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<span>Usage</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Usage-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_psychology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_psychology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>In psychology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_psychology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Understanding" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Understanding"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Understanding</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Understanding-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Vocal_indication" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vocal_indication"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Vocal indication</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vocal_indication-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Punctuation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Punctuation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Punctuation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Punctuation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sarcasm_and_irony" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sarcasm_and_irony"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Sarcasm and irony</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sarcasm_and_irony-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Identifying" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Identifying"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Identifying</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Identifying-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_religion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_religion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>In religion</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_religion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Sarcasm</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 51 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-51" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">51 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D9%87%D9%83%D9%85" title="تهكم – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="تهكم" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kinay%C9%99" title="Kinayə – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Kinayə" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%AE" title="সারকাজম – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="সারকাজম" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B7%D1%8A%D0%BC" title="Сарказъм – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Сарказъм" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flemmadenn" title="Flemmadenn – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Flemmadenn" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarcasme" title="Sarcasme – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Sarcasme" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarkasmus" title="Sarkasmus – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Sarkasmus" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarkasme" title="Sarkasme – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Sarkasme" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarkasmus" title="Sarkasmus – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Sarkasmus" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarcasmo" title="Sarcasmo – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Sarcasmo" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarkasmo" title="Sarkasmo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Sarkasmo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarkasmo" title="Sarkasmo – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Sarkasmo" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B7%D8%B9%D9%86%D9%87" title="طعنه – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="طعنه" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarcasme" title="Sarcasme – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Sarcasme" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarkasme" title="Sarkasme – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Sarkasme" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8D%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%A6%D5%B4" title="Սարկազմ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Սարկազմ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7" title="कटाक्ष – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="कटाक्ष" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarkazam" title="Sarkazam – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Sarkazam" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarkasmo" title="Sarkasmo – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Sarkasmo" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarkasme" title="Sarkasme – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Sarkasme" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarcasmo" title="Sarcasmo – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Sarcasmo" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A1%D7%A8%D7%A7%D7%96%D7%9D" title="סרקזם – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="סרקזם" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%95%E0%B3%86%E0%B2%A3%E0%B2%95%E0%B3%81_%E0%B2%AE%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%A4%E0%B3%81" title="ಕೆಣಕು ಮಾತು – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಕೆಣಕು ಮಾತು" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A1%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%99%E1%83%90%E1%83%96%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98" title="სარკაზმი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="სარკაზმი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Сарказм – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Сарказм" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Сарказм – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Сарказм" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Szarkazmus" title="Szarkazmus – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Szarkazmus" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BC_(%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0)" title="Сарказам (стилистика) – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Сарказам (стилистика)" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A1%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%99%E1%83%90%E1%83%96%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98" title="სარკაზმი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="სარკაზმი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarcasme" title="Sarcasme – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Sarcasme" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarkasme" title="Sarkasme – Low Saxon" lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL" data-title="Sarkasme" data-language-autonym="Nedersaksies" data-language-local-name="Low Saxon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nedersaksies</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%AB%8C%E3%81%BF" title="嫌み – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="嫌み" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarkasme" title="Sarkasme – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Sarkasme" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarkazm" title="Sarkazm – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Sarkazm" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarcasmo" title="Sarcasmo – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Sarcasmo" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarcasm" title="Sarcasm – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Sarcasm" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Сарказм – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Сарказм" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarkazma" title="Sarkazma – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Sarkazma" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarc%C3%A0simu" title="Sarcàsimu – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Sarcàsimu" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarcasm" title="Sarcasm – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Sarcasm" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarkazmus" title="Sarkazmus – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Sarkazmus" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BC" title="Сарказам – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Сарказам" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarkazam" title="Sarkazam – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Sarkazam" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarkasmi" title="Sarkasmi – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Sarkasmi" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarkasm" title="Sarkasm – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Sarkasm" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%9E%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B4%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%A3%E0%AE%BF" title="வஞ்சப் புகழ்ச்சியணி – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="வஞ்சப் புகழ்ச்சியணி" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" 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srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/30px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/40px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Sharp, bitter remark</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Death_and_sarcasm_(3566057321).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Death_and_sarcasm_%283566057321%29.jpg/220px-Death_and_sarcasm_%283566057321%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Death_and_sarcasm_%283566057321%29.jpg/330px-Death_and_sarcasm_%283566057321%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Death_and_sarcasm_%283566057321%29.jpg/440px-Death_and_sarcasm_%283566057321%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3888" data-file-height="2592" /></a><figcaption>A sarcastic response written on a table that reads: Wow, you are SO deep!</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Sarcasm</b> is the caustic use of words, often in a humorous way, to mock someone or something.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sarcasm may employ <a href="/wiki/Ambivalence" title="Ambivalence">ambivalence</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> although it is not necessarily <a href="/wiki/Irony" title="Irony">ironic</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Most noticeable in spoken word, sarcasm is mainly distinguished by the inflection with which it is spoken<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or, with an undercurrent of irony, by the extreme disproportion of the comment to the situation, and is largely <a href="/wiki/Context_(language_use)" class="mw-redirect" title="Context (language use)">context</a>-dependent.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2></div> <p>The word comes from the <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek" title="Ancient Greek">Ancient Greek</a> σαρκασμός (<i>sarkasmós</i>) which is taken from σαρκάζειν (<i>sarkázein</i>) meaning "to tear flesh, bite the lip in rage, sneer".<sup id="cite_ref-OED_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OED-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>It is first recorded in English in 1579, in an annotation to <i><a href="/wiki/The_Shepheardes_Calender" title="The Shepheardes Calender">The Shepheardes Calender</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Edmund_Spenser" title="Edmund Spenser">Edmund Spenser</a>: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Tom piper, an ironicall Sarcasmus, spoken in derision of these rude wits, whych ...<sup id="cite_ref-OED-quote_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OED-quote-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>However, the word <i>sarcastic</i>, meaning "Characterized by or involving sarcasm; given to the use of sarcasm; bitterly cutting or caustic", does not appear until 1695.<sup id="cite_ref-OED_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OED-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Usage">Usage</h2></div> <p>In its entry on irony, <a href="/wiki/Dictionary.com" title="Dictionary.com">Dictionary.com</a> describes sarcasm thus: </p> <blockquote> <p>In sarcasm, ridicule or mockery is used harshly, often crudely and contemptuously, for destructive purposes. It may be used in an indirect manner, and have the form of irony, as in "What a fine musician you turned out to be!," "It's like you're a whole different person now...," and "Oh... Well then thanks for all the first aid over the years!" or it may be used in the form of a direct statement, "You couldn't play one piece correctly if you had two assistants." The distinctive quality of sarcasm is present in the spoken word and manifested chiefly by vocal inflection ...<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> </blockquote><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Advertisement_for_fitness_studio_in_Germany.jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Advertisement_for_fitness_studio_in_Germany.jpeg/220px-Advertisement_for_fitness_studio_in_Germany.jpeg" decoding="async" width="220" height="295" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Advertisement_for_fitness_studio_in_Germany.jpeg/330px-Advertisement_for_fitness_studio_in_Germany.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Advertisement_for_fitness_studio_in_Germany.jpeg/440px-Advertisement_for_fitness_studio_in_Germany.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="2399" data-file-height="3222" /></a><figcaption>Use of sarcasm in an ad sticker of a boxing studio. The message is negative and directly mocks, or even jokingly insults, the person targeted by the advertisement.</figcaption></figure><p> Distinguishing sarcasm from <a href="/wiki/Banter" class="mw-redirect" title="Banter">banter</a>, and referring to the use of irony in sarcasm, linguist Derek Bousfield writes that sarcasm is: </p><blockquote><p>The use of strategies which, <i>on the surface</i> appear to be appropriate to the situation, but are meant to be taken as meaning the opposite in terms of <i>face management</i>. That is, the utterance which appears, on the surface, to maintain or enhance the face of the recipient actually attacks and damages the face of the recipient. ... <i>sarcasm</i> is an insincere form of politeness which is used to offend one's interlocutor.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>Linguist <a href="/wiki/John_Haiman" title="John Haiman">John Haiman</a> writes: "There is an extremely close connection between sarcasm and irony, and literary theorists in particular often treat sarcasm as simply the crudest and least interesting form of irony." Also, he adds: </p> <blockquote><p>First, situations may be ironic, but only people can be sarcastic. Second, people may be unintentionally ironic, but sarcasm requires intention. What is essential to sarcasm is that it is overt irony intentionally used by the speaker as a form of verbal aggression.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>Lexicographer <a href="/wiki/Henry_Watson_Fowler" class="mw-redirect" title="Henry Watson Fowler">Henry Watson Fowler</a> writes in <i><a href="/wiki/A_Dictionary_of_Modern_English_Usage" title="A Dictionary of Modern English Usage">A Dictionary of Modern English Usage</a></i>: </p> <blockquote><p>Sarcasm does not necessarily involve irony. But irony, or the use of expressions conveying different things according as they are interpreted, is so often made the vehicle of sarcasm ... The essence of sarcasm is the intention of giving pain by (ironical or other) bitter words.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_psychology">In psychology</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Update plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Update" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg/42px-Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg.png" decoding="async" width="42" height="34" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg/63px-Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg/84px-Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="360" data-file-height="290" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section needs to be <b>updated</b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">November 2024</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Professionals in psychology and related fields have long looked upon sarcasm negatively,<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> particularly noting that sarcasm tends to be a maladaptive <a href="/wiki/Coping_mechanism" class="mw-redirect" title="Coping mechanism">coping mechanism</a> for those with unresolved anger or frustrations. Psychologist Clifford N. Lazarus describes sarcasm as "<a href="/wiki/Hostility" title="Hostility">hostility</a> disguised as humor". While an occasional sarcastic comment may enliven a conversation, Lazarus suggests that too frequent use of sarcasm tends to "overwhelm the emotional flavor of any conversation".<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Understanding">Understanding</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Alzheimer_T%C3%BCbingen_retouched.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Alzheimer_T%C3%BCbingen_retouched.jpg/170px-Alzheimer_T%C3%BCbingen_retouched.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="226" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Alzheimer_T%C3%BCbingen_retouched.jpg/255px-Alzheimer_T%C3%BCbingen_retouched.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Alzheimer_T%C3%BCbingen_retouched.jpg/340px-Alzheimer_T%C3%BCbingen_retouched.jpg 2x" data-file-width="643" data-file-height="853" /></a><figcaption>Sarcastic comment below a memorial plaque for <a href="/wiki/Alois_Alzheimer" title="Alois Alzheimer">Alois Alzheimer</a> who first described <a href="/wiki/Alzheimer%27s_disease" title="Alzheimer's disease">Alzheimer's disease</a>. The German text means "Alois, we will never forget you!", subtly playing with the contradiction between a disease deteriorating the human memory, the purpose of the memorial and the added text.</figcaption></figure> <p>Understanding the subtlety of this usage requires second-order interpretation of the speaker's or writer's intentions; different parts of the brain must work together to understand sarcasm. This sophisticated understanding can be lacking in some people with certain forms of brain damage, dementia and sometimes autism,<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and this perception has been located by <a href="/wiki/Magnetic_resonance_imaging" title="Magnetic resonance imaging">MRI</a> in the right <a href="/wiki/Parahippocampal_gyrus" title="Parahippocampal gyrus">parahippocampal gyrus</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Research on the anatomy of sarcasm has shown, according to Richard Delmonico, a <a href="/wiki/Neuropsychology" title="Neuropsychology">neuropsychologist</a> at <a href="/wiki/University_of_California,_Davis" title="University of California, Davis">University of California, Davis</a>, that people with damage in the <a href="/wiki/Prefrontal_cortex" title="Prefrontal cortex">prefrontal cortex</a> have difficulty understanding non-verbal aspects of language like tone.<sup id="cite_ref-Singer_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Singer-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Neuroscientist David Salmon at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_California,_San_Diego" title="University of California, San Diego">University of California, San Diego</a>, stated that this type of research could help doctors distinguish between different types of neurodegenerative diseases, such as frontotemporal dementia and <a href="/wiki/Alzheimer%27s_disease" title="Alzheimer's disease">Alzheimer's disease</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Singer_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Singer-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In William Brant's <i>Critique of Sarcastic Reason</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> sarcasm is hypothesized to develop as a cognitive and emotional tool that adolescents use in order to test the borders of politeness and truth in conversation. Sarcasm recognition and expression both require the development of understanding forms of language, especially if sarcasm occurs without a cue or signal (e.g., a sarcastic tone or rolling the eyes). Sarcasm is argued to be more sophisticated than lying because lying is expressed as early as the age of three, but sarcastic expressions take place much later during development (Brant, 2012). According to Brant (2012, 145–6), sarcasm is </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>(a) form of expression of language often including the assertion of a statement that is disbelieved by the expresser (e.g., where the sentential meaning is disbelieved by the expresser), although the intended meaning is different from the sentence meaning. The recognition of sarcasm without the accompaniment of a cue develops around the beginning of adolescence or later. Sarcasm involves the expression of an insulting remark that requires the interpreter to understand the negative emotional connotation of the expresser within the context of the situation at hand. Irony, contrarily, does not include derision, unless it is sarcastic irony. The problems with these definitions and the reason why this dissertation does not thoroughly investigate the distinction between irony and sarcasm involves the ideas that: (1) people can pretend to be insulted when they are not or pretend not to be insulted when they are seriously offended; (2) an individual may feel ridiculed directly after the comment and then find it humorous or neutral thereafter; and (3) the individual may not feel insulted until years after the comment was expressed and considered.</p></blockquote> <p>Cultural perspectives on sarcasm vary widely with more than a few cultures and linguistic groups finding it offensive to varying degrees. <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Carlyle" title="Thomas Carlyle">Thomas Carlyle</a> despised it: "Sarcasm I now see to be, in general, the language of the devil; for which reason I have long since as good as renounced it".<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky" title="Fyodor Dostoevsky">Fyodor Dostoevsky</a>, on the other hand, recognized in it a cry of pain: Sarcasm, he said, was "usually the last refuge of modest and chaste-souled people when the privacy of their soul is coarsely and intrusively invaded."<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> RFC 1855, a collection of <a href="/wiki/Etiquette_in_technology" title="Etiquette in technology">guidelines for Internet communications</a>, includes a warning to be especially careful with it as it "may not travel well." Another study of sarcasm over email verifies these claims.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A professional translator has advised that international business executives "should generally avoid sarcasm in intercultural business conversations and written communications" because of the difficulties in translating sarcasm.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A 2015 study by L. Huang, F. Gino and A.D. Galinsky of the Harvard Business School "tests a novel theoretical model in which both the construction and interpretation of sarcasm lead to greater creativity because they activate abstract thinking."<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Vocal_indication">Vocal indication</h2></div> <p>In English, sarcasm is often telegraphed with <a href="/wiki/Kinesics" title="Kinesics">kinesic</a>/<a href="/wiki/Prosody_(linguistics)" title="Prosody (linguistics)">prosodic</a> cues<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> by speaking more slowly and with a lower pitch. Similarly, Dutch uses a lowered pitch; sometimes to such an extent that the expression is reduced to a mere mumble. But other research shows that there are many ways that real speakers signal sarcastic intentions. One study found that in <a href="/wiki/Cantonese" title="Cantonese">Cantonese</a>, sarcasm is indicated by raising the fundamental frequency of one's voice.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In <a href="/wiki/Amharic" title="Amharic">Amharic</a>, rising intonation is used to show sarcasm.<sup id="cite_ref-Leslau_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Leslau-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Punctuation">Punctuation</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Irony_punctuation" title="Irony punctuation">Irony punctuation</a></div> <p>Though in the English language there is not any standard accepted method to denote irony or sarcasm in written conversation, several forms of punctuation have been proposed. Among the oldest and frequently attested are the <a href="/wiki/Percontation_point" class="mw-redirect" title="Percontation point">percontation point</a>—furthered by <a href="/wiki/Henry_Denham" title="Henry Denham">Henry Denham</a> in the 1580s—and the <a href="/wiki/Irony_mark" class="mw-redirect" title="Irony mark">irony mark</a>—furthered by <a href="/wiki/Alcanter_de_Brahm" class="mw-redirect" title="Alcanter de Brahm">Alcanter de Brahm</a> in the 19th century. Both of these marks were represented visually by a ⸮ backwards question mark (Unicode U+2E2E). Each of these punctuation marks are primarily used to indicate that a sentence should be understood as ironic, but not necessarily designate sarcasm that is not ironic. By contrast, more recent proposals, such as the <a href="/wiki/Snark_mark" class="mw-redirect" title="Snark mark">snark mark</a>, or the use of the following <a href="/wiki/Tilde" title="Tilde">tilde</a> are specifically intended to denote sarcasm rather than irony.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A bracketed exclamation point or question mark as well as <a href="/wiki/Scare_quotes" title="Scare quotes">scare quotes</a> are also sometimes used to express irony or ironic sarcasm.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In certain Ethiopic languages, sarcasm and unreal phrases are indicated at the end of a sentence with a sarcasm mark called <a href="/wiki/Irony_punctuation" title="Irony punctuation">temherte slaq</a>, a character that looks like an inverted exclamation point ¡.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The usage directly parallels <a href="/wiki/John_Wilkins" title="John Wilkins">John Wilkins</a>' 1668 proposal to use the inverted <a href="/wiki/Exclamation_point" class="mw-redirect" title="Exclamation point">exclamation point</a> as an irony mark.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A proposal by Asteraye Tsigie and Daniel Yacob in 1999 to include the <i>temherte slaq</i> in Unicode was unsuccessful.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sarcasm_and_irony">Sarcasm and irony</h2></div> <p>While sarcasm (harsh ridicule or mockery) is often directly associated with verbal irony (meaning the opposite of what is said) and the two are frequently used together; sarcasm is not necessarily ironic by definition, and either element can be used without the other.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><b>Examples of sarcasm and irony used together:</b> </p><p>"My you're early!" (After one arrives extremely late). </p><p>"What a fine artist you've become!" (When meaning to express displeasure). </p><p><b>Example of sarcasm without irony:</b> (frequently attributed to <a href="/wiki/Winston_Churchill" title="Winston Churchill">Winston Churchill</a>) </p><p>After an onlooker comments on one being drunk: "My dear, tomorrow I will be sober, and you will still be ugly!" </p><p><b>Example of irony without sarcasm:</b> </p><p>After a popular teacher apologizes to the class for answering his phone in the other room: "I don't know if we can forgive you!" </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Identifying">Identifying</h2></div> <p>A French company has developed an analytics tool that claims to have up to 80% accuracy in identifying sarcastic comments posted online.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In June 2014, the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Secret_Service" title="United States Secret Service">United States Secret Service</a> requested bids for software that would identify sarcasm in <a href="/wiki/Twitter#Tweets" title="Twitter">tweets</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_religion">In religion</h2></div> <p>The Buddhist monk <a href="/wiki/%E1%B9%ACh%C4%81nissaro_Bhikkhu" title="Ṭhānissaro Bhikkhu">Ṭhānissaro Bhikkhu</a> has identified sarcasm as contrary to <a href="/wiki/Noble_Eightfold_Path#Right_speech" title="Noble Eightfold Path">right speech</a>, an aspect of the Noble Eightfold Path leading to the end of suffering.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He opines that sarcasm is an unskillful and unwholesome method of humor, which he contrasts with an approach based on frankly highlighting the ironies inherent in life. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 10em;"> <ul><li><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/facetiousness" class="extiw" title="wikt:facetiousness">Facetiousness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guiltive" title="Guiltive">Guiltive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyperbole" title="Hyperbole">Hyperbole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irony" title="Irony">Irony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxymoron" title="Oxymoron">Oxymoron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paradox" title="Paradox">Paradox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poe%27s_law" title="Poe's law">Poe's law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sardonicism" title="Sardonicism">Sardonicism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smirk" title="Smirk">Smirk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Snarl" title="Snarl">Snarl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sneer" title="Sneer">Sneer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tongue-in-cheek" title="Tongue-in-cheek">Tongue-in-cheek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Witticism" class="mw-redirect" title="Witticism">Witticism</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/sarcasm">"Definition of SARCASM"</a>. <i>www.merriam-webster.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-09-23</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.merriam-webster.com&rft.atitle=Definition+of+SARCASM&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.merriam-webster.com%2Fdictionary%2Fsarcasm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASarcasm" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRockwell,_P._A.2006" class="citation book cs1">Rockwell, P. A. (2006). <i>Sarcasm and Other Mixed Messages: The Ambiguous Ways People Use Language</i>. <a href="/wiki/Lewiston,_New_York" title="Lewiston, New York">Lewiston, New York</a>: <a href="/wiki/Edwin_Mellen_Press" title="Edwin Mellen Press">Edwin Mellen Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7734-5917-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7734-5917-5"><bdi>978-0-7734-5917-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sarcasm+and+Other+Mixed+Messages%3A+The+Ambiguous+Ways+People+Use+Language&rft.place=Lewiston%2C+New+York&rft.pub=Edwin+Mellen+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-7734-5917-5&rft.au=Rockwell%2C+P.+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASarcasm" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPartridge,_Eric1969" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Eric_Partridge" title="Eric Partridge">Partridge, Eric</a> (1969). <i>Usage and Abusage: A Guide to Good English</i>. Penguin Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-393-31709-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-393-31709-1"><bdi>978-0-393-31709-1</bdi></a>. <q>Irony must not be confused with sarcasm, which is direct: sarcasm means precisely what it says, but in a sharp, bitter, cutting, caustic, or acerbic manner: it is the instrument of indignation, a weapon of offence, whereas irony is one of the vehicles of wit. In Locke's 'If ideas were innate, it would save much trouble to many worthy persons', worthy is ironical; the principal clause as a whole is sarcastic as also is the complete sentence. Both are instruments of satire and vituperation.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Usage+and+Abusage%3A+A+Guide+to+Good+English&rft.pub=Penguin+Press&rft.date=1969&rft.isbn=978-0-393-31709-1&rft.au=Partridge%2C+Eric&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASarcasm" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/irony?s=t">"Irony"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Dictionary.com" title="Dictionary.com">Dictionary.com</a></i>. <q>The distinctive quality of sarcasm is present in the spoken word and manifested chiefly by vocal inflection, whereas satire and irony arising originally as literary and rhetorical forms, are exhibited in the organization or structuring of either language or literary material.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Irony&rft.btitle=Dictionary.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdictionary.reference.com%2Fbrowse%2Firony%3Fs%3Dt&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASarcasm" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCampbell,_JD.2012" class="citation book cs1">Campbell, JD. (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210424202839/https://ir.lib.uwo.ca/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?referer=&httpsredir=1&article=1545&context=etd"><i>Investigating Components of Sarcastic Context</i></a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ir.lib.uwo.ca/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?referer=&httpsredir=1&article=1545&context=etd">the original</a> on April 24, 2021. <q>The findings ... show that the target sentences, when presented in isolation, were not seen as being conventionally sarcastic in nature. These same target sentences, however, when surrounded by contextual information provided by the participants asked to create a sarcastic context, were later coded as being sarcastic by a naïve rater.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Investigating+Components+of+Sarcastic+Context&rft.date=2012&rft.au=Campbell%2C+JD.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fir.lib.uwo.ca%2Fcgi%2Fviewcontent.cgi%3Freferer%3D%26httpsredir%3D1%26article%3D1545%26context%3Detd&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASarcasm" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-OED-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-OED_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-OED_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Oxford_English_Dictionary" title="Oxford English Dictionary">Oxford English Dictionary</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-OED-quote-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-OED-quote_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oed.com"><i>Oxford English Dictionary</i></a>, Oxford University Press, 2008</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Oxford+English+Dictionary&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2008&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.oed.com&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASarcasm" class="Z3988"></span>; (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.luminarium.org/renascence-editions/october.html#Tom%20Piper">Spenser, Edmund, <i>Shepheardes Calendar</i>: on-line text of the passage</a>)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/irony">"Irony"</a>. <i>Dictionary</i>. Dictionary.com.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Dictionary&rft.atitle=Irony&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdictionary.reference.com%2Fbrowse%2Firony&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASarcasm" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBousfield2010" class="citation book cs1">Bousfield, Derek (2010-04-21). "17: 'Never a truer word said in jest': A Pragmastylistic Analysis of Impoliteness as Banter in <i>Henry IV, Part I</i>". In Lambrou, Marina; Stockwell, Peter (eds.). <i>Contemporary Stylistics</i>. <a href="/wiki/Bloomsbury_Publishing" title="Bloomsbury Publishing">Bloomsbury Publishing</a>. p. 213. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781441183842" title="Special:BookSources/9781441183842"><bdi>9781441183842</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=17%3A+%27Never+a+truer+word+said+in+jest%27%3A+A+Pragmastylistic+Analysis+of+Impoliteness+as+Banter+in+Henry+IV%2C+Part+I&rft.btitle=Contemporary+Stylistics&rft.pages=213&rft.pub=Bloomsbury+Publishing&rft.date=2010-04-21&rft.isbn=9781441183842&rft.aulast=Bousfield&rft.aufirst=Derek&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASarcasm" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHaiman1998" class="citation book cs1">Haiman, John (1998). <span class="id-lock-limited" title="Free access subject to limited trial, subscription normally required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/talkischeapsarca0000haim/page/20/mode/2up">"Sarcasm and Its Neighbors"</a></span>. <i>Talk is cheap : sarcasm, alienation, and the evolution of language</i>. Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 20. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-511524-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-511524-6"><bdi>978-0-19-511524-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Sarcasm+and+Its+Neighbors&rft.btitle=Talk+is+cheap+%3A+sarcasm%2C+alienation%2C+and+the+evolution+of+language&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pages=20&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0-19-511524-6&rft.aulast=Haiman&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ftalkischeapsarca0000haim%2Fpage%2F20%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASarcasm" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFowler,_Henry_Watson2002" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Henry_Watson_Fowler" class="mw-redirect" title="Henry Watson Fowler">Fowler, Henry Watson</a> (2002). <a href="/wiki/A_Dictionary_of_Modern_English_Usage" title="A Dictionary of Modern English Usage"><i>A Dictionary of Modern English Usage</i></a>. Oxford University Press. p. 513. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-860506-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-860506-5"><bdi>978-0-19-860506-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Dictionary+of+Modern+English+Usage&rft.pages=513&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-19-860506-5&rft.au=Fowler%2C+Henry+Watson&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASarcasm" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Briggs, Thomas H. (1928) "Sarcasm". The School Review Vol. 36, No. 9 (Nov., 1928), pp. 685-695</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cason, H. (1930) Methods of preventing and eliminating annoyances. The <a href="/wiki/Journal_of_Abnormal_and_Social_Psychology" class="mw-redirect" title="Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology">Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology</a>, Vol 25(1), Apr 1930, 40-48.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lazarus, Clifford N. "Think Sarcasm is Funny? Think Again: Sarcasm is really just hostility disguised as humor" Psychology Today, Jun 26, 2012; accessed 15 Oct 2016</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShamay-Tsoory,_Simone_G.Tomer,_R.Aharon-Peretz,_J.2005" class="citation journal cs1">Shamay-Tsoory, Simone G.; Tomer, R.; Aharon-Peretz, J. (2005). "The Neuroanatomical Basis of Understanding Sarcasm and Its Relationship to Social Cognition". <i>Neuropsychology</i>. <b>19</b> (3): 288–300. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1037%2F0894-4105.19.3.288">10.1037/0894-4105.19.3.288</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15910115">15910115</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:6048965">6048965</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Neuropsychology&rft.atitle=The+Neuroanatomical+Basis+of+Understanding+Sarcasm+and+Its+Relationship+to+Social+Cognition&rft.volume=19&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=288-300&rft.date=2005&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A6048965%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F15910115&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1037%2F0894-4105.19.3.288&rft.au=Shamay-Tsoory%2C+Simone+G.&rft.au=Tomer%2C+R.&rft.au=Aharon-Peretz%2C+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASarcasm" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHurley,_Dan2008" class="citation cs2">Hurley, Dan (June 3, 2008), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2008/06/03/health/research/03sarc.html?em&ex=1213848000&en=79518c9f61e51946&ei=5087%0A">"The Science of Sarcasm (Not That You Care)"</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/New_York_Times" class="mw-redirect" title="New York Times">New York Times</a></i></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New+York+Times&rft.atitle=The+Science+of+Sarcasm+%28Not+That+You+Care%29&rft.date=2008-06-03&rft.au=Hurley%2C+Dan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2008%2F06%2F03%2Fhealth%2Fresearch%2F03sarc.html%3Fem%26ex%3D1213848000%26en%3D79518c9f61e51946%26ei%3D5087%250A&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASarcasm" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSlap,_J._W.1966" class="citation journal cs1">Slap, J. 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(1966). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pep-web.org/document.php?id=paq.035.0098a">"On Sarcasm"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Psychoanalytic_Quarterly" title="The Psychoanalytic Quarterly">The Psychoanalytic Quarterly</a></i>. <b>35</b>: 98–107. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F21674086.1966.11926375">10.1080/21674086.1966.11926375</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Psychoanalytic+Quarterly&rft.atitle=On+Sarcasm&rft.volume=35&rft.pages=98-107&rft.date=1966&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F21674086.1966.11926375&rft.au=Slap%2C+J.+W.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pep-web.org%2Fdocument.php%3Fid%3Dpaq.035.0098a&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASarcasm" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Singer-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Singer_18-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Singer_18-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSinger,_Emily2005" class="citation magazine cs1">Singer, Emily (23 May 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newscientist.com/article/dn7411">"Understanding Sarcasm is a Complex Business"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/New_Scientist" title="New Scientist">New Scientist</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 3,</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New+Scientist&rft.atitle=Understanding+Sarcasm+is+a+Complex+Business&rft.date=2005-05-23&rft.au=Singer%2C+Emily&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newscientist.com%2Farticle%2Fdn7411&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASarcasm" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrant2012" class="citation book cs1">Brant, William (2012). <i>Critique of sarcastic reason: the epistemology of the cognitive neurological ability called "theory-of-mind" and deceptive reasoning</i>. Saarbrücken, [Germany]: Südwestdeutscher Verlag für Hochschulschriften. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-8381-3457-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-8381-3457-4"><bdi>978-3-8381-3457-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Critique+of+sarcastic+reason%3A+the+epistemology+of+the+cognitive+neurological+ability+called+%22theory-of-mind%22+and+deceptive+reasoning&rft.place=Saarbr%C3%BCcken%2C+%5BGermany%5D&rft.pub=S%C3%BCdwestdeutscher+Verlag+f%C3%BCr+Hochschulschriften&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-3-8381-3457-4&rft.aulast=Brant&rft.aufirst=William&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASarcasm" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCarlyle" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Carlyle" title="Thomas Carlyle">Carlyle, Thomas</a>. <a href="/wiki/Fraser%27s_Magazine" title="Fraser's Magazine"><i>Originally published in 1833-34 in </i>Fraser's Magazine<i><span></span></i></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Originally+published+in+1833-34+in+Fraser%27s+Magazine&rft.aulast=Carlyle&rft.aufirst=Thomas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASarcasm" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDostoyevsky1864" class="citation book cs1">Dostoyevsky, R (1864). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/600/600-h/600-h.htm#chap0206">"Part 2 section VI"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Notes_from_Underground" title="Notes from Underground"><i>Notes from Underground</i></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Part+2+section+VI&rft.btitle=Notes+from+Underground&rft.date=1864&rft.aulast=Dostoyevsky&rft.aufirst=R&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gutenberg.org%2Ffiles%2F600%2F600-h%2F600-h.htm%23chap0206&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASarcasm" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKrugerEpleyParkerNg2005" class="citation journal cs1">Kruger, Justin; Epley, Nicholas; Parker, Jason; Ng, Zhi-Wen (2005). "Egocentrism over e-mail: Can we communicate as well as we think?". <i>Journal of Personality and Social Psychology</i>. <b>89</b> (6): 925–936. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1037%2F0022-3514.89.6.925">10.1037/0022-3514.89.6.925</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16393025">16393025</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:1998520">1998520</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Personality+and+Social+Psychology&rft.atitle=Egocentrism+over+e-mail%3A+Can+we+communicate+as+well+as+we+think%3F&rft.volume=89&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=925-936&rft.date=2005&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A1998520%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F16393025&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1037%2F0022-3514.89.6.925&rft.aulast=Kruger&rft.aufirst=Justin&rft.au=Epley%2C+Nicholas&rft.au=Parker%2C+Jason&rft.au=Ng%2C+Zhi-Wen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASarcasm" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWooten2011" class="citation news cs1">Wooten, Adam (September 9, 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deseret.com/2011/9/9/20387285/international-business-sarcasm-is-never-lost-in-translation-yeah-right">"International Business: Sarcasm is never lost in translation: yeah, right!"</a>. <i>Deseret News</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 November</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Deseret+News&rft.atitle=International+Business%3A+Sarcasm+is+never+lost+in+translation%3A+yeah%2C+right%21&rft.date=2011-09-09&rft.aulast=Wooten&rft.aufirst=Adam&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.deseret.com%2F2011%2F9%2F9%2F20387285%2Finternational-business-sarcasm-is-never-lost-in-translation-yeah-right&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASarcasm" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHuang,_L.Gino,_F.Galinsky,_A.D.2015" class="citation journal cs1">Huang, L.; Gino, F.; Galinsky, A.D. (2015). "The Highest Form of Intelligence: Sarcasm Increases Creativity Through Abstract Thinking for Both Expressers and Recipients". <i>Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes</i>. <b>131</b>: 162–177. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.obhdp.2015.07.001">10.1016/j.obhdp.2015.07.001</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0749-5978">0749-5978</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:20129578">20129578</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Organizational+Behavior+and+Human+Decision+Processes&rft.atitle=The+Highest+Form+of+Intelligence%3A+Sarcasm+Increases+Creativity+Through+Abstract+Thinking+for+Both+Expressers+and+Recipients&rft.volume=131&rft.pages=162-177&rft.date=2015&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A20129578%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=0749-5978&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.obhdp.2015.07.001&rft.au=Huang%2C+L.&rft.au=Gino%2C+F.&rft.au=Galinsky%2C+A.D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASarcasm" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kinesic/prosodic cues are among five cues to sarcasm's presence noted by Diana Boxer, 2002:100; the other cues are counter-factual statements, extreme exaggeration, tag questions, and direct cues.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCheang,_H._S.Pell,_M._D.2009" class="citation journal cs1">Cheang, H. S.; Pell, M. D. (2009). "Acoustic markers of sarcasm in Cantonese and English". <i><a href="/wiki/Journal_of_the_Acoustical_Society_of_America" title="Journal of the Acoustical Society of America">Journal of the Acoustical Society of America</a></i>. <b>126</b> (3): 1394–1405. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2009ASAJ..126.1394C">2009ASAJ..126.1394C</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1121%2F1.3177275">10.1121/1.3177275</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19739753">19739753</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+Acoustical+Society+of+America&rft.atitle=Acoustic+markers+of+sarcasm+in+Cantonese+and+English&rft.volume=126&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=1394-1405&rft.date=2009&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F19739753&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1121%2F1.3177275&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2009ASAJ..126.1394C&rft.au=Cheang%2C+H.+S.&rft.au=Pell%2C+M.+D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASarcasm" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Leslau-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Leslau_27-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Leslau, Wolf. Reference Grammar of Amharic. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz, 1995. 45. Print.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHouston2013" class="citation book cs1">Houston, Keith (2013). <i>Shady Characters: The Secret Life of Punctuation, Symbols & Other Typographical Marks</i>. New York & London: W. W. Norton & Company, Inc. pp. 36–37, 217–219, 221, 232–233, 239–244. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-393-06442-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-393-06442-1"><bdi>978-0-393-06442-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Shady+Characters%3A+The+Secret+Life+of+Punctuation%2C+Symbols+%26+Other+Typographical+Marks&rft.place=New+York+%26+London&rft.pages=36-37%2C+217-219%2C+221%2C+232-233%2C+239-244&rft.pub=W.+W.+Norton+%26+Company%2C+Inc.&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-0-393-06442-1&rft.aulast=Houston&rft.aufirst=Keith&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASarcasm" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ofcom.org.uk/static/archive/itc/itc_publications/codes_guidance/standards_for_subtitling/subtitling_2.asp.html#2_1">"Guidance on Standards for Subtitling"</a>. <i>ITC Guidance on Public Consultation: Codes & Guidance Notes</i>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 4,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Authorities+%27use+analytics+tool+that+recognises+sarcasm%27&rft.date=2013-07-03&rft.aulast=Kleinman&rft.aufirst=Zoe&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fnews%2Ftechnology-23160583&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASarcasm" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPauli2014" class="citation web cs1">Pauli, Darren (June 4, 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theregister.co.uk/2014/06/04/secret_service_wants_twitter_sarcasm_radar">"Oh, wow. US Secret Service wants a Twitter sarcasm-spotter"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Register" title="The Register">The Register</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 4,</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Register&rft.atitle=Oh%2C+wow.+US+Secret+Service+wants+a+Twitter+sarcasm-spotter&rft.date=2014-06-04&rft.aulast=Pauli&rft.aufirst=Darren&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theregister.co.uk%2F2014%2F06%2F04%2Fsecret_service_wants_twitter_sarcasm_radar&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASarcasm" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.accesstoinsight.org/lib/authors/thanissaro/speech.html">"Right Speech"</a>. <i>Access to Insight</i>. 1999<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-03-25</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Access+to+Insight&rft.atitle=Right+Speech&rft.date=1999&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.accesstoinsight.org%2Flib%2Fauthors%2Fthanissaro%2Fspeech.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASarcasm" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/40px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/60px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/80px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Look up <i><b><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Special:Search/sarcasm" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:Special:Search/sarcasm">sarcasm</a></b></i> in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/34px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="34" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/51px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/68px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikiquote has quotations related to <i><b><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Special:Search/Sarcasm" class="extiw" title="q:Special:Search/Sarcasm">Sarcasm</a></b></i>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/magazine/4384734.stm">BBC News Magazine - The rules of sarcasm</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul 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title="Assonance">Assonance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asyndeton" title="Asyndeton">Asyndeton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chiasmus" title="Chiasmus">Chiasmus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climax_(rhetoric)" title="Climax (rhetoric)">Climax</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Climax_(rhetoric)#Anticlimax" title="Climax (rhetoric)">Anti</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Literary_consonance" title="Literary consonance">Consonance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epanalepsis" class="mw-redirect" title="Epanalepsis">Epanalepsis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epiphrase" title="Epiphrase">Epiphrase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epistrophe" title="Epistrophe">Epistrophe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epizeuxis" title="Epizeuxis">Epizeuxis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hendiadys" title="Hendiadys">Hendiadys</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homeoteleuton" title="Homeoteleuton">Homeoteleuton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypallage" title="Hypallage">Hypallage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyperbaton" title="Hyperbaton">Hyperbaton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hysteron_proteron" title="Hysteron proteron">Hysteron proteron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isocolon" title="Isocolon">Isocolon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parallelism_(rhetoric)" title="Parallelism (rhetoric)">Parallelism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polyptoton" title="Polyptoton">Polyptoton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polysyndeton" title="Polysyndeton">Polysyndeton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spoonerism" title="Spoonerism">Spoonerism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Symploce" title="Symploce">Symploce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tmesis" title="Tmesis">Tmesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zeugma_and_syllepsis" title="Zeugma and syllepsis">Zeugma</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Trope_(literature)" title="Trope (literature)">Tropes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> 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title="Euphemism">Euphemism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Meiosis_(figure_of_speech)" title="Meiosis (figure of speech)">Meiosis</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Innuendo" title="Innuendo">Innuendo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irony" title="Irony">Irony</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apophasis" title="Apophasis">Apophasis</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Sarcasm</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Litotes" title="Litotes">Litotes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metaphor" title="Metaphor">Metaphor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metonymy" title="Metonymy">Metonymy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxymoron" title="Oxymoron">Oxymoron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Personification" title="Personification">Personification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pleonasm" title="Pleonasm">Pleonasm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Procatalepsis" title="Procatalepsis">Procatalepsis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pun" title="Pun">Pun</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antanaclasis" 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class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q191035#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4434853-8">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a 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