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href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A4%D8%B4%D8%B1_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%84%D9%88%D9%86" title="مؤشر اللون – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="مؤشر اللون" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A6%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8_%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81" title="Цветови индекс – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Цветови индекс" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%8Dndex_de_color" title="Índex de color – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Índex de color" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barevn%C3%BD_index" title="Barevný index – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Barevný index" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farbindex" title="Farbindex – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Farbindex" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%94%CE%B5%CE%AF%CE%BA%CF%84%CE%B7%CF%82_%CF%87%CF%81%CF%8E%CE%BC%CE%B1%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%82" title="Δείκτης χρώματος – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Δείκτης χρώματος" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%AE%D8%B5_%D8%B1%D9%86%DA%AF" title="شاخص رنگ – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="شاخص رنگ" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indice_de_couleur" title="Indice de couleur – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Indice de couleur" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%83%89%EC%A7%80%EC%88%98" title="색지수 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="색지수" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%97_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%95" title="रंग सूचक – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="रंग सूचक" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indeks_warna" title="Indeks warna – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Indeks warna" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indice_di_colore" title="Indice di colore – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Indice di colore" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Faarfindex" title="Faarfindex – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Faarfindex" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spalvos_rodiklis" title="Spalvos rodiklis – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Spalvos rodiklis" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sz%C3%ADnindex" title="Színindex – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Színindex" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%BE%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB" title="Боен показател – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Боен показател" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indeks_warna" title="Indeks warna – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Indeks warna" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kleurindex" title="Kleurindex – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Kleurindex" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%89%B2%E6%8C%87%E6%95%B0_(%E5%A4%A9%E6%96%87)" title="色指数 (天文) – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="色指数 (天文)" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fargeindeks" title="Fargeindeks – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Fargeindeks" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fargeindeks" title="Fargeindeks – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Fargeindeks" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wska%C5%BAnik_barwy" title="Wskaźnik barwy – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Wskaźnik barwy" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C_%D1%86%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0" title="Показатель цвета – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Показатель цвета" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farebn%C3%BD_index" title="Farebný index – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Farebný index" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barvni_indeks" title="Barvni indeks – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Barvni indeks" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C3%A4ri-indeksi" title="Väri-indeksi – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Väri-indeksi" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%C3%A4rgindex" title="Färgindex – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Färgindex" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talatuntunan_ng_kulay" title="Talatuntunan ng kulay – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Talatuntunan ng kulay" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B5" title="ดัชนีสี – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ดัชนีสี" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renk_%C3%B6l%C3%A7e%C4%9Fi" title="Renk ölçeği – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Renk ölçeği" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA_%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%83" title="Показник кольору – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Показник кольору" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ch%E1%BB%89_m%E1%BB%A5c_m%C3%A0u" title="Chỉ mục màu – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Chỉ mục màu" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%89%B2%E6%8C%87%E6%95%B8" title="色指數 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="色指數" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q271860#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu 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class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">The color of an astronomical object</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For the colorant reference database, see <a href="/wiki/Colour_Index_International" title="Colour Index International">Colour Index International</a>. For the term in geology, see <a href="/wiki/Color_index_(geology)" title="Color index (geology)">Color index (geology)</a>.</div> <table class="wikitable sortable" style="float: right; text-align: center; border: 1px; margin-left: 0.5em;"> <caption>Sample calibration colors<sup id="cite_ref-zombeck_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-zombeck-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability"><span title="The material near this tag failed verification of its source citation(s). (December 2023)">failed verification</span></a></i>]</sup> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Stellar_classification" title="Stellar classification">Class</a></th> <th>B−V</th> <th>U−B</th> <th>V−R</th> <th>R−I </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Effective_temperature" title="Effective temperature"><i>T</i><sub>eff</sub></a> (<a href="/wiki/Kelvin" title="Kelvin">K</a>) </th></tr> <tr bgcolor="94B6FF"> <td>O5V</td> <td>−0.33</td> <td>−1.19</td> <td>−0.15</td> <td>−0.32</td> <td>42,000 </td></tr> <tr bgcolor="99B9FF"> <td>B0V</td> <td>−0.30</td> <td>−1.08</td> <td>−0.13</td> <td>−0.29</td> <td>30,000 </td></tr> <tr bgcolor="C9D9FF"> <td>A0V</td> <td>−0.02</td> <td>−0.02</td> <td>0.02</td> <td>−0.02</td> <td>9,790 </td></tr> <tr bgcolor="ECEEFF"> <td>F0V</td> <td>0.30</td> <td>0.03</td> <td>0.30</td> <td>0.17</td> <td>7,300 </td></tr> <tr bgcolor="FFF2EE"> <td>G0V</td> <td>0.58</td> <td>0.06</td> <td>0.50</td> <td>0.31</td> <td>5,940 </td></tr> <tr bgcolor="FFE7D2"> <td>K0V</td> <td>0.81</td> <td>0.45</td> <td>0.64</td> <td>0.42</td> <td>5,150 </td></tr> <tr bgcolor="FFCC98"> <td>M0V</td> <td>1.40</td> <td>1.22</td> <td>1.28</td> <td>0.91</td> <td>3,840 </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Astronomy" title="Astronomy">astronomy</a>, the <b>color index</b> is a simple <a href="/wiki/Numerical_analysis" title="Numerical analysis">numerical</a> <a href="/wiki/Expression_(mathematics)" title="Expression (mathematics)">expression</a> that determines the <a href="/wiki/Color" title="Color">color</a> of an object, which in the case of a <a href="/wiki/Star" title="Star">star</a> gives its <a href="/wiki/Temperature" title="Temperature">temperature</a>. The lower the color index, the more <a href="/wiki/Blue" title="Blue">blue</a> (or hotter) the object is. Conversely, the larger the color index, the more <a href="/wiki/Red" title="Red">red</a> (or cooler) the object is. This is a consequence of the <a href="/wiki/Logarithmic_scale" title="Logarithmic scale">logarithmic magnitude scale</a>, in which brighter objects have smaller (more negative) magnitudes than dimmer ones. For comparison, the whitish <a href="/wiki/Sun" title="Sun">Sun</a> has a B−V index of <span class="nowrap">0.656 ± 0.005</span>,<sup id="cite_ref-sun_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sun-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> whereas the bluish <a href="/wiki/Rigel" title="Rigel">Rigel</a> has a B−V of −0.03 (its B magnitude is 0.09 and its V magnitude is 0.12, B−V = −0.03).<sup id="cite_ref-rigel_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rigel-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Traditionally, the color index uses <a href="/wiki/Vega" title="Vega">Vega</a> as a <a href="/wiki/Zero_Point_(photometry)" class="mw-redirect" title="Zero Point (photometry)">zero point</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Blue_supergiant" title="Blue supergiant">blue supergiant</a> <a href="/wiki/Theta_Muscae" title="Theta Muscae">Theta Muscae</a> has one of the lowest B−V indices at −0.41,<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while the <a href="/wiki/Red_giant" title="Red giant">red giant</a> and <a href="/wiki/Carbon_star" title="Carbon star">carbon star</a> <a href="/wiki/R_Leporis" title="R Leporis">R Leporis</a> has one of the largest, at +5.74.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>To measure the index, one observes the <a href="/wiki/Magnitude_(astronomy)" title="Magnitude (astronomy)">magnitude</a> of an object successively through two different <a href="/wiki/Astronomical_filter" title="Astronomical filter">filters</a>, such as U and B, or B and V, where U is sensitive to <a href="/wiki/Ultraviolet" title="Ultraviolet">ultraviolet</a> rays, B is sensitive to blue light, and V is sensitive to visible (green-yellow) light (see also: <a href="/wiki/UBV_system" class="mw-redirect" title="UBV system">UBV system</a>). The set of passbands or filters is called a <a href="/wiki/Photometric_system" title="Photometric system">photometric system</a>. The difference in magnitudes found with these filters is called the U−B or B−V color index respectively. </p><p>In principle, the temperature of a star can be calculated directly from the B−V index, and there are several formulae to make this connection.<sup id="cite_ref-Sekiguchi_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sekiguchi-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A good approximation can be obtained by considering stars as <a href="/wiki/Black_body" title="Black body">black bodies</a>, using Ballesteros' formula<sup id="cite_ref-Ballesteros_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ballesteros-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (also implemented in the PyAstronomy package for Python):<sup id="cite_ref-PyAstronomy_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PyAstronomy-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle T=4600\,\mathrm {K} \left({\frac {1}{0.92\;(B{\text{-}}\!V)+1.7}}+{\frac {1}{0.92\;(B{\text{-}}\!V)+0.62}}\right).}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>T</mi> <mo>=</mo> <mn>4600</mn> <mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="normal">K</mi> </mrow> <mrow> <mo>(</mo> <mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mn>1</mn> <mrow> <mn>0.92</mn> <mspace width="thickmathspace"></mspace> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi>B</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext>-</mtext> </mrow> <mspace width="negativethinmathspace"></mspace> <mi>V</mi> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> <mo>+</mo> <mn>1.7</mn> </mrow> </mfrac> </mrow> <mo>+</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mn>1</mn> <mrow> <mn>0.92</mn> <mspace width="thickmathspace"></mspace> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi>B</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext>-</mtext> </mrow> <mspace width="negativethinmathspace"></mspace> <mi>V</mi> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> <mo>+</mo> <mn>0.62</mn> </mrow> </mfrac> </mrow> </mrow> <mo>)</mo> </mrow> <mo>.</mo> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle T=4600\,\mathrm {K} \left({\frac {1}{0.92\;(B{\text{-}}\!V)+1.7}}+{\frac {1}{0.92\;(B{\text{-}}\!V)+0.62}}\right).}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/eb3f4a6a3502ebe56253b86ee4d8a185b295aebf" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.671ex; width:54.776ex; height:6.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle T=4600\,\mathrm {K} \left({\frac {1}{0.92\;(B{\text{-}}\!V)+1.7}}+{\frac {1}{0.92\;(B{\text{-}}\!V)+0.62}}\right).}" /></span></dd></dl> <p>Color indices of distant objects are usually affected by <a href="/wiki/Extinction_(astronomy)" title="Extinction (astronomy)">interstellar extinction</a>, that is, they are <a href="/wiki/Interstellar_reddening" class="mw-redirect" title="Interstellar reddening">redder</a> than those of closer stars. The amount of reddening is characterized by <a href="/wiki/Interstellar_reddening" class="mw-redirect" title="Interstellar reddening">color excess</a>, defined as the difference between the <b>observed color index</b> and the <b>normal color index</b> (or <b>intrinsic color index</b>), the hypothetical true color index of the star, unaffected by extinction. For example, in the UBV photometric system we can write it for the B−V color: </p> <dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle E_{{\text{B-}}\!{\text{V}}}={B{\text{-}}\!V}_{\text{observed}}-{B{\text{-}}\!V}_{\text{intrinsic}}.}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>E</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext>B-</mtext> </mrow> <mspace width="negativethinmathspace"></mspace> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext>V</mtext> </mrow> </mrow> </msub> <mo>=</mo> <msub> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>B</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext>-</mtext> </mrow> <mspace width="negativethinmathspace"></mspace> <mi>V</mi> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext>observed</mtext> </mrow> </msub> <mo>−</mo> <msub> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>B</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext>-</mtext> </mrow> <mspace width="negativethinmathspace"></mspace> <mi>V</mi> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext>intrinsic</mtext> </mrow> </msub> <mo>.</mo> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle E_{{\text{B-}}\!{\text{V}}}={B{\text{-}}\!V}_{\text{observed}}-{B{\text{-}}\!V}_{\text{intrinsic}}.}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/15efb93506e7d87161172e689704e3b9c027f19a" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:30.701ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle E_{{\text{B-}}\!{\text{V}}}={B{\text{-}}\!V}_{\text{observed}}-{B{\text{-}}\!V}_{\text{intrinsic}}.}" /></span></dd></dl> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Passband" title="Passband">passbands</a> most optical <a href="/wiki/Astronomer" title="Astronomer">astronomers</a> use are the <a href="/wiki/UBVRI" class="mw-redirect" title="UBVRI">UBVRI</a> filters, where the U, B, and V filters are as mentioned above, the R filter passes red light, and the I filter passes <a href="/wiki/Infrared" title="Infrared">infrared</a> light. This <a href="/wiki/Photometric_system" title="Photometric system">system of filters</a> is sometimes called the Johnson–Kron–Cousins filter system, named after the originators of the system (see references).<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These filters were specified as particular combinations of glass filters and <a href="/wiki/Photomultiplier" title="Photomultiplier">photomultiplier tubes</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Michael_S._Bessell&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Michael S. Bessell (page does not exist)">M. S. Bessell</a> specified a set of filter transmissions for a flat response detector, thus quantifying the calculation of the color indices.<sup id="cite_ref-filters_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-filters-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For precision, appropriate pairs of filters are chosen depending on the object's color temperature: B−V are for mid-range objects, U−V for hotter objects, and R−I for cool ones. </p><p>Color indices can also be determined for other celestial bodies, such as planets and moons: </p> <table class="wikitable sortable"> <caption>Color indices of Solar System bodies<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:0_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Celestial body </th> <th>B-V color index </th> <th>U-B color index </th></tr> <tr> <td>Mercury </td> <td>0.97 </td> <td>0.40 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Venus </td> <td>0.81 </td> <td>0.50 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Earth </td> <td>0.20 </td> <td>0.0 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Moon </td> <td>0.92 </td> <td>0.46 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Mars </td> <td>1.43 </td> <td>0.63 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Jupiter </td> <td>0.87 </td> <td>0.48 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Saturn </td> <td>1.09 </td> <td>0.58 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Uranus </td> <td>0.56 </td> <td>0.28 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Neptune </td> <td>0.41 </td> <td>0.21 </td></tr></tbody></table> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Quantitative_color_index_terms">Quantitative color index terms</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Color_index&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Quantitative color index terms"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable sortable"> <caption>Quantitative color index terms<sup id="cite_ref-:0_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Color<br />(Vega reference) </th> <th>Color index<br />(B-V) </th> <th>Spectral class<br />(<a href="/wiki/Main_sequence" title="Main sequence">main sequence</a>) </th> <th>Spectral class<br />(<a href="/wiki/Giant_star" title="Giant star">giant stars</a>) </th> <th>Spectral class<br />(<a href="/wiki/Supergiant_stars" class="mw-redirect" title="Supergiant stars">supergiant stars</a>) </th> <th>Examples      </th></tr> <tr> <td>Red </td> <td>≥1.40 </td> <td>M </td> <td>K4-M9 </td> <td>K3-M9 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Betelgeuse" title="Betelgeuse">Betelgeuse</a>, <a href="/wiki/Antares" title="Antares">Antares</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Orange </td> <td>0.80-1.40 </td> <td>K </td> <td>G4-K3 </td> <td>G1-K2 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Arcturus" title="Arcturus">Arcturus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pollux_(star)" title="Pollux (star)">Pollux</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Yellow </td> <td>0.60-0.80 </td> <td>G </td> <td>G0-G3 </td> <td>F8-G0 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Sun" title="Sun">Sun</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rigil_Kent" class="mw-redirect" title="Rigil Kent">Rigil Kent</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Green </td> <td>0.30-0.60 </td> <td>F </td> <td>F </td> <td>F4-7 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Procyon" title="Procyon">Procyon</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>White </td> <td>0.00-0.30 </td> <td>A </td> <td>A </td> <td>A0-F3 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Sirius" title="Sirius">Sirius</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vega" title="Vega">Vega</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Blue </td> <td>-0.33-0.00 </td> <td>OB </td> <td>OB </td> <td>OB </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Spica" title="Spica">Spica</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rigel" title="Rigel">Rigel</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The common color labels (e.g. red supergiant) are subjective and taken using the star Vega as the reference. However, these labels, which have a quantifiable basis, do not reflect how the human eye would perceive the colors of these stars. For instance, Vega has a bluish white color, while the Sun, from outer space, would look like a neutral white somewhat warmer than the <a href="/wiki/Illuminant_D65" class="mw-redirect" title="Illuminant D65">illuminant D65</a> (which may be considered a slightly cool white). "Green" stars would be perceived as white by the human eye. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Color_index&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asteroid_color_indices" class="mw-redirect" title="Asteroid color indices">Asteroid color indices</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Color%E2%80%93color_diagram" title="Color–color diagram">Color–color diagram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Distant_object_color_indices" class="mw-redirect" title="Distant object color indices">Distant object color indices</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UBV_photometric_system" title="UBV photometric system">UBV photometric system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zero_point_(photometry)" title="Zero point (photometry)">Zero point</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Color_index&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Color_index&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626" /><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-zombeck-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-zombeck_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFZombeck1990" class="citation book cs1">Zombeck, Martin V. (1990). "Calibration of MK spectral types". <span class="id-lock-limited" title="Free access subject to limited trial, subscription normally required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/handbookspaceast00zomb_311"><i>Handbook of Space Astronomy and Astrophysics</i></a></span> (2nd ed.). <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/handbookspaceast00zomb_311/page/n104">105</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-34787-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-34787-4"><bdi>0-521-34787-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Calibration+of+MK+spectral+types&rft.btitle=Handbook+of+Space+Astronomy+and+Astrophysics&rft.pages=105&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=0-521-34787-4&rft.aulast=Zombeck&rft.aufirst=Martin+V.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhandbookspaceast00zomb_311&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColor+index" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-sun-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-sun_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">David F. Gray (1992), <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/cgi-bin/nph-bib_query?bibcode=1992PASP..104.1035G&db_key=AST&data_type=HTML&format=&high=44b52c369023103">The Inferred Color Index of the Sun</a></i>, Publications of the Astronomical Society of the Pacific, vol. 104, no. 681, pp. 1035–1038 (November 1992).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-rigel-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-rigel_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://simbad.u-strasbg.fr/simbad/sim-basic?Ident=%2A+bet+Ori">"* bet Ori"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/SIMBAD" title="SIMBAD">SIMBAD</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/Centre_de_donn%C3%A9es_astronomiques_de_Strasbourg" title="Centre de données astronomiques de Strasbourg">Centre de données astronomiques de Strasbourg</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=SIMBAD&rft.atitle=%2A+bet+Ori&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsimbad.u-strasbg.fr%2Fsimbad%2Fsim-basic%3FIdent%3D%252A%2Bbet%2BOri&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColor+index" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMurdin2001" class="citation book cs1">Murdin, P., ed. (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/paul-murdin-encyclopedia-of-astronomy-and-astrophysics-vol.-1-a-gel.-institute-o/page/n4971/mode/2up">"Tycho Star Catalogs: The 2.5 Million Brightest Stars"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/paul-murdin-encyclopedia-of-astronomy-and-astrophysics-vol.-1-a-gel.-institute-o/mode/2up"><i>Encyclopedia of Astronomy & Astrophysics</i></a>. 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"New insights into black bodies". <i>EPL</i>. <b>97</b> (3). 34008. <a href="/wiki/ArXiv_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ArXiv (identifier)">arXiv</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arxiv.org/abs/1201.1809">1201.1809</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=EPL&rft.atitle=New+insights+into+black+bodies&rft.volume=97&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=34008&rft.date=2012&rft_id=info%3Aarxiv%2F1201.1809&rft.aulast=Ballesteros&rft.aufirst=F.+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColor+index" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-PyAstronomy-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-PyAstronomy_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">BallesterosBV_T API <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.hs.uni-hamburg.de/DE/Ins/Per/Czesla/PyA/PyA/index.html">http://www.hs.uni-hamburg.de/DE/Ins/Per/Czesla/PyA/PyA/index.html</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLandolt1992" class="citation journal cs1">Landolt, Arlo U. (1992-07-01). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1992AJ....104..340L">"UBVRI Photometric Standard Stars in the Magnitude Range 11.5 < V < 16.0 Around the Celestial Equator"</a>. <i>The Astronomical Journal</i>. <b>104</b>: 340. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1992AJ....104..340L">1992AJ....104..340L</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F116242">10.1086/116242</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0004-6256">0004-6256</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Astronomical+Journal&rft.atitle=UBVRI+Photometric+Standard+Stars+in+the+Magnitude+Range+11.5+%3C+V+%3C+16.0+Around+the+Celestial+Equator&rft.volume=104&rft.pages=340&rft.date=1992-07-01&rft.issn=0004-6256&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1086%2F116242&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1992AJ....104..340L&rft.aulast=Landolt&rft.aufirst=Arlo+U.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fui.adsabs.harvard.edu%2Fabs%2F1992AJ....104..340L&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColor+index" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-filters-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-filters_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Michael S. Bessell (1990), <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1990PASP..102.1181B">UBVRI passbands</a></i>, Publications of the Astronomical Society of the Pacific, vol. 102, Oct. 1990, p. 1181–1199.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPace1971" class="citation cs2">Pace, G. (February 15, 1971), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ntrs.nasa.gov/api/citations/19710009758/downloads/19710009758.pdf"><i>UBV: Subroutine to Compute Photometric Magnitudes of the Planets and Their Satellites</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (Technical report), <a href="/wiki/Jet_Propulsion_Laboratory" title="Jet Propulsion Laboratory">Jet Propulsion Laboratory</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=UBV%3A+Subroutine+to+Compute+Photometric+Magnitudes+of+the+Planets+and+Their+Satellites&rft.pub=Jet+Propulsion+Laboratory&rft.date=1971-02-15&rft.aulast=Pace&rft.aufirst=G.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fntrs.nasa.gov%2Fapi%2Fcitations%2F19710009758%2Fdownloads%2F19710009758.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColor+index" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFNeuhäuserTorresMugrauerNeuhäuser2022" class="citation journal cs1">Neuhäuser, R; Torres, G; Mugrauer, M; Neuhäuser, D L; Chapman, J; Luge, D; Cosci, M (2022-07-29). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fmnras%2Fstac1969">"Colour evolution of Betelgeuse and Antares over two millennia, derived from historical records, as a new constraint on mass and age"</a>. <i>Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society</i>. <b>516</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">693–</span>719. <a href="/wiki/ArXiv_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ArXiv (identifier)">arXiv</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arxiv.org/abs/2207.04702">2207.04702</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2022MNRAS.516..693N">2022MNRAS.516..693N</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fmnras%2Fstac1969">10.1093/mnras/stac1969</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0035-8711">0035-8711</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Monthly+Notices+of+the+Royal+Astronomical+Society&rft.atitle=Colour+evolution+of+Betelgeuse+and+Antares+over+two+millennia%2C+derived+from+historical+records%2C+as+a+new+constraint+on+mass+and+age&rft.volume=516&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E693-%3C%2Fspan%3E719&rft.date=2022-07-29&rft_id=info%3Aarxiv%2F2207.04702&rft.issn=0035-8711&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fmnras%2Fstac1969&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2022MNRAS.516..693N&rft.aulast=Neuh%C3%A4user&rft.aufirst=R&rft.au=Torres%2C+G&rft.au=Mugrauer%2C+M&rft.au=Neuh%C3%A4user%2C+D+L&rft.au=Chapman%2C+J&rft.au=Luge%2C+D&rft.au=Cosci%2C+M&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1093%252Fmnras%252Fstac1969&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColor+index" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Color_index&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/cgi-bin/nph-bib_query?bibcode=1953ApJ...117..313J&db_key=AST&high=3c321cbf8303780">Query</a> for <a href="/wiki/Harold_Johnson_(astronomer)" title="Harold Johnson (astronomer)">Johnson, H. L.</a> and <a href="/wiki/William_Wilson_Morgan" title="William Wilson Morgan">Morgan</a>, ApJ 117, 313 (1953)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/cgi-bin/nph-bib_query?bibcode=1974MNRAS.166..711C&db_key=AST&high=3c321cbf8304063">Query</a> for <a href="/wiki/Alan_William_James_Cousins" title="Alan William James Cousins">Cousins, A. W. J.</a>, MNRAS 166, 711 (1974)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/cgi-bin/nph-bib_query?bibcode=1974MNSSA..33..149C&db_key=AST&high=3c321cbf8304063">Query</a> for <a href="/wiki/Alan_William_James_Cousins" title="Alan William James Cousins">Cousins, A. W. J.</a>, MNASSA 33, 149 (1974)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/cgi-bin/nph-bib_query?bibcode=1990PASP..102.1181B&db_key=AST&high=3c321cbf8304649">Query</a> for <a href="/w/index.php?title=Michael_S._Bessell&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Michael S. Bessell (page does not exist)">Bessell, M. S.</a>, PASP 102, 1181 (1990)</li></ul> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1130092004">.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-bordered{padding:0 2em;background-color:#fdfdfd;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;clear:both;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;justify-content:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-unbordered{padding:0 1.7em;margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{margin:0 1em 0 0.5em;flex:0 0 auto;min-height:24px}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;flex:0 1 auto;padding:0.15em 0;column-gap:1em;align-items:baseline;margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-item{display:inline-block;margin:0.15em 0.2em;min-height:24px;line-height:24px}@media screen and (max-width:768px){.mw-parser-output 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