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class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Monarch" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Monarch"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Monarch</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Monarch-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Senate" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Senate"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Senate</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Senate-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-House_of_Commons" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#House_of_Commons"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>House of Commons</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-House_of_Commons-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Jurisdiction" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Jurisdiction"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Jurisdiction</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Jurisdiction-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Officers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Officers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Officers</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Officers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Term" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Term"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Term</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Term-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Procedure" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Procedure"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Procedure</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Procedure-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legislative_functions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legislative_functions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Legislative functions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Legislative_functions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Relationship_with_the_executive" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Relationship_with_the_executive"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Relationship with the executive</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Relationship_with_the_executive-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Privileges" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Privileges"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Privileges</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Privileges-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12.1</span> <span>Citations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12.2</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Parliament of Canada</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 46 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-46" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">46 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parlement_van_Kanada" title="Parlement van Kanada – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Parlement van Kanada" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%83%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%8A" title="البرلمان الكندي – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="البرلمان الكندي" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parllamentu_de_Canad%C3%A1" title="Parllamentu de Canadá – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Parllamentu de Canadá" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A1%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC_%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%82%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%A6" title="কানাডীয় সংসদ – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="কানাডীয় সংসদ" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82_%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%8B" title="Парламент Канады – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Парламент Канады" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B0" title="Парламент на Канада – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Парламент на Канада" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parlament_del_Canad%C3%A0" title="Parlament del Canadà – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Parlament del Canadà" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senedd_Canada" title="Senedd Canada – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Senedd Canada" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadas_parlament" title="Canadas parlament – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Canadas parlament" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parlament_von_Kanada" title="Parlament von Kanada – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Parlament von Kanada" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parlamento_de_Canad%C3%A1" title="Parlamento de Canadá – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Parlamento de Canadá" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanada_Parlamento" title="Kanada Parlamento – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Kanada Parlamento" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanadako_Parlamentua" title="Kanadako Parlamentua – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Kanadako Parlamentua" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%AC%D9%84%D8%B3_%DA%A9%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%AF%D8%A7" title="مجلس کانادا – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="مجلس کانادا" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parlement_du_Canada" title="Parlement du Canada – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Parlement du Canada" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parlamento_do_Canad%C3%A1" title="Parlamento do Canadá – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Parlamento do Canadá" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%BA%90%EB%82%98%EB%8B%A4_%EC%9D%98%ED%9A%8C" title="캐나다 의회 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="캐나다 의회" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BF%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%A1%D5%A4%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%AB_%D5%AD%D5%B8%D6%80%D5%B0%D6%80%D5%A4%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%B6" title="Կանադայի խորհրդարան – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Կանադայի խորհրդարան" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%A6" title="कनाडा की संसद – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="कनाडा की संसद" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parlament_Kanade" title="Parlament Kanade – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Parlament Kanade" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parlemen_Kanada" title="Parlemen Kanada – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Parlemen Kanada" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parlamento_del_Canada" title="Parlamento del Canada – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Parlamento del Canada" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%A4%D7%A8%D7%9C%D7%9E%D7%A0%D7%98_%D7%A9%D7%9C_%D7%A7%D7%A0%D7%93%D7%94" title="הפרלמנט של קנדה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="הפרלמנט של קנדה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parlamena_Kanaday%C3%AA" title="Parlamena Kanadayê – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Parlamena Kanadayê" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kan%C4%81das_parlaments" title="Kanādas parlaments – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Kanādas parlaments" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanados_Parlamentas" title="Kanados Parlamentas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Kanados Parlamentas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanadai_Parlament" title="Kanadai Parlament – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Kanadai Parlament" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parlimen_Kanada" title="Parlimen Kanada – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Parlimen Kanada" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parlement_van_Canada" title="Parlement van Canada – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Parlement van Canada" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%AB%E3%83%8A%E3%83%80%E8%AD%B0%E4%BC%9A" title="カナダ議会 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="カナダ議会" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadas_parlament" title="Canadas parlament – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Canadas parlament" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parlament_Kanady" title="Parlament Kanady – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Parlament Kanady" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parlamento_do_Canad%C3%A1" title="Parlamento do Canadá – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Parlamento do Canadá" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parlamentul_Canadei" title="Parlamentul Canadei – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Parlamentul Canadei" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82_%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%8B" title="Парламент Канады – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Парламент Канады" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parliament_of_Canada" title="Parliament of Canada – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Parliament of Canada" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82_%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B5" title="Парламент Канаде – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Парламент Канаде" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanadan_parlamentti" title="Kanadan parlamentti – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Kanadan parlamentti" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanadas_parlament" title="Kanadas parlament – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Kanadas parlament" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%A9%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF_%E0%AE%A8%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B3%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%B1%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D" title="கனடிய நாடாளுமன்றம் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="கனடிய நாடாளுமன்றம்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%90%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%A0%E0%B8%B2%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B2" title="รัฐสภาแคนาดา – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="รัฐสภาแคนาดา" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanada_Parlamentosu" title="Kanada Parlamentosu – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Kanada Parlamentosu" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82_%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B8" title="Парламент Канади – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Парламент Канади" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parlamento_del_C%C3%A0nada" title="Parlamento del Cànada – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Parlamento del Cànada" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" 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data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Parliament_of_Canada&params=45.42521_N_75.70011_W_source:placeopedia"><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">45°25′31″N</span> <span class="longitude">75°42′00″W</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">45.42521°N 75.70011°W</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">45.42521; -75.70011</span></span></span></a></span></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"><span class="mw-redirectedfrom">(Redirected from <a href="/w/index.php?title=Canadian_Parliament&redirect=no" class="mw-redirect" title="Canadian Parliament">Canadian Parliament</a>)</span></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Bicameral federal legislature of Canada</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 125%; border-top: 2px solid Maroon; border-bottom: 2px solid Maroon"><div style="display:inline" class="fn org">Parliament of Canada</div> <br /><div style="display:inline" class="nickname"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style><span class="nobold"><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">Parlement du Canada</i></span></span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader"><a href="/wiki/44th_Canadian_Parliament" title="44th Canadian Parliament">44th Parliament</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Parliament_of_Canada_Badge.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Coat of arms or logo" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a0/Parliament_of_Canada_Badge.png/150px-Parliament_of_Canada_Badge.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="222" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a0/Parliament_of_Canada_Badge.png/225px-Parliament_of_Canada_Badge.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/a/a0/Parliament_of_Canada_Badge.png 2x" data-file-width="259" data-file-height="384" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="border-top: 2px solid Maroon; border-bottom: 2px solid Maroon">Type</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Type</th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="padding:0.1em 0;line-height:1.3em;"><div style="display:inline" class="category"><a href="/wiki/Bicameral" class="mw-redirect" title="Bicameral">Bicameral</a></div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Houses</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Senate_of_Canada" title="Senate of Canada">Senate</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Commons_of_Canada" title="House of Commons of Canada">House of Commons</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="border-top: 2px solid Maroon; border-bottom: 2px solid Maroon">History</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Founded</th><td class="infobox-data">1 July 1867<span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">1867-07-01</span>)</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Preceded by</th><td class="infobox-data">Initially assumed some <a href="/wiki/Jurisdiction" title="Jurisdiction">jurisdiction</a> from: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_the_Province_of_Canada" title="Parliament of the Province of Canada">Parliament of the Province of Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/General_Assembly_of_Nova_Scotia" title="General Assembly of Nova Scotia">General Assembly of Nova Scotia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Brunswick_Legislature" title="New Brunswick Legislature">New Brunswick Legislature</a></li></ul> <p>Later added some jurisdiction from: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hudson%27s_Bay_Company" title="Hudson's Bay Company">Hudson's Bay Company</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legislative_Council_of_British_Columbia" title="Legislative Council of British Columbia">Legislative Council of British Columbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/General_Assembly_of_Prince_Edward_Island" title="General Assembly of Prince Edward Island">General Assembly of Prince Edward Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/General_Assembly_of_Newfoundland" class="mw-redirect" title="General Assembly of Newfoundland">General Assembly of Newfoundland</a> (<a href="/wiki/Commission_of_Government" class="mw-redirect" title="Commission of Government">then suspended</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Parliament of the United Kingdom">Parliament of the United Kingdom</a></li></ul> </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="border-top: 2px solid Maroon; border-bottom: 2px solid Maroon">Leadership</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Canada" title="Monarchy of Canada">Monarch</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0; line-height:1.3em"><a href="/wiki/Charles_III" title="Charles III">Charles III</a> <br />since 8 September 2022 </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0; line-height:1.3em"><a href="/wiki/Governor_General_of_Canada" title="Governor General of Canada">Governor General</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0; line-height:1.3em"><a href="/wiki/Mary_Simon" title="Mary Simon">Mary Simon</a> <br />since 26 July 2021 </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0; line-height:1.3em"><a href="/wiki/Speaker_of_the_Senate_of_Canada" title="Speaker of the Senate of Canada">Speaker of the Senate</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0; line-height:1.3em"><a href="/wiki/Raymonde_Gagn%C3%A9" title="Raymonde Gagné">Raymonde Gagné</a>, <a href="/wiki/Independent_(politician)" class="mw-redirect" title="Independent (politician)">(Non-affiliated)</a> <br />since 12 May 2023 </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0; line-height:1.3em"><a href="/wiki/Speaker_of_the_House_of_Commons_(Canada)" title="Speaker of the House of Commons (Canada)">Speaker of the House of Commons</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0; line-height:1.3em"><a href="/wiki/Greg_Fergus" title="Greg Fergus">Greg Fergus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Liberal_Party_of_Canada" title="Liberal Party of Canada">(Liberal)</a> <br />since 3 October 2023 </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0; line-height:1.3em"><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Canada" title="Prime Minister of Canada">Prime Minister</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0; line-height:1.3em"><a href="/wiki/Justin_Trudeau" title="Justin Trudeau">Justin Trudeau</a>, <a href="/wiki/Liberal_Party_of_Canada" title="Liberal Party of Canada">(Liberal)</a> <br />since 4 November 2015 </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0; line-height:1.3em"><a href="/wiki/Leader_of_the_Official_Opposition_(Canada)" title="Leader of the Official Opposition (Canada)">Leader of the Opposition</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0; line-height:1.3em"><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Poilievre" title="Pierre Poilievre">Pierre Poilievre</a>, <a href="/wiki/Conservative_Party_of_Canada" title="Conservative Party of Canada">(Conservative)</a> <br />since 10 September 2022 </div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="border-top: 2px solid Maroon; border-bottom: 2px solid Maroon">Structure</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Seats</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><b>443</b></li><li>105 senators</li><li>338 <a href="/wiki/Members_of_Parliament" class="mw-redirect" title="Members of Parliament">members of Parliament</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Senate_of_Canada_-_Seating_Plan_(44th_Parliament).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Current Structure of the Canadian Senate" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Senate_of_Canada_-_Seating_Plan_%2844th_Parliament%29.svg/200px-Senate_of_Canada_-_Seating_Plan_%2844th_Parliament%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="73" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Senate_of_Canada_-_Seating_Plan_%2844th_Parliament%29.svg/300px-Senate_of_Canada_-_Seating_Plan_%2844th_Parliament%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Senate_of_Canada_-_Seating_Plan_%2844th_Parliament%29.svg/400px-Senate_of_Canada_-_Seating_Plan_%2844th_Parliament%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="621" data-file-height="227" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Senate_of_Canada" title="Senate of Canada">Senate</a> political groups</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="nowrap"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#845B87; color:white;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Independent_Senators_Group" title="Independent Senators Group">Independent Senators Group</a> (40)</div></span> <span class="nowrap"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#386B67; color:white;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Senators_Group" title="Canadian Senators Group">Canadian Senators Group</a> (16)</div></span> <span class="nowrap"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#6495ED; color:black;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Conservative_Party_of_Canada" title="Conservative Party of Canada">Conservative</a> (15)</div></span> <span class="nowrap"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#5B081D; color:white;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Progressive_Senate_Group" title="Progressive Senate Group">Progressive Senate Group</a> (14)</div></span> <span class="nowrap"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#DCDCDC; color:black;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Independent_(politician)" class="mw-redirect" title="Independent (politician)">Non-affiliated</a> (10)</div></span> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:white; color:black;"> </span> Vacant (10)</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:44th_Canadian_Parliament.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Current Structure of the Canadian House of Commons" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/44th_Canadian_Parliament.svg/300px-44th_Canadian_Parliament.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="118" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/44th_Canadian_Parliament.svg/450px-44th_Canadian_Parliament.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/44th_Canadian_Parliament.svg/600px-44th_Canadian_Parliament.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="908" data-file-height="356" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/House_of_Commons_of_Canada" title="House of Commons of Canada">House of Commons</a> political groups</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><b><a href="/wiki/29th_Canadian_Ministry" title="29th Canadian Ministry">His Majesty's Government</a></b> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#F08080; color:black;border:1px solid silver;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Liberal_Party_of_Canada" title="Liberal Party of Canada">Liberal</a> (153)</li></ul> <p><span class="nowrap"><b><a href="/wiki/Official_Opposition_Shadow_Cabinet_of_the_44th_Parliament_of_Canada" title="Official Opposition Shadow Cabinet of the 44th Parliament of Canada">His Majesty's Loyal Opposition</a></b></span> </p> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#6495ED; color:black;border:1px solid silver;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Conservative_Party_of_Canada" title="Conservative Party of Canada">Conservative</a> (119)</li></ul> <p><b><a href="/wiki/Official_party_status" title="Official party status">Parties with official status</a></b> </p> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#87CEFA; color:black;border:1px solid silver;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Bloc_Qu%C3%A9b%C3%A9cois" title="Bloc Québécois">Bloc Québécois</a> (33)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#F4A560; color:black;border:1px solid silver;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/New_Democratic_Party" title="New Democratic Party">New Democratic</a> (25)<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p><b>Parties without official status</b> </p> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#99C955; color:black;border:1px solid silver;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Green_Party_of_Canada" title="Green Party of Canada">Green</a> (2)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#DDDDDD; color:black;border:1px solid silver;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Independent_politician" title="Independent politician">Independent</a> (4)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#FFFFFF; color:black;border:1px solid silver;"> </span> Vacant (2)</li></ul> </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="border-top: 2px solid Maroon; border-bottom: 2px solid Maroon">Elections</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Senate_of_Canada" title="Senate of Canada">Senate</a> <a href="/wiki/Electoral_system" title="Electoral system">voting system</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data">Appointment by the <a href="/wiki/Governor-General_of_Canada" class="mw-redirect" title="Governor-General of Canada">governor general</a> on <a href="/wiki/Advice_(constitutional)" class="mw-redirect" title="Advice (constitutional)">advice</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Canada" title="Prime Minister of Canada">prime minister</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/House_of_Commons_of_Canada" title="House of Commons of Canada">House of Commons</a> <a href="/wiki/Electoral_system" title="Electoral system">voting system</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/First-past-the-post_voting" title="First-past-the-post voting">First-past-the-post</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Last <a href="/wiki/House_of_Commons_of_Canada" title="House of Commons of Canada">House of Commons</a> election</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/2021_Canadian_federal_election" title="2021 Canadian federal election">20 September 2021</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="border-top: 2px solid Maroon; border-bottom: 2px solid Maroon">Meeting place</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Centre_Block_-_Parliament_Hill.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="House of Commons of Canada sits in the West Block in Ottawa until 2029" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Centre_Block_-_Parliament_Hill.jpg/200px-Centre_Block_-_Parliament_Hill.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Centre_Block_-_Parliament_Hill.jpg/300px-Centre_Block_-_Parliament_Hill.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Centre_Block_-_Parliament_Hill.jpg/400px-Centre_Block_-_Parliament_Hill.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3384" data-file-height="2544" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data label"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Senate_of_Canada" title="Senate of Canada">Senate</a> – <a href="/wiki/Senate_of_Canada_Building" title="Senate of Canada Building">Senate of Canada Building</a>, 2 Rideau Street, Ottawa, Ontario</li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Commons_of_Canada" title="House of Commons of Canada">House of Commons</a> – <a href="/wiki/West_Block" title="West Block">West Block</a> – <a href="/wiki/Parliament_Hill" title="Parliament Hill">Parliament Hill</a>, Ottawa, Ontario</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="border-top: 2px solid Maroon; border-bottom: 2px solid Maroon">Website</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://parl.ca">parl<wbr />.ca</a></span></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>Parliament of Canada</b> (<a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a>: <i lang="fr">Parlement du Canada</i>) is the <a href="/wiki/Canadian_federalism" title="Canadian federalism">federal</a> <a href="/wiki/Legislature" title="Legislature">legislature</a> of <a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a>, seated at <a href="/wiki/Parliament_Hill" title="Parliament Hill">Parliament Hill</a> in <a href="/wiki/Ottawa" title="Ottawa">Ottawa</a>, and is composed of three parts: the <a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Canada" title="Monarchy of Canada">King</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Senate_of_Canada" title="Senate of Canada">Senate</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Commons_of_Canada" title="House of Commons of Canada">House of Commons</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-CA1867-17_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CA1867-17-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By <a href="/wiki/Constitutional_convention_(political_custom)" class="mw-redirect" title="Constitutional convention (political custom)">constitutional convention</a>, the House of Commons is dominant, with the Senate rarely opposing its will. The Senate reviews legislation from a less partisan standpoint and may initiate certain bills. The monarch or his representative, normally the <a href="/wiki/Governor_General_of_Canada" title="Governor General of Canada">governor general</a>, provides <a href="/wiki/Royal_assent" title="Royal assent">royal assent</a> to make bills into law. </p><p>The governor general, on behalf of the monarch, summons and appoints the 105 senators on the <a href="/wiki/Advice_(constitutional)" class="mw-redirect" title="Advice (constitutional)">advice</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Canada" title="Prime Minister of Canada">prime minister</a>, while each of the 338 members of the House of Commons – called <a href="/wiki/Member_of_Parliament_(Canada)" title="Member of Parliament (Canada)">members of Parliament</a> (MPs) – represents an <a href="/wiki/Electoral_district_(Canada)" title="Electoral district (Canada)">electoral district</a>, commonly referred to as a <i>riding</i>, and are elected by Canadian voters residing in the riding. The governor general also summons and calls together the House of Commons, and may <a href="/wiki/Prorogation_in_Canada" title="Prorogation in Canada">prorogue</a> or <a href="/wiki/Dissolution_of_parliament#Canada" title="Dissolution of parliament">dissolve Parliament</a>, in order to either end a <a href="/wiki/Parliamentary_session" class="mw-redirect" title="Parliamentary session">parliamentary session</a> or <a href="/wiki/Dropping_the_writ" class="mw-redirect" title="Dropping the writ">call a general election</a>. The governor general also delivers the <a href="/wiki/Speech_from_the_throne" title="Speech from the throne">throne speech</a> at the opening of each new Parliament (the monarch occasionally has done so, instead of the governor general, when visiting Canada). </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/44th_Canadian_Parliament" title="44th Canadian Parliament">current Parliament</a>, summoned by Governor General <a href="/wiki/Mary_Simon" title="Mary Simon">Mary Simon</a> in November 2021, is the 44th Parliament since <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Confederation" title="Canadian Confederation">Confederation</a> in 1867. The official languages of the Parliament are <a href="/wiki/Canadian_English" title="Canadian English">English</a> and <a href="/wiki/French_language_in_Canada" title="French language in Canada">French</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Composition">Composition</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Parliament_of_Canada&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Composition"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The body consists of the <a href="/wiki/King_of_Canada" class="mw-redirect" title="King of Canada">King of Canada</a>, represented by a <a href="/wiki/Viceroy" title="Viceroy">viceroy</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Governor_General_of_Canada" title="Governor General of Canada">governor general</a>; an <a href="/wiki/Upper_house" title="Upper house">upper house</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Senate_of_Canada" title="Senate of Canada">Senate</a>; and a <a href="/wiki/Lower_house" title="Lower house">lower house</a>, the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Commons_of_Canada" title="House of Commons of Canada">House of Commons</a>. Each element has its own officers and organization. Each has a distinct role, but work in conjunction within the <a href="/wiki/Parliamentary_procedure" title="Parliamentary procedure">legislative process</a>. This format was inherited from the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> and is a near-identical copy of the <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Parliament of the United Kingdom">Parliament at Westminster</a>, the greatest differences stemming from situations unique to Canada, such as the impermanent nature of the monarch's residency in the country and the lack of a <a href="/wiki/Peerage" title="Peerage">peerage</a> to form the upper chamber. </p><p>Only those who sit in the House of Commons are usually called <a href="/wiki/Members_of_Parliament#Canada" class="mw-redirect" title="Members of Parliament">members of Parliament</a> (MPs); the term is not usually applied to senators (except in legislation, such as the <i><a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Canada_Act" title="Parliament of Canada Act">Parliament of Canada Act</a></i>), even though the Senate is a part of Parliament. Though legislatively less powerful, senators take higher positions in the <a href="/wiki/Canadian_order_of_precedence" title="Canadian order of precedence">national order of precedence</a>. No individual may serve in more than one chamber at the same time. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Monarch">Monarch</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Parliament_of_Canada&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Monarch"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Canada#Parliament_(King-in-Parliament)" title="Monarchy of Canada">Monarchy of Canada § Parliament (King-in-Parliament)</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:King_Charles_III_(July_2023).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/King_Charles_III_%28July_2023%29.jpg/170px-King_Charles_III_%28July_2023%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="240" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/King_Charles_III_%28July_2023%29.jpg/255px-King_Charles_III_%28July_2023%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/King_Charles_III_%28July_2023%29.jpg/340px-King_Charles_III_%28July_2023%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="727" data-file-height="1025" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Canada" title="Monarchy of Canada">King</a> </figcaption></figure> <p>The sovereign's place in the legislature, formally known as the <a href="/wiki/King-in-Parliament" title="King-in-Parliament">King-in-Parliament</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is defined by the <i><a href="/wiki/Constitution_Act,_1867" title="Constitution Act, 1867">Constitution Act, 1867</a></i>, and various <a href="/wiki/Convention_(norm)#Government" title="Convention (norm)">conventions</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-CA1867-17_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CA1867-17-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Neither he nor his viceroy, however, participates in the legislative process save for signifying the King's approval to a bill passed by both houses of Parliament, known as the granting of <a href="/wiki/Royal_Assent" class="mw-redirect" title="Royal Assent">Royal Assent</a>, which is necessary for a bill to be enacted as law. All federal bills thus begin with the phrase "Now, therefore, His Majesty, by and with the advice and consent of the Senate and House of Commons of Canada, enacts as follows ..."<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and, as such, <a href="/wiki/The_Crown" title="The Crown">the Crown</a> is immune from acts of Parliament unless expressed otherwise in the act itself.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The governor general will normally perform the task of granting Royal Assent, though the monarch may also do so, at the request of either the <a href="/wiki/Cabinet_of_Canada" title="Cabinet of Canada">Cabinet</a> or the viceroy, who may defer assent to the sovereign as per the constitution.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As both the monarch and his or her representatives are traditionally barred from the House of Commons, any parliamentary ceremonies in which they are involved take place in the Senate chamber. The upper and lower houses do, however, each contain a <a href="/wiki/Ceremonial_mace#Canada" title="Ceremonial mace">mace</a>, which indicates the authority of the King-in-Parliament and the privilege granted to that body by him,<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> both bearing a crown at their apex. The original mace for the Senate was that used in the <a href="/wiki/Legislative_Council_of_the_Province_of_Canada" title="Legislative Council of the Province of Canada">Legislative Council of the Province of Canada</a> after 1849, while that of the House of Commons was inherited from the <a href="/wiki/Legislative_Assembly_of_the_Province_of_Canada" title="Legislative Assembly of the Province of Canada">Legislative Assembly of the Province of Canada</a>, first used in 1845. Following the <a href="/wiki/Centre_Block#Great_fire" title="Centre Block">burning of the Centre Block</a> on 3 February 1916, the <a href="/wiki/City_of_London" title="City of London">City of London</a>, England, donated a replacement, which is still used today. The temporary mace, made of wood, and used until the new one arrived from the United Kingdom in 1917, is still carried into the Senate each 3 February.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Senate's 1.6-metre-long mace comprises brass and gold. The Senate may not sit if its mace is not in the chamber; it typically sits on the table with the crown facing the throne,<sup id="cite_ref-SenatePP_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SenatePP-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 55">: 55 </span></sup> though it may, during certain ceremonies, be held by the mace bearer, standing adjacent to the governor general or monarch in the Senate.<sup id="cite_ref-SenatePP_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SenatePP-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 51">: 51 </span></sup> </p><p>Members of the two houses of Parliament must also express their loyalty to the sovereign and defer to his authority, as the <a href="/wiki/Oath_of_Allegiance_(Canada)" title="Oath of Allegiance (Canada)">Oath of Allegiance</a> must be sworn by all new parliamentarians before they may take their seats. Further, the <a href="/wiki/Official_Opposition_(Canada)" title="Official Opposition (Canada)">official opposition</a> is formally called <a href="/wiki/Loyal_opposition" title="Loyal opposition">His Majesty's Loyal Opposition</a>, to signify that, though they may be opposed to the incumbent Cabinet's policies, they remain dedicated to the apolitical Crown.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Senate">Senate</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Parliament_of_Canada&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Senate"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Senate_of_Canada" title="Senate of Canada">Senate of Canada</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cansenate.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Cansenate.jpg/220px-Cansenate.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="143" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Cansenate.jpg/330px-Cansenate.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Cansenate.jpg/440px-Cansenate.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1310" data-file-height="854" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Senate_of_Canada" title="Senate of Canada">Senate</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Upper_house" title="Upper house">upper house</a> of the Parliament of Canada, the Senate (<a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a>: <span lang="fr">Sénat</span>), is a group of 105 individuals appointed by the governor general on the advice of the prime minister;<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> all those appointed must, per the constitution, be a minimum of 30 years old, be a subject of the monarch, and own property with a net worth of at least $4,000, in addition to owning land worth no less than $4,000 within the province the candidate seeks to represent.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Senators served for life until 1965, when a constitutional amendment imposed a mandatory retirement age of 75. Senators may, however, resign their seats prior to that mark, and can lose their position should they fail to attend two consecutive sessions of Parliament. </p><p>The principle underlying the Senate's composition is equality amongst Canada's geographic regions (called Divisions in the Constitution): 24 for <a href="/wiki/Ontario" title="Ontario">Ontario</a>, 24 for <a href="/wiki/Quebec" title="Quebec">Quebec</a>, 24 for the <a href="/wiki/Maritimes" class="mw-redirect" title="Maritimes">Maritimes</a> (10 for <a href="/wiki/Nova_Scotia" title="Nova Scotia">Nova Scotia</a>, 10 for <a href="/wiki/New_Brunswick" title="New Brunswick">New Brunswick</a>, and four for <a href="/wiki/Prince_Edward_Island" title="Prince Edward Island">Prince Edward Island</a>), and 24 for the <a href="/wiki/Western_Canada" title="Western Canada">Western provinces</a> (six each for <a href="/wiki/Manitoba" title="Manitoba">Manitoba</a>, <a href="/wiki/British_Columbia" title="British Columbia">British Columbia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Saskatchewan" title="Saskatchewan">Saskatchewan</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Alberta" title="Alberta">Alberta</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Additionally, senators are appointed from two geographic areas not part of any senatorial division. <a href="/wiki/Newfoundland_and_Labrador" title="Newfoundland and Labrador">Newfoundland and Labrador</a> (since 1949 the "newest" province, although <a href="/wiki/St._John%27s,_Newfoundland_and_Labrador#The_oldest_European_settlement_in_North_America_controversy" title="St. John's, Newfoundland and Labrador">"oldest" English settlement</a>), is represented by six senators. Since 1975 each of Canada's territories is represented by 1 senator—the <a href="/wiki/Northwest_Territories" title="Northwest Territories">Northwest Territories</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yukon" title="Yukon">Yukon</a>, and (since its formation in 1999) <a href="/wiki/Nunavut" title="Nunavut">Nunavut</a>. An additional 4 or 8 senators may be appointed by the governor general, provided the approval of the King is secured and the four divisions are equally represented. This power has been employed once since 1867: to ensure the passage of the bill establishing the <a href="/wiki/Goods_and_Services_Tax_(Canada)" class="mw-redirect" title="Goods and Services Tax (Canada)">Goods and Services Tax</a>, Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Brian_Mulroney" title="Brian Mulroney">Brian Mulroney</a> advised Queen Elizabeth II to appoint extra senators in 1990. This results in a temporary maximum number of senators of 113, which must through attrition return to its normal number of 105. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="House_of_Commons">House of Commons</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Parliament_of_Canada&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: House of Commons"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/House_of_Commons_of_Canada" title="House of Commons of Canada">House of Commons of Canada</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ottawa_-_Parliament_Hill_-_Commons.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Ottawa_-_Parliament_Hill_-_Commons.jpg/220px-Ottawa_-_Parliament_Hill_-_Commons.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Ottawa_-_Parliament_Hill_-_Commons.jpg/330px-Ottawa_-_Parliament_Hill_-_Commons.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Ottawa_-_Parliament_Hill_-_Commons.jpg/440px-Ottawa_-_Parliament_Hill_-_Commons.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3872" data-file-height="2592" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/House_of_Commons_of_Canada" title="House of Commons of Canada">House of Commons</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The elected component of the Canadian Parliament is the House of Commons (<a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a>: <span lang="fr">Chambre des communes</span>), with each member chosen by a plurality of voters in each of the country's federal <a href="/wiki/Electoral_district_(Canada)" title="Electoral district (Canada)">electoral districts</a>, or ridings. To run for one of the 338 seats in the <a href="/wiki/Lower_house" title="Lower house">lower house</a>, an individual must be at least 18 years old. Each member holds office until Parliament is dissolved, after which they may seek re-election. The ridings are regularly reorganized according to the results of each decennial national <a href="/wiki/Census" title="Census">census</a>;<sup id="cite_ref-ElizabethIII.2_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ElizabethIII.2-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> however, the "senatorial clause" of the <i>Constitution Act, 1867</i> guarantees each province at least as many MPs as it has senators,<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the "grandfather clause" permits each province as many MPs as it had in either 1976 or 1985.<sup id="cite_ref-ElizabethIII.2_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ElizabethIII.2-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The existence of this legislation has pushed the size of the House of Commons above the required minimum of 282 seats. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Jurisdiction">Jurisdiction</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Parliament_of_Canada&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Jurisdiction"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The powers of the Parliament of Canada are limited by the constitution, which divides legislative abilities between the federal and <a href="/wiki/Provincial_Legislatures_of_Canada" class="mw-redirect" title="Provincial Legislatures of Canada">provincial legislatures</a>; in general, provincial <a href="/wiki/Legislative_Assembly" class="mw-redirect" title="Legislative Assembly">legislatures</a> may only pass laws relating to topics explicitly reserved for them by the constitution (such as education, provincial officers, municipal government, charitable institutions, and "matters of a merely local or private nature")<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while any matter not under the exclusive authority of the provincial legislatures is within the scope of the federal Parliament's power. Thus, Parliament alone can pass laws relating to, among other things, the postal service, census, <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Forces" class="mw-redirect" title="Canadian Forces">military</a>, navigation and shipping, fishing, currency, banking, weights and measures, bankruptcy, copyrights, patents, <a href="/wiki/Aboriginal_people_in_Canada" class="mw-redirect" title="Aboriginal people in Canada">First Nations</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Naturalization" title="Naturalization">naturalization</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In some cases, however, the jurisdictions of the federal and provincial parliaments may be more vague. For instance, the federal parliament regulates marriage and divorce in general, but the solemnization of marriage is regulated only by the provincial legislatures. Other examples include the powers of both the federal and provincial parliaments to impose taxes, borrow money, punish crimes, and regulate agriculture. </p><p>The powers of Parliament are also limited by the <i><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Charter_of_Rights_and_Freedoms" title="Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms">Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms</a></i>, though most of its provisions can be overridden by use of the <a href="/wiki/Section_Thirty-three_of_the_Canadian_Charter_of_Rights_and_Freedoms" class="mw-redirect" title="Section Thirty-three of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms">notwithstanding clause</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Such clause, however, has never been used by the federal parliament, though it has been employed by some provincial legislatures. Laws violating any part of the constitution are invalid and may be ruled unconstitutional by <a href="/wiki/Canadian_court_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Canadian court system">the courts</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Officers">Officers</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Parliament_of_Canada&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Officers"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Each of Parliament's two chambers is presided over by a <a href="/wiki/Speaker_(politics)" title="Speaker (politics)">speaker</a>; <a href="/wiki/Speaker_of_the_Senate_of_Canada" title="Speaker of the Senate of Canada">that for the Senate</a> is a member appointed by the governor general on the advice of the prime minister, while the <a href="/wiki/Speaker_of_the_House_of_Commons_(Canada)" title="Speaker of the House of Commons (Canada)">equivalent for the House of Commons</a> is a member of Parliament, who is elected by the other members of that body. In general, the powers of the latter are greater than those of the former. Following the British model, the upper chamber is essentially self-regulating, but the lower chamber is controlled by the chair, in a majoritarian model that gives great power and authority to the chair. In 1991, however, the powers of the <a href="/wiki/Speaker_of_the_Senate_of_Canada" title="Speaker of the Senate of Canada">speaker of the Senate</a> were expanded, which reorganized the balance of power to be closer to the framework of the Commons.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kevin_MacLeod_in_Canadian_Senate_Chamber_2009.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Kevin_MacLeod_in_Canadian_Senate_Chamber_2009.jpg/220px-Kevin_MacLeod_in_Canadian_Senate_Chamber_2009.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Kevin_MacLeod_in_Canadian_Senate_Chamber_2009.jpg/330px-Kevin_MacLeod_in_Canadian_Senate_Chamber_2009.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Kevin_MacLeod_in_Canadian_Senate_Chamber_2009.jpg/440px-Kevin_MacLeod_in_Canadian_Senate_Chamber_2009.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2272" data-file-height="1704" /></a><figcaption>Former usher of the black rod, <a href="/wiki/Kevin_S._MacLeod" title="Kevin S. MacLeod">Kevin S. MacLeod</a>, before the thrones in the Senate chamber, 2009</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Usher_of_the_Black_Rod_(Canada)" title="Usher of the Black Rod (Canada)">usher of the black rod of the Senate of Canada</a> is the most senior protocol position in Parliament, being the personal messenger to the legislature of the sovereign and governor general. The usher is also a floor officer of the Senate responsible for security in that chamber, as well as for protocol, administrative, and logistical details of important events taking place on Parliament Hill,<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> such as the <a href="/wiki/Speech_from_the_Throne" class="mw-redirect" title="Speech from the Throne">Speech from the Throne</a>, Royal Assent ceremonies, <a href="/wiki/State_funeral" title="State funeral">state funerals</a>, or the investiture of a new governor general.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Other officers of Parliament include the <a href="/wiki/Auditor_General_of_Canada" title="Auditor General of Canada">auditor general</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chief_Electoral_Officer_(Canada)" class="mw-redirect" title="Chief Electoral Officer (Canada)">chief electoral officer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Official_Languages_Commissioner" class="mw-redirect" title="Official Languages Commissioner">official languages commissioner</a>, <a href="/wiki/Privacy_Commissioner_of_Canada" title="Privacy Commissioner of Canada">privacy commissioner</a>, <a href="/wiki/Information_Commissioner_of_Canada" title="Information Commissioner of Canada">information commissioner</a>, <a href="/wiki/Conflict_of_Interest_and_Ethics_Commissioner" class="mw-redirect" title="Conflict of Interest and Ethics Commissioner">conflict of interest and ethics commissioner</a>, <a href="/wiki/Public_Sector_Integrity_Commissioner" title="Public Sector Integrity Commissioner">public sector integrity commissioner</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Commissioner_of_Lobbying" class="mw-redirect" title="Commissioner of Lobbying">commissioner of lobbying</a>. These individuals are appointed by either one or both houses, to which they report through the <a href="/wiki/Speaker_(politics)" title="Speaker (politics)">speaker</a> of that house. They are sometimes referred to as <i>Agents of Parliament</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another key official is the <a href="/wiki/Parliamentary_Librarian_of_Canada" title="Parliamentary Librarian of Canada">parliamentary librarian</a>, a position established in 1871 under the <i>Library of Parliament Act</i>, charged with directing the <a href="/wiki/Library_of_Parliament" title="Library of Parliament">Library of Parliament</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Term">Term</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Parliament_of_Canada&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Term"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div><p> The <i>Constitution Act, 1867</i>, outlines that the governor general alone is responsible for summoning Parliament, though it remains the monarch's <a href="/wiki/Royal_prerogative" title="Royal prerogative">prerogative</a> to <a href="/wiki/Prorogation_in_Canada" title="Prorogation in Canada">prorogue</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dissolution_of_Parliament" class="mw-redirect" title="Dissolution of Parliament">dissolve</a> the legislature, after which the <a href="/wiki/Writ_of_election" title="Writ of election">writs</a> for a <a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Canada#National_elections" title="Elections in Canada">general federal election</a> are usually <a href="/wiki/Dropping_the_writ#Canada" class="mw-redirect" title="Dropping the writ">dropped by the governor general</a> at <a href="/wiki/Rideau_Hall" title="Rideau Hall">Rideau Hall</a>. Upon completion of the election, the governor general, on the advice of the prime minister, then issues a royal <a href="/wiki/Proclamation" title="Proclamation">proclamation</a> summoning Parliament to assemble. On the date given, new MPs are sworn in and then are, along with returning MPs, called to the Senate, where they are instructed to elect their speaker and return to the House of Commons to do so before adjourning.<sup id="cite_ref-SenatePP_11-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SenatePP-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 42">: 42 </span></sup></p><figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Queen_Elizabeth_II_and_Prince_Philip_sit_on_thrones_before_a_full_Parliament.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Queen_Elizabeth_II_and_Prince_Philip_sit_on_thrones_before_a_full_Parliament.jpg/170px-Queen_Elizabeth_II_and_Prince_Philip_sit_on_thrones_before_a_full_Parliament.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Queen_Elizabeth_II_and_Prince_Philip_sit_on_thrones_before_a_full_Parliament.jpg/255px-Queen_Elizabeth_II_and_Prince_Philip_sit_on_thrones_before_a_full_Parliament.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Queen_Elizabeth_II_and_Prince_Philip_sit_on_thrones_before_a_full_Parliament.jpg/340px-Queen_Elizabeth_II_and_Prince_Philip_sit_on_thrones_before_a_full_Parliament.jpg 2x" data-file-width="816" data-file-height="1088" /></a><figcaption>Queen Elizabeth II and Prince Philip at the opening of Parliament, 14 October 1957</figcaption></figure> <p>The new parliamentary session is marked by the <a href="/wiki/Opening_of_the_Canadian_parliament" class="mw-redirect" title="Opening of the Canadian parliament">opening of Parliament</a>, a ceremony where a range of topics can be addressed in a <a href="/wiki/Speech_from_the_throne" title="Speech from the throne">Speech From the Throne</a> given by the monarch, the governor general, or a royal delegate.<sup id="cite_ref-Open_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Open-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The usher of the black rod invites MPs to these events,<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> knocking on the doors of the lower house that have been slammed shut<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>—a symbolic arrangement designed to illustrate the Commons' right to deny entry to anyone, including even the monarch (but with an exception for royal messengers).<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Once the MPs are gathered behind the Bar of the Senate—save for the prime minister, the only MP permitted into the Senate proper to sit near the throne dais—the House of Commons speaker presents to the monarch or governor general, and formally claims the rights and privileges of the House of Commons; and then the speaker of the Senate, on behalf of the Crown, replies in acknowledgement after the sovereign or viceroy takes their seat on the throne.<sup id="cite_ref-SenatePP_11-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SenatePP-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 42">: 42 </span></sup> The speech is then read aloud. It can outline the program of the <a href="/wiki/Cabinet_of_Canada" title="Cabinet of Canada">Cabinet</a> for the upcoming legislative session, as well as other matters chosen by the speaker. </p><p>A <a href="/wiki/Legislative_session" title="Legislative session">parliamentary session</a> lasts until a prorogation, after which, without ceremony, both chambers of the legislature cease all legislative business until the governor general issues another proclamation calling for a new session to begin; except for the election of a speaker for the House of Commons and his or her claiming of that house's privileges, the same procedures for the opening of Parliament are again followed. After a number of such sessions—having ranged from one to seven<sup id="cite_ref-SenatePP_11-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SenatePP-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 45">: 45 </span></sup>—a Parliament comes to an end via <a href="/wiki/Dissolution_of_parliament" title="Dissolution of parliament">dissolution</a>, and a general election typically follows. Subject to the governor general's discretion, general elections are held four years after the previous on the third Monday in October or, on the recommendation of the <a href="/wiki/Chief_Electoral_Officer_(Canada)" class="mw-redirect" title="Chief Electoral Officer (Canada)">chief electoral officer</a>, the following Tuesday or Monday. The governor general may dissolve Parliament and call a general election outside of these fixed dates, conventionally on the advice of the prime minister, which may be preceded by a successful <a href="/wiki/Motion_of_no_confidence" title="Motion of no confidence">motion of no confidence</a>. The timing of such dissolutions may be politically motivated.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Procedure">Procedure</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Parliament_of_Canada&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Procedure"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Both houses determine <a href="/wiki/Motion_(parliamentary_procedure)" title="Motion (parliamentary procedure)">motions</a> by <a href="/wiki/Voice_vote" title="Voice vote">voice vote</a>; the presiding officer puts the question and, after listening to shouts of "yea" and "nay" from the members, announces which side is victorious. This decision by the Speaker is final, unless a recorded vote is demanded by members—requiring at least two in the Senate and five in the House of Commons. Members of both houses vote by rising in their places to be counted; the speaker of the Senate is permitted to vote on a motion or bill—though does so irregularly, in the interest of impartiality—and, if there is no majority, the motion is defeated. In the Commons, however, the speaker cannot vote, unless to break a tie. The speaker customarily votes in favour of the <a href="/wiki/Status_quo" title="Status quo">status quo</a>. The constitution establishes the <a href="/wiki/Quorum" title="Quorum">quorums</a> to be 15 senators in the upper house and 20 members in the lower house, the speaker of each body being counted within the tally. </p><p>Voting can thus take three possible forms: whenever possible, leaving the matter open for future consideration and allowing for further discussion by the house; when no further discussion is possible, taking into account that the matter could somehow be brought back in future and be decided by a majority in the house; or, leaving a bill in its existing form rather than having it amended. For example, during the vote on the <a href="/wiki/2005_Canadian_federal_budget" title="2005 Canadian federal budget">2005 budget</a>, which was considered a <a href="/wiki/Motion_of_no_confidence" title="Motion of no confidence">vote of confidence</a>, the speaker of the House of Commons cast the tie-breaking vote during the <a href="/wiki/Reading_(legislature)#Second_reading" title="Reading (legislature)">second reading</a>, moving in favour of the budget and allowing its passage. If the vote on the <a href="/wiki/Reading_(legislature)#Third_reading" title="Reading (legislature)">third reading</a> had again been tied, the speaker would have been expected to vote against the bill, bringing down the government. </p><p>Simultaneous <a href="/wiki/Language_interpretation" title="Language interpretation">interpretation</a> for both official languages, <a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a> and <a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a>, is provided at all times during sessions of both houses. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legislative_functions">Legislative functions</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Parliament_of_Canada&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Legislative functions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Laws, known in their draft form as <a href="/wiki/Bill_(proposed_law)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bill (proposed law)">bills</a>, may be introduced by any member of either house. However, most bills originate in the House of Commons, of which most are put forward by <a href="/wiki/Minister_of_the_Crown" title="Minister of the Crown">ministers of the Crown</a>, making them government bills, as opposed to <a href="/wiki/Private_members%27_bills" class="mw-redirect" title="Private members' bills">private members' bills</a> or private senators' bills, which are launched by MPs and senators, respectively, who are not in cabinet. Draft legislation may also be categorized as public bills, if they apply to the general public, or <a href="/wiki/Private_bills" class="mw-redirect" title="Private bills">private bills</a>, if they concern a particular person or limited group of people. Each bill then goes through a series of stages in each chamber, beginning with the <a href="/wiki/First_reading" class="mw-redirect" title="First reading">first reading</a>. It is not, however, until the bill's <a href="/wiki/Second_reading" class="mw-redirect" title="Second reading">second reading</a> that the general principles of the proposed law are debated; though rejection is a possibility, such is not common for government bills. </p><p>Next, the bill is sent by the house where it is being debated to one of several committees. The Standing Orders outline the general mandate for all committees, allowing them to review: bills as they pertain to relevant departments; the program and policy plans, as well as the projected expenditures, and the effectiveness of the implementation thereof, for the same departments; and the analysis of the performance of those departments.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Most often, bills end up before a <a href="/wiki/Committee#Standing_committees" title="Committee">standing committee</a>, which is a body of members or senators who specialize in a particular subject (such as <a href="/wiki/Foreign_affairs" class="mw-redirect" title="Foreign affairs">foreign affairs</a>), and who may hear testimony from ministers and experts, debate the bill, and recommend amendments. The bill may also be committed to the <a href="/wiki/Committee_of_the_Whole" class="mw-redirect" title="Committee of the Whole">Committee of the Whole</a>, a body consisting of, as the name suggests, all the members of the chamber in question. Finally, the bill could be referred to an <i>ad hoc</i> committee established solely to review the piece of legislation in question. Each chamber has their own procedure for dealing with this, with the Senate establishing special committees that function like most other committees, and the House of Commons establishing legislative committees, the chair of the latter being appointed by the speaker of the House of Commons, and is normally one of his deputies. Whichever committee is used, any amendments proposed by the committee are considered by the whole house in the report stage. Furthermore, additional amendments not proposed by the committee may also be made. </p><p>After the report stage (or, if the committee made no amendments to the bill, immediately after the committee stage), the final phase of the bill—the <a href="/wiki/Third_reading" class="mw-redirect" title="Third reading">third reading</a>—occurs, at which time further amendments are not permitted in the House of Commons, but are allowed in the Senate. If it passes the third reading, the bill is sent to the other house of Parliament, where it passes through the same stages;<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> amendments made by the second chamber require the assent of the original house in order to stand part of the final bill. If one house passes amendments that the other will not agree to, and the two houses cannot resolve their disagreements, the bill fails. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:RoyalVisitSenate.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/RoyalVisitSenate.jpg/170px-RoyalVisitSenate.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="213" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/RoyalVisitSenate.jpg/255px-RoyalVisitSenate.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/RoyalVisitSenate.jpg/340px-RoyalVisitSenate.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="751" /></a><figcaption>King <a href="/wiki/George_VI" title="George VI">George VI</a>, with <a href="/wiki/Queen_Elizabeth_The_Queen_Mother" title="Queen Elizabeth The Queen Mother">Queen Elizabeth</a>, grants <a href="/wiki/Royal_Assent" class="mw-redirect" title="Royal Assent">Royal Assent</a> to bills in the Senate chamber, 1939</figcaption></figure> <p>Once the bill is passed in identical form by both houses, it is presented for <a href="/wiki/Royal_Assent" class="mw-redirect" title="Royal Assent">Royal Assent</a>; in theory, the governor general has three options: grant Royal Assent, thereby making the bill into law; withhold Royal Assent, thereby vetoing the bill; or reserve the bill for the signification of the King's <a href="/wiki/At_His_Majesty%27s_pleasure" title="At His Majesty's pleasure">pleasure</a>, which allows the sovereign to personally grant or withhold assent. If the governor general does grant Royal Assent, the monarch may, within two years, disallow the bill, thus annulling the law in question. In the federal sphere, no bill has ever been denied royal approval. </p><p>In conformity with the British model, only the House of Commons may originate bills for the imposition of taxes or for the appropriation of Crown funds. The constitutional amendment procedure does make provision for the Commons overcoming an otherwise-required Senate resolution in most cases. Otherwise, the theoretical power of both houses over bills is equal, with the assent of each being required for passage. In practice, however, the House of Commons is dominant, with the Senate rarely exercising its powers in a way that opposes the will of the democratically elected house. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Relationship_with_the_executive">Relationship with the executive</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Parliament_of_Canada&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Relationship with the executive"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Government_of_Canada" title="Government of Canada">federal government</a> consists of the <a href="/wiki/King-in-Council" title="King-in-Council">monarch (represented by the governor general)-in-council</a>, which is a collection of ministers of the Crown appointed by the governor general to direct the use of <a href="/wiki/Executive_(government)" title="Executive (government)">executive powers</a>. Per the tenets of <a href="/wiki/Responsible_government" title="Responsible government">responsible government</a>, these individuals are almost always drawn from Parliament, and are predominantly from the House of Commons, the only body to which ministers are held accountable, typically during <a href="/wiki/Question_Period" title="Question Period">Question Period</a>, wherein ministers are obliged to answer questions posed by members of the opposition. Hence, the person who can command the confidence of the lower chamber—usually the leader of the party with the most seats therein—is typically appointed as prime minister. Should that person not hold a seat in the House of Commons, the prime minister will, by convention, seek election to one at the earliest possible opportunity; frequently, in such situations, a junior member of Parliament who holds a <a href="/wiki/Safe_seat" title="Safe seat">safe seat</a> will resign to allow the prime minister to run for that riding in a <a href="/wiki/By-election" title="By-election">by-election</a>. If no party holds a majority, it is customary for the governor general to summon a <a href="/wiki/Minority_governments_in_Canada" title="Minority governments in Canada">minority government</a> or <a href="/wiki/Coalition_government" title="Coalition government">coalition government</a>, depending on which the commons will support. </p><p>The lower house may attempt to bring down the government by either rejecting a motion of <a href="/wiki/Confidence_and_supply" title="Confidence and supply">confidence</a>—generally initiated by a minister to reinforce the Cabinet's support in the commons—or by passing a motion of no confidence—introduced by the opposition to display its distrust of the Cabinet. Important bills that form part of the government's agenda will usually be considered matters of confidence; the budget is always a matter of confidence. Where a government has lost the confidence of the House of Commons, the prime minister is obliged to either resign (allowing the governor general to appoint the <a href="/wiki/Leader_of_the_Opposition_(Canada)" class="mw-redirect" title="Leader of the Opposition (Canada)">leader of the Opposition</a> to the office) or seek the dissolution of Parliament and the call of a general election. A precedent, however, was set in 1968, when the government of <a href="/wiki/Lester_B._Pearson" title="Lester B. Pearson">Lester B. Pearson</a> unexpectedly lost a confidence vote but was allowed to remain in power with the mutual consent of the leaders of the other parties. </p><p>In practice, the House of Commons' scrutiny of the government is quite weak in comparison to the equivalent chamber in other countries using the <a href="/wiki/Westminster_system" title="Westminster system">Westminster system</a>. With the <a href="/wiki/Plurality_voting_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Plurality voting system">plurality voting system</a> used in parliamentary elections tending to provide the governing party with a large majority, and a party system that gives leaders strict control over their caucus (to the point that MPs may be expelled from their parties for voting against the instructions of party leaders), there is often limited need to compromise with other parties. Additionally, Canada has fewer MPs, a higher turnover rate of MPs after each election, and an Americanized system for selecting political party leaders, leaving them accountable to the party membership rather than caucus, as is the case in the United Kingdom;<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> John Robson of the <i>National Post</i> opined that Canada's parliament had become a body akin to the <a href="/wiki/Electoral_College_(United_States)" class="mw-redirect" title="Electoral College (United States)">American Electoral College</a>, "its sole and ceremonial role to confirm the executive in power."<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>At the end of the 20th century and into the 21st, analysts—such as <a href="/wiki/Jeffrey_Simpson" title="Jeffrey Simpson">Jeffrey Simpson</a>, <a href="/wiki/Donald_Savoie" class="mw-redirect" title="Donald Savoie">Donald Savoie</a>, and <a href="/wiki/John_Gomery" title="John Gomery">John Gomery</a>—argued that both Parliament and the Cabinet had become eclipsed by prime ministerial power.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Thus, defeats of majority governments on issues of confidence are very rare. In contrast, a minority government is more volatile, and is more likely to fall due to loss of confidence. The last prime ministers to lose confidence votes were <a href="/wiki/Stephen_Harper" title="Stephen Harper">Stephen Harper</a> in 2011, <a href="/wiki/Paul_Martin" title="Paul Martin">Paul Martin</a> in 2005 and <a href="/wiki/Joe_Clark" title="Joe Clark">Joe Clark</a> in 1979, all involving minority governments. The passage of the <i><a href="/wiki/Reform_Act_(Canada)" title="Reform Act (Canada)">Reform Act</a></i> and resulting changes to the <i><a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Canada_Act" title="Parliament of Canada Act">Parliament of Canada Act</a></i>, in 2015, were a response to this trend and an attempt to increase the power and independence of MPs.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Privileges">Privileges</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Parliament_of_Canada&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Privileges"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Parliament possesses a number of privileges, collectively and accordingly known as <a href="/wiki/Parliamentary_privilege" title="Parliamentary privilege">parliamentary privilege</a>, each house being the guardian and administrator of its own set of rights. Parliament itself determines the extent of parliamentary privilege, each house overseeing its own affairs, but the constitution bars it from conferring any "exceeding those at the passing of such an Act held, enjoyed, and exercised by the [British House of] Commons... and by the Members thereof."<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The foremost dispensation held by both houses of Parliament is that of <a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_speech" title="Freedom of speech">freedom of speech</a> in debate; nothing said within the chambers may be questioned by any court or other institution outside of Parliament. In particular, a member of either house cannot be sued for <a href="/wiki/Slander_and_libel" class="mw-redirect" title="Slander and libel">slander</a> based on words uttered in the course of parliamentary proceedings, the only restraint on debate being set by the standing orders of each house. Further, MPs and senators are immune to arrest in civil (but not criminal) cases, from jury service and attendance in courts as witnesses. They may, however, be disciplined by their colleagues for breach of the rules, including <a href="/wiki/Contempt_of_parliament" title="Contempt of parliament">contempt of Parliament</a>—disobedience of its authority; for example, giving false testimony before a parliamentary committee—and breaches of its own privileges. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Heraldic_Authority" title="Canadian Heraldic Authority">Canadian Heraldic Authority</a>, on 15 April 2008, granted the Parliament of Canada, as an institution, a <a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms" title="Coat of arms">heraldic achievement</a> composed of symbols of the three elements of Parliament: the <a href="/wiki/Escutcheon_(heraldry)" title="Escutcheon (heraldry)">escutcheon</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Arms_of_Canada" class="mw-redirect" title="Arms of Canada">Royal Arms of Canada</a> with the maces of the House of Commons and Senate crossed behind.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The budget for the Parliament of Canada for the 2010 <a href="/wiki/Fiscal_year" title="Fiscal year">fiscal year</a> was <a href="/wiki/Canadian_dollar" title="Canadian dollar">$</a>583,567,000.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Parliament_of_Canada&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Following the cession of <a href="/wiki/New_France" title="New France">New France</a> to the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Paris_(1763)" title="Treaty of Paris (1763)">1763 Treaty of Paris</a>, Canada was governed according to the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Proclamation_of_1763" title="Royal Proclamation of 1763">Royal Proclamation</a> issued by <a href="/wiki/George_III_of_the_United_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="George III of the United Kingdom">King George III</a> in that same year. To this was added the <a href="/wiki/Quebec_Act" title="Quebec Act">Quebec Act</a>, by which the power to make ordinances was granted to a <a href="/wiki/Queen-in-Council" class="mw-redirect" title="Queen-in-Council">governor-in-council</a>, both the governor and council being appointed by the British monarch in Westminster, on the advice of his or her ministers there. In 1791, the Province of Quebec was divided into <a href="/wiki/Upper_Canada" title="Upper Canada">Upper</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lower_Canada" title="Lower Canada">Lower Canada</a>, each with an elected <a href="/wiki/Legislative_assembly" title="Legislative assembly">legislative assembly</a>, an appointed <a href="/wiki/Legislative_council" title="Legislative council">legislative council</a>, and a governor, mirroring the parliamentary structure in Britain. </p><p>During the <a href="/wiki/War_of_1812" title="War of 1812">War of 1812</a>, <a href="/wiki/United_States_Army" title="United States Army">American troops</a> <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_York#Burning_of_York" title="Battle of York">set fire</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Ontario_Legislative_Building#History" title="Ontario Legislative Building">buildings</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Legislative_Assembly_of_Upper_Canada" title="Legislative Assembly of Upper Canada">Legislative Assembly of Upper Canada</a> in <a href="/wiki/York,_Upper_Canada" title="York, Upper Canada">York</a> (now <a href="/wiki/Toronto" title="Toronto">Toronto</a>). In 1841, the British government united the two Canadas into the <a href="/wiki/Province_of_Canada" title="Province of Canada">Province of Canada</a>, with a single <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_the_Province_of_Canada" title="Parliament of the Province of Canada">legislature</a> composed of, again, an assembly, council, and governor general; the 84 members of the lower chamber were equally divided among the two former provinces, though Lower Canada had a higher population. The governor still held significant personal influence over Canadian affairs until 1848, when <a href="/wiki/Responsible_government" title="Responsible government">responsible government</a> was implemented in Canada. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Incendie_Parlement_Montreal.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Incendie_Parlement_Montreal.jpg/220px-Incendie_Parlement_Montreal.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="164" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Incendie_Parlement_Montreal.jpg/330px-Incendie_Parlement_Montreal.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Incendie_Parlement_Montreal.jpg/440px-Incendie_Parlement_Montreal.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="2986" /></a><figcaption>The burning of the Parliament in <a href="/wiki/Montreal" title="Montreal">Montreal</a>, 1849</figcaption></figure> <p>The actual site of Parliament shifted on a regular basis: From 1841 to 1844, it sat in <a href="/wiki/Kingston,_Ontario" title="Kingston, Ontario">Kingston</a>, where the present <a href="/wiki/Kingston_General_Hospital" title="Kingston General Hospital">Kingston General Hospital</a> now stands; from 1844 until the <a href="/wiki/Burning_of_the_Parliament_Buildings_in_Montreal" title="Burning of the Parliament Buildings in Montreal">1849 fire that destroyed the building</a>, the legislature was in <a href="/wiki/Montreal" title="Montreal">Montreal</a>; and, after a few years of alternating between Toronto and <a href="/wiki/Quebec_City" title="Quebec City">Quebec City</a>, the legislature was finally moved to <a href="/wiki/Ottawa" title="Ottawa">Ottawa</a> in 1856, <a href="/wiki/Queen_Victoria" title="Queen Victoria">Queen Victoria</a> having chosen that city as Canada's capital in 1857.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The modern-day Parliament of Canada came into existence in 1867, in which year the Parliament of the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_of_Great_Britain_and_Ireland" title="United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland">United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland</a> passed the <a href="/wiki/Constitution_Act,_1867" title="Constitution Act, 1867"><i>British North America Act, 1867</i></a>, uniting the provinces of <a href="/wiki/New_Brunswick" title="New Brunswick">New Brunswick</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nova_Scotia" title="Nova Scotia">Nova Scotia</a>, and Canada—with the Province of Canada split into <a href="/wiki/Quebec" title="Quebec">Quebec</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ontario" title="Ontario">Ontario</a>—into a single federation called the <a href="/wiki/British_Dominions" class="mw-redirect" title="British Dominions">Dominion of Canada</a>. Though the form of the new federal legislature was again nearly identical to the Parliament of the United Kingdom, the decision to retain this model was made with heavy influence from the just-concluded <a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">American Civil War</a>, which indicated to many <a href="/wiki/Canadians" title="Canadians">Canadians</a> the faults of the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">American</a> federal system, with its relatively powerful states and a less powerful federal government. The <i>British North America Act</i> limited the powers of the provinces, providing that all subjects not explicitly delegated to them by that document remain within the authority of the Canadian Parliament, while simultaneously giving the provinces unique powers in certain agreed-upon areas of jurisdiction. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Opening_session_of_the_House_of_Commons_at_the_Victoria_Memorial_Museum_after_the_Parliament_Buildings_fire_of_1916.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Opening_session_of_the_House_of_Commons_at_the_Victoria_Memorial_Museum_after_the_Parliament_Buildings_fire_of_1916.jpg/220px-Opening_session_of_the_House_of_Commons_at_the_Victoria_Memorial_Museum_after_the_Parliament_Buildings_fire_of_1916.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="154" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Opening_session_of_the_House_of_Commons_at_the_Victoria_Memorial_Museum_after_the_Parliament_Buildings_fire_of_1916.jpg/330px-Opening_session_of_the_House_of_Commons_at_the_Victoria_Memorial_Museum_after_the_Parliament_Buildings_fire_of_1916.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Opening_session_of_the_House_of_Commons_at_the_Victoria_Memorial_Museum_after_the_Parliament_Buildings_fire_of_1916.jpg/440px-Opening_session_of_the_House_of_Commons_at_the_Victoria_Memorial_Museum_after_the_Parliament_Buildings_fire_of_1916.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="447" /></a><figcaption>The first session of the House of Commons in its temporary location at the <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Museum_of_Nature" title="Canadian Museum of Nature">Victoria Memorial Museum</a>, 18 March 1918</figcaption></figure> <p>Full legislative autonomy was granted by the <a href="/wiki/Statute_of_Westminster_1931" title="Statute of Westminster 1931">Statute of Westminster, 1931</a>, passed by the Parliament of the United Kingdom. Though the statute allowed the Parliament of Canada to repeal or amend previously British laws as they applied to Canada, it did not permit amendment to Canada's constitution, including the British North America Acts. Hence, whenever a constitutional amendment was sought by the Canadian Parliament, the enactment of a British law was necessary, though Canada's consent was required. The Parliament of Canada was granted limited power to amend the constitution by a British Act of Parliament in 1949, but it was not permitted to affect the powers of provincial governments, the official positions of the English and French languages, rights of any class of persons with respect to schools, or the maximum five-year term of the legislature. </p><p>While her father, King <a href="/wiki/George_VI" title="George VI">George VI</a>, had been the first Canadian monarch to grant royal assent in the legislature—doing so in 1939—Queen <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_II" title="Elizabeth II">Elizabeth II</a> was the first sovereign to deliver the <a href="/wiki/Speech_from_the_throne" title="Speech from the throne">speech from the throne</a>. This event, in 1957, was the first time television cameras were allowed into the chambers of parliament, as the <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Broadcasting_Corporation" title="Canadian Broadcasting Corporation">Canadian Broadcasting Corporation</a> broadcast the speech nation-wide.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Canadian House of Commons and Senate last requested the Parliament of the United Kingdom to enact a constitutional amendment in 1982, in the form of the <i><a href="/wiki/Canada_Act_1982" title="Canada Act 1982">Canada Act 1982</a></i> which included the <i><a href="/wiki/Constitution_Act,_1982" title="Constitution Act, 1982">Constitution Act, 1982</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This legislation terminated the power of the British Parliament's ability to legislate for Canada and the authority to amend the constitution was transferred to the Canadian House of Commons, the Senate, and the provincial legislative assemblies, acting jointly. Most amendments require the consent of the Senate, the House of Commons, and the <a href="/wiki/Legislative_Assembly" class="mw-redirect" title="Legislative Assembly">legislative assemblies</a> of two-thirds of the provinces representing a majority of the population; the unanimous consent of provincial legislative assemblies is required for certain amendments, including those affecting the sovereign, the governor general, the <a href="/wiki/Lieutenant_Governor_(Canada)" title="Lieutenant Governor (Canada)">provincial lieutenant governors</a>, the official status of the English and French languages, the <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Canada" title="Supreme Court of Canada">Supreme Court of Canada</a>, and the amending formulas themselves. </p> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Parliament_of_Canada&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Maple_Leaf_%28from_roundel%29.svg/25px-Maple_Leaf_%28from_roundel%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Maple_Leaf_%28from_roundel%29.svg/37px-Maple_Leaf_%28from_roundel%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Maple_Leaf_%28from_roundel%29.svg/50px-Maple_Leaf_%28from_roundel%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="305" data-file-height="343" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Canada" title="Portal:Canada">Canada portal</a></span></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span 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(Canada)">Joint address (Canada)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Canadian_federal_parliaments" title="List of Canadian federal parliaments">List of Canadian federal parliaments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_legislatures_by_country" title="List of legislatures by country">List of legislatures by country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Canada" title="Politics of Canada">Politics of Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Procedural_officers_and_senior_officials_of_the_Parliament_of_Canada" title="Procedural officers and senior officials of the Parliament of Canada">Procedural officers and senior officials of the Parliament of Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Records_of_members_of_the_Parliament_of_Canada" title="Records of members of the Parliament of Canada">Records of members of the Parliament of Canada</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Parliament_of_Canada&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Open-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Open_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">On 1 September 1919, Edward, Prince of Wales (later King <a href="/wiki/Edward_VIII" title="Edward VIII">Edward VIII</a>) read the Speech From the Throne at the opening of the third session of the <a href="/wiki/13th_Canadian_Parliament" title="13th Canadian Parliament">13th Canadian Parliament</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Although rare, at times the incorrect version of a bill is transmitted between houses (i.e. not what passed third reading)—causing procedural problems, especially if not caught quickly, allowing the other house to advance the incorrect bill through multiple stages. For the last two occurrences (2014 and 2001), see <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFJordan_Press2014" class="citation news cs1">Jordan Press (28 August 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ottawacitizen.com/news/national/house-of-commons-to-correct-errors-in-crime-bill-it-sent-to-senate">"House of Commons to Correct Errors in Crime Bill it Sent to Senate"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Ottawa_Citizen" title="Ottawa Citizen">Ottawa Citizen</a></i>. National News<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 June</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Ottawa+Citizen&rft.atitle=House+of+Commons+to+Correct+Errors+in+Crime+Bill+it+Sent+to+Senate&rft.pages=National+News&rft.date=2014-08-28&rft.au=Jordan+Press&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fottawacitizen.com%2Fnews%2Fnational%2Fhouse-of-commons-to-correct-errors-in-crime-bill-it-sent-to-senate&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AParliament+of+Canada" class="Z3988"></span>.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Parliament_of_Canada&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Parliament_of_Canada&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Citations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHonderich" class="citation web cs1">Honderich, Holly. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/cm2n00e3z87o">"Canada's NDP pulls support for Trudeau's Liberals"</a>. <i>bbc.com</i>. British Broadcasting Corporation<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 September</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=bbc.com&rft.atitle=Canada%27s+NDP+pulls+support+for+Trudeau%27s+Liberals&rft.aulast=Honderich&rft.aufirst=Holly&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Farticles%2Fcm2n00e3z87o&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AParliament+of+Canada" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-CA1867-17-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-CA1867-17_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CA1867-17_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://laws-lois.justice.gc.ca/eng/const/section-17.html"><i>Constitution Act, 1867</i>, s. 17.</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://laws-lois.justice.gc.ca/eng/const/page-12.html#h-47"><i>Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms</i>,s. 16(1).</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMacLeod2015" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Kevin_S._MacLeod" title="Kevin S. MacLeod">MacLeod, Kevin</a> (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://canada.pch.gc.ca/DAMAssetPub/DAM-PCH2-Identity-Monarchy/STAGING/texte-text/crnMpls_1445001297279_eng.pdf?WT.contentAuthority=4.4.10"><i>A Crown of Maples</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Department of Canadian Heritage. p. 16. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-100-20079-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-100-20079-8"><bdi>978-1-100-20079-8</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 February</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=iPolitics&rft.atitle=Process+Nerd%3A+So%2C+how%27s+the+Reform+Act+working+so+far%3F&rft.date=2022-02-02&rft.aulast=O%27Malley&rft.aufirst=Kady&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fipolitics.ca%2F2022%2F02%2F02%2Fprocess-nerd-so-hows-the-reform-act-working-so-far%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AParliament+of+Canada" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://laws-lois.justice.gc.ca/eng/Const//section-18.html#h-21"><i>Constitution Act, 1867</i>, s. 18.</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCanadian_Heraldic_Authority" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Heraldic_Authority" title="Canadian Heraldic Authority">Canadian Heraldic Authority</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archive.gg.ca/heraldry/pub-reg/project-pic.asp?lang=e&ProjectID=1284&ProjectElementID=4487">"Public Register of Arms, Flags and Badges of Canada > Parliament of Canada"</a>. Queen's Printer for Canada<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 August</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Public+Register+of+Arms%2C+Flags+and+Badges+of+Canada+%3E+Parliament+of+Canada&rft.pub=Queen%27s+Printer+for+Canada&rft.au=Canadian+Heraldic+Authority&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farchive.gg.ca%2Fheraldry%2Fpub-reg%2Fproject-pic.asp%3Flang%3De%26ProjectID%3D1284%26ProjectElementID%3D4487&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AParliament+of+Canada" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVongdougngchanh2010" class="citation news cs1">Vongdougngchanh, Bea (8 March 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110105032617/http://www.hilltimes.com/page/view/legislation-03-08-2010">"Parliament's budget boosted to $583,567,000 this year"</a>. <i>The Hill Times</i>. Ottawa. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://hilltimes.com/page/view/legislation-03-08-2010">the original</a> on 5 January 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 January</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Hill+Times&rft.atitle=Parliament%27s+budget+boosted+to+%24583%2C567%2C000+this+year&rft.date=2010-03-08&rft.aulast=Vongdougngchanh&rft.aufirst=Bea&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhilltimes.com%2Fpage%2Fview%2Flegislation-03-08-2010&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AParliament+of+Canada" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRayburnHarris" class="citation web cs1">Rayburn, Alan; Harris, Carolyn. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/victoria">"Queen Victoria"</a>. <i>The Canadian Encyclopedia</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 November</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Canadian+Encyclopedia&rft.atitle=Queen+Victoria&rft.aulast=Rayburn&rft.aufirst=Alan&rft.au=Harris%2C+Carolyn&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca%2Fen%2Farticle%2Fvictoria&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AParliament+of+Canada" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://diefenbaker.usask.ca/exhibits/online-exhibits-content/the-crown-in-canada-en.php">"The Crown in Canada (1957)"</a>. Diefenbaker Canada Centre<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 August</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Crown+in+Canada+%281957%29&rft.pub=Diefenbaker+Canada+Centre&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdiefenbaker.usask.ca%2Fexhibits%2Fonline-exhibits-content%2Fthe-crown-in-canada-en.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AParliament+of+Canada" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://scholarship.law.duke.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=3635&context=lcp">Text of the Resolution respecting the Constitution of Canada adopted by the House of Commons on 2 December 1981.</a></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sources">Sources</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Parliament_of_Canada&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.parl.gc.ca/information/about/process/house/precis/titpg-e.htm">House of Commons Table Research Branch. (2005). <i>Précis of Procedure</i>.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050308104218/http://www.parl.gc.ca/information/about/process/house/precis/titpg-e.htm">Archived</a> 8 March 2005 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091031124439/http://encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761553359/Canadian_Parliament.html">Thomas, Paul G. (2004). "Parliament, Canadian."</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Parliament_of_Canada&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span class="official-website"><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://parl.ca">Official website</a></span></span> <span class="mw-valign-text-top" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q475689#P856" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" 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href="/wiki/Senate_of_Canada" title="Senate of Canada">Senate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Commons_of_Canada" title="House of Commons of Canada">House of Commons</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Member_of_Parliament_(Canada)" title="Member of Parliament (Canada)">Members</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Canadian_federal_parliaments" title="List of Canadian federal parliaments">List</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Legislative_assemblies_of_Canadian_provinces_and_territories" title="Legislative assemblies of Canadian provinces and territories">Legislative assemblies</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Legislative_Assembly_of_Alberta" title="Legislative Assembly of Alberta">Alberta</a> (<a href="/wiki/Alberta_Legislature" title="Alberta Legislature">list</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legislative_Assembly_of_British_Columbia" title="Legislative Assembly of British Columbia">British Columbia</a> (<a href="/wiki/Legislature_of_British_Columbia" title="Legislature of British Columbia">list</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legislative_Assembly_of_Manitoba" title="Legislative Assembly of Manitoba">Manitoba</a> (<a href="/wiki/Manitoba_Legislature" title="Manitoba Legislature">list</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legislative_Assembly_of_New_Brunswick" title="Legislative Assembly of New Brunswick">New Brunswick</a> (<a href="/wiki/New_Brunswick_Legislature" title="New Brunswick Legislature">list</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newfoundland_and_Labrador_House_of_Assembly" title="Newfoundland and Labrador House of Assembly">Newfoundland and Labrador</a> (<a href="/wiki/General_Assembly_of_Newfoundland_and_Labrador" title="General Assembly of Newfoundland and Labrador">list</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legislative_Assembly_of_the_Northwest_Territories" title="Legislative Assembly of the Northwest Territories">Northwest Territories</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_Northwest_Territories_Legislative_Assemblies" title="List of Northwest Territories Legislative Assemblies">list</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nova_Scotia_House_of_Assembly" title="Nova Scotia House of Assembly">Nova Scotia</a> (<a href="/wiki/General_Assembly_of_Nova_Scotia" title="General Assembly of Nova Scotia">list</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legislative_Assembly_of_Nunavut" title="Legislative Assembly of Nunavut">Nunavut</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_Nunavut_Legislative_Assemblies" title="List of Nunavut Legislative Assemblies">list</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legislative_Assembly_of_Ontario" title="Legislative Assembly of Ontario">Ontario</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_Ontario_Legislative_Assemblies" title="List of Ontario Legislative Assemblies">list</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legislative_Assembly_of_Prince_Edward_Island" title="Legislative Assembly of Prince Edward Island">Prince Edward Island</a> (<a href="/wiki/General_Assembly_of_Prince_Edward_Island" title="General Assembly of Prince Edward Island">list</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Assembly_of_Quebec" title="National Assembly of Quebec">Quebec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legislative_Assembly_of_Saskatchewan" title="Legislative Assembly of Saskatchewan">Saskatchewan</a> (<a href="/wiki/Saskatchewan_Legislature" title="Saskatchewan Legislature">list</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yukon_Legislative_Assembly" title="Yukon Legislative Assembly">Yukon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Indigenous assemblies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_the_Haida_Nation" title="Council of the Haida Nation">Haida Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Council_of_the_Crees" title="Grand Council of the Crees">Grand Council of the Crees</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nisga%27a#Government" title="Nisga'a">Nisgaʼa Lisims</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nunatsiavut_Assembly" title="Nunatsiavut Assembly">Nunatsiavut Assembly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Six_Nations_of_the_Grand_River_Elected_Council" title="Six Nations of the Grand River Elected Council">Six Nations Elected Council</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Defunct bodies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Provincial upper houses</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Legislative_Council_of_Manitoba" title="Legislative Council of Manitoba">Manitoba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legislative_Council_of_New_Brunswick" title="Legislative Council of New Brunswick">New Brunswick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legislative_Council_of_Newfoundland" title="Legislative Council of Newfoundland">Newfoundland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legislative_Council_of_Nova_Scotia" title="Legislative Council of Nova Scotia">Nova Scotia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legislative_Council_of_Prince_Edward_Island" title="Legislative Council of Prince Edward Island">Prince Edward Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legislative_Council_of_Quebec" title="Legislative Council of Quebec">Quebec</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Territorial bodies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Keewatin (<a href="/wiki/Council_of_Keewatin" title="Council of Keewatin">Council</a>)</li> <li>Northwest Territories (<a href="/wiki/Temporary_North-West_Council" title="Temporary North-West Council">Temporary Council</a>, <a href="/wiki/1st_Council_of_the_North-West_Territories" title="1st Council of the North-West Territories">1st Council</a>, <a href="/wiki/2nd_Council_of_the_Northwest_Territories" title="2nd Council of the Northwest Territories">2nd Council</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Pre-Confederation bodies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>British Columbia colonies <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Colonial_Assembly_of_British_Columbia" title="Colonial Assembly of British Columbia">Mainland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legislative_Assembly_of_Vancouver_Island" title="Legislative Assembly of Vancouver Island">Vancouver Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legislative_Council_of_British_Columbia" title="Legislative Council of British Columbia">United Colony</a></li></ul></li> <li>Lower Canada <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Lower_Canada" title="Parliament of Lower Canada">Parliament</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Legislative_Council_of_Lower_Canada" title="Legislative Council of Lower Canada">Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legislative_Assembly_of_Lower_Canada" title="Legislative Assembly of Lower Canada">Assembly</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Special_Council_of_Lower_Canada" title="Special Council of Lower Canada">Special Council</a></li></ul></li> <li>Newfoundland <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Newfoundland_Commission_of_Government" title="Newfoundland Commission of Government">Commission</a></li></ul></li> <li>Province of Canada <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_the_Province_of_Canada" title="Parliament of the Province of Canada">Parliament</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Legislative_Council_of_the_Province_of_Canada" title="Legislative Council of the Province of Canada">Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legislative_Assembly_of_the_Province_of_Canada" title="Legislative Assembly of the Province of Canada">Assembly</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li>Province of Quebec <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Council_for_the_Affairs_of_the_Province_of_Quebec" title="Council for the Affairs of the Province of Quebec">Council</a></li></ul></li> <li>Red River Colony <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Assiniboia" title="Council of Assiniboia">Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legislative_Assembly_of_Assiniboia" title="Legislative Assembly of Assiniboia">Assembly</a></li></ul></li> <li>Upper Canada <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Upper_Canada" title="Parliament of Upper Canada">Parliament</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Legislative_Council_of_Upper_Canada" title="Legislative Council of Upper Canada">Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legislative_Assembly_of_Upper_Canada" title="Legislative Assembly of Upper Canada">Assembly</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Lists_of_Canadian_parliaments" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Lists_of_Canadian_parliaments" title="Template:Lists of Canadian parliaments"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Lists_of_Canadian_parliaments" title="Template talk:Lists of Canadian parliaments"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Lists_of_Canadian_parliaments" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Lists of Canadian parliaments"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Lists_of_Canadian_parliaments" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Lists of Canadian parliaments</div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>Parliaments of the constituents of <a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Federal</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Canada</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Provincial</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alberta_Legislature" title="Alberta Legislature">Alberta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_British_Columbia" class="mw-redirect" title="Parliament of British Columbia">British Columbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manitoba_Legislature" title="Manitoba Legislature">Manitoba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legislative_Assembly_of_New_Brunswick" title="Legislative Assembly of New Brunswick">New Brunswick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newfoundland_and_Labrador_House_of_Assembly" title="Newfoundland and Labrador House of Assembly">Newfoundland and Labrador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nova_Scotia_House_of_Assembly" title="Nova Scotia House of Assembly">Nova Scotia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legislative_Assembly_of_Ontario" title="Legislative Assembly of Ontario">Ontario</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legislative_Assembly_of_Prince_Edward_Island" title="Legislative Assembly of Prince Edward Island">Prince Edward Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Assembly_of_Quebec" title="National Assembly of Quebec">Quebec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saskatchewan_Legislature" title="Saskatchewan Legislature">Saskatchewan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Territorial</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Legislative_Assembly_of_the_Northwest_Territories" title="Legislative Assembly of the Northwest Territories">Northwest Territories</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legislative_Assembly_of_Nunavut" title="Legislative Assembly of Nunavut">Nunavut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yukon_Legislative_Assembly" title="Yukon Legislative Assembly">Yukon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Canada" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Canada_topics" title="Template:Canada topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Canada_topics" title="Template talk:Canada topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Canada_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Canada topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Canada" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Canada" title="History of Canada">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em;font-weight: normal"><b><a href="/wiki/List_of_years_in_Canada" title="List of years in Canada">Year list</a></b> <br />(<b><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Canadian_history" title="Timeline of Canadian history">timeline</a>)</b></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_indigenous_peoples_of_Canada" class="mw-redirect" title="History of the indigenous peoples of Canada">Indigenous peoples</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_France" title="New France">New France (1534–1763)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Canada_(1763%E2%80%931867)" title="History of Canada (1763–1867)">British Canada (1763–1867)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-Confederation_Canada_(1867%E2%80%931914)" title="Post-Confederation Canada (1867–1914)">Post-Confederation (1867–1914)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canada_in_the_world_wars_and_interwar_period" title="Canada in the world wars and interwar period">World wars and interwar period (1914–1945)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Canada_(1945%E2%80%931960)" title="History of Canada (1945–1960)">1945–1960</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Canada_(1960%E2%80%931981)" title="History of Canada (1960–1981)">1960–1981</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Canada_(1982%E2%80%93present)" title="History of Canada (1982–present)">since 1982</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em;font-weight: normal"><b><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Canada#History_of_Canada" title="Outline of Canada">Topics</a></b></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constitutional_history_of_Canada" title="Constitutional history of Canada">Constitutional</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Canada_and_the_Indigenous_peoples_of_Canada" title="Monarchy of Canada and the Indigenous peoples of Canada">Crown and Indigenous people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_Canada" title="Economic history of Canada">Economic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Name_of_Canada" title="Name of Canada">Etymology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Nations_in_Canada" title="First Nations in Canada">First Nations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Former_colonies_and_territories_in_Canada" title="Former colonies and territories in Canada">Former colonies and territories</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_immigration_to_Canada" title="History of immigration to Canada">Immigration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Canadian_foreign_policy" title="History of Canadian foreign policy">Foreign relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Canada" title="Military history of Canada">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_monarchy_in_Canada" title="History of monarchy in Canada">Monarchical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Historic_Sites_of_Canada" title="National Historic Sites of Canada">National Historic Sites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persons_of_National_Historic_Significance" title="Persons of National Historic Significance">Persons of significance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_Canada" title="Racism in Canada">Racism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Territorial_evolution_of_Canada" title="Territorial evolution of Canada">Territorial evolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_women_in_Canada" title="History of women in Canada">Women</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Provinces_and_territories_of_Canada" title="Provinces and territories of Canada">Provinces<br />and territories</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em;font-weight: normal">Provinces</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alberta" title="Alberta">Alberta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Columbia" title="British Columbia">British Columbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manitoba" title="Manitoba">Manitoba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Brunswick" title="New Brunswick">New Brunswick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newfoundland_and_Labrador" title="Newfoundland and Labrador">Newfoundland and Labrador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nova_Scotia" title="Nova Scotia">Nova Scotia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ontario" title="Ontario">Ontario</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_Edward_Island" title="Prince Edward Island">Prince Edward Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quebec" title="Quebec">Quebec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saskatchewan" title="Saskatchewan">Saskatchewan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em;font-weight: normal">Territories</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Northwest_Territories" title="Northwest Territories">Northwest Territories</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nunavut" title="Nunavut">Nunavut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yukon" title="Yukon">Yukon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Canada" title="Geography of Canada">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em;font-weight: normal"><b><a href="/wiki/List_of_regions_of_Canada" title="List of regions of Canada">Regions</a></b><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(west to east)</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Western_Canada" title="Western Canada">Western Canada</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pacific_Northwest" title="Pacific Northwest">Pacific Northwest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Plains" title="Great Plains">Great Plains</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Prairies" title="Canadian Prairies">Canadian Prairies</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Canada" title="Northern Canada">Northern Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Shield" title="Canadian Shield">Canadian Shield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Canada" title="Central Canada">Central Canada</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Great_Lakes_region" title="Great Lakes region">Great Lakes</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Canada" title="Eastern Canada">Eastern Canada</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Canada" title="Atlantic Canada">Atlantic Canada</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Maritimes" title="The Maritimes">The Maritimes</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em;font-weight: normal"><b><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Canada#Geography_of_Canada" title="Outline of Canada">Topics</a></b></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Canada" title="List of cities in Canada">Cities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_earthquakes_in_Canada" title="List of earthquakes in Canada">Earthquakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_Canada" title="List of islands of Canada">Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mountain_peaks_of_Canada" title="Mountain peaks of Canada">Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_parks_of_Canada" title="National parks of Canada">National Parks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Lakes" title="Great Lakes">Great Lakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rivers_of_Canada" title="List of rivers of Canada">Rivers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wildlife_of_Canada" title="Wildlife of Canada">Wildlife</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volcanism_of_Canada" title="Volcanism of Canada">Volcanism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Canada" title="Government of Canada">Government</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Law_of_Canada" title="Law of Canada">Law</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Canada" title="Constitution of Canada">Constitution</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Canada" title="Monarchy of Canada">Monarch</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Governor_General_of_Canada" title="Governor General of Canada">Governor General</a></li></ul></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Parliament</a> (<a href="/wiki/Senate_of_Canada" title="Senate of Canada">Senate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Commons_of_Canada" title="House of Commons of Canada">House of Commons</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Canada" title="Prime Minister of Canada">Prime Minister</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_prime_ministers_of_Canada" title="List of prime ministers of Canada">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Court_system_of_Canada" title="Court system of Canada">Courts</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Canada" title="Supreme Court of Canada">Supreme Court</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Armed_Forces" title="Canadian Armed Forces">Military</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_peacekeeping" title="Canadian peacekeeping">Peacekeeping</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Municipal_government_in_Canada" class="mw-redirect" title="Municipal government in Canada">Local government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Canada" title="Foreign relations of Canada">Foreign relations</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Politics" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em;font-weight: normal"><b><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Canada" title="Politics of Canada">Politics</a></b></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Canada" title="Elections in Canada">Elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Canada" title="Human rights in Canada">Human rights</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Canada" title="Feminism in Canada">Feminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_genocide_of_Indigenous_peoples" title="Canadian genocide of Indigenous peoples">Genocide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_rights_in_Canada" title="LGBTQ rights in Canada">LGBTQ</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multiculturalism_in_Canada" title="Multiculturalism in Canada">Multiculturalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_in_Canada" title="Cannabis in Canada">Cannabis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Firearms_regulation_in_Canada" title="Firearms regulation in Canada">Firearms regulation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Canada" title="Economy of Canada">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_Canada" title="Agriculture in Canada">Agriculture</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dairy_farming_in_Canada" title="Dairy farming in Canada">Dairy farming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Floriculture_in_Canada" title="Floriculture in Canada">Floriculture</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banking_in_Canada" title="Banking in Canada">Banking</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_dollar" title="Canadian dollar">Dollar</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Canada" title="Telecommunications in Canada">Communications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_companies_of_Canada" title="List of companies of Canada">Companies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_policy_of_Canada" title="Energy policy of Canada">Energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fishing_industry_in_Canada" title="Fishing industry in Canada">Fishing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oil_reserves_in_Canada" title="Oil reserves in Canada">Oil</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Petroleum_industry_in_Canada" title="Petroleum industry in Canada">Petroleum</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toronto_Stock_Exchange" title="Toronto Stock Exchange">Stock exchange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taxation_in_Canada" title="Taxation in Canada">Taxation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Canada" title="Tourism in Canada">Tourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transportation_in_Canada" title="Transportation in Canada">Transportation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_and_technology_in_Canada" title="Science and technology in Canada">Science and tech</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Canada" title="Demographics of Canada">Demographics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em;font-weight: normal">Topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Canadians" title="Canadians">Canadians</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_origins_of_people_in_Canada" title="Ethnic origins of people in Canada">Ethnicity</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immigration_to_Canada" title="Immigration to Canada">Immigration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Canada" title="Languages of Canada">Languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Canada" title="Religion in Canada">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2021_Canadian_census" title="2021 Canadian census">2021 Census</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Population_of_Canada" title="Population of Canada">Population</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em;font-weight: normal">Lists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_census_metropolitan_areas_and_agglomerations_in_Canada" title="List of census metropolitan areas and agglomerations in Canada">Metropolitan areas and agglomerations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_the_largest_population_centres_in_Canada" title="List of the largest population centres in Canada">Population centres</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_the_largest_municipalities_in_Canada_by_population" title="List of the largest municipalities in Canada by population">Municipalities</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Society</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Canada" title="Education in Canada">Education</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Higher_education_in_Canada" title="Higher education in Canada">Higher education</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Healthcare_in_Canada" title="Healthcare in Canada">Healthcare</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Canada" title="Abortion in Canada">Abortion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euthanasia_in_Canada" title="Euthanasia in Canada">Euthanasia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Canada" title="Law enforcement in Canada">Law enforcement</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Crime_in_Canada" title="Crime in Canada">Crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_Canada" title="Corruption in Canada">Corruption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terrorism_in_Canada" title="Terrorism in Canada">Terrorism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poverty_in_Canada" title="Poverty in Canada">Poverty</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Homelessness_in_Canada" title="Homelessness in Canada">Homelessness</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_programs_in_Canada" title="Social programs in Canada">Social programs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_values" title="Canadian values">Values</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Canada" title="Culture of Canada">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Canada" title="Architecture of Canada">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_art" title="Canadian art">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Canada" title="Cinema of Canada">Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_cuisine" title="Canadian cuisine">Cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_folklore" title="Canadian folklore">Folklore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_Canada" title="Public holidays in Canada">Holidays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_identity" title="Canadian identity">Identity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Canadian_inventions,_innovations,_and_discoveries" title="List of Canadian inventions, innovations, and discoveries">Inventions and discoveries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_literature" title="Canadian literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Canada" title="Music of Canada">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_media" class="mw-redirect" title="Canadian media">Media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_Canadians" title="Lists of Canadians">Individuals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_cultural_protectionism" title="Canadian cultural protectionism">Protectionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sports_in_Canada" title="Sports in Canada">Sports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theatre_of_Canada" title="Theatre of Canada">Theatre</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Symbols" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em;font-weight: normal"><b><a href="/wiki/National_symbols_of_Canada" title="National symbols of Canada">Symbols</a></b></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/O_Canada" title="O Canada">Anthem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Canada" title="Coat of arms of Canada">Coat of arms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Canada" title="Flag of Canada">Flag</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Canadian_flags" title="List of Canadian flags">List</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Canadian_provincial_and_territorial_symbols" title="List of Canadian provincial and territorial symbols">Provincial and territorial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_royal_symbols" title="Canadian royal symbols">Royal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_heraldry" title="Canadian heraldry">Heraldic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regional_tartans_of_Canada" title="Regional tartans of Canada">Tartans</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Contents</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_Canada-related_articles" title="Index of Canada-related articles">Index</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Canada" title="Outline of Canada">Outline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Canada-related_topics_by_provinces_and_territories" title="List of Canada-related topics by provinces and territories">Topics by provinces and territories</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Research</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bibliography_of_Canada" title="Bibliography of Canada">Bibliography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historiography_of_Canada" title="Historiography of Canada">Historiography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Canadian_historians" title="List of Canadian historians">Historians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_studies" title="Canadian studies">Studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_rankings_of_Canada" title="International rankings of Canada">Indices</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><b><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Maple_Leaf_%28from_roundel%29.svg/25px-Maple_Leaf_%28from_roundel%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Maple_Leaf_%28from_roundel%29.svg/37px-Maple_Leaf_%28from_roundel%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Maple_Leaf_%28from_roundel%29.svg/50px-Maple_Leaf_%28from_roundel%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="305" data-file-height="343" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Canada" title="Portal:Canada">Canada portal</a></b></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Category:Canada" title="Category:Canada">Category</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="National_bicameral_legislatures" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:National_bicameral_legislatures" title="Template:National bicameral legislatures"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:National_bicameral_legislatures" title="Template talk:National bicameral 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href="/wiki/Austrian_Parliament" title="Austrian Parliament">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belgian_Federal_Parliament" title="Belgian Federal Parliament">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parliamentary_Assembly_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Parliamentary Assembly of Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Congress_of_Brazil" title="National Congress of Brazil">Brazil</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Egypt" title="Parliament of Egypt">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Parliamentary_Assembly" title="Federal Parliamentary Assembly">Ethiopia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_India" title="Parliament of India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Malaysia" title="Parliament of Malaysia">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congress_of_the_Union" title="Congress of the Union">Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Parliament_of_Nepal" title="Federal Parliament of Nepal">Nepal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Assembly_(Nigeria)" title="National Assembly (Nigeria)">Nigeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Pakistan" title="Parliament of Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Assembly_(Russia)" title="Federal Assembly (Russia)">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Parliament_of_Somalia" title="Federal Parliament of Somalia">Somalia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Legislature_(South_Sudan)" title="National Legislature (South Sudan)">South Sudan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Legislature_(Sudan)" title="National Legislature (Sudan)">Sudan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Assembly_(Switzerland)" title="Federal Assembly (Switzerland)">Switzerland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Congress" title="United States Congress">United States</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Unitary_state" title="Unitary state">Unitary</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Algeria" title="Parliament of Algeria">Algeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Antigua_and_Barbuda" title="Parliament of Antigua and Barbuda">Antigua and Barbuda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_the_Bahamas" title="Parliament of the Bahamas">Bahamas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Assembly_(Bahrain)" title="National Assembly (Bahrain)">Bahrain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Barbados" title="Parliament of Barbados">Barbados</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Assembly_of_the_Republic_of_Belarus" title="National Assembly of the Republic of Belarus">Belarus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Assembly_(Belize)" title="National Assembly (Belize)">Belize</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Bhutan" title="Parliament of Bhutan">Bhutan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plurinational_Legislative_Assembly" title="Plurinational Legislative Assembly">Bolivia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Burundi" title="Parliament of Burundi">Burundi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Cambodia" title="Parliament of Cambodia">Cambodia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Cameroon" title="Parliament of Cameroon">Cameroon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Congress_of_Chile" title="National Congress of Chile">Chile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congress_of_Colombia" title="Congress of Colombia">Colombia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Parliament of the Democratic Republic of the Congo">Democratic Republic of the Congo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_the_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Parliament of the Republic of the Congo">Republic of the Congo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_the_Czech_Republic" title="Parliament of the Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congress_of_the_Dominican_Republic" title="Congress of the Dominican Republic">Dominican Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Equatorial_Guinea" title="Parliament of Equatorial Guinea">Equatorial Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Eswatini" title="Parliament of Eswatini">Eswatini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Parliament" title="French Parliament">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Gabon" title="Parliament of Gabon">Gabon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Grenada" title="Parliament of Grenada">Grenada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Assembly_(Haiti)" title="National Assembly (Haiti)">Haiti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Consultative_Assembly" title="People's Consultative Assembly">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oireachtas" title="Oireachtas">Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Parliament" title="Italian Parliament">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Ivory_Coast" title="Parliament of Ivory Coast">Ivory Coast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Jamaica" title="Parliament of Jamaica">Jamaica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Diet" title="National Diet">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Jordan" title="Parliament of Jordan">Jordan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Kazakhstan" title="Parliament of Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Kenya" title="Parliament of Kenya">Kenya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Lesotho" title="Parliament of Lesotho">Lesotho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legislature_of_Liberia" title="Legislature of Liberia">Liberia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Madagascar" title="Parliament of Madagascar">Madagascar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Morocco" title="Parliament of Morocco">Morocco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyidaungsu_Hluttaw" title="Pyidaungsu Hluttaw">Myanmar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Namibia" title="Parliament of Namibia">Namibia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/States_General_of_the_Netherlands" title="States General of the Netherlands">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Oman" title="Council of Oman">Oman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palau_National_Congress" title="Palau National Congress">Palau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congress_of_Paraguay" title="Congress of Paraguay">Paraguay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congress_of_the_Philippines" title="Congress of the Philippines">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Poland" title="Parliament of Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Romania" title="Parliament of Romania">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Rwanda" title="Parliament of Rwanda">Rwanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Saint_Lucia" title="Parliament of Saint Lucia">Saint Lucia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovenian_Parliament" title="Slovenian Parliament">Slovenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_South_Africa" title="Parliament of South Africa">South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cortes_Generales" title="Cortes Generales">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Assembly_(Tajikistan)" title="Supreme Assembly (Tajikistan)">Tajikistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Assembly_(Thailand)" title="National Assembly (Thailand)">Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Trinidad_and_Tobago" title="Parliament of Trinidad and Tobago">Trinidad and Tobago</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Council_of_Turkmenistan" title="National Council of Turkmenistan">Turkmenistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Parliament of the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/General_Assembly_of_Uruguay" title="General Assembly of Uruguay">Uruguay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oliy_Majlis" title="Oliy Majlis">Uzbekistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Zimbabwe" title="Parliament of Zimbabwe">Zimbabwe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Dependent_territory" title="Dependent territory">Dependent and<br />other territories</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Samoa_Fono" title="American Samoa Fono">American Samoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Bermuda" title="Parliament of Bermuda">Bermuda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tynwald" title="Tynwald">Isle of Man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Mariana_Islands_Commonwealth_Legislature" title="Northern Mariana Islands Commonwealth Legislature">Northern Mariana Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legislative_Assembly_of_Puerto_Rico" title="Legislative Assembly of Puerto Rico">Puerto Rico</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_states_with_limited_recognition" title="List of states with limited recognition">Non-UN states</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Somaliland" title="Parliament of Somaliland">Somaliland</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Historical</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Congress_of_Venezuela" title="Congress of Venezuela">Venezuela (1811-1999)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confederate_States_Congress" title="Confederate States Congress">Confederate States (1862–1865)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Assembly_(Czechoslovakia)" title="National Assembly (Czechoslovakia)">Czechoslovakia (1920–1939)</a> <a href="/wiki/Federal_Assembly_(Czechoslovakia)" title="Federal Assembly (Czechoslovakia)">(1969–1992)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Riigikogu#Division" title="Riigikogu">Estonia (1938–1940)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assembly_of_Serbia#History" class="mw-redirect" title="Assembly of Serbia">Serbia (1901–1903)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Soviet_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Supreme Soviet of the Soviet Union">Soviet Union (1938–1991)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congress_of_the_Republic_of_Texas" title="Congress of the Republic of Texas">Texas (1836–1845)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assembly_of_Yugoslavia" title="Assembly of Yugoslavia">Yugoslavia (1931–1939, 1945–1963, 1974–1992)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Serbia_and_Montenegro" class="mw-redirect" title="Parliament of Serbia and Montenegro">FR Yugoslavia (1992–2003)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/General_Assembly_of_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="General Assembly of the Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire (1876–1878, 1908–1920)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Unicameralism" title="Unicameralism">Unicameralism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tricameralism" title="Tricameralism">Tricameralism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multicameralism" title="Multicameralism">Multicameralism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_legislatures_by_country" title="List of legislatures by country">List of legislatures by country</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Template:National_unicameral_legislatures" title="Template:National unicameral legislatures">National unicameral legislatures</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:National_lower_houses" title="Template:National lower houses">National lower houses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:National_upper_houses" title="Template:National upper houses">National upper houses</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="National_legislative_bodies_of_the_Americas" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Legislatures_of_the_Americas" title="Template:Legislatures of the Americas"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Legislatures_of_the_Americas" title="Template talk:Legislatures of the Americas"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Legislatures_of_the_Americas" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Legislatures of the Americas"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="National_legislative_bodies_of_the_Americas" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">National legislative bodies of the Americas</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sovereign_state" title="Sovereign state">Sovereign states</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Antigua_and_Barbuda" title="Parliament of Antigua and Barbuda">Antigua and Barbuda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Congress_of_Argentina" title="National Congress of Argentina">Argentina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_the_Bahamas" title="Parliament of the Bahamas">Bahamas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Barbados" title="Parliament of Barbados">Barbados</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Assembly_(Belize)" title="National Assembly (Belize)">Belize</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plurinational_Legislative_Assembly" title="Plurinational Legislative Assembly">Bolivia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Congress_of_Brazil" title="National Congress of Brazil">Brazil</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Congress_of_Chile" title="National Congress of Chile">Chile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congress_of_Colombia" title="Congress of Colombia">Colombia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legislative_Assembly_of_Costa_Rica" title="Legislative Assembly of Costa Rica">Costa Rica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Assembly_of_People%27s_Power" title="National Assembly of People's Power">Cuba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Assembly_of_Dominica" title="House of Assembly of Dominica">Dominica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congress_of_the_Dominican_Republic" title="Congress of the Dominican Republic">Dominican Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Assembly_(Ecuador)" title="National Assembly (Ecuador)">Ecuador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legislative_Assembly_of_El_Salvador" title="Legislative Assembly of El Salvador">El Salvador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Parliament" title="French Parliament">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Grenada" title="Parliament of Grenada">Grenada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congress_of_Guatemala" class="mw-redirect" title="Congress of Guatemala">Guatemala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Assembly_(Guyana)" title="National Assembly (Guyana)">Guyana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Assembly_(Haiti)" title="National Assembly (Haiti)">Haiti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Congress_of_Honduras" title="National Congress of Honduras">Honduras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Jamaica" title="Parliament of Jamaica">Jamaica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congress_of_the_Union" title="Congress of the Union">Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Assembly_(Nicaragua)" title="National Assembly (Nicaragua)">Nicaragua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Assembly_(Panama)" title="National Assembly (Panama)">Panama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congress_of_Paraguay" title="Congress of Paraguay">Paraguay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congress_of_the_Republic_of_Peru" title="Congress of the Republic of Peru">Peru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Assembly_(Saint_Kitts_and_Nevis)" title="National Assembly (Saint Kitts and Nevis)">Saint Kitts and Nevis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Saint_Lucia" title="Parliament of Saint Lucia">Saint Lucia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Assembly_of_Saint_Vincent_and_the_Grenadines" title="House of Assembly of Saint Vincent and the Grenadines">Saint Vincent and the Grenadines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Assembly_(Suriname)" title="National Assembly (Suriname)">Suriname</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Trinidad_and_Tobago" title="Parliament of Trinidad and Tobago">Trinidad and Tobago</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Congress" title="United States Congress">United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/General_Assembly_of_Uruguay" title="General Assembly of Uruguay">Uruguay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Assembly_(Venezuela)" class="mw-redirect" title="National Assembly (Venezuela)">Venezuela</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="2" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Americas_(orthographic_projection).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Americas_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/100px-Americas_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Americas_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/150px-Americas_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Americas_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/200px-Americas_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="550" data-file-height="550" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Dependent_territory" title="Dependent territory">Dependencies</a> and<br />other <a href="/wiki/Territory" title="Territory">territories</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Assembly_(Anguilla)" title="House of Assembly (Anguilla)">Anguilla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estates_of_Aruba" class="mw-redirect" title="Estates of Aruba">Aruba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Bermuda" title="Parliament of Bermuda">Bermuda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Assembly_of_the_British_Virgin_Islands" title="House of Assembly of the British Virgin Islands">British Virgin Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_the_Cayman_Islands" title="Parliament of the Cayman Islands">Cayman Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estates_of_Cura%C3%A7ao" class="mw-redirect" title="Estates of Curaçao">Curaçao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legislative_Assembly_of_the_Falkland_Islands" title="Legislative Assembly of the Falkland Islands">Falkland Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Greenland" class="mw-redirect" title="Parliament of Greenland">Greenland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legislative_Assembly_of_Montserrat" title="Legislative Assembly of Montserrat">Montserrat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legislative_Assembly_of_Puerto_Rico" title="Legislative Assembly of Puerto Rico">Puerto Rico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Territorial_Council_of_Saint_Barth%C3%A9lemy" title="Territorial Council of Saint Barthélemy">Saint Barthélemy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Territorial_Council_of_Saint_Pierre_and_Miquelon" title="Territorial Council of Saint Pierre and Miquelon">Saint Pierre and Miquelon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estates_of_Sint_Maarten" class="mw-redirect" title="Estates of Sint Maarten">Sint Maarten</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Assembly_(Turks_and_Caicos_Islands)" title="House of Assembly (Turks and Caicos Islands)">Turks and Caicos Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legislature_of_the_Virgin_Islands" title="Legislature of the Virgin Islands">US Virgin Islands</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q475689#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q475689#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q475689#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000107300709">ISNI</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/157021872">VIAF</a></span><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/306376061">2</a></span></li></ul></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/43244-1">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n79058471">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Kanada. Parliament"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=kn20050621003&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007526376905171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/027632288">IdRef</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <p><span class="geo-inline-hidden noexcerpt"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Parliament_of_Canada&params=45.42521_N_75.70011_W_source:placeopedia"><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">45°25′31″N</span> <span class="longitude">75°42′00″W</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">45.42521°N 75.70011°W</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">45.42521; -75.70011</span></span></span></a></span></span> </p>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Parliament_of_Canada&oldid=1259536833">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Parliament_of_Canada&oldid=1259536833</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Parliament_of_Canada" title="Category:Parliament of Canada">Parliament of Canada</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1867_establishments_in_Canada" title="Category:1867 establishments in Canada">1867 establishments in Canada</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Westminster_system_parliaments" title="Category:Westminster system parliaments">Westminster system parliaments</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Government_of_Canada" title="Category:Government of Canada">Government of Canada</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:National_legislatures" title="Category:National legislatures">National legislatures</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Parliaments_by_country" title="Category:Parliaments by country">Parliaments by country</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Bicameral_legislatures" title="Category:Bicameral legislatures">Bicameral legislatures</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_dead_external_links" title="Category:All articles with dead external links">All articles with dead external links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_dead_external_links_from_April_2019" title="Category:Articles with dead external links from April 2019">Articles with dead external links from April 2019</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_permanently_dead_external_links" title="Category:Articles with permanently dead external links">Articles with permanently dead external links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_using_gadget_WikiMiniAtlas" title="Category:Pages using gadget WikiMiniAtlas">Pages using gadget WikiMiniAtlas</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description is different from Wikidata">Short description is different from Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_Canadian_English_from_February_2020" title="Category:Use Canadian English from February 2020">Use Canadian English from February 2020</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_Wikipedia_articles_written_in_Canadian_English" title="Category:All Wikipedia articles written in Canadian English">All Wikipedia articles written in Canadian English</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_dmy_dates_from_May_2018" title="Category:Use dmy dates from May 2018">Use dmy dates from May 2018</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_French-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing French-language text">Articles containing French-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Infobox_legislature_with_background_color" title="Category:Infobox legislature with background color">Infobox legislature with background color</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_unsourced_statements" title="Category:All articles with unsourced statements">All articles with unsourced statements</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_May_2021" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from May 2021">Articles with unsourced statements from May 2021</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Webarchive_template_wayback_links" title="Category:Webarchive template wayback links">Webarchive template wayback links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Coordinates_not_on_Wikidata" title="Category:Coordinates not on Wikidata">Coordinates not on Wikidata</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 25 November 2024, at 18:33<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; 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