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vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Bantu_(Abantu)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>The Bantu (Abantu)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_Bantu_(Abantu)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Bantu_origins" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bantu_origins"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3.1</span> <span>Bantu origins</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bantu_origins-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-First_Bantu_settlement" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#First_Bantu_settlement"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3.2</span> <span>First Bantu settlement</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-First_Bantu_settlement-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Second_Bantu_settlement" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Second_Bantu_settlement"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3.3</span> <span>Second Bantu settlement</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Second_Bantu_settlement-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Luba-Lunda_states" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Luba-Lunda_states"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3.3.1</span> <span>Luba-Lunda states</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Luba-Lunda_states-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_Maravi_Confederacy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Maravi_Confederacy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3.3.2</span> <span>The Maravi Confederacy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_Maravi_Confederacy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mutapa_Empire_and_Mfecane" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mutapa_Empire_and_Mfecane"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3.3.3</span> <span>Mutapa Empire and Mfecane</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mutapa_Empire_and_Mfecane-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Colonial_Period" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Colonial_Period"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Colonial Period</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Colonial_Period-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Europeans" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Europeans"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4.1</span> <span>Europeans</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Europeans-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-British_colonisation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#British_colonisation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4.2</span> <span>British colonisation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-British_colonisation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Independence" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Independence"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>Independence</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Independence-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Post_Independence" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Post_Independence"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.6</span> <span>Post Independence</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Post_Independence-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Economic_troubles" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Economic_troubles"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.6.1</span> <span>Economic troubles</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Economic_troubles-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Democratisation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Democratisation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.6.2</span> <span>Democratisation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Democratisation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Politics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Politics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Politics</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Politics-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Politics subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Politics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Foreign_relations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Foreign_relations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Foreign relations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Foreign_relations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Military" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Military"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Military</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Military-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Administrative_divisions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Administrative_divisions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Administrative divisions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Administrative_divisions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Human_rights" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Human_rights"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Human rights</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Human_rights-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Geography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Geography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Geography</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Geography-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Geography subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Geography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Climate" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Climate"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Climate</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Climate-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Biodiversity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Biodiversity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Biodiversity</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Biodiversity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Demographics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Demographics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Demographics</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Demographics-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Demographics subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Demographics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Largest_towns" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Largest_towns"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Largest towns</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Largest_towns-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ethnic_groups" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ethnic_groups"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Ethnic groups</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ethnic_groups-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Religion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Religion</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Religion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Languages" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Languages"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4</span> <span>Languages</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Languages-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Education" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Education"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.5</span> <span>Education</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Education-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Health" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Health"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.6</span> <span>Health</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Health-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Economy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Economy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Economy</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Economy-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Economy subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Economy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Mining" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mining"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Mining</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mining-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Agriculture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Agriculture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Agriculture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Agriculture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tourism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tourism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3</span> <span>Tourism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tourism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Energy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Energy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.4</span> <span>Energy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Energy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Culture</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Culture-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Culture subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Media" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Media"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Media</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Media-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sports_and_games" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sports_and_games"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>Sports and games</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sports_and_games-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Music_and_dance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Music_and_dance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.3</span> <span>Music and dance</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Music_and_dance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Zamrock" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Zamrock"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.3.1</span> <span>Zamrock</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Zamrock-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notable_people" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notable_people"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Notable people</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notable_people-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span 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Available in 246 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-246" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">246 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ace mw-list-item"><a href="https://ace.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zambia" title="Zambia – Acehnese" lang="ace" hreflang="ace" data-title="Zambia" data-language-autonym="Acèh" data-language-local-name="Acehnese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Acèh</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zambi%C3%AB" title="Zambië – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Zambië" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sambia" title="Sambia – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Sambia" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8B%9B%E1%88%9D%E1%89%A2%E1%8B%AB" title="ዛምቢያ – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ዛምቢያ" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-smn mw-list-item"><a href="https://smn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sambia" title="Sambia – Inari Sami" lang="smn" hreflang="smn" data-title="Sambia" data-language-autonym="Anarâškielâ" data-language-local-name="Inari Sami" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Anarâškielâ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-anp mw-list-item"><a href="https://anp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE" title="जाम्बिया – Angika" lang="anp" hreflang="anp" data-title="जाम्बिया" data-language-autonym="अंगिका" data-language-local-name="Angika" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>अंगिका</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sambia" title="Sambia – Old English" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Sambia" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="Old English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ænglisc</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ab mw-list-item"><a href="https://ab.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B1%D0%B8%D0%B0" title="Замбиа – Abkhazian" lang="ab" hreflang="ab" data-title="Замбиа" data-language-autonym="Аԥсшәа" data-language-local-name="Abkhazian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Аԥсшәа</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B2%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%A7" title="زامبيا – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="زامبيا" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zambia" title="Zambia – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Zambia" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hyw mw-list-item"><a href="https://hyw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B6%D5%A1%D5%B4%D5%BA%D5%AB%D5%A1" title="Զամպիա – Western Armenian" lang="hyw" hreflang="hyw" data-title="Զամպիա" data-language-autonym="Արեւմտահայերէն" data-language-local-name="Western Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Արեւմտահայերէն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frp mw-list-item"><a href="https://frp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zambia" title="Zambia – Arpitan" lang="frp" hreflang="frp" data-title="Zambia" data-language-autonym="Arpetan" data-language-local-name="Arpitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Arpetan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zambia" title="Zambia – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Zambia" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%A1mbia" title="Sámbia – Guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Sámbia" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="Guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Avañe'ẽ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zambiya" title="Zambiya – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Zambiya" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B2%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%A8%DB%8C%D8%A7" title="زامبیا – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="زامبیا" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zambia" title="Zambia – Balinese" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Zambia" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="Balinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Basa Bali</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bm mw-list-item"><a href="https://bm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zanbia" title="Zanbia – Bambara" lang="bm" hreflang="bm" data-title="Zanbia" data-language-autonym="Bamanankan" data-language-local-name="Bambara" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bamanankan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%BE" title="জাম্বিয়া – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="জাম্বিয়া" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bjn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bjn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zambia" title="Zambia – Banjar" lang="bjn" hreflang="bjn" data-title="Zambia" data-language-autonym="Banjar" data-language-local-name="Banjar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Banjar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zambia" title="Zambia – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Zambia" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B1%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Замбия – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Замбия" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B1%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Замбія – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Замбія" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B1%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Замбія – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Замбія" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE" title="जांबिया – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="जांबिया" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>भोजपुरी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sambya" title="Sambya – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Sambya" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bi mw-list-item"><a href="https://bi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sambia" title="Sambia – Bislama" lang="bi" hreflang="bi" data-title="Sambia" data-language-autonym="Bislama" data-language-local-name="Bislama" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bislama</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B1%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Замбия – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Замбия" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sambia" title="Sambia – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Sambia" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Boarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%9B%E0%BD%98%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%96%E0%BD%B2%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A1%E0%BC%8D" title="ཛམ་བི་ཡ། – Tibetan" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="ཛམ་བི་ཡ།" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="Tibetan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>བོད་ཡིག</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zambija" title="Zambija – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Zambija" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zambia" title="Zambia – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Zambia" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B1%D0%B8" title="Замби – Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Замби" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Буряад</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Z%C3%A0mbia" title="Zàmbia – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Zàmbia" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B1%D0%B8" title="Замби – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Замби" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zambiya" title="Zambiya – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Zambiya" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zambie" title="Zambie – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Zambie" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cbk-zam mw-list-item"><a href="https://cbk-zam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zambia" title="Zambia – Chavacano" lang="cbk" hreflang="cbk" data-title="Zambia" data-language-autonym="Chavacano de Zamboanga" data-language-local-name="Chavacano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Chavacano de Zamboanga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ny mw-list-item"><a href="https://ny.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zambia" title="Zambia – Nyanja" lang="ny" hreflang="ny" data-title="Zambia" data-language-autonym="Chi-Chewa" data-language-local-name="Nyanja" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Chi-Chewa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sn mw-list-item"><a href="https://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zambia" title="Zambia – Shona" lang="sn" hreflang="sn" data-title="Zambia" data-language-autonym="ChiShona" data-language-local-name="Shona" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ChiShona</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tum badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://tum.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zambia" title="Zambia – Tumbuka" lang="tum" hreflang="tum" data-title="Zambia" data-language-autonym="ChiTumbuka" data-language-local-name="Tumbuka" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ChiTumbuka</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-co mw-list-item"><a href="https://co.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zamibia" title="Zamibia – Corsican" lang="co" hreflang="co" data-title="Zamibia" data-language-autonym="Corsu" data-language-local-name="Corsican" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Corsu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sambia" title="Sambia – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Sambia" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dag mw-list-item"><a href="https://dag.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zambia" title="Zambia – Dagbani" lang="dag" hreflang="dag" data-title="Zambia" data-language-autonym="Dagbanli" data-language-local-name="Dagbani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dagbanli</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zambia" title="Zambia – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Zambia" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B2%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%A7" title="زامبيا – Moroccan Arabic" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="زامبيا" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="Moroccan Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>الدارجة</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-se mw-list-item"><a href="https://se.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zambia" title="Zambia – Northern Sami" lang="se" hreflang="se" data-title="Zambia" data-language-autonym="Davvisámegiella" data-language-local-name="Northern Sami" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Davvisámegiella</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pdc mw-list-item"><a href="https://pdc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sambia" title="Sambia – Pennsylvania German" lang="pdc" hreflang="pdc" data-title="Sambia" data-language-autonym="Deitsch" data-language-local-name="Pennsylvania German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deitsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sambia" title="Sambia – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Sambia" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dv mw-list-item"><a href="https://dv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DE%92%DE%AC%DE%89%DE%B0%DE%84%DE%A8%DE%87%DE%A7" title="ޒެމްބިއާ – Divehi" lang="dv" hreflang="dv" data-title="ޒެމްބިއާ" data-language-autonym="ދިވެހިބަސް" data-language-local-name="Divehi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ދިވެހިބަސް</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nv mw-list-item"><a href="https://nv.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%A9%C3%A9hoo%C5%82ts%C3%B3dii_Bik%C3%A9yah" title="Tééhoołtsódii Bikéyah – Navajo" lang="nv" hreflang="nv" data-title="Tééhoołtsódii Bikéyah" data-language-autonym="Diné bizaad" data-language-local-name="Navajo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Diné bizaad</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://dsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sambija" title="Sambija – Lower Sorbian" lang="dsb" hreflang="dsb" data-title="Sambija" data-language-autonym="Dolnoserbski" data-language-local-name="Lower Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dolnoserbski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dty mw-list-item"><a href="https://dty.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE" title="जाम्बिया – Doteli" lang="dty" hreflang="dty" data-title="जाम्बिया" data-language-autonym="डोटेली" data-language-local-name="Doteli" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>डोटेली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sambia" title="Sambia – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Sambia" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%96%CE%AC%CE%BC%CF%80%CE%B9%CE%B1" title="Ζάμπια – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ζάμπια" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zambia" title="Zambia – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Zambia" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zambio" title="Zambio – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Zambio" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext mw-list-item"><a href="https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/Z%C3%A1mbia" title="Zámbia – Extremaduran" lang="ext" hreflang="ext" data-title="Zámbia" data-language-autonym="Estremeñu" data-language-local-name="Extremaduran" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Estremeñu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zambia" title="Zambia – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Zambia" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ee mw-list-item"><a href="https://ee.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zambia" title="Zambia – Ewe" lang="ee" hreflang="ee" data-title="Zambia" data-language-autonym="Eʋegbe" data-language-local-name="Ewe" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eʋegbe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gur mw-list-item"><a href="https://gur.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zambia" title="Zambia – Frafra" lang="gur" hreflang="gur" data-title="Zambia" data-language-autonym="Farefare" data-language-local-name="Frafra" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Farefare</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B2%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%A8%DB%8C%D8%A7" title="زامبیا – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="زامبیا" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zambia" title="Zambia – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Zambia" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fiji Hindi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sambia" title="Sambia – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Sambia" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Føroyskt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zambie" title="Zambie – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Zambie" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sambia" title="Sambia – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Sambia" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ff mw-list-item"><a href="https://ff.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sammbiya" title="Sammbiya – Fula" lang="ff" hreflang="ff" data-title="Sammbiya" data-language-autonym="Fulfulde" data-language-local-name="Fula" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fulfulde</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/An_tSaimbia" title="An tSaimbia – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="An tSaimbia" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yn_Tambia" title="Yn Tambia – Manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Yn Tambia" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="Manx" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaelg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gag mw-list-item"><a href="https://gag.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zambiya" title="Zambiya – Gagauz" lang="gag" hreflang="gag" data-title="Zambiya" data-language-autonym="Gagauz" data-language-local-name="Gagauz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gagauz</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saimbia" title="Saimbia – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Saimbia" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zambia" title="Zambia – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Zambia" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ki mw-list-item"><a href="https://ki.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zambia" title="Zambia – Kikuyu" lang="ki" hreflang="ki" data-title="Zambia" data-language-autonym="Gĩkũyũ" data-language-local-name="Kikuyu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gĩkũyũ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%9D%E0%AA%BE%E0%AA%AE%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%AC%E0%AA%BF%E0%AA%AF%E0%AA%BE" title="ઝામ્બિયા – Gujarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="ઝામ્બિયા" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="Gujarati" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ગુજરાતી</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zambia" title="Zambia – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Zambia" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9E%A0%EB%B9%84%EC%95%84" title="잠비아 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="잠비아" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zambiya" title="Zambiya – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Zambiya" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hausa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B6%D5%A1%D5%B4%D5%A2%D5%AB%D5%A1" title="Զամբիա – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Զամբիա" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BC%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE" title="ज़ाम्बिया – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="ज़ाम्बिया" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sambija" title="Sambija – Upper Sorbian" lang="hsb" hreflang="hsb" data-title="Sambija" data-language-autonym="Hornjoserbsce" data-language-local-name="Upper Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hornjoserbsce</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zambija" title="Zambija – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Zambija" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zambia" title="Zambia – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Zambia" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ig mw-list-item"><a href="https://ig.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zambia" title="Zambia – Igbo" lang="ig" hreflang="ig" data-title="Zambia" data-language-autonym="Igbo" data-language-local-name="Igbo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Igbo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zambia" title="Zambia – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Zambia" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ilokano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bpy mw-list-item"><a href="https://bpy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%BE" title="জাম্বিয়া – Bishnupriya" lang="bpy" hreflang="bpy" data-title="জাম্বিয়া" data-language-autonym="বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী" data-language-local-name="Bishnupriya" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zambia" title="Zambia – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Zambia" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zambia" title="Zambia – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Zambia" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ie mw-list-item"><a href="https://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zambia" title="Zambia – Interlingue" lang="ie" hreflang="ie" data-title="Zambia" data-language-autonym="Interlingue" data-language-local-name="Interlingue" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingue</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B1%D0%B8" title="Замби – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Замби" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ирон</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xh mw-list-item"><a href="https://xh.wikipedia.org/wiki/EZambia" title="EZambia – Xhosa" lang="xh" hreflang="xh" data-title="EZambia" data-language-autonym="IsiXhosa" data-language-local-name="Xhosa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>IsiXhosa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zu mw-list-item"><a href="https://zu.wikipedia.org/wiki/IZambiya" title="IZambiya – Zulu" lang="zu" hreflang="zu" data-title="IZambiya" data-language-autonym="IsiZulu" data-language-local-name="Zulu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>IsiZulu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samb%C3%ADa" title="Sambía – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Sambía" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zambia" title="Zambia – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Zambia" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%96%D7%9E%D7%91%D7%99%D7%94" title="זמביה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="זמביה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zambia" title="Zambia – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Zambia" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbp mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sambii" title="Sambii – Kabiye" lang="kbp" hreflang="kbp" data-title="Sambii" data-language-autonym="Kabɩyɛ" data-language-local-name="Kabiye" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kabɩyɛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%9C%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%82%E0%B2%AC%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%AF" title="ಜಾಂಬಿಯ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಜಾಂಬಿಯ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pam mw-list-item"><a href="https://pam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zambia" title="Zambia – Pampanga" lang="pam" hreflang="pam" data-title="Zambia" data-language-autonym="Kapampangan" data-language-local-name="Pampanga" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kapampangan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%96%E1%83%90%E1%83%9B%E1%83%91%E1%83%98%E1%83%90" title="ზამბია – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ზამბია" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-csb mw-list-item"><a href="https://csb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zambi%C3%B4" title="Zambiô – Kashubian" lang="csb" hreflang="csb" data-title="Zambiô" data-language-autonym="Kaszëbsczi" data-language-local-name="Kashubian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kaszëbsczi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B1%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Замбия – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Замбия" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zambi" title="Zambi – Cornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Zambi" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Cornish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kernowek</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rw mw-list-item"><a href="https://rw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zambiya" title="Zambiya – Kinyarwanda" lang="rw" hreflang="rw" data-title="Zambiya" data-language-autonym="Ikinyarwanda" data-language-local-name="Kinyarwanda" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ikinyarwanda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zambia" title="Zambia – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Zambia" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kg mw-list-item"><a href="https://kg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zambia" title="Zambia – Kongo" lang="kg" hreflang="kg" data-title="Zambia" data-language-autonym="Kongo" data-language-local-name="Kongo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kongo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-avk mw-list-item"><a href="https://avk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zambia" title="Zambia – Kotava" lang="avk" hreflang="avk" data-title="Zambia" data-language-autonym="Kotava" data-language-local-name="Kotava" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kotava</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zanbi" title="Zanbi – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Zanbi" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zanbi" title="Zanbi – Guianan Creole" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="Zanbi" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="Guianan Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kriyòl gwiyannen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zambiya" title="Zambiya – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Zambiya" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B1%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Замбия – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Замбия" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mrj mw-list-item"><a href="https://mrj.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B1%D0%B8" title="Замби – Western Mari" lang="mrj" hreflang="mrj" data-title="Замби" data-language-autonym="Кырык мары" data-language-local-name="Western Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кырык мары</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lld mw-list-item"><a href="https://lld.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sambia" title="Sambia – Ladin" lang="lld" hreflang="lld" data-title="Sambia" data-language-autonym="Ladin" data-language-local-name="Ladin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ladin</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ltg mw-list-item"><a href="https://ltg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zambeja" title="Zambeja – Latgalian" lang="ltg" hreflang="ltg" data-title="Zambeja" data-language-autonym="Latgaļu" data-language-local-name="Latgalian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latgaļu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zambia" title="Zambia – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Zambia" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zambija" title="Zambija – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Zambija" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sambia" title="Sambia – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Sambia" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lez mw-list-item"><a href="https://lez.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B1%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Замбия – Lezghian" lang="lez" hreflang="lez" data-title="Замбия" data-language-autonym="Лезги" data-language-local-name="Lezghian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Лезги</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zambija" title="Zambija – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Zambija" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zambia" title="Zambia – Ligurian" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Zambia" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="Ligurian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ligure</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zambia" title="Zambia – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Zambia" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ln mw-list-item"><a href="https://ln.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zambia" title="Zambia – Lingala" lang="ln" hreflang="ln" data-title="Zambia" data-language-autonym="Lingála" data-language-local-name="Lingala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingála</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zambia" title="Zambia – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Zambia" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-olo mw-list-item"><a href="https://olo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zambii" title="Zambii – Livvi-Karelian" lang="olo" hreflang="olo" data-title="Zambii" data-language-autonym="Livvinkarjala" data-language-local-name="Livvi-Karelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Livvinkarjala</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jbo mw-list-item"><a href="https://jbo.wikipedia.org/wiki/zambias" title="zambias – Lojban" lang="jbo" hreflang="jbo" data-title="zambias" data-language-autonym="La .lojban." data-language-local-name="Lojban" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>La .lojban.</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lg mw-list-item"><a href="https://lg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zambia" title="Zambia – Ganda" lang="lg" hreflang="lg" data-title="Zambia" data-language-autonym="Luganda" data-language-local-name="Ganda" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Luganda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zambia" title="Zambia – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Zambia" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zambia" title="Zambia – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Zambia" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B1%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Замбија – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Замбија" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zambia" title="Zambia – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Zambia" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B8%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%82%E0%B4%AC%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%AF" title="സാംബിയ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="സാംബിയ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mt mw-list-item"><a href="https://mt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%BBambja" title="Żambja – Maltese" lang="mt" hreflang="mt" data-title="Żambja" data-language-autonym="Malti" data-language-local-name="Maltese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mi mw-list-item"><a href="https://mi.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C4%81mipia" title="Tāmipia – Māori" lang="mi" hreflang="mi" data-title="Tāmipia" data-language-autonym="Māori" data-language-local-name="Māori" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Māori</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9D%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE" title="झांबिया – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="झांबिया" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%96%E1%83%90%E1%83%9B%E1%83%91%E1%83%98%E1%83%90" title="ზამბია – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ზამბია" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B2%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%A7" title="زامبيا – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="زامبيا" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B2%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%A8%DB%8C%D8%A7" title="زامبیا – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="زامبیا" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zambia" title="Zambia – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Zambia" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mni mw-list-item"><a href="https://mni.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%AF%93%EA%AF%A5%EA%AF%9D%EA%AF%95%EA%AF%A4%EA%AF%8C%EA%AF%A5" title="ꯓꯥꯝꯕꯤꯌꯥ – Manipuri" lang="mni" hreflang="mni" data-title="ꯓꯥꯝꯕꯤꯌꯥ" data-language-autonym="ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ" data-language-local-name="Manipuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zambia" title="Zambia – Minangkabau" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Zambia" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="Minangkabau" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Minangkabau</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zambia" title="Zambia – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Zambia" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mdf mw-list-item"><a href="https://mdf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B1%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Замбия – Moksha" lang="mdf" hreflang="mdf" data-title="Замбия" data-language-autonym="Мокшень" data-language-local-name="Moksha" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Мокшень</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B1%D0%B8" title="Замби – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Замби" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%87%E1%80%99%E1%80%BA%E1%80%98%E1%80%AE%E1%80%9A%E1%80%AC%E1%80%94%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%84%E1%80%B6" title="ဇမ်ဘီယာနိုင်ငံ – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ဇမ်ဘီယာနိုင်ငံ" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zambia" title="Zambia – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Zambia" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zambia" title="Zambia – Low Saxon" lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL" data-title="Zambia" data-language-autonym="Nedersaksies" data-language-local-name="Low Saxon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nedersaksies</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE" title="जाम्बिया – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="जाम्बिया" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE" title="जाम्बिया – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="जाम्बिया" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाल भाषा</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B6%E3%83%B3%E3%83%93%E3%82%A2" title="ザンビア – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ザンビア" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B1%D0%B8" title="Замби – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Замби" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Нохчийн</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sambia" title="Sambia – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Sambia" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zambia" title="Zambia – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Zambia" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zambia" title="Zambia – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Zambia" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nov mw-list-item"><a href="https://nov.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zambia" title="Zambia – Novial" lang="nov" hreflang="nov" data-title="Zambia" data-language-autonym="Novial" data-language-local-name="Novial" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Novial</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zambia" title="Zambia – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Zambia" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-om mw-list-item"><a href="https://om.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zaambiyaa" title="Zaambiyaa – Oromo" lang="om" hreflang="om" data-title="Zaambiyaa" data-language-autonym="Oromoo" data-language-local-name="Oromo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oromoo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zambiya" title="Zambiya – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Zambiya" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%9C%E0%A8%BC%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%82%E0%A8%AC%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%86" title="ਜ਼ਾਂਬੀਆ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਜ਼ਾਂਬੀਆ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pi mw-list-item"><a href="https://pi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE" title="जाम्बिया – Pali" lang="pi" hreflang="pi" data-title="जाम्बिया" data-language-autonym="पालि" data-language-local-name="Pali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>पालि</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ami mw-list-item"><a href="https://ami.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zambia" title="Zambia – Amis" lang="ami" hreflang="ami" data-title="Zambia" data-language-autonym="Pangcah" data-language-local-name="Amis" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Pangcah</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B2%DB%8C%D9%85%D8%A8%DB%8C%D8%A7" title="زیمبیا – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="زیمبیا" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pap mw-list-item"><a href="https://pap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zambia" title="Zambia – Papiamento" lang="pap" hreflang="pap" data-title="Zambia" data-language-autonym="Papiamentu" data-language-local-name="Papiamento" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Papiamentu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B2%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%A7" title="زامبيا – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="زامبيا" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jam mw-list-item"><a href="https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zambia" title="Zambia – Jamaican Creole English" lang="jam" hreflang="jam" data-title="Zambia" data-language-autonym="Patois" data-language-local-name="Jamaican Creole English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Patois</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-km mw-list-item"><a href="https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%9E%94%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%9A%E1%9E%91%E1%9F%81%E1%9E%9F%E1%9E%A0%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%9F%E1%9F%86%E1%9E%94%E1%9F%8A%E1%9E%B8" title="ប្រទេសហ្សំប៊ី – Khmer" lang="km" hreflang="km" data-title="ប្រទេសហ្សំប៊ី" data-language-autonym="ភាសាខ្មែរ" data-language-local-name="Khmer" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ភាសាខ្មែរ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zambia" title="Zambia – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Zambia" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sambia" title="Sambia – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Sambia" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zambia" title="Zambia – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Zambia" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Z%C3%A2mbia" title="Zâmbia – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Zâmbia" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kaa mw-list-item"><a href="https://kaa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zambiya" title="Zambiya – Kara-Kalpak" lang="kaa" hreflang="kaa" data-title="Zambiya" data-language-autonym="Qaraqalpaqsha" data-language-local-name="Kara-Kalpak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qaraqalpaqsha</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-crh mw-list-item"><a href="https://crh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zambiya" title="Zambiya – Crimean Tatar" lang="crh" hreflang="crh" data-title="Zambiya" data-language-autonym="Qırımtatarca" data-language-local-name="Crimean Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qırımtatarca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zambia" title="Zambia – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Zambia" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sampiya" title="Sampiya – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Sampiya" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B1%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Замбія – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Замбія" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B1%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Замбия – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Замбия" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B1%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Замбия – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Замбия" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szy mw-list-item"><a href="https://szy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zambia" title="Zambia – Sakizaya" lang="szy" hreflang="szy" data-title="Zambia" data-language-autonym="Sakizaya" data-language-local-name="Sakizaya" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sakizaya</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sm mw-list-item"><a href="https://sm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zambia" title="Zambia – Samoan" lang="sm" hreflang="sm" data-title="Zambia" data-language-autonym="Gagana Samoa" data-language-local-name="Samoan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gagana Samoa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE" title="जाम्बिया – Sanskrit" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="जाम्बिया" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="Sanskrit" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>संस्कृतम्</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sg mw-list-item"><a href="https://sg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zamb%C3%AFi" title="Zambïi – Sango" lang="sg" hreflang="sg" data-title="Zambïi" data-language-autonym="Sängö" data-language-local-name="Sango" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sängö</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sat mw-list-item"><a href="https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B1%A1%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%A2%E1%B1%B5%E1%B1%A4%E1%B1%AD%E1%B1%9F" title="ᱡᱟᱢᱵᱤᱭᱟ – Santali" lang="sat" hreflang="sat" data-title="ᱡᱟᱢᱵᱤᱭᱟ" data-language-autonym="ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ" data-language-local-name="Santali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Z%C3%A0mbia" title="Zàmbia – Sardinian" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Zàmbia" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sardu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zambie" title="Zambie – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Zambie" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-trv mw-list-item"><a href="https://trv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zambia" title="Zambia – Taroko" lang="trv" hreflang="trv" data-title="Zambia" data-language-autonym="Seediq" data-language-local-name="Taroko" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Seediq</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-stq mw-list-item"><a href="https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sambia" title="Sambia – Saterland Frisian" lang="stq" hreflang="stq" data-title="Sambia" data-language-autonym="Seeltersk" data-language-local-name="Saterland Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Seeltersk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-st mw-list-item"><a href="https://st.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zambia" title="Zambia – Southern Sotho" lang="st" hreflang="st" data-title="Zambia" data-language-autonym="Sesotho" data-language-local-name="Southern Sotho" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sesotho</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nso mw-list-item"><a href="https://nso.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zambia" title="Zambia – Northern Sotho" lang="nso" hreflang="nso" data-title="Zambia" data-language-autonym="Sesotho sa Leboa" data-language-local-name="Northern Sotho" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sesotho sa Leboa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tn mw-list-item"><a href="https://tn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zambia" title="Zambia – Tswana" lang="tn" hreflang="tn" data-title="Zambia" data-language-autonym="Setswana" data-language-local-name="Tswana" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Setswana</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zambia" title="Zambia – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Zambia" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zambia" title="Zambia – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Zambia" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B7%83%E0%B7%90%E0%B6%B8%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%B6%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%BA%E0%B7%8F%E0%B7%80" title="සැම්බියාව – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="සැම්බියාව" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zambia" title="Zambia – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Zambia" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B2%D9%8A%D9%85%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%A7" title="زيمبيا – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="زيمبيا" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ss mw-list-item"><a href="https://ss.wikipedia.org/wiki/IZambiya" title="IZambiya – Swati" lang="ss" hreflang="ss" data-title="IZambiya" data-language-autonym="SiSwati" data-language-local-name="Swati" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>SiSwati</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zambia" title="Zambia – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Zambia" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zambija" title="Zambija – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Zambija" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl mw-list-item"><a href="https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zambijo" title="Zambijo – Silesian" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" data-title="Zambijo" data-language-autonym="Ślůnski" data-language-local-name="Silesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ślůnski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saambiya" title="Saambiya – Somali" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Saambiya" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Somali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Soomaaliga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B2%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%A8%DB%8C%D8%A7" title="زامبیا – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="زامبیا" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B1%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Замбија – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Замбија" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zambija" title="Zambija – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Zambija" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zambia" title="Zambia – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Zambia" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi badge-Q17559452 badge-recommendedarticle mw-list-item" title="recommended article"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sambia" title="Sambia – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Sambia" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zambia" title="Zambia – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Zambia" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zambia" title="Zambia – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Zambia" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%BE" title="சாம்பியா – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="சாம்பியா" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zambya" title="Zambya – Kabyle" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Zambya" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="Kabyle" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taqbaylit</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B1%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Замбия – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Замбия" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-shn mw-list-item"><a href="https://shn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%99%E1%80%AD%E1%80%B0%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8%E1%81%B8%E1%80%99%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8%E1%80%95%E1%80%AE%E1%80%B8%E1%80%9A%E1%82%83%E1%80%B8" title="မိူင်းၸမ်းပီးယႃး – Shan" lang="shn" hreflang="shn" data-title="မိူင်းၸမ်းပီးယႃး" data-language-autonym="ၽႃႇသႃႇတႆး " data-language-local-name="Shan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ၽႃႇသႃႇတႆး </span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tay mw-list-item"><a href="https://tay.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zambia" title="Zambia – Tayal" lang="tay" hreflang="tay" data-title="Zambia" data-language-autonym="Tayal" data-language-local-name="Tayal" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tayal</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%9C%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%82%E0%B0%AC%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%AF%E0%B0%BE" title="జాంబియా – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="జాంబియా" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%A8%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%A1%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2" title="ประเทศแซมเบีย – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ประเทศแซมเบีย" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-din mw-list-item"><a href="https://din.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dhambia" title="Dhambia – Dinka" lang="din" hreflang="din" data-title="Dhambia" data-language-autonym="Thuɔŋjäŋ" data-language-local-name="Dinka" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Thuɔŋjäŋ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ti mw-list-item"><a href="https://ti.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8B%9B%E1%88%9D%E1%89%A2%E1%8B%AB" title="ዛምቢያ – Tigrinya" lang="ti" hreflang="ti" data-title="ዛምቢያ" data-language-autonym="ትግርኛ" data-language-local-name="Tigrinya" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ትግርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B1%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Замбия – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Замбия" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-chy mw-list-item"><a href="https://chy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zambia" title="Zambia – Cheyenne" lang="chy" hreflang="chy" data-title="Zambia" data-language-autonym="Tsetsêhestâhese" data-language-local-name="Cheyenne" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tsetsêhestâhese</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zambiya" title="Zambiya – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Zambiya" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tk mw-list-item"><a href="https://tk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zambi%C3%BDa" title="Zambiýa – Turkmen" lang="tk" hreflang="tk" data-title="Zambiýa" data-language-autonym="Türkmençe" data-language-local-name="Turkmen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkmençe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-udm mw-list-item"><a href="https://udm.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B1%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Замбия – Udmurt" lang="udm" hreflang="udm" data-title="Замбия" data-language-autonym="Удмурт" data-language-local-name="Udmurt" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Удмурт</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B1%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Замбія – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Замбія" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B2%DB%8C%D9%85%D8%A8%DB%8C%D8%A7" title="زیمبیا – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="زیمبیا" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B2%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%A8%D9%89%D9%8A%DB%95" title="زامبىيە – Uyghur" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="زامبىيە" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="Uyghur" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-za mw-list-item"><a href="https://za.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zambia" title="Zambia – Zhuang" lang="za" hreflang="za" data-title="Zambia" data-language-autonym="Vahcuengh" data-language-local-name="Zhuang" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vahcuengh</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Z%C3%A0nbia" title="Zànbia – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Zànbia" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zambii" title="Zambii – Veps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Zambii" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="Veps" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vepsän kel’</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zambia" title="Zambia – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Zambia" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vo mw-list-item"><a href="https://vo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zambiy%C3%A4n" title="Zambiyän – Volapük" lang="vo" hreflang="vo" data-title="Zambiyän" data-language-autonym="Volapük" data-language-local-name="Volapük" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Volapük</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sambia" title="Sambia – Võro" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="Sambia" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="Võro" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Võro</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%B0%9A%E6%AF%94%E4%BA%9E" title="尚比亞 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="尚比亞" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>文言</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zambia" title="Zambia – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Zambia" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wo mw-list-item"><a href="https://wo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saambi" title="Saambi – Wolof" lang="wo" hreflang="wo" data-title="Saambi" data-language-autonym="Wolof" data-language-local-name="Wolof" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Wolof</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%B0%9A%E6%AF%94%E4%BA%9A" title="尚比亚 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="尚比亚" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ts mw-list-item"><a href="https://ts.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zambiya" title="Zambiya – Tsonga" lang="ts" hreflang="ts" data-title="Zambiya" data-language-autonym="Xitsonga" data-language-local-name="Tsonga" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Xitsonga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%96%D7%90%D7%9E%D7%91%D7%99%D7%A2" title="זאמביע – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="זאמביע" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zambia" title="Zambia – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Zambia" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Yorùbá</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%B4%8A%E6%AF%94%E4%BA%9E" title="贊比亞 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="贊比亞" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zambiya" title="Zambiya – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Zambiya" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zazaki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zea mw-list-item"><a href="https://zea.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zambia" title="Zambia – Zeelandic" lang="zea" hreflang="zea" data-title="Zambia" data-language-autonym="Zeêuws" data-language-local-name="Zeelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zeêuws</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zamb%C4%97j%C4%97" title="Zambėjė – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Zambėjė" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Žemaitėška</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%B5%9E%E6%AF%94%E4%BA%9A" title="赞比亚 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="赞比亚" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ann mw-list-item"><a href="https://ann.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zambia" title="Zambia – Obolo" lang="ann" hreflang="ann" data-title="Zambia" data-language-autonym="Obolo" data-language-local-name="Obolo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Obolo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bew mw-list-item"><a href="https://bew.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sambia" title="Sambia – Betawi" lang="bew" hreflang="bew" data-title="Sambia" data-language-autonym="Betawi" data-language-local-name="Betawi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Betawi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gpe mw-list-item"><a href="https://gpe.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zambia" title="Zambia – Ghanaian Pidgin" lang="gpe" hreflang="gpe" data-title="Zambia" data-language-autonym="Ghanaian Pidgin" data-language-local-name="Ghanaian Pidgin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ghanaian Pidgin</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-iba mw-list-item"><a href="https://iba.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zambia" title="Zambia – Iban" lang="iba" hreflang="iba" data-title="Zambia" data-language-autonym="Jaku Iban" data-language-local-name="Iban" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jaku Iban</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nr mw-list-item"><a href="https://nr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zambia" title="Zambia – South Ndebele" lang="nr" hreflang="nr" data-title="Zambia" data-language-autonym="IsiNdebele seSewula" data-language-local-name="South Ndebele" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>IsiNdebele seSewula</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tly mw-list-item"><a href="https://tly.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zambij%C9%99" title="Zambijə – Talysh" lang="tly" hreflang="tly" data-title="Zambijə" data-language-autonym="Tolışi" data-language-local-name="Talysh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tolışi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zgh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zgh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E2%B5%A5%E2%B4%B0%E2%B5%8E%E2%B4%B1%E2%B5%A2%E2%B4%B0" title="ⵥⴰⵎⴱⵢⴰ – Standard Moroccan Tamazight" lang="zgh" hreflang="zgh" data-title="ⵥⴰⵎⴱⵢⴰ" data-language-autonym="ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ" data-language-local-name="Standard Moroccan Tamazight" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q953#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> 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.geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Zambia&params=15_S_30_E_type:country_region:ZM"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">15°S</span> <span class="longitude">30°E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">15°S 30°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">-15; 30</span></span></span></a></span></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Country in South-Central Africa</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the Southern African nation. For the 18th-century BC king of Isin, see <a href="/wiki/Zambiya" title="Zambiya">Zambiya</a>. For the part of <a href="/wiki/Kaliningrad_Oblast" title="Kaliningrad Oblast">Kaliningrad Oblast</a>, see <a href="/wiki/Sambia_Peninsula" title="Sambia Peninsula">Sambia Peninsula</a>. For the <a href="/wiki/West_African" class="mw-redirect" title="West African">West African</a> state, see <a href="/wiki/The_Gambia" title="The Gambia">The Gambia</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1043282317">.mw-parser-output .ib-country{border-collapse:collapse;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country td,.mw-parser-output .ib-country th{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-below{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedrow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedrow .infobox-full-data{border:0;padding:0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedbottomrow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedbottomrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedbottomrow .infobox-full-data{border-top:0;border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .infobox-header{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .infobox-above{font-size:125%;line-height:1.2}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-names{padding-top:0.25em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-name-style{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .infobox-image{padding:0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-anthem{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding-top:0.5em;margin-top:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-map-caption{position:relative;top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-largest,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-lang{font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-ethnic,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-religion,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-sovereignty{font-weight:normal;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fake-li{text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fake-li2{text-indent:0.5em;margin-left:1em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-website{line-height:11pt}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-map-caption3{position:relative;top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn{text-align:left;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn-num{margin-left:1em}</style><table class="infobox ib-country vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above adr"><div class="fn org country-name">Republic of Zambia</div><div class="ib-country-names"><span title="Bemba (Zambia)-language text"><i lang="bem">Icitungu ca Zambia</i></span> <span class="languageicon" style="font-size:100%; font-weight:normal">(<a href="/wiki/Bemba_language" title="Bemba language">Bemba</a>)</span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><div class="noresize" style="display:table; width:100%;"> <div style="display:table-cell; vertical-align:middle; padding-left:5px;"> <div style="padding-bottom:3px;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Zambia.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Flag of Zambia"><img alt="Flag of Zambia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Flag_of_Zambia.svg/125px-Flag_of_Zambia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="125" height="83" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Flag_of_Zambia.svg/188px-Flag_of_Zambia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Flag_of_Zambia.svg/250px-Flag_of_Zambia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></div> <div><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Zambia" title="Flag of Zambia">Flag</a></div> </div> <div style="display:table-cell; vertical-align:middle; padding: 0px 5px;"> <div style="padding-bottom:3px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_arms_of_Zambia.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Coat of arms of Zambia"><img alt="Coat of arms of Zambia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Coat_of_arms_of_Zambia.svg/85px-Coat_of_arms_of_Zambia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="85" height="99" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Coat_of_arms_of_Zambia.svg/128px-Coat_of_arms_of_Zambia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Coat_of_arms_of_Zambia.svg/170px-Coat_of_arms_of_Zambia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="870" /></a></span></div> <div><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Zambia" title="Coat of arms of Zambia"> Coat of arms</a></div> </div> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><b>Motto: </b><br />"One Zambia, One Nation"</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data anthem"><b>Anthem:</b> "<a href="/wiki/Stand_and_Sing_of_Zambia,_Proud_and_Free" title="Stand and Sing of Zambia, Proud and Free">Stand And Sing For Zambia Proud and Free</a>"<br /><div style="padding-top:0.4em; text-align:center;"><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span><audio id="mwe_player_0" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" style="width:220px;" data-durationhint="113" data-mwtitle="Zambian_national_anthem.oga" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/f/f6/Zambian_national_anthem.oga/Zambian_national_anthem.oga.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f6/Zambian_national_anthem.oga" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AZambian_national_anthem.oga&lang=en&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="en" label="English ‪(en)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AZambian_national_anthem.oga&lang=id&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="id" label="Bahasa Indonesia ‪(id)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AZambian_national_anthem.oga&lang=ny&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="ny" label="Chi-Chewa ‪(ny)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AZambian_national_anthem.oga&lang=zh-hant&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="zh-Hant" label="中文（繁體） ‪(zh-hant)‬" data-dir="ltr" /></audio></span></span></div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Zambia_(orthographic_projection).svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Location of Zambia"><img alt="Location of Zambia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Zambia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/250px-Zambia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="250" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Zambia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/375px-Zambia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Zambia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/500px-Zambia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="553" data-file-height="553" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Capital<div class="ib-country-largest">and largest city</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Lusaka" title="Lusaka">Lusaka</a><br /><span class="geo-inline"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Zambia&params=15_25_S_28_17_E_type:city_region:ZM"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">15°25′S</span> <span class="longitude">28°17′E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">15.417°S 28.283°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">-15.417; 28.283</span></span></span></a></span></span></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Official languages</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><span class="ib-country-lang">Recognised regional languages</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold; background:transparent;text-align:left;font-weight:normal;"><div>List</div></div> <ul class="mw-collapsible-content" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit; list-style: none; margin-left: 0; text-align: left;border-top:1px solid #aaa;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> 28.5% <a href="/wiki/Bemba_language" title="Bemba language">Bemba</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> 13.8% <a href="/wiki/Nyanja_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Nyanja language">Nyanja</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> 11.4% <a href="/wiki/Tonga_language_(Zambia_and_Zimbabwe)" title="Tonga language (Zambia and Zimbabwe)">Tonga</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> 10.6% <a href="/wiki/Tumbuka_language" title="Tumbuka language">Tumbuka</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> 5.5% <a href="/wiki/Lozi_language" title="Lozi language">Lozi</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> 4.5% <a href="/wiki/Chewa_language" title="Chewa language">Chewa</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> 3.0% <a href="/wiki/Nsenga_language" title="Nsenga language">Nsenga</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> 1.9% <a href="/wiki/Lunda_language" title="Lunda language">Lunda</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> 1.9% <a href="/wiki/Kaonde_language" title="Kaonde language">Kaonde</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> 1.8% <a href="/wiki/Lala-Bisa_language" title="Lala-Bisa language">Lala</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> 1.8% <a href="/wiki/Lamba_language" title="Lamba language">Lamba</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> 1.7% English </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> 1.5% <a href="/wiki/Luvale_language" title="Luvale language">Luvale</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> 1.3% <a href="/wiki/Mambwe_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Mambwe language">Mambwe</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> 1.2% <a href="/wiki/Lenje_language" title="Lenje language">Lenje</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> 1.2% <a href="/wiki/Namwanga_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Namwanga language">Namwanga</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> 1.0% <a href="/wiki/Lala-Bisa_language" title="Lala-Bisa language">Bisa</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> 0.9% Ushi </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> 0.7% <a href="/wiki/Ila_language" title="Ila language">Ila</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> 0.7% <a href="/wiki/Mbunda_language" title="Mbunda language">Mbunda</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> 0.7% <a href="/wiki/Ngoni_language" title="Ngoni language">Ngoni</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> 0.7% <a href="/wiki/Tumbuka-Senga_language" title="Tumbuka-Senga language">Senga</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> 0.6% <a href="/wiki/Lungu_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Lungu language">Lungu</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> 0.5% Toka-Leya </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> 4.7% others </li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_group" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethnic group">Ethnic groups</a> <div class="ib-country-ethnic"> (2010<sup id="cite_ref-ZMBCSO2016_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ZMBCSO2016-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>)</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold; background:transparent;text-align:left;font-weight:normal;"><div>List</div></div> <ul class="mw-collapsible-content" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit; list-style: none; margin-left: 0; text-align: left;border-top:1px solid #aaa;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> 19.0% <a href="/wiki/Bemba_people" title="Bemba people">Bemba</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> 13.6% <a href="/wiki/Tonga_people_of_Zambia_and_Zimbabwe" class="mw-redirect" title="Tonga people of Zambia and Zimbabwe">Tonga</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> 7.5% <a href="/wiki/Tumbuka_people" title="Tumbuka people">Tumbuka</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> 6.0% <a href="/wiki/Chewa_people" title="Chewa people">Chewa</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> 5.7% <a href="/wiki/Lozi_people" title="Lozi people">Lozi</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> 5.3% <a href="/wiki/Nsenga_people" title="Nsenga people">Nsenga</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> 3.0% <a href="/wiki/Ngoni_people" title="Ngoni people">Ngoni</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> 3.1% Lala </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> 3.9% Kaonde </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> 2.8% Namwanga </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> 2.6% <a href="/wiki/Lunda_people" title="Lunda people">Lunda (Northern)</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> 2.5% <a href="/wiki/Mambwe_people" title="Mambwe people">Mambwe</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> 2.2% Luvale </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> 2.4% <a href="/wiki/Lamba_people" title="Lamba people">Lamba</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> 1.9% Ushi </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> 1.6% Bisa </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> 1.6% Lenje </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> 1.2% <a href="/wiki/Mbunda_people" title="Mbunda people">Mbunda</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> 0.9% <a href="/wiki/Lunda_people" title="Lunda people">Lunda (Luapula)</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> 0.9% <a href="/wiki/Senga_people" title="Senga people">Senga</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> 0.8% <a href="/wiki/Ila_people" title="Ila people">Ila</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> 0.8% <a href="/wiki/Lungu_people" title="Lungu people">Lungu</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> 0.7% <a href="/wiki/Tabwa" class="mw-redirect" title="Tabwa">Tabwa</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> 0.7% Soli </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> 0.7% <a href="/wiki/Kunda_people" title="Kunda people">Kunda</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> 0.6% Ngumbo </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> 0.5% Chishinga </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> 0.5% <a href="/wiki/Chokwe_people" title="Chokwe people">Chokwe</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> 0.5% <a href="/wiki/Nkoya_people" title="Nkoya people">Nkoya</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> 5.4% other ethnics </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> 0.8% major racial </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> 0.4% unclassified </li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Religion <div class="ib-country-religion"></div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a> (<a href="/wiki/State_religion" title="State religion">official</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-const_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-const-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Demonym" title="Demonym">Demonym(s)</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Zambian_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Zambian people">Zambian</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Zambia" title="Politics of Zambia">Government</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Unitary <a href="/wiki/Presidential_system" title="Presidential system">presidential republic</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/President_of_Zambia" title="President of Zambia">President</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Hakainde_Hichilema" title="Hakainde Hichilema">Hakainde Hichilema</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Vice-President_of_Zambia" title="Vice-President of Zambia">Vice-President</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Mutale_Nalumango" title="Mutale Nalumango">Mutale Nalumango</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Speaker_of_the_National_Assembly_of_Zambia" title="Speaker of the National Assembly of Zambia">Speaker</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Nelly_Mutti" title="Nelly Mutti">Nelly Mutti</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Chief_Justice_of_Zambia" class="mw-redirect" title="Chief Justice of Zambia">Chief Justice</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Mumba_Malila" title="Mumba Malila">Mumba Malila</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Legislature</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Zambia" class="mw-redirect" title="Parliament of Zambia">National Assembly of Zambia</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Zambia" title="History of Zambia">Independence</a> <div class="ib-country-sovereignty">from the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/North-Western_Rhodesia" title="North-Western Rhodesia">North-Western Rhodesia</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">27 June 1890</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Barotziland-North-Western_Rhodesia" class="mw-redirect" title="Barotziland-North-Western Rhodesia">Barotziland-North-Western Rhodesia</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">28 November 1899</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/North-Eastern_Rhodesia" title="North-Eastern Rhodesia">North-Eastern Rhodesia</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">29 January 1900</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Northern_Rhodesia" title="Northern Rhodesia">Amalgamation of Northern Rhodesia</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">17 August 1911</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Federation_of_Rhodesia_and_Nyasaland" title="Federation of Rhodesia and Nyasaland">Federation of Rhodesia and Nyasaland</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">1 August 1953</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Zambia_Independence_Act_1964" title="Zambia Independence Act 1964">Republic of Zambia</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">24 October 1964</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Zambia" title="Constitution of Zambia">Current constitution</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">5 January 2016</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Zambia" title="Geography of Zambia">Area </a></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Total</div></th><td class="infobox-data">752,617 km<sup>2</sup> (290,587 sq mi)<sup id="cite_ref-area_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-area-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_and_dependencies_by_area" title="List of countries and dependencies by area">38th</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Water (%)</div></th><td class="infobox-data">1</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header"><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Zambia" title="Demographics of Zambia">Population</a></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• 2023 estimate</div></th><td class="infobox-data">20,216,029<sup id="cite_ref-WorldFactbook2023_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WorldFactbook2023-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_and_dependencies_by_population" title="List of countries and dependencies by population">64th</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Density</div></th><td class="infobox-data">17.2/km<sup>2</sup> (44.5/sq mi) (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_and_dependencies_by_population_density" title="List of countries and dependencies by population density">191st</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Gross_domestic_product" title="Gross domestic product">GDP</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style><span class="nobold">(<a href="/wiki/Purchasing_power_parity" title="Purchasing power parity">PPP</a>)</span></th><td class="infobox-data">2023 estimate</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Total</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> $83.687 billion<sup id="cite_ref-IMFWEO.ZM_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IMFWEO.ZM-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_(PPP)" title="List of countries by GDP (PPP)">100th</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Per capita</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> $4,068<sup id="cite_ref-IMFWEO.ZM_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IMFWEO.ZM-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_(PPP)_per_capita" title="List of countries by GDP (PPP) per capita">155th</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Gross_domestic_product" title="Gross domestic product">GDP</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><span class="nobold">(nominal)</span></th><td class="infobox-data">2023 estimate</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Total</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Decrease"><img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> $29.536 billion<sup id="cite_ref-IMFWEO.ZM_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IMFWEO.ZM-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_(nominal)" title="List of countries by GDP (nominal)">113th</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Per capita</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Decrease"><img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> $1,435<sup id="cite_ref-IMFWEO.ZM_5-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IMFWEO.ZM-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_(nominal)_per_capita" title="List of countries by GDP (nominal) per capita">159th</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Gini_coefficient" title="Gini coefficient">Gini</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><span class="nobold">(2022)</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Positive decrease"><img alt="Positive decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Decrease_Positive.svg/11px-Decrease_Positive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Decrease_Positive.svg/17px-Decrease_Positive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Decrease_Positive.svg/22px-Decrease_Positive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 51.5<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /><span class="nowrap"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239334494">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}</style><span class="tmp-color" style="color:darkred">high inequality</span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Human_Development_Index" title="Human Development Index">HDI</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><span class="nobold">(2022)</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Decrease"><img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 0.569<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /><span class="nowrap"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:orange">medium</span></span> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_Human_Development_Index" title="List of countries by Human Development Index">153rd</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Currency</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Zambian_kwacha" title="Zambian kwacha">Zambian kwacha</a> (<a href="/wiki/ISO_4217" title="ISO 4217">ZMW</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Time zone</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Coordinated_Universal_Time" title="Coordinated Universal Time">UTC</a>+2</span> (<a href="/wiki/Central_Africa_Time" title="Central Africa Time">CAT</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Date format</th><td class="infobox-data">dd/mm/yyyy</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Left-_and_right-hand_traffic" title="Left- and right-hand traffic">Drives on</a></th><td class="infobox-data">left</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Telephone_numbers_in_Zambia" title="Telephone numbers in Zambia">Calling code</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/%2B260" class="mw-redirect" title="+260">+260</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/ISO_3166" title="ISO 3166">ISO 3166 code</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/ISO_3166-2:ZM" title="ISO 3166-2:ZM">ZM</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Country_code_top-level_domain" title="Country code top-level domain">Internet TLD</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/.zm" title=".zm">.zm</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Zambia</b>,<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> officially the <b>Republic of Zambia</b>,<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is a <a href="/wiki/Landlocked_country" title="Landlocked country">landlocked country</a> at the crossroads of <a href="/wiki/Central_Africa" title="Central Africa">Central</a>, <a href="/wiki/Southern_Africa" title="Southern Africa">Southern</a> and <a href="/wiki/East_Africa" title="East Africa">East Africa</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is typically referred to being in South-Central Africa or Southern Africa. It is bordered to the north by the <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Democratic Republic of the Congo">Democratic Republic of the Congo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tanzania" title="Tanzania">Tanzania</a> to the north-east, <a href="/wiki/Malawi" title="Malawi">Malawi</a> to the east, <a href="/wiki/Mozambique" title="Mozambique">Mozambique</a> to the southeast, <a href="/wiki/Zimbabwe" title="Zimbabwe">Zimbabwe</a> and <a href="/wiki/Botswana" title="Botswana">Botswana</a> to the south, <a href="/wiki/Namibia" title="Namibia">Namibia</a> to the southwest, and <a href="/wiki/Angola" title="Angola">Angola</a> to the west. The capital city of Zambia is <a href="/wiki/Lusaka" title="Lusaka">Lusaka</a>, located in the south-central part of Zambia. The population is concentrated mainly around Lusaka in the south and the <a href="/wiki/Copperbelt_Province" title="Copperbelt Province">Copperbelt Province</a> to the north, the core economic hubs of the country. </p><p>Originally inhabited by <a href="/wiki/Khoisan" title="Khoisan">Khoisan</a> peoples, the region was affected by the <a href="/wiki/Bantu_expansion" title="Bantu expansion">Bantu expansion</a> of the thirteenth century. Following <a href="/wiki/European_colonization_of_Africa" class="mw-redirect" title="European colonization of Africa">European colonizers</a> in the 18th century, the British colonised the region into the <a href="/wiki/British_protectorate" title="British protectorate">British protectorates</a> of <a href="/wiki/Barotziland%E2%80%93North-Western_Rhodesia" title="Barotziland–North-Western Rhodesia">Barotziland–North-Western Rhodesia</a> and <a href="/wiki/North-Eastern_Rhodesia" title="North-Eastern Rhodesia">North-Eastern Rhodesia</a> towards the end of the 19th century. These were merged in 1911 to form <a href="/wiki/Northern_Rhodesia" title="Northern Rhodesia">Northern Rhodesia</a>. For most of the colonial period, Zambia was governed by an administration appointed from London with the advice of the <a href="/wiki/British_South_Africa_Company" title="British South Africa Company">British South Africa Company</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 24 October 1964, Zambia became independent of the United Kingdom and prime minister <a href="/wiki/Kenneth_Kaunda" title="Kenneth Kaunda">Kenneth Kaunda</a> became the inaugural <a href="/wiki/President_of_Zambia" title="President of Zambia">president</a>. Kaunda's <a href="/wiki/Socialism" title="Socialism">socialist</a> <a href="/wiki/United_National_Independence_Party" title="United National Independence Party">United National Independence Party</a> (UNIP) maintained power from 1964 until 1991 with him playing a key role in regional diplomacy, cooperating closely with the United States in search of solutions to conflicts in <a href="/wiki/Southern_Rhodesia" title="Southern Rhodesia">Southern Rhodesia</a> (Zimbabwe), Angola, and Namibia.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> From 1972 to 1991, Zambia was a <a href="/wiki/One-party_state" title="One-party state">one-party state</a> with UNIP as the sole legal political party under the motto "One Zambia, One Nation" coined by Kaunda. Kaunda was succeeded by <a href="/wiki/Frederick_Chiluba" title="Frederick Chiluba">Frederick Chiluba</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Social_democracy" title="Social democracy">social-democratic</a> <a href="/wiki/Movement_for_Multi-Party_Democracy" title="Movement for Multi-Party Democracy">Movement for Multi-Party Democracy</a> in 1991, beginning a period of socio-economic development and government decentralisation. Zambia has since become a multi-party state and has experienced several peaceful transitions of power. </p><p>Zambia contains abundant natural resources, including minerals, wildlife, forestry, freshwater, and arable land.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2010, the <a href="/wiki/World_Bank" title="World Bank">World Bank</a> named Zambia among the top 10 reformers in the World Bank's <a href="/wiki/Ease_of_doing_business_index" title="Ease of doing business index">Ease of doing business index</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As of the latest estimate in 2018, 47.9 percent of the population is affected by <a href="/wiki/Multidimensional_Poverty_Index" title="Multidimensional Poverty Index">multidimensional poverty</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Common_Market_for_Eastern_and_Southern_Africa" title="Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa">Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa</a> (COMESA) is headquartered in Lusaka. </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886046785">.mw-parser-output .toclimit-2 .toclevel-1 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-3 .toclevel-2 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-4 .toclevel-3 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-5 .toclevel-4 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-6 .toclevel-5 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-7 .toclevel-6 ul{display:none}</style><div class="toclimit-3"><meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zambia&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Etymology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Rhodesia_(name)" class="mw-redirect" title="Rhodesia (name)">Rhodesia (name)</a></div> <p>The territory of Zambia was known as <a href="/wiki/Northern_Rhodesia" title="Northern Rhodesia">Northern Rhodesia</a> from 1911 to 1964. It was renamed Zambia in October 1964 on its independence from British rule. The name Zambia derives from the <a href="/wiki/Zambezi" title="Zambezi">Zambezi</a> River (Zambezi may mean "the grand river").<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zambia&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/History_of_Zambia" title="History of Zambia">History of Zambia</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Prehistoric_era">Prehistoric era</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zambia&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Prehistoric era"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Archaeological excavation work on the Zambezi Valley and <a href="/wiki/Kalambo_Falls" title="Kalambo Falls">Kalambo Falls</a> shows a succession of human cultures. Ancient camp site tools near the Kalambo Falls have been radiocarbon dated to more than 36,000 years ago. </p><p>The fossil skull remains of the <a href="/wiki/Homo_rhodesiensis" title="Homo rhodesiensis">Broken Hill Man</a> (also known as Kabwe Man), dated between 300,000 and 125,000 years BC, further shows that the area was inhabited by early humans.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Broken Hill Man was discovered in Zambia in <a href="/wiki/Kabwe_District" title="Kabwe District">Kabwe District</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Khoisan_and_Batwa">Khoisan and Batwa</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zambia&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Khoisan and Batwa"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:NsaluCave.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/NsaluCave.jpg/220px-NsaluCave.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/NsaluCave.jpg/330px-NsaluCave.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/NsaluCave.jpg/440px-NsaluCave.jpg 2x" data-file-width="720" data-file-height="480" /></a><figcaption>Ancient (but graffitied) Rock Art in Nsalu Cave, Kasanka National Park in North-Central Zambia.</figcaption></figure> <p>Modern Zambia once was inhabited by the Khoisan and <a href="/wiki/Twa" title="Twa">Batwa</a> peoples until around AD 300, when migrating <a href="/wiki/Bantu_peoples" title="Bantu peoples">Bantu</a> began to settle the areas.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is believed the Khoisan people originated in East Africa and spread southwards around 150,000 years ago. The Twa people were split into two groups: the <a href="/wiki/Kafwe_Twa" title="Kafwe Twa">Kafwe Twa</a> lived around the <a href="/wiki/Kafue_Flats" title="Kafue Flats">Kafue Flats</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Lukanga_Twa" title="Lukanga Twa">Lukanga Twa</a> who lived around the <a href="/wiki/Lukanga_Swamp" title="Lukanga Swamp">Lukanga Swamp</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many examples of ancient rock art in Zambia, like the <a href="/wiki/Mwela_Rock_Paintings" title="Mwela Rock Paintings">Mwela Rock Paintings</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mumbwa_Caves" title="Mumbwa Caves">Mumbwa Caves</a>, and Nachikufu Cave, are attributed to these early hunter-gatherers.<sup id="cite_ref-isygi_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-isygi-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Khoisan and especially the Twa formed a patron-client relationship with farming Bantu peoples across central and southern Africa but were eventually either displaced by or absorbed into the Bantu groups. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_Bantu_(Abantu)"><span id="The_Bantu_.28Abantu.29"></span>The Bantu (Abantu)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zambia&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: The Bantu (Abantu)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Bantu people or Abantu (meaning people) are an enormous and diverse ethnolinguistic group that comprise the majority of people in much of eastern, southern and central Africa. Due to Zambia's location at the crossroads of Central Africa, Southern Africa, and the <a href="/wiki/African_Great_Lakes" title="African Great Lakes">African Great Lakes</a>, the history of the people that constitute modern Zambians is a history of these three regions. </p><p>Many of the historical events in these three regions happened simultaneously. Thus, Zambia's history, like that of many African nations, cannot be presented perfectly chronologically. The early history of the peoples of modern Zambia is deduced from oral records, archaeology, and written records, mostly from non-Africans.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Bantu_origins">Bantu origins</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zambia&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Bantu origins"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Batonga_women.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Batonga_women.png/220px-Batonga_women.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="128" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Batonga_women.png/330px-Batonga_women.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Batonga_women.png/440px-Batonga_women.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="350" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Tonga_people_(Zambia_and_Zimbabwe)" title="Tonga people (Zambia and Zimbabwe)">Batonga</a> fisherwomen in Southern Zambia. Women have played and continue to play pivotal roles in many African societies.</figcaption></figure> <p>The Bantu people originally lived in West and Central Africa around what is today Cameroon and Nigeria.<sup id="cite_ref-unych_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-unych-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Approximately 5000 years ago, they began a millennia-long expansion into much of the continent. This event has been called the <a href="/wiki/Bantu_expansion" title="Bantu expansion">Bantu expansion</a>;<sup id="cite_ref-qnr0r_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-qnr0r-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> it was one of the largest human migrations in history. The Bantu are believed to have been the first to have brought iron working technology into large parts of Africa. The Bantu Expansion happened primarily through two routes: a western one via the <a href="/wiki/Congo_Basin" title="Congo Basin">Congo Basin</a> and an eastern one via the African Great Lakes.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="First_Bantu_settlement">First Bantu settlement</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zambia&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: First Bantu settlement"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The first Bantu people to arrive in Zambia came through the eastern route via the African Great Lakes. They arrived around the first millennium C.E, and among them were the Tonga people (also called Ba-Tonga, "Ba-" meaning "men") and the <a href="/wiki/Ila_people" title="Ila people">Ba-Ila</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mwanga_people" title="Mwanga people">Namwanga</a> and other related groups, who settled around <a href="/wiki/Southern_Province,_Zambia" title="Southern Province, Zambia">Southern Zambia</a> near Zimbabwe. Ba-Tonga oral records indicate that they came from the east near the "big sea". </p><p>They were later joined by the <a href="/wiki/Tumbuka_people" title="Tumbuka people">Ba-Tumbuka</a> who settled around <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Province,_Zambia" title="Eastern Province, Zambia">Eastern Zambia</a> and Malawi. </p><p>These first Bantu people lived in large villages. They lacked an organised unit under a chief or headman and worked as a community and helped each other in times of field preparation for their crops. Villages moved around frequently as the soil became exhausted as a result of the slash-and-burn technique of planting crops. The people also kept large herds of cattle, which formed an important part of their societies.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Great-Zimbabwe-ruins-outer-walls-3-1200.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Great-Zimbabwe-ruins-outer-walls-3-1200.jpg/220px-Great-Zimbabwe-ruins-outer-walls-3-1200.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Great-Zimbabwe-ruins-outer-walls-3-1200.jpg/330px-Great-Zimbabwe-ruins-outer-walls-3-1200.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Great-Zimbabwe-ruins-outer-walls-3-1200.jpg/440px-Great-Zimbabwe-ruins-outer-walls-3-1200.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="900" /></a><figcaption>Ruins of <a href="/wiki/Great_Zimbabwe" title="Great Zimbabwe">Great Zimbabwe</a>. <a href="/wiki/Kalanga_people" title="Kalanga people">Kalanga</a>/<a href="/wiki/Shona_people" title="Shona people">Shona</a> rulers of this kingdom dominated trade at Ingombe Ilede.</figcaption></figure> <p>The first Bantu communities in Zambia were highly self-sufficient. Early <a href="/wiki/Missionary" title="Missionary">European missionaries</a> who settled in Southern Zambia noted the independence of these Bantu societies. One of these missionaries noted: "[If] weapons for war, hunting, and domestic purposes are needed, the [Tonga] man goes to the hills and digs until he finds the iron ore. He smelts it and with the iron thus obtained makes axes, hoes, and other useful implements. He burns wood and makes charcoal for his forge. His bellows are made from the skins of animals and the pipes are clay tile, and the anvil and hammers are also pieces of the iron he has obtained. He moulds, welds, shapes, and performs all the work of the ordinary blacksmith."<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>These early Bantu settlers also participated in the trade at the site <a href="/wiki/Ingombe_Ilede" title="Ingombe Ilede">Ingombe Ilede</a> (which translates to sleeping cow in Chi-Tonga because the fallen baobab tree appears to resemble a cow) in Southern Zambia. At this trading site they met numerous <a href="/wiki/Kalanga_people" title="Kalanga people">Kalanga</a>/<a href="/wiki/Shona_people" title="Shona people">Shona</a> traders from <a href="/wiki/Great_Zimbabwe" title="Great Zimbabwe">Great Zimbabwe</a> and <a href="/wiki/Swahili_people" title="Swahili people">Swahili</a> traders from the East African <a href="/wiki/Swahili_coast" title="Swahili coast">Swahili coast</a>. Ingombe Ilede was one of the most important trading posts for rulers of Great Zimbabwe, others being the Swahili port cities like <a href="/wiki/Sofala" title="Sofala">Sofala</a>. </p><p>The goods traded at Ingombe Ilede included fabrics, beads, gold, and bangles. Some of these items came from what is today southern Democratic Republic of Congo and <a href="/wiki/Kilwa_Kisiwani" title="Kilwa Kisiwani">Kilwa Kisiwani</a> while others came from as far away as India, China and the <a href="/wiki/Arab_world" title="Arab world">Arab world</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The African traders were later joined by the Portuguese in the 16th century.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The decline of Great Zimbabwe, due to increasing trade competition from other Kalanga/Shona kingdoms like <a href="/wiki/Khami" title="Khami">Khami</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Mutapa" title="Kingdom of Mutapa">Mutapa</a>, spelt the end of Ingombe Ilede. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Second_Bantu_settlement">Second Bantu settlement</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zambia&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Second Bantu settlement"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The second mass settlement of Bantu people into Zambia was of people groups that are believed to have taken the western route of the Bantu migration through the Congo Basin. These Bantu people spent the majority of their existence in what is today the Democratic Republic of Congo and are ancestors of the majority of modern Zambians.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>While there is some evidence that the Bemba people or <a href="/wiki/Bemba_people" title="Bemba people">AbaBemba</a> have a strong ancient connection to the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Kongo" title="Kingdom of Kongo">Kongo Kingdom</a> through <a href="/wiki/Kongo_people" title="Kongo people">BaKongo</a> ruler <a href="/wiki/Manikongo" title="Manikongo">Mwene Kongo VIII Mvemba</a>, this is not well documented. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Luba-Lunda_states">Luba-Lunda states</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zambia&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Luba-Lunda states"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mwata.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Mwata.jpg/220px-Mwata.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="151" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Mwata.jpg/330px-Mwata.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Mwata.jpg/440px-Mwata.jpg 2x" data-file-width="760" data-file-height="523" /></a><figcaption>Drawing of the ruler of <a href="/wiki/Lunda_people" title="Lunda people">Lunda</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kazembe" title="Kazembe">Mwata Kazembe</a>, receiving Portuguese in the royal courtyard in the 1800s</figcaption></figure> <p>The Bemba, along with other related groups like the <a href="/wiki/Lamba_people_(Zambia)" title="Lamba people (Zambia)">Lamba</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lala-Bisa_language" title="Lala-Bisa language">Bisa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Senga_people" title="Senga people">Senga</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kaonde_language" title="Kaonde language">Kaonde</a>, Swaka, Nkoya and <a href="/wiki/Soli_language" title="Soli language">Soli</a>, formed integral parts of the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Luba" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of Luba">Luba Kingdom</a> in Upemba part of the Democratic Republic of Congo and have a strong relation to the <a href="/wiki/Luba_people" title="Luba people">BaLuba people</a>. The area which the Luba Kingdom occupied has been inhabited by early farmers and iron workers since the 300s C.E. </p><p>Over time, these communities learned to use nets and harpoons, make dugout canoes, clear canals through swamps and make dams as high as 2.5 meters (8 ft 2 in). As a result, they grew a diverse economy trading fish, copper and iron items and salt for goods from other parts of Africa, like the Swahili coast and, later on, the Portuguese. From these communities arose the Luba Kingdom in the 14th century.<sup id="cite_ref-metmuseum.org_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-metmuseum.org-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Luba Kingdom was a large kingdom with a centralised government and smaller independent <a href="/wiki/Chiefdom" title="Chiefdom">chiefdoms</a>. It had large trading networks that linked the forests in the <a href="/wiki/Congo_Basin" title="Congo Basin">Congo Basin</a> and the mineral-rich plateaus of what is today <a href="/wiki/Copperbelt_Province" title="Copperbelt Province">Copperbelt Province</a> and stretched from the <a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Ocean" title="Atlantic Ocean">Atlantic coast</a> to the Indian Ocean coast. The arts were also held in high esteem in the kingdom, and artisans were held in high regard.<sup id="cite_ref-metmuseum.org_30-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-metmuseum.org-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Literature was well developed in the Luba Kingdom. One renowned <a href="/wiki/Luba_people" title="Luba people">Luba</a> genesis story that articulated the distinction between two types of Luba emperors goes as follows: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p><a href="/wiki/Kongolo_Mwamba" title="Kongolo Mwamba">Nkongolo Mwamba</a>, the red king, and <a href="/wiki/Ilunga_Mbili" title="Ilunga Mbili">Ilunga Mbidi Kiluwe</a>, a prince of legendary black complexion. Nkongolo Mwamba is the drunken and cruel despot, Ilunga Mbidi Kiluwe the refined and gentle prince. Nkongolo the Red is a man without manners, a man who eats in public, gets drunk, and cannot control himself, whereas [Ilunga] Mbidi Kiluwe is a man of reservation, obsessed with good manners; he does not eat in public, controls his language and his behaviour, and keeps a distance from the vices and modus vivendi of ordinary people. Nkongolo Mwamba symbolizes the embodiment of tyranny, whereas Mbidi Kiluwe remains the admired caring and compassionate kin.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lunda_houses-1854.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Lunda_houses-1854.jpg/170px-Lunda_houses-1854.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="241" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Lunda_houses-1854.jpg/255px-Lunda_houses-1854.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Lunda_houses-1854.jpg/340px-Lunda_houses-1854.jpg 2x" data-file-width="537" data-file-height="760" /></a><figcaption>A drawing of <a href="/wiki/Lunda_people" title="Lunda people">Lunda</a> houses by a Portuguese visitor. The size of the doorways relative to the building emphasizes the scale of the buildings.</figcaption></figure> <p>In the same region of Southern Congo, the <a href="/wiki/Lunda_people" title="Lunda people">Lunda people</a> were made into a satellite of the Luba empire and adopted forms of Luba culture and governance, thus becoming the Lunda Empire to the south. According to Lunda genesis myths, a Luba hunter named <a href="/wiki/Tshibinda_Ilunga" title="Tshibinda Ilunga">Chibinda Ilunga</a>, son of <a href="/wiki/Ilunga_Mbili" title="Ilunga Mbili">Ilunga Mbidi Kiluwe</a>, introduced the Luba model of statecraft to the Lunda sometime around 1600 when he married a local Lunda princess named Lueji and was granted control of her kingdom. Most rulers who claimed descent from Luba ancestors were integrated into the Luba empire. The Lunda kings, however, remained separate and actively expanded their political and economic dominance over the region.<sup id="cite_ref-metmuseum.org_30-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-metmuseum.org-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Lunda, like its parent state Luba, also traded with both coasts, the Atlantic and Indian Oceans. While ruler <a href="/wiki/List_of_rulers_of_the_Lunda_Empire" title="List of rulers of the Lunda Empire">Mwaant Yaav Naweej</a> had established trade routes to the Atlantic coast and initiated direct contact with European traders eager for slaves and forest products and controlling the regional Copper trade, and settlements around <a href="/wiki/Lake_Mweru" title="Lake Mweru">Lake Mweru</a> regulated commerce with the East African coast.<sup id="cite_ref-metmuseum.org_30-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-metmuseum.org-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Luba-Lunda states eventually declined as a result of both <a href="/wiki/Atlantic_slave_trade" title="Atlantic slave trade">Atlantic slave trade</a> in the west and <a href="/wiki/Indian_Ocean_slave_trade" title="Indian Ocean slave trade">Indian Ocean slave trade</a> in the east and wars with breakaway factions of the kingdoms. The <a href="/wiki/Chokwe_people" title="Chokwe people">Chokwe</a>, a group that is closely related to the <a href="/wiki/Luvale_people" title="Luvale people">Luvale</a> and formed a Lunda satellite state, initially suffered from the European demand for slaves, but once they broke away from the Lunda state, they themselves became notorious slave traders, exporting slaves to both coasts. </p><p>The Chokwe eventually were defeated by the other ethnic groups and the Portuguese.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This instability caused the collapse of the Luba-Lunda states and a dispersal of people into various parts of Zambia from the Democratic Republic of the Congo. The majority of Zambians trace their ancestry to the Luba-Lunda and surrounding Central African states.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="The_Maravi_Confederacy">The Maravi Confederacy</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zambia&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: The Maravi Confederacy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div><p> In the 1200s, before the founding of the Luba-Lunda states, a group of Bantu people started migrating from the <a href="/wiki/Congo_Basin" title="Congo Basin">Congo Basin</a> to <a href="/wiki/Lake_Mweru" title="Lake Mweru">Lake Mweru</a> then finally settled around <a href="/wiki/Lake_Malawi" title="Lake Malawi">Lake Malawi</a>. These migrants are believed to have been one of the inhabitants around the <a href="/wiki/Upemba_Depression" title="Upemba Depression">Upemba</a> area in the <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Democratic Republic of the Congo">Democratic Republic of Congo</a>. By the 1400s these groups of migrants collectively called the Maravi, and most prominently among them was the <a href="/wiki/Chewa_people" title="Chewa people">Chewa people</a> (AChewa), who started assimilating other Bantu groups like the <a href="/wiki/Tumbuka_people" title="Tumbuka people">Tumbuka</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Team_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Team-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p><figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kalonga.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Kalonga.jpg/220px-Kalonga.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Kalonga.jpg/330px-Kalonga.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Kalonga.jpg/440px-Kalonga.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="427" /></a><figcaption>The kalonga (ruler) of the <a href="/wiki/Chewa_people" title="Chewa people">AChewa</a> today descends from the kalonga of the Maravi Empire.</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1480 the <a href="/wiki/Maravi" title="Maravi">Maravi</a> Empire was founded by the kalonga (paramount chief of the Maravi) from the Phiri clan, one of the main clans, with the others being Banda, Mwale and Nkhoma. The Maravi Empire stretched from the Indian Ocean through what today is <a href="/wiki/Mozambique" title="Mozambique">Mozambique</a> to Zambia and large parts of <a href="/wiki/Malawi" title="Malawi">Malawi</a>. The political organization of the Maravi resembled that of the Luba and is believed to have originated from there. The primary export of the Maravi was ivory, which was transported to Swahili brokers.<sup id="cite_ref-Team_34-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Team-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Iron was also manufactured and exported. In the 1590s the Portuguese endeavoured to take monopoly over Maravi export trade. This attempt was met with outrage by the Maravi of Lundu, who unleashed their WaZimba armed force. The WaZimba sacked the Portuguese trade towns of Tete, Sena and various other towns.<sup id="cite_ref-thinkafrica.net_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-thinkafrica.net-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Maravi are also believed to have brought the traditions that would become <a href="/wiki/Nyau" title="Nyau">Nyau</a> secret society from <a href="/wiki/Upemba_Depression" title="Upemba Depression">Upemba</a>. The Nyau form the cosmology or indigenous religion of the people of Maravi. The <a href="/wiki/Nyau" title="Nyau">Nyau</a> society consists of ritual dance performances and masks used for the dances; this belief system spread around the region.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Maravi declined as a result of succession disputes within the confederacy, attack by the <a href="/wiki/Ngoni_people" title="Ngoni people">Ngoni</a> and slave raids from the <a href="/wiki/Yao_people_(East_Africa)" title="Yao people (East Africa)">Yao</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-thinkafrica.net_35-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-thinkafrica.net-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Mutapa_Empire_and_Mfecane">Mutapa Empire and Mfecane</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zambia&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Mutapa Empire and Mfecane"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ngoni_Chiefs.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Ngoni_Chiefs.jpg/220px-Ngoni_Chiefs.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="162" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Ngoni_Chiefs.jpg/330px-Ngoni_Chiefs.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Ngoni_Chiefs.jpg/440px-Ngoni_Chiefs.jpg 2x" data-file-width="641" data-file-height="473" /></a><figcaption>Three young <a href="/wiki/Ngoni_people" title="Ngoni people">Ngoni</a> chiefs. The Ngoni made their way into <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Province,_Zambia" title="Eastern Province, Zambia">Eastern Zambia</a> from <a href="/wiki/KwaZulu-Natal" title="KwaZulu-Natal">KwaZulu</a> in South Africa. They eventually assimilated into the local ethnic groups.</figcaption></figure> <p>As <a href="/wiki/Great_Zimbabwe" title="Great Zimbabwe">Great Zimbabwe</a> was in decline, one of its princes, <a href="/wiki/Nyatsimba_Mutota" title="Nyatsimba Mutota">Nyatsimba Mutota</a>, broke away from the state forming a new empire called <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Mutapa" title="Kingdom of Mutapa">Mutapa</a>. The title of Mwene Mutapa, meaning "Ravager of the Lands", was bestowed on him and subsequent rulers.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Mutapa Empire ruled territory between the <a href="/wiki/Zambezi" title="Zambezi">Zambezi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Limpopo" title="Limpopo">Limpopo</a> rivers, in what is now Zambia, Zimbabwe and Mozambique, from the 14th to the 17th century. By its, peak Mutapa had conquered the Dande area of the <a href="/wiki/Tonga_people_(Zambia_and_Zimbabwe)" title="Tonga people (Zambia and Zimbabwe)">Tonga</a> and Tavara. The Mutapa Empire predominately engaged in the Indian Ocean transcontinental trade with and via the <a href="/wiki/WaSwahili" class="mw-redirect" title="WaSwahili">WaSwahili</a>. The primary exported gold and ivory for silk and ceramics from Asia.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Like their contemporaries in Maravi, Mutapa had problems with the arriving Portuguese traders. The peak of this uneasy relationship was reached when the Portuguese attempted to influence the kingdoms internal affairs by establishing markets in the kingdom and converting the population to Christianity. This action caused outrage by the Muslim WaSwahili living in the capital, this chaos gave the Portuguese the excuse they were searching for to warrant an attack on the kingdom and try to control its gold mines and ivory routes. This attack failed when the Portuguese succumbed to disease along the Zambezi river.<sup id="cite_ref-Mutapa_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mutapa-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the 1600s internal disputes and civil war began the decline of Mutapa. The weakened kingdom was finally conquered by the Portuguese and was eventually taken over by rival <a href="/wiki/Shona_people" title="Shona people">Shona</a> states.<sup id="cite_ref-Mutapa_39-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mutapa-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p> The Portuguese also had vast estates, known as Prazos, and they used slaves and ex-slaves as security guards and hunters. They trained the men in military tactics and gave them guns. These men became expert elephant hunters and were known as the <a href="/wiki/Chikunda" title="Chikunda">Chikunda</a>. After the decline of the Portuguese the Chikunda made their way to Zambia.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Litunga.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Litunga.jpg/220px-Litunga.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="158" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Litunga.jpg/330px-Litunga.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Litunga.jpg/440px-Litunga.jpg 2x" data-file-width="730" data-file-height="524" /></a><figcaption>Inside the palace of the <a href="/wiki/Litunga" title="Litunga">Litunga</a>, ruler of the Lozi. Due to the flooding on the Zambezi, the Litunga has two palaces one of which is on higher ground. The movement of Litunga to higher land is celebrated at the <a href="/wiki/Kuomboka" title="Kuomboka">Kuomboka</a> Ceremony</figcaption></figure> <p>It is hypothesised by <a href="/wiki/Julian_Cobbing" title="Julian Cobbing">Julian Cobbing</a> that the presence of early <a href="/wiki/Ethnic_groups_in_Europe" title="Ethnic groups in Europe">Europeans</a> <a href="/wiki/History_of_slavery" title="History of slavery">slave trading</a> and attempts to control resources in various parts of <a href="/wiki/Bantu_languages" title="Bantu languages">Bantu-speaking Africa</a> caused the gradual militarization of the people in the region. This can be observed with the Maravi's WaZimba warrior caste, who, once defeating the Portuguese, remained quite militaristic afterwards. </p><p>The Portuguese presence in the region was also a major reason for the founding of the <a href="/wiki/Rozvi_Empire" title="Rozvi Empire">Rozvi Empire</a>, a breakaway state of Mutapa. The ruler of the Rozvi, Changamire Dombo, became one of the most powerful leaders in South-Central Africa's history. Under his leadership, the Rozvi defeated the Portuguese and expelled them from their trading posts along the Zambezi river.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>But perhaps the most notable instance of this increased militarization was the rise of the <a href="/wiki/Zulu_people" title="Zulu people">Zulu</a> under the leadership of <a href="/wiki/Shaka" title="Shaka">Shaka</a>. Pressures from the English colonialists in the <a href="/wiki/Cape_of_Good_Hope" title="Cape of Good Hope">Cape</a> and increased militarization of the Zulu resulted in the <a href="/wiki/Mfecane" title="Mfecane">Mfecane</a> (the crushing). The Zulu expanded by assimilating the women and children of tribes they defeated, if the men of these <a href="/wiki/Nguni_people" title="Nguni people">Nguni tribes</a> escaped slaughter, they used the military tactics of the Zulu to attack other groups.<sup id="cite_ref-Mfecane_{{!}}_African_history_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mfecane_{{!}}_African_history-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>This caused mass displacements, wars and raids throughout Southern, Central and Eastern Africa as Nguni or <a href="/wiki/Ngoni_people" title="Ngoni people">Ngoni</a> tribes made their way throughout the region and is referred to as the Mfecane. The arriving Nguni under the leadership of <a href="/wiki/Zwangendaba" class="mw-redirect" title="Zwangendaba">Zwagendaba</a> crossed the Zambezi river moving northwards. The Ngoni were the final blow to the already weakened <a href="/wiki/Maravi" title="Maravi">Maravi</a> Empire. Many Nguni eventually settled around what is today Zambia, Malawi, Mozambique and Tanzania and assimilated into neighbouring tribes.<sup id="cite_ref-Mfecane_{{!}}_African_history_42-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mfecane_{{!}}_African_history-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the <a href="/wiki/Western_Province,_Zambia" title="Western Province, Zambia">western part</a> of Zambia, another Southern African group of <a href="/wiki/Sotho-Tswana_peoples" title="Sotho-Tswana peoples">Sotho-Tswana</a> heritage called the <a href="/wiki/Kololo_people" title="Kololo people">Kololo</a> manage to conquer the local inhabitants who were migrants from the fallen Luba and Lunda states called the <a href="/wiki/Luyana_language" title="Luyana language">Luyana</a> or Aluyi. The Luyana established the <a href="/wiki/Barotseland" title="Barotseland">Barotse Kingdom</a> on the <a href="/wiki/Barotse_Floodplain" title="Barotse Floodplain">floodplains of the Zambezi</a> upon their arrival from Katanga. Under the Kololo, the Kololo language was imposed upon the Luyana until the Luyana revolted and overthrew the Kololo by this time the Luyana language was largely forgotten and a new hybrid language emerged, <a href="/wiki/Lozi_language" title="Lozi language">SiLozi</a> and the Luyana began to refer to themselves as <a href="/wiki/Lozi_people" title="Lozi people">Lozi</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>At the end of the 18th century, some of the <a href="/wiki/Mbunda_people" title="Mbunda people">Mbunda</a> migrated to <a href="/wiki/Barotseland" title="Barotseland">Barotseland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mongu" title="Mongu">Mongu</a> upon the migration of among others, the <a href="/wiki/Rulers_of_Mbundaland" title="Rulers of Mbundaland">Ciyengele</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Aluyi and their leader, the Litunga Mulambwa, especially valued the Mbunda for their fighting ability. </p><p>By the late 18th century, most of the various peoples of Zambia were established in their current areas. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Colonial_Period">Colonial Period</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zambia&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Colonial Period"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Europeans">Europeans</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zambia&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Europeans"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:David_Livingstone_by_Thomas_Annan.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/David_Livingstone_by_Thomas_Annan.jpg/240px-David_Livingstone_by_Thomas_Annan.jpg" decoding="async" width="240" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/David_Livingstone_by_Thomas_Annan.jpg/360px-David_Livingstone_by_Thomas_Annan.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/David_Livingstone_by_Thomas_Annan.jpg/480px-David_Livingstone_by_Thomas_Annan.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1920" data-file-height="2347" /></a><figcaption>An 1864 photograph of the Scottish explorer and missionary <a href="/wiki/David_Livingstone" title="David Livingstone">David Livingstone</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>One of the earliest recorded Europeans to visit the area was the Portuguese explorer <a href="/wiki/Francisco_de_Lacerda" title="Francisco de Lacerda">Francisco de Lacerda</a> in the late 18th century. Lacerda led an expedition from Mozambique to the Kazembe region in Zambia (with the goal of exploring and to crossing Southern Africa from coast to coast for the first time),<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and died during the expedition in 1798. The expedition was from then on led by his friend Francisco Pinto.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This territory, located between <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Mozambique" title="Portuguese Mozambique">Portuguese Mozambique</a> and <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Angola" title="Portuguese Angola">Portuguese Angola</a>, was claimed and explored by Portugal in that period. </p><p>Other European visitors followed in the 19th century. The most prominent of these was <a href="/wiki/David_Livingstone" title="David Livingstone">David Livingstone</a>, who had a vision of ending the slave trade through the "3 Cs": Christianity, Commerce, and Civilisation. He was the first European to see the magnificent waterfalls on the <a href="/wiki/Zambezi_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Zambezi River">Zambezi River</a> in 1855, naming them the <a href="/wiki/Victoria_Falls" title="Victoria Falls">Victoria Falls</a> after <a href="/wiki/Queen_Victoria" title="Queen Victoria">Queen Victoria</a> of the United Kingdom. He described them thus: "Scenes so lovely must have been gazed upon by angels in their flight".<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Locally the falls are known as <a href="/wiki/Mosi-oa-Tunya" class="mw-redirect" title="Mosi-oa-Tunya">"Mosi-o-Tunya"</a> or "thundering smoke" in the Lozi or Kololo dialect. The town of <a href="/wiki/Livingstone,_Zambia" title="Livingstone, Zambia">Livingstone</a>, near the Falls, is named after him. Highly publicised accounts of his journeys motivated a wave of European visitors, missionaries and traders after his death in 1873.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><b>British South Africa Company</b> </p><p>In 1888, the <a href="/wiki/British_South_Africa_Company" title="British South Africa Company">British South Africa Company</a> (BSA Company), led by <a href="/wiki/Cecil_Rhodes" title="Cecil Rhodes">Cecil Rhodes</a>, obtained mineral rights from the <a href="/wiki/Litunga" title="Litunga">Litunga</a> of the Lozi people, the Paramount Chief of the <a href="/wiki/Lozi_people" title="Lozi people">Lozi (Ba-rotse)</a> for the area which later became <a href="/wiki/Barotziland-North-Western_Rhodesia" class="mw-redirect" title="Barotziland-North-Western Rhodesia">Barotziland-North-Western Rhodesia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-livingstone_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-livingstone-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>To the east, in December 1897 a group of the <a href="/wiki/Ngoni_people" title="Ngoni people">Angoni or Ngoni</a> (originally from Zululand) rebelled under Tsinco, son of King <a href="/wiki/Mpezeni" title="Mpezeni">Mpezeni</a>, but the rebellion was put down,<sup id="cite_ref-unam_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-unam-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Mpezeni accepted the <a href="/wiki/Pax_Britannica" title="Pax Britannica">Pax Britannica</a>. That part of the country then came to be known as <a href="/wiki/North-Eastern_Rhodesia" title="North-Eastern Rhodesia">North-Eastern Rhodesia</a>. In 1895, Rhodes asked his American scout <a href="/wiki/Frederick_Russell_Burnham" title="Frederick Russell Burnham">Frederick Russell Burnham</a> to look for minerals and ways to improve river navigation in the region, and it was during this trek that Burnham discovered major copper deposits along the <a href="/wiki/Kafue_River" title="Kafue River">Kafue River</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-burnham1899_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-burnham1899-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>North-Eastern Rhodesia and Barotziland-North-Western Rhodesia were administered as separate units until 1911 when they were merged to form Northern Rhodesia, a British protectorate. In 1923, the BSA Company ceded control of Northern Rhodesia to the British Government after the government decided not to renew the company's charter. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="British_colonisation">British colonisation</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zambia&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: British colonisation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1923, Southern Rhodesia (now Zimbabwe), a conquered territory which was also administered by the BSA Company, became a self-governing British colony. In 1924, after negotiations, the administration of Northern Rhodesia transferred to the British <a href="/wiki/Secretary_of_State_for_the_Colonies" title="Secretary of State for the Colonies">Colonial Office</a>. </p> <dl><dt>Federation of Rhodesia and Nyasaland<div style="clear:both;" class=""></div></dt></dl> <p>In 1953, the creation of the <a href="/wiki/Federation_of_Rhodesia_and_Nyasaland" title="Federation of Rhodesia and Nyasaland">Federation of Rhodesia and Nyasaland</a> grouped together Northern Rhodesia, Southern Rhodesia, and <a href="/wiki/Nyasaland_Protectorate" class="mw-redirect" title="Nyasaland Protectorate">Nyasaland</a> (now Malawi) as a single semi-autonomous region. This was undertaken despite opposition from a sizeable minority of the population, who demonstrated against it in 1960–61.<sup id="cite_ref-infoplease_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-infoplease-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Northern Rhodesia was the center of much of the turmoil and crisis characterizing the federation in its last years. Initially, <a href="/wiki/Harry_Nkumbula" title="Harry Nkumbula">Harry Nkumbula</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Zambian_African_National_Congress" title="Zambian African National Congress">African National Congress</a> (ANC) led the campaign, which <a href="/wiki/Kenneth_Kaunda" title="Kenneth Kaunda">Kenneth Kaunda</a>'s United National Independence Party (UNIP) subsequently took up. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Independence">Independence</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zambia&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Independence"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Zambia123f.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Zambia123f.jpg/220px-Zambia123f.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="151" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Zambia123f.jpg/330px-Zambia123f.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Zambia123f.jpg/440px-Zambia123f.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1331" data-file-height="915" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Kenneth_David_Kaunda" class="mw-redirect" title="Kenneth David Kaunda">Kenneth Kaunda</a>, first Republican president, on a state visit to <a href="/wiki/Socialist_Republic_of_Romania" title="Socialist Republic of Romania">Romania</a> in 1970</figcaption></figure> <p>A two-stage election held in October and December 1962 resulted in an African majority in the legislative council and an uneasy coalition between the two African nationalist parties. The council passed resolutions calling for Northern Rhodesia's secession from the federation and demanding full internal self-government under a new constitution and a new <a href="/wiki/National_Assembly_of_Zambia" title="National Assembly of Zambia">National Assembly</a> based on a broader, more democratic franchise.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The federation was dissolved on 31 December 1963, and in January 1964, Kaunda won the only election for Prime Minister of Northern Rhodesia. The <a href="/wiki/Governor_of_Northern_Rhodesia" title="Governor of Northern Rhodesia">Colonial Governor</a>, Sir <a href="/wiki/Evelyn_Dennison_Hone" class="mw-redirect" title="Evelyn Dennison Hone">Evelyn Hone</a>, was very close to Kaunda and urged him to stand for the post. Soon after, there was an uprising in the north of the country known as the <a href="/wiki/Lumpa_Church" title="Lumpa Church">Lumpa Uprising</a> led by <a href="/wiki/Alice_Lenshina" title="Alice Lenshina">Alice Lenshina</a> – Kaunda's first internal conflict as leader of the nation.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Northern Rhodesia became the Republic of Zambia on 24 October 1964, with <a href="/wiki/Kenneth_Kaunda" title="Kenneth Kaunda">Kenneth Kaunda</a> as the first president. At independence, despite its considerable mineral wealth, Zambia faced major challenges. Domestically, there were few trained and educated Zambians capable of running the government, and the economy was largely dependent on foreign expertise. This expertise was provided in part by British diplomat <a href="/wiki/John_Willson_(diplomat)" title="John Willson (diplomat)">John Willson</a><sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There were over 70,000 Europeans resident in Zambia in 1964, and they remained of disproportionate economic significance.<sup id="cite_ref-Zambia_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Zambia-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Post_Independence">Post Independence</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zambia&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Post Independence"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Kaunda's endorsement of <a href="/wiki/Patriotic_Front_(Zimbabwe)" title="Patriotic Front (Zimbabwe)">Patriotic Front</a> guerrillas conducting raids into neighbouring <a href="/wiki/Rhodesia" title="Rhodesia">(Southern) Rhodesia</a> resulted in political tension and a militarisation of the border, leading to its closure in 1973.<sup id="cite_ref-blackfire_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-blackfire-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Kariba_Dam" title="Kariba Dam">Kariba hydroelectric</a> station on the Zambezi River provided sufficient capacity to satisfy the country's requirements for electricity, despite Rhodesian management. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:RhodesiaAllies1965.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/RhodesiaAllies1965.png/220px-RhodesiaAllies1965.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="167" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/RhodesiaAllies1965.png/330px-RhodesiaAllies1965.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/RhodesiaAllies1965.png/440px-RhodesiaAllies1965.png 2x" data-file-width="624" data-file-height="475" /></a><figcaption>The geopolitical situation during the <a href="/wiki/Rhodesian_Bush_War" title="Rhodesian Bush War">Rhodesian Bush War</a> in 1965 – countries friendly to the nationalists are coloured orange.</figcaption></figure> <p>On 3 September 1978, civilian airliner, <a href="/wiki/Air_Rhodesia_Flight_825" title="Air Rhodesia Flight 825">Air Rhodesia Flight 825</a>, was shot down near Kariba by the <a href="/wiki/Zimbabwe_People%27s_Revolutionary_Army" title="Zimbabwe People's Revolutionary Army">Zimbabwe People's Revolutionary Army</a> (ZIPRA). 18 people, including children, survived the crash only for most of them to be shot by militants of the <a href="/wiki/Zimbabwe_African_People%27s_Union" title="Zimbabwe African People's Union">Zimbabwe African People's Union</a> (ZAPU) led by <a href="/wiki/Joshua_Nkomo" title="Joshua Nkomo">Joshua Nkomo</a>. Rhodesia responded with <a href="/wiki/Operation_Gatling" title="Operation Gatling">Operation Gatling</a>, an attack on Nkomo's guerilla bases in Zambia, in particular, his military headquarters just outside Lusaka; this raid became known as the Green Leader Raid. On the same day, two more bases in Zambia were attacked using air power and elite paratroops and helicopter-borne troops.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A railway (<a href="/wiki/TAZARA_Railway" title="TAZARA Railway">TAZARA</a> – Tanzania Zambia Railways) to the Tanzanian port of <a href="/wiki/Dar_es_Salaam" title="Dar es Salaam">Dar es Salaam</a>, completed in 1975 with Chinese assistance, reduced Zambian dependence on railway lines south to South Africa and west through an increasingly troubled <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Angola" title="Portuguese Angola">Portuguese Angola</a>. Until the completion of the railway, Zambia's major artery for imports and the critical export of copper was along the <a href="/wiki/Tanzam_Highway" title="Tanzam Highway">TanZam Road</a>, running from Zambia to the port cities in Tanzania. The <a href="/wiki/Tazama_Pipeline" title="Tazama Pipeline">Tazama oil pipeline</a> was also built from Dar es Salaam to <a href="/wiki/Ndola" title="Ndola">Ndola</a> in Zambia. </p><p>By the late 1970s, Mozambique and Angola had attained independence from Portugal. Rhodesia's predominantly white government, which issued a <a href="/wiki/Rhodesia%27s_Unilateral_Declaration_of_Independence" title="Rhodesia's Unilateral Declaration of Independence">Unilateral Declaration of Independence</a> in 1965, accepted majority rule under the <a href="/wiki/Lancaster_House_Agreement" title="Lancaster House Agreement">Lancaster House Agreement</a> in 1979.<sup id="cite_ref-zimstudy_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-zimstudy-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Civil strife in both Portuguese colonies and a mounting <a href="/wiki/Namibian_War_of_Independence" class="mw-redirect" title="Namibian War of Independence">Namibian War of Independence</a> resulted in an influx of refugees<sup id="cite_ref-zastudy_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-zastudy-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and compounded transportation issues. The <a href="/wiki/Benguela_railway" title="Benguela railway">Benguela railway</a>, which extended west through Angola, was essentially closed to Zambian traffic by the late 1970s. Zambia's support for <a href="/wiki/Internal_resistance_to_South_African_apartheid" class="mw-redirect" title="Internal resistance to South African apartheid">anti-apartheid</a> movements such as the <a href="/wiki/African_National_Congress" title="African National Congress">African National Congress</a> (ANC) also created security problems as the <a href="/wiki/South_African_Defence_Force" title="South African Defence Force">South African Defence Force</a> struck at dissident targets during external raids.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1989, two of Zambia's natural sites, <a href="/wiki/Mosi-oa-Tunya_National_Park" title="Mosi-oa-Tunya National Park">Mosi-oa-Tunya National Park</a> and <a href="/wiki/Victoria_Falls" title="Victoria Falls">Victoria Falls</a> were inscribed on the <a href="/wiki/UNESCO_World_Heritage_List" class="mw-redirect" title="UNESCO World Heritage List">UNESCO World Heritage List</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Economic_troubles">Economic troubles</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zambia&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Economic troubles"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the mid-1970s, the price of copper, Zambia's principal export, suffered a severe decline worldwide. In Zambia's situation, the cost of transporting the copper great distances to the market was an additional strain. Zambia turned to foreign and international lenders for relief, but, as copper prices remained depressed, it became increasingly difficult to service its growing debt. By the mid-1990s, despite limited debt relief, Zambia's per capita foreign debt remained among the highest in the world.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Democratisation">Democratisation</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zambia&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Democratisation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In June 1990 <a href="/w/index.php?title=1990_Zambia_riots&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1990 Zambia riots (page does not exist)">riots against Kaunda</a> accelerated. Many protesters were killed by the regime in breakthrough June 1990 protests.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1990 Kaunda survived an <a href="/wiki/1990_Zambian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat_attempt" class="mw-redirect" title="1990 Zambian coup d'état attempt">attempted coup</a>, and in 1991 he agreed to reinstate multiparty democracy, having instituted one-party rule under the Choma Commission of 1972. Following multiparty elections, Kaunda was removed from office (see below). </p><p>In the 2000s, the economy stabilised, attaining single-digit inflation in 2006–2007, real GDP growth, decreasing interest rates, and increasing levels of trade. Much of its growth is due to foreign investment in mining and to higher world copper prices. All this led to Zambia being courted enthusiastically by aid donors and saw a surge in investor confidence in the country. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Politics">Politics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zambia&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Politics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Zambia" title="Politics of Zambia">Politics of Zambia</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Zambia_National_Assembly_Building.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Zambia_National_Assembly_Building.jpg/220px-Zambia_National_Assembly_Building.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Zambia_National_Assembly_Building.jpg/330px-Zambia_National_Assembly_Building.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Zambia_National_Assembly_Building.jpg/440px-Zambia_National_Assembly_Building.jpg 2x" data-file-width="670" data-file-height="447" /></a><figcaption>Zambia National Assembly building in <a href="/wiki/Lusaka" title="Lusaka">Lusaka</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Politics in Zambia takes place in a framework of a <a href="/wiki/Presidential_system" title="Presidential system">presidential</a> <a href="/wiki/Representative_democracy" title="Representative democracy">representative democratic</a> republic, whereby the <a href="/wiki/President_of_Zambia" title="President of Zambia">President of Zambia</a> is both head of state and head of government in a pluriform <a href="/wiki/Multi-party_system" title="Multi-party system">multi-party system</a>. The government exercises executive power, while legislative power is vested in both the government and parliament. </p><p>Zambia became a republic immediately upon attaining independence in October 1964. From 2011 to 2014, Zambia's president had been Michael Sata, until Sata died on 28 October 2014.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After Sata's death, Vice President <a href="/wiki/Guy_Scott" title="Guy Scott">Guy Scott</a>, a Zambian of Scottish descent, became acting President of Zambia. Presidential elections were held on 22 January 2015. A total number of 11 presidential candidates contested in the election and On 24 January 2015, it was announced that <a href="/wiki/Edgar_Lungu" title="Edgar Lungu">Edgar Chagwa Lungu</a> had won the election to become the 6th President in a tightly contested race. He won 48.33% of the vote, a lead of 1.66% over his closest rival, <a href="/wiki/Hakainde_Hichilema" title="Hakainde Hichilema">Hakainde Hichilema</a>, with 46.67%.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nine other candidates all got less than 1% each. In August <a href="/wiki/2016_Zambian_general_election" title="2016 Zambian general election">2016 Zambian general election</a> president Edgar Lungu won re-election narrowly in the first round of the election. The opposition had allegations of fraud and the governing <a href="/wiki/Patriotic_Front_(Zambia)" title="Patriotic Front (Zambia)">Patriotic Front</a> (PF) rejected the allegations made by opposition UPND party.<sup id="cite_ref-bbc-15aug2016_67-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bbc-15aug2016-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the <a href="/wiki/2021_Zambian_general_election" title="2021 Zambian general election">2021 general elections</a>, characterised by a 70% voter turnout, Hakainde Hichilema won 59% of the vote, with his closest rival, incumbent president Edgar Chagwa Lungu, receiving 39% of the vote.<sup id="cite_ref-zm-elec-39_68-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-zm-elec-39-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 16 August Edgar Lungu conceded in a TV statement, sending a letter and congratulating president-elect Hakainde Hichilema.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 24 August 2021, Hakainde Hichilema was sworn in as the new President of Zambia.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Foreign_relations">Foreign relations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zambia&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Foreign relations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Zambia" title="Foreign relations of Zambia">Foreign relations of Zambia</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Vladimir_Putin_and_Edgar_Lungu,_26_july_2018_(2).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Vladimir_Putin_and_Edgar_Lungu%2C_26_july_2018_%282%29.jpg/220px-Vladimir_Putin_and_Edgar_Lungu%2C_26_july_2018_%282%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="136" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Vladimir_Putin_and_Edgar_Lungu%2C_26_july_2018_%282%29.jpg/330px-Vladimir_Putin_and_Edgar_Lungu%2C_26_july_2018_%282%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Vladimir_Putin_and_Edgar_Lungu%2C_26_july_2018_%282%29.jpg/440px-Vladimir_Putin_and_Edgar_Lungu%2C_26_july_2018_%282%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1880" data-file-height="1160" /></a><figcaption>President <a href="/wiki/Edgar_Lungu" title="Edgar Lungu">Edgar Lungu</a> with Russian President <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Putin" title="Vladimir Putin">Vladimir Putin</a>, 26 July 2018</figcaption></figure> <p>After independence in 1964, the foreign relations of Zambia were mostly focused on supporting liberation movements in other countries in Southern Africa, such as the <a href="/wiki/African_National_Congress" title="African National Congress">African National Congress</a> and <a href="/wiki/SWAPO" title="SWAPO">SWAPO</a>. During the <a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a>, Zambia was a member of the <a href="/wiki/Non-Aligned_Movement" title="Non-Aligned Movement">Non-Aligned Movement</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Military">Military</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zambia&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Military"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Zambian_Defence_Force" title="Zambian Defence Force">Zambian Defence Force</a></div> <p>The Zambian Defence Force (ZDF) consists of the Zambia Army (ZA), the Zambia Air Force (ZAF), and the Zambian National Service (ZNS). The ZDF is designed primarily against external threats. </p><p>In 2019, Zambia signed the UN <a href="/wiki/Treaty_on_the_Prohibition_of_Nuclear_Weapons" title="Treaty on the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons">treaty on the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Zambia is the 57th most peaceful country in the world, according to the 2024 <a href="/wiki/Global_Peace_Index" title="Global Peace Index">Global Peace Index</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Administrative_divisions">Administrative divisions</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zambia&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Administrative divisions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Provinces_of_Zambia" title="Provinces of Zambia">Provinces of Zambia</a></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right noresize mw-ext-imagemap-desc-bottom-left" typeof="mw:File"><span><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Provincial_Administrative_Divisions_of_Zambia.png/360px-Provincial_Administrative_Divisions_of_Zambia.png" decoding="async" width="360" height="311" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a7/Provincial_Administrative_Divisions_of_Zambia.png 1.5x" data-file-width="504" data-file-height="436" usemap="#ImageMap_7ae7d3c95beaaa4d" resource="/wiki/File:Provincial_Administrative_Divisions_of_Zambia.png" /></span><map name="ImageMap_7ae7d3c95beaaa4d"><area href="/wiki/Western_Province,_Zambia" shape="rect" coords="19,197,91,261" alt="Western" title="Western" /><area href="/wiki/North-Western_Province,_Zambia" shape="rect" coords="74,122,139,174" alt="North-Western" title="North-Western" /><area href="/wiki/Copperbelt_Province" shape="rect" coords="163,136,201,168" alt="Copperbelt" title="Copperbelt" /><area href="/wiki/Northern_Province,_Zambia" shape="rect" coords="238,17,296,72" alt="Northern" title="Northern" /><area href="/wiki/Muchinga_Province" shape="rect" coords="286,87,329,116" alt="Muchinga" title="Muchinga" /><area href="/wiki/Southern_Province,_Zambia" shape="rect" coords="118,237,176,277" alt="Southern" title="Southern" /><area href="/wiki/Luapula_Province" shape="rect" coords="205,41,228,121" alt="Luapula" title="Luapula" /><area href="/wiki/Central_Province,_Zambia" shape="rect" coords="151,178,242,202" alt="Central" title="Central" /><area href="/wiki/Lusaka_Province" shape="rect" coords="208,208,254,233" alt="Lusaka" title="Lusaka" /><area href="/wiki/Eastern_Province,_Zambia" shape="rect" coords="286,153,324,193" alt="Eastern" title="Eastern" /></map><figcaption></figcaption></figure> <p>Zambia is administratively divided into ten <a href="/wiki/Provinces_of_Zambia" title="Provinces of Zambia">provinces</a> subdivided into 117 <a href="/wiki/Districts_of_Zambia" title="Districts of Zambia">districts</a>, and electorally into 156 constituencies and 1,281 wards. </p> <dl><dt>Provinces</dt></dl> <ol><li><a href="/wiki/Central_Province,_Zambia" title="Central Province, Zambia">Central Province</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copperbelt_Province" title="Copperbelt Province">Copperbelt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Province,_Zambia" title="Eastern Province, Zambia">Eastern Province</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luapula_Province" title="Luapula Province">Luapula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lusaka_Province" title="Lusaka Province">Lusaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muchinga_Province,_Zambia" class="mw-redirect" title="Muchinga Province, Zambia">Muchinga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North-Western_Province,_Zambia" title="North-Western Province, Zambia">North-Western Province</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Province,_Zambia" title="Northern Province, Zambia">Northern Province</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Province,_Zambia" title="Southern Province, Zambia">Southern Province</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Province,_Zambia" title="Western Province, Zambia">Western Province</a></li></ol> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Human_rights">Human rights</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zambia&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Human rights"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Zambia" title="Human rights in Zambia">Human rights in Zambia</a> and <a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Zambia" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Zambia">LGBT rights in Zambia</a></div> <p>The government is sensitive to any opposition and criticism and has been quick to prosecute critics using the legal pretext that they had incited <a href="/wiki/Public_disorder" class="mw-redirect" title="Public disorder">public disorder</a>. <a href="/wiki/Libel_law" class="mw-redirect" title="Libel law">Libel laws</a> are used to suppress free speech and the press.<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Same-sex sexual activity is illegal for both males and females in Zambia.<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A 2010 survey revealed that only 2% of Zambians find homosexuality to be morally acceptable.<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In December 2019, it was reported that United States Ambassador to Zambia <a href="/wiki/Daniel_Lewis_Foote" title="Daniel Lewis Foote">Daniel Lewis Foote</a> was "horrified" by Zambia's jailing of same-sex couple Japhet Chataba and Steven Samba. After an appeal failed and the couple was sentenced to 15 years in prison, Foote asked the Zambian government to review both the case and the country's anti-homosexuality laws. Foote faced a backlash and canceled public appearances after he was threatened on social media, and was subsequently recalled after President Lungu declared him <a href="/wiki/Persona_non_grata" title="Persona non grata">persona non grata</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geography">Geography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zambia&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Geography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Zambia" title="Geography of Zambia">Geography of Zambia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Geology_of_Zambia" title="Geology of Zambia">Geology of Zambia</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Koppen-Geiger_Map_ZMB_present.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Koppen-Geiger_Map_ZMB_present.svg/310px-Koppen-Geiger_Map_ZMB_present.svg.png" decoding="async" width="310" height="188" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Koppen-Geiger_Map_ZMB_present.svg/465px-Koppen-Geiger_Map_ZMB_present.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Koppen-Geiger_Map_ZMB_present.svg/620px-Koppen-Geiger_Map_ZMB_present.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1400" data-file-height="850" /></a><figcaption>Zambia map of Köppen climate classification.</figcaption></figure> <p>Zambia is a landlocked country in southern Africa, with a tropical climate, and consists mostly of high plateaus with some hills and mountains, dissected by river valleys. At 752,614 km<sup>2</sup> (290,586 sq mi) it is the 39th-largest country in the world, slightly smaller than Chile. The country lies mostly between latitudes 8° and 18°S, and longitudes 22° and 34°E. </p><p>Zambia is drained by two major river basins: the <a href="/wiki/Zambezi_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Zambezi River">Zambezi</a>/Kafue basin in the center, west, and south covering about three-quarters of the country; and the <a href="/wiki/Congo_River" title="Congo River">Congo</a> basin in the north covering about one-quarter of the country. A very small area in the northeast forms part of the internal <a href="/wiki/Drainage_basin" title="Drainage basin">drainage basin</a> of <a href="/wiki/Lake_Rukwa" title="Lake Rukwa">Lake Rukwa</a> in Tanzania. </p><p>In the Zambezi basin, there are a number of major rivers flowing wholly or partially through Zambia: the <a href="/wiki/Kabompo_River" title="Kabompo River">Kabompo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lungwebungu_River" title="Lungwebungu River">Lungwebungu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kafue_River" title="Kafue River">Kafue</a>, <a href="/wiki/Luangwa_River" title="Luangwa River">Luangwa</a>, and the Zambezi itself, which flows through the country in the west and then forms its southern border with Namibia, Botswana and Zimbabwe. Its source is in Zambia but it diverts into Angola, and a number of its tributaries rise in Angola's central highlands. The edge of the <a href="/wiki/Cuando_River" title="Cuando River">Cuando River</a> floodplain (not its main channel) forms Zambia's southwestern border, and via the <a href="/wiki/Chobe_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Chobe River">Chobe River</a> that river contributes very little water to the Zambezi because most are lost by evaporation.<sup id="cite_ref-Beilfuss_79-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Beilfuss-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Two of the Zambezi's longest and largest tributaries, the Kafue and the Luangwa, flow mainly in Zambia. Their confluences with the Zambezi are on the border with Zimbabwe at Chirundu and <a href="/wiki/Luangwa,_Zambia" title="Luangwa, Zambia">Luangwa town</a> respectively. Before its confluence, the Luangwa River forms part of Zambia's border with Mozambique. From Luangwa town, the Zambezi leaves Zambia and flows into Mozambique, and eventually into the <a href="/wiki/Mozambique_Channel" title="Mozambique Channel">Mozambique Channel</a>. </p><p>The Zambezi falls about 100 metres (328 ft) over the 1.6-kilometre-wide (1-mile) Victoria Falls, located in the southwest corner of the country, subsequently flowing into <a href="/wiki/Lake_Kariba" title="Lake Kariba">Lake Kariba</a>. The Zambezi valley, running along the southern border, is both deep and wide. From Lake Kariba going east, it is formed by <a href="/wiki/Graben" title="Graben">grabens</a> and like the Luangwa, Mweru-Luapula, <a href="/wiki/Mweru-wa-Ntipa" class="mw-redirect" title="Mweru-wa-Ntipa">Mweru-wa-Ntipa</a> and Lake Tanganyika valleys, is a <a href="/wiki/Rift_valley" title="Rift valley">rift valley</a>. </p><p>The north of Zambia is very flat with broad plains. In the west the most notable being the <a href="/wiki/Barotse_Floodplain" title="Barotse Floodplain">Barotse Floodplain</a> on the Zambezi, which floods from December to June, lagging behind the annual rainy season (typically November to April). The flood dominates the natural environment and the lives, society, and culture of the inhabitants and those of other smaller, floodplains throughout the country. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cataratas_Victoria,_Zambia-Zimbabue,_2018-07-27,_DD_05.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Cataratas_Victoria%2C_Zambia-Zimbabue%2C_2018-07-27%2C_DD_05.jpg/220px-Cataratas_Victoria%2C_Zambia-Zimbabue%2C_2018-07-27%2C_DD_05.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="126" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Cataratas_Victoria%2C_Zambia-Zimbabue%2C_2018-07-27%2C_DD_05.jpg/330px-Cataratas_Victoria%2C_Zambia-Zimbabue%2C_2018-07-27%2C_DD_05.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Cataratas_Victoria%2C_Zambia-Zimbabue%2C_2018-07-27%2C_DD_05.jpg/440px-Cataratas_Victoria%2C_Zambia-Zimbabue%2C_2018-07-27%2C_DD_05.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6819" data-file-height="3891" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Victoria_Falls" title="Victoria Falls">Victoria Falls</a></figcaption></figure> <p>In Eastern Zambia the plateau which extends between the Zambezi and <a href="/wiki/Lake_Tanganyika" title="Lake Tanganyika">Lake Tanganyika</a> valleys is tilted upwards to the north, and so rises imperceptibly from about 900 m (2,953 ft) in the south to 1,200 m (3,937 ft) in the centre, reaching 1,800 m (5,906 ft) in the north near Mbala. These plateau areas of northern Zambia have been categorised by the <a href="/wiki/World_Wildlife_Fund" class="mw-redirect" title="World Wildlife Fund">World Wildlife Fund</a> as a large section of the <a href="/wiki/Central_Zambezian_miombo_woodlands" title="Central Zambezian miombo woodlands">Central Zambezian miombo woodlands</a> <a href="/wiki/Ecoregion" title="Ecoregion">ecoregion</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Eastern Zambia shows great diversity. The Luangwa Valley splits the plateau in a curve north-east to south-west, extended west into the heart of the plateau by the deep valley of the <a href="/wiki/Lunsemfwa_River" title="Lunsemfwa River">Lunsemfwa River</a>. Hills and mountains are found by the side of some sections of the valley, notably in its north-east the Nyika Plateau (2,200 m or 7,218 ft) on the Malawi border, which extend into Zambia as the <a href="/wiki/Mafinga_Hills" title="Mafinga Hills">Mafinga Hills</a>, containing the country's highest point, <a href="/wiki/Mafinga_Central" title="Mafinga Central">Mafinga Central</a> (2,339 m or 7,674 ft).<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Muchinga Mountains, the watershed between the Zambezi and Congo drainage basins, run parallel to the deep valley of the Luangwa River and form a sharp backdrop to its northern edge, although they are almost everywhere below 1,700 m (5,577 ft). Their culminating peak Mumpu is at the western end and at 1,892 m (6,207 ft) is the highest point in Zambia away from the eastern border region. The border of the <a href="/wiki/Congo_Pedicle" title="Congo Pedicle">Congo Pedicle</a> was drawn around this mountain. </p><p>The southernmost headstream of the Congo River rises in Zambia and flows west through its northern area firstly as the <a href="/wiki/Chambeshi_River" title="Chambeshi River">Chambeshi</a> and then, after the <a href="/wiki/Lake_Bangweulu" title="Lake Bangweulu">Bangweulu Swamps</a> as the <a href="/wiki/Luapula_River" title="Luapula River">Luapula</a>, which forms part of the border with the <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Democratic Republic of the Congo">Democratic Republic of the Congo</a>. The Luapula flows south then west before it turns north until it enters <a href="/wiki/Lake_Mweru" title="Lake Mweru">Lake Mweru</a>. The lake's other major tributary is the <a href="/wiki/Kalungwishi_River" title="Kalungwishi River">Kalungwishi River</a>, which flows into it from the east. The <a href="/wiki/Luvua_River" title="Luvua River">Luvua River</a> drains Lake Mweru, flowing out of the northern end to the <a href="/wiki/Lualaba_River" title="Lualaba River">Lualaba River</a> (Upper Congo River). </p><p><a href="/wiki/Lake_Tanganyika" title="Lake Tanganyika">Lake Tanganyika</a> is the other major hydrographic feature that belongs to the Congo basin. Its south-eastern end receives water from the <a href="/wiki/Kalambo_River" title="Kalambo River">Kalambo River</a>, which forms part of Zambia's border with Tanzania. This river has Africa's second highest uninterrupted waterfall, the <a href="/wiki/Kalambo_Falls" title="Kalambo Falls">Kalambo Falls</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Climate">Climate</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zambia&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Climate"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Climate_of_Zambia" title="Climate of Zambia">Climate of Zambia</a></div> <p>Zambia is located on the plateau of Central Africa, between 1,000 and 1,600 metres (3,300 and 5,200 ft) above sea level. The average elevation of 1,200 metres (3,900 ft) gives the land a generally moderate climate. The climate of Zambia is tropical, modified by elevation. In the <a href="/wiki/K%C3%B6ppen_climate_classification" title="Köppen climate classification">Köppen climate classification</a>, most of the country is classified as <a href="/wiki/Humid_subtropical" class="mw-redirect" title="Humid subtropical">humid subtropical</a> or <a href="/wiki/Tropical_wet_and_dry_climate" class="mw-redirect" title="Tropical wet and dry climate">tropical wet and dry</a>, with small stretches of semi-arid <a href="/wiki/Steppe_climate" class="mw-redirect" title="Steppe climate">steppe climate</a> in the south-west and along the <a href="/wiki/Zambezi_valley" class="mw-redirect" title="Zambezi valley">Zambezi valley</a>. </p><p>There are two main seasons, the rainy season (November to April) corresponding to summer, and the dry season (May/June to October/November), corresponding to winter. The dry season is subdivided into the cool dry season (May/June to August), and the hot dry season (September to October/November). The modifying influence of altitude gives the country pleasant <a href="/wiki/Subtropical" class="mw-redirect" title="Subtropical">subtropical</a> weather rather than tropical conditions during the cool season of May to August.<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, average monthly temperatures remain above 20 °C (68 °F) over most of the country for eight or more months of the year. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Biodiversity">Biodiversity</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zambia&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Biodiversity"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Wildlife_of_Zambia" title="Wildlife of Zambia">Wildlife of Zambia</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:African_fish_eagle,_Haliaeetus_vocifer,_at_Chobe_National_Park,_Botswana_(33516612831).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/African_fish_eagle%2C_Haliaeetus_vocifer%2C_at_Chobe_National_Park%2C_Botswana_%2833516612831%29.jpg/220px-African_fish_eagle%2C_Haliaeetus_vocifer%2C_at_Chobe_National_Park%2C_Botswana_%2833516612831%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="306" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/African_fish_eagle%2C_Haliaeetus_vocifer%2C_at_Chobe_National_Park%2C_Botswana_%2833516612831%29.jpg/330px-African_fish_eagle%2C_Haliaeetus_vocifer%2C_at_Chobe_National_Park%2C_Botswana_%2833516612831%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/African_fish_eagle%2C_Haliaeetus_vocifer%2C_at_Chobe_National_Park%2C_Botswana_%2833516612831%29.jpg/440px-African_fish_eagle%2C_Haliaeetus_vocifer%2C_at_Chobe_National_Park%2C_Botswana_%2833516612831%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2499" data-file-height="3479" /></a><figcaption>The official national animal of Zambia is the <a href="/wiki/African_fish_eagle" title="African fish eagle">African fish eagle</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>There are numerous ecosystems in Zambia, such as forest, thicket, woodland and grassland vegetation types. </p><p>In 2015, Zambia was reported to have approximately 12,505 identified species: 63% animal species, 33% plant species and 4% bacterial species and other microorganisms.<sup id="cite_ref-Mulenga_2015_83-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mulenga_2015-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There are an estimated 3,543 species of wild flowering plants, consisting of sedges, herbaceous plants and woody plants.<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Northern_Province,_Zambia" title="Northern Province, Zambia">Northern</a> and <a href="/wiki/North-Western_Province,_Zambia" title="North-Western Province, Zambia">North-Western</a> provinces of the country especially have the highest diversity of flowering plants. Approximately 53% of flowering plants are rare and occur throughout the country.<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A total of <a href="/wiki/List_of_mammals_of_Zambia" title="List of mammals of Zambia">242 mammal species</a> are found in the country, with most occupying the woodland and grassland ecosystems. The <a href="/wiki/Rhodesian_giraffe" class="mw-redirect" title="Rhodesian giraffe">Rhodesian giraffe</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kafue_lechwe" title="Kafue lechwe">Kafue lechwe</a> are some of the well-known subspecies that are endemic to Zambia.<sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>An estimated 757 bird species have been seen in the country, of which 600 are either resident or Afrotropic migrants; 470 breed in the country; and 100 are non-breeding migrants. The <a href="/wiki/Zambian_barbet" class="mw-redirect" title="Zambian barbet">Zambian barbet</a> is a species endemic to Zambia. </p><p>Roughly 490 known fish species, belonging to 24 fish families, have been reported in Zambia, with <a href="/wiki/Lake_Tanganyika" title="Lake Tanganyika">Lake Tanganyika</a> having the highest number of endemic species.<sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The country had a 2019 <a href="/wiki/Forest_Landscape_Integrity_Index" title="Forest Landscape Integrity Index">Forest Landscape Integrity Index</a> mean score of 7.5/10, ranking it 39th globally out of 172 countries.<sup id="cite_ref-FLII-Supplementary_88-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FLII-Supplementary-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Demographics">Demographics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zambia&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Demographics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236656977">.mw-parser-output .abbr-header{white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output .caption-purple{border:1px #a2a9b1 solid;border-bottom:none;background-color:lavender}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .caption-purple{background:inherit!important}}.mw-parser-output .table-pale{border:1px #a2a9b1 solid;border-top:none;background-color:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);padding:5px}@media screen and (max-width:640px){.mw-parser-output .table-pale{border-top:1px #a2a9b1 solid!important}.mw-parser-output .caption-purple{border:none}}</style><table class="table-pale" style="width:30em;border-top-width:0;border-spacing: 0;float:right;clear:right;margin:0.5em 0 1em 0.5em;"><caption class="caption-purple" style="padding:0.25em;font-weight:bold">Historical population</caption><tbody><tr valign="top"><td style="padding:0 0.5em"><table style="border-spacing:0;width:15em"><tbody><tr style="font-size:95%"><th style="border-bottom:1px solid var(--color-base, #000000);padding:1px;width:3em">Year</th><th style="border-bottom:1px solid var(--color-base, #000000);padding:1px 2px;text-align:right"><abbr title="Population" class="abbr-header">Pop.</abbr></th><th style="border-bottom:1px solid var(--color-base, #000000);padding:1px;text-align:right"><abbr title="Percent change" class="abbr-header">±%</abbr></th></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1911 </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">821,536</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">—    </td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1921 </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">983,835</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+19.8%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1931 </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">1,344,447</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+36.7%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1946 </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">1,683,828</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+25.2%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">1951 </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">1,930,842</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">+14.7%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1956 </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">2,172,304</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+12.5%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1963 </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">3,490,540</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+60.7%</td></tr></tbody></table></td><td style="padding:0 0.5em;border-left:solid 1px #aaa"><table style="border-spacing:0;width:15em"><tbody><tr style="font-size:95%"><th style="border-bottom:1px solid var(--color-base, #000000);padding:1px;width:3em">Year</th><th style="border-bottom:1px solid var(--color-base, #000000);padding:1px 2px;text-align:right"><abbr title="Population" class="abbr-header">Pop.</abbr></th><th style="border-bottom:1px solid var(--color-base, #000000);padding:1px;text-align:right"><abbr title="Percent change" class="abbr-header">±%</abbr></th></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1969 </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">4,056,995</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+16.2%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1980 </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">5,661,801</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+39.6%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">1990 </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">7,383,097</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">+30.4%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">2000 </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">9,885,591</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+33.9%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">2010 </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">13,092,666</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+32.4%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">2022 </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">19,610,769</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+49.8%</td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="border-top:1px solid var(--color-base, #000000);font-size:85%;text-align:left">Note: In censuses carried out during the British colonial administration prior to 1963, the black African population was estimated rather than counted.<br />Source: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.zamstats.gov.zm/nada/index.php/catalog/63">Central Statistical Office, Zambia</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Zambia" title="Demographics of Zambia">Demographics of Zambia</a></div> <p>As of the <a href="/wiki/2022_Zambian_census" title="2022 Zambian census">2022 Zambian census</a>, Zambia's population was 19,610,769.<sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During its colonial administration by the British between 1911 and 1963, the country attracted immigrants from Europe and the Indian subcontinent, the latter of whom came as indentured workers. While most Europeans left after the collapse of white-minority rule, many Asians remained. Zambia is home to a growing Asian community, with a majority being of Indian and Chinese descent. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Umutomboko_ceremony.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Umutomboko_ceremony.jpg/220px-Umutomboko_ceremony.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Umutomboko_ceremony.jpg/330px-Umutomboko_ceremony.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Umutomboko_ceremony.jpg/440px-Umutomboko_ceremony.jpg 2x" data-file-width="736" data-file-height="490" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Mwata_Kazembe" class="mw-redirect" title="Mwata Kazembe">Mwata Kazembe</a> opens the Mutomboko ceremony</figcaption></figure> <p>In the first census—conducted on 7 May 1911—there were a total of 1,497 Europeans; 39 Asiatics and an estimated 820,000 black Africans. Black Africans were not counted in the six censuses conducted in 1911, 1921, 1931, 1946, 1951 and 1956, prior to independence, but their population was estimated. By 1956, there were 65,277 Europeans, 5,450 Asiatics, 5,450 coloureds and an estimated 2,100,000 black Africans. </p><p>The main ethnic groups in Zambia are Bemba 3.3 million (33.6%), Nyanja 1.8 million (18.2%), Tonga 1.7 million (16.8%), North-Western peoples 1 million (10.3%), Lozi (Barotse) 770,000 (7.8%), Mambwe 580,000 (5.9%), Tumbuka 500,000 (5.1%), Lamba 165,000 (2%), Asians 11,900 and Europeans 6,200.<sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the 2010 population census, 99.2% were black Africans and 0.8% consisted of other racial groups. </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Notice plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-notice" role="presentation" style="width:100%;margin:0;"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1d/Information_icon4.svg/40px-Information_icon4.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1d/Information_icon4.svg/60px-Information_icon4.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1d/Information_icon4.svg/80px-Information_icon4.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="620" data-file-height="620" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text" style="text-align: left;"><div class="mbox-text-span">Graphs are unavailable due to technical issues. There is more info on <a href="https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T334940" class="extiw" title="phab:T334940">Phabricator</a> and on <a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Extension:Graph/Plans" class="extiw" title="mw:Extension:Graph/Plans">MediaWiki.org</a>.</div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Zambia is one of the most highly urbanised countries in <a href="/wiki/Sub-Saharan_Africa" title="Sub-Saharan Africa">sub-Saharan Africa</a>, with 44% of the population concentrated along the major transport corridors, while rural areas are sparsely populated. The fertility rate was 6.2 as of 2007<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Zambia&action=edit">[update]</a></sup> (6.1 in 1996, 5.9 in 2001–02).<sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Largest_towns">Largest towns</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zambia&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Largest towns"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_and_towns_in_Zambia" class="mw-redirect" title="List of cities and towns in Zambia">List of cities and towns in Zambia</a></div><p>The onset of industrial copper mining on the Copperbelt in the late 1920s triggered rapid urbanisation. Although urbanisation was overestimated during the colonial period, it was substantial.<sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mining townships on the Copperbelt soon dwarfed existing centres of population and continued to grow rapidly following Zambian independence. Economic decline in the Copperbelt from the 1970s to the 1990s has altered patterns of urban development, but the country's population remains concentrated around the railway and roads running south from the Copperbelt through Kapiri Mposhi, Lusaka, Choma and Livingstone. <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1219497266">.mw-parser-output .largestCities-table-background{background:#f9f9f9;color:#222}.mw-parser-output .largestCities-cell-background{background:#f0f0f0;color:#222}</style> </p><div> <table style="font-size:88%;margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; width: 100%; border: 1px solid darkgray;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="10" style="padding:0.3em 0.75em;"><div style="float:right; width:6em; height:2.6em"> </div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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.navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini" style="float: left;height:2.6em;"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Largest_cities_of_Zambia" title="Template:Largest cities of Zambia"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Largest_cities_of_Zambia" title="Template talk:Largest cities of Zambia"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Largest_cities_of_Zambia" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Largest cities of Zambia"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div> <div style="height:2.6em;line-height:1.3em;"><span style="font-size:110%;">Largest cities or towns in Zambia</span><br /><div style="display:inline;font-weight:normal;">According to the 2010 Census<a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://citypopulation.de/Zambia-Cities.html">[1]</a></div></div> </th></tr> <tr> <th></th> <th>Rank </th> <th><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Zambia" class="mw-redirect" title="List of cities in Zambia">Name</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Provinces_of_Zambia" title="Provinces of Zambia">Province</a> </th> <th>Pop. </th> <th>Rank </th> <th><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Zambia" class="mw-redirect" title="List of cities in Zambia">Name</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Provinces_of_Zambia" title="Provinces of Zambia">Province</a> </th> <th>Pop.</th> <th> </th></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="11" style="text-align: center"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Kafue_round_about.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Lusaka"><img alt="Lusaka" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Kafue_round_about.jpg/120px-Kafue_round_about.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Kafue_round_about.jpg/180px-Kafue_round_about.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Kafue_round_about.jpg/240px-Kafue_round_about.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3987" data-file-height="2989" /></a></span><br /><a href="/wiki/Lusaka" title="Lusaka">Lusaka</a><br /><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Kitwe.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Kitwe"><img alt="Kitwe" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Kitwe.jpg/120px-Kitwe.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="71" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Kitwe.jpg/180px-Kitwe.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Kitwe.jpg/240px-Kitwe.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1538" /></a></span><br /><a href="/wiki/Kitwe" title="Kitwe">Kitwe</a> </td> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">1</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Lusaka" title="Lusaka">Lusaka</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Lusaka_Province" title="Lusaka Province">Lusaka</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">1,747,152</td> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">11</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Solwezi" title="Solwezi">Solwezi</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/North-Western_Province,_Zambia" title="North-Western Province, Zambia">North-Western</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">90,856 </td> <td rowspan="11" style="text-align: center"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ndola_view_-_Flickr.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Ndola"><img alt="Ndola" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Ndola_view_-_Flickr.jpg/120px-Ndola_view_-_Flickr.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="68" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Ndola_view_-_Flickr.jpg/180px-Ndola_view_-_Flickr.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Ndola_view_-_Flickr.jpg/240px-Ndola_view_-_Flickr.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3840" data-file-height="2160" /></a></span><br /><a href="/wiki/Ndola" title="Ndola">Ndola</a><br /><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Grand_S%C3%A9minaire_de_Kabwe.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Kabwe"><img alt="Kabwe" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Grand_S%C3%A9minaire_de_Kabwe.jpg/120px-Grand_S%C3%A9minaire_de_Kabwe.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Grand_S%C3%A9minaire_de_Kabwe.jpg/180px-Grand_S%C3%A9minaire_de_Kabwe.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Grand_S%C3%A9minaire_de_Kabwe.jpg/240px-Grand_S%C3%A9minaire_de_Kabwe.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4320" data-file-height="3240" /></a></span><br /><a href="/wiki/Kabwe" title="Kabwe">Kabwe</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">2</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Kitwe" title="Kitwe">Kitwe</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Copperbelt_Province" title="Copperbelt Province">Copperbelt</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">501,360</td> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">12</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Mansa,_Zambia" title="Mansa, Zambia">Mansa</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Luapula_Province" title="Luapula Province">Luapula</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">78,153 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">3</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Ndola" title="Ndola">Ndola</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Copperbelt_Province" title="Copperbelt Province">Copperbelt</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">451,246</td> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">13</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Chililabombwe" title="Chililabombwe">Chililabombwe</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Copperbelt_Province" title="Copperbelt Province">Copperbelt</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">77,818 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">4</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Kabwe" title="Kabwe">Kabwe</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Central_Province,_Zambia" title="Central Province, Zambia">Central</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">202,360</td> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">14</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Mazabuka" title="Mazabuka">Mazabuka</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Southern_Province,_Zambia" title="Southern Province, Zambia">Southern</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">71,700 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">5</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Chingola" title="Chingola">Chingola</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Copperbelt_Province" title="Copperbelt Province">Copperbelt</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">185,246</td> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">15</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Kafue" title="Kafue">Kafue</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Lusaka_Province" title="Lusaka Province">Lusaka</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">71,573 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">6</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Mufulira" title="Mufulira">Mufulira</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Copperbelt_Province" title="Copperbelt Province">Copperbelt</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">151,309</td> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">16</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Kalulushi" title="Kalulushi">Kalulushi</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Copperbelt_Province" title="Copperbelt Province">Copperbelt</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">51,863 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">7</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Livingstone,_Zambia" title="Livingstone, Zambia">Livingstone</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Southern_Province,_Zambia" title="Southern Province, Zambia">Southern</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">134,349</td> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">17</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Choma,_Zambia" title="Choma, Zambia">Choma</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Southern_Province,_Zambia" title="Southern Province, Zambia">Southern</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">51,842 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">8</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Luanshya" title="Luanshya">Luanshya</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Copperbelt_Province" title="Copperbelt Province">Copperbelt</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">130,076</td> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">18</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Mongu" title="Mongu">Mongu</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Western_Province,_Zambia" title="Western Province, Zambia">Western</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">49,818 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">9</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Chipata" title="Chipata">Chipata</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Province,_Zambia" title="Eastern Province, Zambia">Eastern</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">116,627</td> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">19</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Kapiri_Mposhi" title="Kapiri Mposhi">Kapiri Mposhi</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Central_Province,_Zambia" title="Central Province, Zambia">Central</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">44,783 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">10</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Kasama,_Zambia" title="Kasama, Zambia">Kasama</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Northern_Province,_Zambia" title="Northern Province, Zambia">Northern</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">101,845</td> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">20</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Nakonde" title="Nakonde">Nakonde</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Muchinga_Province" title="Muchinga Province">Muchinga</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">41,836 </td></tr> </tbody></table></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ethnic_groups">Ethnic groups</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zambia&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Ethnic groups"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tribal_Linguistic_map_Zambia.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Tribal_Linguistic_map_Zambia.jpg/280px-Tribal_Linguistic_map_Zambia.jpg" decoding="async" width="280" height="240" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Tribal_Linguistic_map_Zambia.jpg/420px-Tribal_Linguistic_map_Zambia.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Tribal_Linguistic_map_Zambia.jpg/560px-Tribal_Linguistic_map_Zambia.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6490" data-file-height="5572" /></a><figcaption>Tribal and linguistic map of Zambia</figcaption></figure> <p>Zambia nominally includes approximately 73 ethnic groups,<sup id="cite_ref-BritannicaPeople_93-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BritannicaPeople-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-epr_94-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-epr-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> although in practice there are fewer distinct groups.<sup id="cite_ref-epr_94-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-epr-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Most Zambians are <a href="/wiki/Bantu_languages" title="Bantu languages">Bantu</a>-speaking.<sup id="cite_ref-BritannicaPeople_93-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BritannicaPeople-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The three largest <a href="/wiki/Ethnolinguistic" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethnolinguistic">ethnolinguistic</a> groups are the <a href="/wiki/Bemba_people" title="Bemba people">Bemba</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chewa_people" title="Chewa people">Nyanja</a> (also called the Chewa), and <a href="/wiki/Tonga_people_of_Zambia_and_Zimbabwe" class="mw-redirect" title="Tonga people of Zambia and Zimbabwe">Tonga</a>; four smaller groups are the <a href="/wiki/Kaonde_language" title="Kaonde language">Kaonde</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lozi_people" title="Lozi people">Lozi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lunda_people" title="Lunda people">Luanda</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Luvale_people" title="Luvale people">Luvale</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-epr_94-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-epr-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2010, the population was estimated to be 21% Bemba, 13.6% Tonga, 7.4% Chewa, 5.7% Lozi, 5.3% <a href="/wiki/Nsenga_people" title="Nsenga people">Nsenga</a>, 4.4% <a href="/wiki/Tumbuka_people" title="Tumbuka people">Tumbuka</a>, 4.0% <a href="/wiki/Ngoni_people" title="Ngoni people">Ngoni</a>, and 38.6% other.<sup id="cite_ref-BritannicaPeople_93-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BritannicaPeople-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Bemba group is predominant in the Northern, Luapula, and Copperbelt provinces; the Nyanja in the Eastern and Central provinces; the Tonga in the Southern and Western provinces; and the Lozi in the Western Province.<sup id="cite_ref-BritannicaPeople_93-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BritannicaPeople-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Tumbuka minority lives in the Luangwa River valley in the east.<sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> No single ethnolinguistic group is predominant in the <a href="/wiki/North-Western_Province,_Zambia" title="North-Western Province, Zambia">North-Western Province</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-BritannicaPeople_93-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BritannicaPeople-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which is sparsely populated.<sup id="cite_ref-epr_94-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-epr-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In addition to the linguistic dimension, tribal identities are relevant in Zambia.<sup id="cite_ref-epr_94-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-epr-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These tribal identities are often linked to family allegiance or to traditional authorities. The tribal identities are nested within the main language groups.<sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Immigrants, mostly British or South African, as well as some white Zambian citizens of British descent, live mainly in Lusaka and in the Copperbelt in northern Zambia, where they are either employed in mines, financial and related activities or retired. There were 70,000 Europeans in Zambia in 1964, but many have since left the country.<sup id="cite_ref-Zambia_56-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Zambia-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Zambia has a small but economically important Asian population, most of whom are Indians and Chinese. This minority group has a massive impact on the economy controlling the manufacturing sector. An estimated 80,000 Chinese reside in Zambia.<sup id="cite_ref-97" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In recent years, several hundred dispossessed white farmers have left Zimbabwe at the invitation of the Zambian government, to take up farming in the Southern province.<sup id="cite_ref-98" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Spiegel_99-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Spiegel-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Zambia has a minority of people of colour of mixed race, also known as coloureds. Coloureds in Zambia no longer appear on the census. During colonialism, <a href="/wiki/Racial_segregation" title="Racial segregation">segregation</a> separated people of colour, blacks and whites in public places including schools, hospitals, and in housing. There has been an increase in interracial relationships due to Zambia's growing economy importing labor. People of colour are not recorded on the census but are considered a minority in Zambia. </p><p>According to the <i>World Refugee Survey 2009</i> published by the <a href="/wiki/U.S._Committee_for_Refugees_and_Immigrants" title="U.S. Committee for Refugees and Immigrants">U.S. Committee for Refugees and Immigrants</a>, Zambia had a population of refugees and asylum seekers numbering approximately 88,900. The majority of refugees in the country came from the Democratic Republic of the Congo (47,300 refugees from the DRC living in Zambia in 2007), Angola (27,100; see <a href="/wiki/Angolans_in_Zambia" title="Angolans in Zambia">Angolans in Zambia</a>), Zimbabwe (5,400) and Rwanda (4,900).<sup id="cite_ref-World_Refugee_Survey_2009_100-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-World_Refugee_Survey_2009-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Zambians are generally welcoming towards foreigners. </p><p>Beginning in May 2008, the number of <a href="/wiki/Zimbabweans_in_Zambia" title="Zimbabweans in Zambia">Zimbabweans in Zambia</a> began to increase significantly; the influx consisted largely of <a href="/wiki/Zimbabweans_in_South_Africa" title="Zimbabweans in South Africa">Zimbabweans formerly living in South Africa</a> who were fleeing <a href="/wiki/Xenophobia_in_South_Africa#May_2008_riots" title="Xenophobia in South Africa">xenophobic violence there</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-IRIN_101-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IRIN-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nearly 60,000 refugees live in camps in Zambia, while 50,000 are mixed in with the local populations. Refugees who wish to work in Zambia must apply for permits, which can cost up to $500 per year.<sup id="cite_ref-World_Refugee_Survey_2009_100-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-World_Refugee_Survey_2009-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Religion">Religion</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zambia&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Religion"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Zambia" title="Religion in Zambia">Religion in Zambia</a></div> <p>Zambia is officially a "Christian nation" under the 1996 constitution, but recognizes and protects freedom of religion.<sup id="cite_ref-102" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Zambia is the only African nation to designate Christianity as a <a href="/wiki/State_religion" title="State religion">state religion</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-103" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Zambia Statistics Agency estimates that 95.5% of Zambians are Christian, with 75.3% <a href="/wiki/Protestantism" title="Protestantism">Protestant</a> and 20.2% <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_Zambia" title="Catholic Church in Zambia">Roman Catholic</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-2023RIRF_104-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2023RIRF-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Zambia_Conference_of_Catholic_Bishops" title="Zambia Conference of Catholic Bishops">Zambia Conference of Catholic Bishops</a> is the Catholic <a href="/wiki/Episcopal_conference" title="Episcopal conference">episcopal conference</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-2023RIRF_104-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2023RIRF-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many Zambian Christians are <a href="/wiki/Syncretic" class="mw-redirect" title="Syncretic">syncretic</a>, combining <a href="/wiki/Traditional_African_religions" title="Traditional African religions">indigenous religiously beliefs</a> with Christianity.<sup id="cite_ref-2023RIRF_104-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2023RIRF-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The largest Protestant denominations are the <a href="/wiki/Anglicanism" title="Anglicanism">Anglicans</a>, <a href="/wiki/Evangelicals" class="mw-redirect" title="Evangelicals">evangelicals</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Pentecostals" class="mw-redirect" title="Pentecostals">Pentecostals</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-2023RIRF_104-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2023RIRF-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Christianity arrived to Zambia through European colonialism, and its wide variety of sects and movements reflect changing patterns of missionary activity; for example, Catholicism came from Portuguese Mozambique in the east, while Anglicanism reflects British influences from the south. Following its independence in 1964, Zambia saw a greater influx of other church missions from across the world, particularly North America and Germany. In subsequent decades, Western missionary roles have been assumed by native believers (except for some technical positions, such as physicians). After <a href="/wiki/Frederick_Chiluba" title="Frederick Chiluba">Frederick Chiluba</a>, a Pentecostal Christian, became president in 1991, Pentecostal congregations expanded considerably around the country.<sup id="cite_ref-pentecostal_105-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pentecostal-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="notheme barbox tright" style="overflow-x: auto;"> <div style="border:1px solid silver; font-size:88%; padding:0.4em; width:315px; background: white; color: black;"> <table style="text-align:left; border-collapse:collapse; width:100%;"> <tbody><tr style="background:#ddd"><th style="text-align:center;" colspan="5">Religious affiliation in Zambia<sup id="cite_ref-106" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-107" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></th></tr> <tr style="font-size:88%; height:4px;"> <td colspan="2" style="padding:0 4px; text-align:left;">Religion</td> <td style="width:100px; text-align:left;"></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding:0 4px; width:1em; text-align:right;">Per cent</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; min-width: 8em;"><a href="/wiki/Protestantism" title="Protestantism">Protestant</a></td> <td style="width: 100px; border-left: solid 1px silver; border-right: solid 1px silver;"><div style="background:#d7191c; width:75.3%; overflow: hidden;"> </div></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 1.2em; padding-right: 0.4em; text-align: right;">75.3%</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; min-width: 8em;"><a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholicism_in_Zambia" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholicism in Zambia">Roman Catholic</a></td> <td style="width: 100px; border-left: solid 1px silver; border-right: solid 1px silver;"><div style="background:#fdae61; width:20.2%; overflow: hidden;"> </div></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 1.2em; padding-right: 0.4em; text-align: right;">20.2%</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; min-width: 8em;"><a href="/wiki/Animism" title="Animism">Animist</a></td> <td style="width: 100px; border-left: solid 1px silver; border-right: solid 1px silver;"><div style="background:#abd9e9; width:2.5%; overflow: hidden;"> </div></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 1.2em; padding-right: 0.4em; text-align: right;">2.5%</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; min-width: 8em;"><a href="/wiki/Atheism" title="Atheism">Atheist</a></td> <td style="width: 100px; border-left: solid 1px silver; border-right: solid 1px silver;"><div style="background:#2c7bb6; width:1.8%; overflow: hidden;"> </div></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 1.2em; padding-right: 0.4em; text-align: right;">1.8%</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; min-width: 8em;"><a href="/wiki/Muslim" class="mw-redirect" title="Muslim">Muslim</a></td> <td style="width: 100px; border-left: solid 1px silver; border-right: solid 1px silver;"><div style="background:#ffffbf; width:2.7%; overflow: hidden;"> </div></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 1.2em; padding-right: 0.4em; text-align: right;">2.7%</td> </tr> <tr><td colspan="5" style="padding:5px; text-align:left;">Distribution of population by religious affiliation</td></tr> </tbody></table> </div> </div> <p>Some Christian denominations with a relatively small global presence are popular in Zambia. The country has one of the world's largest communities of <a href="/wiki/Seventh-day_Adventist_Church" title="Seventh-day Adventist Church">Seventh-day Adventists</a> on a per-capita basis, accounting for about 1 in 18 Zambians.<sup id="cite_ref-108" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Lutheran_Church_of_Central_Africa" title="Lutheran Church of Central Africa">Lutheran Church of Central Africa</a> has over 11,000 members in the country.<sup id="cite_ref-109" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Counting only active preachers, Jehovah's Witnesses, who have been present in Zambia since 1911,<sup id="cite_ref-Zambia_—_Watchtower_ONLINE_LIBRARY_110-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Zambia_—_Watchtower_ONLINE_LIBRARY-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> have over 204,000 adherents;<sup id="cite_ref-Zambia_—_Watchtower_ONLINE_LIBRARY_110-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Zambia_—_Watchtower_ONLINE_LIBRARY-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> more than 930,000 attended the annual observance of Christ's death in 2018.<sup id="cite_ref-111" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> About 12 per cent of Zambians are members of the <a href="/wiki/New_Apostolic_Church" title="New Apostolic Church">New Apostolic Church</a>;<sup id="cite_ref-112" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with more than 1.2 million believers, the country has the third-largest community in Africa, out of a total worldwide membership of over 9 million.<sup id="cite_ref-113" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Approximately 2.7% of Zambians are <a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Zambia" title="Islam in Zambia">Muslim</a>, primarily <a href="/wiki/Sunni_Islam" title="Sunni Islam">Sunni</a> with smaller numbers of <a href="/wiki/Ismaili" class="mw-redirect" title="Ismaili">Ismaili</a> and <a href="/wiki/Twelver_Shia" class="mw-redirect" title="Twelver Shia">Twelver Shia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-2023RIRF_104-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2023RIRF-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Muslim community, which numbers 100,000 according to one estimate, includes both refugees from <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Democratic Republic of the Congo">the Congo</a> and <a href="/wiki/Somali_diaspora" title="Somali diaspora">Somalia</a>, as well as immigrants from South Asia and the Middle East who have become Zambian citizenship.<sup id="cite_ref-2023RIRF_104-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2023RIRF-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Hindu" class="mw-redirect" title="Hindu">Hindus</a>, primarily of South Asian ancestry, numbered approximately 10,000 as of 2019.<sup id="cite_ref-2023RIRF_104-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2023RIRF-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At its peak in the 1960s, a small <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Zambia" title="History of the Jews in Zambia">Jewish community in Zambia</a> numbered about 1,000, mostly with origins in <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Lithuania" title="History of the Jews in Lithuania">Lithuania</a>, <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Latvia" title="History of the Jews in Latvia">Latvia</a>, and <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Germany" title="History of the Jews in Germany">Germany</a>; today, there are fewer than 50 Zambian Jews,<sup id="cite_ref-114" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> most of whom live in Lusaka and Northern Province.<sup id="cite_ref-2023RIRF_104-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2023RIRF-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There are small numbers of <a href="/wiki/Baha%27is" class="mw-redirect" title="Baha'is">Baha'is</a>, <a href="/wiki/Buddhists" class="mw-redirect" title="Buddhists">Buddhists</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Sikhs" title="Sikhs">Sikhs</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-2023RIRF_104-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2023RIRF-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Languages">Languages</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zambia&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Languages"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Zambia" title="Languages of Zambia">Languages of Zambia</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dominant_Regional_Language_in_Zambia.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Dominant_Regional_Language_in_Zambia.svg/220px-Dominant_Regional_Language_in_Zambia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Dominant_Regional_Language_in_Zambia.svg/330px-Dominant_Regional_Language_in_Zambia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Dominant_Regional_Language_in_Zambia.svg/440px-Dominant_Regional_Language_in_Zambia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="630" data-file-height="630" /></a><figcaption>Density map of dominant regional languages<sup id="cite_ref-115" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 7em;"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#d73027; color:white;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Bemba_language" title="Bemba language">Bemba</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#fc8d59; color:black;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Chewa_language" title="Chewa language">Chewa</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#fee090; color:black;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Lozi_language" title="Lozi language">Lozi</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#e0f3f8; color:black;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Lunda_language" title="Lunda language">Lunda</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#91bfdb; color:black;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Nyanja_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Nyanja language">Nyanja</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#4575b4; color:white;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Tonga_language_(Zambia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Tonga language (Zambia)">Tonga</a></div> </div> </figcaption></figure> <p>The exact number of Zambian languages is unknown, although many texts claim that Zambia has 73 languages and/or dialects; this figure is probably due to a non-distinction between language and dialect, based on the criterion of mutual intelligibility. On this basis, the number of Zambian languages would probably be only about 20 or 30.<sup id="cite_ref-Chanda,_Vincent_M.,_and,_Mkandawire,_Sitwe_Benson._2013_1–173_116-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chanda,_Vincent_M.,_and,_Mkandawire,_Sitwe_Benson._2013_1–173-116"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The official language of Zambia is English, which is used for official business, education, and law.<sup id="cite_ref-BritannicaPeople_93-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BritannicaPeople-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The main local language, especially in Lusaka, is <a href="/wiki/Nyanja" class="mw-redirect" title="Nyanja">Nyanja</a> (Chewa), followed by <a href="/wiki/Bemba_language" title="Bemba language">Bemba</a>. In the Copperbelt, Bemba is the main language and Nyanja second. Bemba and Nyanja are spoken in the urban areas, in addition to other indigenous languages that are commonly spoken in Zambia. These include <a href="/wiki/Lozi_language" title="Lozi language">Lozi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tumbuka_language" title="Tumbuka language">Tumbuka</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kaonde" class="mw-redirect" title="Kaonde">Kaonde</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tonga_language_(Zambia_and_Zimbabwe)" title="Tonga language (Zambia and Zimbabwe)">Tonga</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lunda_languages" title="Lunda languages">Lunda</a> and <a href="/wiki/Luvale" class="mw-redirect" title="Luvale">Luvale</a>, which featured on the <a href="/wiki/Zambia_National_Broadcasting_Corporation" title="Zambia National Broadcasting Corporation">Zambia National Broadcasting Corporation</a> (ZNBC) local-languages section.<sup id="cite_ref-BritannicaPeople_93-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BritannicaPeople-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Chanda,_Vincent_M.,_and,_Mkandawire,_Sitwe_Benson._2013_1–173_116-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chanda,_Vincent_M.,_and,_Mkandawire,_Sitwe_Benson._2013_1–173-116"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-117" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-117"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Urbanisation has had a dramatic effect on some of the indigenous languages, including the assimilation of words from other languages. Urban dwellers sometimes differentiate between urban and rural dialects of the same language by prefixing the rural languages with 'deep'. </p><p>Most will thus speak Bemba and Nyanja in the Copperbelt; Nyanja is predominantly spoken in Lusaka and Eastern Zambia. English is used in official communications and is the language of choice at home among – now common – interethnic families. This evolution of languages has led to Zambian slang heard throughout Lusaka and other major cities. The majority of Zambians usually speak more than one language: the official language, English, and the most spoken language in the town or area they live in. Portuguese has been introduced as a second language into the school curriculum due to the presence of a large Portuguese-speaking Angolan community.<sup id="cite_ref-118" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-118"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> French is commonly studied in private schools, while some secondary schools have it as an optional subject. A German course has been introduced at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Zambia" title="University of Zambia">University of Zambia</a> (UNZA). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Education">Education</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zambia&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Education"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Education_in_Zambia" title="Education in Zambia">Education in Zambia</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pupils_at_St_Monicas_Girls_Secondary_School.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Pupils_at_St_Monicas_Girls_Secondary_School.jpg/220px-Pupils_at_St_Monicas_Girls_Secondary_School.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Pupils_at_St_Monicas_Girls_Secondary_School.jpg/330px-Pupils_at_St_Monicas_Girls_Secondary_School.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Pupils_at_St_Monicas_Girls_Secondary_School.jpg/440px-Pupils_at_St_Monicas_Girls_Secondary_School.jpg 2x" data-file-width="980" data-file-height="400" /></a><figcaption>Pupils at the St Monica's Girls Secondary School in <a href="/wiki/Chipata" title="Chipata">Chipata</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Province,_Zambia" title="Eastern Province, Zambia">Eastern Province</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The right to equal and adequate education for all is enshrined within the Zambian constitution.<sup id="cite_ref-119" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-119"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>117<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Education Act of 2011 regulates equal and quality education.<sup id="cite_ref-120" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-120"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>118<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The English-language literacy rate as of 2018 is 86.7%.<sup id="cite_ref-WorldFactbook2023_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WorldFactbook2023-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The government's annual expenditure on education has varied significantly. As a percentage of the government budget, it was 19.6% in 2006, 15.3% in 2011, and 20.2% in 2015.<sup id="cite_ref-WorldBank_2015_121-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WorldBank_2015-121"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>119<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As of 2020, education expenditures constituted 3.7% of GDP.<sup id="cite_ref-WorldFactbook2023_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WorldFactbook2023-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Health">Health</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zambia&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Health"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Health_in_Zambia" title="Health in Zambia">Health in Zambia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Healthcare_in_Zambia" title="Healthcare in Zambia">Healthcare in Zambia</a></div> <p>Zambia is experiencing a generalised <a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS" title="HIV/AIDS">HIV/AIDS</a> epidemic, with a national <a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_HIV/AIDS_adult_prevalence_rate" class="mw-redirect" title="List of countries by HIV/AIDS adult prevalence rate">HIV prevalence rate</a> of 12.10 per cent among adults.<sup id="cite_ref-122" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-122"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>120<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, the country has made progress over the past decade: The prevalence rate of HIV/AIDS for adults aged 15–49 decreased to 13 per cent in 2013/14, compared to 16 per cent roughly a decade earlier.<sup id="cite_ref-123" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-123"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>121<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other health outcomes have also improved significantly, despite remaining poor by global standards. The maternal mortality rate in 2014 was 398 per 100,000 live births, compared to 591 in 2007; over the same period, the mortality rate of children under five dropped to 75 from 119 per 1,000 live births.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Economy">Economy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zambia&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Economy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Zambia" title="Economy of Zambia">Economy of Zambia</a></div> <p>In 2022, Zambia averages between $7.5 billion and $8 billion of exports annually.<sup id="cite_ref-124" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-124"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>122<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-125" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-125"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>123<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It totaled $9.1 billion worth of exports in 2018.<sup id="cite_ref-126" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-126"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>124<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2015, about 54.4% of Zambians lived below the recognised national poverty line, improved from 60.5% in 2010.<sup id="cite_ref-127" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-127"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>125<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Rural poverty rates were about 76.6% and urban rates at about 23.4%.<sup id="cite_ref-128" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-128"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>126<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The national poverty line was ZMK 214 (USD 12.85) per month.<sup id="cite_ref-129" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-129"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>127<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As of the latest estimate in 2018 by the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Development_Programme" title="United Nations Development Programme">United Nations Development Programme</a>, 47.9 percent of the population continued to be affected by <a href="/wiki/Multidimensional_Poverty_Index" title="Multidimensional Poverty Index">multidimensional poverty</a>. Unemployment and underemployment in urban areas are serious problems. Most rural Zambians are subsistence farmers.<sup id="cite_ref-130" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-130"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>128<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="notheme barbox tright" style="overflow-x: auto;"> <div style="border:1px solid silver; font-size:88%; padding:0.4em; width:auto; background: white; color: black;"> <table style="text-align:left; border-collapse:collapse; width:100%;"> <tbody><tr style="background:#ddd"><th style="text-align:center;" colspan="5">Budget expenditure in 2023<sup id="cite_ref-131" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-131"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>129<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></th></tr> <tr style="font-size:88%; height:4px;"> <td colspan="2" style="padding:0 4px; text-align:left;">Sector</td> <td style="width:100px; text-align:left;"></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding:0 4px; width:1em; text-align:right;">Percent</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; min-width: 8em;">General Public Services</td> <td style="width: 100px; border-left: solid 1px silver; border-right: solid 1px silver;"><div style="background:#9e0142; width:39.5%; overflow: hidden;"> </div></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 1.2em; padding-right: 0.4em; text-align: right;">39.5%</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; min-width: 8em;">Defence</td> <td style="width: 100px; border-left: solid 1px silver; border-right: solid 1px silver;"><div style="background:#d53e4f; width:4.9%; overflow: hidden;"> </div></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 1.2em; padding-right: 0.4em; text-align: right;">4.9%</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; min-width: 8em;">Public Order and Safety</td> <td style="width: 100px; border-left: solid 1px silver; border-right: solid 1px silver;"><div style="background:#f46d43; width:3.1%; overflow: hidden;"> </div></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 1.2em; padding-right: 0.4em; text-align: right;">3.1%</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; min-width: 8em;">Economic Affairs</td> <td style="width: 100px; border-left: solid 1px silver; border-right: solid 1px silver;"><div style="background:#fdae61; width:20.9%; overflow: hidden;"> </div></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 1.2em; padding-right: 0.4em; text-align: right;">20.9%</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; min-width: 8em;">Environmental Protection</td> <td style="width: 100px; border-left: solid 1px silver; border-right: solid 1px silver;"><div style="background:#fee08b; width:0.6%; overflow: hidden;"> </div></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 1.2em; padding-right: 0.4em; text-align: right;">0.6%</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; min-width: 8em;">Housing and Community Amenities</td> <td style="width: 100px; border-left: solid 1px silver; border-right: solid 1px silver;"><div style="background:#e6f598; width:1.5%; overflow: hidden;"> </div></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 1.2em; padding-right: 0.4em; text-align: right;">1.5%</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; min-width: 8em;">Health</td> <td style="width: 100px; border-left: solid 1px silver; border-right: solid 1px silver;"><div style="background:#abdda4; width:10.4%; overflow: hidden;"> </div></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 1.2em; padding-right: 0.4em; text-align: right;">10.4%</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; min-width: 8em;">Recreation, Culture and Religion</td> <td style="width: 100px; border-left: solid 1px silver; border-right: solid 1px silver;"><div style="background:#66c2a5; width:0.3%; overflow: hidden;"> </div></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 1.2em; padding-right: 0.4em; text-align: right;">0.3%</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; min-width: 8em;">Education</td> <td style="width: 100px; border-left: solid 1px silver; border-right: solid 1px silver;"><div style="background:#3288bd; width:13.9%; overflow: hidden;"> </div></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 1.2em; padding-right: 0.4em; text-align: right;">13.9%</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; min-width: 8em;">Social Protection</td> <td style="width: 100px; border-left: solid 1px silver; border-right: solid 1px silver;"><div style="background:#5e4fa2; width:4.9%; overflow: hidden;"> </div></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 1.2em; padding-right: 0.4em; text-align: right;">4.9%</td> </tr> <tr><td colspan="5" style="padding:5px; text-align:left;">2023 annual budget expenditure</td></tr> </tbody></table> </div> </div> <p>Zambia ranked 117th out of 128 countries on the 2007 <a href="/wiki/Global_Competitiveness_Index" class="mw-redirect" title="Global Competitiveness Index">Global Competitiveness Index</a>, which looks at factors that affect economic growth.<sup id="cite_ref-132" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-132"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>130<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Zambia was ranked 116th in the <a href="/wiki/Global_Innovation_Index" title="Global Innovation Index">Global Innovation Index</a> in 2024.<sup id="cite_ref-133" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-133"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>131<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Social indicators continue to decline, particularly in measurements of life expectancy at birth (about 40.9 years) and maternal mortality (830 per 100,000 pregnancies) in 2007.<sup id="cite_ref-134" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-134"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>132<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By 2023, the life expectancy at birth had risen again to around 62 years.<sup id="cite_ref-135" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-135"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>133<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Zambia fell into poverty after international copper prices declined in the 1970s. The socialist regime made up for falling revenue with several abortive attempts at <a href="/wiki/International_Monetary_Fund" title="International Monetary Fund">International Monetary Fund</a> <a href="/wiki/Structural_adjustment" title="Structural adjustment">structural adjustment</a> programs (SAPs). The policy of not trading through the main supply route and line of rail to the sea – the territory was known as Rhodesia (from 1965 to 1979), and now known as Zimbabwe – cost the economy greatly. After the Kaunda regime, (from 1991) successive governments began limited reforms. The economy stagnated until the late 1990s. In 2007 Zambia recorded its ninth consecutive year of economic growth. Inflation was 8.9%, down from 30% in 2000.<sup id="cite_ref-dos2009_136-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dos2009-136"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>134<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Zambia is still dealing with economic reform issues such as the size of the public sector, and improving Zambia's social sector delivery systems.<sup id="cite_ref-dos2009_136-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dos2009-136"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>134<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Economic regulations and red tape are extensive, and corruption is widespread. The bureaucratic procedures surrounding the process of obtaining licences encourages the widespread use of facilitation payments.<sup id="cite_ref-137" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-137"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>135<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Zambia's total foreign debt exceeded $6 billion when the country qualified for <a href="/wiki/Highly_Indebted_Poor_Country_Initiative" class="mw-redirect" title="Highly Indebted Poor Country Initiative">Highly Indebted Poor Country Initiative</a> (HIPC) debt relief in 2000, contingent upon meeting certain performance criteria. Initially, Zambia hoped to reach the HIPC completion point, and benefit from substantial debt forgiveness, in late 2003. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:GDP_per_capita_(current),_%25_of_world_average,_1960-2012;_Zimbabwe,_South_Africa,_Botswana,_Zambia,_Mozambique.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/GDP_per_capita_%28current%29%2C_%25_of_world_average%2C_1960-2012%3B_Zimbabwe%2C_South_Africa%2C_Botswana%2C_Zambia%2C_Mozambique.png/330px-GDP_per_capita_%28current%29%2C_%25_of_world_average%2C_1960-2012%3B_Zimbabwe%2C_South_Africa%2C_Botswana%2C_Zambia%2C_Mozambique.png" decoding="async" width="330" height="219" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/GDP_per_capita_%28current%29%2C_%25_of_world_average%2C_1960-2012%3B_Zimbabwe%2C_South_Africa%2C_Botswana%2C_Zambia%2C_Mozambique.png/495px-GDP_per_capita_%28current%29%2C_%25_of_world_average%2C_1960-2012%3B_Zimbabwe%2C_South_Africa%2C_Botswana%2C_Zambia%2C_Mozambique.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/GDP_per_capita_%28current%29%2C_%25_of_world_average%2C_1960-2012%3B_Zimbabwe%2C_South_Africa%2C_Botswana%2C_Zambia%2C_Mozambique.png/660px-GDP_per_capita_%28current%29%2C_%25_of_world_average%2C_1960-2012%3B_Zimbabwe%2C_South_Africa%2C_Botswana%2C_Zambia%2C_Mozambique.png 2x" data-file-width="1055" data-file-height="700" /></a><figcaption>GDP per capita (current), compared to neighbouring countries (world average = 100)</figcaption></figure> <p>In January 2003, the Zambian government informed the International Monetary Fund and <a href="/wiki/World_Bank" title="World Bank">World Bank</a> that it wished to renegotiate some of the agreed performance criteria calling for privatisation of the Zambia National Commercial Bank and the national telephone and electricity utilities. Although agreements were reached on these issues, subsequent overspending on civil service wages delayed Zambia's final HIPC debt forgiveness from late 2003 to early 2005, at the earliest. In an effort to reach HIPC completion in 2004, the government drafted an austerity budget for 2004, freezing civil service salaries and increasing the number of taxes. The tax hike and public sector wage freeze prohibited salary increases and new hires. This sparked a nationwide strike in February 2004.<sup id="cite_ref-138" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-138"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>136<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Zambian government is pursuing an economic diversification program to reduce the economy's reliance on the copper industry. This initiative seeks to exploit other components of Zambia's rich resource base by promoting agriculture, tourism, gemstone mining, and hydro-power. In July 2018, Turkish President <a href="/wiki/Recep_Tayyip_Erdo%C4%9Fan" title="Recep Tayyip Erdoğan">Recep Tayyip Erdogan</a> and Zambia's President Edgar Lungu signed 12 agreements in capital Lusaka on areas ranging from trade and investment to tourism and diplomacy.<sup id="cite_ref-139" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-139"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>137<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-140" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-140"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>138<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mining">Mining</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zambia&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Mining"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:ZM-Nkana-headgear-Kitwe.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/ZM-Nkana-headgear-Kitwe.jpg/170px-ZM-Nkana-headgear-Kitwe.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="130" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/ZM-Nkana-headgear-Kitwe.jpg/255px-ZM-Nkana-headgear-Kitwe.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/ZM-Nkana-headgear-Kitwe.jpg/340px-ZM-Nkana-headgear-Kitwe.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2224" data-file-height="1698" /></a><figcaption>The major Nkana open copper mine, <a href="/wiki/Kitwe" title="Kitwe">Kitwe</a>.</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Mining_in_Zambia" title="Mining in Zambia">Mining in Zambia</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_mines_in_Zambia" title="List of mines in Zambia">List of mines in Zambia</a></div> <p>Mining and <a href="/wiki/Quarrying" class="mw-redirect" title="Quarrying">quarrying</a> accounted for approximately 13.2% of the Zambian GDP in 2019.<sup id="cite_ref-2019USGSMineralsYB_141-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2019USGSMineralsYB-141"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>139<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Zambian economy has historically been based on the <a href="/wiki/Copper_mining" class="mw-redirect" title="Copper mining">copper mining</a> industry.<sup id="cite_ref-twsqt_142-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-twsqt-142"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>140<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The industry was nationalized in 1973; under government control, production declined substantially.<sup id="cite_ref-2016JSAIMM_143-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2016JSAIMM-143"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>141<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After privatization during the period 1996–2000, investment, production, and jobs in the copper sector increased.<sup id="cite_ref-2016JSAIMM_143-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2016JSAIMM-143"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>141<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As of 2019, copper exports constitute about 69% of the value of all Zambian goods exported.<sup id="cite_ref-2019USGSMineralsYB_141-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2019USGSMineralsYB-141"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>139<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2023, Zambia produced 698,000 <a href="/wiki/Metric_ton" class="mw-redirect" title="Metric ton">metric tons</a> of copper.<sup id="cite_ref-TradingUnit_144-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TradingUnit-144"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>142<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is the second-largest copper producer in Africa<sup id="cite_ref-TradingUnit_144-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TradingUnit-144"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>142<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the seventh-largest copper producer in the world, accounting for 4% of global production.<sup id="cite_ref-2019USGSMineralsYB_141-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2019USGSMineralsYB-141"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>139<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Copperbelt_Province" title="Copperbelt Province">Copperbelt Province</a> of Zambia accounts for almost one-quarter of the country's GDP and one-third of the country's copper production.<sup id="cite_ref-145" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-145"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>143<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The state-owned <a href="/wiki/ZCCM_Investments_Holdings" title="ZCCM Investments Holdings">ZCCM Investments Holdings</a> owns several mining operations; it holds a 49% stake in <a href="/wiki/Mopani_Copper_Mines" title="Mopani Copper Mines">Mopani Copper Mines</a>, with the remaining 51% held by the <a href="/wiki/United_Arab_Emirates" title="United Arab Emirates">United Arab Emirates</a> through the <a href="/wiki/International_Holding_Company" title="International Holding Company">International Holding Company</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-TradingUnit_144-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TradingUnit-144"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>142<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> ZCCM has interests in mining operations owned by <a href="/wiki/Vedanta_Resources" title="Vedanta Resources">Vedanta Resources</a> and <a href="/wiki/First_Quantum_Minerals" title="First Quantum Minerals">First Quantum Minerals</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-TradingUnit_144-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TradingUnit-144"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>142<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As Zambia's economy is heavily dependent on the copper industry, the national exchange rate changes in accordance with the copper price.<sup id="cite_ref-146" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-146"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>144<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Chinese government, via state-owned firms and as part of its <a href="/wiki/Belt_and_Road_Initiative" title="Belt and Road Initiative">Belt and Road Initiative</a>, has made substantial <a href="/wiki/Foreign_direct_investment" title="Foreign direct investment">foreign direct investments</a> in Zambian copper to secure this strategic resource for the Chinese market.<sup id="cite_ref-147" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-147"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>145<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Chinese firm JCHX Mining owns 80% of Zambia's Lubambe Copper Mines, with ZCCM holding the remaining 20%.<sup id="cite_ref-148" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-148"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>146<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hazardous working conditions, low wages, and labor abuses at the Chinese-operated <a href="/wiki/Collum_Coal_Mine" title="Collum Coal Mine">Collum Coal Mine</a> have been a source of political controversy in Zambia.<sup id="cite_ref-149" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-149"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>147<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-150" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-150"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>148<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In addition to copper, major minerals mined in Zambia include <a href="/wiki/Gold_mining" title="Gold mining">gold</a> (<a href="/wiki/Kansanshi_mine" title="Kansanshi mine">Kansanshi mine</a>), <a href="/wiki/Manganese" title="Manganese">manganese</a> (Serenje mine), and <a href="/wiki/Nickel_mining" class="mw-redirect" title="Nickel mining">nickel</a> (Munali mine), as well as <a href="/wiki/Gemstone" title="Gemstone">gemstones</a> (specifically <a href="/wiki/Amethyst" title="Amethyst">amethyst</a>, <a href="/wiki/Beryl" title="Beryl">beryl</a>, <a href="/wiki/Emerald" title="Emerald">emerald</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Tourmaline" title="Tourmaline">tourmaline</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-2019USGSMineralsYB_141-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2019USGSMineralsYB-141"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>139<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Agriculture">Agriculture</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zambia&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: Agriculture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Agriculture plays a very important part in Zambia's economy providing many more jobs than the mining industry. A small number of <a href="/wiki/White_people_in_Zimbabwe" class="mw-redirect" title="White people in Zimbabwe">white Zimbabwean farmers</a> were welcomed into Zambia after their expulsion by Robert Mugabe, whose numbers had reached roughly 150 to 300 people as of 2004<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Zambia&action=edit">[update]</a></sup>.<sup id="cite_ref-151" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-151"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>149<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-152" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-152"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>150<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They farm a variety of crops including tobacco, wheat, and chili peppers on an estimated 150 farms. The skills they brought, combined with general economic liberalisation under the late Zambian president <a href="/wiki/Levy_Mwanawasa" title="Levy Mwanawasa">Levy Mwanawasa</a>, has been credited with stimulating an agricultural boom in Zambia. In 2004, for the first time in 26 years, Zambia exported more corn than it imported.<sup id="cite_ref-Spiegel_99-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Spiegel-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In December 2019, the Zambian government unanimously decided to legalize cannabis for medicinal and export purposes only.<sup id="cite_ref-153" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-153"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>151<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tourism">Tourism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zambia&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: Tourism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Zambia" title="Tourism in Zambia">Tourism in Zambia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Monuments_and_Historic_Sites_of_Zambia" title="Monuments and Historic Sites of Zambia">Monuments and Historic Sites of Zambia</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Victoriaf%C3%A4lle.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Victoriaf%C3%A4lle.jpg/220px-Victoriaf%C3%A4lle.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Victoriaf%C3%A4lle.jpg/330px-Victoriaf%C3%A4lle.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Victoriaf%C3%A4lle.jpg/440px-Victoriaf%C3%A4lle.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Victoria_Falls" title="Victoria Falls">Victoria Falls</a> (Mosi-oa-Tunya Falls) a <a href="/wiki/UNESCO_World_Heritage_Site" class="mw-redirect" title="UNESCO World Heritage Site">UNESCO World Heritage Site</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Tourism comprised 5.8% of the Zambian GDP in 2021; the record high, of 9.8%, occurred in 2019.<sup id="cite_ref-ITA24_154-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ITA24-154"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>152<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Most tourism focused on wildlife protected areas, specifically Zambia's <a href="/wiki/List_of_national_parks_of_Zambia" title="List of national parks of Zambia">20 national parks</a> and 34 game management areas.<sup id="cite_ref-ITA24_154-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ITA24-154"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>152<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The most significant tourist site, the <a href="/wiki/Victoria_Falls" title="Victoria Falls">Victoria Falls</a>, is a <a href="/wiki/UNESCO_World_Heritage_Site" class="mw-redirect" title="UNESCO World Heritage Site">UNESCO World Heritage Site</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-ITA24_154-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ITA24-154"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>152<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Zambian side of the falls is within <a href="/wiki/Mosi-oa-Tunya_National_Park" title="Mosi-oa-Tunya National Park">Mosi-oa-Tunya National Park</a>; the rest of the falls are part of neighboring <a href="/wiki/Zimbabwe" title="Zimbabwe">Zimbabwe</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-155" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-155"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>153<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Livingstone,_Zambia" title="Livingstone, Zambia">Livingstone</a>, which lies close to Victoria Falls, has become an important tourist center.<sup id="cite_ref-156" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-156"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>154<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other popular national parks include <a href="/wiki/North_Luangwa_National_Park" title="North Luangwa National Park">North Luangwa</a>, <a href="/wiki/South_Luangwa_National_Park" title="South Luangwa National Park">South Luangwa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kafue_National_Park" title="Kafue National Park">Kafue</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Liuwa_Plain_National_Park" title="Liuwa Plain National Park">Liuwa Plain</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-157" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-157"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>155<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Zambian government has promoted tourism as a tool for <a href="/wiki/Economic_development" title="Economic development">economic development</a>, particularly in rural areas, as well as for wildlife conservation.<sup id="cite_ref-158" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-158"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>156<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Energy">Energy</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zambia&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: Energy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_power_stations_in_Zambia" title="List of power stations in Zambia">List of power stations in Zambia</a></div> <p>In 2009, Zambia generated 10.3 TWh of electricity and has been rated high in use of both solar power and hydroelectricity.<sup id="cite_ref-159" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-159"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>157<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, early 2015<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Zambia&action=edit">[update]</a></sup>, Zambia began experiencing a serious energy shortage due to the poor 2014/2015 rain season, which resulted in low water levels at the Kariba dam and other major dams.<sup id="cite_ref-160" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-160"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>158<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In September 2019, African Green Resources (AGR) announced that it would invest $150 million in 50 megawatt (MW) solar farm, along with irrigation dam and expanding the existing grain silo capacity by 80,000 tonnes.<sup id="cite_ref-161" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-161"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>159<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Culture">Culture</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zambia&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: Culture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nsima_Relishes.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Nsima_Relishes.JPG/220px-Nsima_Relishes.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="157" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Nsima_Relishes.JPG/330px-Nsima_Relishes.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Nsima_Relishes.JPG/440px-Nsima_Relishes.JPG 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="572" /></a><figcaption><i><a href="/wiki/Nsima" class="mw-redirect" title="Nsima">Nsima</a></i> (top right corner) with three types of <a href="/wiki/Relish" title="Relish">relish</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Prior to the establishment of modern Zambia, the inhabitants lived in independent tribes, each with its own way of life. One of the results of the colonial era was the growth of urbanisation. Different ethnic groups started living together in towns and cities, influencing each other's way of life. They also started adopting aspects of global or universal culture, especially in terms of dressing and mannerisms.<sup id="cite_ref-Mkandawire,_Sitwe_Benson.,_Simooya,_Steriah_Monica.,_and_Monde,_Pauline_Namakau._2019_1–206_162-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mkandawire,_Sitwe_Benson.,_Simooya,_Steriah_Monica.,_and_Monde,_Pauline_Namakau._2019_1–206-162"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>160<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Much of the original cultures of Zambia have largely survived in rural areas, with some outside influences such as Christianity. Cultures that are specific to certain ethnic groups within Zambia are known as 'Zambian cultures' while those lifestyles that are common across ethnic groups are labelled "Zambian culture" because they are practiced by almost every Zambian.<sup id="cite_ref-Mkandawire,_Sitwe_Benson.,_Simooya,_Steriah_Monica.,_and_Monde,_Pauline_Namakau._2019_1–206_162-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mkandawire,_Sitwe_Benson.,_Simooya,_Steriah_Monica.,_and_Monde,_Pauline_Namakau._2019_1–206-162"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>160<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the urban setting, there is a continuous integration and evolution of these cultures to produce what is called "Zambian culture". </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:African_Art,_Yombe_sculpture,_Louvre.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/African_Art%2C_Yombe_sculpture%2C_Louvre.jpg/170px-African_Art%2C_Yombe_sculpture%2C_Louvre.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/African_Art%2C_Yombe_sculpture%2C_Louvre.jpg/255px-African_Art%2C_Yombe_sculpture%2C_Louvre.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/African_Art%2C_Yombe_sculpture%2C_Louvre.jpg/340px-African_Art%2C_Yombe_sculpture%2C_Louvre.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2016" data-file-height="2688" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/Yombe_people" title="Yombe people">Yombe</a> sculpture, 19th century.</figcaption></figure> <p>Zambia practices several ceremonies and rituals ranging from nationally recognised traditional ceremonies to unrecognised yet important ceremonies. Many of the ceremonies and rituals are performed on special occasions celebrating or marking achievements, anniversaries, the passage of time, coronations and presidential occasions, atonement and purification, graduation, dedication, oaths of allegiance, initiation, marriage, funeral, birth ceremonies and others.<sup id="cite_ref-Mkandawire,_Sitwe_Benson.,_Simooya,_Steriah_Monica.,_and_Monde,_Pauline_Namakau._2019_1–206_162-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mkandawire,_Sitwe_Benson.,_Simooya,_Steriah_Monica.,_and_Monde,_Pauline_Namakau._2019_1–206-162"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>160<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Like most African countries, Zambia practices both disclosed and undisclosed ceremonies and rituals. Among the disclosed ceremonies and rituals include calendrical or seasonal, contingent, affliction, divination, initiation and regular or daily ceremonies.<sup id="cite_ref-Mkandawire,_Sitwe_Benson.,_Simooya,_Steriah_Monica.,_and_Monde,_Pauline_Namakau._2019_1–206_162-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mkandawire,_Sitwe_Benson.,_Simooya,_Steriah_Monica.,_and_Monde,_Pauline_Namakau._2019_1–206-162"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>160<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Undisclosed ceremonies include those practiced in secret such by spiritual groups like Nyau and Nakisha dancers and traditional marriage counsellors such as alangizi women.<sup id="cite_ref-Mkandawire,_Sitwe_Benson.,_Simooya,_Steriah_Monica.,_and_Monde,_Pauline_Namakau._2019_1–206_162-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mkandawire,_Sitwe_Benson.,_Simooya,_Steriah_Monica.,_and_Monde,_Pauline_Namakau._2019_1–206-162"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>160<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As of December 2016, Zambia had 77 calendrical or seasonal traditional ceremonies recognized by government, and this number will increase in the near future.<sup id="cite_ref-Mkandawire,_Sitwe_Benson.,_Simooya,_Steriah_Monica.,_and_Monde,_Pauline_Namakau._2019_1–206_162-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mkandawire,_Sitwe_Benson.,_Simooya,_Steriah_Monica.,_and_Monde,_Pauline_Namakau._2019_1–206-162"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>160<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The ceremonies once a year include Nc'wala, Kulonga, Kuomboka, Malaila, Nsengele, Chibwela kumushi, Dantho, Ntongo, Makundu, Lwiindi, Chuungu, and Lyenya. These are known as <a href="/wiki/Zambian_traditional_ceremonies" title="Zambian traditional ceremonies">Zambian traditional ceremonies</a>. Some of the more prominent are: <a href="/wiki/Kuomboka" title="Kuomboka">Kuomboka</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kathanga&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kathanga (page does not exist)">Kathanga</a> (Western Province), <a href="/wiki/Kazembe#Mutomboko_Festival" title="Kazembe">Mutomboko</a> (Luapula Province), <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kulamba_ceremony&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kulamba ceremony (page does not exist)">Kulamba</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ncwala" class="mw-redirect" title="Ncwala">Ncwala</a> (Eastern Province), <a href="/wiki/Lwiindi" title="Lwiindi">Lwiindi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Shimunenga" title="Shimunenga">Shimunenga</a> (Southern Province), <a href="/wiki/Lunda_Lubanza" title="Lunda Lubanza">Lunda Lubanza</a> (North Western), <a href="/w/index.php?title=Likumbi_Lyamize&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Likumbi Lyamize (page does not exist)">Likumbi Lyamize</a> (North Western),<sup id="cite_ref-163" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-163"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>161<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Mbunda_Lukwakwa" title="Mbunda Lukwakwa">Mbunda Lukwakwa</a> (North Western Province), <a href="/w/index.php?title=Chibwela_Kumushi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Chibwela Kumushi (page does not exist)">Chibwela Kumushi</a> (Central Province), <a href="/w/index.php?title=Vinkhakanimba&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vinkhakanimba (page does not exist)">Vinkhakanimba</a> (Muchinga Province), <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ukusefya_Pa_Ng%27wena&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ukusefya Pa Ng'wena (page does not exist)">Ukusefya Pa Ng'wena</a> (Northern Province). </p><p>Popular traditional arts include pottery, basketry (such as <a href="/wiki/Tonga_baskets" title="Tonga baskets">Tonga baskets</a>), stools, fabrics, mats, wooden carvings, ivory carvings, wire craft, and copper crafts. Most <a href="/wiki/Music_of_Zambia" title="Music of Zambia">Zambian traditional music</a> is based on drums (and other percussion instruments) with a lot of singing and dancing. In urban areas, foreign genres of music are popular, particularly Congolese <a href="/wiki/Soukous" title="Soukous">rumba</a>, African-American music and Jamaican reggae. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Media">Media</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zambia&action=edit&section=40" title="Edit section: Media"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Media_in_Zambia" class="mw-redirect" title="Media in Zambia">Media in Zambia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Zambia" title="Telecommunications in Zambia">Telecommunications in Zambia</a></div> <p>Freedoms of expression and of the press are <a href="/wiki/Constitution" title="Constitution">constitutionally</a> guaranteed in Zambia, but the government frequently restricts these rights in practice.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_164-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-164"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>162<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:1_165-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-165"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>163<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although the ruling Patriotic Front has pledged to free state-owned media—consisting of the <a href="/wiki/Zambia_National_Broadcasting_Corporation" title="Zambia National Broadcasting Corporation">Zambia National Broadcasting Corporation</a> (ZNBC) and the widely circulated <i><a href="/wiki/Zambia_Daily_Mail" title="Zambia Daily Mail">Zambia Daily Mail</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Times_of_Zambia" title="Times of Zambia">Times of Zambia</a></i>—from government editorial control, these outlets have generally continued to report along pro-government lines. Many journalists reportedly practice <a href="/wiki/Self-censorship" title="Self-censorship">self-censorship</a> since most government newspapers do have prepublication review.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_164-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-164"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>162<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The ZNBC dominates the broadcast media, though several private stations have the capacity to reach large portions of the population. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sports_and_games">Sports and games</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zambia&action=edit&section=41" title="Edit section: Sports and games"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Sports and games are common social aspects of Zambian culture(s) that bring people together for learning, development of skills, fun and joyous moments.<sup id="cite_ref-Mkandawire,_Sitwe_Benson.,_Simooya,_Steriah_Monica.,_and_Monde,_Pauline_Namakau._2019_1–206_162-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mkandawire,_Sitwe_Benson.,_Simooya,_Steriah_Monica.,_and_Monde,_Pauline_Namakau._2019_1–206-162"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>160<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sports and games in Zambia include but are not limited to football, athletics, netball, volleyball and indigenous games such as nsolo, chiyenga, waida, hide and seek, walyako, and sojo.<sup id="cite_ref-Mkandawire,_Sitwe_Benson.,_Simooya,_Steriah_Monica.,_and_Monde,_Pauline_Namakau._2019_1–206_162-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mkandawire,_Sitwe_Benson.,_Simooya,_Steriah_Monica.,_and_Monde,_Pauline_Namakau._2019_1–206-162"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>160<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These are some of the indigenous games that support socialisation. All these sports and games are part of the Zambian culture(s). The fact that the games are played by more than one person makes them social and edutainment events.<sup id="cite_ref-Mkandawire,_Sitwe_Benson.,_Simooya,_Steriah_Monica.,_and_Monde,_Pauline_Namakau._2019_1–206_162-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mkandawire,_Sitwe_Benson.,_Simooya,_Steriah_Monica.,_and_Monde,_Pauline_Namakau._2019_1–206-162"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>160<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The history of some of these games is as old as Zambians themselves. However, Zambia started taking part in popular global sports and games mainly in 1964 Summer olympics.<sup id="cite_ref-Mkandawire,_Sitwe_Benson.,_Simooya,_Steriah_Monica.,_and_Monde,_Pauline_Namakau._2019_1–206_162-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mkandawire,_Sitwe_Benson.,_Simooya,_Steriah_Monica.,_and_Monde,_Pauline_Namakau._2019_1–206-162"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>160<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Inauguration_of_Edgar_Lungu.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Inauguration_of_Edgar_Lungu.jpg/220px-Inauguration_of_Edgar_Lungu.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Inauguration_of_Edgar_Lungu.jpg/330px-Inauguration_of_Edgar_Lungu.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Inauguration_of_Edgar_Lungu.jpg/440px-Inauguration_of_Edgar_Lungu.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="1333" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/National_Heroes_Stadium" title="National Heroes Stadium">National Heroes Stadium</a> in <a href="/wiki/Lusaka" title="Lusaka">Lusaka</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Zambia declared its independence on the day of the closing ceremony of the <a href="/wiki/1964_Summer_Olympics" title="1964 Summer Olympics">1964 Summer Olympics</a>, thereby becoming the first country ever to have entered an Olympic Games as one country and left it as another. In 2016, Zambia participated for the thirteenth time in the Olympic games. Two medals were won. The medals were won successively in boxing and on the track. In 1984 Keith Mwila won a bronze medal in the light flyweight. In 1996 Samuel Matete won a silver medal in the 400-metre hurdles. Zambia has never participated in the Winter Olympics. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Association_football" title="Association football">Football</a> is the most popular sport in Zambia, and the <a href="/wiki/Zambia_national_football_team" title="Zambia national football team">Zambia national football team</a> has had its triumphant moments in football history. At the <a href="/wiki/1988_Summer_Olympics" title="1988 Summer Olympics">1988 Summer Olympics</a> in <a href="/wiki/Seoul" title="Seoul">Seoul</a>, the national team defeated the <a href="/wiki/Italy_national_football_team" title="Italy national football team">Italian national team</a> by a score of 4–0. <a href="/wiki/Kalusha_Bwalya" title="Kalusha Bwalya">Kalusha Bwalya</a>, Zambia's most celebrated football player, and one of Africa's greatest football players in history<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Puffery" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch"><span title="Unverified descriptions (July 2023)">peacock prose</span></a></i>]</sup> scored a hat trick in that match. However, to this day, many pundits say the greatest team Zambia has ever assembled was the one that perished on 28 April 1993 in a <a href="/wiki/1993_Zambia_national_football_team_air_disaster" class="mw-redirect" title="1993 Zambia national football team air disaster">plane crash</a> at <a href="/wiki/Libreville" title="Libreville">Libreville</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gabon" title="Gabon">Gabon</a>. Despite this, in 1996, Zambia was ranked 15th on the official FIFA World Football Team rankings, the highest attained by any southern African team. In 2012, Zambia won the <a href="/wiki/African_Cup_of_Nations" class="mw-redirect" title="African Cup of Nations">African Cup of Nations</a> for the first time after losing in the final twice. They beat Côte d'Ivoire 8–7 in a penalty shoot-out in the final, which was played in Libreville, just a few kilometers away from the plane crash 19 years previously.<sup id="cite_ref-Africa_Cup_166-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Africa_Cup-166"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>164<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Zambia_women%27s_national_football_team" title="Zambia women's national football team">Zambia women's national football team</a> made its <a href="/wiki/FIFA_Women%27s_World_Cup" title="FIFA Women's World Cup">FIFA Women's World Cup</a> debut at <a href="/wiki/2023_FIFA_Women%27s_World_Cup" title="2023 FIFA Women's World Cup">the 2023 tournament</a> in Australia and New Zealand, the Zambia team being one of four representing the <a href="/wiki/Confederation_of_African_Football" title="Confederation of African Football">Confederation of African Football</a> (CAF). They won their first <a href="/wiki/FIFA_Women%27s_World_Cup" title="FIFA Women's World Cup">Women's World Cup</a> game in their first year, with <a href="/wiki/Lushomo_Mweemba" title="Lushomo Mweemba">Lushomo Mweemba</a> scoring the fastest goal at the <a href="/wiki/Tournament" title="Tournament">tournament</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Barbara_Banda" class="mw-redirect" title="Barbara Banda">Barbara Banda</a> adding the 1,000th goal in WWC tournament history.<sup id="cite_ref-167" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-167"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>165<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Rugby_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="Rugby Union">Rugby Union</a>, <a href="/wiki/Boxing" title="Boxing">boxing</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cricket" title="Cricket">cricket</a> are also popular sports in Zambia. Notably, at one point in the early 2000s, the Australia and South Africa national rugby teams were captained by players born in the same <a href="/wiki/Lusaka" title="Lusaka">Lusaka</a> hospital, <a href="/wiki/George_Gregan" title="George Gregan">George Gregan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Corn%C3%A9_Krige" title="Corné Krige">Corné Krige</a>. Until 2014, the Roan Antelope Rugby Club in Luanshya held the Guinness World Record for the tallest rugby union goal posts in the world at 110 ft, 6 inches high.<sup id="cite_ref-168" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-168"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>166<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This world record is now held by the <a href="/wiki/Wednesbury_Rugby_Club" class="mw-redirect" title="Wednesbury Rugby Club">Wednesbury Rugby Club</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-169" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-169"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>167<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Rugby_union_in_Zambia" title="Rugby union in Zambia">Rugby union in Zambia</a> is a minor but growing sport. They are currently ranked 73rd by the <a href="/wiki/International_Rugby_Board" class="mw-redirect" title="International Rugby Board">IRB</a> and have 3,650 registered players and three <i>formally organised</i> clubs.<sup id="cite_ref-IRB_170-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IRB-170"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>168<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Zambia used to play cricket as part of Rhodesia. Zambia has also provided a <a href="/wiki/Shinty" title="Shinty">shinty</a> international, Zambian-born <a href="/wiki/Eddie_Tembo" title="Eddie Tembo">Eddie Tembo</a> representing Scotland in the <a href="/wiki/Compromise_rules_Shinty/Hurling" class="mw-redirect" title="Compromise rules Shinty/Hurling">compromise rules Shinty/Hurling</a> game against Ireland in 2008.<sup id="cite_ref-171" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-171"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>169<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2011, Zambia was due to host the <a href="/wiki/2011_All-Africa_Games" title="2011 All-Africa Games">tenth All-Africa Games</a>, for which three stadiums were to be built in <a href="/wiki/Lusaka" title="Lusaka">Lusaka</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ndola" title="Ndola">Ndola</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Livingstone,_Zambia" title="Livingstone, Zambia">Livingstone</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-games_172-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-games-172"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>170<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Lusaka stadium would have a capacity of 70,000 spectators while the other two stadiums would hold 50,000 people each. The government was encouraging the private sector to get involved in the construction of the sports facilities because of a shortage of public funds for the project. Zambia later withdrew its bid to host the 2011 All-Africa Games, citing a lack of funds. Hence, Mozambique took Zambia's place as host. </p><p>Zambia also produced the first black African (<a href="/wiki/Madalitso_Muthiya" title="Madalitso Muthiya">Madalitso Muthiya</a>) to play in the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Golf_Open" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Golf Open">United States Golf Open</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-173" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-173"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>171<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> one of the four major golf tournaments. </p><p>In 1989, the country's <a href="/wiki/Zambia_national_basketball_team" class="mw-redirect" title="Zambia national basketball team">basketball team</a> had its best performance when it qualified for the <a href="/wiki/FIBA_Africa_Championship" class="mw-redirect" title="FIBA Africa Championship">FIBA Africa Championship</a> and thus finished as one of Africa's top ten teams.<sup id="cite_ref-174" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-174"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>172<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2017, Zambia hosted and won the Pan-African football tournament <a href="/wiki/2017_Africa_U-20_Cup_of_Nations" class="mw-redirect" title="2017 Africa U-20 Cup of Nations">U-20 African Cup of Nation</a> for players age 20 and under.<sup id="cite_ref-175" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-175"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>173<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Music_and_dance">Music and dance</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zambia&action=edit&section=42" title="Edit section: Music and dance"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Zambia's culture has been an integral part of their development post-independence such as the uprising of cultural villages and private museums. The music which introduced dance is part of their cultural expression and it embodies the beauty and spectacle of life in Zambia, from the intricacies of the talking drums to the <i>Kamangu</i> drum used to announce the beginning of <i>Malaila</i> traditional ceremony. Dance as a practice serves as a unifying factor bringing the people together as one.<sup id="cite_ref-176" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-176"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>174<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Zamrock">Zamrock</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zambia&action=edit&section=43" title="Edit section: Zamrock"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Zamrock" title="Zamrock">Zamrock</a> is a musical genre that emerged in the 1970s, and has developed a cult following in the West. Zamrock has been described as mixing traditional Zambian music with heavy repetitive riffs similar to groups such as <a href="/wiki/Jimi_Hendrix" title="Jimi Hendrix">Jimi Hendrix</a>, <a href="/wiki/James_Brown" title="James Brown">James Brown</a>, <a href="/wiki/Black_Sabbath" title="Black Sabbath">Black Sabbath</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Rolling_Stones" title="The Rolling Stones">Rolling Stones</a>, <a href="/wiki/Deep_Purple" title="Deep Purple">Deep Purple</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Cream_(band)" title="Cream (band)">Cream</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-177" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-177"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>175<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-178" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-178"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>176<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Notable groups in the genre include <a href="/w/index.php?title=Rikki_Ililonga&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rikki Ililonga (page does not exist)">Rikki Ililonga</a> and his band <a href="/w/index.php?title=Musi-O-Tunya&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Musi-O-Tunya (page does not exist)">Musi-O-Tunya</a>, <a href="/wiki/Witch_(Zamrock_band)" title="Witch (Zamrock band)">WITCH</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Chrissy_%22Zebby%22_Tembo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Chrissy "Zebby" Tembo (page does not exist)">Chrissy "Zebby" Tembo</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Paul_Ngozi" title="Paul Ngozi">Paul Ngozi</a> and his Ngozi Family.<sup id="cite_ref-azambianband_179-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-azambianband-179"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>177<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:2_180-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-180"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>178<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notable_people">Notable people</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zambia&action=edit&section=44" title="Edit section: Notable people"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/List_of_Zambians" title="List of Zambians">List of Zambians</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_Zambian_artists" title="List of Zambian artists">List of Zambian artists</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zambia&action=edit&section=45" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Flag_of_Zambia.svg/32px-Flag_of_Zambia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="21" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Flag_of_Zambia.svg/48px-Flag_of_Zambia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Flag_of_Zambia.svg/64px-Flag_of_Zambia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Zambia" title="Portal:Zambia">Zambia portal</a></span></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_Zambia-related_articles" title="Index of Zambia-related articles">Index of Zambia-related articles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Zambia" title="Outline of Zambia">Outline of Zambia</a></li></ul> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zambia&action=edit&section=46" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'z' in 'zoom'">z</span><span title="/æ/: 'a' in 'bad'">æ</span><span title="'m' in 'my'">m</span><span title="'b' in 'buy'">b</span><span title="/i/: 'y' in 'happy'">i</span><span title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</span></span>,<span class="wrap"> </span><span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'z' in 'zoom'">z</span><span title="/ɑː/: 'a' in 'father'">ɑː</span><span title="'m' in 'my'">m</span></span>-/</a></span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Bemba_language" title="Bemba language">Bemba</a>: <i lang="bem">Icalo ca Zambia</i>; <a href="/wiki/Tonga_language_(Zambia_and_Zimbabwe)" title="Tonga language (Zambia and Zimbabwe)">Tonga</a>: <i lang="toi">Cisi ca Zambia</i>; <a href="/wiki/Tumbuka_language" title="Tumbuka language">Tumbuka</a>: <i lang="tum">Chalo cha Zambia</i>; <a href="/wiki/Lozi_language" title="Lozi language">Lozi</a>: <i lang="loz">Naha ya Zambia</i>; <a href="/wiki/Chichewa_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Chichewa language">Chichewa</a>: <i lang="ny">Dziko la Zambia</i></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zambia&action=edit&section=47" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-ZMBCSO2016-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ZMBCSO2016_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.zamstats.gov.zm/phocadownload/2010_Census/2010%20Census%20of%20Population%20National%20Analytical%20Report.pdf">Census of Population and Housing National Analytical Report 2010</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171114001635/http://www.zamstats.gov.zm/phocadownload/2010_Census/2010%20Census%20of%20Population%20National%20Analytical%20Report.pdf">Archived</a> 14 November 2017 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Central Statistical Office, Zambia</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-const-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-const_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.scribd.com/doc/3713564/Constitution-of-Zambia-1991Amended-to-1996">"Amended Constitution of Zambia"</a>. Government of Zambia. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121105055544/http://www.scribd.com/doc/3713564/Constitution-of-Zambia-1991Amended-to-1996">Archived</a> from the original on 5 November 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 October</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Amended+Constitution+of+Zambia&rft.pub=Government+of+Zambia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.scribd.com%2Fdoc%2F3713564%2FConstitution-of-Zambia-1991Amended-to-1996&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZambia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-area-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-area_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUnited_Nations_Statistics_Division" class="citation web cs1">United Nations Statistics Division. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://unstats.un.org/unsd/demographic/products/dyb/DYB2004/Table03.pdf">"Population by sex, rate of population increase, surface area and density"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071031023924/http://unstats.un.org/unsd/demographic/products/dyb/DYB2004/Table03.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 31 October 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 November</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Population+by+sex%2C+rate+of+population+increase%2C+surface+area+and+density&rft.au=United+Nations+Statistics+Division&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Funstats.un.org%2Funsd%2Fdemographic%2Fproducts%2Fdyb%2FDYB2004%2FTable03.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZambia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-WorldFactbook2023-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-WorldFactbook2023_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-WorldFactbook2023_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-WorldFactbook2023_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/zambia">"Zambia"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_World_Factbook" title="The World Factbook">The World Factbook</a></i> (2024 ed.). <a href="/wiki/Central_Intelligence_Agency" title="Central Intelligence Agency">Central Intelligence Agency</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+World+Factbook&rft.atitle=Zambia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cia.gov%2Fthe-world-factbook%2Fcountries%2Fzambia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZambia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-IMFWEO.ZM-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-IMFWEO.ZM_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-IMFWEO.ZM_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-IMFWEO.ZM_5-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-IMFWEO.ZM_5-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/weo-database/2023/October/weo-report?c=754,&s=NGDPD,PPPGDP,NGDPDPC,PPPPC,&sy=2020&ey=2028&ssm=0&scsm=1&scc=0&ssd=1&ssc=0&sic=0&sort=country&ds=.&br=1">"World Economic Outlook Database, October 2023 Edition. 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World Bank.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/Country-Profiles/MPI/ZMB.pdf">"Multidimensional Poverty Index 2023: Zambia"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>United Nations Development Programme Human Development Reports</i>. 2023. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240429110010/https://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/Country-Profiles/MPI/ZMB.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 29 April 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 October</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Zambia%27s+Traditional+History&rft.atitle=Twa&rft.date=2020-03-30&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftraditionalzambia.home.blog%2Ftribes-of-zambia%2Fpre-bantu-invasion%2Ftwa%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZambia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-isygi-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-isygi_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMusonda1984" class="citation journal cs1">Musonda, Francis B. (1984). "Late Pleistocene and Holocene Microlithic Industries from the Lunsemfwa Basin, Zambia". <i>The South African Archaeological Bulletin</i>. <b>39</b> (139). 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Greenwood Press. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180329102016/http://www.sahistory.org.za/sites/default/files/file%20uploads%20/scott_d._taylor_culture_and_customs_of_zambia_cbook4you.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 29 March 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 March</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Culture+and+Customs+of+Zambia&rft.pub=Greenwood+Press&rft.aulast=Taylor&rft.aufirst=Scott+D.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sahistory.org.za%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2Ffile%2520uploads%2520%2Fscott_d._taylor_culture_and_customs_of_zambia_cbook4you.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZambia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-unych-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-unych_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFlamming2009" class="citation book cs1">Flamming, D. (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=rUbyCAAAQBAJ&pg=PA15"><i>African Americans in the West</i></a>. Cultures in the American West. ABC-CLIO. p. 15. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59884-003-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-59884-003-2"><bdi>978-1-59884-003-2</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230918071953/https://books.google.com/books?id=rUbyCAAAQBAJ&pg=PA15">Archived</a> from the original on 18 September 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 June</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=African+Americans+in+the+West&rft.series=Cultures+in+the+American+West&rft.pages=15&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-1-59884-003-2&rft.aulast=Flamming&rft.aufirst=D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DrUbyCAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA15&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZambia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-qnr0r-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-qnr0r_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGrollemundBranfordBostoenMeade2015" class="citation journal cs1">Grollemund, Rebecca; Branford, Simon; Bostoen, Koen; Meade, Andrew; Venditti, Chris; Pagel, Mark (14 September 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4629331">"Bantu expansion shows that habitat alters the route and pace of human dispersals"</a>. <i>Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences</i>. <b>112</b> (43): 13296–13301. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015PNAS..11213296G">2015PNAS..11213296G</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1073%2Fpnas.1503793112">10.1073/pnas.1503793112</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0027-8424">0027-8424</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4629331">4629331</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26371302">26371302</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+the+National+Academy+of+Sciences&rft.atitle=Bantu+expansion+shows+that+habitat+alters+the+route+and+pace+of+human+dispersals&rft.volume=112&rft.issue=43&rft.pages=13296-13301&rft.date=2015-09-14&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4629331%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2015PNAS..11213296G&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F26371302&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1073%2Fpnas.1503793112&rft.issn=0027-8424&rft.aulast=Grollemund&rft.aufirst=Rebecca&rft.au=Branford%2C+Simon&rft.au=Bostoen%2C+Koen&rft.au=Meade%2C+Andrew&rft.au=Venditti%2C+Chris&rft.au=Pagel%2C+Mark&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4629331&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZambia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBostoen2018" class="citation web cs1">Bostoen, Koen (26 April 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://oxfordre.com/africanhistory/view/10.1093/acrefore/9780190277734.001.0001/acrefore-9780190277734-e-191">"The Bantu Expansion"</a>. <i>Oxford Research Encyclopedia of African History</i>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Facrefore%2F9780190277734.013.191">10.1093/acrefore/9780190277734.013.191</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-027773-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-027773-4"><bdi>978-0-19-027773-4</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220807224432/https://oxfordre.com/africanhistory/view/10.1093/acrefore/9780190277734.001.0001/acrefore-9780190277734-e-191">Archived</a> from the original on 7 August 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 October</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.gutenberg.org&rft.atitle=The+Project+Gutenberg+eBook+of+South+and+South+Central+Africa%2C+by+H.+Frances+Davidson.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.gutenberg.org%2Ffiles%2F37728%2F37728-h%2F37728-h.htm%23CHAPTER_IXPART2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZambia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.zambia-travel-guide.com/bradt_guide.asp?bradt=1084">"Origins of trade - Zambia Travel Guide"</a>. <i>www.zambia-travel-guide.com</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210802161402/http://www.zambia-travel-guide.com/bradt_guide.asp?bradt=1084">Archived</a> from the original on 2 August 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 October</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.zambia-travel-guide.com&rft.atitle=Origins+of+trade+-+Zambia+Travel+Guide&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.zambia-travel-guide.com%2Fbradt_guide.asp%3Fbradt%3D1084&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZambia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPikirayi2017" class="citation journal cs1">Pikirayi, Innocent (August 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.15184%2Faqy.2017.95">"Ingombe Ilede and the demise of Great Zimbabwe"</a>. <i>Antiquity</i>. <b>91</b> (358): 1085–1086. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.15184%2Faqy.2017.95">10.15184/aqy.2017.95</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0003-598X">0003-598X</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:158120419">158120419</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Antiquity&rft.atitle=Ingombe+Ilede+and+the+demise+of+Great+Zimbabwe&rft.volume=91&rft.issue=358&rft.pages=1085-1086&rft.date=2017-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A158120419%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=0003-598X&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.15184%2Faqy.2017.95&rft.aulast=Pikirayi&rft.aufirst=Innocent&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.15184%252Faqy.2017.95&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZambia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/second-bantu-invasion/luba/">"Luba"</a>. <i>Zambia's Traditional History</i>. 8 August 2019. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201103115702/https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/second-bantu-invasion/luba/">Archived</a> from the original on 3 November 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 November</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Zambia%27s+Traditional+History&rft.atitle=Luba&rft.date=2019-08-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftraditionalzambia.home.blog%2Ftribes-of-zambia%2Fsecond-bantu-invasion%2Fluba%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZambia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-metmuseum.org-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-metmuseum.org_30-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-metmuseum.org_30-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-metmuseum.org_30-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-metmuseum.org_30-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBortolot" class="citation web cs1">Bortolot, Alexander Ives. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/luba/hd_luba.htm">"Kingdoms of the Savanna: The Luba and Lunda Empires"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_Museum_of_Art" title="Metropolitan Museum of Art">Metropolitan Museum of Art</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201106232343/http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/luba/hd_luba.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 6 November 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 November</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Metropolitan+Museum+of+Art&rft.atitle=Kingdoms+of+the+Savanna%3A+The+Luba+and+Lunda+Empires&rft.aulast=Bortolot&rft.aufirst=Alexander+Ives&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.metmuseum.org%2Ftoah%2Fhd%2Fluba%2Fhd_luba.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZambia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/Luba-people">"Luba | people"</a>. <i>Encyclopedia Britannica</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201026134446/https://www.britannica.com/topic/Luba-people">Archived</a> from the original on 26 October 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 November</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Encyclopedia+Britannica&rft.atitle=Luba+%7C+people&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Ftopic%2FLuba-people&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZambia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAzuonye1996" class="citation book cs1">Azuonye, Chukwuma (15 December 1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Ejao3vG6nfsC&pg=PA11"><i>Chokwe: (Angola, Zambia)</i></a>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 January</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Encyclopedia+Britannica&rft.atitle=Lozi+%7C+people&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Ftopic%2FLozi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZambia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i> The elites of Barotseland, 1878–1969: a political history of Zambia's Western Province</i>: a. Gerald L. Caplan, C. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.infoplease.com/ce6/history/A0841738.html">the original</a> on 12 October 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 October</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Rhodesia+and+Nyasaland%2C+Federation+of&rft.au=Pearson+Education&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.infoplease.com%2Fce6%2Fhistory%2FA0841738.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZambia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britishempire.co.uk/article/alicelenshinalumpa.htm">"Alice Lenshina"</a>. <i>The British Empire</i>. 26 May 2020. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200228081501/https://www.britishempire.co.uk/article/alicelenshinalumpa.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 28 February 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 May</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+British+Empire&rft.atitle=Alice+Lenshina&rft.date=2020-05-26&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britishempire.co.uk%2Farticle%2Falicelenshinalumpa.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZambia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chu.cam.ac.uk/archives/collections/BDOHP/Willson.pdf">WILLSON, John Michael (born 15 July 1931)</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged June 2023">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup>. BDOHP Biographical Details and Interview Index. chu.cam.ac.uk</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Zambia-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Zambia_56-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Zambia_56-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/october/25/newsid_2658000/2658325.stm">1964: President Kaunda takes power in Zambia</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130605125604/http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/october/25/newsid_2658000/2658325.stm">Archived</a> 5 June 2013 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. <a href="/wiki/BBC" title="BBC">BBC</a> 'On This Day'.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-blackfire-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-blackfire_57-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRaeburn1978" class="citation book cs1">Raeburn, Michael (1978). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/weareeverywheren00raeb/page/1"><i>We are everywhere: Narratives from Rhodesian guerillas</i></a>. Random House. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/weareeverywheren00raeb/page/1">1–209</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-394-50530-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-394-50530-5"><bdi>978-0-394-50530-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=We+are+everywhere%3A+Narratives+from+Rhodesian+guerillas&rft.pages=1-209&rft.pub=Random+House&rft.date=1978&rft.isbn=978-0-394-50530-5&rft.aulast=Raeburn&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fweareeverywheren00raeb%2Fpage%2F1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZambia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170125155440/http://www.helion.co.uk/new-and-forthcoming-titles/green-leader-operation-gatling-the-rhodesian-military-s-response-to-the-viscount-tragedy.html">"GREEN LEADER. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 April</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=GREEN+LEADER.+OPERATION+GATLING%2C+THE+RHODESIAN+MILITARY%27S+RESPONSE+TO+THE+VISCOUNT+TRAGEDY&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.helion.co.uk%2Fnew-and-forthcoming-titles%2Fgreen-leader-operation-gatling-the-rhodesian-military-s-response-to-the-viscount-tragedy.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZambia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-zimstudy-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-zimstudy_59-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNelson1983" class="citation book cs1">Nelson, Harold (1983). <i>Zimbabwe: A Country Study</i>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 May</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=U.S.+Department+of+State&rft.atitle=Zambia+%2812%2F08%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2F2009-2017.state.gov%2Foutofdate%2Fbgn%2Fzambia%2F102331.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZambia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160509233410/http://psp-ltd.com/zam_stat_eng.htm">"About Zambia"</a>. 20 May 2020. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.psp-ltd.com/zam_stat_eng.htm">the original</a> on 9 May 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://zambiaelections2021.org.zm">the original</a> on 2 November 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 December</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Electoral+Commission+of+Zambia&rft.atitle=Presidential+Election+Results&rft.date=2021-08-16&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fzambiaelections2021.org.zm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZambia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-58226695">"Zambia election: Hakainde Hichilema beats President Edgar Lungu"</a>. <i>BBC News</i>. 16 August 2021. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210824152003/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-58226695">Archived</a> from the original on 24 August 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 August</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Zambia+election%3A+Hakainde+Hichilema+beats+President+Edgar+Lungu&rft.date=2021-08-16&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Fworld-africa-58226695&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZambia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKabwe2021" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Zitto_Kabwe" title="Zitto Kabwe">Kabwe, Zitto [@zittokabwe]</a> (15 August 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://x.com/zittokabwe/status/1426967254986629126">"#Zambia President @EdgarCLungu has conceded in a letter sent to now president elect @HHichilema of @UPNDZM. Once again Zambia has shown the world the level of its democratic maturity. Peaceful transfer of power is happening for third time in history. Congratulations Zambians"</a> (<a href="/wiki/Tweet_(social_media)" title="Tweet (social media)">Tweet</a>). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210827180204/https://twitter.com/zittokabwe/status/1426967254986629126">Archived</a> from the original on 27 August 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 August</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Der+Spiegel&rft.atitle=Settling+in+Zambia%3A+Zimbabwe%27s+Displaced+Farmers+Find+a+New+Home&rft.date=2004-12-27&rft.aulast=Thielke&rft.aufirst=Thilo&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.spiegel.de%2Finternational%2Fspiegel%2F0%2C1518%2C334756%2C00.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZambia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-World_Refugee_Survey_2009-100"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-World_Refugee_Survey_2009_100-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-World_Refugee_Survey_2009_100-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131211175633/http://www.refugees.org/resources/refugee-warehousing/archived-world-refugee-surveys/2009-wrs-country-updates/zambia.html">"World Refugee Survey 2009"</a>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 December</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=wol.jw.org&rft.atitle=Zambia+%E2%80%94+Watchtower+ONLINE+LIBRARY&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwol.jw.org%2Fen%2Fwol%2Fd%2Fr1%2Flp-e%2F302006009&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZambia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-111"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-111">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jw.org/en/publications/books/2018-service-year-report/2018-country-territory/">"2018 Country and Territory Report"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=2018+Country+and+Territory+Report&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jw.org%2Fen%2Fpublications%2Fbooks%2F2018-service-year-report%2F2018-country-territory%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZambia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-112"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-112">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHayashida1999" class="citation book cs1">Hayashida, Nelson Osamu (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=CkNC6-Wmga4C&q=One+in+11+Zambians+is+a+member+of+the+New+Apostolic+Church&pg=PA36"><i>Dreams in the African Literature: The Significance of Dreams and Visions Among Zambian Baptists</i></a>. Rodopi. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-420-0596-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-420-0596-9"><bdi>978-90-420-0596-9</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240518182155/https://books.google.com/books?id=CkNC6-Wmga4C&q=One+in+11+Zambians+is+a+member+of+the+New+Apostolic+Church&pg=PA36#v=snippet&q=One%20in%2011%20Zambians%20is%20a%20member%20of%20the%20New%20Apostolic%20Church&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on 18 May 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 May</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.nak.org&rft.atitle=Membership+figures+of+the+global+Church+as+at+the+end+of+2009%3A+New+Apostolic+Church+International+%28NAC%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nak.org%2Fnews%2Fnaci-news%2Farticle%2F16710%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZambia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-114"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-114">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Mark Tutton, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cnn.com/2012/01/19/world/africa/zambia-jewish-history/index.html">The forgotten story of Zambia's Jewish settlers</a>, CNN (January 19, 2012).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-115"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-115">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.zamstats.gov.zm/nada/index.php/catalog/63">Census of Population and Housing National Analytical Report 2010</a>. Central Statistical office, Zambia</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Chanda,_Vincent_M.,_and,_Mkandawire,_Sitwe_Benson._2013_1–173-116"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Chanda,_Vincent_M.,_and,_Mkandawire,_Sitwe_Benson._2013_1–173_116-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Chanda,_Vincent_M.,_and,_Mkandawire,_Sitwe_Benson._2013_1–173_116-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChanda,_Vincent_M.Mkandawire,_Sitwe_Benson2013" class="citation book cs1">Chanda, Vincent M.; Mkandawire, Sitwe Benson (2013). <i>Speak Zambian Languages: Phrase Book in Bemba, Kaonde, Lozi, Luvale, Lunda, Nyanja and Tonga, all in one</i>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 January</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Freedomhouse.org&rft.atitle=Zambia+%7C+Country+report+%7C+Freedom+of+the+Press+%7C+2016&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffreedomhouse.org%2Freport%2Ffreedom-press%2F2016%2Fzambia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZambia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Africa_Cup-166"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Africa_Cup_166-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.smh.com.au/breaking-news-sport/zambia-score-emotional-african-cup-win-20120213-1t0fb.html">"Zambia score emotional African Cup win"</a>. <i>Sydney Morning Herald</i>. 13 February 2012. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140718035537/http://news.smh.com.au/breaking-news-sport/zambia-score-emotional-african-cup-win-20120213-1t0fb.html">Archived</a> from the original on 18 July 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 February</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Sydney+Morning+Herald&rft.atitle=Zambia+score+emotional+African+Cup+win&rft.date=2012-02-13&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.smh.com.au%2Fbreaking-news-sport%2Fzambia-score-emotional-african-cup-win-20120213-1t0fb.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZambia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-167"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-167">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLuke_Vargas2023" class="citation web cs1">Luke Vargas (31 July 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://apnews.com/article/womens-world-cup-zambia-costa-rica-0479368443fd22795e67831ca0455f5f">"Zambia earns first Women's World Cup win with 3-1 victory over Costa Rica"</a>. <i>The Associated Press</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230803152711/https://apnews.com/article/womens-world-cup-zambia-costa-rica-0479368443fd22795e67831ca0455f5f">Archived</a> from the original on 3 August 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 August</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Associated+Press&rft.atitle=Zambia+earns+first+Women%27s+World+Cup+win+with+3-1+victory+over+Costa+Rica&rft.date=2023-07-31&rft.au=Luke+Vargas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapnews.com%2Farticle%2Fwomens-world-cup-zambia-costa-rica-0479368443fd22795e67831ca0455f5f&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZambia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-168"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-168">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFran_CottonChris_Rhys1985" class="citation book cs1">Fran Cotton; Chris Rhys (1985). <i>The Book of rugby disasters & bizarre records</i>. London: Stanley Paul. p. 107. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-09-162821-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-09-162821-0"><bdi>0-09-162821-0</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/16923880">16923880</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Book+of+rugby+disasters+%26+bizarre+records&rft.place=London&rft.pages=107&rft.pub=Stanley+Paul&rft.date=1985&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F16923880&rft.isbn=0-09-162821-0&rft.au=Fran+Cotton&rft.au=Chris+Rhys&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZambia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-169"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-169">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/world-records/63633-tallest-rugby-union-posts">"Tallest rugby union posts"</a>. <i>Guinness World Records</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230102231258/https://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/world-records/63633-tallest-rugby-union-posts">Archived</a> from the original on 2 January 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 October</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Guinness+World+Records&rft.atitle=Tallest+rugby+union+posts&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.guinnessworldrecords.com%2Fworld-records%2F63633-tallest-rugby-union-posts&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZambia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-IRB-170"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-IRB_170-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110511104518/http://www.irb.com/unions/union%3D11000028/index.html">Zambia</a>. International Rugby Board</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-171"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-171">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.inverness-courier.co.uk/Sport/Shinty/Tembos-return-is-boost-for-Glen-9521.htm">Tembo's return is boost for Glen</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131211180806/http://www.inverness-courier.co.uk/Sport/Shinty/Tembos-return-is-boost-for-Glen-9521.htm">Archived</a> 11 December 2013 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. inverness-courier.co.uk. 15 May 2009</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-games-172"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-games_172-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://english.peopledaily.com.cn/200602/22/eng20060222_244775.html">"Zambia to build three stadia for 2011 All-Africa Games"</a>. People's Daily Online. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080924005753/http://english.peopledaily.com.cn/200602/22/eng20060222_244775.html">Archived</a> from the original on 24 September 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 November</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Zambia+to+build+three+stadia+for+2011+All-Africa+Games&rft.pub=People%27s+Daily+Online&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fenglish.peopledaily.com.cn%2F200602%2F22%2Feng20060222_244775.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZambia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-173"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-173">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.chicagotribune.com/2008/05/05/a-rare-talent-from-an-unusual-source/">"Zambia's Madalitso Muthiya a pioneer"</a>. <i>Chicago Tribune</i>. 5 May 2008. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131004222257/http://articles.chicagotribune.com/2008-05-05/sports/0805040183_1_zambia-frederick-chiluba-nationwide-tour">Archived</a> from the original on 4 October 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 September</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Chicago+Tribune&rft.atitle=Zambia%27s+Madalitso+Muthiya+a+pioneer&rft.date=2008-05-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.chicagotribune.com%2F2008%2F05%2F05%2Fa-rare-talent-from-an-unusual-source%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZambia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-174"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-174">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.fiba.com/pages/eng/fa/event/p/cid//sid/2403/tid/0/_/1989_AfroBasket/index.html">1989 African Championship for Men</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211027160945/http://archive.fiba.com/pages/eng/fa/event/p/cid/sid/2403/tid/0/_/1989_AfroBasket/index.html">Archived</a> 27 October 2021 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, ARCHIVE.FIBA.COM. Retrieved 16 December 2015.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-175"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-175">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.lusakatimes.com/2016/12/16/zambia-outsmart-south-africa-win-record-cosafa-u20-crown/">"Zambia outsmart South Africa to win record Cosafa U20 crown"</a>. <i>Lusaka Times</i>. 16 December 2016. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230102225752/https://www.lusakatimes.com/2016/12/16/zambia-outsmart-south-africa-win-record-cosafa-u20-crown/">Archived</a> from the original on 2 January 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 December</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Lusaka+Times&rft.atitle=Zambia+outsmart+South+Africa+to+win+record+Cosafa+U20+crown&rft.date=2016-12-16&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.lusakatimes.com%2F2016%2F12%2F16%2Fzambia-outsmart-south-africa-win-record-cosafa-u20-crown%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZambia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-176"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-176">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190330174848/http://ayibamagazine.com/unrivaled-zambian-culture/">"The Unrivaled Zambian Culture"</a>. <i>Ayiba Magazine</i>. 14 June 2016. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ayibamagazine.com/unrivaled-zambian-culture/">the original</a> on 30 March 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 June</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Ayiba+Magazine&rft.atitle=The+Unrivaled+Zambian+Culture&rft.date=2016-06-14&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fayibamagazine.com%2Funrivaled-zambian-culture%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZambia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-177"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-177">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.musicinafrica.net/magazine/salt-thunder-mind-altering-rock-1970s-zambia">"Salt & thunder: The mind-altering rock of 1970s Zambia"</a>. <i>Music in Africa</i>. 11 December 2015. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180708135232/https://www.musicinafrica.net/magazine/salt-thunder-mind-altering-rock-1970s-zambia">Archived</a> from the original on 8 July 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 May</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Music+in+Africa&rft.atitle=Salt+%26+thunder%3A+The+mind-altering+rock+of+1970s+Zambia&rft.date=2015-12-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.musicinafrica.net%2Fmagazine%2Fsalt-thunder-mind-altering-rock-1970s-zambia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZambia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-178"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-178">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSPressNetwork2013" class="citation web cs1">S, Henning Goranson; Press, berg for Think Africa; Network, part of the Guardian Africa (22 July 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/jul/22/zamrock-zambia-music-rerelease">"Why Zamrock is back in play"</a>. <i>the Guardian</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161222003159/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/jul/22/zamrock-zambia-music-rerelease">Archived</a> from the original on 22 December 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 May</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=the+Guardian&rft.atitle=Why+Zamrock+is+back+in+play&rft.date=2013-07-22&rft.aulast=S&rft.aufirst=Henning+Goranson&rft.au=Press%2C+berg+for+Think+Africa&rft.au=Network%2C+part+of+the+Guardian+Africa&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fworld%2F2013%2Fjul%2F22%2Fzamrock-zambia-music-rerelease&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZambia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-azambianband-179"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-azambianband_179-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://theappendix.net/issues/2014/7/were-a-zambian-band">"We're a Zambian Band"</a>. theappendix.net. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140903054502/http://theappendix.net/issues/2014/7/were-a-zambian-band">Archived</a> from the original on 3 September 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 August</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=We%27re+a+Zambian+Band&rft.pub=theappendix.net&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftheappendix.net%2Fissues%2F2014%2F7%2Fwere-a-zambian-band&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZambia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:2-180"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:2_180-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dustedmagazine.com/reviews/5657">WITCH</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170914035049/http://www.dustedmagazine.com/reviews/5657">Archived</a> 14 September 2017 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> on Dusted Magazine (15 April 2010)</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zambia&action=edit&section=48" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li>DeRoche, Andy, <i>Kenneth Kaunda, the United States and Southern Africa</i> (London: Bloomsbury, 2016)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFerguson1999" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/James_Ferguson_(Anthropologist)" class="mw-redirect" title="James Ferguson (Anthropologist)">Ferguson, James</a> (1999). <i>Expectations of Modernity: Myths and Meanings of Urban Life in the Zambian Copperbelt</i>. Berkeley: University of California Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-21701-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-520-21701-0"><bdi>978-0-520-21701-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Expectations+of+Modernity%3A+Myths+and+Meanings+of+Urban+Life+in+the+Zambian+Copperbelt&rft.place=Berkeley&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-520-21701-0&rft.aulast=Ferguson&rft.aufirst=James&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZambia" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Gewald, J. B., et al. <i>One Zambia, Many Histories: Towards a History of Post-colonial Zambia</i> (Brill, 2008)</li> <li>Ihonvbere, Julius, <i>Economic Crisis, Civil Society and Democratisation: The Case of Zambia</i> (Africa Research & Publications, 1996)</li> <li>LaMonica, Christopher, <i>Local Government Matters: The Case of Zambia </i> (Lambert Academic Publishing, 2010)</li> <li>Mcintyre, Charles, <i>Zambia</i>, (Bradt Travel Guides, 2008)</li> <li>Murphy, Alan and Luckham, Nana, <i>Zambia and Malawi</i>, Lonely Planet Multi Country Guide (Lonely Planet Publications, 2010)</li> <li>Phiri, Bizeck Jube, <i>A Political History of Zambia: From the Colonial Period to the 3rd Republic</i> (Africa Research & Publications, 2005)</li> <li>Roberts, Andrew, <i>A History of Zambia</i> (Heinemann, 1976)</li> <li>Sardanis, Andrew, <i>Africa: Another Side of the Coin: Northern Rhodesia's Final Years and Zambia's Nationhood</i> (I. B. Tauris, 2003)</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zambia&action=edit&section=49" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output 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class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/27px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/41px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/54px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="391" data-file-height="391" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Special:Search/Zambia" class="extiw" title="wikt:Special:Search/Zambia">Definitions</a> from Wiktionary</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/20px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Zambia" class="extiw" title="c:Zambia">Media</a> from Commons</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/27px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/41px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/54px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="759" data-file-height="415" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wikinews.org/wiki/Category:Zambia" class="extiw" title="n:Category:Zambia">News</a> from Wikinews</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/23px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/35px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/46px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Special:Search/Zambia" class="extiw" title="q:Special:Search/Zambia">Quotations</a> from Wikiquote</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/26px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="26" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/39px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/51px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Special:Search/Zambia" class="extiw" title="s:Special:Search/Zambia">Texts</a> from Wikisource</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/27px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/41px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/54px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:Search/Zambia" class="extiw" title="b:Special:Search/Zambia">Textbooks</a> from Wikibooks</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/27px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/41px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/54px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="626" data-file-height="512" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Special:Search/Zambia" class="extiw" title="v:Special:Search/Zambia">Resources</a> from Wikiversity</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/27px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/41px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/54px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="193" data-file-height="193" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Zambia" class="extiw" title="voy:Zambia">Travel information</a> from Wikivoyage</span></li></ul></div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.statehouse.gov.zm">Official government website</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050619081520/http://www.statehouse.gov.zm/">Archived</a> 19 June 2005 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/zambia/">Zambia</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_World_Factbook" title="The World Factbook">The World Factbook</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/Central_Intelligence_Agency" title="Central Intelligence Agency">Central Intelligence Agency</a>.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140420184253/http://business-anti-corruption.com/country-profiles/sub-saharan-africa/zambia/business-corruption-in-zambia.aspx">Zambia Corruption Profile</a> from the Business Anti-Corruption Portal (archived 20 April 2014)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-14112449">Zambia profile</a> from <a href="/wiki/BBC_News" title="BBC News">BBC News</a></li> <li><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Gnome-globe.svg/16px-Gnome-globe.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Gnome-globe.svg/24px-Gnome-globe.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Gnome-globe.svg/32px-Gnome-globe.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></span></span> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Atlas_of_Zambia" class="extiw" title="commons:Atlas of Zambia">Wikimedia Atlas of Zambia</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ifs.du.edu/ifs/frm_CountryProfile.aspx?Country=ZM">Key Development Forecasts for Zambia</a> from <a href="/wiki/International_Futures" title="International Futures">International Futures</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://wits.worldbank.org/CountryProfile/Country/ZMB/Year/2011/Summary">World Bank Summary Trade Statistics Zambia</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://phys.org/news/2013-03-early-human-fossil-africa-debut.html">First early human fossil found in Africa makes debut</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output 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.navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Zambia_articles" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Zambia_topics" title="Template:Zambia topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Zambia_topics" title="Template talk:Zambia topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Zambia_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Zambia topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Zambia_articles" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Zambia</a> <a href="/wiki/Index_of_Zambia-related_articles" title="Index of Zambia-related articles">articles</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Zambia" title="History of Zambia">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Zambia" title="History of Zambia">History of Zambia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Company_rule_in_Rhodesia" title="Company rule in Rhodesia">Company rule <span style="font-size:85%;">(Rhodesia)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federation_of_Rhodesia_and_Nyasaland" title="Federation of Rhodesia and Nyasaland">Federation of Rhodesia and Nyasaland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monuments_and_Historic_Sites_of_Zambia" title="Monuments and Historic Sites of Zambia">Monuments and historic sites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Rhodesia" title="Northern Rhodesia">Northern Rhodesia</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="5" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Zambia" title="Coat of arms of Zambia"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Coat_of_arms_of_Zambia.svg/100px-Coat_of_arms_of_Zambia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="116" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Coat_of_arms_of_Zambia.svg/150px-Coat_of_arms_of_Zambia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Coat_of_arms_of_Zambia.svg/200px-Coat_of_arms_of_Zambia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="870" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Zambia" title="Geography of Zambia">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_and_towns_in_Zambia" class="mw-redirect" title="List of cities and towns in Zambia">Cities and towns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_Zambia" title="Climate of Zambia">Climate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Districts_of_Zambia" title="Districts of Zambia">Districts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecoregions_of_Zambia" title="Ecoregions of Zambia">Ecoregions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_national_parks_of_Zambia" title="List of national parks of Zambia">National parks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Provinces_of_Zambia" title="Provinces of Zambia">Provinces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wildlife_of_Zambia" title="Wildlife of Zambia">Wildlife</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Zambia" title="Politics of Zambia">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zambian_Defence_Force" title="Zambian Defence Force">Defence Force</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Zambia" title="Elections in Zambia">Elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Zambia" title="Foreign relations of Zambia">Foreign relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judiciary_of_Zambia" title="Judiciary of Zambia">Judiciary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Assembly_of_Zambia" title="National Assembly of Zambia">National Assembly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Zambia" title="List of political parties in Zambia">Political parties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_heads_of_state_of_Zambia" class="mw-redirect" title="List of heads of state of Zambia">Presidents</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Zambia" title="Prime Minister of Zambia">Prime Minister</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Vice_Presidents_of_Zambia" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Vice Presidents of Zambia">Vice Presidents</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Zambia" title="Economy of Zambia">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bank_of_Zambia" title="Bank of Zambia">Central bank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_companies_of_Zambia" title="List of companies of Zambia">Companies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zambian_kwacha" title="Zambian kwacha">Kwacha <span style="font-size:85%;">(currency)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lusaka_Stock_Exchange" title="Lusaka Stock Exchange">Stock Exchange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Zambia" title="Telecommunications in Zambia">Telecommunications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Zambia" title="Tourism in Zambia">Tourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Zambia" title="Transport in Zambia">Transport</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Society_of_Zambia" title="Category:Society of Zambia">Society</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Zambia" title="Abortion in Zambia">Abortion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stand_and_Sing_of_Zambia,_Proud_and_Free" title="Stand and Sing of Zambia, Proud and Free">Anthem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Zambia" title="Coat of arms of Zambia">Coat of arms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Zambia" class="mw-redirect" title="Culture of Zambia">Culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Zambia" title="Demographics of Zambia">Demographics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Zambia" title="Education in Zambia">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Zambian_films" title="List of Zambian films">Films</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Zambia" title="Flag of Zambia">Flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Healthcare_in_Zambia" title="Healthcare in Zambia">Healthcare</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Childbirth_in_Zambia" title="Childbirth in Zambia">Childbirth</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Zambia" title="Languages of Zambia">Languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Zambia" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Zambia">LGBT rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Zambians" title="List of Zambians">List of Zambians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_in_Zambia" class="mw-redirect" title="Media in Zambia">Media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Zambia" title="Music of Zambia">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Zambia" title="Religion in Zambia">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Zambia" title="Women in Zambia">Women</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3" style="font-weight:bold;"><div><div style="margin-bottom:-0.4em;"><ul><li><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Zambia" title="Outline of Zambia">Outline</a></span></li><li><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Index_of_Zambia-related_articles" title="Index of Zambia-related articles">Index</a></span></li></ul></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Zambia" title="Category:Zambia">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Zambia" title="Portal:Zambia">Portal</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Links_to_related_articles" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#e8e8ff;"><div id="Links_to_related_articles" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Links to related articles</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;font-size:114%"><div style="padding:0px"> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Countries_and_territories_of_Africa" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Countries_of_Africa" title="Template:Countries of Africa"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a 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href="/wiki/Angola" title="Angola">Angola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benin" title="Benin">Benin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Botswana" title="Botswana">Botswana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burkina_Faso" title="Burkina Faso">Burkina Faso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burundi" title="Burundi">Burundi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cameroon" title="Cameroon">Cameroon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cape_Verde" title="Cape Verde">Cape Verde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_African_Republic" title="Central African Republic">Central African Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chad" title="Chad">Chad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comoros" title="Comoros">Comoros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Democratic Republic of the Congo">Democratic Republic of the Congo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Republic of the Congo">Republic of the Congo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Djibouti" title="Djibouti">Djibouti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a> (partly in Asia)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equatorial_Guinea" title="Equatorial Guinea">Equatorial Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eritrea" title="Eritrea">Eritrea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eswatini" title="Eswatini">Eswatini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethiopia" title="Ethiopia">Ethiopia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabon" title="Gabon">Gabon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Gambia" title="The Gambia">The Gambia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghana" title="Ghana">Ghana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guinea" title="Guinea">Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guinea-Bissau" title="Guinea-Bissau">Guinea-Bissau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ivory_Coast" title="Ivory Coast">Ivory Coast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenya" title="Kenya">Kenya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lesotho" title="Lesotho">Lesotho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberia" title="Liberia">Liberia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libya" title="Libya">Libya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madagascar" title="Madagascar">Madagascar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malawi" title="Malawi">Malawi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mali" title="Mali">Mali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mauritania" title="Mauritania">Mauritania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mauritius" title="Mauritius">Mauritius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morocco" title="Morocco">Morocco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mozambique" title="Mozambique">Mozambique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Namibia" title="Namibia">Namibia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niger" title="Niger">Niger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nigeria" title="Nigeria">Nigeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rwanda" title="Rwanda">Rwanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%A3o_Tom%C3%A9_and_Pr%C3%ADncipe" title="São Tomé and Príncipe">São Tomé and Príncipe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senegal" title="Senegal">Senegal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seychelles" title="Seychelles">Seychelles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sierra_Leone" title="Sierra Leone">Sierra Leone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somalia" title="Somalia">Somalia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa">South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Sudan" title="South Sudan">South Sudan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sudan" title="Sudan">Sudan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanzania" title="Tanzania">Tanzania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Togo" title="Togo">Togo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tunisia" title="Tunisia">Tunisia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uganda" title="Uganda">Uganda</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Zambia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zimbabwe" title="Zimbabwe">Zimbabwe</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="4" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px;padding:0 0.5em;"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Africa" title="Africa"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Africa_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/100px-Africa_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Africa_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/150px-Africa_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Africa_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/200px-Africa_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="550" data-file-height="550" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_states_with_limited_recognition" title="List of states with limited recognition">States with limited<br />recognition</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sahrawi_Arab_Democratic_Republic" title="Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic">Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic</a> (<a href="/wiki/Territorial_dispute" title="Territorial dispute">unclear sovereignty</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somaliland" title="Somaliland">Somaliland</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Dependent_territory" title="Dependent territory">Dependent<br />territories</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">France</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Scattered_Islands_in_the_Indian_Ocean" title="Scattered Islands in the Indian Ocean">Îles Éparses</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">United Kingdom</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Saint_Helena,_Ascension_and_Tristan_da_Cunha" title="Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha">Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">African territories<br />fully part of<br />non-African states</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">France</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mayotte" title="Mayotte">Mayotte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R%C3%A9union" title="Réunion">Réunion</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Italy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pantelleria" title="Pantelleria">Pantelleria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pelagie_Islands" title="Pelagie Islands">Pelagie Islands</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Portugal</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Madeira" title="Madeira">Madeira</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Savage_Islands" title="Savage Islands">Savage Islands</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Spain</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Canary_Islands" title="Canary Islands">Canary Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ceuta" title="Ceuta">Ceuta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melilla" title="Melilla">Melilla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plazas_de_soberan%C3%ADa" title="Plazas de soberanía">Plazas de soberanía</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Yemen</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Socotra" title="Socotra">Socotra</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Category:Africa" title="Category:Africa">Category</a></b></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Portal:Africa" title="Portal:Africa">Africa portal</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="African_Union" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:African_Union" title="Template:African Union"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:African_Union" title="Template talk:African Union"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li 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href="/wiki/African_and_Malagasy_Union" title="African and Malagasy Union">African and Malagasy Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Monetary_Union" title="African Monetary Union">Abuja Treaty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sirte_Declaration" title="Sirte Declaration">Sirte Declaration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitutive_Act_of_the_African_Union" title="Constitutive Act of the African Union">Lome Summit</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Organisation_of_African_Unity" title="Organisation of African Unity">Organisation of African Unity</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chairperson_of_the_Organisation_of_African_Unity" title="Chairperson of the Organisation of African Unity">Chairperson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secretary_General_of_the_Organisation_of_African_Unity" title="Secretary General of the Organisation of African Unity">Secretary General</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_the_African_Union" title="Geography of the African Union">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Countries_bordering_the_African_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="Countries bordering the African Union">Borders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extreme_points_of_the_African_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="Extreme points of the African Union">Extreme points</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Member_states_of_the_African_Union" title="Member states of the African Union">Member states</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regions_of_the_African_Union" title="Regions of the African Union">Regions</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Organs_of_the_African_Union" title="Organs of the African Union">Organs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Executive_Council_of_the_African_Union" title="Executive Council of the African Union">Executive Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Permanent_Representatives%27_Committee_of_the_African_Union" title="Permanent Representatives' Committee of the African Union">Permanent Representatives' Committee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Specialised_Technical_Committees_of_the_African_Union" title="Specialised Technical Committees of the African Union">Specialized Technical Committees</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Assembly_of_the_African_Union" title="Assembly of the African Union">Assembly</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chairperson_of_the_African_Union" title="Chairperson of the African Union">Chairperson</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/African_Union_Commission" title="African Union Commission">Commission</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chairperson_of_the_African_Union_Commission" title="Chairperson of the African Union Commission">Chairperson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chairperson_of_the_African_Union_Commission" title="Chairperson of the African Union Commission">Deputy Chairperson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Union_Conference_Center_and_Office_Complex" title="African Union Conference Center and Office Complex">AUCC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2025_African_Union_Commission_Chairperson_election" title="2025 African Union Commission Chairperson election">2025 election</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pan-African_Parliament" title="Pan-African Parliament">Pan-African Parliament</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bureau_of_the_Pan-African_Parliament" title="Bureau of the Pan-African Parliament">Bureau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secretariat_of_the_Pan-African_Parliament" title="Secretariat of the Pan-African Parliament">Secretariat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gallagher_Convention_Centre" title="Gallagher Convention Centre">Gallagher Estate</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Court_of_Justice_of_the_African_Union" title="Court of Justice of the African Union">African Court of Justice</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_Court_on_Human_and_Peoples%27_Rights" title="African Court on Human and Peoples' Rights">African Court on Human and Peoples' Rights</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economic,_Social_and_Cultural_Council" title="Economic, Social and Cultural Council">ECOSOCC Committees</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Peace_and_Security_Committee" title="Peace and Security Committee">Peace and Security</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_Affairs_Committee_(African_Union)" title="Political Affairs Committee (African Union)">Political Affairs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infrastructure_and_Energy_Committee" title="Infrastructure and Energy Committee">Infrastructure and Energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_Affairs_and_Health_Committee" title="Social Affairs and Health Committee">Social Affairs and Health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_Resources,_Science,_and_Technology_Committee" title="Human Resources, Science, and Technology Committee">HR, Sciences and Technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trade_and_Industry_Committee_(African_Union)" title="Trade and Industry Committee (African Union)">Trade and Industry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rural_Economy_and_Agriculture_Committee" title="Rural Economy and Agriculture Committee">Rural Economy and Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_Affairs_Committee_(African_Union)" title="Economic Affairs Committee (African Union)">Economic Affairs</a></li> <li>Women and Gender</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cross-Cutting_Programs_Committee" title="Cross-Cutting Programs Committee">Cross-Cutting Programs</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Financial institutions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_Central_Bank" title="African Central Bank">African Central Bank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Monetary_Fund" title="African Monetary Fund">African Monetary Fund</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Investment_Bank" title="African Investment Bank">African Investment Bank</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Peace_and_Security_Council" title="Peace and Security Council">Peace and Security Council</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_Capacity_for_Immediate_Response_to_Crises" title="African Capacity for Immediate Response to Crises">ACIRC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Standby_Force" title="African Standby Force">African Standby Force</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panel_of_the_Wise" title="Panel of the Wise">Panel of the Wise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations%E2%80%93African_Union_Mission_in_Darfur" title="United Nations–African Union Mission in Darfur">UNAMID</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Union_Mission_in_Burundi" title="African Union Mission in Burundi">AMIB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Union_Mission_in_Sudan" title="African Union Mission in Sudan">AMIS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Union_Mission_to_Somalia" title="African Union Mission to Somalia">AMISOM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MISCA" title="MISCA">MISCA</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Specialised agencies and institutions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Africa_Centres_for_Disease_Control_and_Prevention" title="Africa Centres for Disease Control and Prevention">Africa Centres for Disease Control and Prevention</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_the_African_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="Politics of the African Union">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_Peer_Review_Mechanism" title="African Peer Review Mechanism">APRM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_the_African_Union" title="Foreign relations of the African Union">Foreign relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Charter_on_Human_and_Peoples%27_Rights" title="African Charter on Human and Peoples' Rights">African Charter on Human and Peoples' Rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Commission_on_Human_and_Peoples%27_Rights" title="African Commission on Human and Peoples' Rights">African Commission on Human and Peoples' Rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enlargement_of_the_African_Union" title="Enlargement of the African Union">Enlargement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Africa_Command" title="United States Africa Command">United States Africa Command</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_military_bases" class="mw-redirect" title="List of United States military bases">United States military bases</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_ambassadors_to_the_African_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="List of United States ambassadors to the African Union">United States ambassadors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Union%E2%80%93Ethiopia_relations" title="African Union–Ethiopia relations">African Union–Ethiopia relations</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Symbols_of_the_African_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="Symbols of the African Union">Symbols</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Let_Us_All_Unite_and_Celebrate_Together" title="Let Us All Unite and Celebrate Together">Anthem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emblem_of_the_African_Union" title="Emblem of the African Union">Emblem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_the_African_Union" title="Flag of the African Union">Flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Union_Passport" title="African Union Passport">Passport</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_the_African_Union" title="Economy of the African Union">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_central_banks_of_Africa" title="List of central banks of Africa">Currencies</a> (<a href="/wiki/Gold_standard#Advocates" title="Gold standard">Gold standard</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Development_Bank" title="African Development Bank">Development Bank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Economic_Community" title="African Economic Community">African Economic Community</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Partnership_for_Africa%27s_Development" title="New Partnership for Africa's Development">NEPAD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Continental_Free_Trade_Area" title="African Continental Free Trade Area">African Continental Free Trade Area</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Single_African_Air_Transport_Market" title="Single African Air Transport Market">Single African Air Transport Market</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Culture</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Africa_Day" title="Africa Day">Africa Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Border_Day" title="African Border Day">African Border Day</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Theory</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_Monetary_Union" title="African Monetary Union">Afro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_of_Africa" title="United States of Africa">United States of Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_of_Latin_Africa" title="United States of Latin Africa">United States of Latin Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_African_Federation" title="East African Federation">East African Federation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:African_Union" title="Category:African Union">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Southern_African_Development_Community_(SADC)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Southern_African_Development_Community" title="Template:Southern African Development Community"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Southern_African_Development_Community" title="Template talk:Southern African Development Community"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Southern_African_Development_Community" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Southern African Development Community"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Southern_African_Development_Community_(SADC)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Southern_African_Development_Community" title="Southern African Development Community">Southern African Development Community</a> (SADC)</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Member states</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Angola" title="Angola">Angola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Botswana" title="Botswana">Botswana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Democratic Republic of the Congo">Democratic Republic of the Congo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eswatini" title="Eswatini">Eswatini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lesotho" title="Lesotho">Lesotho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madagascar" title="Madagascar">Madagascar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malawi" title="Malawi">Malawi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mauritius" title="Mauritius">Mauritius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mozambique" title="Mozambique">Mozambique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Namibia" title="Namibia">Namibia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seychelles" title="Seychelles">Seychelles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa">South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanzania" title="Tanzania">Tanzania</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Zambia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zimbabwe" title="Zimbabwe">Zimbabwe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Leaders</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Chairpersons</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Levy_Mwanawasa" title="Levy Mwanawasa">Levy Mwanawasa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kgalema_Motlanthe" title="Kgalema Motlanthe">Kgalema Motlanthe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Secretaries-General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kaire_Mbuende" title="Kaire Mbuende">Kaire Mbuende</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prega_Ramsamy" title="Prega Ramsamy">Prega Ramsamy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tomaz_Salom%C3%A3o" title="Tomaz Salomão">Tomaz Salomão</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Southern_African_Development_Coordination_Conference" title="Southern African Development Coordination Conference">Southern African Development Coordination Conference <span style="font-size:85%;">(forerunner)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_African_Customs_Union" title="Southern African Customs Union">Southern African Customs Union <span style="font-size:85%;">(SACU)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Common_Monetary_Area" title="Common Monetary Area">Common Monetary Area <span style="font-size:85%;">(CMA)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Common_Market_for_Eastern_and_Southern_Africa" title="Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa">Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa <span style="font-size:85%;">(COMESA)</span></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Members_of_the_Commonwealth_of_Nations" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:The_Commonwealth" title="Template:The Commonwealth"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:The_Commonwealth" title="Template talk:The Commonwealth"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:The_Commonwealth" title="Special:EditPage/Template:The Commonwealth"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Members_of_the_Commonwealth_of_Nations" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Member_states_of_the_Commonwealth_of_Nations" title="Member states of the Commonwealth of Nations">Members</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_of_Nations" title="Commonwealth of Nations">Commonwealth of Nations</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_sovereign_states" title="List of sovereign states">Sovereign states</a><br />(members)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antigua_and_Barbuda" title="Antigua and Barbuda">Antigua and Barbuda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Bahamas" title="The Bahamas">Bahamas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangladesh" title="Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbados" title="Barbados">Barbados</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belize" title="Belize">Belize</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Botswana" title="Botswana">Botswana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brunei" title="Brunei">Brunei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cameroon" title="Cameroon">Cameroon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyprus" title="Cyprus">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominica" title="Dominica">Dominica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eswatini" title="Eswatini">Eswatini (Swaziland)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fiji" title="Fiji">Fiji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabon" title="Gabon">Gabon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Gambia" title="The Gambia">Gambia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghana" title="Ghana">Ghana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grenada" title="Grenada">Grenada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guyana" title="Guyana">Guyana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jamaica" title="Jamaica">Jamaica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenya" title="Kenya">Kenya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kiribati" title="Kiribati">Kiribati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lesotho" title="Lesotho">Lesotho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malawi" title="Malawi">Malawi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malaysia" title="Malaysia">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maldives" title="Maldives">Maldives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malta" title="Malta">Malta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mauritius" title="Mauritius">Mauritius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mozambique" title="Mozambique">Mozambique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Namibia" title="Namibia">Namibia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nauru" title="Nauru">Nauru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Zealand" title="New Zealand">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nigeria" title="Nigeria">Nigeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papua_New_Guinea" title="Papua New Guinea">Papua New Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rwanda" title="Rwanda">Rwanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Kitts_and_Nevis" title="Saint Kitts and Nevis">Saint Kitts and Nevis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Lucia" title="Saint Lucia">Saint Lucia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Vincent_and_the_Grenadines" title="Saint Vincent and the Grenadines">Saint Vincent and the Grenadines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samoa" title="Samoa">Samoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seychelles" title="Seychelles">Seychelles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sierra_Leone" title="Sierra Leone">Sierra Leone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Singapore" title="Singapore">Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solomon_Islands" title="Solomon Islands">Solomon Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa">South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Lanka" title="Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanzania" title="Tanzania">Tanzania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Togo" title="Togo">Togo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tonga" title="Tonga">Tonga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trinidad_and_Tobago" title="Trinidad and Tobago">Trinidad and Tobago</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuvalu" title="Tuvalu">Tuvalu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uganda" title="Uganda">Uganda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vanuatu" title="Vanuatu">Vanuatu</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Zambia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Associated_state" title="Associated state">Associated states</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cook_Islands" title="Cook Islands">Cook Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niue" title="Niue">Niue</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Dependent_territory" title="Dependent territory">Dependent territories</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ashmore_and_Cartier_Islands" title="Ashmore and Cartier Islands">Ashmore and Cartier Islands</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Australian_Antarctic_Territory" title="Australian Antarctic Territory">Australian Antarctic Territory</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_Island" title="Christmas Island">Christmas Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cocos_(Keeling)_Islands" title="Cocos (Keeling) Islands">Cocos (Keeling) Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coral_Sea_Islands" title="Coral Sea Islands">Coral Sea Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heard_Island_and_McDonald_Islands" title="Heard Island and McDonald Islands">Heard Island and McDonald Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norfolk_Island" title="Norfolk Island">Norfolk Island</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Realm_of_New_Zealand" title="Realm of New Zealand">New Zealand</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Ross_Dependency" title="Ross Dependency">Ross Dependency</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tokelau" title="Tokelau">Tokelau</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/The_Crown" title="The Crown">United Kingdom</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Akrotiri_and_Dhekelia" title="Akrotiri and Dhekelia">Akrotiri and Dhekelia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anguilla" title="Anguilla">Anguilla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bermuda" title="Bermuda">Bermuda</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/British_Antarctic_Territory" title="British Antarctic Territory">British Antarctic Territory</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Indian_Ocean_Territory" title="British Indian Ocean Territory">British Indian Ocean Territory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Virgin_Islands" title="British Virgin Islands">British Virgin Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cayman_Islands" title="Cayman Islands">Cayman Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Falkland_Islands" title="Falkland Islands">Falkland Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gibraltar" title="Gibraltar">Gibraltar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bailiwick_of_Guernsey" title="Bailiwick of Guernsey">Guernsey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isle_of_Man" title="Isle of Man">Isle of Man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jersey" title="Jersey">Jersey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montserrat" title="Montserrat">Montserrat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pitcairn_Islands" title="Pitcairn Islands">Pitcairn Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Helena,_Ascension_and_Tristan_da_Cunha" title="Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha">Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Georgia_and_the_South_Sandwich_Islands" title="South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands">South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turks_and_Caicos_Islands" title="Turks and Caicos Islands">Turks and Caicos Islands</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>Source: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://thecommonwealth.org/our-member-countries">Commonwealth Secretariat – Member Countries</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q953#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q953#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q953#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, 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style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4076986-0">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n80089997">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11882648g">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11882648g">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00574573">Japan</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Zambie"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ge131427&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX451728">Spain</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://libris.kb.se/42gjhl6n4qb4j5h">Sweden</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007552787705171">Israel</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://urn.fi/URN:NBN:fi:au:finaf:000004088">Finland</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cantic.bnc.cat/registre/981059251084706706">Catalonia</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Geographic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://musicbrainz.org/area/d662dd74-1fc1-3e36-b427-bbbe29684618">MusicBrainz area</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Artists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://kulturnav.org/577aa6e7-ed57-4b5f-9832-2dbf18aa01f1">KulturNav</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.parliament.uk/xdc0Iu9o">UK Parliament</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/026612364">IdRef</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hls-dhs-dss.ch/fr/articles/003462">Historical Dictionary of Switzerland</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalog.archives.gov/id/10035690">NARA</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://esu.com.ua/search_articles.php?id=14830">Encyclopedia of Modern Ukraine</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <p><span class="geo-inline-hidden noexcerpt"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" 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