Angola, and Cuba to accede to the <a href="/wiki/Tripartite_Accord_(Angola)" class="mw-redirect" title="Tripartite Accord (Angola)">Tripartite Accord</a>, under pressure from both the Soviet Union and the United States.<a href="#cite_note-SACP-65">[62]</a> South Africa accepted Namibian independence in exchange for Cuban military withdrawal from the region and an Angolan commitment to cease all aid to PLAN.<a href="#cite_note-James-66">[63]</a> PLAN and South Africa adopted an informal ceasefire in August 1988, and a <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Transition_Assistance_Group" title="United Nations Transition Assistance Group">United Nations Transition Assistance Group</a> (UNTAG) was formed to monitor the Namibian peace process and supervise the return of refugees.<a href="#cite_note-Sitkowski-67">[64]</a> The ceasefire was broken after PLAN made a final incursion into the territory, possibly as a result of misunderstanding UNTAG's directives, in March 1989.<a href="#cite_note-Clairborne-68">[65]</a> A new ceasefire was later imposed with the condition that the insurgents were to be confined to their external bases in Angola until they could be disarmed and demobilised by UNTAG.<a href="#cite_note-Sitkowski-67">[64]</a><a href="#cite_note-Demob-69">[66]</a> By the end of the 11-month transition period, the last South African troops had been withdrawn from Namibia, all political prisoners granted amnesty, racially discriminatory legislation repealed, and 42,000 Namibian refugees returned to their homes.<a href="#cite_note-Dreyer-63">[60]</a> Just over 97% of eligible voters participated in the country's first <a href="/wiki/Namibian_parliamentary_election,_1989" class="mw-redirect" title="Namibian parliamentary election, 1989">parliamentary elections</a> held under a <a href="/wiki/Universal_franchise" class="mw-redirect" title="Universal franchise">universal franchise</a>.<a href="#cite_note-NYT1989-70">[67]</a> The United Nations plan included oversight by <a href="/wiki/Election_monitoring" title="Election monitoring">foreign election observers</a> in an effort to ensure a <a href="/wiki/Election#Non-democratic_elections" title="Election">free and fair election</a>. SWAPO won a plurality of seats in the <a href="/wiki/Members_of_the_Constituent_Assembly_of_Namibia" class="mw-redirect" title="Members of the Constituent Assembly of Namibia">Constituent Assembly</a> with 57% of the popular vote.<a href="#cite_note-NYT1989-70">[67]</a> This gave the party 41 seats, but not a two-thirds majority, which would have enabled it to draft the constitution on its own.<a href="#cite_note-NYT1989-70">[67]</a> The Namibian Constitution was adopted in February 1990. It incorporated protection for human rights and compensation for state expropriations of private property and established an independent judiciary, legislature, and an executive presidency (the constituent assembly became the national assembly). The country officially became independent on 21 March 1990.<a href="#cite_note-71">[68]</a><a href="#cite_note-finnish-mission-35">[32]</a> <a href="/wiki/Sam_Nujoma" title="Sam Nujoma">Sam Nujoma</a> was sworn in as the first <a href="/wiki/President_of_Namibia" title="President of Namibia">President of Namibia</a> at a ceremony attended by <a href="/wiki/Nelson_Mandela" title="Nelson Mandela">Nelson Mandela</a> of South Africa (who had been released from prison the previous month) and representatives from 147 countries, including 20 heads of state.<a href="#cite_note-72">[69]</a> In 1994, shortly before the first multiracial elections in South Africa, that country ceded Walvis Bay to Namibia.<a href="#cite_note-73">[70]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="After_independence">After independence</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Namibia&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: After independence">edit</a>]</div> Since independence Namibia has completed the transition from white minority apartheid rule to parliamentary democracy. <a href="/wiki/Multiparty_democracy" class="mw-redirect" title="Multiparty democracy">Multiparty democracy</a> was introduced and has been maintained, with local, regional and <a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Namibia" title="Elections in Namibia">national elections</a> held regularly. Several registered political parties are active and represented in the National Assembly, although the <a href="/wiki/SWAPO" title="SWAPO">SWAPO</a> has won every election since independence.<a href="#cite_note-74">[71]</a> The transition from the 15-year rule of President <a href="/wiki/Sam_Nujoma" title="Sam Nujoma">Nujoma</a> to his successor <a href="/wiki/Hifikepunye_Pohamba" title="Hifikepunye Pohamba">Hifikepunye Pohamba</a> in 2005 went smoothly.<a href="#cite_note-IRIN-75">[72]</a> Since independence, the Namibian government has promoted a policy of national reconciliation. It issued an amnesty for those who fought on either side during the liberation war. The civil war in Angola spilled over and adversely affected Namibians living in the north of the country. In 1998, <a href="/wiki/Namibia_Defence_Force" class="mw-redirect" title="Namibia Defence Force">Namibia Defence Force</a> (NDF) troops were sent to the <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Democratic Republic of the Congo">Democratic Republic of the Congo</a> as part of a <a href="/wiki/Southern_African_Development_Community" title="Southern African Development Community">Southern African Development Community</a> (SADC) contingent. In 1999, the national government quashed a secessionist attempt in the northeastern <a href="/wiki/Caprivi_Strip" title="Caprivi Strip">Caprivi Strip</a>.<a href="#cite_note-IRIN-75">[72]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Caprivi_conflict" title="Caprivi conflict">Caprivi conflict</a> was initiated by the <a href="/wiki/Caprivi_Liberation_Army" title="Caprivi Liberation Army">Caprivi Liberation Army</a> (CLA), a <a href="/wiki/Rebellion" title="Rebellion">rebel</a> group led by <a href="/wiki/Mishake_Muyongo" title="Mishake Muyongo">Mishake Muyongo</a>. It wanted the Caprivi Strip to secede and form its own society. In 2007, <a href="/wiki/Twyfelfontein" title="Twyfelfontein">Twyfelfontein</a> was inscribed as a cultural <a href="/wiki/UNESCO_World_Heritage_Site" class="mw-redirect" title="UNESCO World Heritage Site">UNESCO World Heritage Site</a>, a prehistoric site with one of the largest concentrations of rock engravings on the African continent. In December 2014, Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Hage_Geingob" title="Hage Geingob">Hage Geingob</a>, the candidate of ruling SWAPO, won the <a href="/wiki/2014_Namibian_general_election" title="2014 Namibian general election">presidential elections</a>, taking 87% of the vote. His predecessor, President <a href="/wiki/Hifikepunye_Pohamba" title="Hifikepunye Pohamba">Hifikepunye Pohamba</a>, also of SWAPO, had served the maximum two terms allowed by the constitution.<a href="#cite_note-76">[73]</a> In December 2019, President Hage Geingob was <a href="/wiki/2019_Namibian_general_election" title="2019 Namibian general election">re-elected</a> for a second term, taking 56.3% of the vote.<a href="#cite_note-77">[74]</a> On 4 February 2024, President Hage Geingob died and he was immediately succeeded by vice-president <a href="/wiki/Nangolo_Mbumba" title="Nangolo Mbumba">Nangolo Mbumba</a> as new President of Namibia.<a href="#cite_note-78">[75]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geography">Geography</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Namibia&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Geography">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Namibia" title="Geography of Namibia">Geography of Namibia</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Namib_Desert_Namibia(2).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Namib_Desert_Namibia%282%29.jpg/220px-Namib_Desert_Namibia%282%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Namib_Desert_Namibia%282%29.jpg/330px-Namib_Desert_Namibia%282%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Namib_Desert_Namibia%282%29.jpg/440px-Namib_Desert_Namibia%282%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption>Sand dunes of the <a href="/wiki/Namib_desert" class="mw-redirect" title="Namib desert">Namib desert</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:SAC_Namibia-cactus.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/SAC_Namibia-cactus.jpg/220px-SAC_Namibia-cactus.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="164" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/SAC_Namibia-cactus.jpg/330px-SAC_Namibia-cactus.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/SAC_Namibia-cactus.jpg/440px-SAC_Namibia-cactus.jpg 2x" data-file-width="822" data-file-height="614" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Fish_River_Canyon" title="Fish River Canyon">Fish River Canyon</a></figcaption></figure> At 825,615 km2 (318,772 sq mi),<a href="#cite_note-79">[76]</a> Namibia is the world's thirty-fourth largest country (after Venezuela). It lies mostly between latitudes <a href="/wiki/17th_parallel_south" title="17th parallel south">17°</a> and <a href="/wiki/29th_parallel_south" title="29th parallel south">29°S</a> (a small area is north of 17°), and longitudes <a href="/wiki/11th_meridian_east" title="11th meridian east">11°</a> and <a href="/wiki/26th_meridian_east" title="26th meridian east">26°E</a>. Being situated between the <a href="/wiki/Namib" title="Namib">Namib</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Kalahari_Desert" title="Kalahari Desert">Kalahari</a> deserts, Namibia has the least rainfall of any country in sub-Saharan Africa.<a href="#cite_note-80">[77]</a> The Namibian landscape consists generally of five geographical areas, each with characteristic <a href="/wiki/Abiotic_component" title="Abiotic component">abiotic conditions</a> and vegetation, with some variation within and overlap between them: the Central Plateau, the Namib, the <a href="/wiki/Great_Escarpment,_Southern_Africa" title="Great Escarpment, Southern Africa">Great Escarpment</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Bushveld" title="Bushveld">Bushveld</a>, and the Kalahari Desert. The Central Plateau runs from north to south, bordered by the <a href="/wiki/Skeleton_Coast" title="Skeleton Coast">Skeleton Coast</a> to the northwest, the Namib Desert and its coastal plains to the southwest, the <a href="/wiki/Orange_River" title="Orange River">Orange River</a> to the south, and the Kalahari Desert to the east. The Central Plateau is home to the highest point in Namibia at <a href="/wiki/K%C3%B6nigstein,_Namibia" class="mw-redirect" title="Königstein, Namibia">Königstein</a> elevation 2,606 metres (8,550 ft).<a href="#cite_note-elevation-81">[78]</a> The Namib is a broad expanse of hyper-arid gravel plains and dunes that stretches along Namibia's entire coastline. It varies between 100 and 200 kilometres (60 and 120 mi) in width. Areas within the Namib include the Skeleton Coast and the <a href="/wiki/Kaokoveld" title="Kaokoveld">Kaokoveld</a> in the north and the extensive Namib Sand Sea along the central coast.<a href="#cite_note-at1315-27">[24]</a> The Great Escarpment swiftly rises to over 2,000 metres (7,000 ft). Average temperatures and temperature ranges increase further inland from the cold Atlantic waters, while the lingering coastal fogs slowly diminish. Although the area is rocky with poorly developed soils, it is significantly more productive than the Namib Desert. As summer winds are forced over the Escarpment, moisture is extracted as precipitation.<a href="#cite_note-82">[79]</a> The Bushveld is found in north-eastern Namibia along the Angolan border and in the Caprivi Strip. The area receives a significantly greater amount of precipitation than the rest of the country, averaging around 400 mm (16 in) per year. The area is generally flat and the soils sandy, limiting their ability to retain water and support agriculture.<a href="#cite_note-Cowling,_S._2001-83">[80]</a> The Kalahari Desert, an arid region that extends into South Africa and Botswana, is one of Namibia's well-known geographical features. The Kalahari, while popularly known as a desert, has a variety of localised environments, including some verdant and technically non-desert areas. The <a href="/wiki/Succulent_Karoo" title="Succulent Karoo">Succulent Karoo</a> is home to over 5,000 species of plants, nearly half of them <a href="/wiki/Endemism" title="Endemism">endemic</a>; approximately 10 percent of the world's <a href="/wiki/Succulents" class="mw-redirect" title="Succulents">succulents</a> are found in the Karoo.<a href="#cite_note-84">[81]</a><a href="#cite_note-85">[82]</a> The reason behind this high productivity and endemism may be the relatively stable nature of precipitation.<a href="#cite_note-86">[83]</a> Namibia's Coastal Desert is one of the oldest deserts in the world. Its sand dunes, created by the strong onshore winds, are the highest in the world.<a href="#cite_note-87">[84]</a> Because of the location of the shoreline, at the point where the Atlantic's cold water reaches Africa's hot climate, often extremely dense fog forms along the coast.<a href="#cite_note-88">[85]</a> Near the coast there are areas where the dune-hummocks are vegetated.<a href="#cite_note-89">[86]</a> Namibia has rich coastal and marine resources that remain largely unexplored.<a href="#cite_note-Sparks-90">[87]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Caprivi_Strip" title="Caprivi Strip">Caprivi Strip</a> extends east from the northeastern corner of the country. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Urban_settlements">Urban settlements</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Namibia&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Urban settlements">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_and_towns_in_Namibia" title="List of cities and towns in Namibia">List of cities and towns in Namibia</a></div> Namibia has 13 cities, governed by municipalities and 26 towns, governed by town councils.<a href="#cite_note-EW15-91">[88]</a><a href="#cite_note-92">[89]</a> The capital Windhoek is by far the largest urban settlement in Namibia. <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1219497266">.mw-parser-output .largestCities-table-background{background:#f9f9f9;color:#222}.mw-parser-output .largestCities-cell-background{background:#f0f0f0;color:#222}</style> <div> <table style="font-size:88%;margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; width: 100%; border: 1px solid darkgray;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="10" style="padding:0.3em 0.75em;"><div style="float:right; width:6em; height:2.6em"> </div><div style="float:left; width:6em; height:2.6em"> </div> <div style="height:2.6em;line-height:1.3em;">Largest cities or towns in Namibia <div style="display:inline;font-weight:normal;">According to the 2023 Census<a href="#cite_note-93">[90]</a></div></div> </th></tr> <tr> <th></th> <th>Rank </th> <th><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Namibia" class="mw-redirect" title="List of cities in Namibia">Name</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Regions_of_Namibia" title="Regions of Namibia">Region</a> </th> <th>Pop. </th> <th> </th></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="11" style="text-align: center"><a href="/wiki/File:Klein-Windhoek_01.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Windhoek"><img alt="Windhoek" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Klein-Windhoek_01.jpg/120px-Klein-Windhoek_01.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Klein-Windhoek_01.jpg/180px-Klein-Windhoek_01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Klein-Windhoek_01.jpg/240px-Klein-Windhoek_01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3072" data-file-height="2304" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Windhoek" title="Windhoek">Windhoek</a> <a href="/wiki/File:Rundu,_Namibia,_Okavango-River,_Angola_(2018).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Rundu"><img alt="Rundu" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Rundu%2C_Namibia%2C_Okavango-River%2C_Angola_%282018%29.jpg/120px-Rundu%2C_Namibia%2C_Okavango-River%2C_Angola_%282018%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Rundu%2C_Namibia%2C_Okavango-River%2C_Angola_%282018%29.jpg/180px-Rundu%2C_Namibia%2C_Okavango-River%2C_Angola_%282018%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Rundu%2C_Namibia%2C_Okavango-River%2C_Angola_%282018%29.jpg/240px-Rundu%2C_Namibia%2C_Okavango-River%2C_Angola_%282018%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6000" data-file-height="4000" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Rundu" title="Rundu">Rundu</a> </td> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">1</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Windhoek" title="Windhoek">Windhoek</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Khomas_Region" title="Khomas Region">Khomas</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">486,169 </td> <td rowspan="11" style="text-align: center"><a href="/wiki/File:Walvis_Bay_aerial.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Walvis Bay"><img alt="Walvis Bay" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Walvis_Bay_aerial.jpg/120px-Walvis_Bay_aerial.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Walvis_Bay_aerial.jpg/180px-Walvis_Bay_aerial.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Walvis_Bay_aerial.jpg/240px-Walvis_Bay_aerial.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="399" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Walvis_Bay" title="Walvis Bay">Walvis Bay</a> <a href="/wiki/File:Mole,_Jetty_and_Lighthouse_Swakopmund,_Namibia.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Swakopmund"><img alt="Swakopmund" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Mole%2C_Jetty_and_Lighthouse_Swakopmund%2C_Namibia.jpg/120px-Mole%2C_Jetty_and_Lighthouse_Swakopmund%2C_Namibia.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="81" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Mole%2C_Jetty_and_Lighthouse_Swakopmund%2C_Namibia.jpg/180px-Mole%2C_Jetty_and_Lighthouse_Swakopmund%2C_Namibia.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Mole%2C_Jetty_and_Lighthouse_Swakopmund%2C_Namibia.jpg/240px-Mole%2C_Jetty_and_Lighthouse_Swakopmund%2C_Namibia.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4384" data-file-height="2951" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Swakopmund" title="Swakopmund">Swakopmund</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">2</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Rundu" title="Rundu">Rundu</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Kavango_East_Region" class="mw-redirect" title="Kavango East Region">Kavango East</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">118,625 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">3</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Walvis_Bay" title="Walvis Bay">Walvis Bay</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Erongo_Region" title="Erongo Region">Erongo</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">102,704 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">4</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Swakopmund" title="Swakopmund">Swakopmund</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Erongo_Region" title="Erongo Region">Erongo</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">75,921 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">5</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Oshakati" title="Oshakati">Oshakati</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Oshana_Region" class="mw-redirect" title="Oshana Region">Oshana</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">58,696 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">6</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Otjiwarongo" title="Otjiwarongo">Otjiwarongo</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Otjozondjupa_Region" title="Otjozondjupa Region">Otjozondjupa</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">49,022 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">7</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Katima_Mulilo" title="Katima Mulilo">Katima Mulilo</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Zambezi_Region" title="Zambezi Region">Zambezi</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">46,401 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">8</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Okahandja" title="Okahandja">Okahandja</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Otjozondjupa_Region" title="Otjozondjupa Region">Otjozondjupa</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">45,159 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">9</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Rehoboth,_Namibia" title="Rehoboth, Namibia">Rehoboth</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Hardap_Region" title="Hardap Region">Hardap</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">40,788 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">10</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Tsumeb" title="Tsumeb">Tsumeb</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Oshikoto_Region" title="Oshikoto Region">Oshikoto</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">34,960 </td></tr> </tbody></table></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Climate">Climate</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Namibia&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Climate">edit</a>]</div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Koppen-Geiger_Map_NAM_present.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Koppen-Geiger_Map_NAM_present.svg/350px-Koppen-Geiger_Map_NAM_present.svg.png" decoding="async" width="350" height="216" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Koppen-Geiger_Map_NAM_present.svg/525px-Koppen-Geiger_Map_NAM_present.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Koppen-Geiger_Map_NAM_present.svg/700px-Koppen-Geiger_Map_NAM_present.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1376" data-file-height="850" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/K%C3%B6ppen_climate_classification" title="Köppen climate classification">Köppen climate types</a> of Namibia</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Namibia-1113.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Namibia-1113.jpg/220px-Namibia-1113.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Namibia-1113.jpg/330px-Namibia-1113.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Namibia-1113.jpg/440px-Namibia-1113.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4288" data-file-height="2848" /></a><figcaption>Namibia is primarily a large desert and semi-desert plateau.</figcaption></figure> Namibia extends from 17°S to 25°S latitude: climatically the range of the sub-Tropical High Pressure Belt. Its overall climate description is arid, descending from the Sub-Humid [mean rain above 500 mm (20 in)] through Semi-Arid [between 300 and 500 mm (12 and 20 in)] (embracing most of the waterless Kalahari) and Arid [from 150 to 300 mm (6 to 12 in)] (these three regions are inland from the western <a href="/wiki/Great_Escarpment,_Southern_Africa" title="Great Escarpment, Southern Africa">escarpment</a>) to the Hyper-Arid coastal plain [less than 100 mm (4 in)]. Temperature maxima are limited by the overall elevation of the entire region: only in the far south, <a href="/wiki/Warmbad,_Namibia" title="Warmbad, Namibia">Warmbad</a> for instance, are maxima above 40 °C (104 °F) recorded.<a href="#cite_note-94">[91]</a> Typically the sub-Tropical High Pressure Belt, with frequent clear skies, provides more than 300 days of sunshine per year. It is situated at the southern edge of the tropics; the <a href="/wiki/Tropic_of_Capricorn" title="Tropic of Capricorn">Tropic of Capricorn</a> cuts the country about in half. The winter (June – August) is generally dry. Both rainy seasons occur in summer: the small rainy season between September and November, and the big one between February and April.<a href="#cite_note-95">[92]</a> Humidity is low, and average <a href="/wiki/Rain" title="Rain">rainfall</a> varies from almost zero in the <a href="/wiki/Skeleton_Coast" title="Skeleton Coast">coastal desert</a> to more than 600 mm (24 in) in the Caprivi Strip. Rainfall is highly variable, and droughts are common.<a href="#cite_note-EBClimate-96">[93]</a> In the summer of 2006/07 the rainfall was recorded far below the annual average.<a href="#cite_note-Olszewski1-97">[94]</a> In May 2019, Namibia declared a state of emergency in response to the drought,<a href="#cite_note-98">[95]</a> and extended it by an additional 6 months in October 2019.<a href="#cite_note-99">[96]</a> Weather and climate in the coastal area are dominated by the cold, north-flowing <a href="/wiki/Benguela_Current" title="Benguela Current">Benguela Current</a> of the Atlantic Ocean, which accounts for very low <a href="/wiki/Precipitation_(meteorology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Precipitation (meteorology)">precipitation</a> (50 mm (2 in) per year or less), frequent dense fog, and overall lower temperatures than in the rest of the country.<a href="#cite_note-EBClimate-96">[93]</a> In Winter, occasionally a condition known as <a href="/wiki/Bergwind" class="mw-redirect" title="Bergwind">Bergwind</a> (German for "mountain wind") or Oosweer (<a href="/wiki/Afrikaans" title="Afrikaans">Afrikaans</a> for "east weather") occurs, a hot dry wind blowing from the inland to the coast. As the area behind the coast is a desert, these winds can develop into sand storms, leaving sand deposits in the Atlantic Ocean that are visible on satellite images.<a href="#cite_note-Olszewski2-100">[97]</a> The Central Plateau and Kalahari areas have wide <a href="/wiki/Diurnal_temperature_variation" class="mw-redirect" title="Diurnal temperature variation">diurnal</a> temperature ranges of up to 30C (54F).<a href="#cite_note-EBClimate-96">[93]</a> Efundja, the annual seasonal flooding of the northern parts of the country, often causes not only damage to infrastructure but loss of life.<a href="#cite_note-101">[98]</a> The rains that cause these floods originate in Angola, flow into Namibia's <a href="/wiki/Cuvelai-Etosha_Basin" title="Cuvelai-Etosha Basin">Cuvelai-Etosha Basin</a>, and fill the oshanas (<a href="/wiki/Oshiwambo" class="mw-redirect" title="Oshiwambo">Oshiwambo</a>: flood plains) there. The worst floods so far<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Namibia&action=edit">[update]</a> occurred in March 2011 and displaced 21,000 people.<a href="#cite_note-102">[99]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Water_sources">Water sources</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Namibia&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Water sources">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_Namibia" title="Water supply and sanitation in Namibia">Water supply and sanitation in Namibia</a></div> Namibia is the driest country in <a href="/wiki/Sub-Saharan_Africa" title="Sub-Saharan Africa">sub-Saharan Africa</a> and depends largely on groundwater. With an average rainfall of about 350 mm (14 in) per annum, the highest rainfall occurs in the Caprivi Strip in the northeast (about 600 mm (24 in) per annum) and decreases in a westerly and southwesterly direction to as little as 50 mm (2 in) and less per annum at the coast. The only perennial rivers are found on the national borders with South Africa, Angola, Zambia, and the short border with Botswana in the Caprivi Strip. In the interior of the country, surface water is available only in the summer months when rivers are in flood after exceptional rainfalls. Otherwise, surface water is restricted to a few large storage dams retaining and damming up these seasonal floods and their run-off. Where people do not live near perennial rivers or make use of the storage dams, they are dependent on groundwater. Even isolated communities and those economic activities located far from good surface water sources, such as mining, agriculture, and tourism, can be supplied from groundwater over nearly 80% of the country.<a href="#cite_note-103">[100]</a> More than 100,000 <a href="/wiki/Borehole" title="Borehole">boreholes</a> have been drilled in Namibia over the past century. One third of these boreholes have been drilled dry.<a href="#cite_note-104">[101]</a> An <a href="/wiki/Aquifer" title="Aquifer">aquifer</a> called Ohangwena II, on both sides of the Angola-Namibia border, was discovered in 2012. It has been estimated to be capable of supplying a population of 800,000 people in the North for 400 years, at the current (2018) rate of consumption.<a href="#cite_note-aqui-105">[102]</a> Experts estimate that Namibia has 7,720 km3 (1,850 cu mi) of underground water.<a href="#cite_note-afr-106">[103]</a><a href="#cite_note-aqmap-107">[104]</a> According to <a href="/w/index.php?title=African_Folder,&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="African Folder, (page does not exist)">African Folder,</a> a sewage-to-water treatment project in Namibia not only provides citizens with safe drinking water, but also boosts productivity by 6% per year. All pollutants and impurities are removed using cutting-edge "multi-barrier" technology, which includes residual chlorination, ozone treatment, and ultra membrane filtration. Strict bio-monitoring methods are also used throughout the process to ensure high-quality, safe drinking water.<a href="#cite_note-108">[105]</a> On 8 June 2023, Namibia became the first Southern African country and the eighth country in Africa to accede to the Convention on the Protection and Use of Transboundary Watercourses and International Lakes (UN Water Convention).<a href="#cite_note-109">[106]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Communal_wildlife_conservancies">Communal wildlife conservancies</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Namibia&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Communal wildlife conservancies">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:SAC_Namibia-bushveld.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/SAC_Namibia-bushveld.jpg/280px-SAC_Namibia-bushveld.jpg" decoding="async" width="280" height="108" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/SAC_Namibia-bushveld.jpg/420px-SAC_Namibia-bushveld.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/SAC_Namibia-bushveld.jpg/560px-SAC_Namibia-bushveld.jpg 2x" data-file-width="864" data-file-height="333" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Quivertree" class="mw-redirect" title="Quivertree">Quivertree</a> Forest, <a href="/wiki/Bushveld" title="Bushveld">Bushveld</a></figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Communal_wildlife_conservancies_in_Namibia" title="Communal wildlife conservancies in Namibia">Communal wildlife conservancies in Namibia</a></div> Namibia is one of few countries in the world to specifically address <a href="/wiki/Wildlife_conservation" title="Wildlife conservation">conservation</a> and protection of <a href="/wiki/Natural_resources" class="mw-redirect" title="Natural resources">natural resources</a> in its constitution.<a href="#cite_note-Stefanova-110">[107]</a> Article 95 states, "The State shall actively promote and maintain the welfare of the people by adopting international policies aimed at the following: maintenance of <a href="/wiki/Ecology" title="Ecology">ecosystems</a>, essential ecological processes, and biological diversity of Namibia, and utilisation of living natural resources on a sustainable basis for the benefit of all Namibians, both present and future."<a href="#cite_note-Stefanova-110">[107]</a> In 1993, Namibia's newly formed government received funding from the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Agency_for_International_Development" title="United States Agency for International Development">United States Agency for International Development</a> (USAID) through its Living in a Finite Environment (LIFE) Project.<a href="#cite_note-111">[108]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Environment_and_Tourism_(Namibia)" title="Ministry of Environment and Tourism (Namibia)">Ministry of Environment and Tourism</a>, with financial support from organisations such as USAID, <a href="/wiki/Endangered_Wildlife_Trust" title="Endangered Wildlife Trust">Endangered Wildlife Trust</a>, <a href="/wiki/World_Wide_Fund_for_Nature" title="World Wide Fund for Nature">WWF</a>, and Canadian Ambassador's Fund, together form a Community-Based Natural Resource Management (CBNRM) support structure. The project's main goal is to promote sustainable natural resource management by giving local communities rights to wildlife management and tourism.<a href="#cite_note-UNEP-112">[109]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Wildlife">Wildlife</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Namibia&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Wildlife">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Wildlife_of_Namibia" title="Wildlife of Namibia">Wildlife of Namibia</a></div>Namibia has various species of wildlife including the <a href="/wiki/African_wild_dog" title="African wild dog">wild dog</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dik-dik" title="Dik-dik">dik dik</a> and critically endangered <a href="/wiki/Black_rhinoceros" title="Black rhinoceros">black rhino</a>. There are 200 terrestrial mammal species, 645 bird species and 115 fish species.<a href="#cite_note-113">[110]</a><a href="#cite_note-114">[111]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Government_and_politics">Government and politics</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Namibia&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Government and politics">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tintenpalast-Windhoek.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Tintenpalast-Windhoek.jpg/220px-Tintenpalast-Windhoek.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Tintenpalast-Windhoek.jpg/330px-Tintenpalast-Windhoek.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Tintenpalast-Windhoek.jpg/440px-Tintenpalast-Windhoek.jpg 2x" data-file-width="840" data-file-height="533" /></a><figcaption><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><a href="/wiki/Tintenpalast" class="mw-redirect" title="Tintenpalast">Tintenpalast</a>, the centre of Namibia's government</div></figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Namibia" title="Politics of Namibia">Politics of Namibia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Namibia" title="Elections in Namibia">Elections in Namibia</a></div> Namibia is a <a href="/wiki/Unitary_state" title="Unitary state">unitary</a> <a href="/wiki/Semi-presidential_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Semi-presidential system">semi-presidential</a> <a href="/wiki/Representative_democracy" title="Representative democracy">representative democratic</a> <a href="/wiki/Republic" title="Republic">republic</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Dual-14">[11]</a> The <a href="/wiki/President_of_Namibia" title="President of Namibia">President of Namibia</a> is elected to a five-year term and is both the <a href="/wiki/Head_of_state" title="Head of state">head of state</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Head_of_government" title="Head of government">head of government</a>.<a href="#cite_note-CN-115">[112]</a> All members of the government are individually and collectively responsible to the legislature.<a href="#cite_note-116">[113]</a><a href="#cite_note-ECN-117">[114]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Namibia" title="Constitution of Namibia">Constitution of Namibia</a> outlines the following as the organs of the country's government:<a href="#cite_note-Bösl-118">[115]</a> <ul><li>Executive: executive power is exercised by the President and the <a href="/wiki/Cabinet_of_Namibia" title="Cabinet of Namibia">Government</a>.</li> <li>Legislature: Namibia has a <a href="/wiki/Bicameralism" title="Bicameralism">bicameral</a> <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Namibia" title="Parliament of Namibia">Parliament</a> with the <a href="/wiki/National_Assembly_of_Namibia" class="mw-redirect" title="National Assembly of Namibia">National Assembly</a> as <a href="/wiki/Lower_house" title="Lower house">lower house</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/National_Council_of_Namibia" class="mw-redirect" title="National Council of Namibia">National Council</a> as the <a href="/wiki/Upper_house" title="Upper house">upper house</a>.<a href="#cite_note-parliament153-119">[116]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judiciary" title="Judiciary">Judiciary</a>: Namibia has a system of courts that interpret and apply the law in the name of the state.</li></ul> While the constitution envisaged a <a href="/wiki/Multi-party_system" title="Multi-party system">multi-party system</a> for Namibia's government, the <a href="/wiki/SWAPO" title="SWAPO">SWAPO</a> party has been <a href="/wiki/Dominant-party_system" title="Dominant-party system">dominant</a> since independence in 1990.<a href="#cite_note-120">[117]</a> According to 2023 <a href="/wiki/V-Dem_Democracy_indices" class="mw-redirect" title="V-Dem Democracy indices">V-Dem Democracy indices</a> Namibia is ranked 66th electoral democracy worldwide and 8th <a href="/wiki/Democracy_in_Africa" title="Democracy in Africa">electoral democracy in Africa</a>.<a href="#cite_note-vdem_dataset-121">[118]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Foreign_relations">Foreign relations</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Namibia&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Foreign relations">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Namibia" title="Foreign relations of Namibia">Foreign relations of Namibia</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Russia-Africa_Summit_in_Sochi_(2019-10-24).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Russia-Africa_Summit_in_Sochi_%282019-10-24%29.jpg/220px-Russia-Africa_Summit_in_Sochi_%282019-10-24%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="136" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Russia-Africa_Summit_in_Sochi_%282019-10-24%29.jpg/330px-Russia-Africa_Summit_in_Sochi_%282019-10-24%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Russia-Africa_Summit_in_Sochi_%282019-10-24%29.jpg/440px-Russia-Africa_Summit_in_Sochi_%282019-10-24%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1880" data-file-height="1160" /></a><figcaption>Former President <a href="/wiki/Hage_Geingob" title="Hage Geingob">Hage Geingob</a> (second row, first from the right) with other African leaders and Russian President <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Putin" title="Vladimir Putin">Vladimir Putin</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Russia%E2%80%93Africa_Summit_2019" class="mw-redirect" title="Russia–Africa Summit 2019">Russia–Africa Summit</a> in Sochi, 24 October 2019</figcaption></figure> Namibia has a largely independent <a href="/wiki/Foreign_policy" title="Foreign policy">foreign policy</a>, with persisting affiliations with states that aided the independence struggle, including <a href="/wiki/Cuba" title="Cuba">Cuba</a>. With a small army and a fragile economy, the Namibian government's principal foreign policy concern is developing strengthened ties within the Southern African region. A member of the <a href="/wiki/Southern_African_Development_Community" title="Southern African Development Community">Southern African Development Community</a>, Namibia is a vocal advocate for greater regional integration. It became the 160th member of the UN on 23 April 1990. On its independence it became the 50th member of the <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_of_Nations" title="Commonwealth of Nations">Commonwealth of Nations</a>.<a href="#cite_note-122">[119]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Military">Military</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Namibia&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Military">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Namibian_Defence_Force" title="Namibian Defence Force">Namibian Defence Force</a></div> In 2023, The Global Firepower Index (GFP) reported that Namibia's <a href="/wiki/Namibia/Military" class="mw-redirect" title="Namibia/Military">military</a> is ranked as one of the weakest in the world, at 123rd out of 145 countries. Among 34 African countries, Namibia is also poorly ranked at the 28th position.<a href="#cite_note-123">[120]</a> Despite this, government spending for the <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Defence_(Namibia)" title="Ministry of Defence (Namibia)">Ministry of Defence</a> stood at N$5,885 million (a 1.2% decrease from the previous financial year).<a href="#cite_note-124">[121]</a> With close to 6 billion Namibian dollars (US$411 million in 2021) the Ministry of Defence receives the fourth highest amount of money from government per ministry. Namibia does not have any enemies in <a href="/wiki/Southern_African_Development_Community" title="Southern African Development Community">the region</a>, though it has been involved in various disputes regarding borders and construction plans.<a href="#cite_note-125">[122]</a> The Namibian <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Namibia" title="Constitution of Namibia">constitution</a> defines the role of the military as "defending the territory and national interests." Namibia formed the <a href="/wiki/Namibian_Defence_Force" title="Namibian Defence Force">Namibian Defence Force</a> (NDF), comprising former enemies in a 23-year bush war: the <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Liberation_Army_of_Namibia" title="People's Liberation Army of Namibia">People's Liberation Army of Namibia</a> (PLAN) and <a href="/wiki/South_West_Africa" title="South West Africa">South West African</a> Territorial Force (<a href="/wiki/SWATF" class="mw-redirect" title="SWATF">SWATF</a>). The <a href="/wiki/British_government" class="mw-redirect" title="British government">British government</a> formulated the plan for integrating these forces and began training the NDF, which consists of a small headquarters and five battalions. The <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Transitional_Assistance_Group" class="mw-redirect" title="United Nations Transitional Assistance Group">United Nations Transitional Assistance Group</a> (UNTAG)'s Kenyan infantry battalion remained in Namibia for three months after independence to help train the NDF and to stabilise the north. According to the Namibian Defence Ministry, enlistments of both men and women will number no more than 7,500. The chief of the Namibian Defence Force is Air Vice Marshal <a href="/wiki/Martin_Pinehas" title="Martin Pinehas">Martin Kambulu Pinehas</a> (with effect from 1 April 2020). In 2017, Namibia signed the UN <a href="/wiki/Treaty_on_the_Prohibition_of_Nuclear_Weapons" title="Treaty on the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons">treaty on the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons</a>.<a href="#cite_note-126">[123]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Administrative_divisions">Administrative divisions</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Namibia&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Administrative divisions">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_Namibia" title="Administrative divisions of Namibia">Administrative divisions of Namibia</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Namibia_Population_Density_(2011).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Namibia_Population_Density_%282011%29.jpg/260px-Namibia_Population_Density_%282011%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="231" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Namibia_Population_Density_%282011%29.jpg/390px-Namibia_Population_Density_%282011%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Namibia_Population_Density_%282011%29.jpg/520px-Namibia_Population_Density_%282011%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="836" data-file-height="744" /></a><figcaption>Population density in Namibia by regions (census 2011)</figcaption></figure> Namibia is divided into 14 regions which are subdivided into 121 constituencies. The administrative division of Namibia is tabled by Delimitation Commissions and accepted or declined by the <a href="/wiki/National_Assembly_of_Namibia" class="mw-redirect" title="National Assembly of Namibia">National Assembly</a>. Since state foundation four Delimitation Commissions have delivered their work, the last one in 2013 under the chairmanship of Judge Alfred Siboleka.<a href="#cite_note-127">[124]</a> The most urbanised and economically active regions are the Khomas and Erongo region, with Khomas home to the capital, Windhoek, and Erongo home to Walvis Bay and Swakopmund. The table below shows statistics from the 2022 Namibia Population and Housing Census: <table class="wikitable"> <caption> </caption> <tbody><tr> <td>Region </td> <td>Population (2016) </td> <th>People per km2 </th> <th>Average household size </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Khomas_Region" title="Khomas Region">Khomas</a> </td> <td>494,605 </td> <td>13.4 </td> <td>3.3 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Ohangwena_Region" title="Ohangwena Region">Ohangwena</a> </td> <td>337,729 </td> <td>31.5 </td> <td>4.8 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Omusati_Region" title="Omusati Region">Omusati</a> </td> <td>316,671 </td> <td>11.9 </td> <td>4.2 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Oshikoto_Region" title="Oshikoto Region">Oshikoto</a> </td> <td>257,302 </td> <td>6.7 </td> <td>4.1 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Oshana" title="Oshana">Oshana</a> </td> <td>230,801 </td> <td>26.7 </td> <td>3.7 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Erongo_Region" title="Erongo Region">Erongo</a> </td> <td>240,206 </td> <td>3.8 </td> <td>3.1 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Otjozondjupa_Region" title="Otjozondjupa Region">Otjozondjupa</a> </td> <td>220,811 </td> <td>2.1 </td> <td>3.6 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Kavango_East" title="Kavango East">Kavango East</a> </td> <td>218,421 </td> <td>9.1 </td> <td>5.3 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Zambezi_Region" title="Zambezi Region">Zambezi</a> </td> <td>142,373 </td> <td>9.7 </td> <td>3.7 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Kunene_Region" title="Kunene Region">Kunene</a> </td> <td>120,762 </td> <td>1.0 </td> <td>3.8 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Kavango_West" title="Kavango West">Kavango West</a> </td> <td>123,266 </td> <td>5.0 </td> <td>5.5 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Hardap_Region" title="Hardap Region">Hardap</a> </td> <td>106,680 </td> <td>1.0 </td> <td>3.6 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/%C7%81Karas_Region" title="ǁKaras Region">ǁKaras</a> </td> <td>109,893 </td> <td>0.7 </td> <td>3.1 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Omaheke_Region" title="Omaheke Region">Omaheke</a> </td> <td>102,881 </td> <td>1.2 </td> <td>3.3 </td></tr></tbody></table> Regional councillors are directly elected through secret ballots (regional elections) by the inhabitants of their constituencies.<a href="#cite_note-128">[125]</a> Local authorities in Namibia can be in the form of municipalities (either Part 1 or Part 2 municipalities), town councils or villages.<a href="#cite_note-alan-129">[126]</a> <div style="clear:left;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Human_rights">Human rights</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Namibia&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Human rights">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Namibia" title="Human rights in Namibia">Human rights in Namibia</a></div> Namibia is one of the most free and democratic countries in Africa,<a href="#cite_note-130">[127]</a> with a government that maintains and protects human rights and freedoms. However, significant issues include government corruption, policy inertia and prison overcrowding. Also, refugees are not permitted free movement.<a href="#cite_note-USDOS-131">[128]</a> Homosexual acts were formerly illegal in Namibia,<a href="#cite_note-:4-132">[129]</a> although the respective law was not enforced.<a href="#cite_note-133">[130]</a> Discrimination, as well as intolerance, against <a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Namibia" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Namibia">LGBT people</a> is widespread, specifically in rural areas. Urban areas are generally neutral or supportive with a few LGBT-dedicated clubs and events.<a href="#cite_note-134">[131]</a> Some Namibian government officials and high-profile figures, such as Namibia's <a href="/wiki/Ombudsman" title="Ombudsman">Ombudsman</a> John Walters and First Lady <a href="/wiki/Monica_Geingos" title="Monica Geingos">Monica Geingos</a>, had called for <a href="/wiki/Sodomy" title="Sodomy">sodomy</a> and homosexuality to be decriminalised and are in favour of <a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights">LGBT rights</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:4-132">[129]</a><a href="#cite_note-135">[132]</a> In 2023, the Supreme Court ruled that same-sex marriages legally made outside of Namibia must be recognized by the government.<a href="#cite_note-136">[133]</a> In 2024 the Windhoek High Court ruled the ban on homosexual acts between men to be unconstitutional.<a href="#cite_note-137">[134]</a> In November 2018, it was reported that 32% of women aged 15–49 experienced <a href="/wiki/Violence_against_women" title="Violence against women">violence</a> and <a href="/wiki/Domestic_abuse" class="mw-redirect" title="Domestic abuse">domestic abuse</a> from their spouses/partners and 29.5% of men believe that physical abuse towards their wife/partner is acceptable, although this is typically in rural areas.<a href="#cite_note-138">[135]</a> The Namibian constitution guarantees the rights, freedoms and equal treatment of women in Namibia<a href="#cite_note-139">[136]</a> and SWAPO, the ruling party in Namibia, has adopted a "zebra system", which ensures a fair balance of both genders in government and equal representation of women in the Namibian government.<a href="#cite_note-140">[137]</a><a href="#cite_note-USDOS-131">[128]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Economy">Economy</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Namibia&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Economy">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Namibia" title="Economy of Namibia">Economy of Namibia</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Namibia_GDP_per_capita.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Namibia_GDP_per_capita.png/220px-Namibia_GDP_per_capita.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="136" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Namibia_GDP_per_capita.png/330px-Namibia_GDP_per_capita.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Namibia_GDP_per_capita.png/440px-Namibia_GDP_per_capita.png 2x" data-file-width="1134" data-file-height="699" /></a><figcaption>Namibia GDP per capita, 2000–2022</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Downtown_Windhoek,_Independence_Avenue.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Downtown_Windhoek%2C_Independence_Avenue.jpg/220px-Downtown_Windhoek%2C_Independence_Avenue.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Downtown_Windhoek%2C_Independence_Avenue.jpg/330px-Downtown_Windhoek%2C_Independence_Avenue.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Downtown_Windhoek%2C_Independence_Avenue.jpg/440px-Downtown_Windhoek%2C_Independence_Avenue.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="636" /></a><figcaption>Downtown <a href="/wiki/Windhoek" title="Windhoek">Windhoek</a></figcaption></figure> The trans-African automobile route – the <a href="/wiki/Tripoli-Cape_Town_Highway" class="mw-redirect" title="Tripoli-Cape Town Highway">Tripoli-Cape Town Highway</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Trans-Kalahari_Corridor" title="Trans-Kalahari Corridor">Trans-Kalahari Corridor</a> pass through Namibia. Namibia's economy is tied closely to <a href="/wiki/Economy_of_South_Africa" title="Economy of South Africa">South Africa</a>'s due to their shared history.<a href="#cite_note-Intelligence1-141">[138]</a><a href="#cite_note-Department1-142">[139]</a> In Q3 2023, the largest economic sectors were mining (18.0% of GDP), public administration (12.9%), manufacturing (10.1%), and education (9.2%).<a href="#cite_note-143">[140]</a> Namibia has a highly developed banking and financial services sector with modern infrastructures, such as online banking and cellphone banking. The <a href="/wiki/Bank_of_Namibia" title="Bank of Namibia">Bank of Namibia</a> (BoN) is the central bank of Namibia responsible for performing all other functions ordinarily performed by a central bank. There are five BoN authorised commercial banks in Namibia: Bank Windhoek, First National Bank, Nedbank, Standard Bank and Small and Medium Enterprises Bank.<a href="#cite_note-144">[141]</a> Namibia's economy is characterised by a divide between the formal and the informal economies, which is in part aggravated by the legacy of apartheid spatial planning.<a href="#cite_note-145">[142]</a> The country's unemployment rate was 33.4% in 2018, with a labour force of 1,090,153.<a href="#cite_note-146">[143]</a> As of 2023, the country has a youth unemployment rate of 38.4%,<a href="#cite_note-147">[144]</a> one of the highest in the world. However, Namibia has a high percentage of skilled labour relative to SADC countries and have relatively low unemployment rates for skilled workers. To fight high unemployment, particularly amongst the youth, the government approved the introduction of an Internship Tax Incentive Programme aimed at incentivising employers to enroll more interns by providing an additional corporate tax deduction. The total financial implication for the Government is estimated at N$126 million. <a href="/wiki/Poverty_in_Namibia" title="Poverty in Namibia">Poverty</a> and inequality remain significant in the country. 40.9% of the population is affected by <a href="/wiki/Multidimensional_Poverty_Index" title="Multidimensional Poverty Index">multidimensional poverty</a> while an additional 19.2 percent is classified as vulnerable to multidimensional poverty.<a href="#cite_note-:5-24">[21]</a> <a href="/wiki/Income_disparity" class="mw-redirect" title="Income disparity">Income disparity</a> in the country remains one of the world's highest with a <a href="/wiki/Gini_coefficient" title="Gini coefficient">Gini coefficient</a> of 59.1 in 2015.<a href="#cite_note-:6-26">[23]</a> In 2004 a labour act was passed to protect people from job discrimination stemming from pregnancy and HIV/AIDS status. In early 2010 the Government <a href="/wiki/Tender_board" title="Tender board">tender board</a> announced that "henceforth 100 per cent of all unskilled and semi-skilled labour must be sourced, without exception, from within Namibia".<a href="#cite_note-148">[145]</a> In 2013, global business and financial news provider <a href="/wiki/Bloomberg_L.P." title="Bloomberg L.P.">Bloomberg</a> named Namibia the top emerging market economy in Africa and the 13th best in the world. Only four African countries made the Top 20 Emerging Markets list in the March 2013 issue of Bloomberg Markets magazine, and Namibia was rated ahead of <a href="/wiki/Morocco" title="Morocco">Morocco</a> (19th), South Africa (15th), and Zambia (14th). Worldwide, Namibia also fared better than Hungary, Brazil, and Mexico. Bloomberg Markets magazine ranked the top 20 based on more than a dozen criteria. The data came from Bloomberg's own financial-market statistics, IMF forecasts and the World Bank. The countries were also rated on areas of particular interest to foreign investors: the ease of doing business, the perceived level of corruption and economic freedom. To attract foreign investment, the government has made improvement in reducing red tape resulted from excessive government regulations, making Namibia one of the least bureaucratic places to do business in the region. Facilitation payments are occasionally demanded by customs due to cumbersome and costly customs procedures.<a href="#cite_note-149">[146]</a> Namibia is also classified as an Upper Middle Income country by the <a href="/wiki/World_Bank" title="World Bank">World Bank</a>, and ranks 87th out of 185 economies in terms of ease of doing business.<a href="#cite_note-150">[147]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Cost_of_living_in_Namibia" title="Cost of living in Namibia">cost of living in Namibia</a> is slightly above average because most goods, including cereals, need to be imported. Its capital city, Windhoek, is the 150th most expensive place in the world for expatriates to live.<a href="#cite_note-151">[148]</a> <a href="/wiki/Taxation_in_Namibia" title="Taxation in Namibia">Taxation in Namibia</a> includes personal income tax, which is applicable to the total taxable income of an individual. All individuals are taxed at progressive marginal rates over a series of income brackets. Tax in Namibia is less than South African tax at monthly incomes greater than N$58,754, with the country's effective tax rates typically plateauing at a maximum of 30.8% while South Africa's plateaus at 37.4%.<a href="#cite_note-152">[149]</a> This makes it favourable for wealthy South Africans to migrate to Namibia given their similar cost of living, cultures and socio-economic factors. In 2024, the government announced in its FY 2024/25 Budget Statement that personal income tax would be lowered, increasing the minimum taxable income from N$50,000 to N$100,000 and reducing taxable income in higher brackets as well.<a href="#cite_note-FY202425-153">[150]</a> The value-added tax (VAT) is applicable to most of the commodities and services, except for staple goods such as bread.<a href="#cite_note-154">[151]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sandstorm_while_driving_from_Swakopmund_to_Walfish_Bay,_2005.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Sandstorm_while_driving_from_Swakopmund_to_Walfish_Bay%2C_2005.jpg/220px-Sandstorm_while_driving_from_Swakopmund_to_Walfish_Bay%2C_2005.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Sandstorm_while_driving_from_Swakopmund_to_Walfish_Bay%2C_2005.jpg/330px-Sandstorm_while_driving_from_Swakopmund_to_Walfish_Bay%2C_2005.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Sandstorm_while_driving_from_Swakopmund_to_Walfish_Bay%2C_2005.jpg/440px-Sandstorm_while_driving_from_Swakopmund_to_Walfish_Bay%2C_2005.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/B2_road_(Namibia)" title="B2 road (Namibia)">B2</a> between <a href="/wiki/Swakopmund" title="Swakopmund">Swakopmund</a> and <a href="/wiki/Walvis_Bay" title="Walvis Bay">Walvis Bay</a>, Namibia</figcaption></figure> Despite the remote nature of much of the country, Namibia has seaports, airports, highways, well-maintained roads, infrastructure and <a href="/wiki/Rail_transport_in_Namibia" title="Rail transport in Namibia">railways</a> (narrow-gauge). It is an important regional transportation hub for its seaports and trade with landlocked neighbouring countries. The Central Plateau already serves as a <a href="/wiki/Transportation_corridor" class="mw-redirect" title="Transportation corridor">transportation corridor</a> from the more densely populated north to South Africa, the source of four-fifths of Namibia's imports.<a href="#cite_note-World_Almanac_2004-155">[152]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Agriculture">Agriculture</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Namibia&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Agriculture">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_Namibia" title="Agriculture in Namibia">Agriculture in Namibia</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Schildburgsdorf.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Schildburgsdorf.jpg/220px-Schildburgsdorf.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="113" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/13/Schildburgsdorf.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="326" data-file-height="167" /></a><figcaption>Welcoming sign of the Burgsdorf farm in <a href="/wiki/Hardap_Region" title="Hardap Region">Hardap</a></figcaption></figure> About half of the population depends on agriculture (largely <a href="/wiki/Subsistence_agriculture" title="Subsistence agriculture">subsistence agriculture</a>) for its livelihood, but Namibia must still import some of its food. Although per capita GDP is five times the per capita GDP of Africa's poorest countries, the majority of Namibia's people live in rural areas and have a subsistence way of life. Namibia has one of the <a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_income_equality" class="mw-redirect" title="List of countries by income equality">highest rates of income inequality</a> in the world, due in part to the fact that there is an urban economy and a more rural cashless economy. The inequality figures thus take into account people who do not actually rely on the formal economy for their survival. Although arable land accounts for <1% of Namibia, (about .97%), nearly half of the population is employed in agriculture.<a href="#cite_note-World_Almanac_2004-155">[152]</a> About 4,000 commercial farmers own almost half of Namibia's arable land.<a href="#cite_note-156">[153]</a> The United Kingdom offered about $180,000 in 2004 to help finance Namibia's <a href="/wiki/Land_reform" title="Land reform">land reform</a> process, as Namibia plans to start expropriating land from white farmers to resettle landless black Namibians.<a href="#cite_note-157">[154]</a> Germany has offered €1.1bn in 2021 over 30 years in reparations for the genocides in the early 20th century but the money will go towards infrastructure, healthcare and training programmes not land reform.<a href="#cite_note-158">[155]</a> An agreement has been reached on the <a href="/wiki/Privatisation" class="mw-redirect" title="Privatisation">privatisation</a> of several more enterprises in coming years, with hopes that this will stimulate much needed foreign investment, but reinvestment of environmentally derived capital has hobbled Namibian per capita income.<a href="#cite_note-Lange-159">[156]</a> One of the fastest growing areas of economic development in Namibia is the growth of <a href="/wiki/Communal_Wildlife_Conservancies_in_Namibia" class="mw-redirect" title="Communal Wildlife Conservancies in Namibia">wildlife conservancies</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mining_and_electricity">Mining and electricity</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Namibia&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Mining and electricity">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Mining_in_Namibia" title="Mining in Namibia">Mining in Namibia</a></div> Providing 25% of Namibia's revenue, mining is the single most important contributor to the economy.<a href="#cite_note-160">[157]</a> Namibia is the fourth largest exporter of non-fuel minerals in Africa and was the world's fourth largest producer of <a href="/wiki/Uranium" title="Uranium">uranium</a>. There have been significant investment in <a href="/wiki/Uranium_mining" title="Uranium mining">uranium mining</a> and Namibia planned to become the largest exporter of uranium by 2015.<a href="#cite_note-161">[158]</a> However, as of 2019 Namibia continued to produce 750 tons of uranium annually making it a smaller than average exporter in the competitive world market.<a href="#cite_note-162">[159]</a> Rich <a href="/wiki/Alluvium" title="Alluvium">alluvial</a> diamond deposits make Namibia a primary source for gem-quality diamonds.<a href="#cite_note-163">[160]</a> While Namibia is known predominantly for its gem diamond and uranium deposits, a number of other minerals are extracted industrially such as <a href="/wiki/Lead" title="Lead">lead</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tungsten" title="Tungsten">tungsten</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gold" title="Gold">gold</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tin" title="Tin">tin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fluorspar" class="mw-redirect" title="Fluorspar">fluorspar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Manganese" title="Manganese">manganese</a>, <a href="/wiki/Marble" title="Marble">marble</a>, <a href="/wiki/Copper" title="Copper">copper</a> and <a href="/wiki/Zinc" title="Zinc">zinc</a>. There are offshore gas deposits in the Atlantic Ocean that are planned to be extracted in the future.<a href="#cite_note-usds-164">[161]</a> According to "The Diamond Investigation", a book about the global diamond market, from 1978, <a href="/wiki/De_Beers" title="De Beers">De Beers</a>, the largest diamond company, bought most of the Namibian diamonds, and would continue to do so, because "whatever government eventually comes to power they will need this revenue to survive".<a href="#cite_note-165">[162]</a> Although much of the world's diamond supply comes from what have been called African <a href="/wiki/Blood_diamonds" class="mw-redirect" title="Blood diamonds">blood diamonds</a>, Namibia has managed to develop a diamond mining industry largely free of the kinds of conflict, extortion, and murder that have plagued many other African nations with diamond mines. This has been attributed to political dynamics, economic institutions, grievances, political geography, and the effects of neighbourhoods, and is the result of a joint agreement between the government and <a href="/wiki/De_Beers" title="De Beers">De Beers</a> that has led to a taxable base, strengthening state institutions.<a href="#cite_note-166">[163]</a> Estimates updated in 2022 suggest that two exploration wells in the offshore Orange Basin could hold 2 and 3 billion barrels of oil, respectively. The expected revenue could transform Namibia's domestic economy and facilitate sustainable development goals.<a href="#cite_note-bra1-167">[164]</a> Domestic supply voltage is 220 V AC. Electricity is generated mainly by thermal and hydroelectric power plants. Non-conventional methods of electricity generation also play some role. Encouraged by the rich uranium deposits, in 2010 the Namibian government planned to erect its first nuclear power station by 2018. Uranium enrichment was also envisaged to take place locally.<a href="#cite_note-Saveorsink-168">[165]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tourism">Tourism</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Namibia&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Tourism">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Namibia" title="Tourism in Namibia">Tourism in Namibia</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Equus_burchelli_4.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Equus_burchelli_4.jpg/220px-Equus_burchelli_4.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Equus_burchelli_4.jpg/330px-Equus_burchelli_4.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Equus_burchelli_4.jpg/440px-Equus_burchelli_4.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2742" data-file-height="2056" /></a><figcaption>An example of Namibian wildlife, the <a href="/wiki/Plains_zebra" title="Plains zebra">plains zebra</a>, is one focus of tourism.</figcaption></figure> Tourism is a major contributor (14.5%) to Namibia's GDP, creating tens of thousands of jobs (18.2% of all employment) directly or indirectly and servicing over a million tourists per year.<a href="#cite_note-169">[166]</a> The country is a prime destination in Africa and is known for <a href="/wiki/Ecotourism" title="Ecotourism">ecotourism</a>, which features <a href="/wiki/Wildlife_of_Namibia" title="Wildlife of Namibia">Namibia's extensive wildlife</a>.<a href="#cite_note-goodshape-170">[167]</a> There are many lodges and reserves to accommodate ecotourists. Sport and <a href="/wiki/Trophy_hunting" title="Trophy hunting">trophy hunting</a> is also a large and growing component of the Namibian economy, accounting for 14% of total tourism in the year 2000, or 19.6 million U.S. dollars, with Namibia boasting numerous species sought after by international sport hunters.<a href="#cite_note-Humavindu-171">[168]</a> In addition, extreme sports such as <a href="/wiki/Sandboarding" title="Sandboarding">sandboarding</a>, <a href="/wiki/Skydiving" class="mw-redirect" title="Skydiving">skydiving</a> and 4x4ing have become popular, and many cities have companies that provide tours.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] The most visited places include the capital city of <a href="/wiki/Windhoek" title="Windhoek">Windhoek</a>, <a href="/wiki/Caprivi_Strip" title="Caprivi Strip">Caprivi Strip</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fish_River_Canyon" title="Fish River Canyon">Fish River Canyon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sossusvlei" title="Sossusvlei">Sossusvlei</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Skeleton_Coast" title="Skeleton Coast">Skeleton Coast</a> Park, <a href="/wiki/Sesriem" title="Sesriem">Sesriem</a>, <a href="/wiki/Etosha_Pan" title="Etosha Pan">Etosha Pan</a> and the coastal towns of <a href="/wiki/Swakopmund" title="Swakopmund">Swakopmund</a>, <a href="/wiki/Walvis_Bay" title="Walvis Bay">Walvis Bay</a> and <a href="/wiki/L%C3%BCderitz" title="Lüderitz">Lüderitz</a>.<a href="#cite_note-172">[169]</a> Windhoek plays a very important role in Namibia's tourism due to its central location and close proximity to <a href="/wiki/Hosea_Kutako_International_Airport" title="Hosea Kutako International Airport">Hosea Kutako International Airport</a>. According to The Namibia Tourism Exit Survey, which was produced by the <a href="/wiki/Millennium_Challenge_Corporation" title="Millennium Challenge Corporation">Millennium Challenge Corporation</a> for the Namibian Directorate of Tourism, 56% of all tourists visiting Namibia in 2012–13 visited Windhoek.<a href="#cite_note-173">[170]</a> Many of Namibia's tourism related parastatals and governing bodies such as Namibia Wildlife Resorts and the <a href="/wiki/Namibia_Tourism_Board" title="Namibia Tourism Board">Namibia Tourism Board</a> as well as Namibia's tourism-related <a href="/wiki/Trade_association" title="Trade association">trade associations</a> such as the <a href="/wiki/Hospitality_Association_of_Namibia" title="Hospitality Association of Namibia">Hospitality Association of Namibia</a> are headquartered in Windhoek.<a href="#cite_note-174">[171]</a> There are also a number of notable hotels in Windhoek, such as <a href="/wiki/Windhoek_Country_Club_Resort" title="Windhoek Country Club Resort">Windhoek Country Club Resort</a>, and some international hotel chains, such as <a href="/wiki/Hilton_Hotels_%26_Resorts" title="Hilton Hotels & Resorts">Hilton Hotels and Resorts</a>. Namibia's primary tourism related governing body, the <a href="/wiki/Namibia_Tourism_Board" title="Namibia Tourism Board">Namibia Tourism Board</a> (NTB), was established by an Act of Parliament: the Namibia Tourism Board Act, 2000 (Act 21 of 2000). Its primary objectives are to regulate the tourism industry and to market Namibia as a tourist destination.<a href="#cite_note-175">[172]</a> There are also a number of <a href="/wiki/Trade_association" title="Trade association">trade associations</a> that represent the tourism sector in Namibia, such as the Federation of Namibia Tourism Associations (the umbrella body for all tourism associations in Namibia), the <a href="/wiki/Hospitality_Association_of_Namibia" title="Hospitality Association of Namibia">Hospitality Association of Namibia</a>, the Association of Namibian Travel Agents, Car Rental Association of Namibia and the Tour and Safari Association of Namibia.<a href="#cite_note-176">[173]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Water_supply_and_sanitation">Water supply and sanitation</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Namibia&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Water supply and sanitation">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_Namibia" title="Water supply and sanitation in Namibia">Water supply and sanitation in Namibia</a></div> The only bulk water supplier in Namibia is <a href="/wiki/NamWater" title="NamWater">NamWater</a>, which sells it to the respective municipalities which in turn deliver it through their reticulation networks.<a href="#cite_note-:0-177">[174]</a> In rural areas, the directorate of Rural Water Supply in the <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Agriculture_(Namibia)" title="Ministry of Agriculture (Namibia)">Ministry of Agriculture, Water and Land Reform</a> is in charge of drinking water supply.<a href="#cite_note-:0-177">[174]</a> The <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">UN</a> evaluated in 2011 that Namibia has improved its water access network significantly since independence in 1990. A large part of the population can not, however, make use of these resources due to the prohibitively high consumption cost and the long distance between residences and water points in rural areas.<a href="#cite_note-:0-177">[174]</a> As a result, many Namibians prefer the traditional wells over the available water points far away.<a href="#cite_note-:1-178">[175]</a> Compared to the efforts made to improve access to safe water, Namibia is lagging behind in the provision of adequate sanitation.<a href="#cite_note-179">[176]</a> This includes 298 schools that have no toilet facilities.<a href="#cite_note-:2-180">[177]</a> Over 50% of child deaths are related to lack of water, sanitation, or hygiene; 23% are due to diarrhea alone. The UN has identified a "sanitation crisis" in the country.<a href="#cite_note-:1-178">[175]</a> Apart from residences for upper and middle class households, sanitation is insufficient in most residential areas. Private flush toilets are too expensive for virtually all residents in <a href="/wiki/Township" title="Township">townships</a> due to their water consumption and installation cost. As a result, access to <a href="/wiki/Improved_sanitation" title="Improved sanitation">improved sanitation</a> has not increased much since independence: in Namibia's rural areas 13% of the population had more than basic sanitation, up from 8% in 1990. Many of Namibia's inhabitants have to resort to "flying toilets", plastic bags to defecate into, which after use are flung into the bush.<a href="#cite_note-181">[178]</a> The use of open areas close to residential land for urination and defecation is very common<a href="#cite_note-182">[179]</a> and has been identified as a major <a href="/wiki/Health_in_Namibia" title="Health in Namibia">health hazard</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:2-180">[177]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Demographics">Demographics</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Namibia&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Demographics">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Namibia" title="Demographics of Namibia">Demographics of Namibia</a></div> Namibia has the second-<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_population_density" class="mw-redirect" title="List of countries by population density">lowest population density</a> of any sovereign country, after <a href="/wiki/Mongolia" title="Mongolia">Mongolia</a>, as well as having the lowest population density of any sovereign country with a coastline.<a href="#cite_note-unpop-183">[180]</a> In 2017 there were on average 3.08 people per km2.<a href="#cite_note-184">[181]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Total_fertility_rate" title="Total fertility rate">total fertility rate</a> in 2015 was 3.47 children per woman according to the UN which is lower than the average TFR in sub-Saharan Africa of 4.7.<a href="#cite_note-185">[182]</a> Namibia conducts a census every ten years. After independence the first Population and Housing Census was carried out in 1991; further rounds followed in 2001, 2011, and 2023 (delayed two years due to the COVID-19 pandemic and financial constraints).<a href="#cite_note-2001Census-186">[183]</a> The data collection method is to count every person resident in Namibia on the census reference night, wherever they happen to be. This is called the de facto method.<a href="#cite_note-187">[184]</a> For enumeration purposes the country is demarcated into 4,042 enumeration areas. These areas do not overlap with constituency boundaries to get reliable data for election purposes as well.<a href="#cite_note-188">[185]</a> The 2011 Population and Housing Census counted 2,113,077 inhabitants. Between 2001 and 2011 the annual population growth was 1.4%, down from 2.6% in the previous ten-year period.<a href="#cite_note-snapshot-189">[186]</a> In 2023, the Namibia Statistics Agency conducted another census, which counted 3,022,401 inhabitants.<a href="#cite_note-190">[187]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ethnic_groups">Ethnic groups</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Namibia&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Ethnic groups">edit</a>]</div> The Namibian population comprises Bantu and Khoisan peoples. The <a href="/wiki/Bantu_peoples" title="Bantu peoples">Bantu</a> groups include the <a href="/wiki/Herero_people" title="Herero people">Herero</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kavango_people" title="Kavango people">Kavango</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lozi_people" title="Lozi people">Lozi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ovambo_people" title="Ovambo people">Ovambo</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Tswana_people" title="Tswana people">Tswana</a> peoples. The <a href="/wiki/Khoisan" title="Khoisan">Khoisan</a> groups encompass the <a href="/wiki/Basters" title="Basters">Baster</a>/<a href="/wiki/Coloureds" title="Coloureds">Coloured</a>, <a href="/wiki/Damara_people" title="Damara people">Damara</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nama_people" title="Nama people">Nama</a>, and <a href="/wiki/San_people" title="San people">San</a> peoples. There is a substantial <a href="/wiki/Chinese_people_in_Namibia" title="Chinese people in Namibia">Chinese minority in Namibia</a>; it stood at 40,000 in 2006.<a href="#cite_note-191">[188]</a><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Himba_Woman_and_Family.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Himba_Woman_and_Family.JPG/220px-Himba_Woman_and_Family.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Himba_Woman_and_Family.JPG/330px-Himba_Woman_and_Family.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Himba_Woman_and_Family.JPG/440px-Himba_Woman_and_Family.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3456" data-file-height="2304" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Himba_people" title="Himba people">Himba people</a> in northern Namibia</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/White_Namibians" title="White Namibians">Whites</a> (being mainly of <a href="/wiki/Afrikaner_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Afrikaner people">Afrikaner</a>, German, British and <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_diaspora" class="mw-redirect" title="Portuguese diaspora">Portuguese</a> origin) make up 1.8% of the population. Although their proportion of the population decreased after <a href="/wiki/Independence_of_Namibia" class="mw-redirect" title="Independence of Namibia">independence</a> due to emigration and lower birth rates, they still form the second-largest population of <a href="/wiki/Ethnic_groups_in_Europe" title="Ethnic groups in Europe">European ancestry</a>, both in terms of percentage and actual numbers, in <a href="/wiki/Sub-Saharan_Africa" title="Sub-Saharan Africa">Sub-Saharan Africa</a> (after South Africa).<a href="#cite_note-Census2023-9">[9]</a> The majority of <a href="/wiki/White_Namibians" title="White Namibians">Namibian whites</a> and nearly all those who are of <a href="/wiki/Basters" title="Basters">mixed race</a> speak <a href="/wiki/Afrikaans" title="Afrikaans">Afrikaans</a> and share similar origins, culture, and religion as the white and coloured populations of South Africa. A large minority of whites (around 30,000) trace their family origins back to the <a href="/wiki/German_Namibians" title="German Namibians">German</a> settlers who colonised Namibia prior to the South African invasion during the First World War, and they maintain German cultural and educational institutions. Nearly all Portuguese settlers came to the country from the former <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_West_Africa" class="mw-redirect" title="Portuguese West Africa">Portuguese colony</a> of Angola.<a href="#cite_note-192">[189]</a> The 1960 census reported 526,004 persons in what was then South West Africa, including 73,464 whites (14%).<a href="#cite_note-193">[190]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Education">Education</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Namibia&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Education">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:42817_06.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/42817_06.JPG/220px-42817_06.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="149" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/42817_06.JPG/330px-42817_06.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/42817_06.JPG/440px-42817_06.JPG 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="434" /></a><figcaption>Secondary school students</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Education_in_Namibia" title="Education in Namibia">Education in Namibia</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_schools_in_Namibia" title="List of schools in Namibia">List of schools in Namibia</a></div> Namibia has free education for both primary and secondary education levels. Grades 1–7 are primary level, grades 8–12 are secondary. In 1998, there were 400,325 Namibian students in primary school and 115,237 students in secondary schools. The pupil-teacher ratio in 1999 was estimated at 32:1, with about 8% of the GDP being spent on education. Curriculum development, educational research, and professional development of teachers is centrally organised by the National Institute for Educational Development (NIED) in Okahandja.<a href="#cite_note-194">[191]</a> Among sub-Saharan African countries, Namibia has one of the highest literacy rates.<a href="#cite_note-auto-195">[192]</a> According to <a href="/wiki/CIA_World_Factbook" class="mw-redirect" title="CIA World Factbook">CIA World Factbook</a>, as of 2018 91.5% of the population age 15 and over can read and write.<a href="#cite_note-auto-195">[192]</a> Most schools in Namibia are state-run, but there are some private schools, which are also part of the country's education system. There are four teacher training universities, three colleges of agriculture, a police training college, and three universities: <a href="/wiki/University_of_Namibia" title="University of Namibia">University of Namibia</a> (UNAM), <a href="/wiki/International_University_of_Management" title="International University of Management">International University of Management</a> (IUM) and <a href="/wiki/Namibia_University_of_Science_and_Technology" title="Namibia University of Science and Technology">Namibia University of Science and Technology</a> (NUST). Namibia was ranked 102nd in the <a href="/wiki/Global_Innovation_Index" title="Global Innovation Index">Global Innovation Index</a> in 2024.<a href="#cite_note-196">[193]</a> The 2018 Namibia Labour Force Survey indicates that 99,536 people within the working age population had tertiary education of any level (6.6% of the working age population), while 21,922 (1.5% of the working age population) of these had postgraduate education. <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Age group </th> <th>No education </th> <th>Primary </th> <th>Junior secondary </th> <th>Senior secondary </th> <th>Technical/vocational certificate or diploma </th> <th>Currently in year 1, 2 or 3 of tertiary education </th> <th>University certificate, diploma or degree </th> <th>Postgraduate certificate, diploma or degree </th></tr> <tr> <td>15–19 </td> <td>10,695 </td> <td>89,696 </td> <td>112,104 </td> <td>23,588 </td> <td>508 </td> <td>1,558 </td> <td>299 </td> <td>44 </td></tr> <tr> <td>20–24 </td> <td>19,090 </td> <td>37,177 </td> <td>99,661 </td> <td>58,909 </td> <td>6,185 </td> <td>9,498 </td> <td>6,019 </td> <td>212 </td></tr> <tr> <td>25–29 </td> <td>13,757 </td> <td>31,278 </td> <td>81,909 </td> <td>53,019 </td> <td>7,263 </td> <td>9,035 </td> <td>16,294 </td> <td>3,840 </td></tr> <tr> <td>30–34 </td> <td>13,753 </td> <td>25,656 </td> <td>73,216 </td> <td>39,969 </td> <td>4,886 </td> <td>3,161 </td> <td>15,520 </td> <td>2,764 </td></tr> <tr> <td>35–39 </td> <td>13,030 </td> <td>24,926 </td> <td>55,816 </td> <td>30,999 </td> <td>3,497 </td> <td>2,582 </td> <td>10,831 </td> <td>3,290 </td></tr> <tr> <td>40–44 </td> <td>16,042 </td> <td>24,602 </td> <td>38,462 </td> <td>26,786 </td> <td>3,508 </td> <td>1,605 </td> <td>7,284 </td> <td>2,603 </td></tr> <tr> <td>45–49 </td> <td>12,509 </td> <td>24,743 </td> <td>27,780 </td> <td>18,883 </td> <td>1,180 </td> <td>896 </td> <td>6,752 </td> <td>2,663 </td></tr> <tr> <td>50–54 </td> <td>12,594 </td> <td>22,360 </td> <td>20,641 </td> <td>10,810 </td> <td>891 </td> <td>582 </td> <td>5,529 </td> <td>2,522 </td></tr> <tr> <td>55–59 </td> <td>12,754 </td> <td>19,927 </td> <td>13,654 </td> <td>5,487 </td> <td>825 </td> <td>848 </td> <td>4,064 </td> <td>1,712 </td></tr> <tr> <td>60–64 </td> <td>13,832 </td> <td>14,578 </td> <td>8,006 </td> <td>2,764 </td> <td>584 </td> <td>459 </td> <td>2,135 </td> <td>1,570 </td></tr> <tr> <td>65+ </td> <td>49,043 </td> <td>31,213 </td> <td>10,033 </td> <td>3,415 </td> <td>775 </td> <td>389 </td> <td>2,886 </td> <td>702 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Total </td> <td>187,100 </td> <td>346,157 </td> <td>541,281 </td> <td>274,628 </td> <td>30,101 </td> <td>30,612 </td> <td>77,615 </td> <td>21,922 </td></tr></tbody></table> The following table shows the 2018 Namibia Labour Force Survey employment statistics by education. Employment rates in Namibia generally increase with education status. A high school education typically ensures greater employment rates than those with no education or those with primary or junior secondary education as their highest achievement. Namibians with a university certificate, diploma or degree have a significantly higher employment rate at 76.4%, while postgraduate education holders are most likely to be employed with an employment rate of 83.8% in 2018.<a href="#cite_note-197">[194]</a> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <td> </td> <td>No education </td> <td>Primary </td> <td>Junior secondary </td> <td>Senior secondary </td> <td>Technical/vocational certificate or diploma </td> <td>Currently in year 1, 2 or 3 of tertiary education </td> <td>University certificate, diploma or degree </td> <td>Postgraduate certificate, diploma or degree </td></tr> <tr> <td>Total </td> <td>187,100 </td> <td>346,157 </td> <td>541,281 </td> <td>274,628 </td> <td>30,101 </td> <td>30,612 </td> <td>77,615 </td> <td>21,922 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Employed </td> <td>85,352 </td> <td>146,089 </td> <td>229,259 </td> <td>146,874 </td> <td>16,292 </td> <td>12,595 </td> <td>59,328 </td> <td>18,378 </td></tr> <tr> <td>% Employed </td> <td>45.6% </td> <td>42.2% </td> <td>42.4% </td> <td>53.5% </td> <td>54.1% </td> <td>41.1% </td> <td>76.4% </td> <td>83.8% </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Religion">Religion</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Namibia&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Religion">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Namibia" title="Religion in Namibia">Religion in Namibia</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Swakopmund_ev-luth_Kirche_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Swakopmund_ev-luth_Kirche_1.jpg/220px-Swakopmund_ev-luth_Kirche_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Swakopmund_ev-luth_Kirche_1.jpg/330px-Swakopmund_ev-luth_Kirche_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Swakopmund_ev-luth_Kirche_1.jpg/440px-Swakopmund_ev-luth_Kirche_1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5526" data-file-height="3684" /></a><figcaption>Lutheran church in <a href="/wiki/Swakopmund" title="Swakopmund">Swakopmund</a></figcaption></figure> The Christian community makes up 80%–90% of the population of Namibia, with at least 75% being <a href="/wiki/Protestant" class="mw-redirect" title="Protestant">Protestant</a>, of which at least 50% are <a href="/wiki/Lutheranism" title="Lutheranism">Lutheran</a>. Lutherans are the largest religious group, a legacy of the German and <a href="/wiki/Finland" title="Finland">Finnish</a> missionary work during the country's colonial times.<a href="#cite_note-finnish-mission-35">[32]</a> 10%–20% of the population hold <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples" title="Indigenous peoples">indigenous</a> beliefs.<a href="#cite_note-CIA-198">[195]</a> Missionary activities during the second half of the 19th century resulted in many Namibians converting to Christianity. Today most Christians are <a href="/wiki/Lutheran" class="mw-redirect" title="Lutheran">Lutheran</a>, but there also are <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholic">Roman Catholic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Methodism" title="Methodism">Methodist</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anglicanism" title="Anglicanism">Anglican</a>, <a href="/wiki/African_Methodist_Episcopal_Church" title="African Methodist Episcopal Church">African Methodist Episcopal</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Dutch_Reformed_Church" title="Dutch Reformed Church">Dutch Reformed</a>. <a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Namibia" title="Islam in Namibia">Islam in Namibia</a> is subscribed to by about 9,000 people,<a href="#cite_note-199">[196]</a> many of them Nama.<a href="#cite_note-200">[197]</a> Namibia is home to a small <a href="/wiki/Judaism" title="Judaism">Jewish</a> <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Namibia" title="History of the Jews in Namibia">community</a> of about 100 people.<a href="#cite_note-jewishvirtuallibrary1-201">[198]</a> Groups such as the <a href="/wiki/The_Church_of_Jesus_Christ_of_Latter-day_Saints" title="The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints">Latter-day Saints</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jehovah%27s_Witnesses" title="Jehovah's Witnesses">Jehovah's Witnesses</a> are also present in the country. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Languages">Languages</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Namibia&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Languages">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Namibia" title="Languages of Namibia">Languages of Namibia</a></div> <div class="notheme barbox tright" style="overflow-x: auto;"> <div style="border:1px solid silver; font-size:88%; padding:0.4em; width:auto; background: white; color: black;"> <table style="text-align:left; border-collapse:collapse; width:100%;"> <tbody><tr style="background:#ddd"><th style="text-align:center;" colspan="5">Home Languages in Namibia</th></tr> <tr style="font-size:88%; height:4px;"> <td colspan="2" style="padding:0 4px; text-align:left;">Languages</td> <td style="width:100px; text-align:left;"></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding:0 4px; width:1em; text-align:right;">percent</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; min-width: 8em;">Oshiwambo Languages</td> <td style="width: 100px; border-left: solid 1px silver; border-right: solid 1px silver;"><div style="background:darkgreen; width:49.7%; overflow: hidden;"> </div></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 1.2em; padding-right: 0.4em; text-align: right;">49.7%</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; min-width: 8em;">Khoekhoegowab</td> <td style="width: 100px; border-left: solid 1px silver; border-right: solid 1px silver;"><div style="background:purple; width:11.0%; overflow: hidden;"> </div></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 1.2em; padding-right: 0.4em; text-align: right;">11.0%</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; min-width: 8em;">Kavango Languages</td> <td style="width: 100px; border-left: solid 1px silver; border-right: solid 1px silver;"><div style="background:black; width:10.4%; overflow: hidden;"> </div></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 1.2em; padding-right: 0.4em; text-align: right;">10.4%</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; min-width: 8em;">Afrikaans</td> <td style="width: 100px; border-left: solid 1px silver; border-right: solid 1px silver;"><div style="background:red; width:9.4%; overflow: hidden;"> </div></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 1.2em; padding-right: 0.4em; text-align: right;">9.4%</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; min-width: 8em;">Herero Languages</td> <td style="width: 100px; border-left: solid 1px silver; border-right: solid 1px silver;"><div style="background:orange; width:9.2%; overflow: hidden;"> </div></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 1.2em; padding-right: 0.4em; text-align: right;">9.2%</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; min-width: 8em;">Lozi Languages</td> <td style="width: 100px; border-left: solid 1px silver; border-right: solid 1px silver;"><div style="background:green; width:4.9%; overflow: hidden;"> </div></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 1.2em; padding-right: 0.4em; text-align: right;">4.9%</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; min-width: 8em;">English</td> <td style="width: 100px; border-left: solid 1px silver; border-right: solid 1px silver;"><div style="background:blue; width:2.3%; overflow: hidden;"> </div></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 1.2em; padding-right: 0.4em; text-align: right;">2.3%</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; min-width: 8em;">Other</td> <td style="width: 100px; border-left: solid 1px silver; border-right: solid 1px silver;"><div style="background:teal; width:1.0%; overflow: hidden;"> </div></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 1.2em; padding-right: 0.4em; text-align: right;">1.0%</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; min-width: 8em;">San Languages</td> <td style="width: 100px; border-left: solid 1px silver; border-right: solid 1px silver;"><div style="background:darkred; width:0.7%; overflow: hidden;"> </div></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 1.2em; padding-right: 0.4em; text-align: right;">0.7%</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; min-width: 8em;">German</td> <td style="width: 100px; border-left: solid 1px silver; border-right: solid 1px silver;"><div style="background:gray; width:0.6%; overflow: hidden;"> </div></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 1.2em; padding-right: 0.4em; text-align: right;">0.6%</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; min-width: 8em;">Other African Languages</td> <td style="width: 100px; border-left: solid 1px silver; border-right: solid 1px silver;"><div style="background:tan; width:0.5%; overflow: hidden;"> </div></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 1.2em; padding-right: 0.4em; text-align: right;">0.5%</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; min-width: 8em;">Tswana</td> <td style="width: 100px; border-left: solid 1px silver; border-right: solid 1px silver;"><div style="background:lime; width:0.3%; overflow: hidden;"> </div></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 1.2em; padding-right: 0.4em; text-align: right;">0.3%</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; min-width: 8em;">Other European Languages</td> <td style="width: 100px; border-left: solid 1px silver; border-right: solid 1px silver;"><div style="background:violet; width:0.1%; overflow: hidden;"> </div></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 1.2em; padding-right: 0.4em; text-align: right;">0.1%</td> </tr> </tbody></table> </div> </div> The majority of Namibians can speak and understand English and Afrikaans. Up to 1990, English, <a href="/wiki/German_language_in_Namibia" title="German language in Namibia">German</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Afrikaans" title="Afrikaans">Afrikaans</a> were official languages. Long before Namibia's independence from South Africa, SWAPO was of the opinion that the country should become officially monolingual, choosing this approach in contrast to that of its neighbour South Africa (which granted <a href="/wiki/Languages_of_South_Africa" title="Languages of South Africa">all 12 of its major languages</a> official status), which it saw as "a deliberate policy of ethnolinguistic fragmentation."<a href="#cite_note-202">[199]</a> Consequently, SWAPO instituted English as Namibia's sole official language, though only 2.3% of the population speaks it as a home language. Its implementation is focused on the civil service, education and the broadcasting system, especially the state broadcaster NBC.<a href="#cite_note-kriger-203">[200]</a> Some other languages have received semi-official recognition by being allowed as medium of instruction in primary schools. Private schools are expected to follow the same policy as state schools, and "English language" is a compulsory subject.<a href="#cite_note-kriger-203">[200]</a> Some critics argue that, as in other postcolonial African societies, the push for monolingual instruction and policy has resulted in a high rate of school drop-outs and of individuals whose academic competence in any language is low.<a href="#cite_note-204">[201]</a> According to the latest statistical data gathered in the most recent survey (2016), the linguistic landscape in the region has witnessed notable shifts since the 2011 census. <a href="/wiki/Ovambo_language" title="Ovambo language">Oshiwambo</a> remains the predominant language, claiming the position of the most spoken language for a significant 49.7% of households, surpassing its previous standing. <a href="/wiki/KhoeKhoegowab" class="mw-redirect" title="KhoeKhoegowab">KhoeKhoegowab</a> follows at 11.0%, while the <a href="/wiki/Kavango_%E2%80%93_Southwest_Bantu_languages" title="Kavango – Southwest Bantu languages">Kavango</a> Languages, with a share of 10.4%, have also experienced a noteworthy increase. Afrikaans, identified as the country's lingua franca, maintains a considerable presence at 9.4%. The Herero Languages account for 9.2%, indicating a slight adjustment from the previous census. <a href="/wiki/Lozi_language" title="Lozi language">Silozi</a> has seen a shift to 4.9%, and English, utilized primarily as a second language, stands at 2.3%. Other Languages collectively represent 1.0%, with San Languages at 0.7%, and German at 0.6%. The diversity of languages in the region is further demonstrated by the presence of Other African Languages at 0.5%, <a href="/wiki/Tswana_language" title="Tswana language">Setswana</a> at 0.3%, and Other European Languages at 0.1%.<a href="#cite_note-205">[202]</a> Note: (1) Herero languages include: Otjiherero, Otjimbanderu, Oruzemba, Otjizimba, Otjihakahona, Otjindongona and Otjitjavikwa (2) Kavango languages include:  Rukwangali, Rushambyu, Rugciriku, Thimbukushu, Rumanyo and Rukavango Most of the white population speaks English, Afrikaans or German. More than a century after the end of the German colonial era, German continues to play a role as a commercial language. As a home language, Afrikaans is spoken by 60% of the white community, German by 32%, English by 7% and Portuguese by 4–5%.<a href="#cite_note-CIA-198">[195]</a> Geographical proximity to Portuguese-speaking Angola explains the relatively high number of <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_speaker" class="mw-redirect" title="Portuguese speaker">Portuguese speakers</a>; in 2011 these were estimated to number 100,000.<a href="#cite_note-206">[203]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Health">Health</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Namibia&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Health">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Health_in_Namibia" title="Health in Namibia">Health in Namibia</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_in_Namibia" title="HIV/AIDS in Namibia">HIV/AIDS in Namibia</a></div> <a href="/wiki/Life_expectancy" title="Life expectancy">Life expectancy</a> at birth is estimated to be 64 years in 2017 – among the lowest in the world.<a href="#cite_note-207">[204]</a> Namibia launched a National Health Extension Programme in 2012<a href="#cite_note-208">[205]</a> deployment 1,800 (2015) of a total ceiling of 4,800 health extension workers trained for six months in community health activities including first aid, health promotion for disease prevention, nutritional assessment and counseling, water sanitation and hygiene practices, HIV testing and community-based antiretroviral treatment.<a href="#cite_note-209">[206]</a> Namibia faces a non-communicable disease burden. The Demographic and Health Survey (2013) summarises findings on elevated blood pressure, hypertension, diabetes, and obesity: <ul><li>Among eligible respondents age 35–64, 44% of women and 45% of men have elevated blood pressure or are currently taking medicine to lower their blood pressure.</li> <li>49% of women and 61% of men are not aware that they have elevated blood pressure.</li> <li>43% of women and 34% of men with hypertension are taking medication for their condition.</li> <li>Only 29% of women and 20% of men with hypertension are taking medication and have their blood pressure under control.</li> <li>6% of women and 7% of men are diabetic; that is, they have elevated fasting plasma glucose values or report that they are taking diabetes medication. An additional 7% of women and 6% of men are prediabetic.</li> <li>67% of women and 74% of men with diabetes are taking medication to lower their blood glucose.</li> <li>Women and men with a higher-than-normal body mass index (25.0 or higher) are more likely to have elevated blood pressure and elevated fasting blood glucose.<a href="#cite_note-:3-210">[207]</a></li></ul> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:AIDS_and_HIV_prevalence_2008.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/AIDS_and_HIV_prevalence_2008.svg/290px-AIDS_and_HIV_prevalence_2008.svg.png" decoding="async" width="290" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/AIDS_and_HIV_prevalence_2008.svg/435px-AIDS_and_HIV_prevalence_2008.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/AIDS_and_HIV_prevalence_2008.svg/580px-AIDS_and_HIV_prevalence_2008.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="940" data-file-height="477" /></a><figcaption>Estimated percentage of HIV among young adults (15–49) per country as of 2011<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Namibia&action=edit">[update]</a>:<a href="#cite_note-211">[208]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1216972533">.mw-parser-output .col-begin{border-collapse:collapse;padding:0;color:inherit;width:100%;border:0;margin:0}.mw-parser-output .col-begin-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .col-break{vertical-align:top;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .col-break-2{width:50%}.mw-parser-output .col-break-3{width:33.3%}.mw-parser-output .col-break-4{width:25%}.mw-parser-output .col-break-5{width:20%}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .col-begin,.mw-parser-output .col-begin>tbody,.mw-parser-output .col-begin>tbody>tr,.mw-parser-output .col-begin>tbody>tr>td{display:block!important;width:100%!important}.mw-parser-output .col-break{padding-left:0!important}}</style><div> <table class="col-begin" role="presentation"> <tbody><tr> <td class="col-break"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style><div class="legend">  15–50</div> </td></tr></tbody></table></div></figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_in_Namibia" title="HIV/AIDS in Namibia">HIV epidemic</a> remains a public health issue in Namibia despite significant achievements made by the <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Health_and_Social_Services_(Namibia)" title="Ministry of Health and Social Services (Namibia)">Ministry of Health and Social Services</a> to expand HIV treatment services.<a href="#cite_note-212">[209]</a> In 2001, there were an estimated 210,000 people living with HIV/AIDS, and the estimated death toll in 2003 was 16,000. According to the 2011 UNAIDS Report, the epidemic in Namibia "appears to be leveling off."<a href="#cite_note-213">[210]</a> As the HIV/AIDS epidemic has reduced the working-aged population, the number of orphans has increased. It falls to the government to provide education, food, shelter and clothing for these orphans.<a href="#cite_note-214">[211]</a> A Demographic and Health Survey with an HIV biomarker was completed in <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dhsprogram.com/pubs/pdf/FR298/FR298.pdf">2013</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190618173209/https://www.dhsprogram.com/pubs/pdf/FR298/FR298.pdf">Archived</a> 18 June 2019 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> and served as the fourth comprehensive, national-level population and health survey conducted in Namibia as part of the global Demographic and Health Surveys (DHS) programme. The DHS observed important characteristics associated to the HIV epidemic: <ul><li>Overall, 26 percent of men age 15–49 and 32 percent of those age 50–64 have been circumcised. HIV prevalence for men age 15–49 is lower among circumcised (8.0 percent) than among uncircumcised men (11.9 percent). The pattern of lower HIV prevalence among circumcised than uncircumcised men is observed across most background characteristics. For each age group, circumcised men have lower HIV prevalence than those who are not circumcised; the difference is especially pronounced for men age 35–39 and 45–49 (11.7 percentage points each). The difference in HIV prevalence between uncircumcised and circumcised men is larger among urban than rural men (5.2 percentage points versus 2.1 percentage points).</li> <li>HIV prevalence among respondents age 15–49 is 16.9 percent for women and 10.9 percent for men. HIV prevalence rates among women and men age 50–64 are similar (16.7 percent and 16.0 percent, respectively).</li> <li>HIV prevalence peaks in the 35–39 age group for both women and men (30.9 percent and 22.6 percent, respectively). It is lowest among respondents age 15–24 (2.5–6.4 percent for women and 2.0–3.4 percent for men).</li> <li>Among respondents age 15–49, HIV prevalence is highest for women and men in Zambezi (30.9 percent and 15.9 percent, respectively) and lowest for women in Omaheke (6.9 percent) and men in Ohangwena (6.6 percent).</li> <li>In 76.4 percent of the 1,007 cohabiting couples who were tested for HIV in the 2013 NDHS, both partners were HIV negative; in 10.1 percent of the couples, both partners were HIV positive; and 13.5 percent of the couples were discordant (that is, one partner was infected with HIV and the other was not).<a href="#cite_note-:3-210">[207]</a></li></ul> As of 2015, the Ministry of Health and Social Services and UNAIDS produced a <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.unaids.org/sites/default/files/country/documents/NAM_narrative_report_2015.pdf">Progress Report</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220119002530/https://www.unaids.org/sites/default/files/country/documents/NAM_narrative_report_2015.pdf">Archived</a> 19 January 2022 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> in which <a href="/wiki/UNAIDS" class="mw-redirect" title="UNAIDS">UNAIDS</a> projected HIV prevalence among 15–49-year-olds at 13.3% [12.2–14.5%] and an estimated 210,000 [200,000–230,000] living with HIV.<a href="#cite_note-215">[212]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Malaria" title="Malaria">malaria</a> problem seems to be compounded by the AIDS epidemic. Research has shown that in Namibia the risk of contracting malaria is 14.5% greater if a person is also infected with HIV. The risk of death from malaria is also raised by approximately 50% with a concurrent HIV infection.<a href="#cite_note-Korenromp-216">[213]</a> The country had only 598 physicians in 2002.<a href="#cite_note-217">[214]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Culture">Culture</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Namibia&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Culture">edit</a>]</div> Namibian culture is similar to South African culture due to their tied history and family nationalities. Few Namibians express interest in permanently settling in other countries; they prefer the safety of their homeland, have a strong national identity, and enjoy a well-supplied retail sector.<a href="#cite_note-218">[215]</a> Namibians are typically very social and are consistently among the highest alcohol consumption rates per capita, and ranked first in Africa for beer consumption per capita.<a href="#cite_note-219">[216]</a><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Toutrek.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Toutrek.jpg/220px-Toutrek.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Toutrek.jpg/330px-Toutrek.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Toutrek.jpg/440px-Toutrek.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2304" data-file-height="1728" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Afrikaner" class="mw-redirect" title="Afrikaner">Afrikaner</a> children in Namibia</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sport">Sport</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Namibia&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Sport">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Sport_in_Namibia" title="Sport in Namibia">Sport in Namibia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rugby_union_in_Namibia" title="Rugby union in Namibia">Rugby union in Namibia</a></div> The most popular sport in Namibia is <a href="/wiki/Association_football" title="Association football">association football</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Namibia_national_football_team" title="Namibia national football team">Namibia national football team</a> qualified for the <a href="/wiki/1998_Africa_Cup_of_Nations" class="mw-redirect" title="1998 Africa Cup of Nations">1998</a>, <a href="/wiki/2008_Africa_Cup_of_Nations" title="2008 Africa Cup of Nations">2008</a>, <a href="/wiki/2019_Africa_Cup_of_Nations" title="2019 Africa Cup of Nations">2019</a>, and <a href="/wiki/2023_Africa_Cup_of_Nations" title="2023 Africa Cup of Nations">2023</a> editions of the <a href="/wiki/Africa_Cup_of_Nations" title="Africa Cup of Nations">Africa Cup of Nations</a>, but has yet to qualify for the <a href="/wiki/FIFA_World_Cup" title="FIFA World Cup">World Cup</a>. Some notable players include <a href="/wiki/Derby_County_F.C." title="Derby County F.C.">Derby County</a> right-back <a href="/wiki/Ryan_Nyambe" title="Ryan Nyambe">Ryan Nyambe</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mamelodi_Sundowns_F.C." title="Mamelodi Sundowns F.C.">Mamelodi Sundowns</a> forward <a href="/wiki/Peter_Shalulile" title="Peter Shalulile">Peter Shalulile</a>, and retired footballer <a href="/wiki/Collin_Benjamin" title="Collin Benjamin">Collin Benjamin</a>. The most successful national team is the <a href="/wiki/Namibia_national_rugby_union_team" title="Namibia national rugby union team">Namibian rugby team</a>, having competed in the last seven World Cups. Namibia were participants in the <a href="/wiki/1999_Rugby_World_Cup" title="1999 Rugby World Cup">1999</a>, <a href="/wiki/2003_Rugby_World_Cup" title="2003 Rugby World Cup">2003</a>, <a href="/wiki/2007_Rugby_World_Cup" title="2007 Rugby World Cup">2007</a>, <a href="/wiki/2011_Rugby_World_Cup" title="2011 Rugby World Cup">2011</a>, <a href="/wiki/2015_Rugby_World_Cup" title="2015 Rugby World Cup">2015</a>, <a href="/wiki/2019_Rugby_World_Cup" title="2019 Rugby World Cup">2019</a>, and most recent <a href="/wiki/2023_Rugby_World_Cup" title="2023 Rugby World Cup">2023</a> <a href="/wiki/Rugby_World_Cup" title="Rugby World Cup">Rugby World Cup</a>. <a href="/wiki/Cricket" title="Cricket">Cricket</a> <a href="/wiki/Cricket_in_Namibia" class="mw-redirect" title="Cricket in Namibia">in Namibia</a> is also popular, with <a href="/wiki/Namibia_national_cricket_team" title="Namibia national cricket team">the national side</a> having qualified for <a href="/wiki/2003_Cricket_World_Cup" title="2003 Cricket World Cup">2003 Cricket World Cup</a>, <a href="/wiki/2021_ICC_T20_World_Cup" class="mw-redirect" title="2021 ICC T20 World Cup">2021 ICC T20 World Cup</a> and <a href="/wiki/2022_ICC_Men%27s_T20_World_Cup" class="mw-redirect" title="2022 ICC Men's T20 World Cup">2022 ICC Men's T20 World Cup</a>.<a href="#cite_note-220">[217]</a> In December 2017, Namibia Cricket reached the final of the Cricket South Africa (CSA) Provincial One Day Challenge for the first time.<a href="#cite_note-NCYR-221">[218]</a> In February 2018 Namibia hosted the ICC World Cricket League Division 2 with Namibia, Kenya, UAE, Nepal, Canada and Oman to compete for the final two ICC Cricket World Cup Qualifier positions in Zimbabwe. Namibia also qualified the qualifiers of ICC T20 World Cup 2021 and entered the super 12 club.<a href="#cite_note-NCYR-221">[218]</a> The most famous athlete from Namibia is <a href="/wiki/Frankie_Fredericks" title="Frankie Fredericks">Frankie Fredericks</a>, sprinter in the 100 and 200 m events. He won four Olympic silver medals (1992, 1996) and also has medals from several <a href="/wiki/IAAF_World_Championships_in_Athletics" class="mw-redirect" title="IAAF World Championships in Athletics">World Athletics Championships</a>.<a href="#cite_note-222">[219]</a> Golfer <a href="/wiki/Trevor_Dodds" title="Trevor Dodds">Trevor Dodds</a> won the <a href="/wiki/Greater_Greensboro_Open" class="mw-redirect" title="Greater Greensboro Open">Greater Greensboro Open</a> in 1998, one of 15 tournaments in his career. He achieved a career-high world ranking of 78th in 1998.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Professional cyclist and Namibian Road Race champion <a href="/wiki/Dan_Craven" title="Dan Craven">Dan Craven</a> represented Namibia at the <a href="/wiki/2016_Summer_Olympics" title="2016 Summer Olympics">2016 Summer Olympics</a> in both the road race and individual time trial.<a href="#cite_note-223">[220]</a> Boxer <a href="/wiki/Julius_Indongo" title="Julius Indongo">Julius Indongo</a> is the unified WBA, IBF, and IBO world champion in the <a href="/wiki/Light_welterweight" title="Light welterweight">Light welterweight</a> division. Another famous athlete from Namibia is ex-professional rugby player <a href="/wiki/Jacques_Burger" title="Jacques Burger">Jacques Burger</a>. Burger played for <a href="/wiki/Saracens_Rugby_Club" class="mw-redirect" title="Saracens Rugby Club">Saracens</a> and <a href="/wiki/Stade_Aurillacois_Cantal_Auvergne" title="Stade Aurillacois Cantal Auvergne">Aurillac</a> in Europe, as well as gaining 41 caps for the national team. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Media">Media</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Namibia&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Media">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Media_of_Namibia" class="mw-redirect" title="Media of Namibia">Media of Namibia</a></div> Compared to neighbouring countries, Namibia has a large degree of media freedom. Over the past years, the country usually ranked in the upper quarter of the <a href="/wiki/Press_Freedom_Index" class="mw-redirect" title="Press Freedom Index">Press Freedom Index</a> of <a href="/wiki/Reporters_without_Borders" class="mw-redirect" title="Reporters without Borders">Reporters without Borders</a>, reaching position 21 in 2010, being on par with Canada and the best-positioned African country.<a href="#cite_note-224">[221]</a> The African Media Barometer shows similarly positive results. However, as in other countries, there is still mentionable influence of representatives of state and economy on media in Namibia.<a href="#cite_note-Rothe-225">[222]</a> In 2009, Namibia dropped to position 36 on the Press Freedom Index.<a href="#cite_note-226">[223]</a> In 2013, it was 19th,<a href="#cite_note-227">[224]</a> 22nd in 2014<a href="#cite_note-228">[225]</a> and 23rd in 2019,<a href="#cite_note-229">[226]</a> meaning that it is currently the highest ranked African country in terms of press freedom. Although Namibia's population is fairly small, the country has a diverse choice of media; two TV stations, 19 radio stations (without counting community stations), 5 daily newspapers, several weeklies and special publications compete for the attention of the audience. Additionally, a mentionable amount of foreign media, especially South African, is available. Online media are mostly based on print publication contents. Namibia has a state-owned Press Agency, called <a href="/wiki/Namibia_Press_Agency" title="Namibia Press Agency">NAMPA</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Rothe-225">[222]</a> Overall <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 300 journalists work in the country.<a href="#cite_note-jobs-230">[227]</a> The first newspaper in Namibia was the German-language Windhoeker Anzeiger, founded 1898. During German rule, the newspapers mainly reflected the living reality and the view of the white German-speaking minority. The black majority was ignored or depicted as a threat. During South African rule, the white bias continued, with mentionable influence of the Pretoria government on the South West African media system. Independent newspapers were seen as a menace to the existing order, and critical journalists were often threatened.<a href="#cite_note-Rothe-225">[222]</a><a href="#cite_note-231">[228]</a><a href="#cite_note-Links-232">[229]</a> Current daily newspapers are the private publications <a href="/wiki/The_Namibian" title="The Namibian">The Namibian</a> (English and other languages), <a href="/wiki/Die_Republikein" class="mw-redirect" title="Die Republikein">Die Republikein</a> (Afrikaans), <a href="/wiki/Allgemeine_Zeitung_(Namibia)" title="Allgemeine Zeitung (Namibia)">Allgemeine Zeitung</a> (German) and <a href="/wiki/Namibian_Sun" title="Namibian Sun">Namibian Sun</a> (English) as well as the state-owned <a href="/wiki/New_Era_(Namibia)" title="New Era (Namibia)">New Era</a> (predominantly English). Except for the largest newspaper, The Namibian, which is owned by a trust, the other mentioned private newspapers are part of Democratic Media Holdings.<a href="#cite_note-Rothe-225">[222]</a> Other mentionable newspapers are the tabloid Informanté owned by TrustCo, the weekly <a href="/wiki/Windhoek_Observer" title="Windhoek Observer">Windhoek Observer</a>, the weekly <a href="/wiki/Namibia_Economist" title="Namibia Economist">Namibia Economist</a>, as well as the regional Namib Times. Current affairs magazines include <a href="/wiki/Insight_Namibia" title="Insight Namibia">Insight Namibia</a>, Vision2030 Focus magazine[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] and Prime FOCUS. The <a href="/wiki/Sister_Namibia" title="Sister Namibia">Sister Namibia</a> magazine stands out as the longest running NGO magazine in Namibia, while <a href="/wiki/Namibia_Sport" title="Namibia Sport">Namibia Sport</a> is the only national sport magazine. Furthermore, the print market is complemented with party publications, student newspapers and PR publications.<a href="#cite_note-Rothe-225">[222]</a> Radio was introduced in 1969, TV in 1981. The broadcasting sector today is dominated by the state-run <a href="/wiki/Namibian_Broadcasting_Corporation" title="Namibian Broadcasting Corporation">Namibian Broadcasting Corporation</a> (NBC). The <a href="/wiki/Public_broadcasting" title="Public broadcasting">public broadcaster</a> offers a TV station as well as a "National Radio" in English and nine language services in locally spoken languages. The nine private radio stations in the country are mainly English-language channels, except for Radio Omulunga (Oshiwambo) and Kosmos 94.1 (Afrikaans). Privately held <a href="/wiki/One_Africa_Television" title="One Africa Television">One Africa TV</a> has competed with NBC since the 2000s.<a href="#cite_note-Rothe-225">[222]</a><a href="#cite_note-oneafricabackground-233">[230]</a> Media and journalists in Namibia are represented by the Namibian chapter of the <a href="/wiki/Media_Institute_of_Southern_Africa" title="Media Institute of Southern Africa">Media Institute of Southern Africa</a> and the Editors' Forum of Namibia. An independent media ombudsman was appointed in 2009 to prevent a state-controlled media council.<a href="#cite_note-Rothe-225">[222]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Art">Art</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Namibia&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Art">edit</a>]</div> In 2022 Namibia took part for the first time to the <a href="/wiki/Venice_Biennale" title="Venice Biennale">Venice Biennale</a> (often referred to as the "Olympics of Arts")<a href="#cite_note-234">[231]</a> in the <a href="/wiki/59th_Venice_Biennale" title="59th Venice Biennale">59th Edition</a> with the exhibition <a href="/w/index.php?title=A_Bridge_to_the_Desert&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="A Bridge to the Desert (page does not exist)">A Bridge to the Desert</a> featuring the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Lone_Stone_Men&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lone Stone Men (page does not exist)">Lone Stone Men</a> project by <a href="/w/index.php?title=Renn_(namibian_artist)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Renn (namibian artist) (page does not exist)">Renn (namibian artist)</a>.<a href="#cite_note-235">[232]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Namibia&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_Namibia-related_articles" title="Index of Namibia-related articles">Index of Namibia-related articles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Namibia" title="Outline of Namibia">Outline of Namibia</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Namibia&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Notes">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-10"><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a> Includes <a href="/wiki/Ovambo_people" title="Ovambo people">Ovambo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Herero_people" title="Herero people">Herero</a>, <a href="/wiki/Damara_people" title="Damara people">Damara</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nama_people" title="Nama people">Nama</a>, and other African ethnic groups. </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a> Includes <a href="/wiki/Basters" title="Basters">Basters</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a> Includes those of Asian descent </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Namibia&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://209.88.21.36/opencms/export/sites/default/grnnet/MLRR/DocArchive/land-Reform/Communal_Land_Reform_Act_German.pdf">"Communal Land Reform Act, German"</a> (PDF). <a href="/wiki/Government_of_Namibia" title="Government of Namibia">Government of Namibia</a>. Retrieved 18 February 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Communal+Land+Reform+Act%2C+German&rft.pub=Government+of+Namibia&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2F209.88.21.36%2Fopencms%2Fexport%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Fgrnnet%2FMLRR%2FDocArchive%2Fland-Reform%2FCommunal_Land_Reform_Act_German.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANamibia" class="Z3988"> [<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot">permanent dead link</a>‍] </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160225105003/http://209.88.21.36/opencms/export/sites/default/grnnet/MLRR/DocArchive/Land-Reform/Communal_Land_Reform_Act_Afrikaans.pdf">"Communal Land Reform Act, Afrikaans"</a> (PDF). Government of Namibia. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://209.88.21.36/opencms/export/sites/default/grnnet/MLRR/DocArchive/Land-Reform/Communal_Land_Reform_Act_Afrikaans.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 25 February 2016. Retrieved 18 February 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Communal+Land+Reform+Act%2C+Afrikaans&rft.pub=Government+of+Namibia&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2F209.88.21.36%2Fopencms%2Fexport%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Fgrnnet%2FMLRR%2FDocArchive%2FLand-Reform%2FCommunal_Land_Reform_Act_Afrikaans.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANamibia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160225104943/http://209.88.21.36/opencms/export/sites/default/grnnet/MLRR/DocArchive/Land-Reform/Communal_Land_Reform_Act_Nama.pdf">"Communal Land Reform Act, Khoekhoegowab"</a> (PDF). Government of Namibia. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://209.88.21.36/opencms/export/sites/default/grnnet/MLRR/DocArchive/Land-Reform/Communal_Land_Reform_Act_Nama.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 25 February 2016. Retrieved 18 February 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Communal+Land+Reform+Act%2C+Khoekhoegowab&rft.pub=Government+of+Namibia&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2F209.88.21.36%2Fopencms%2Fexport%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Fgrnnet%2FMLRR%2FDocArchive%2FLand-Reform%2FCommunal_Land_Reform_Act_Nama.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANamibia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160301124906/http://baslerafrika.ch/wp-content/uploads/Neuerwerbungsliste-2013.pdf">"Communal Land Reform Act, Oshiwambo"</a> (PDF). Government of Namibia. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://baslerafrika.ch/wp-content/uploads/Neuerwerbungsliste-2013.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 1 March 2016. Retrieved 18 February 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Communal+Land+Reform+Act%2C+Oshiwambo&rft.pub=Government+of+Namibia&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbaslerafrika.ch%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2FNeuerwerbungsliste-2013.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANamibia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://209.88.21.36/opencms/export/sites/default/grnnet/MLRR/DocArchive/Land-Reform/Communal_Land_Reform_Act_Herero.pdf">"Communal Land Reform Act, Otjiherero"</a> (PDF). Government of Namibia. Retrieved 18 February 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Communal+Land+Reform+Act%2C+Otjiherero&rft.pub=Government+of+Namibia&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2F209.88.21.36%2Fopencms%2Fexport%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Fgrnnet%2FMLRR%2FDocArchive%2FLand-Reform%2FCommunal_Land_Reform_Act_Herero.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANamibia" class="Z3988"> [<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot">permanent dead link</a>‍] </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160225104955/http://209.88.21.36/opencms/export/sites/default/grnnet/MLRR/DocArchive/Land-Reform/Communal_Land_Reform_Act_Rukwangali.pdf">"Communal Land Reform Act, Rukwangali"</a> (PDF). Government of Namibia. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://209.88.21.36/opencms/export/sites/default/grnnet/MLRR/DocArchive/Land-Reform/Communal_Land_Reform_Act_Rukwangali.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 25 February 2016. Retrieved 18 February 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Communal+Land+Reform+Act%2C+Rukwangali&rft.pub=Government+of+Namibia&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2F209.88.21.36%2Fopencms%2Fexport%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Fgrnnet%2FMLRR%2FDocArchive%2FLand-Reform%2FCommunal_Land_Reform_Act_Rukwangali.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANamibia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160225105008/http://209.88.21.36/opencms/export/sites/default/grnnet/MLRR/DocArchive/Land-Reform/Communal_Land_Reform_Act_Setswana.pdf">"Communal Land Reform Act, Setswana"</a> (PDF). Government of Namibia. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://209.88.21.36/opencms/export/sites/default/grnnet/MLRR/DocArchive/Land-Reform/Communal_Land_Reform_Act_Setswana.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 25 February 2016. Retrieved 18 February 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Communal+Land+Reform+Act%2C+Setswana&rft.pub=Government+of+Namibia&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2F209.88.21.36%2Fopencms%2Fexport%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Fgrnnet%2FMLRR%2FDocArchive%2FLand-Reform%2FCommunal_Land_Reform_Act_Setswana.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANamibia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160225104949/http://209.88.21.36/opencms/export/sites/default/grnnet/MLRR/DocArchive/Land-Reform/Communal_Land_Reform_Act_Lozi.pdf">"Communal Land Reform Act, Lozi"</a> (PDF). Government of Namibia. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://209.88.21.36/opencms/export/sites/default/grnnet/MLRR/DocArchive/Land-Reform/Communal_Land_Reform_Act_Lozi.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 25 February 2016. Retrieved 18 February 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Communal+Land+Reform+Act%2C+Lozi&rft.pub=Government+of+Namibia&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2F209.88.21.36%2Fopencms%2Fexport%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Fgrnnet%2FMLRR%2FDocArchive%2FLand-Reform%2FCommunal_Land_Reform_Act_Lozi.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANamibia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Census2023-9">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Census2023_9-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Census2023_9-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://census.nsanamibia.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/10/2023-Population-and-Housing-Census-Main-Report-28-Oct-2024.pdf">"Namibia 2023 Population and Housing Census Main Report"</a> (PDF). Namibia Statistics Agency. Retrieved 30 October 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Namibia+2023+Population+and+Housing+Census+Main+Report&rft.pub=Namibia+Statistics+Agency&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcensus.nsanamibia.com%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2024%2F10%2F2023-Population-and-Housing-Census-Main-Report-28-Oct-2024.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANamibia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dhsprogram.com/pubs/pdf/FR298/FR298.pdf">"Namibia Demographic and Health Survey 2013"</a> (PDF). <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Health_and_Social_Services_(Namibia)" title="Ministry of Health and Social Services (Namibia)">Namibia Ministry of Health and Social Services</a> and ICF International. September 2014. p. 30. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190618173209/https://www.dhsprogram.com/pubs/pdf/FR298/FR298.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 18 June 2019. Retrieved 5 July 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Namibia+Demographic+and+Health+Survey+2013&rft.pages=30&rft.pub=Namibia+Ministry+of+Health+and+Social+Services+and+ICF+International&rft.date=2014-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdhsprogram.com%2Fpubs%2Fpdf%2FFR298%2FFR298.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANamibia" class="Z3988"> Only people between 15 and 49 years of age were surveyed. </li> <li id="cite_note-Dual-14">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Dual_14-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dual_14-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShugart2005" class="citation journal cs1">Shugart, Matthew Søberg (December 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1057%2Fpalgrave.fp.8200087.pdf">"Semi-Presidential Systems: Dual Executive And Mixed Authority Patterns"</a> (PDF). French Politics. 3 (3): 323–351. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1057%2Fpalgrave.fp.8200087">10.1057/palgrave.fp.8200087</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:73642272">73642272</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190831003208/https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1057/palgrave.fp.8200087.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 31 August 2019. Retrieved 4 September 2016. <q>Of the contemporary cases, only four provide the assembly majority an unrestricted right to vote no confidence, and of these, only two allow the president unrestricted authority to appoint the prime minister. These two, Mozambique and Namibia, as well as the Weimar Republic, thus resemble most closely the structure of authority depicted in the right panel of Figure 3, whereby the dual accountability of the cabinet to both the president and the assembly is maximized. (...) Namibia allows the president to dissolve [the assembly] at any time but places a novel negative incentive on his exercise of the right: He must stand for a new election at the same time as the new assembly elections.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=French+Politics&rft.atitle=Semi-Presidential+Systems%3A+Dual+Executive+And+Mixed+Authority+Patterns&rft.volume=3&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=323-351&rft.date=2005-12&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1057%2Fpalgrave.fp.8200087&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A73642272%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Shugart&rft.aufirst=Matthew+S%C3%B8berg&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flink.springer.com%2Fcontent%2Fpdf%2F10.1057%252Fpalgrave.fp.8200087.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANamibia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/namibia">"Namibia"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_World_Factbook" title="The World Factbook">The World Factbook</a> (2024 ed.). <a href="/wiki/Central_Intelligence_Agency" title="Central Intelligence Agency">Central Intelligence Agency</a>. Retrieved 22 June 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+World+Factbook&rft.atitle=Namibia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cia.gov%2Fthe-world-factbook%2Fcountries%2Fnamibia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANamibia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-IMFWEO.NA-16">^ <a href="#cite_ref-IMFWEO.NA_16-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-IMFWEO.NA_16-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-IMFWEO.NA_16-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-IMFWEO.NA_16-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/weo-database/2023/October/weo-report?c=728,&s=NGDPD,PPPGDP,NGDPDPC,PPPPC,&sy=2020&ey=2028&ssm=0&scsm=1&scc=0&ssd=1&ssc=0&sic=0&sort=country&ds=.&br=1">"World Economic Outlook Database, October 2023 (Namibia)"</a>. <a href="/wiki/International_Monetary_Fund" title="International Monetary Fund">International Monetary Fund</a>. 10 October 2023. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231029153008/https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/weo-database/2023/October/weo-report?c=728,&s=NGDPD,PPPGDP,NGDPDPC,PPPPC,&sy=2020&ey=2028&ssm=0&scsm=1&scc=0&ssd=1&ssc=0&sic=0&sort=country&ds=.&br=1">Archived</a> from the original on 29 October 2023. Retrieved 18 October 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=World+Economic+Outlook+Database%2C+October+2023+%28Namibia%29&rft.pub=International+Monetary+Fund&rft.date=2023-10-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.imf.org%2Fen%2FPublications%2FWEO%2Fweo-database%2F2023%2FOctober%2Fweo-report%3Fc%3D728%2C%26s%3DNGDPD%2CPPPGDP%2CNGDPDPC%2CPPPPC%2C%26sy%3D2020%26ey%3D2028%26ssm%3D0%26scsm%3D1%26scc%3D0%26ssd%3D1%26ssc%3D0%26sic%3D0%26sort%3Dcountry%26ds%3D.%26br%3D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANamibia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SI.POV.GINI?locations=NA">"GINI index (World Bank estimate)"</a>. World Bank. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190328164913/https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SI.POV.GINI?locations=NA">Archived</a> from the original on 28 March 2019. Retrieved 20 January 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=GINI+index+%28World+Bank+estimate%29&rft.pub=World+Bank&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdata.worldbank.org%2Findicator%2FSI.POV.GINI%3Flocations%3DNA&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANamibia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-HDI-18"><a href="#cite_ref-HDI_18-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/2023-24_HDR/HDR23-24_Statistical_Annex_HDI_Table.xlsx">"Human Development Report 2023/2024"</a>. <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Development_Programme" title="United Nations Development Programme">United Nations Development Programme</a>. 19 March 2024. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240319085123/https://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/2023-24_HDR/HDR23-24_Statistical_Annex_HDI_Table.xlsx">Archived</a> from the original on 19 March 2024. Retrieved 19 March 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Human+Development+Report+2023%2F2024&rft.pub=United+Nations+Development+Programme&rft.date=2024-03-19&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhdr.undp.org%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2F2023-24_HDR%2FHDR23-24_Statistical_Annex_HDI_Table.xlsx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANamibia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWells2008" class="citation cs2">Wells, John C. (2008), Longman Pronunciation Dictionary (3rd ed.), Longman, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1405881180" title="Special:BookSources/978-1405881180"><bdi>978-1405881180</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Longman+Pronunciation+Dictionary&rft.edition=3rd&rft.pub=Longman&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-1405881180&rft.aulast=Wells&rft.aufirst=John+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANamibia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoach2011" class="citation cs2">Roach, Peter (2011), Cambridge English Pronouncing Dictionary (18th ed.), Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0521152532" title="Special:BookSources/978-0521152532"><bdi>978-0521152532</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cambridge+English+Pronouncing+Dictionary&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.edition=18th&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0521152532&rft.aulast=Roach&rft.aufirst=Peter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANamibia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPeter_Shadbolt2012" class="citation web cs1">Peter Shadbolt (24 October 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://edition.cnn.com/2012/10/23/world/africa/namibia-eye-on-country-profile/index.html">"Namibia country profile: moving on from a difficult past"</a>. CNN. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200220120821/https://edition.cnn.com/2012/10/23/world/africa/namibia-eye-on-country-profile/index.html">Archived</a> from the original on 20 February 2020. Retrieved 3 June 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Namibia+country+profile%3A+moving+on+from+a+difficult+past&rft.pub=CNN&rft.date=2012-10-24&rft.au=Peter+Shadbolt&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fedition.cnn.com%2F2012%2F10%2F23%2Fworld%2Fafrica%2Fnamibia-eye-on-country-profile%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANamibia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Frieda_1991-22"><a href="#cite_ref-Frieda_1991_22-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilliams1991" class="citation book cs1">Williams, Frieda-Nela (1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.namibiadigitalrepository.com/files/original/e98ba4fc1c8f59083fee9dc64a32083e.pdf">Precolonial Communities of Southwestern Africa: A history of Owambo Kingdoms 1600-1920</a> (PDF). National Archives of Namibia. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240307225349/https://www.namibiadigitalrepository.com/files/original/e98ba4fc1c8f59083fee9dc64a32083e.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 7 March 2024. Retrieved 7 March 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Precolonial+Communities+of+Southwestern+Africa%3A+A+history+of+Owambo+Kingdoms+1600-1920&rft.pub=National+Archives+of+Namibia&rft.date=1991&rft.aulast=Williams&rft.aufirst=Frieda-Nela&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.namibiadigitalrepository.com%2Ffiles%2Foriginal%2Fe98ba4fc1c8f59083fee9dc64a32083e.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANamibia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NY.GDP.MKTP.KD.ZG?locations=NA">"World Bank Open Data"</a>. World Bank Open Data. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240403153207/https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NY.GDP.MKTP.KD.ZG?locations=NA">Archived</a> from the original on 3 April 2024. Retrieved 3 April 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=World+Bank+Open+Data&rft.atitle=World+Bank+Open+Data&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdata.worldbank.org%2Findicator%2FNY.GDP.MKTP.KD.ZG%3Flocations%3DNA&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANamibia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:5-24">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:5_24-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:5_24-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/Country-Profiles/MPI/NAM.pdf">"Multidimensional Poverty Index 2023"</a> (PDF). United Nations Development Programme Human Development Reports. 2023. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240313135944/https://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/Country-Profiles/MPI/NAM.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 13 March 2024. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.namibian.com.na/203451/archive-read/Namibias-ghetto-life-Half-million-live-in-shacks-countrywide">the original</a> on 12 March 2021. Retrieved 3 April 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Namibia%27s+ghetto+life%3A+Half+million+live+in+shacks+countrywide+%E2%80%93+The+Namibian&rft.date=2021-03-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.namibian.com.na%2F203451%2Farchive-read%2FNamibias-ghetto-life-Half-million-live-in-shacks-countrywide&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANamibia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:6-26">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:6_26-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:6_26-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SI.POV.GINI?locations=1W-NA&most_recent_value_desc=true">"World Bank Open Data"</a>. World Bank Open Data. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240403153208/https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SI.POV.GINI?locations=1W-NA&most_recent_value_desc=true">Archived</a> from the original on 3 April 2024. Retrieved 3 April 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=World+Bank+Open+Data&rft.atitle=World+Bank+Open+Data&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdata.worldbank.org%2Findicator%2FSI.POV.GINI%3Flocations%3D1W-NA%26most_recent_value_desc%3Dtrue&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANamibia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-at1315-27">^ <a href="#cite_ref-at1315_27-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-at1315_27-1">b</a> Spriggs, A. (2001) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldwildlife.org/ecoregions/at1315">"Africa: Namibia"</a>. Terrestrial Ecoregions. World Wildlife Fund.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Terrestrial+Ecoregions&rft.atitle=Africa%3A+Namibia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldwildlife.org%2Fecoregions%2Fat1315&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANamibia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.namibian.com.na/127811/archive-read/The-Man-Who-Named-Namibia--Mburumba-Kerina">"The Man Who Named Namibia- Mburumba Kerina"</a>. The Namibian. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210615171358/https://www.namibian.com.na/127811/archive-read/The-Man-Who-Named-Namibia--Mburumba-Kerina">Archived</a> from the original on 15 June 2021. Retrieved 15 June 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Namibian&rft.atitle=The+Man+Who+Named+Namibia-+Mburumba+Kerina&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.namibian.com.na%2F127811%2Farchive-read%2FThe-Man-Who-Named-Namibia--Mburumba-Kerina&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANamibia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBelda2007" class="citation book cs1">Belda, Pascal (May 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=NcsUr8BkqAUC&q=The+dry+lands+of+Namibia+have+been+inhabited+since+early+times+by+San,+Damara,+and+Nama.+Around+the+14th+century,+immigrating+Bantu+people+began+to+arrive+during+the+Bantu+expansion+from+central+Africa.&pg=PA14">Namibia</a>. MTH Multimedia S.L. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-84-935202-1-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-84-935202-1-2"><bdi>978-84-935202-1-2</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240518174457/https://books.google.com/books?id=NcsUr8BkqAUC&q=The+dry+lands+of+Namibia+have+been+inhabited+since+early+times+by+San,+Damara,+and+Nama.+Around+the+14th+century,+immigrating+Bantu+people+began+to+arrive+during+the+Bantu+expansion+from+central+Africa.&pg=PA14#v=snippet&q=The%20dry%20lands%20of%20Namibia%20have%20been%20inhabited%20since%20early%20times%20by%20San%2C%20Damara%2C%20and%20Nama.%20Around%20the%2014th%20century%2C%20immigrating%20Bantu%20people%20began%20to%20arrive%20during%20the%20Bantu%20expansion%20from%20central%20Africa.&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on 18 May 2024. Retrieved 19 October 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Namibia&rft.pub=MTH+Multimedia+S.L.&rft.date=2007-05&rft.isbn=978-84-935202-1-2&rft.aulast=Belda&rft.aufirst=Pascal&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DNcsUr8BkqAUC%26q%3DThe%2Bdry%2Blands%2Bof%2BNamibia%2Bhave%2Bbeen%2Binhabited%2Bsince%2Bearly%2Btimes%2Bby%2BSan%2C%2BDamara%2C%2Band%2BNama.%2BAround%2Bthe%2B14th%2Bcentury%2C%2Bimmigrating%2BBantu%2Bpeople%2Bbegan%2Bto%2Barrive%2Bduring%2Bthe%2BBantu%2Bexpansion%2Bfrom%2Bcentral%2BAfrica.%26pg%3DPA14&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANamibia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-KDA-30"><a href="#cite_ref-KDA_30-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDierks" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Klaus_Dierks" title="Klaus Dierks">Dierks, Klaus</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081015021238/http://www.klausdierks.com/Biographies/Biographies_A.htm">"Biographies of Namibian Personalities, A"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.klausdierks.com/Biographies/Biographies_A.htm">the original</a> on 15 October 2008. Retrieved 24 June 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Biographies+of+Namibian+Personalities%2C+A&rft.aulast=Dierks&rft.aufirst=Klaus&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.klausdierks.com%2FBiographies%2FBiographies_A.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANamibia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Dierks-31"><a href="#cite_ref-Dierks_31-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDierks" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Klaus_Dierks" title="Klaus Dierks">Dierks, Klaus</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190821172028/http://www.klausdierks.com/Warm_Bath/index.htm">"Warmbad becomes two hundred years"</a>. Klausdierks.com. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.klausdierks.com/Warm_Bath/index.htm">the original</a> on 21 August 2019. Retrieved 22 June 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Klausdierks.com&rft.atitle=Warmbad+becomes+two+hundred+years&rft.aulast=Dierks&rft.aufirst=Klaus&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.klausdierks.com%2FWarm_Bath%2Findex.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANamibia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVedder1997177-32"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVedder1997177_32-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFVedder1997">Vedder 1997</a>, p. 177. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVedder1997659-33"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVedder1997659_33-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFVedder1997">Vedder 1997</a>, p. 659. </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFObservador" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Observador. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://observador.pt/2019/05/17/padrao-portugues-com-500-anos-foi-roubado-da-namibia-no-seculo-xix-vai-ser-devolvido/">"Padrão português com 500 anos foi roubado da Namíbia no século XIX. Vai ser devolvido"</a>. Observador (in European Portuguese). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201206022143/https://observador.pt/2019/05/17/padrao-portugues-com-500-anos-foi-roubado-da-namibia-no-seculo-xix-vai-ser-devolvido/">Archived</a> from the original on 6 December 2020. Retrieved 7 December 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Observador&rft.atitle=Padr%C3%A3o+portugu%C3%AAs+com+500+anos+foi+roubado+da+Nam%C3%ADbia+no+s%C3%A9culo+XIX.+Vai+ser+devolvido&rft.au=Observador&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fobservador.pt%2F2019%2F05%2F17%2Fpadrao-portugues-com-500-anos-foi-roubado-da-namibia-no-seculo-xix-vai-ser-devolvido%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANamibia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-finnish-mission-35">^ <a href="#cite_ref-finnish-mission_35-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-finnish-mission_35-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-finnish-mission_35-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://felm.suomenlahetysseura.fi/namibia-30-vuotta-suomalaisilla-oli-merkittava-rooli-namibian-itsenaistymisessa/">"Namibia 30 vuotta – Suomalaisilla oli merkittävä rooli Namibian itsenäistymisessä"</a> (in Finnish). <a href="/wiki/Finnish_Evangelical_Lutheran_Mission" title="Finnish Evangelical Lutheran Mission">Finnish Evangelical Lutheran Mission</a>. 20 March 2020. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230324181423/https://felm.suomenlahetysseura.fi/namibia-30-vuotta-suomalaisilla-oli-merkittava-rooli-namibian-itsenaistymisessa/">Archived</a> from the original on 24 March 2023. Retrieved 11 February 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Namibia+30+vuotta+%E2%80%93+Suomalaisilla+oli+merkitt%C3%A4v%C3%A4+rooli+Namibian+itsen%C3%A4istymisess%C3%A4&rft.pub=Finnish+Evangelical+Lutheran+Mission&rft.date=2020-03-20&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffelm.suomenlahetysseura.fi%2Fnamibia-30-vuotta-suomalaisilla-oli-merkittava-rooli-namibian-itsenaistymisessa%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANamibia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9036573/German-South-West-Africa">"German South West Africa"</a>. Encyclopædia Britannica. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080411130059/http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9036573/German-South-West-Africa">Archived</a> from the original on 11 April 2008. Retrieved 15 April 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=German+South+West+Africa&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Feb%2Farticle-9036573%2FGerman-South-West-Africa&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANamibia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:7-37"><a href="#cite_ref-:7_37-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLechlerMcNamee2018" class="citation journal cs1">Lechler, Marie; McNamee, Lachlan (December 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230515045624/https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/0010414018758760">"Indirect Colonial Rule Undermines Support for Democracy: Evidence From a Natural Experiment in Namibia"</a>. Comparative Political Studies. 51 (14): 1864–1871 (p. 7–14). <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F0010414018758760">10.1177/0010414018758760</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0010-4140">0010-4140</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:158335936">158335936</a>. Archived from the original on 15 May 2023. Retrieved 2 June 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Comparative+Political+Studies&rft.atitle=Indirect+Colonial+Rule+Undermines+Support+for+Democracy%3A+Evidence+From+a+Natural+Experiment+in+Namibia&rft.volume=51&rft.issue=14&rft.pages=1864-1871+%28p.+7-14%29&rft.date=2018-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A158335936%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=0010-4140&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F0010414018758760&rft.aulast=Lechler&rft.aufirst=Marie&rft.au=McNamee%2C+Lachlan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fjournals.sagepub.com%2Fdoi%2F10.1177%2F0010414018758760&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANamibia" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_journal" title="Template:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_bot:_original_URL_status_unknown" title="Category:CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLechlerMcNamee2018" class="citation journal cs1">Lechler, Marie; McNamee, Lachlan (December 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230515045624/https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/0010414018758760">"Indirect Colonial Rule Undermines Support for Democracy: Evidence From a Natural Experiment in Namibia"</a>. Comparative Political Studies. 51 (14): 1865 (p. 8). <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F0010414018758760">10.1177/0010414018758760</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0010-4140">0010-4140</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:158335936">158335936</a>. Archived from the original on 15 May 2023. Retrieved 2 June 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Comparative+Political+Studies&rft.atitle=Indirect+Colonial+Rule+Undermines+Support+for+Democracy%3A+Evidence+From+a+Natural+Experiment+in+Namibia&rft.volume=51&rft.issue=14&rft.pages=1865+%28p.+8%29&rft.date=2018-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A158335936%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=0010-4140&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F0010414018758760&rft.aulast=Lechler&rft.aufirst=Marie&rft.au=McNamee%2C+Lachlan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fjournals.sagepub.com%2Fdoi%2F10.1177%2F0010414018758760&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANamibia" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_journal" title="Template:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_bot:_original_URL_status_unknown" title="Category:CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavid_Olusoga2015" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/David_Olusoga" title="David Olusoga">David Olusoga</a> (18 April 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2015/apr/18/pope-francis-armenian-genocide-first-20th-century-namibia">"Dear Pope Francis, Namibia was the 20th century's first genocide"</a>. The Guardian. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160603191720/http://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2015/apr/18/pope-francis-armenian-genocide-first-20th-century-namibia">Archived</a> from the original on 3 June 2016. Retrieved 26 November 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Dear+Pope+Francis%2C+Namibia+was+the+20th+century%27s+first+genocide&rft.date=2015-04-18&rft.au=David+Olusoga&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fcommentisfree%2F2015%2Fapr%2F18%2Fpope-francis-armenian-genocide-first-20th-century-namibia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANamibia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a> Drechsler, Horst (1980). The actual number of deaths in the limited number of battles with the German Schutztruppe (expeditionary force) were limited; most of the casualties occurred after the fighting had ended. The German military governor <a href="/wiki/Lothar_von_Trotha" title="Lothar von Trotha">Lothar von Trotha</a> issued a punitive order. Many Herero died of disease and abuse in detention camps after being expelled. A substantial minority of Herero crossed the Kalahari desert into the British colony of Bechuanaland (modern-day Botswana), where a small community continues to live in western Botswana near to the border with Namibia. Let us die fighting, originally published (1966) under the title Südwestafrika unter deutscher Kolonialherrschaft. Berlin: Akademie-Verlag. </li> <li id="cite_note-Adhikari-41"><a href="#cite_ref-Adhikari_41-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAdhikari2008" class="citation journal cs1">Adhikari, Mohamed (2008). "'Streams of Blood And Streams of Money': New Perspectives on the Annihilation of the Herero and Nama Peoples of Namibia, 1904–1908". Kronos. 34 (34): 303–320. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/41056613">41056613</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Kronos&rft.atitle=%27Streams+of+Blood+And+Streams+of+Money%27%3A+New+Perspectives+on+the+Annihilation+of+the+Herero+and+Nama+Peoples+of+Namibia%2C+1904%E2%80%931908&rft.volume=34&rft.issue=34&rft.pages=303-320&rft.date=2008&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F41056613%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Adhikari&rft.aufirst=Mohamed&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANamibia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Madley-42"><a href="#cite_ref-Madley_42-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMadley2005" class="citation journal cs1">Madley, Benjamin (2005). "From Africa to Auschwitz: How German South West Africa Incubated Ideas and Methods Adopted and Developed by the Nazis in Eastern Europe". European History Quarterly. 35 (3): 429–464. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F0265691405054218">10.1177/0265691405054218</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:144290873">144290873</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=European+History+Quarterly&rft.atitle=From+Africa+to+Auschwitz%3A+How+German+South+West+Africa+Incubated+Ideas+and+Methods+Adopted+and+Developed+by+the+Nazis+in+Eastern+Europe&rft.volume=35&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=429-464&rft.date=2005&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F0265691405054218&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A144290873%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Madley&rft.aufirst=Benjamin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANamibia" class="Z3988"> says it influenced Nazis. </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKößlerMelber2004" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Kößler, Reinhart; Melber, Henning (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=_b5iRhydlHUC&pg=PA37">"Völkermord und Gedenken: Der Genozid an den Herero und Nama in Deutsch-Südwestafrika 1904–1908"</a>. Jahrbuch zur Geschichte und Wirkung des Holocaust [Genocide and memory: the genocide of the Herero and Nama in German South-West Africa, 1904–08] (in German). Campus Verlag. pp. 37–75. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9783593372822" title="Special:BookSources/9783593372822"><bdi>9783593372822</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230723080753/https://books.google.com/books?id=_b5iRhydlHUC&pg=PA37">Archived</a> from the original on 23 July 2023. Retrieved 7 June 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=V%C3%B6lkermord+und+Gedenken%3A+Der+Genozid+an+den+Herero+und+Nama+in+Deutsch-S%C3%BCdwestafrika+1904%E2%80%931908&rft.btitle=Jahrbuch+zur+Geschichte+und+Wirkung+des+Holocaust&rft.pages=37-75&rft.pub=Campus+Verlag&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=9783593372822&rft.aulast=K%C3%B6%C3%9Fler&rft.aufirst=Reinhart&rft.au=Melber%2C+Henning&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D_b5iRhydlHUC%26pg%3DPA37&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANamibia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAndrew_Meldrum2004" class="citation web cs1">Andrew Meldrum (15 August 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2004/aug/16/germany.andrewmeldrum">"German minister says sorry for genocide in Namibia"</a>. The Guardian. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200504204816/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2004/aug/16/germany.andrewmeldrum">Archived</a> from the original on 4 May 2020. Retrieved 12 December 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=German+minister+says+sorry+for+genocide+in+Namibia&rft.date=2004-08-15&rft.au=Andrew+Meldrum&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fworld%2F2004%2Faug%2F16%2Fgermany.andrewmeldrum&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANamibia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPhilip_Oltermann2021" class="citation web cs1">Philip Oltermann (28 May 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2021/may/28/germany-agrees-to-pay-namibia-11bn-over-historical-herero-nama-genocide">"Germany agrees to pay Namibia €1.1bn over historical Herero-Nama genocide"</a>. The Guardian. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240518174436/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2021/may/28/germany-agrees-to-pay-namibia-11bn-over-historical-herero-nama-genocide">Archived</a> from the original on 18 May 2024. Retrieved 27 August 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Germany+agrees+to+pay+Namibia+%E2%82%AC1.1bn+over+historical+Herero-Nama+genocide&rft.date=2021-05-28&rft.au=Philip+Oltermann&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fworld%2F2021%2Fmay%2F28%2Fgermany-agrees-to-pay-namibia-11bn-over-historical-herero-nama-genocide&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANamibia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Rajagopal-46">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Rajagopal_46-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Rajagopal_46-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRajagopal2003" class="citation book cs1">Rajagopal, Balakrishnan (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/internationallaw00raja">International Law from Below: Development, Social Movements and Third World Resistance</a>. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/internationallaw00raja/page/n66">50</a>–68. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0521016711" title="Special:BookSources/978-0521016711"><bdi>978-0521016711</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=International+Law+from+Below%3A+Development%2C+Social+Movements+and+Third+World+Resistance&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pages=50-68&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0521016711&rft.aulast=Rajagopal&rft.aufirst=Balakrishnan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Finternationallaw00raja&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANamibia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Louis-47">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Louis_47-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Louis_47-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLouis2006" class="citation book cs1">Louis, William Roger (2006). Ends of British Imperialism: The Scramble for Empire, Suez, and Decolonization. London: I.B. Tauris & Company, Ltd. pp. 251–261. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1845113476" title="Special:BookSources/978-1845113476"><bdi>978-1845113476</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ends+of+British+Imperialism%3A+The+Scramble+for+Empire%2C+Suez%2C+and+Decolonization&rft.place=London&rft.pages=251-261&rft.pub=I.B.+Tauris+%26+Company%2C+Ltd&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-1845113476&rft.aulast=Louis&rft.aufirst=William+Roger&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANamibia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Vandenbosch-48">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Vandenbosch_48-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Vandenbosch_48-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Vandenbosch_48-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Vandenbosch_48-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVandenbosch1970" class="citation book cs1">Vandenbosch, Amry (1970). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/southafricaworld00vand">South Africa and the World: The Foreign Policy of Apartheid</a>. Lexington: University Press of Kentucky. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/southafricaworld00vand/page/207">207–224</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0813164946" title="Special:BookSources/978-0813164946"><bdi>978-0813164946</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=South+Africa+and+the+World%3A+The+Foreign+Policy+of+Apartheid&rft.place=Lexington&rft.pages=207-224&rft.pub=University+Press+of+Kentucky&rft.date=1970&rft.isbn=978-0813164946&rft.aulast=Vandenbosch&rft.aufirst=Amry&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsouthafricaworld00vand&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANamibia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-First-49"><a href="#cite_ref-First_49-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFirst1963" class="citation book cs1">First, Ruth (1963). Segal, Ronald (ed.). South West Africa. Baltimore: Penguin Books, Incorporated. pp. 169–193. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0844620619" title="Special:BookSources/978-0844620619"><bdi>978-0844620619</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=South+West+Africa&rft.place=Baltimore&rft.pages=169-193&rft.pub=Penguin+Books%2C+Incorporated&rft.date=1963&rft.isbn=978-0844620619&rft.aulast=First&rft.aufirst=Ruth&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANamibia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Crawford1-50">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Crawford1_50-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Crawford1_50-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCrawford2002" class="citation book cs1">Crawford, Neta (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/argumentchangewo00craw">Argument and Change in World Politics: Ethics, Decolonization, and Humanitarian Intervention</a>. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/argumentchangewo00craw/page/n350">333</a>–336. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0521002790" title="Special:BookSources/978-0521002790"><bdi>978-0521002790</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Argument+and+Change+in+World+Politics%3A+Ethics%2C+Decolonization%2C+and+Humanitarian+Intervention&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pages=333-336&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0521002790&rft.aulast=Crawford&rft.aufirst=Neta&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fargumentchangewo00craw&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANamibia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Devils-51">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Devils_51-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Devils_51-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Devils_51-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHerbsteinEvenson1989" class="citation book cs1">Herbstein, Denis; Evenson, John (1989). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/devilsareamongus00deni">The Devils Are Among Us: The War for Namibia</a>. London: Zed Books Ltd. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/devilsareamongus00deni/page/n26">14</a>–23. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0862328962" title="Special:BookSources/978-0862328962"><bdi>978-0862328962</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Devils+Are+Among+Us%3A+The+War+for+Namibia&rft.place=London&rft.pages=14-23&rft.pub=Zed+Books+Ltd&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=978-0862328962&rft.aulast=Herbstein&rft.aufirst=Denis&rft.au=Evenson%2C+John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fdevilsareamongus00deni&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANamibia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Müller-52">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Müller_52-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Müller_52-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMüller2012" class="citation book cs1">Müller, Johann Alexander (2012). The Inevitable Pipeline into Exile. Botswana's Role in the Namibian Liberation Struggle. Basel, Switzerland: Basler Afrika Bibliographien Namibia Resource Center and Southern Africa Library. pp. 36–41. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3905758290" title="Special:BookSources/978-3905758290"><bdi>978-3905758290</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Inevitable+Pipeline+into+Exile.+Botswana%27s+Role+in+the+Namibian+Liberation+Struggle&rft.place=Basel%2C+Switzerland&rft.pages=36-41&rft.pub=Basler+Afrika+Bibliographien+Namibia+Resource+Center+and+Southern+Africa+Library&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-3905758290&rft.aulast=M%C3%BCller&rft.aufirst=Johann+Alexander&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANamibia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Caprivi-53"><a href="#cite_ref-Caprivi_53-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKangumu2011" class="citation book cs1">Kangumu, Bennett (2011). Contesting Caprivi: A History of Colonial Isolation and Regional Nationalism in Namibia. Basel: Basler Afrika Bibliographien Namibia Resource Center and Southern Africa Library. pp. 143–153. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3905758221" title="Special:BookSources/978-3905758221"><bdi>978-3905758221</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Contesting+Caprivi%3A+A+History+of+Colonial+Isolation+and+Regional+Nationalism+in+Namibia&rft.place=Basel&rft.pages=143-153&rft.pub=Basler+Afrika+Bibliographien+Namibia+Resource+Center+and+Southern+Africa+Library&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-3905758221&rft.aulast=Kangumu&rft.aufirst=Bennett&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANamibia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Moorsom1979-54"><a href="#cite_ref-Moorsom1979_54-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMoorsom1979" class="citation journal cs1">Moorsom, Richard (April 1979). "Labour Consciousness and the 1971–72 Contract Workers Strike in Namibia". Development and Change. 10 (2): 205–231. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1467-7660.1979.tb00041.x">10.1111/j.1467-7660.1979.tb00041.x</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Development+and+Change&rft.atitle=Labour+Consciousness+and+the+1971%E2%80%9372+Contract+Workers+Strike+in+Namibia&rft.volume=10&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=205-231&rft.date=1979-04&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1467-7660.1979.tb00041.x&rft.aulast=Moorsom&rft.aufirst=Richard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANamibia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Devils2-55"><a href="#cite_ref-Devils2_55-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHerbsteinEvenson1989" class="citation book cs1">Herbstein, Denis; Evenson, John (1989). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/devilsareamongus00herb_929">The Devils Are Among Us: The War for Namibia</a>. London: Zed Books Ltd. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/devilsareamongus00herb_929/page/n26">14</a>–23. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0862328962" title="Special:BookSources/978-0862328962"><bdi>978-0862328962</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Devils+Are+Among+Us%3A+The+War+for+Namibia&rft.place=London&rft.pages=14-23&rft.pub=Zed+Books+Ltd&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=978-0862328962&rft.aulast=Herbstein&rft.aufirst=Denis&rft.au=Evenson%2C+John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fdevilsareamongus00herb_929&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANamibia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Dobell-56"><a href="#cite_ref-Dobell_56-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDobell1998" class="citation book cs1">Dobell, Lauren (1998). Swapo's Struggle for Namibia, 1960–1991: War by Other Means. Basel: P. Schlettwein Publishing Switzerland. pp. 27–39. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3908193029" title="Special:BookSources/978-3908193029"><bdi>978-3908193029</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Swapo%27s+Struggle+for+Namibia%2C+1960%E2%80%931991%3A+War+by+Other+Means&rft.place=Basel&rft.pages=27-39&rft.pub=P.+Schlettwein+Publishing+Switzerland&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-3908193029&rft.aulast=Dobell&rft.aufirst=Lauren&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANamibia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Yusuf-57">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Yusuf_57-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Yusuf_57-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Yusuf_57-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYusuf1994" class="citation book cs1">Yusuf, Abdulqawi (1994). African Yearbook of International Law, Volume I. The Hague: Martinus Nijhoff Publishers. pp. 16–34. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7923-2718-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7923-2718-9"><bdi>978-0-7923-2718-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=African+Yearbook+of+International+Law%2C+Volume+I&rft.place=The+Hague&rft.pages=16-34&rft.pub=Martinus+Nijhoff+Publishers&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-0-7923-2718-9&rft.aulast=Yusuf&rft.aufirst=Abdulqawi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANamibia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-MAA-58"><a href="#cite_ref-MAA_58-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPeterHelmoed-Romer_HeitmanPaul_Hannon1991" class="citation book cs1">Peter, Abbott; Helmoed-Romer Heitman; Paul Hannon (1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=t9Aj997IO9gC">Modern African Wars (3): South-West Africa</a>. Osprey Publishing. pp. 5–13. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85532-122-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-85532-122-9"><bdi>978-1-85532-122-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Modern+African+Wars+%283%29%3A+South-West+Africa&rft.pages=5-13&rft.pub=Osprey+Publishing&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=978-1-85532-122-9&rft.aulast=Peter&rft.aufirst=Abbott&rft.au=Helmoed-Romer+Heitman&rft.au=Paul+Hannon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dt9Aj997IO9gC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANamibia" class="Z3988">[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot">permanent dead link</a>‍] </li> <li id="cite_note-Camp-59"><a href="#cite_ref-Camp_59-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilliams2015" class="citation book cs1">Williams, Christian (October 2015). National Liberation in Postcolonial Southern Africa: A Historical Ethnography of SWAPO's Exile Camps. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 73–89. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1107099340" title="Special:BookSources/978-1107099340"><bdi>978-1107099340</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=National+Liberation+in+Postcolonial+Southern+Africa%3A+A+Historical+Ethnography+of+SWAPO%27s+Exile+Camps&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pages=73-89&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2015-10&rft.isbn=978-1107099340&rft.aulast=Williams&rft.aufirst=Christian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANamibia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hughes-60"><a href="#cite_ref-Hughes_60-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHughes2014" class="citation book cs1">Hughes, Geraint (2014). My Enemy's Enemy: Proxy Warfare in International Politics. Brighton: Sussex Academic Press. pp. 73–86. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1845196271" title="Special:BookSources/978-1845196271"><bdi>978-1845196271</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=My+Enemy%27s+Enemy%3A+Proxy+Warfare+in+International+Politics&rft.place=Brighton&rft.pages=73-86&rft.pub=Sussex+Academic+Press&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-1845196271&rft.aulast=Hughes&rft.aufirst=Geraint&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANamibia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Betram-61"><a href="#cite_ref-Betram_61-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBertram1980" class="citation book cs1">Bertram, Christoph (1980). Prospects of Soviet Power in the 1980s. Basingstoke: Palgrave Books. pp. 51–54. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1349052592" title="Special:BookSources/978-1349052592"><bdi>978-1349052592</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Prospects+of+Soviet+Power+in+the+1980s&rft.place=Basingstoke&rft.pages=51-54&rft.pub=Palgrave+Books&rft.date=1980&rft.isbn=978-1349052592&rft.aulast=Bertram&rft.aufirst=Christoph&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANamibia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Vanneman-62"><a href="#cite_ref-Vanneman_62-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVanneman1990" class="citation book cs1">Vanneman, Peter (1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/sovietstrategyin00vann">Soviet Strategy in Southern Africa: Gorbachev's Pragmatic Approach</a>. Stanford: Hoover Institution Press. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/sovietstrategyin00vann/page/41">41–57</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0817989026" title="Special:BookSources/978-0817989026"><bdi>978-0817989026</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Soviet+Strategy+in+Southern+Africa%3A+Gorbachev%27s+Pragmatic+Approach&rft.place=Stanford&rft.pages=41-57&rft.pub=Hoover+Institution+Press&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=978-0817989026&rft.aulast=Vanneman&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsovietstrategyin00vann&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANamibia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Dreyer-63">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Dreyer_63-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dreyer_63-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDreyer1994" class="citation book cs1">Dreyer, Ronald (1994). Namibia and Southern Africa: Regional Dynamics of Decolonization, 1945–90. London: Kegan Paul International. pp. 73–87, 100–116, 192. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0710304711" title="Special:BookSources/978-0710304711"><bdi>978-0710304711</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Namibia+and+Southern+Africa%3A+Regional+Dynamics+of+Decolonization%2C+1945%E2%80%9390&rft.place=London&rft.pages=73-87%2C+100-116%2C+192&rft.pub=Kegan+Paul+International&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-0710304711&rft.aulast=Dreyer&rft.aufirst=Ronald&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANamibia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Shultz-64"><a href="#cite_ref-Shultz_64-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShultz1988" class="citation book cs1">Shultz, Richard (1988). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/sovietunionrevo00shul/page/121">Soviet Union and Revolutionary Warfare: Principles, Practices, and Regional Comparisons</a>. Stanford, California: Hoover Institution Press. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/sovietunionrevo00shul/page/121">121–123, 140–145</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0817987114" title="Special:BookSources/978-0817987114"><bdi>978-0817987114</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Soviet+Union+and+Revolutionary+Warfare%3A+Principles%2C+Practices%2C+and+Regional+Comparisons&rft.place=Stanford%2C+California&rft.pages=121-123%2C+140-145&rft.pub=Hoover+Institution+Press&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=978-0817987114&rft.aulast=Shultz&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsovietunionrevo00shul%2Fpage%2F121&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANamibia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-SACP-65"><a href="#cite_ref-SACP_65-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSechabaEllis1992" class="citation book cs1">Sechaba, Tsepo; Ellis, Stephen (1992). Comrades Against Apartheid: The ANC & the South African Communist Party in Exile. Bloomington: Indiana University Press. pp. 184–187. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0253210623" title="Special:BookSources/978-0253210623"><bdi>978-0253210623</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Comrades+Against+Apartheid%3A+The+ANC+%26+the+South+African+Communist+Party+in+Exile&rft.place=Bloomington&rft.pages=184-187&rft.pub=Indiana+University+Press&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=978-0253210623&rft.aulast=Sechaba&rft.aufirst=Tsepo&rft.au=Ellis%2C+Stephen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANamibia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-James-66"><a href="#cite_ref-James_66-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJames_III2011" class="citation book cs1">James III, W. Martin (2011) [1992]. A Political History of the Civil War in Angola: 1974–1990. New Brunswick: Transaction Publishers. pp. 207–214, 239–245. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4128-1506-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4128-1506-2"><bdi>978-1-4128-1506-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Political+History+of+the+Civil+War+in+Angola%3A+1974%E2%80%931990&rft.place=New+Brunswick&rft.pages=207-214%2C+239-245&rft.pub=Transaction+Publishers&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-1-4128-1506-2&rft.aulast=James+III&rft.aufirst=W.+Martin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANamibia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sitkowski-67">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Sitkowski_67-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sitkowski_67-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSitkowski2006" class="citation book cs1">Sitkowski, Andrzej (2006). UN peacekeeping: myth and reality. Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Publishing Group. pp. 80–86. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-275-99214-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-275-99214-9"><bdi>978-0-275-99214-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=UN+peacekeeping%3A+myth+and+reality&rft.place=Westport%2C+Connecticut&rft.pages=80-86&rft.pub=Greenwood+Publishing+Group&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-275-99214-9&rft.aulast=Sitkowski&rft.aufirst=Andrzej&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANamibia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Clairborne-68"><a href="#cite_ref-Clairborne_68-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFClairborne1989" class="citation news cs1">Clairborne, John (7 April 1989). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/politics/1989/04/07/swapo-incursion-into-namibia-seen-as-major-blunder-by-nujoma/7182b414-2fd3-4036-b3f8-be9debd58840/">"SWAPO Incursion into Namibia Seen as Major Blunder by Nujoma"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Washington_Post" title="The Washington Post">The Washington Post</a>. Washington DC. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180429092224/https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/politics/1989/04/07/swapo-incursion-into-namibia-seen-as-major-blunder-by-nujoma/7182b414-2fd3-4036-b3f8-be9debd58840/">Archived</a> from the original on 29 April 2018. Retrieved 18 February 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=SWAPO+Incursion+into+Namibia+Seen+as+Major+Blunder+by+Nujoma&rft.date=1989-04-07&rft.aulast=Clairborne&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Farchive%2Fpolitics%2F1989%2F04%2F07%2Fswapo-incursion-into-namibia-seen-as-major-blunder-by-nujoma%2F7182b414-2fd3-4036-b3f8-be9debd58840%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANamibia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Demob-69"><a href="#cite_ref-Demob_69-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCollettaKostnerWiederhofer1996" class="citation book cs1">Colletta, Nat; Kostner, Markus; Wiederhofer, Indo (1996). Case Studies of War-To-Peace Transition: The Demobilization and Reintegration of Ex-Combatants in Ethiopia, Namibia, and Uganda. Washington DC: <a href="/wiki/World_Bank" title="World Bank">World Bank</a>. pp. 127–142. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0821336748" title="Special:BookSources/978-0821336748"><bdi>978-0821336748</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Case+Studies+of+War-To-Peace+Transition%3A+The+Demobilization+and+Reintegration+of+Ex-Combatants+in+Ethiopia%2C+Namibia%2C+and+Uganda&rft.place=Washington+DC&rft.pages=127-142&rft.pub=World+Bank&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-0821336748&rft.aulast=Colletta&rft.aufirst=Nat&rft.au=Kostner%2C+Markus&rft.au=Wiederhofer%2C+Indo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANamibia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-NYT1989-70">^ <a href="#cite_ref-NYT1989_70-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-NYT1989_70-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-NYT1989_70-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1989/11/15/world/namibia-rebel-group-wins-vote-but-it-falls-short-of-full-control.html">"Namibia Rebel Group Wins Vote, But It Falls Short of Full Control"</a>. The New York Times. 15 November 1989. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141027123928/http://www.nytimes.com/1989/11/15/world/namibia-rebel-group-wins-vote-but-it-falls-short-of-full-control.html">Archived</a> from the original on 27 October 2014. Retrieved 20 June 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Namibia+Rebel+Group+Wins+Vote%2C+But+It+Falls+Short+of+Full+Control&rft.date=1989-11-15&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1989%2F11%2F15%2Fworld%2Fnamibia-rebel-group-wins-vote-but-it-falls-short-of-full-control.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANamibia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sahistory.org.za/dated-event/namibia-gains-independence">Namibia gains Independence</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230211142900/https://www.sahistory.org.za/dated-event/namibia-gains-independence">Archived</a> 11 February 2023 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> – South African History Online </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDierks" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Klaus_Dierks" title="Klaus Dierks">Dierks, Klaus</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.klausdierks.com/Chronology/132.htm">"7. The Period after Namibian Independence"</a>. Klausdierks.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200523021428/http://www.klausdierks.com/Chronology/132.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 23 May 2020. Retrieved 21 August 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=7.+The+Period+after+Namibian+Independence&rft.pub=Klausdierks.com&rft.aulast=Dierks&rft.aufirst=Klaus&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.klausdierks.com%2FChronology%2F132.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANamibia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.un.org/Depts/los/LEGISLATIONANDTREATIES/PDFFILES/TREATIES/ZAF-NAM1994OI.PDF">"Treaty between the Government of the Republic of South Africa and the Government of the Republic of Namibia with respect to Walvis Bay and the off-shore Islands, 28 February 1994"</a> (PDF). United Nations. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200519121348/https://www.un.org/Depts/los/LEGISLATIONANDTREATIES/PDFFILES/TREATIES/ZAF-NAM1994OI.PDF">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 19 May 2020. Retrieved 29 June 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Treaty+between+the+Government+of+the+Republic+of+South+Africa+and+the+Government+of+the+Republic+of+Namibia+with+respect+to+Walvis+Bay+and+the+off-shore+Islands%2C+28+February+1994&rft.pub=United+Nations&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.un.org%2FDepts%2Flos%2FLEGISLATIONANDTREATIES%2FPDFFILES%2FTREATIES%2FZAF-NAM1994OI.PDF&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANamibia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100705012456/http://www.thecommonwealth.org/news/34580/34581/224187/250510spotlightonnamibia.htm">"Country report: Spotlight on Namibia"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_of_Nations" title="Commonwealth of Nations">Commonwealth</a> Secretariat. 25 May 2010. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thecommonwealth.org/news/34580/34581/224187/250510spotlightonnamibia.htm">the original</a> on 5 July 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Country+report%3A+Spotlight+on+Namibia&rft.pub=Commonwealth+Secretariat&rft.date=2010-05-25&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thecommonwealth.org%2Fnews%2F34580%2F34581%2F224187%2F250510spotlightonnamibia.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANamibia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-IRIN-75">^ <a href="#cite_ref-IRIN_75-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-IRIN_75-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100217173041/http://www.irinnews.org/country.aspx?CountryCode=NA&RegionCode=SAF">"IRIN country profile Namibia"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_New_Humanitarian" title="The New Humanitarian">IRIN</a>. March 2007. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.irinnews.org/country.aspx?CountryCode=NA&RegionCode=SAF">the original</a> on 17 February 2010. Retrieved 12 July 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=IRIN+country+profile+Namibia&rft.date=2007-03&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.irinnews.org%2Fcountry.aspx%3FCountryCode%3DNA%26RegionCode%3DSAF&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANamibia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-30285987">"Namibian presidential election won by Swapo's Hage Geingob"</a>. BBC News. 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Retrieved 14 May 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=8+Hits+of+the+Venice+Biennale&rft.date=2024-04-19&rft.issn=0362-4331&rft.aulast=Farago&rft.aufirst=Jason&rft.au=Marshall%2C+Alex&rft.au=Halperin%2C+Julia&rft.au=Steinhauer%2C+Jillian&rft.au=Small%2C+Zachary&rft.au=Kelbaugh%2C+Casey&rft.au=Mayda%2C+Matteo+de&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2024%2F04%2F19%2Farts%2Fdesign%2F8-hits-of-the-venice-biennale.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANamibia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-235"><a href="#cite_ref-235">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.labiennale.org/en/art/2022/national-participations/namibia">"Namibia: A Bridge to the Desert"</a>. La Biennale di Venezia Arte 2022. 15 April 2022. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240509172011/https://www.labiennale.org/en/art/2022/national-participations/namibia">Archived</a> from the original on 9 May 2024. 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Das alte Südwestafrika. Südwestafrikas Geschichte bis zum Tode Mahareros 1890 [The old South-West Africa. South-West Africa's history until Maharero's death 1890] (in German) (7th ed.). Windhoek: Namibia Scientific Society. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-949995-33-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-949995-33-9"><bdi>978-0-949995-33-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Das+alte+S%C3%BCdwestafrika.+S%C3%BCdwestafrikas+Geschichte+bis+zum+Tode+Mahareros+1890&rft.place=Windhoek&rft.edition=7th&rft.pub=Namibia+Scientific+Society&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0-949995-33-9&rft.aulast=Vedder&rft.aufirst=Heinrich&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANamibia" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOlusogaErichsen2010" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/David_Olusoga" title="David Olusoga">Olusoga, David</a>; Erichsen, Casper W. (2010). The Kaiser's Holocaust: Germany's Forgotten Genocide. London, England: Farber and Farber. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-571-23142-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-571-23142-3"><bdi>978-0-571-23142-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Kaiser%27s+Holocaust%3A+Germany%27s+Forgotten+Genocide&rft.place=London%2C+England&rft.pub=Farber+and+Farber&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-571-23142-3&rft.aulast=Olusoga&rft.aufirst=David&rft.au=Erichsen%2C+Casper+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANamibia" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBesenyo2013" class="citation journal cs1">Besenyo, Molnar (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141217203716/http://knbsz.gov.hu/hu/letoltes/szsz/2013_1_spec.pdf">"UN peacekeeping in Namibia"</a> (PDF). Tradecraft Review (2013/1. Special Issue). Budapest, Hungary: Military National Security Service: 93–109. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://knbsz.gov.hu/hu/letoltes/szsz/2013_1_spec.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 17 December 2014. Retrieved 8 November 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Tradecraft+Review&rft.atitle=UN+peacekeeping+in+Namibia&rft.issue=2013%2F1.+Special+Issue&rft.pages=93-109&rft.date=2013&rft.aulast=Besenyo&rft.aufirst=Molnar&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fknbsz.gov.hu%2Fhu%2Fletoltes%2Fszsz%2F2013_1_spec.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANamibia" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Christy, S. A. (2007). Namibian Travel Photography.</li> <li>Horn, N/Bösl, A (eds.). Human rights and the rule of law in Namibia, Macmillan Namibia, 2008.</li> <li>Horn, N/Bösl, A (eds.). The independence of the judiciary in Namibia, Macmillan Namibia, 2008.</li> <li>KAS Factbook Namibia, Facts and figures about the status and development of Namibia, Ed. Konrad-Adenauer-Stiftung e.V.</li> <li><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Claude_Fritz" class="extiw" title="fr:Jean-Claude Fritz">Fritz, Jean-Claude</a>. La Namibie indépendante. Les coûts d'une décolonisation retardée, Paris: <a href="/wiki/L%27Harmattan" title="L'Harmattan">L'Harmattan</a>, 1991.</li> <li>World Almanac. 2004. New York, NY: World Almanac Books.</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Namibia&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235611614">.mw-parser-output .spoken-wikipedia{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);margin:0.5em 0;padding:0.2em;line-height:1.5em;font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .spoken-wikipedia-header{text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .spoken-wikipedia-listen-to{font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .spoken-wikipedia-files{text-align:center;margin-top:10px;margin-bottom:0.4em}.mw-parser-output .spoken-wikipedia-icon{float:left;margin-left:5px;margin-top:10px}.mw-parser-output .spoken-wikipedia-disclaimer{margin-left:60px;margin-top:10px;font-size:95%;line-height:1.4em}.mw-parser-output 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class="side-box metadata side-box-right mw-collapsible mw-collapsed sister-box sistersitebox plainlinks"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-abovebelow" style="clear: both"> Namibia at Wikipedia's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikimedia_sister_projects" title="Wikipedia:Wikimedia sister projects">sister projects</a></div> <div class="side-box-flex mw-collapsible-content"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/27px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/41px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/54px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="391" data-file-height="391" /><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Special:Search/Namibia" class="extiw" title="wikt:Special:Search/Namibia">Definitions</a> from Wiktionary</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/20px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Namibia" class="extiw" title="c:Namibia">Media</a> from Commons</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/27px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/41px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/54px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="759" data-file-height="415" /><a href="https://en.wikinews.org/wiki/Category:Namibia" class="extiw" title="n:Category:Namibia">News</a> from Wikinews</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/23px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/35px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/46px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Namibia" class="extiw" title="q:Namibia">Quotations</a> from Wikiquote</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/26px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="26" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/39px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/51px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Special:Search/Namibia" class="extiw" title="s:Special:Search/Namibia">Texts</a> from Wikisource</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/27px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/41px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/54px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /><a href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:Search/Namibia" class="extiw" title="b:Special:Search/Namibia">Textbooks</a> from Wikibooks</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/27px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/41px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/54px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="626" data-file-height="512" /><a href="https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Special:Search/Namibia" class="extiw" title="v:Special:Search/Namibia">Resources</a> from Wikiversity</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/27px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/41px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/54px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="193" data-file-height="193" /><a href="https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Namibia" class="extiw" title="voy:Namibia">Travel information</a> from Wikivoyage</li></ul></div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/namibia/">Namibia</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210110010829/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/namibia">Archived</a> 10 January 2021 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_World_Factbook" title="The World Factbook">The World Factbook</a>. <a href="/wiki/Central_Intelligence_Agency" title="Central Intelligence Agency">Central Intelligence Agency</a>.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160303221805/http://ucblibraries.colorado.edu/govpubs/for/namibia.htm">Namibia</a> from UCB Libraries GovPubs (archived 3 March 2016)</li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Gnome-globe.svg/16px-Gnome-globe.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Gnome-globe.svg/24px-Gnome-globe.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Gnome-globe.svg/32px-Gnome-globe.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Atlas_of_Namibia" class="extiw" title="commons:Atlas of Namibia">Wikimedia Atlas of Namibia</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ifs.du.edu/ifs/frm_CountryProfile.aspx?Country=NA">Key Development Forecasts for Namibia</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121011142941/http://www.ifs.du.edu/ifs/frm_CountryProfile.aspx?Country=NA">Archived</a> 11 October 2012 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> from <a href="/wiki/International_Futures" title="International Futures">International Futures</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20121203072358/http://www.grnnet.gov.na/">Republic of Namibia</a> Government Portal (archived 3 December 2012)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081210072855/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/world-leaders-1/world-leaders-n/namibia.html">Chief of State and Cabinet Members</a> (archived 10 December 2008)</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Namibia_topics" title="Template:Namibia topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Namibia_topics" title="Template talk:Namibia topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Namibia_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Namibia topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Namibia_articles" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Namibia</a> <a href="/wiki/Index_of_Namibia-related_articles" title="Index of Namibia-related articles">articles</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Namibia" title="History of Namibia">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_colonial_governors_of_South_West_Africa" title="List of colonial governors of South West Africa">Colonial governors</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_colonial_governors_of_Walvis_Bay" title="List of colonial governors of Walvis Bay">Walvis Bay</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_South_West_Africa" title="German South West Africa">German South West Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herero_and_Namaqua_genocide" class="mw-redirect" title="Herero and Namaqua genocide">Herero genocide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_West_Africa_campaign" title="South West Africa campaign">World War I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_West_Africa" title="South West Africa">Mandate and occupation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bantustan#Bantustans_in_South_West_Africa" title="Bantustan">Bantustans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apartheid" title="Apartheid">Apartheid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SWAPO" title="SWAPO">SWAPO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_African_Border_War" title="South African Border War">South African Border War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tripartite_Accord_(1988)" title="Tripartite Accord (1988)">Tripartite Accord</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caprivi_conflict" title="Caprivi conflict">Caprivi conflict</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="5" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Namibia" title="Flag of Namibia"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Flag_of_Namibia.svg/100px-Flag_of_Namibia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="67" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Flag_of_Namibia.svg/150px-Flag_of_Namibia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Flag_of_Namibia.svg/200px-Flag_of_Namibia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Namibia" title="Geography of Namibia">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Regions_of_Namibia" title="Regions of Namibia">Regions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_and_towns_in_Namibia" title="List of cities and towns in Namibia">Cities and towns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_villages_and_settlements_in_Namibia" title="List of villages and settlements in Namibia">Villages and settlements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geology_of_Namibia" title="Geology of Namibia">Geology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Escarpment,_Southern_Africa" title="Great Escarpment, Southern Africa">Great Escarpment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_Namibia" title="List of islands of Namibia">Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalahari_Desert" title="Kalahari Desert">Kalahari Desert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Namib" title="Namib">Namib Desert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ecoregions_in_Namibia" title="List of ecoregions in Namibia">Ecoregions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_national_parks_of_Namibia" title="List of national parks of Namibia">Protected areas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communal_wildlife_conservancies_in_Namibia" title="Communal wildlife conservancies in Namibia">Conservation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wildlife_of_Namibia" title="Wildlife of Namibia">Wildlife</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Namibia" title="Politics of Namibia">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Namibia,_Land_of_the_Brave" title="Namibia, Land of the Brave">Anthem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cabinet_of_Namibia" title="Cabinet of Namibia">Cabinet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Namibia" title="Coat of arms of Namibia">Coat of arms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_constituencies_of_Namibia" title="List of constituencies of Namibia">Constituencies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Namibia" title="Constitution of Namibia">Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Namibia" title="Elections in Namibia">Elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Namibia" title="Foreign relations of Namibia">Foreign relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Namibia" title="Government of Namibia">Government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Namibia" title="Human rights in Namibia">Human rights</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Namibia" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Namibia">LGBT</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Land_reform_in_Namibia" title="Land reform in Namibia">Land reform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Namibian_Defence_Force" title="Namibian Defence Force">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Namibia" title="Parliament of Namibia">Parliament</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Council_(Namibia)" title="National Council (Namibia)">National Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Assembly_(Namibia)" title="National Assembly (Namibia)">National Assembly</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Namibia" title="List of political parties in Namibia">Political parties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Namibia" title="President of Namibia">President</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vice-President_of_Namibia" title="Vice-President of Namibia">Vice-President</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Namibia" title="Prime Minister of Namibia">Prime Minister</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deputy-Prime_Minister_of_Namibia" title="Deputy-Prime Minister of Namibia">Deputy-Prime Minister</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Namibia" title="Supreme Court of Namibia">Supreme Court</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Namibia" title="Economy of Namibia">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_Namibia" title="Agriculture in Namibia">Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_companies_of_Namibia" title="List of companies of Namibia">Companies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mining_in_Namibia" title="Mining in Namibia">Mining</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_state-owned_enterprises_in_Namibia" title="List of state-owned enterprises in Namibia">State-owned enterprises</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Namibian_Stock_Exchange" title="Namibian Stock Exchange">Stock Exchange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taxation_in_Namibia" title="Taxation in Namibia">Taxation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Namibia" title="Telecommunications in Namibia">Telecommunications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Namibia" title="Tourism in Namibia">Tourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Namibia" title="Transport in Namibia">Transport</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Society_of_Namibia" title="Category:Society of Namibia">Society</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Namibian_cuisine" title="Namibian cuisine">Cuisine</a> (<a href="/wiki/Namibian_wine" title="Namibian wine">wine</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Culture_of_Namibia" title="Category:Culture of Namibia">Culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Namibia" title="Demographics of Namibia">Demographics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Namibia" title="Education in Namibia">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Ethnic_groups_in_Namibia" title="Category:Ethnic groups in Namibia">Ethnic groups</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Namibia" title="Flag of Namibia">Flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Namibia" title="Languages of Namibia">Languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Namibians" title="List of Namibians">List of Namibians</a></li> <li>Living conditions <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Health_in_Namibia" title="Health in Namibia">Health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poverty_in_Namibia" title="Poverty in Namibia">Poverty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_Namibia" title="Water supply and sanitation in Namibia">Sanitation and water supply</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Squatting_in_Namibia" title="Squatting in Namibia">Squatting</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_media_in_Namibia" title="Mass media in Namibia">Media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Namibia" title="Music of Namibia">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_Namibia" title="Public holidays in Namibia">Public holidays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Namibia" title="Religion in Namibia">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sport_in_Namibia" title="Sport in Namibia">Sports</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3" style="font-weight:bold;"><div><div style="margin-bottom:-0.4em;"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Namibia" title="Outline of Namibia">Outline</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_Namibia-related_articles" title="Index of Namibia-related articles">Index</a></li></ul></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Namibia" title="Category:Namibia">Category</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Articles_relating_to_Namibia" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#e8e8ff;"><div id="Articles_relating_to_Namibia" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Articles relating to Namibia</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;font-size:114%"><div style="padding:0px"> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Countries_and_territories_of_Africa" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Countries_of_Africa" title="Template:Countries of Africa"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Countries_of_Africa" title="Template talk:Countries of Africa"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Countries_of_Africa" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Countries of Africa"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Countries_and_territories_of_Africa" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_sovereign_states_and_dependent_territories_in_Africa" title="List of sovereign states and dependent territories in Africa">Countries and territories</a> of <a href="/wiki/Africa" title="Africa">Africa</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sovereign_state" title="Sovereign state">Sovereign states</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Algeria" title="Algeria">Algeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angola" title="Angola">Angola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benin" title="Benin">Benin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Botswana" title="Botswana">Botswana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burkina_Faso" title="Burkina Faso">Burkina Faso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burundi" title="Burundi">Burundi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cameroon" title="Cameroon">Cameroon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cape_Verde" title="Cape Verde">Cape Verde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_African_Republic" title="Central African Republic">Central African Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chad" title="Chad">Chad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comoros" title="Comoros">Comoros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Democratic Republic of the Congo">Democratic Republic of the Congo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Republic of the Congo">Republic of the Congo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Djibouti" title="Djibouti">Djibouti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a> (partly in Asia)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equatorial_Guinea" title="Equatorial Guinea">Equatorial Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eritrea" title="Eritrea">Eritrea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eswatini" title="Eswatini">Eswatini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethiopia" title="Ethiopia">Ethiopia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabon" title="Gabon">Gabon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Gambia" title="The Gambia">The Gambia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghana" title="Ghana">Ghana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guinea" title="Guinea">Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guinea-Bissau" title="Guinea-Bissau">Guinea-Bissau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ivory_Coast" title="Ivory Coast">Ivory Coast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenya" title="Kenya">Kenya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lesotho" title="Lesotho">Lesotho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberia" title="Liberia">Liberia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libya" title="Libya">Libya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madagascar" title="Madagascar">Madagascar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malawi" title="Malawi">Malawi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mali" title="Mali">Mali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mauritania" title="Mauritania">Mauritania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mauritius" title="Mauritius">Mauritius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morocco" title="Morocco">Morocco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mozambique" title="Mozambique">Mozambique</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Namibia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niger" title="Niger">Niger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nigeria" title="Nigeria">Nigeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rwanda" title="Rwanda">Rwanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%A3o_Tom%C3%A9_and_Pr%C3%ADncipe" title="São Tomé and Príncipe">São Tomé and Príncipe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senegal" title="Senegal">Senegal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seychelles" title="Seychelles">Seychelles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sierra_Leone" title="Sierra Leone">Sierra Leone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somalia" title="Somalia">Somalia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa">South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Sudan" title="South Sudan">South Sudan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sudan" title="Sudan">Sudan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanzania" title="Tanzania">Tanzania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Togo" title="Togo">Togo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tunisia" title="Tunisia">Tunisia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uganda" title="Uganda">Uganda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zambia" title="Zambia">Zambia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zimbabwe" title="Zimbabwe">Zimbabwe</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="4" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px;padding:0 0.5em;"><div><a href="/wiki/Africa" title="Africa"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Africa_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/100px-Africa_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Africa_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/150px-Africa_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Africa_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/200px-Africa_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="550" data-file-height="550" /></a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_states_with_limited_recognition" title="List of states with limited recognition">States with limited recognition</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sahrawi_Arab_Democratic_Republic" title="Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic">Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic</a> (<a href="/wiki/Territorial_dispute" title="Territorial dispute">unclear sovereignty</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somaliland" title="Somaliland">Somaliland</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Dependent_territory" title="Dependent territory">Dependent territories</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">France</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Scattered_Islands_in_the_Indian_Ocean" title="Scattered Islands in the Indian Ocean">Îles Éparses</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">United Kingdom</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Saint_Helena,_Ascension_and_Tristan_da_Cunha" title="Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha">Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">African territories fully part of non-African states</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">France</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mayotte" title="Mayotte">Mayotte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R%C3%A9union" title="Réunion">Réunion</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Italy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pantelleria" title="Pantelleria">Pantelleria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pelagie_Islands" title="Pelagie Islands">Pelagie Islands</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Portugal</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Madeira" title="Madeira">Madeira</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Savage_Islands" title="Savage Islands">Savage Islands</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Spain</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Canary_Islands" title="Canary Islands">Canary Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ceuta" title="Ceuta">Ceuta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melilla" title="Melilla">Melilla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plazas_de_soberan%C3%ADa" title="Plazas de soberanía">Plazas de soberanía</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Yemen</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Socotra" title="Socotra">Socotra</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Africa" title="Category:Africa">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Africa" title="Portal:Africa">Africa portal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Former_German_colonies_and_protectorates" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Former_German_colonies" title="Template:Former German colonies"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Former_German_colonies" title="Template talk:Former German colonies"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Former_German_colonies" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Former German colonies"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Former_German_colonies_and_protectorates" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_former_German_colonies" title="List of former German colonies">Former German colonies and protectorates</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Colonies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em"><a href="/wiki/German_colonization_of_Africa" title="German colonization of Africa">Africa</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/German_East_Africa" title="German East Africa">East Africa</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kionga_Triangle" title="Kionga Triangle">Kionga Triangle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wituland" title="Wituland">Wituland</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_South_West_Africa" title="German South West Africa">South West Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_West_Africa" title="German West Africa">West Africa</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kamerun" title="Kamerun">Kamerun</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neukamerun" title="Neukamerun">Neukamerun</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kapita%C3%AF_and_Koba" title="Kapitaï and Koba">Kapitaï and Koba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahinland" title="Mahinland">Mahinland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Togoland" title="Togoland">Togoland</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em">Oceania</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/German_New_Guinea" title="German New Guinea">New Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_Samoa" title="German Samoa">Samoa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image plainlist" rowspan="3" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/File:Reichskolonialflagge.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Flag of the German colonial empire"><img alt="Flag of the German colonial empire" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Reichskolonialflagge.svg/100px-Reichskolonialflagge.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="67" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Reichskolonialflagge.svg/150px-Reichskolonialflagge.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Reichskolonialflagge.svg/200px-Reichskolonialflagge.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1800" data-file-height="1200" /></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/International_zone#Concessions" title="International zone">Concessions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="China" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em">China</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kiautschou_Bay_Leased_Territory" title="Kiautschou Bay Leased Territory">Kiautschou Bay</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Qingdao" title="Qingdao">Tsingtao</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_concession_of_Tianjin" title="German concession of Tianjin">Tientsin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Unrecognised</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Antarctica" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em">Antarctica</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/New_Swabia" title="New Swabia">New Swabia</a> (claimed by <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Nazi Germany</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Southern_African_Development_Community_(SADC)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Southern_African_Development_Community" title="Template:Southern African Development Community"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Southern_African_Development_Community" title="Template talk:Southern African Development Community"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Southern_African_Development_Community" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Southern African Development Community"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Southern_African_Development_Community_(SADC)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Southern_African_Development_Community" title="Southern African Development Community">Southern African Development Community</a> (SADC)</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Member states</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Angola" title="Angola">Angola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Botswana" title="Botswana">Botswana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Democratic Republic of the Congo">Democratic Republic of the Congo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eswatini" title="Eswatini">Eswatini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lesotho" title="Lesotho">Lesotho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madagascar" title="Madagascar">Madagascar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malawi" title="Malawi">Malawi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mauritius" title="Mauritius">Mauritius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mozambique" title="Mozambique">Mozambique</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Namibia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seychelles" title="Seychelles">Seychelles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa">South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanzania" title="Tanzania">Tanzania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zambia" title="Zambia">Zambia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zimbabwe" title="Zimbabwe">Zimbabwe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Leaders</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Chairpersons</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Levy_Mwanawasa" title="Levy Mwanawasa">Levy Mwanawasa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kgalema_Motlanthe" title="Kgalema Motlanthe">Kgalema Motlanthe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Secretaries-General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kaire_Mbuende" title="Kaire Mbuende">Kaire Mbuende</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prega_Ramsamy" title="Prega Ramsamy">Prega Ramsamy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tomaz_Salom%C3%A3o" title="Tomaz Salomão">Tomaz Salomão</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Southern_African_Development_Coordination_Conference" title="Southern African Development Coordination Conference">Southern African Development Coordination Conference (forerunner)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_African_Customs_Union" title="Southern African Customs Union">Southern African Customs Union (SACU)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Common_Monetary_Area" title="Common Monetary Area">Common Monetary Area (CMA)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Common_Market_for_Eastern_and_Southern_Africa" title="Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa">Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa (COMESA)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="African_Union" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:African_Union" title="Template:African Union"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:African_Union" title="Template talk:African Union"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:African_Union" title="Special:EditPage/Template:African Union"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="African_Union" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/African_Union" title="African Union">African Union</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_African_Union" title="History of the African Union">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pan-Africanism" title="Pan-Africanism">Pan-Africanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decolonisation_of_Africa" title="Decolonisation of Africa">Decolonisation of Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Casablanca_Group" title="Casablanca Group">Casablanca Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monrovia_Group" title="Monrovia Group">Monrovia Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_and_Malagasy_Union" title="African and Malagasy Union">African and Malagasy Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Monetary_Union" title="African Monetary Union">Abuja Treaty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sirte_Declaration" title="Sirte Declaration">Sirte Declaration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitutive_Act_of_the_African_Union" title="Constitutive Act of the African Union">Lome Summit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organisation_of_African_Unity" title="Organisation of African Unity">Organisation of African Unity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chairperson_of_the_Organisation_of_African_Unity" title="Chairperson of the Organisation of African Unity">Chairperson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secretary_General_of_the_Organisation_of_African_Unity" title="Secretary General of the Organisation of African Unity">Secretary General</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_the_African_Union" title="Geography of the African Union">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Countries_bordering_the_African_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="Countries bordering the African Union">Borders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extreme_points_of_the_African_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="Extreme points of the African Union">Extreme points</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Member_states_of_the_African_Union" title="Member states of the African Union">Member states</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regions_of_the_African_Union" title="Regions of the African Union">Regions</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Organs_of_the_African_Union" title="Organs of the African Union">Organs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Executive_Council_of_the_African_Union" title="Executive Council of the African Union">Executive Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Permanent_Representatives%27_Committee_of_the_African_Union" title="Permanent Representatives' Committee of the African Union">Permanent Representatives' Committee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Specialised_Technical_Committees_of_the_African_Union" title="Specialised Technical Committees of the African Union">Specialized Technical Committees</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Assembly_of_the_African_Union" title="Assembly of the African Union">Assembly</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chairperson_of_the_African_Union" title="Chairperson of the African Union">Chairperson</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/African_Union_Commission" title="African Union Commission">Commission</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chairperson_of_the_African_Union_Commission" title="Chairperson of the African Union Commission">Chairperson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chairperson_of_the_African_Union_Commission" title="Chairperson of the African Union Commission">Deputy Chairperson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Union_Conference_Center_and_Office_Complex" title="African Union Conference Center and Office Complex">AUCC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2025_African_Union_Commission_Chairperson_election" title="2025 African Union Commission Chairperson election">2025 election</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pan-African_Parliament" title="Pan-African Parliament">Pan-African Parliament</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bureau_of_the_Pan-African_Parliament" title="Bureau of the Pan-African Parliament">Bureau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secretariat_of_the_Pan-African_Parliament" title="Secretariat of the Pan-African Parliament">Secretariat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gallagher_Convention_Centre" title="Gallagher Convention Centre">Gallagher Estate</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Court_of_Justice_of_the_African_Union" title="Court of Justice of the African Union">African Court of Justice</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_Court_on_Human_and_Peoples%27_Rights" title="African Court on Human and Peoples' Rights">African Court on Human and Peoples' Rights</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economic,_Social_and_Cultural_Council" title="Economic, Social and Cultural Council">ECOSOCC Committees</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Peace_and_Security_Committee" title="Peace and Security Committee">Peace and Security</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_Affairs_Committee_(African_Union)" title="Political Affairs Committee (African Union)">Political Affairs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infrastructure_and_Energy_Committee" title="Infrastructure and Energy Committee">Infrastructure and Energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_Affairs_and_Health_Committee" title="Social Affairs and Health Committee">Social Affairs and Health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_Resources,_Science,_and_Technology_Committee" title="Human Resources, Science, and Technology Committee">HR, Sciences and Technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trade_and_Industry_Committee_(African_Union)" title="Trade and Industry Committee (African Union)">Trade and Industry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rural_Economy_and_Agriculture_Committee" title="Rural Economy and Agriculture Committee">Rural Economy and Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_Affairs_Committee_(African_Union)" title="Economic Affairs Committee (African Union)">Economic Affairs</a></li> <li>Women and Gender</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cross-Cutting_Programs_Committee" title="Cross-Cutting Programs Committee">Cross-Cutting Programs</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Financial institutions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_Central_Bank" title="African Central Bank">African Central Bank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Monetary_Fund" title="African Monetary Fund">African Monetary Fund</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Investment_Bank" title="African Investment Bank">African Investment Bank</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Peace_and_Security_Council" title="Peace and Security Council">Peace and Security Council</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_Capacity_for_Immediate_Response_to_Crises" title="African Capacity for Immediate Response to Crises">ACIRC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Standby_Force" title="African Standby Force">African Standby Force</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panel_of_the_Wise" title="Panel of the Wise">Panel of the Wise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations%E2%80%93African_Union_Mission_in_Darfur" title="United Nations–African Union Mission in Darfur">UNAMID</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Union_Mission_in_Burundi" title="African Union Mission in Burundi">AMIB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Union_Mission_in_Sudan" title="African Union Mission in Sudan">AMIS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Union_Mission_to_Somalia" title="African Union Mission to Somalia">AMISOM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MISCA" title="MISCA">MISCA</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Specialised agencies and institutions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Africa_Centres_for_Disease_Control_and_Prevention" title="Africa Centres for Disease Control and Prevention">Africa Centres for Disease Control and Prevention</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_the_African_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="Politics of the African Union">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_Peer_Review_Mechanism" title="African Peer Review Mechanism">APRM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_the_African_Union" title="Foreign relations of the African Union">Foreign relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Charter_on_Human_and_Peoples%27_Rights" title="African Charter on Human and Peoples' Rights">African Charter on Human and Peoples' Rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Commission_on_Human_and_Peoples%27_Rights" title="African Commission on Human and Peoples' Rights">African Commission on Human and Peoples' Rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enlargement_of_the_African_Union" title="Enlargement of the African Union">Enlargement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Africa_Command" title="United States Africa Command">United States Africa Command</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_military_bases" class="mw-redirect" title="List of United States military bases">United States military bases</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_ambassadors_to_the_African_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="List of United States ambassadors to the African Union">United States ambassadors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Union%E2%80%93Ethiopia_relations" title="African Union–Ethiopia relations">African Union–Ethiopia relations</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Symbols_of_the_African_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="Symbols of the African Union">Symbols</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Let_Us_All_Unite_and_Celebrate_Together" title="Let Us All Unite and Celebrate Together">Anthem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emblem_of_the_African_Union" title="Emblem of the African Union">Emblem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_the_African_Union" title="Flag of the African Union">Flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Union_Passport" title="African Union Passport">Passport</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_the_African_Union" title="Economy of the African Union">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_central_banks_of_Africa" title="List of central banks of Africa">Currencies</a> (<a href="/wiki/Gold_standard#Advocates" title="Gold standard">Gold standard</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Development_Bank" title="African Development Bank">Development Bank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Economic_Community" title="African Economic Community">African Economic Community</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Partnership_for_Africa%27s_Development" title="New Partnership for Africa's Development">NEPAD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Continental_Free_Trade_Area" title="African Continental Free Trade Area">African Continental Free Trade Area</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Single_African_Air_Transport_Market" title="Single African Air Transport Market">Single African Air Transport Market</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Culture</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Africa_Day" title="Africa Day">Africa Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Border_Day" title="African Border Day">African Border Day</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Theory</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_Monetary_Union" title="African Monetary Union">Afro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_of_Africa" title="United States of Africa">United States of Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_of_Latin_Africa" title="United States of Latin Africa">United States of Latin Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_African_Federation" title="East African Federation">East African Federation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:African_Union" title="Category:African Union">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="English-speaking_world" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:English_official_language_clickable_map" title="Template:English official language clickable map"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:English_official_language_clickable_map" title="Template talk:English official language clickable map"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:English_official_language_clickable_map" title="Special:EditPage/Template:English official language clickable map"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="English-speaking_world" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/English_language#Geographical_distribution" title="English language">English-speaking world</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><figure class="mw-halign-center noresize mw-ext-imagemap-desc-bottom-right" typeof="mw:File"><img alt="English speaking countries" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Anglophone_World.svg/600px-Anglophone_World.svg.png" decoding="async" width="600" height="304" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Anglophone_World.svg/900px-Anglophone_World.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Anglophone_World.svg/1200px-Anglophone_World.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1920" data-file-height="974" resource="/wiki/File:Anglophone_World.svg" /><figcaption>English speaking countries</figcaption></figure></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Further_links" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Further links</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.25em">Articles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/English-speaking_world" title="English-speaking world">English-speaking world</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_English_language" class="mw-redirect" title="History of the English language">History of the English language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Empire" title="British Empire">British Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_in_the_Commonwealth_of_Nations" title="English in the Commonwealth of Nations">English in the Commonwealth of Nations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglosphere" title="Anglosphere">Anglosphere</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.25em">Lists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0;text-align:left;color:darkblue;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_English-speaking_population" title="List of countries by English-speaking population">List of countries by English-speaking population</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_where_English_is_an_official_language" class="mw-redirect" title="List of countries where English is an official language">List of countries where English is an official language</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:blue;"> </th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div id="*_Countries_and_territories_where_English_is_the_national_language_or_the_native_language_of_the_majority"> <ul><li>Countries and territories where English is the national language or the native language of the majority</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Africa" title="Languages of Africa">Africa</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Helena,_Ascension_and_Tristan_da_Cunha" title="Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha">Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Anglo-America" title="Anglo-America">Americas</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anguilla" title="Anguilla">Anguilla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antigua_and_Barbuda" title="Antigua and Barbuda">Antigua and Barbuda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Bahamas" title="The Bahamas">The Bahamas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbados" title="Barbados">Barbados</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belize" title="Belize">Belize</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bermuda" title="Bermuda">Bermuda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Virgin_Islands" title="British Virgin Islands">British Virgin Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cayman_Islands" title="Cayman Islands">Cayman Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominica" title="Dominica">Dominica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Falkland_Islands" title="Falkland Islands">Falkland Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grenada" title="Grenada">Grenada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guyana" title="Guyana">Guyana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jamaica" title="Jamaica">Jamaica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montserrat" title="Montserrat">Montserrat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saba_(island)" title="Saba (island)">Saba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Kitts_and_Nevis" title="Saint Kitts and Nevis">Saint Kitts and Nevis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Lucia" title="Saint Lucia">Saint Lucia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Vincent_and_the_Grenadines" title="Saint Vincent and the Grenadines">Saint Vincent and the Grenadines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sint_Eustatius" title="Sint Eustatius">Sint Eustatius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sint_Maarten" title="Sint Maarten">Sint Maarten</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Georgia_and_the_South_Sandwich_Islands" title="South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands">South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trinidad_and_Tobago" title="Trinidad and Tobago">Trinidad and Tobago</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turks_and_Caicos_Islands" title="Turks and Caicos Islands">Turks and Caicos Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Virgin_Islands" title="United States Virgin Islands">United States Virgin Islands</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/English_language_in_Europe" title="English language in Europe">Europe</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Guernsey" title="Guernsey">Guernsey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Ireland" title="Republic of Ireland">Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isle_of_Man" title="Isle of Man">Isle of Man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jersey" title="Jersey">Jersey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Oceania" title="Languages of Oceania">Oceania</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Zealand" title="New Zealand">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norfolk_Island" title="Norfolk Island">Norfolk Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pitcairn_Islands" title="Pitcairn Islands">Pitcairn Islands</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:lightblue;"> </th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div id="*_Countries_and_territories_where_English_is_an_official_language,_but_not_the_majority_first_language"> <ul><li>Countries and territories where English is an official language, but not the majority first language</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Africa</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Botswana" title="Botswana">Botswana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cameroon" title="Cameroon">Cameroon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eswatini" title="Eswatini">Eswatini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Gambia" title="The Gambia">The Gambia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghana" title="Ghana">Ghana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenya" title="Kenya">Kenya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lesotho" title="Lesotho">Lesotho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberia" title="Liberia">Liberia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malawi" title="Malawi">Malawi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mauritius" title="Mauritius">Mauritius</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Namibia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nigeria" title="Nigeria">Nigeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rwanda" title="Rwanda">Rwanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sierra_Leone" title="Sierra Leone">Sierra Leone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somaliland" title="Somaliland">Somaliland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa">South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Sudan" title="South Sudan">South Sudan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sudan" title="Sudan">Sudan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanzania" title="Tanzania">Tanzania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uganda" title="Uganda">Uganda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zambia" title="Zambia">Zambia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zimbabwe" title="Zimbabwe">Zimbabwe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Americas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Puerto_Rico" title="Puerto Rico">Puerto Rico</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Asia" title="Languages of Asia">Asia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_Island" title="Christmas Island">Christmas Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cocos_(Keeling)_Islands" title="Cocos (Keeling) Islands">Cocos (Keeling) Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong" title="Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Singapore" title="Singapore">Singapore</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Europe</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gibraltar" title="Gibraltar">Gibraltar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akrotiri_and_Dhekelia" title="Akrotiri and Dhekelia">Akrotiri and Dhekelia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malta" title="Malta">Malta</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Oceania</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Samoa" title="American Samoa">American Samoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cook_Islands" title="Cook Islands">Cook Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fiji" title="Fiji">Fiji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guam" title="Guam">Guam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kiribati" title="Kiribati">Kiribati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marshall_Islands" title="Marshall Islands">Marshall Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federated_States_of_Micronesia" title="Federated States of Micronesia">Micronesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nauru" title="Nauru">Nauru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niue" title="Niue">Niue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Mariana_Islands" title="Northern Mariana Islands">Northern Mariana Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palau" title="Palau">Palau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papua_New_Guinea" title="Papua New Guinea">Papua New Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samoa" title="Samoa">Samoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solomon_Islands" title="Solomon Islands">Solomon Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tokelau" title="Tokelau">Tokelau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuvalu" title="Tuvalu">Tuvalu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vanuatu" title="Vanuatu">Vanuatu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="/wiki/Dependent_territory" title="Dependent territory">Dependencies</a> shown in italics.</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Members_of_the_Commonwealth_of_Nations" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:The_Commonwealth" title="Template:The Commonwealth"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:The_Commonwealth" title="Template talk:The Commonwealth"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:The_Commonwealth" title="Special:EditPage/Template:The Commonwealth"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Members_of_the_Commonwealth_of_Nations" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Member_states_of_the_Commonwealth_of_Nations" title="Member states of the Commonwealth of Nations">Members</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_of_Nations" title="Commonwealth of Nations">Commonwealth of Nations</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_sovereign_states" title="List of sovereign states">Sovereign states</a> (members)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antigua_and_Barbuda" title="Antigua and Barbuda">Antigua and Barbuda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Bahamas" title="The Bahamas">Bahamas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangladesh" title="Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbados" title="Barbados">Barbados</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belize" title="Belize">Belize</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Botswana" title="Botswana">Botswana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brunei" title="Brunei">Brunei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cameroon" title="Cameroon">Cameroon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyprus" title="Cyprus">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominica" title="Dominica">Dominica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eswatini" title="Eswatini">Eswatini (Swaziland)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fiji" title="Fiji">Fiji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabon" title="Gabon">Gabon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Gambia" title="The Gambia">Gambia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghana" title="Ghana">Ghana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grenada" title="Grenada">Grenada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guyana" title="Guyana">Guyana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jamaica" title="Jamaica">Jamaica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenya" title="Kenya">Kenya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kiribati" title="Kiribati">Kiribati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lesotho" title="Lesotho">Lesotho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malawi" title="Malawi">Malawi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malaysia" title="Malaysia">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maldives" title="Maldives">Maldives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malta" title="Malta">Malta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mauritius" title="Mauritius">Mauritius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mozambique" title="Mozambique">Mozambique</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Namibia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nauru" title="Nauru">Nauru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Zealand" title="New Zealand">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nigeria" title="Nigeria">Nigeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papua_New_Guinea" title="Papua New Guinea">Papua New Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rwanda" title="Rwanda">Rwanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Kitts_and_Nevis" title="Saint Kitts and Nevis">Saint Kitts and Nevis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Lucia" title="Saint Lucia">Saint Lucia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Vincent_and_the_Grenadines" title="Saint Vincent and the Grenadines">Saint Vincent and the Grenadines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samoa" title="Samoa">Samoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seychelles" title="Seychelles">Seychelles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sierra_Leone" title="Sierra Leone">Sierra Leone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Singapore" title="Singapore">Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solomon_Islands" title="Solomon Islands">Solomon Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa">South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Lanka" title="Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanzania" title="Tanzania">Tanzania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Togo" title="Togo">Togo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tonga" title="Tonga">Tonga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trinidad_and_Tobago" title="Trinidad and Tobago">Trinidad and Tobago</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuvalu" title="Tuvalu">Tuvalu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uganda" title="Uganda">Uganda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vanuatu" title="Vanuatu">Vanuatu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zambia" title="Zambia">Zambia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Associated_state" title="Associated state">Associated states</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cook_Islands" title="Cook Islands">Cook Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niue" title="Niue">Niue</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Dependent_territory" title="Dependent territory">Dependent territories</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ashmore_and_Cartier_Islands" title="Ashmore and Cartier Islands">Ashmore and Cartier Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_Antarctic_Territory" title="Australian Antarctic Territory">Australian Antarctic Territory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_Island" title="Christmas Island">Christmas Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cocos_(Keeling)_Islands" title="Cocos (Keeling) Islands">Cocos (Keeling) Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coral_Sea_Islands" title="Coral Sea Islands">Coral Sea Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heard_Island_and_McDonald_Islands" title="Heard Island and McDonald Islands">Heard Island and McDonald Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norfolk_Island" title="Norfolk Island">Norfolk Island</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Realm_of_New_Zealand" title="Realm of New Zealand">New Zealand</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ross_Dependency" title="Ross Dependency">Ross Dependency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tokelau" title="Tokelau">Tokelau</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/The_Crown" title="The Crown">United Kingdom</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Akrotiri_and_Dhekelia" title="Akrotiri and Dhekelia">Akrotiri and Dhekelia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anguilla" title="Anguilla">Anguilla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bermuda" title="Bermuda">Bermuda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Antarctic_Territory" title="British Antarctic Territory">British Antarctic Territory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Indian_Ocean_Territory" title="British Indian Ocean Territory">British Indian Ocean Territory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Virgin_Islands" title="British Virgin Islands">British Virgin Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cayman_Islands" title="Cayman Islands">Cayman Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Falkland_Islands" title="Falkland Islands">Falkland Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gibraltar" title="Gibraltar">Gibraltar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bailiwick_of_Guernsey" title="Bailiwick of Guernsey">Guernsey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isle_of_Man" title="Isle of Man">Isle of Man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jersey" title="Jersey">Jersey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montserrat" title="Montserrat">Montserrat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pitcairn_Islands" title="Pitcairn Islands">Pitcairn Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Helena,_Ascension_and_Tristan_da_Cunha" title="Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha">Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Georgia_and_the_South_Sandwich_Islands" title="South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands">South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turks_and_Caicos_Islands" title="Turks and Caicos Islands">Turks and Caicos Islands</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>Source: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://thecommonwealth.org/our-member-countries">Commonwealth Secretariat – Member Countries</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1130092004">.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output 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.portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;align-items:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;align-items:center;flex:0;column-gap:1em;border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;margin:0 auto;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{border-top:none;margin:0;list-style:none}}.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.sister-bar{margin-top:-1px}</style><div class="portal-bar noprint metadata noviewer portal-bar-bordered" role="navigation" aria-label="Portals"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals" title="Wikipedia:Contents/Portals">Portal</a>:<ul class="portal-bar-content"><li class="portal-bar-item"><img alt="map" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Africa_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/19px-Africa_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Africa_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/29px-Africa_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Africa_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/38px-Africa_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="550" data-file-height="550" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Africa" title="Portal:Africa">Africa</a></li></ul></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1030#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1030#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1030#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000121703475">ISNI</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/140653407">VIAF</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/1204890/">FAST</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJcGkb6tFmx37rp4CBdvpP">WorldCat</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4075202-1">Germany</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n79039884">United States</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb153049015">France</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb153049015">BnF data</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00568015">Japan</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" 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style="width:1%">Artists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://kulturnav.org/ccafe962-c305-4312-971b-8d70691370a2">KulturNav</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.parliament.uk/ziWXEV4q">UK Parliament</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hls-dhs-dss.ch/fr/articles/016541">Historical Dictionary of Switzerland</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalog.archives.gov/id/10035830">NARA</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Namibia&params=22_S_17_E_type:country_region:NA">22°S 17°E / 22°S 17°E / -22; 17</a>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Namibia&oldid=1257515358">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Namibia&oldid=1257515358</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Namibia" 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